I.

INTRODUCTION

CONCRETE PRODUCTION

Concrete is the major construction material and plays a vital role in the

development of modern civilization. It is the most used man-made material in the

world since its invention. The consumption of concrete as construction material in

the world is over twice the total consumption of all other building material

including wood, steel, plastic and aluminum. It is reported that the total annual

concrete production in the world is more than 10 billion tons. The massive use of

concrete as a construction material is due to its versatile properties. Properties

such as strength, durability, affordability and abundance of raw materials make

concrete the first choice materials for construction purposes. However, concrete

production has several negative impacts on environment. The production of

crushed stone or natural aggregates in our country cannot provide the demand of

aggregates to be use for the replacement of road pavements if the number of

demolition projects continue to rise. In this case, the economy will be totally

affected due to traffic jams, low productivity and wasting of money. If the road

pavements are durable and the quality is above the standards there will be no

trouble experience in our road, no money wasting and it is convenient for the road
1
users. Aggregates are defined in this study as materials, either natural or

manufactured, that are either crushed and combined with a binding agent to form

bituminous or cement concrete, or treated alone to form products. The most

common forms of concrete are prepared using Portland cement and asphalts as

binding agents. About 87 percent of Portland cement concrete and about 95

percent of asphaltic concrete composed of aggregates.

RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES (RCA)

When structures made of concrete are demolished or renovated, concrete

recycling become a necessary method of utilizing the rubble. Concrete was once

routinely trucked to landfills for disposal, but recycling has a number of benefits

that have made it a more attractive option in this age of greater environmental

awareness, more environmental laws, and the desire to keep construction costs

down. Roads which can no longer be use are being demolished, the demolished

concrete pavements are being disposed to landfills. Until the demolition

contractors found out that it is more expensive to dump the demolished rubble

than to recycle it. Recycling of demolition rubble is not a new idea in several

countries, particularly in Europe, it is a process to produce a useful source of

aggregate to sustain the shortage of supply in their construction industry. Many

2
countries are exploring the use of this recycling process and most of it were using

tax to encourage the construction contractors to use recycled materials. Recycled

concrete aggregates (RCA) are simply crushed old concrete elements that can be

used in some construction operations. The use of recycled concrete aggregates

conserves our natural resources for future purposes.

CRUSHED CONCRETE AGGREGATES (CCA)

The recycled aggregates can be a crushed concrete aggregate (CCA) or

recycled concrete aggregate (RCA). CCA is defined as returned concrete and

recycled concrete aggregate clean enough to be used as aggregate for new

concrete. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) refers to crushed concrete and other

materials suitable for use as fill and compactible fill. Initiatives to use CCA in

concrete mixes have proceeded slowly and cautiously for many reasons. A central

concern is whether CCA can have the same quality as virgin materials-a pile of

demolished concrete could have aggregate from different sources as well as

contaminants that could reduce the quality of the new concrete. CCA is more

porous than virgin aggregate. Thus, CCA combined with the fine aggregate or

dust from the crushing processhas a higher demand for water and cement,

resulting in the potential for greater shrinkage and lower strength. Because the

3
crushing process produces concrete aggregate with jagged edges and dust, the

resulting concrete was considered too harsh for applications requiring finishing

operations.

ROAD PAVEMENTS IN THE PHILIPPINES

According to studies on foreign countries, the average lifespan of a road

pavement is approximately 39 years. An asphalt surface is estimated to last for 26

years. In some part of the country, particularly in populated areas, road surface

are frequently subjected to demolition and replacement of new seal is being done

due to poor quality and durability. That is reason why the approximated lifespan

of the road is not attained.

4
II. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

This research proposal aims to develop the best economic way to solve the

lack of supply for the large demand of concrete aggregates used for road

pavements in the Philippines. The use of this recycled materials may not

completely remove the problem of demand of natural aggregates in our country

but it could reduce it. Recycling of concrete aggregates become a necessity due to

high demand of concrete and large amount of demolition waste from road

pavements. Recycling of concrete aggregates from demolition project can save the

cost of transporting the rubble to the landfills and also eliminates disposal

problems. This process of recycling demolition waste also help conserve natural

materials and reduce wastes for disposal. Here, in our country, the supply of

natural aggregates is gradually decreasing due to frequent renewal of road

pavements. The production of natural aggregates is not sufficient for the demand

in the construction industry. Considering the growth of the environment, our

natural resources cannot provide what it needs to be. To conserve our planets

natural resources, recycling is of great importance.

