Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

The webinar will start at 12.30

Course Outline
Lecture Date Speaker Title
1 21 Sep Charles Goodchild Introduction, Background and Codes
2 28 Sep Charles Goodchild EC2 Background, Materials, Cover
and effective spans
3 5 Oct Paul Gregory Bending and Shear in Beams
4 12 Oct Charles Goodchild Analysis
5 19 Oct Paul Gregory Slabs and Flat Slabs
6 26 Oct Charles Goodchild Deflection and Crack Control
7 2 Nov Paul Gregory Detailing
8 9 Nov Jenny Burridge Columns
9 16 Nov Jenny Burridge Fire
10 23 Nov Jenny Burridge Foundations

Lecture 10: Foundations 1

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Foundations

Lecture 10
25th November 2015

Model Answers

Lecture 9 Exercise:

Fire resistance of Column

Lecture 10: Foundations 2

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Fire resistance of column

Using Equation 5.7, work out the fire resistance of a 250
x 750 column with an axial capacity of 3750kN and an
axial load in cold conditions of 3500kN. The column is on
the ground floor of a three storey building and the length
is 4.5m. The cover is 30mm, main bars are 20mm and
the links are 10mm diameter.

Design Exercise Answers

+ + + + .
= 120( )
120
fi = 0.7 x 3500/3750 = 0.65 Rfi = 83(1 - 0.65) = 28.8
a = 30 + 10 + 10 = 50mm Ra = 1.6(50 - 30) = 32
l0,fi = 0.5 x 4.5 = 2.25m Rl = 9.6(5 - 2.25) = 26.4
b = 1.2 x 250 = 300mm Rb = 0.09 x 300 = 27
n>4 Rn = 12
R = 120((Rfi + Ra + Rl + Rb + Rn)/120)1.8 = 131 minutes

Lecture 10: Foundations 3

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Foundations

Outline Week 10, Foundations

We will look at the following topics:

Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Partial factors, spread

foundations.

Pad foundation Worked example & workshop

Retaining walls

Piles

Lecture 10: Foundations 4

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Eurocode 7
6 (p43 et seq)

Eurocode 7 has two parts:

Part 1: General Rules Plus NA

Part 2: Ground Investigation and testing Plus NA

Eurocode 7

How to 6. Foundations
The essential features of EC7, Pt 1 relating
to foundation design are discussed.

Note:
This publication covers only the design of
simple foundations, which are a small part
of EC7.
It should not be relied on for general
guidance on EC7.

Lecture 10: Foundations 5

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Limit States
The following ultimate limit states apply to foundation
design:
EQU: Loss of equilibrium of the structure
STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the
structure or structural member
GEO: Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground
UPL: Loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water pressure
HYD: Failure caused by hydraulic gradients

Categories of Structures

Category Description Risk of geo- Examples from

technical failure EC7
1 Small and relatively Negligible None given
simple structures
2 Conventional types of No exceptional Spread
structure no difficult risk foundations
ground
3 All other structures Abnormal risks Large or unusual
structures

Lecture 10: Foundations 6

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

EC7 ULS Design

EC7 provides for three Design Approaches

UK National Annex - Use Design Approach 1 DA1

For DA1 (except piles and anchorage design) there are two
sets of combinations to use for the STR and GEO limit
states.
Combination 1 generally governs structural resistance
Combination 2 generally governs sizing of foundations

STR/GEO ULS Actions partial factors

Permanent Actions Leading Accompanying variable

variable actions
Unfavourable Favourable action Main Others

Combination 1
Exp 6.10 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk

Exp 6.10a 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.50,1Qk 1.50,iQk

Exp 6.10b 1.25Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk

Combination 2

Exp 6.10 1.0Gk 1.0Gk 1.3Qk 1.30,iQk

Notes:
If the variation in permanent action is significant, use Gk,j,sup and Gk,j,inf
If the action is favourable, Q,i = 0 and the variable actions should be ignored

Lecture 10: Foundations 7

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Factors for EQU, UPL and HYD

