CHAP 1
Importance of transport planning
1 ) ECONOMICALLY
macroeconomic level (the
importance of transportation for a
whole economy), transportation
and the mobility it confers are
linked to a level of
output, employment and income
within a national economy. In many
developed countries,
transportation accounts between
6% and 12% of the GDP.
microeconomic level (the
importance of transportation for
specific parts of the economy)
transportation is linked to producer,
consumer and production costs.
The importance of specific
transport activities and
infrastructure can thus be assessed
for each sector of the economy.
Usually, higher income levels are
associated with a greater share of
transportation in consumption
expenses. Transportation accounts
on average between 10% and 15%
of household expenditures, while it
accounts around 4% of the costs of
each unit of output in
manufacturing, but this figure
varies greatly according to sub
sectors.
2) POLITICALLY
Administration of an area
The government of an area
must be able to send/get
information to/about its people.
It may include laws to be
followed, security and other
needful information needed to
generate awareness. An
efficient administration of a
country largely depends on how
effectively government could
communicate these information
to all the country. However,
with the advent of communications,
its importance is slightly reduced.
Political choices in transport
These choices may be classified
as communication, military
movement, travel of persons
and movement of freight. The
primary function of
transportation is the transfer of
messages and information. It is
also needed for rapid movement
of troops in case of emergency
and finally movement of
persons and goods. The political
decision of construction and
maintenance of roads has
resulted in the development of
transportation system.
3) SOCIALLY
It consolidates social and cultural
utility and strengthens national
integration. It helps to establish
relationship with foreign countries.
Transportation also helps widen
knowledge and skill in different
sectors. In this way, it helps establish
social utility, uniformity and integrity
and strengthens national security.
Transportation indicator
1) ACCESSIBILITY
Disabled
Underage/Children
Senior Citizens/Elderly/Parents with
prams
 Accessibilityto physical comfort regarding vehicles and
urban/commercial/industrial land comfort regarding ambient conditions
use on board or at stops.
Accessibility to rural citizens
2) Availability CHAP 2
Service Availability of a Problem in transportation/urban
transportation system is a measure transport problem
of a performance that has been 1) traffic movement
generally defined according to the - traffic congestion
reliability and maintainability terms
- traffic management
of mean-time-before-failure and
- traffic behaviour
mean-time-to-restore, as borrowed
- traffic accidents
from the aerospace/defense
industry. 2) traffic parking
- shortage of parking
3) reliability
- parking charges
In other words, travel time
is defined as a statistical - traffic enforcement
distribution, where the statistics 3) Public transport
of the (unpredictable or uncertain) - peak hour conditions
variations are thought to exhibit - off-peak service
statistical regularity. In this way,
- funding
travel time reliability can
be defined as a measure of the 4) Pedestrians
dispersion (or spread) of the - accessibilities
travel time distribution. - lack of facilities
5) Environment
4) Safety - air pollution and noise
The aspect linked to safety
indicates the degree of safety from CHAP 3
crime or accidents and the feeling of 1) push & pull
security resulting from psychological - push : to make sure people
factors; therefore, this aspect refers not do not use a private
only to safety from crimes while riding vehicles
or at bus stops and from accidents, but - pull : to attract people use a
also to safety related to the behaviour public transport.
of other persons and to the bus 2) principles of carrot and stick
operation.
carrot or stick approach") is an
idiom that refers to a policy of
5) Comfort offering a combination of
Comfort during the journey is rewards and punishment to
important for transit users, both the induce good behavior. It is
 named in reference to a cart
driver dangling a carrot in
front of a mule and holding
a stick behind it.
CHAP 4
transit oriented development (TOD)
- defined as mixed-use community
within typical 2,000 feet / 600m
walking distance of transit stop and
core commercial area.
The purpose of TOD
- To reduce the use of
single-occupant vehicles by
increasing the number of times
people walk, bicycle, carpool,
vanpool, or take a bus, streetcar or
rail.
Necessity for TOD
- Good transit network
Transit use supporting policy
Land use system supporting
transit use
Amiable walking environment
Characteristics of TOD
A centrally located transit station
or transit stop.
A commercial area immediately
adjacent to the station.
A network of connected streets
that branch out into the
surrounding neighborhood(s).
A variety of housing types,
including multi-family.
Why support TOD ?
Better use of land resources
Reduced traffic congestion,
and energy consumption
Improved environmental
quality
Reduced parking requirements
Reduced need for expensive
investment (roads, bridges, and
parking areas)
Better community image
Reduced stress from
commuting by automobile
Improved marketability of the
location
Better return on investment
in transit infrastructure
TOD Benefits
economic
- Non-motorized travel (NMT) is
one of the core thrusts to reduce
congestions. Provision of a
convenient and safe pedestrian
walkway and NMT facilities can
solve the problem of car parking in
towns.
Social
- NMT promotes greater physical
health and social interactivity
among urban dwellers.
