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Research and development (R&D)

Researchers
full-time equivalent per million people
2005-15
Afghanistan ..
Albania 157
Algeria 168
American Samoa 101
Andorra ..
Angola 52
Antigua and Barbuda ..
Argentina 1,202
Armenia ..
Aruba ..
Australia 4,531
Austria 4,815
Azerbaijan ..
Bahamas, The ..
Bahrain 362
Bangladesh ..
Barbados ..
Belarus ..
Belgium 4,176
Belize ..
Benin ..
Bermuda ..
Bhutan ..
Bolivia 166
Bosnia and Herzegovina 267
Botswana 165
Brazil 698
Brunei Darussalam ..
Bulgaria 1,833
Burkina Faso 47
Burundi ..
Cambodia ..
Cameroon ..
Canada 4,519
Cabo Verde 50
Cayman Islands ..
Central African Republic ..
Chad ..
Channel Islands ..
Chile 428
China 1,113
Hong Kong SAR, China 3,136
Macao SAR, China 1,053
Colombia 152
Comoros ..
Congo, Dem. Rep. ..
Congo, Rep. ..
Costa Rica 358
Cote d'Ivoire 70
Croatia 1,437
Cuba ..
Curacao ..
Cyprus 750
Czech Republic 3,418
Denmark 7,198
Djibouti ..
Dominica ..
Dominican Republic ..
Ecuador 180
Egypt, Arab Rep. 682
El Salvador ..
Equatorial Guinea ..
Eritrea ..
Estonia 3,284
Ethiopia 45
Faroe Islands ..
Fiji ..
Finland 6,986
France 4,201
French Polynesia ..
Gabon ..
Gambia, The 34
Georgia 585
Germany 4,381
Ghana 39
Greece 2,716
Greenland ..
Grenada ..
Guam 303
Guatemala 27
Guinea ..
Guinea-Bissau ..
Guyana ..
Haiti ..
Honduras ..
Hungary 2,651
Iceland 5,993
India 157
Indonesia 90
Iran, Islamic Rep. 691
Iraq 68
Ireland 3,732
Isle of Man ..
Israel 8,255
Italy 2,007
Jamaica ..
Japan 5,386
Jordan ..
Kazakhstan 734
Kenya 231
Kiribati ..
Korea, Dem. People's Rep. ..
Korea, Rep. 6,899
Kosovo ..
Kuwait 128
Kyrgyz Republic ..
Lao PDR ..
Latvia 1,884
Lebanon ..
Lesotho 6
Liberia ..
Libya ..
Liechtenstein ..
Lithuania 2,961
Luxembourg 4,577
Macedonia, FYR 838
Madagascar 51
Malawi 50
Malaysia 2,052
Maldives ..
Mali 29
Malta 2,133
Marshall Islands ..
Mauritania ..
Mauritius 181
Mexico 323
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. ..
Moldova 652
Monaco ..
Mongolia ..
Montenegro 673
Morocco 857
Mozambique 38
Myanmar ..
Namibia ..
Nepal ..
Netherlands 4,478
New Caledonia ..
New Zealand 4,009
Nicaragua ..
Niger 7
Nigeria 39
Northern Mariana Islands ..
Norway 5,679
Oman 127
Pakistan 167
Palau ..
Panama 39
Papua New Guinea ..
Paraguay 169
Peru ..
Philippines 189
Poland 2,036
Portugal 3,700
Puerto Rico 260
Qatar 597
Romania 922
Russian Federation 3,102
Rwanda 12
Samoa ..
San Marino ..
Sao Tome and Principe ..
Saudi Arabia ..
Senegal 361
Serbia 1,465
Seychelles 146
Sierra Leone ..
Singapore 6,658
Sint Maarten (Dutch part) ..
Slovak Republic 2,719
Slovenia 4,150
Solomon Islands ..
Somalia ..
South Africa 405
South Sudan ..
Spain 2,642
Sri Lanka 111
St. Kitts and Nevis ..
St. Lucia ..
St. Martin (French part) ..
St. Vincent and the Grenadines ..
Sudan ..
Suriname ..
Swaziland ..
Sweden 6,868
Switzerland 4,481
Syrian Arab Republic ..
Tajikistan ..
Tanzania 18
Thailand 974
Timor-Leste ..
Togo 38
Tonga ..
Trinidad and Tobago ..
Tunisia 1,803
Turkey 1,157
Turkmenistan ..
Turks and Caicos Islands ..
Tuvalu ..
Uganda 38
Ukraine 1,026
United Arab Emirates ..
United Kingdom 4,252
United States 4,019
Uruguay 524
Uzbekistan 534
Vanuatu ..
Venezuela, RB 291
Vietnam ..
Virgin Islands (U.S.) ..
West Bank and Gaza 564
Yemen, Rep. ..
Zambia 41
Zimbabwe 90
World 1,282
East Asia & Pacific 1,650
Europe & Central Asia 2,995
Latin America & Caribbean 509
Middle East & North Africa ..
North America 4,080
South Asia 156
Sub-Saharan Africa ..
Low income ..
Lower middle income ..
Upper middle income 1,264
High income 3,975
specified year or full period are not available; or growth rate is calculated for less than the full period.