Limit Permanent Actions Variable Actions

state Unfavourable Favourable Unfavourable Favourable
EQU 1.1 0.9 1.5 0
UPL 1.1 0.9 1.5 0
HYD 1.35 0.9 1.5 0

Partial factors material properties

Combination Combination
Parameter Symbol EQU
1 2
Angle of shearing
1.0 1.25 1.1
resistance
Effective cohesion c 1.0 1.25 1.1
Undrained shear
cu 1.0 1.4 1.2
strength
Unconfined strength qu 1.0 1.4 1.2
Bulk density 1.0 1.0 1.0

Lecture 10: Foundations 8

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Geotechnical Report
The Geotechnical Report should:
be produced for each project (if even just a single sheet)
contain details of:
the site,
interpretation of ground investigation report,
geotechnical recommendations,
advice
Foundation design recommendations should state:
bearing resistances,
characteristic values of soil parameters and
whether values are SLS or ULS , Combination 1 or
Combination 2 values

Spread Foundations
EC7 Section 6
Three methods for design:
Direct method check all limit states:
Load and partial factor combinations (as before)
qult=cNcscdcicgcbc + qNqsqdqiqgqbq +BNsdigb/2
where
c = cohesion We just bung it in a
q = overburden spreadsheet
= body-weight
Ni = bearing capacity factors Settlement often critical
si = shape factors
di = depth factors See Decoding Eurocode 7 by A
Bond & A Harris, Taylor & Francis
ii = inclination factors
gi = ground inclination factors
bi = base inclination factors

Lecture 10: Foundations 9

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Spread Foundations
EC7 Section 6
Three methods for design:
Direct method check all limit states
Indirect method experience and testing
used to determine SLS parameters that
also satisfy ULS
Prescriptive methods use presumed Used in sub-
bearing resistance (BS8004 quoted in NA). sequent slides).

Spread Foundations
Design procedures in:

Lecture 10: Foundations 10

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Fig 6/1 (p46)

Procedure for depth of

spread foundations

Pressure distributions

SLS pressure
distributions

ULS pressure
distribution

Lecture 10: Foundations 11

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Load cases

EQU : 0.9 Gk + 1.5 Qk (assuming variable action is

destabilising e.g. wind, and
permanent action is stabilizing)
STR : 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk (Using (6.10). Worse case of Exp
(6.10a) or (6.10b) could be used)

Plain Concrete Strip Footings &

Pad Foundations:
Cl. 12.9.3, Exp (12.13)

0,85 hF
(3gd/fctd,pl)
a
hF
where:
gd is the design value of the ground pressure

as a simplification hf/a 2 may be used

a a
bF

Lecture 10: Foundations 12

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Plain Concrete Strip Footings &

Pad Foundations
C16/20 C20/25 C25/30 C30/37
allowable
pressure gd hF /a hF /a hF/a hF /a
50 70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.52
100 140 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.74
150 210 1.12 1.04 0.95 0.90
200 280 1.29 1.21 1.10 1.04
250 350 1.45 1.35 1.23 1.17

e.g. cavity wall 300 wide carrying 80 kN/m onto 100 kN/m2 hF
ground:
bf = 800 mm
a = 250 mm a a
hf = say assuming C20/25 concrete bF
0.85 x 250 = 213 say 225 mm

Reinforced Concrete Bases

Check critical bending moments at column faces
Check beam shear and punching shear

For punching shear the

ground reaction within
the perimeter may be
deducted from the
column load

Lecture 10: Foundations 13

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Pad foundation
Worked example

Worked Example
Design a square pad footing for a 350 350 mm column
carrying Gk = 600 kN and Qk = 505 kN. The presumed
allowable bearing pressure of the non-aggressive soil is
200 kN/m2.

Answer:
Category 2. So using prescriptive methods:
Base area: (600 + 505)/200 = 5.525m2
=> 2.4 x 2.4 base x 0.5m (say) deep.