The main objective of this study is to lessen the problems in disposing

demolition waste and to reduce the rising demand of concrete aggregates in road

5
projects. Also to reduce the rehabilitation project costs of the roads and use the

savings for the construction of other roads to lessen traffic congestions and to

make it convenient for road users. Another aim of this project proposal is to

explore the durability and strength characteristics of used concrete aggregates

Based on the article last February 21, the government rolled out major road

works that are expected to worsen traffic in Metro Manila in the coming months,

even years. Specifically, 15 road repairs and improvement projects will be taken

simultaneously from 2014 to 2016. After that, one major project will continue

south of the capital region until 2018.

Road repairs requires large amount of money to be done. It uses a vast

amount of concrete materials that is of limited resource these days due to large

number of road constructions. Recycling of concrete aggregates can diminish the

demand problems of the project. It can supplement a certain percentage of the

total aggregates that the project will consume. It also helps to reduce the

environmental impacts of the production of natural aggregates and benefits the

countrys economy as well. There is a considerable savings for transporting the

demolished waste to landfills. This savings can be used for another road projects

to help lessen traffic problems in our country.

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 III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As the civilization continue to grow, the gradual decreased of resources is of

major concerned for future development. The main problem of this research

proposal is how to conserve the limited natural resources of the country and how

to provide a sufficient way to supplement the demand of natural aggregates in

construction operations. The production of concrete has an environmental impact

which is complex and harmful. A major component of concrete is cement, one of

the primary producers of Carbon Dioxide which is a major greenhouse gas. This

greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the earth.

The concrete industry makes up approximately 30% of the total market for

aggregates and it is estimated that 165 million tons are used annually in concrete.

There is, therefore, considerable incentive to develop alternative aggregate

sources based on waste material. The rapid consumption of natural aggregates is

the main reason why the experts analyses the effects of recycled concrete

materials as a substitute for it on road pavements. This recycled concrete

aggregate can only sustain the use of natural aggregates in construction because

the available supply is much less than the total demand in construction industry.

However, the durability and strength characteristics of reused concrete aggregates

7
is another major concern of many countries and experiments are being

conducted. According on article on the website of Portland Cement, recycled

aggregates have higher water absorption and low specific gravity compare to

natural aggregates. These differences become greater with increasing recycled

fine aggregates. Too many fines can also produce harsh and unworkable mix.

Many transportation departments have found out that using 100% coarse recycled

aggregate but only 10% - 20% fines works well. The remaining percentage of fines

is natural sand. At first blush, recycled concrete aggregate may seem a second-

best solution because its use is being driven not by concrete performance

requirements but rather by the requirement to create a more sustainable

concrete. But as experience and knowledge is gained, this perception is quickly

being dispelled. Crushing old concrete to make aggregate for new concrete is

increasing in popularity for several reasons. The reused of hardened concrete as

aggregate is a proven technology it can be crushed and reused as a partial

replacement for natural aggregate in new concrete construction. The hardened

concrete can be sourced either from the demolition of concrete structures at the

end of their life.

8
FACTORS AFFECTING AGGREGATE RECYCLING

This technical factors were determined to affect the profitability of aggregate

recycling operation. All factors dont always apply, but they have been found to

apply in many cases.

Product sizes: Screen product size distributions determine the amount of

each product available for sale. Regional supply and demand considerations often

dictate local prizes for various size products. Because different products have

different values in any given market, the operation that is able to market high-

value size distribution is likely to improve its cash flow position.

Operational Design: In order to maximize efficiency and profitability, careful

consideration must be given to operational layout and design, production capacity

and equipment sizing. Equipment selection is influenced by the decision on

whether to be a fixed or mobile recycler. Mobile plant musts meet roadway

restrictions to be allowed to move from site to site. Fixed site equipment can be

somewhat larger and perhaps more durable, thereby trading off lower unit

production costs with reduced transportation costs for mobile unit. The smaller

9
the processing plant are a great concept. They work well for as asphalt recycling.

But for concrete, the preparation cost is enormous when using small crusher

because the materials need to be broken down tremendously.

LABOR: Labor requirements are low for recycling operation. A typical

operation would require fewer than 10 personnel, whether it is a small size

operation or the largest operation. For a stationary concrete recycling facility,

labor accounts for about 20-30 percent of the operating cost. For mobile

operation, labor cost can be a higher due to takedown and setup requirements

from frequent relocation of equipment.

MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: The quality of the feed material to be processed

affects product mix, production efficiency, and labor requirements. Recycling

operations generally receive a variety of materials from numerous sources, so

have only limited control over material quality.

ENERGY: Energy, primarily electricity and diesel fuel, is required for powering

the processing and transportation equipment of both natural and recycled

aggregates. Based on a 1996 energy audit of a Denver, Colo., area recycling facility

which processes both Portland cement concrete and recycled asphalt pavement,

10
an estimated 34 million Joules2 per ton is required to process demolished concrete

cement and 16.5 million joules per ton is required for recycled asphalt pavement.

IV. HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

Since the country are implementing road repairs and improvements of road

networks, a huge amount of concrete aggregates will be needed. Instead of

dumping the demolition wastes on road repairs, recycling of this concrete

materials will be a great solution for disposal problems and benefits the

environmental aspect and economy as well. This recycled material can also

conserve the natural aggregate production. The cost for demolition of the roads is

expensive if the demolition wastes will be disposed in the landfills. The cost of

transportation and space for the disposal in landfills is an additional expenses. In

fact, it is much expensive to dump this demolition wastes than to recycle it. It is

also a waste of time and energy. This problems makes the concept of recycling

concrete materials from demolition waste. Theres a considerable savings that can

be obtained if this demolition wasted will be recycled.

Before RCA can be generally used, a number of technical and non-technical

issues have been resolved. Technical issues include the need to ascertain the

suitability of using RCA in building structures and further study to acquire

11
sufficient knowledge of the RCAs properties. Non-technical issues that need to be

studied include the cost liabilities arising from the use of RCA.

V. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Based on the study conducted on the Use of recycled concrete aggregate and

its effect to the concrete compressive strength in the Philippine setting. The issue

of sustainability and its importance has been gaining worldwide concern. The

practice of possible recycling construction materials helps in reducing detrimental

environmental impacts of the construction industry. This research aims to use

recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) as a substitute for local Philippine natural

aggregates (NA) in concrete mixes. It also aims to determine the effect various

sources of RCA to the compressive strength of the new mixture. Locally available

cement is used. The experimental framework of this study is divided into two

phases. Phase 1 involves design and mixing of concrete specimens with a 28-day

unconfined compressive design strength of 3000, 4000 and 5000 psi. These

specimens were crushed into standard, acceptable sizes. Phase 2 involves mixing

and curing of a new batch of concrete specimens with one design mixture using

crushed concrete as coarse aggregates. The 28-day compressive strength for each

test case was determined. A comparative analysis of the compressive strength

12
between concrete of 100% natural aggregates and concrete with 30% RCA-

70%NA was investigated, where the RCA sources based on strength are varied for

each test case. Comparison of material properties, such as specific gravity and

water absorption, of RCA and NA was performed. Standard strength tests showed

that the strength of concrete with RCA was observed to decrease by a maximum

of 14% for a 30% replacement ratio but it is still within the design strength

requirement. The comparison showed that the use of RCA is feasible in the

Philippine setting.

FOREIGN RELATED STUDIES

AGGREGATES FROM NATURAL AND RECYCLED RESOURCES

Economic Assessments for Construction Application

By: David R. Wilburn and Thomas Goonan

Increased amounts of recycled materials are being used to supplement

natural aggregates in road construction. An understanding of the economics and

factors affecting the level of aggregates recycling is useful in estimating the

potential for recycling and in assessing the total supply picture of aggregates. This

investigation includes a descriptive analysis of the supply sources, technology,

costs, incentives, deterrents, and market relationship associated with the

13
production of aggregates. Results derived from cash flow analyses indicate that

under certain conditions aggregates derived from construction and demolition

debris or reclaimed asphalt pavement can economically meet the needs of certain

markets, but this material can only supplement the use of natural aggregates in

construction application because the available supply is much less than the total

demand for aggregates.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE

By: G. Murali, C.M. Vivek Vardhan, Gabriela Rajan, G.J. Janani, N. Shifu

Jajan and R. Ramya sri

The recycling of Construction and Demolition Wastes has long been accepted

to have the possible to conserve natural resources and to decrease energy used in

production. In some nations it is a standard substitute for both construction and

maintenance, particularly where there is a scarcity of construction aggregate. The

use of recycled aggregate weakens the quality of recycled aggregate concrete

which limits its application. For improving the quality of recycled coarse

aggregate, various surface treatment methods such as washing the recycled

aggregates with water and diluted acid were investigated. Strength properties of

the treated and untreated coarse aggregate were compared. The results indicated
14
that the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of recycle aggregate is

found to be less than the natural aggregate.