5.13 Science and technology

World Development Indicators , THE WORLD BANK


Last updated date 10/14/2016

About the Data


Researchers in R&D (per million people)
Long definition
ts, processes, methods, or systems and in the management of the projects concerned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) e

Source
ucational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

Technicians in R&D (per million people)


Long definition
Technicians in R&D and equivalent staff are people whose main tasks require technical knowledge and experience in

Source
ucational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

Scientific and technical journal articles


Long definition
d in the following fields: physics, biology, chemistry, mathematics, clinical medicine, biomedical research, engineering and technology, a

Source
tional Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators.

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)


Long definition
Expenditures for research and development are current and capital expenditures (both public and private) on creativ

Source
ucational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Institute for Statistics.

High-technology exports (current US$)


Long definition
h as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Source
United Nations, Comtrade database.
High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)
Long definition
&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Source
United Nations, Comtrade database.

es for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$)


Long definition
Charges for the use of intellectual property are payments and receipts between residents and nonresidents for the autho
(such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software

Source
Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.

General comments
ition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

es for the use of intellectual property, payments (BoP, current US$)


Long definition
Charges for the use of intellectual property are payments and receipts between residents and nonresidents for the autho
(such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, computer software

Source
Monetary Fund, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook and data files.

General comments
ition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual (BPM6) and are only available from 2005 onwards.

Patent applications, residents


Long definition
Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a na

Source
s on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these

Patent applications, nonresidents


Long definition
Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a na

Source
s on Worldwide Patent Activity. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of these

Trademark applications, total


Long definition
Trademark applications filed are applications to register a trademark with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP)
right to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize

Source
ators and www.wipo.int/econ_stat. The International Bureau of WIPO assumes no responsibility with respect to the transformation of the

wdi.worldbank.org/table/5.13 for observation-level metadata, which can be downloaded in Excel.