- When urban spaces are allocated
for people-based rather than
vehicle-based movement, they can
be exploited for activities.
- Ease of non-motorized travel and
transit use will result in
enhancement of City as an
attraction place for both business
 and leisure visitors, as vibrant open seasons), 60 km/h in town area.
air social activities and multicultural
events.
- State roads: 90 km/h by default
Environmental (reduced to 80 km/h during festive
- NMT use is beneficial for the seasons), 60 km/h in town area.
environment as it emits zero air and
2) restriction of turning movements
noise pollution.
- measure to smooth the traffic
- Fewer tarmacs for cars and more
flow
grass bed for pedestrians leads to
- and at the same time to
efficient water runoff management,
avoid/reduce accident/congestion
which is essential to prevent flash
a) simple diversion
floods.
- applicable to a difficult right
from a minor to a major
road as this right-turn
CHAP 5
movement then takes place
traffic management
at a minor-minor
- key branch within logistics. It
intersection.
concerns the planning, control and
B) G-turn diversion
purchasing of transport services
- applicable to a right turn off a
needed to physically move vehicles
major road as it changes it to
(for example aircraft, road vehicles,
left turn off the major road
rolling stock and watercraft) and
and a straight-over movement
freight.
at the critical intersection
Regulatory measures include
c) Q-turn diversion
1) speed limits
- the least obstructive diversion,
- modify speeding behaviour
but requires vehicles to travel
- downward change generally
twice through the critical
reduces the number and severity
intersection, thereby
of accidents.
increasing the total volume of
- reduction in fuel consumption
traffic handled there.
- a smoother traffic flow resulting
from a greater proportion of 3) One-way street
vehicles travelling at similar
- simple regulatory tool available
speeds
for the relief of traffic congestion
default speed limits
which does not require expensive
- Expressways: 110 km/h by
policing.
default, but may be reduced to
A) advantages
80 or 90 km/h at dangerous
road capacity is increased,
mountainous stretches, crosswind
odd lanes which were not
areas and urban areas with high
traffic capacity. usable previously can be fully
- Federal roads: 90 km/h by default utilized.
(reduced to 80 km/h during festive slow-moving/stopped vehicles
are more safely overtaken
 turning movements at
intersections are not delayed
by opposing traffic
journey times and delays are
reduced through more efficient
traffic-signal timing and higher
vehicle speeds
public transport operation is
more reliable.
2) disadvantages
vehicles generally travel
further to reach their
destinations.
public transport stops for the
opposing direction of travel
have to be relocated, and
walking distances to/from
stops increased.
the severity of non-head-on
one-way
accidents is increased because
the minor
of higher speeds.
have to
non-local motorists may
complementary
become confused and
additional signs, markings,
channelization and signal
indications may be
required to deal with
unanticipated vehicle
movements
displaced traffic may have to
be routed to a complementary
street through residential areas,
thereby causing increased
traffic, loss of amenity and
more accidents in these
locales.
4) Tidal-flow operation
- traffic management tool whereby
the total carriageway width
- is shared between two directions
of travel in near proportion to the
flow in each direction.
- The number of lanes assigned to
each direction of travel varies with
the time of day
- so that extra capacity is provided
to the heavier traffic flow during,
typically, peak commuter periods.
A) advantages
- that extra capacity is provided
on the same road at the time
required and, unlike
streets, traffic in
direction does not
move to a
street.
- Its usage is particularly
applicable to heavily trafficked
bridges, tunnels and radial
roads in urban areas.
B) Disadvantages
their implementation can be
expensive.
poor implementation can
result in increasing numbers of
head-on accidents.
central pedestrian refuges
have to be removed
no-parking restrictions are
normally imposed
right turns from minor roads
may have to be banned
bus stops and lay-bys may
have to be removed if single
 lanes are used to carry the it is common practice to ration
minor flow. the available spaces so that
parking preference is given to
5) Priority for HOV
persons whose activities
- which focus on increasing the
primarily contribute to the
person-movement efficiency of a
development of these areas,
road or travel corridor
- e.g. shoppers and visiting
- is aimed at addressing traffic
business people.
congestion and environmental
- parking meter and
concerns as well as reducing the
pay-and-display and pre-paid
delays to buses and increasing their
parking card.
reliability.
- include bus-ways on separate
rights of way, exclusive lanes, and
priority for HOVs at intersections.
6) Waiting restriction and parking
control
- to provide for the safe and
efficient movement of people and
goods in.
- to provide access for adjacent
properties.
- Thus, ideally, all stopping and
parking of vehicles should take
place off the carriageway.
A) clearway
- waiting and parking
restriction.
- controlled by
edge-of-thecarriageway
markings and signs
b) bus stop
- to enable passengers to be
picked up and discharged at
locations which meet their
grouped desires.
C) Commercial Vehicle
loading/unloading
- should preferably happen
off-street at loading docks,
service yards and alleyways.
D) Time-limit car parking
- In central and suburban areas