RECYCLED CONCRETE AS AGGREGATE FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE

PRODUCTION

By: Mirjana Maleev, Vlastimir Radonjanin and Sneana Marinkovi

The recycling of Construction and Demolition Wastes has long been

accepted to have the possible to conserve natural resources and to decrease

energy used in production. In some nations it is a standard substitute for both

construction and maintenance, particularly where there is a scarcity of

construction aggregate. The use of recycled aggregate weakens the quality of

recycled aggregate concrete which limits its application. For improving the quality

of recycled coarse aggregate, various surface treatment methods such as washing

the recycled aggregates with water and diluted acid were investigated. Strength

properties of the treated and untreated coarse aggregate were compared. The

results indicated that the compressive, flexure and split tensile strength of recycle

aggregate is found to be less than the natural aggregate.

15
 The test results showed that the flexural, compressive and split tensile

strength of the recycled aggregate concrete is found to be lower than the natural

aggregate. However the strength of recycled aggregate concrete can be improved

by the water and acid treatments. Furthermore Recycled aggregate treated with

nitric acid displayed the decent result compared to the hydrochloric and sulphuric

acid and from economical point of view; water and acid treated recycled

aggregates can be used in place of natural aggregates for temporary structures.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED

AGGREGATE CONCRETE

Tianjin Institute of Urban Construction

Through a series of experiments, used construction rubbish as recycled

aggregate, the compressive strength and elastic modulus of recycled concrete

specifically were studied, which recycled concrete specimens with this recycled

aggregate, that contain C20, C30 & C40 these three kinds of compressive strength

levels by different recycled coarse aggregate contents (30%, 50% & 100%). The

results show that the compressive strength and prismatic compressive strength of

the recycled concrete are higher than natural concrete basically. The elastic

modulus is lower than natural concrete, and with the increase of recycled coarse

16
aggregate contents, it reduces. In addition, a new equation on the relationship

between elastic modulus and compressive strength of the recycled concrete was

put forward.

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

CONTAINING MILLED GLASS AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR CEMENT

By: Roz-Ud-Din Nassar, Parviz Soroushian

Milled waste was use as secondary cementitious material towards production

of recycled aggregate concrete with improve strength and durability attributes.

Experimental investigation of the novel concept of using milled waste glass, as

partial replacement for cement, to overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate

and the resulting concrete showed that waste glass, when milled to micro-scale

particle size, is estimated to undergo pozzolanic reactions with cement hydrates,

forming secondary calcium silicate hydrate.

RECENT STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE IN CHINA

JianZhuang Xiao, WenGui Li, ChiSun Poon

17
 Numerous experimental and theoretical studies on recycled aggregate

concrete have been carried out in China in the past 10 years. This paper provides a

comprehensive review of the related findings of research on the mechanical

properties of RAC in China. The influences of the RCA on the strength and

deformation characteristics of concrete, the statistical characteristics for the

strength of RAC, fracture energy, stress-strain relationships under uniaxial

compression, uniaxial tension as well as pure shear, and the residual strength of

RAC after exposure to high temperatures, the bond between RAC and different

kinds of steel rebar were also reviewed. Furthermore, some recent studies on the

numerical simulation of the failure mechanism for RAC at the meso-structure level

were discussed.

A STUDY OF CONCRETE MADE WITH FINE AND COARSE AGGREGATES

RECYCLED FROM FRESH CONCRETE WASTE

Mamery Srifou, Z. M. Sbarta, S. Yotte, M. O. Boffou, E. Emeruwa

and F. Bos
This paper deals with the possibility of using fresh concrete waste as recycled

aggregates in concrete. An experimental program based on two variables

(proportion of fine aggregates replacement and proportion of coarse aggregates

replacement) was implemented. The proportions of replacement were 0%, 50%,

18
and 100% by mass of aggregates. Several mechanical properties were tested as

compressive and tensile strengths. The results show a good correlation between

aggregates replacement percentage and concrete properties. Concerning

mechanical properties, a gradual decrease in compressive, splitting, and flexural

strength with the increase in recycled aggregate percentage is shown.