arch and development (R&D) Scientific and technical journal articles
Technicians
full-time equivalent per million people
2005-15 2013
.. 27
40 184
34 3,653
.. ..
.. 6
39 23
.. 2
319 8,053
.. 559
.. ..
1,134 47,806
2,393 12,031
.. 482
.. 16
17 210
.. 1,971
.. 39
.. 1,001
1,379 16,511
.. 10
.. 187
.. ..
.. 29
26 89
48 437
69 165
645 48,622
.. 120
444 2,677
37 177
.. 16
.. 84
.. 527
1,321 57,797
8 8
.. ..
.. 12
.. 7
.. ..
314 5,158
.. 401,435
290 ..
762 ..
.. 4,456
.. 14
.. 16
.. 137
.. 277
.. 169
676 4,359
.. 1,548
.. ..
178 889
1,882 14,022
2,126 12,482
.. 8
.. 11
.. 39
78 256
355 9,199
.. 35
.. 2
.. 11
681 1,426
33 802
.. ..
.. 84
.. 10,157
1,822 72,555
.. ..
.. 50
421 45
134 468
1,722 101,074
30 583
568 11,370
.. ..
.. 34
.. ..
18 81
.. 12
.. 12
.. 11
.. 28
.. 20
691 6,249
1,479 576
101 93,349
.. 2,928
186 32,965
25 947
1,000 6,874
.. ..
998 11,300
.. 66,310
.. 176
543 103,377
.. 1,504
176 879
654 872
.. 1
.. 45
1,241 58,844
.. 124
19 844
.. 60
.. 69
397 1,207
.. 1,050
1 12
.. 8
.. 231
.. 26
464 2,185
2,929 732
68 440
17 113
59 157
212 17,720
.. 5
23 64
984 259
.. 0
.. 16
54 110
229 13,112
.. 6
60 227
.. 34
.. 164
203 192
43 2,536
45 68
.. 38
.. 79
.. 442
2,044 30,412
.. ..
1,012 7,244
.. 28
10 36
13 3,654
.. ..
.. 9,854
51 658
72 7,772
.. 4
46 158
.. 44
13 61
.. 648
28 916
433 28,753
743 13,556
160 ..
196 770
229 11,164
501 35,542
0 91
.. 4
.. 7
.. 1
.. 7,636
34 296
281 5,169
597 15
.. 15
458 10,659
.. ..
367 4,730
2,394 3,514
.. 4
.. 6
125 9,679
.. ..
1,176 53,342
61 713
.. 13
.. 1
.. ..
.. 2
.. 375
.. 15
.. 38
2,028 19,362
2,765 21,060
.. 311
.. 71
6 379
193 8,631
.. ..
9 69
.. 1
.. 160
58 4,207
207 30,402
.. 7
.. ..
.. 0
14 474
191 7,218
.. 1,679
1,248 97,332
.. 412,542
.. 591
60 347
.. 7
.. 1,196
.. 1,848
.. ..
175 126
.. 127
63 117
10 210
.. 2,184,420
.. 699,400
868 720,932
384 85,554
.. 80,219
.. 470,427
101 104,307
.. 20,164
.. 3,909
.. 141,887
.. 646,082
.. 1,400,796
han the full period.

ned. Postgraduate PhD students (ISCED97 level 6) engaged in R&D are included.

tasks require technical knowledge and experience in engineering, physical and life sciences (technicians), or social sciences and huma
methods, normally under the supervision of researchers

, biomedical research, engineering and technology, and earth and space sciences.

apital expenditures (both public and private) on creative work undertaken systematically to increase knowledge, including knowledge of
development.

al machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.


nts, and electrical machinery.

ipts between residents and nonresidents for the authorized use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial
yrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for liv

m 2005 onwards.

ipts between residents and nonresidents for the authorized use of proprietary rights (such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial
yrights on books and manuscripts, computer software, cinematographic works, and sound recordings) and related rights (such as for liv

m 2005 onwards.

the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that p
the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

ponsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.

the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that p
the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

ponsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.


k with a national or regional Intellectual Property (IP) office. A trademark is a distinctive sign which identifies certain goods or services as
to use it to identify goods or services, or to authorize another to use it in return for payment. The period of protection varies, but a trade

esponsibility with respect to the transformation of these data.