Lecture 10: Foundations 14

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Worked Example
Loading = 1.35 x 600 + 1.5 x 505
= 1567.5 kN
ULS bearing pressure = 1567.5/2.42
= 272 kN/m2
Critical section at face of column
MEd = 272 x 2.4 x 1.0252 / 2
= 343 kNm
d = 500 50 16
= 434 mm

Use C30/37 concrete K = 343 x106/(2400 x 4342 x30)

= 0.025

Worked Example
z = 0.95d = 0.95 x 434 = 412mm
As = MEd/fydz = 343 x 106 / (435 x 412) = 1914mm2
Provide 10H16 @ 250 c/c b.w (2010 mm2) (804 mm2/m)
Beam shear:
Check critical section d away from column face
VEd = 272 x (1.025 0.434) = 161kN/m
vEd = 161 / 434 = 0.37MPa
= 2010/ (434 x 2400) = 0.0019 = 0.19% 6/Table 6 (p47)
vRd,c (from table) = 0.42MPa Concise Table 15.6

=> beam shear ok.

Lecture 10: Foundations 15

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Worked Example
Punching shear:
Basic control perimeter at 2d from face of column
vEd = VEd / uid < vRd,c
= 1, ui = (350 x 4 + 434 x 2 x 2 x ) = 6854mm
VEd = load minus net upward force within the area of the
control perimeter)
= 1567.5 272 x (0.352 + x .8682 + .868 x .35 x 4)
= 560kN
vEd = 0.188 MPa; vRd,c = 0.42 (as before) => ok

Retaining Walls
Chapter 9

Lecture 10: Foundations 16

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Ultimate Limit States

for the design of
retaining walls

Calculation Model A

Rankine theory
Model applies if bh ha tan (45 - d/2)

Lecture 10: Foundations 17

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Calculation Model B

Inclined virtual plane theory

Model applies to walls of all shapes and sizes

General expressions
General Model A Model B

Ws = b sH k,c h = tb + H + bh tan
Wb = tbB k,c b tan
Wf = bhH + h k,f
bh = B b s b t 2
b b
L s = bt + s Lf bt + bs + h
2 2
B =
Lb =
2 Lvp = B

Lecture 10: Foundations 18

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

Initial sizing

bs tb h/10 to h/15
B 0.5h to 0.7h
bt B/4 to B/3

Lecture 10: Foundations 19

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

9 (Figure 6)

Figure 6 for overall

design procedure

Lecture 10: Foundations 20

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Soil Densities

Ex Concrete Basements

Design value of effective angle

of shearing resistance, d

tan d = tan (k/)

where
k = max for granular soils and
= for clay soils,
max and are as defined as follows
= 1.0 or 1.25 dependent on the
Combination being considered.

Ex Concrete Basements

Lecture 10: Foundations 21

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Angle of shearing resistance

Granular Soils
Estimated peak effective angle of shearing resistance,
max = 30 + A + B + C

Estimated critical state angle of shearing resistance,

crit = 30 + A + B, which is the upper limiting value.

Ex Concrete Basements

Clay soils

Long term Granular Soils

Ex Concrete Basements

Lecture 10: Foundations 22

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Calcs
Material properties & earth pressures 9 (Panel 2)

9 Panel 2 (p71)

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

Lecture 10: Foundations 23

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

9 (Figure 7)

Design against
sliding
(Figure 7)

Sliding Resistance
9 (Panel 3)

Lecture 10: Foundations 24

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

Design against Toppling

9 (Figure 9)

Lecture 10: Foundations 25

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

Design against bearing failure

9 (Figure 10)

Lecture 10: Foundations 26

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Expressions for bearing resistance

9 (Panel 4,Figure 11)

9 (Figure 4)

Overall design
procedure

Lecture 10: Foundations 27

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Structural design
9 (Figure 13)

Remember: Load and Partial

Factor Combinations

Parameter Symbol Comb. 1 Comb. 2

Actions
Permanent action : unfavourable G,unfav 1.35 1.0
Permanent action: favourable G,fav 1.00 1.00
Variable action Q 1.50 1.30
Soil Properties
Angle of shearing resistance 1.0 1.25
Effective cohesion c 1.0 1.25
Undrained shear strength cu 1.0 1.4
Unconfined strength qu 1.0 1.4
Bulk density 1.0 1.0