HOW CONCRETE IS RECYCLED

Construction and Demolition Recycling Association

Products (aside from base course) are high quality aggregate, processed in

steps with time and effort involved in crushing, pre-sizing, sorting, screening and

contaminant elimination. The denominator is to start with clean, quality rubble in

order to meet design criteria easily and ultimately yield a quality product that will

go into end use.

Crushing and screening systems start with primary jaws, cones and/or large

impactors taking rubble from 30 inches to 4 feet. A secondary cone or impactor

may or may not need to be run, and then primary and secondary screens may or

may not be used, depending upon the project, the equipment used and the final

product desired. A scalping screen will remove dirt and foreign particles. A fine

19
harp deck screen will remove fine material from coarse aggregate. Further

cleaning is necessary to ensure the recycled concrete product is free of dirt, clay,

wood, plastic and organic materials. This is done by water floatation, hand picking,

air separators, and electromagnetic separators.

RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATES IN NEW CONCRETE

Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand (CCANZ)

The use of crushed aggregate from either demolition concrete or from

hardened leftover concrete can be regarded as an alternative coarse aggregate,

typically blended with natural coarse aggregate for use in new concrete. The use

of 100% recycled coarse aggregate in concrete, unless carefully managed and

controlled, is likely to have a negative influence on most concrete properties

compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, shrinkage and creep, particularly for

higher strength concrete. Also the use of fine recycled aggregate below 2 mm is

uncommon in recycled aggregate concrete because of the high water demand of

the fine material smaller than 150 m, which lowers the strength and increases

the concrete shrinkage significantly.

20
 IMPROVEMENT OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE PROPERTIES BY

POLIMER TREATMENTS

Valerie Spaeth and Assia Djerbi Tegguer

The recycling of concrete, bricks and masonry rubble as concrete aggregates is

an important way to contribute to a sustainable material flow. The limited reuse of

recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), even partially, instead of natural aggregates,

can be explained by the influence on the properties of fresh and hardened new

RCA-based concretes. Experimental studies were carried out on the improvement

of RCA performance, especially water absorption and fragmentation resistance.

The use of polymer based treatments was applied and then the performance

achieved was characterized in order to show the relevance of such polymer

treatment. Beneficial effects of appropriated polymer based treatments applied

on RCA were obtained especially lower water absorption and better

fragmentation resistance.

MIX DESIGN FOR PERVIOUS RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE

by Sriravindrarajah Rasiah

21
 Pervious concrete is a tailored-property concrete with high water permeability

which allow the passage of water to flow through easily through the existi ng

interconnected large pore structure. This paper reports the results of an

experimental investigation into the development of pervious concrete with

reduced cement content and recycled concrete aggregate for

sustainable permeable pavement construction. High fineness ground granulated

blast furnace slag was used to replace up to 70 % cement by weight. The

properti es of the pervious concrete were evaluated by determining the

compressive strength at 7 and 28 days, void content and water permeability

under falling head. The compressive strength of pervious concrete increased with

a reduction in the maximum aggregate size from 20 to 13 mm. The

relati onship between 28-day compressive strength and porosity for

pervious concrete was adversely affected by the use of recycled concrete

aggregate instead of natural aggregate. However, the binder materials

type, age, aggregate size and test specimen shape had marginal effect on the

strengthporosity relationship.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE UNDER

UNIAXIAL LOADING

22
 Jianzhuang Xiao, Jiabin Li and Ch Zhang

In this paper, the compressive strength and the stressstrain curve (SSC) of

recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with different replacement percentages of

recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) are investigated experimentally. Concrete

specimens were fabricated and tested with different RCA replacement

percentages of 0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 100%, respectively. Uniaxial compression

loading is applied in the experiments. Special attention of the analysis is devoted

to the failure behaviour and the influences of the RCA contents on the

compressive strength, the elastic modulus, the peak and the ultimate strains of

RAC. Analytical expressions for the peak strain and the stressstrain relationship

of RAC are given, which can be directly used in theoretical and numerical analysis

as well as practical engineering design of RAC structures.