loaded in Excel.
Expenditures for R&D High-technology exports Charges for the use of intellectual property
Receipts
% of GDP $ millions % of manufactured exports $ millions
2005-15 2015 2015 2015
.. .. .. 0
0.15 15 1.5 2
0.07 3 0.2 2
.. .. .. ..
.. 16 .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 0 ..
0.61 1,427 6.7 171
0.24 11 5.3 ..
.. 2 5.4 ..
2.2 4,237 13.5 794
2.99 19,270 13.9 861
0.21 33 7 0
.. 0 0 ..
0.1 47 1.5 ..
.. .. .. 1
.. 26 18.3 33
0.67 560 4.3 23
2.46 43,699 12.8 2,877
.. 0 0 ..
.. 4 4.1 0
0.22 1 26.8 0
.. 0 0 0
0.16 73 12.8 19
0.26 96 2.8 13
0.25 17 0.2 0
1.24 8,848 12.3 581
.. 55 7.8 ..
0.8 1,108 7.6 33
0.2 13 10.6 1
0.12 0 1.3 0
.. 31 0.3 3
.. 27 4.9 0
1.61 26,269 13.9 4,126
0.07 0 0 0
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 0 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.38 532 5.9 88
2.05 558,606 25.4 1,085
0.73 426 10.7 623
0.09 0 0.2 ..
0.2 724 7.7 51
.. 0 0.1 ..
0.08 .. .. ..
.. 48 2 ..
0.56 3,065 43.3 0
.. 72 3.7 1
0.79 760 9 46
0.41 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 10
0.47 27 6.2 ..
2 20,074 14.5 466
3.08 9,318 15.9 2,061
.. .. .. ..
.. 2 8.8 ..
.. 193 3.7 ..
0.34 97 7.2 ..
0.68 176 1.3 ..
0.08 183 4.4 29
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1.44 1,041 11.4 11
0.6 12 4 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 3 2.1 0
3.17 3,633 8.7 2,509
2.26 132,184 28.5 14,887
.. 20 14.8 0
0.58 .. .. ..
0.13 0 0 ..
0.1 35 5.6 1
2.87 184,283 16.7 14,585
0.38 60 4.9 ..
0.84 1,138 11 54
.. 0 4.4 ..
.. .. .. 0
.. .. .. ..
0.04 229 5 16
.. 3 4.9 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 0.2 3
.. .. .. 30
.. 42 2.4 1
1.37 11,760 13.7 1,504
1.89 110 19.9 235
0.82 13,751 7.5 659
0.08 4,981 7 60
0.33 .. .. ..
0.04 .. .. ..
1.52 27,633 25.8 7,457
.. .. .. ..
4.11 10,241 16 1,096
1.29 26,955 7.3 2,905
.. 3 0.6 6
3.58 91,529 16.8 36,631
0.43 80 1.6 13
0.17 3,321 37.2 2
0.79 72 3.8 60
.. 0 0.7 ..
.. .. .. ..
4.29 133,447 26.9 6,199
.. .. .. 0
0.3 5 0.1 ..
0.13 17 5.3 1
.. .. .. ..
0.69 962 14.9 7
.. 38 2.1 24
0.01 0 0 0
.. .. .. 59
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1.01 1,774 11.9 22
1.26 674 6.8 1,322
0.44 110 3 9
0.02 4 0.6 16
.. 6 2.5 ..
1.26 57,258 42.8 92
.. .. .. ..
0.67 2 1.2 0
0.85 849 34.4 284
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
0.18 1 0.1 1
0.54 45,781 14.7 308
.. .. .. ..
0.37 18 4 4
0.04 .. .. ..
0.23 34 19.5 3
0.36 6 .. 1
0.71 870 5.3 3
0.42 31 11.6 0
.. .. .. ..
0.14 83 2.7 0
0.3 3 0.6 ..
1.97 70,308 19.9 40,139
.. 137 13.1 1
1.17 601 9.6 306
.. 8 0.4 ..
.. 69 57.1 ..
0.22 140 2.1 ..
.. .. .. ..
1.71 4,730 20.8 497
0.17 231 4.3 ..
0.29 259 1.4 15
.. 1 20.2 ..
0.07 0 0 6
.. 16 3.5 ..
0.09 48 5.7 ..
.. 195 4.7 22
0.14 26,192 53.1 11
0.94 13,445 8.8 416
1.29 1,903 4.6 89
0.44 .. .. ..
0.47 0 0 ..
0.38 3,536 7.5 90
1.19 9,843 11.5 726
.. 7 11.9 ..
.. 0 1.7 0
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 0.8 ..
0.07 254 0.6 ..
0.54 30 3.6 ..
0.78 335 .. 45
0.3 .. .. 1
.. 0 0 4
2.19 137,369 47.2 3,302
.. .. .. 0
0.89 6,720 10 26
2.39 1,433 6.4 58
.. 0 0 1
.. .. .. ..
0.73 2,489 5.9 103
.. 3 .. ..
1.23 14,241 7.1 1,613
0.1 59 0.8 ..
.. .. .. 0
.. 2 5.2 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 0.1 ..
0.3 3 .. 0
.. 10 20.7 0
.. .. .. 10
3.16 14,934 14.3 8,782
2.97 53,258 26.8 14,366
.. .. .. ..
0.12 .. .. 0
0.53 23 2.7 0
0.48 34,992 20.4 155
.. 2 9.8 ..
0.27 1 0.4 ..
.. 0 2.4 ..
0.08 .. .. ..
0.64 616 4.9 28
1.01 2,323 2.2 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 0 1.9 ..
.. .. .. 0
0.48 11 2.4 4
0.66 1,922 6.5 85
0.7 1,556 8.5 ..
1.7 69,341 20.8 17,541
2.73 154,354 19 124,665
0.33 171 7.9 0
0.2 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 0
.. 18 1.1 ..
0.19 30,864 26.9 ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 1 .. 0
.. 1 1.2 ..
0.28 19 1.7 ..
.. 10 2.9 ..
2.12 2,147,396 17.1 316,578
2.58 .. 24.2 48,578
1.89 768,897 16.4 136,337
0.82 59,631 12.1 1,321
.. 14,354 4.2 1,423
2.62 180,624 18.1 128,791
0.77 .. 7.9 16
0.55 3,257 4.1 110
.. .. 5.6 34
0.55 59,867 11.5 172
1.57 740,968 19.4 3,533
2.46 1,324,993 16.8 312,839
s (technicians), or social sciences and humanities (equivalent staff). They participate in R&D by performing scientific and technical tasks
ormally under the supervision of researchers.