Lecture 10: Foundations 28

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Piles

Flexural and axial resistance

of piles
Uncertainties related to the cross-section of cast in place piles and
concreting procedures shall be allowed for in design

In the absence of other provisions, the design diameter of cast in place

piles without permanent casing is less than the nominal diameter Dnom:
Dd = Dnom 20 mm for Dnom < 400 mm
Dd = 0.95 Dnom for 400 Dnom 1000 mm
Dd = Dnom 50 mm for Dnom > 1000 mm

ICE Specication for piling and embedded retaining walls (ICE SPERW)
B1.10.2 states The dimensions of a constructed pile or wall element shall
not be less than the specified dimensions. A tolerance of 5% on auger
diameter, casing diameter, and grab length and width is permissible.

Lecture 10: Foundations 29

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Flexural and axial resistance

of piles

The partial factor for concrete, c, should be multiplied by a

factor, kf, for calculation of design resistance of cast in place
piles without permanent casing.
The UK value of kf = 1.1, therefore c,pile = 1.65
If the width of the compression zone decreases in the direction
of the extreme compression fibre, the value fcd should be
reduced by 10%

Bored piles
Reinforcement should be detailed for free flow of
concrete.
Minimum diameter of long. reinforcement = 16mm
Minimum number of longitudinal bars = 6
[BUT BS EN 1536 Execution of special geotechnical work Bored Piles
says 12 mm and 4 bars!]

Minimum areas:
Pile cross Min area of long. Pile
section: Ac rebar, As,bpmin diameters
Ac 0.5 m2 0.5% Ac < 800 mm
0.5 m2< Ac 1.0 m2 2500 mm2
Ac > 1.0 m2 0.25% Ac >1130 mm

Lecture 10: Foundations 30

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Minimum reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement,

5000
4500
4000
3500
As,bpmin (mm2)

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Pile diameter, mm

Workshop
Design a pad foundation for a 300mm square column
taking
Gk = 600kN, Qk = 350kN.
Permissible bearing stress = 225kPa.
Concrete for base C30/37.

Work out
size of base,
tension reinforcement and
any shear reinforcement.

Lecture 10: Foundations 31

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Workshop Problem
Category 2, using prescriptive methods
Base size: (Gk + Qk)/bearing stress = _____ __ _____ __
= __ __ __ _ _m2
______ x ______ base x ______mm deep (choose size of pad)
Use C 30/37 (concrete)
Loading = g x Gk + q x Qk = ________________= _____kN
ULS bearing pressure = ______/________2 = _____kN/m2
Critical section at face of column
MEd = ______ x ______ x _______2 / 2 = _____kNm
d = _______ cover assumed = _______________= ____mm
K = M/bd2fck= ______

Workshop Problem
z = ____d = ______ x ______= ____mm Table 15.5
As = MEd/fydz = _____mm2
Provide H____ @ ______ c/c (_______mm2)
Check minimum steel
100As,prov/bd = _______
For C30/37 concrete As,min = ____ OK/not OK 12.3.1

Beam shear
Check critical section d away from column face
VEd = ______ x ________= ________kN/m
vEd = VEd / d = ________MPa
= _____/ (______ x ______) = _____ = _____ %
vRd,c (from table) = ____MPa beam shear OK/not OK.

Lecture 10: Foundations 32

Practical Design to Eurocode 2 23/11/16

Workshop Problem
Punching shear
Basic control perimeter at 2d from face of column
vEd = VEd / uid < vRd,c
= 1, ui = = _____mm
VEd = load minus net upward force within the area of the control
perimeter)
= _____ ____ x ( )
= _____kN
vEd = _____MPa; vRd,c = ______ (as before) => ok/not ok

End of Lecture 10
(and the course!)

Emails:
pgregory@concretecentre.com
cgoodchild@concretecentre.com
jburridge@concretecentre.com

Lecture 10: Foundations 33