PERFORMANCE OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE

Ayed Ahmad Zuhud

Owing to the shortage of space for land reclamation in Gaza Strip, it is

difficult to dispose tons of construction and demolition waste generated daily

from construction activities and destroying of building during Israeli campaigns in

23
addition to the huge amount of ex-settlements destroyed buildings. Adoption of

recycled aggregate from concrete waste thus becomes a burning issue. For this

reason, it is suggested that clearing the debris from destroyed buildings in such a

way as to obtain recycled concrete aggregates to be reused in concrete production

that could well be a partial solution to pollution. For this study, the physical and

mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete produced were investigated

and tested.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE

CONCRETE BEAMS

H.B. Choi, C.K. Yi, H.H. Cho and K.I. Kang

In concrete beam design, the shear capacity of the concrete beam is of great

interest because shear failure is associated with an abrupt failure mode that

undermines the flexural performance of the beam. Recently, because of the

increasing cost of natural resources and environmental concerns, the use of

recycled aggregate (RA) in construction is becoming the standard practice.

However, the effects of recycled aggregates on the shear strength of concrete

have not been fully examined. In this study the effects of RA on concrete shear

strength are studied experimentally by performing flexural tests on 20 RA

24
concrete beams with various combinations of span-to-depth ratios (a/d = 150,

250, 325), longitudinal reinforcement ratios (s = 053%, 083%, 161%) and RA

replacement ratios (0%, 30%, 50%, 100%). The test results indicate that the

concrete shear strength diminishes by up to 30% at 100% replacement ratio

compared with the natural aggregate concrete. The shear strengths of the RA

concrete beams are also compared with those obtained from the existing models

for natural aggregate concrete and some design considerations in using the

recycled aggregate concrete are discussed.

RECYCLED AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

The Concrete Society

The concrete industry makes up approximately 30% of the total market for

aggregates and it is estimated that 165 million tonnes are used annually in

concrete. There is, therefore, considerable incentive to develop alternative

aggregate sources based on waste materials. The aggregate products currently

coming from most aggregate recycling plants are unbound fills, capping, sub-base

and pipe bedding as the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is blended with other

materials and is thus unsuitable for ready-mixed concrete. There have been some

25
site trials with RCA supplied in ready-mixed concrete, but these were not

mainstream options.

RECYCLED AGGREGATES

Americas Cement Manufacturers

Construction materials are increasingly judged by their ecological

characteristics. Concrete recycling gains importance because it protects natural

resources and eliminates the need for disposal by using the readily available

concrete as an aggregate source for new concrete or other applications. According

to a2004 FHWA study, 38 states recycle concrete as an aggregate base; 11 recycle

it into new Portland cement concrete. The states that do use recycled concrete

aggregate (RCA) in new concrete report that concrete with RCA performs equal to

concrete with natural aggregates. Most agencies specify using the material directly

in the project that is being reconstructed. Recycling of concrete is a relatively

simple process. It involves breaking, removing, and crushing existing concrete into

a material with a specified size and quality. See ACI 555 (2001) for more

information on processing old concrete into recycled concrete aggregates.

CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION RECYCLING

26
 California Department of Resources and Recycling and Recovery

Recycled aggregate is produced by crushing concrete, and sometimes

asphalt, to reclaim the aggregate. Recycled aggregate can be used for many

purposes. The primary market is road base. For information on recycling asphalt

pavement into new asphalt pavement. See Asphalt Pavement Recycling.

Benefits of Recycled Aggregate: The use of recycled aggregate can save money for

local governments and other purchasers, create additional business opportunities,

save energy when recycling is done on site, conserve diminishing resources of

urban aggregates, and help local governments meet the diversion goals of AB 939.

RECYCLED AGGREGATES AND LANDFILL

CEMEX

CEMEX is increasingly involved in the supply of recycled and secondary

materials. These vary from china clay waste, crushed glass and construction /

demolition waste from many sources. The use of recycled asphalt and road

planings is also a growing area of activity. Recycled concrete can be created by

breaking, removing, and crushing existing concrete to a preferred size. It is

commonly used as a base layer for other construction materials because it

27
compacts to form a firm surface. At CEMEX we operate landfill sites across the UK

in accordance with current Landfill Regulations allowing us to generate materials

for the important process of restoring our sites to their agreed after use. Our units

offer vital tipping facilities to the local muck-away industry and often these

operations are aligned with recycling to generate secondary aggregate for re-use

in the construction industry.