ncrease knowledge, including knowledge of humanity, culture, and society, and the use of knowledge for new applications. R&D covers
development.
as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, and franchises) and for the use, through lic
recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast). Data are in current U.S. dolla

as patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs including trade secrets, and franchises) and for the use, through lic
recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances and television, cable, or satellite broadcast). Data are in current U.S. dolla

for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A pa
ent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A pa
ent for a limited period, generally 20 years.
n which identifies certain goods or services as those produced or provided by a specific person or enterprise. A trademark provides prote
. The period of protection varies, but a trademark can be renewed indefinitely beyond the time limit on payment of additional fees.
or the use of intellectual property Patent applications filed Trademark applications filed
Payments Residents Nonresidents Total
$ millions
2015 2014 2014 2014
0 .. .. ..
25 10 3 3,326
247 94 719 10,191
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 896
1 .. .. ..
1 .. 15 814
1,909 509 4,173 58,486
.. 121 2 4,827
14 .. .. ..
3,492 1,988 23,968 64,502
1,512 2,092 271 8,670
28 168 12 5,780
18 2 111 1,124
.. 6 199 7,563
24 44 249 11,541
12 1 38 1,131
131 652 105 8,797
3,294 889 137 23,033
4 .. 36 1,017
2 .. .. ..
9 .. .. ..
0 3 4 578
68 9 294 8,032
10 41 2 4,047
8 4 5 1,878
5,250 4,659 25,683 157,016
.. 26 91 1,175
230 218 16 6,195
0 .. .. ..
0 .. .. ..
21 2 65 4,888
8 .. .. ..
9,384 4,198 31,283 51,028
8 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1,545 452 2,653 31,869
22,022 801,135 127,042 2,104,534
1,938 192 12,350 40,063
185 2 104 12,287
442 260 1,898 26,366
.. .. .. 1
11 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
517 16 552 11,895
4 26 1 ..
268 170 30 3,685
.. 24 126 2,425
26 .. .. 1,283
.. 4 1 1,999
1,203 910 62 10,075
1,221 1,377 206 4,477
.. 1 4 230
1 .. .. ..
89 13 245 9,738
72 .. .. ..
242 752 1,384 19,551
70 .. 187 7,036
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
42 44 6 2,672
2 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1 .. .. ..
823 1,419 126 4,552
13,915 14,500 2,033 90,674
3 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 406
7 110 187 4,826
8,917 48,154 17,811 70,554
.. .. .. 1,366
291 651 19 6,836
.. .. .. ..
6 .. 17 361
.. .. .. ..
202 10 288 ..
1 .. .. ..
.. .. .. 14
18 .. 20 748
2 2 19 1,649
46 6 211 6,907
1,388 546 73 5,438
97 51 13 3,735
4,849 12,040 30,814 222,235
1,862 702 7,321 46,452
.. 13,683 119 55,733
.. .. .. ..
75,114 263 58 3,537
.. .. .. ..
1,062 1,125 5,148 9,359
4,321 8,601 781 40,016
51 33 122 2,298
16,990 265,959 60,030 124,602
15 40 339 6,958
166 1,742 271 10,078
147 132 75 1,808
.. 18 .. ..