LOCAL RELATED STUDY

THE USE OF RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE AND ITS EFFECT TO THE

CONCRETE STRENGTH IN PHILIPPINE SETTING

By: Jaime Angelo Victor, Harrison Jeremy Pow

Use of recycled concrete aggregate and its effect to the concrete compressive

strength in the Philippine setting. The issue of sustainability and its importance

has been gaining worldwide concern. The practice of possible recycling

construction materials helps in reducing detrimental environmental impacts of the

construction industry. This research aims to use recycled concrete aggregates

(RCA) as a substitute for local Philippine natural aggregates (NA) in concrete

mixes. It also aims to determine the effect various sources of RCA to the
28
compressive strength of the new mixture. Locally available cement is used. The

experimental framework of this study is divided into two phases. Phase 1 involves

design and mixing of concrete specimens with a 28-day unconfined compressive

design strength of 3000, 4000 and 5000 psi. These specimens were crushed into

standard, acceptable sizes. Phase 2 involves mixing and curing of a new batch of

concrete specimens with one design mixture using crushed concrete as coarse

aggregates. The 28-day compressive strength for each test case was determined. A

comparative analysis of the compressive strength between concrete of 100%

natural aggregates and concrete with 30% RCA- 70%NA was investigated, where

the RCA sources based on strength are varied for each test case. Comparison of

material properties, such as specific gravity and water absorption, of RCA and NA

was performed. Standard strength tests showed that the strength of concrete with

RCA was observed to decrease by a maximum of 14% for a 30% replacement ratio

but it is still within the design strength requirement. The comparison showed that

the use of RCA is feasible in the Philippine setting.

EFFECT OF THERMOPLASTIC AS FINE AGGREGATE TO CONCRETE MIXTURE

By: Tomas U. Ganiron Jr.

29
 This paper outlines an experimental study that measures the effects of

thermoplastic when added to concrete cement and needs of the ecological sector

in terms of recycling the waste plastic that harms not only the soil structure and

the environment as per say but as well as the human who without their

knowledge damage their health because of the degradation of this product. The

plastic was grounded into pieces for concrete mixture, where it substitutes the 5%

of the fine aggregate, which is the sand. It then undergoes to strength test that

investigate whether it can pass or at least equal the standard specification of

concrete mix for wall panel. The experimentation went through moisture content

test, specific gravity. test, slump test, sieve analysis, compressive test and flexural

test.

USE OF RECYCLED GLASS BOTTLES AS FINE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE

MIXTURES

Tomas U. Ganiron Jr.

This experimental study aimed to design a concrete mixture with recycled

bottles as an alternative fine aggregates for mass housing projects that will meet

the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) requirements in order to

help contribute to the industry in saving the environment, to encourage the

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government to find solutions regarding the disposal to landfills of waste materials

and provide new knowledge to the contractors and developers on how to improve

the construction industry methods and services by using recycled bottles, and to

sustain good product performance and meet recycling goals. A conventional

concrete product was compared to concrete with recycled bottles of the same

proportions. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the

laboratory where precise data.

RECYCLED WINDOW GLASS FOR NON LOAD-BEARING WALL

Tomas Ucol Ganiron Jr.

This experimental study aimed to investigate the adequacy and advantages

of non-load bearing concrete hollow blocks containing recycled window glass, in

combination with sand as fine aggregate. The tests conducted were according to

Standard Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units with

reference to Standard Specifications for Non-Load Bearing Concrete Masonry

Units. Observations from the tests performed were conducted in the laboratory

where precise data were gathered and completely attained. Some of the

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interesting insights of the study are: (a) The highest compressive strength

appeared in the hollow blocks with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios; (b)

The mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios has the least moisture

content found among the hollow blocks containing recycled clear flat glass; and

(c).The use of clear flat glass in manufacturing hollow non-loadbearing concrete

masonry blocks would be the capability of finely crushed glass to manifest its

pozzolanic effect and its low moisture content characteristics, making it possible

for the mixture with 1:2:4 cement-recycled glass-sand ratios to be used as load

bearing blocks were gathered and completely attained.