.. 8,354 27 901
9,831 164,073 46,219 160,644
2 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
6 132 7 3,215
.. .. .. ..
34 103 4 3,062
34 .. .. 8,192
3 .. .. 625
.. .. .. 781
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 2,711
49 123 42 4,105
3,109 128 90 ..
56 42 4 2,931
19 5 29 2,028
3 .. .. ..
1,257 1,353 6,267 34,571
5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
429 5 8 948
.. .. .. ..
11 .. .. ..
18 2 18 1,758
873 1,246 14,889 110,525
.. .. .. ..
18 67 72 5,428
.. 6 4 2,921
16 139 126 3,552
3 13 41 3,611
96 355 742 11,708
20 .. .. 1,154
.. .. .. 8,490
10 .. .. 941
.. 18 12 3,950
48,088 2,294 288 ..
4 .. .. ..
823 1,636 6,092 20,575
1 1 145 7,946
.. .. .. ..
251 50 869 19,332
.. .. .. ..
568 1,106 457 15,475
.. .. .. 2,378
180 146 776 25,267
.. .. .. ..
107 13 274 8,879
.. .. 79 1,019
19 .. .. ..
292 83 1,204 25,258
613 334 3,255 25,730
2,432 3,941 155 16,414
691 722 18 19,690
.. .. .. ..
.. 5 477 7,608
808 952 84 10,491
5,634 24,072 16,236 61,078
1 5 7 1,206
2 1 99 139
.. .. .. 1,009
0 .. 3 606
.. 652 135 ..
.. .. .. ..
180 202 10 6,345
2 .. .. 106
1 .. .. 1,267
17,285 1,303 9,009 21,505
2 .. .. 847
522 211 23 4,629
221 470 11 1,402
5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
1,708 802 6,750 35,418
0 .. .. ..
4,520 2,953 225 52,704
.. 328 188 8,825
2 .. .. ..
4 .. .. 433
.. .. .. ..
3 .. 8 273
0 .. 8 1,165
20 .. .. 725
65 3 .. 679
4,203 1,984 441 9,927
12,330 1,480 568 28,920
.. .. .. 1,353
0 2 2 2,241
2 .. .. ..
4,125 1,006 6,924 45,661
0 .. .. ..
0 .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
.. 2 184 1,475
19 142 400 5,916
682 4,766 331 111,627
.. .. .. 2,283
.. .. .. ..
.. .. .. ..
14 5 3 2,666
358 2,457 2,356 27,242
.. 24 1,447 20,321
12,427 15,196 7,844 54,525
39,495 285,096 293,706 341,902
48 37 639 5,836
.. 345 223 5,064
0 .. .. ..
382 33 1,565 19,587
.. 487 3,960 38,744
.. .. .. ..
1 .. .. ..
5 29 24 4,595
2 14 25 2,672
.. .. .. ..
350,772 1,713,099 793,310 4,886,846
76,458 1,240,338 312,922 2,750,525
209,520 145,986 51,690 787,775
12,020 7,372 53,820 472,551
1,882 16,912 11,145 163,234
48,888 289,294 324,989 392,930
210 12,230 31,839 263,571
1,794 .. .. ..
38 .. .. ..
1,648 18,461 52,904 501,162
47,032 857,919 214,657 2,941,848
302,054 836,702 525,691 1,428,234
y performing scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational

wledge for new applications. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental
nd franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes
roadcast). Data are in current U.S. dollars.

nd franchises) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals or prototypes
roadcast). Data are in current U.S. dollars.

new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of

new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of
or enterprise. A trademark provides protection to the owner of the mark by ensuring the exclusive
limit on payment of additional fees.

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