VI. METHODOLOGY

A recycling plant is quite similar to a plant producing crushed natural

aggregate. The closed system in Figure 1 is the layout which is recommended for

the production of recycled aggregate. The open system, which is shown in Figure

2, has greater capacity but the maximum particle size is less well defined and this

can lead to larger variations in the size of the end product. As clean concrete is not

always available, provision must be made in a recycling plant for the extraction of

contaminants from the material. The layout of stationary recycling plant, which

produces a high quality product, is shown in Figure 3

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DEMOLITION WASTE Figure 1: Flow chart of a typical closed system
recycling plant, set-up to produce a grading of
0-40mm

>40mm

40 mm SCREEN PRIMARY CRUSHER

0-40mm

SECONDARY
40 mm SCREEN
0-40mm CRUSHER

0-40mm

SCREEEN INTO
FRACTIONS
PRODUCT
0-40mm
DEMOLITION WASTE Figure 1: Flow chart of a typical open system
recycling plant, set-up to produce a grading of
0-40mm

>40mm

40 mm SCREEN PRIMARY CRUSHER

0-40mm

SECONDARY
40 mm SCREEN
0-40mm CRUSHER
0-40mm

SCREEEN INTO
FRACTIONS
PRODUCT
0-40mm

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MOBILE RECYCLING PLANT

Recycling plant can be mobile or stationary. Normally a mobile plant consist of

one crusher and some sorting devices. The removal of contaminants and steel is

mainly conducted by hand sorting and self-cleaning electromagnets. In some

cases mobile plants can consist of two crushers. The main advantages of a mobile

plant are as follows: i.) Transport in the vicinity of the site is reduced, particularly

if the rubble is produced, reused and recycled on the same site. Ii.) Disposal costs

are reduced because of less dumping. iii.) The local supply of aggregate is

increased and therefore less aggregate needs to be imported into the area. iv.)

The recycling plant can relatively easily to another site. The disadvantages of

mobile recycling plant are as follows: i.) There are limited cleaning facilities in this

type of installation and therefore the recycled product is normally of low quality.

Ii.) The recycling plant can cause high levels of dust and noise which would be

unacceptable close to residential areas. Iii.) This type of plant can only be used if

there is a sufficient on the site to justify the expense of setting up the recycling

plan.

A stationary recycling plant usually incorporates a large primary crusher working

in conjunction with a secondary crusher and also includes various cleaning and

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sorting devices to produce high quality aggregate. In Britain, this type of plant

normally combines two jaw and is capable of yielding a range of graded products.

Self-cleaning electromagnets, sieves and hand sorting are employed to produce

relatively clean recycled aggregate from the mixed and contaminated input

material. The main advantage of a stationary recycling plants are as follows: i.) The

recycling plant is capable of producing a high quality product. ii.) The efficiency of

the plant is better than that of a mobile recycling plant because different recycled

products of various grading can be produced. iii.) Disposal cost are reduced

because of less dumping. iv.) The local supply of aggregates is increased and

therefore less aggregate needs to be imported into the area. The disadvantages of

a stationary recycling plant are as follows: i.) The initial investment of setting up

such a plant can be in excess of several million pounds. Ii.) There is an increase in

transport in the vicinity of the recycling plant. iii.) The recycling plant can cause an

increase in noise levels. iv.) The efficiency of production depends on the local

supply of rubble and unfortunately demolition contractors are rarely able to

ensure a constant supply of demolition waste.

CRUSHERS

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The crushers which are used at present for the recycling of rubble were not

designed or developed specially for the purpose. The majority of crushers

originate from coal and ore processing or from natural stone crushing plants.

Modifications have been made to these crushers to alter the degree of size

reduction and the particle size distribution, to reduce wear and to prevent high

levels of dust and noise.

SORTING TECHNIQUES

There are several methods of removing contaminants from the demolition debris

and they can separated into two groups, (i) pre-crushing separation and (ii) post-

crushing separation.

Pre-crushing separation

Rubble can be sorted while a structure is being demolished but this type of

separation can be expensive and time consuming for the demolition contractor

and there is normally carried out unless there are definite incentives on a

particular demolition site

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Post-crushing separation

After the rubble has been crushed, a number of contaminant removal techniques

can be applied to the material. The simplest method is hand sorting which

involves removing contaminants by hand from the conveyor belts. The efficiency

of this system depends in the concentration of the operator and on the speed of

the conveyor belt. There three types of automatic method of contaminant

removal includes Electromagnetic removal of steel which is a self-cleaning

electromagnets for the removal of steel are commonly employed in recycling

plants. Dry sieving can be used to separate the material into fractions which can

be recombined later to produce well graded aggregate. Wet separation which low

density contaminants can be removed from demolition debris using an aquamor.

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