NEOSLAVONIC

ZONAL CONSTRUCTED
LANGUAGE

Vojtch Merunka Prague, January 2017

NEOSLAVONIC ZONAL CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGE
ISO-690 citation example

MERUNKA, Vojtch. Neoslavonic Zonal Constructed Language. 1st edition, 6th corrected reprint,
Nov Forma, January 2017, 164 p.

Support for this book was provided by the research project "Collaboration of the Czech Republic with
CERN laboratories - LA08015" of the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport.

monograph, first edition

811.16* Slavic languages.

811.92* Artificial languages for use among human beings, auxiliary interlanguages.
376* Education, teaching, training of special groups of persons. Special schools.

reviewers

Olga Felkina, A. S. Pushkin Brest State University, Faculty of Philology

Emil Herak, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Elpidoforos Lambriniadis, Metropolitan of Bursa, abbot of the Halki Holy Trinity in Constantinople
Zdenk Linhart, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Commenius/Grundtvig training programmes
Snezhina Stojanova, Plovdiv University, Faculty of Economics

proofread by Steeven Radzikowski, The Interslavic Project, San Diego, California

Nov Forma, s.r.o.

t. 28 jna 1308/24
37001 esk Budjovice
Czech Republic
www.novaforma.cz
issued as the 386th publication

load 500 copies

164 pages (146 normalized pages)

2012-2017, Vojtch Merunka, author

2012-2017, Nov Forma s. r. o., publisher

ISBN 978-80-7453-291-7

graphics on the cover of the book is a collage made from a photo of Codex Assemanus from the early
11th century and a picture of medieval Croatian Glagolitic. Codex Assemanus, Vatican library,
RADAN, V. Missale Romanum Glagolitice Editio Princeps 1483, San Jose State University 2006

this text was assembled and typeset thanks to the technology of Apple Inc.
 to
Iveta, Anna and Jan
4
Preface

Your knowledge is nothing when no one else knows that you know it.
j , .
Nito jest tvoje znanje, ako lijego drugi ne znajut.
Scire tuum nihil est, nisi te scire hoc sciat alter.

Aulus Persius Flaccus, Sat. I-27

Dear reader, it is my duty to thank all of the people who have contributed to the creation,
development and preservation of the Interslavic language.

First of all, I must acknowledge the brilliant Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril),
professor at the University of Constantinople in Magnaura (
), philologist, alphabet and conlang creator and his brother Methodius, the
first Slavic archbishop, Bible translator and author of many other religious and secular
publications. Brothers Constantine and Methodius are honorably declared by the
Western and Eastern churches as co-patron saints of united Europe. I also acknowledge
those people who assisted Constantine and Methodius in their work: the disciples and
followers Gorazd, Angelarios, Sava, Lazar, Clemens of Ohrid, Eastern Roman Emperor
Michailos III, Patriarch Fotios of Constantinople (teacher of Constantine the Philosopher
and rector of the University), princes Rostislav, Kocel and Boivoj and the king,
Svatopluk. Finally I acknowledge enlightened Roman Pope Hadrian II and librarian
Anastasius in Rome, as well as all those who in subsequent centuries at various places
continued this pioneering work and preserved it. They are among many other brothers
and sisters of Preslav, Ohrid, Szava, Senj, Croatian Islands, Holy Mountain Athos and
many others from various nations to this day.

The Neoslavonic project was great experience for me, because I probably touched a little
extent of similar problems and challenges as in the past were solved by our Slavic
language revivalists, reformers, designers and Interslavic idea propagators and
defenders. They are in alphabetical order: Bohuslav Balbn, Vjaeslav Bambas, Antonn
Bernolk, Josef Dobrovsk, Ljudevit Gaj, Josef Jungmann, Vuk Karadi, Jn Kollr,
Konstantin Maladinov, Pavel afrik, udovt tr, Faust Vrani, Matija Ziljski, Partenij
Zografski and many others having our sincere respect and admiration.

I also want to honestly thank to my deeply respectable colleagues from our Interslavic
community and our supporters for their hard work, enthusiasm and significant
contribution to the broadcasting of the Interslavic project idea in media, Facebook
discussions, internet news, practical business, etc. They are in alphabetical order: Bojan
Anti, Karol Biegaa, Ivan Canjar, Martin udek, Vratislav Datel, Petr Jandek, Jozef
Janoko, Svtlana Lavikov, Roberto Lombino, Vclav Marhoul, Jozef Mikita, Lubor
Mojdl, Andrej Pyov, Steeven Radzikowski namely for his text corrections and assistance,
Ondrej Renik, Rostislav epka, Anna epkov, Pavel Skrylev, Duan Spil, Jan van
Steenbergen namely for his knowledge and co-editing of our Memorandum (see page
27), Gabriel Svoboda, Antonios A. Tachiaos, Andrej Teterevov, Tom Vak, Jan Vt,
Grzegorz Winiewski and many others. And at last but not least to Rumjan Lazov for his
lovely Cyrillic font and Filip Cviti for his beautiful Glagolitic font.

Vojtch Merunka, Prague 2012, www.neoslavonic.org

5
Table of Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................................5
Index................................................................................................................................................. 11
Introduction................................................................................................................................... 17
why do we need an artificial inter-Slavic language?.................................................................... 18
motivation...................................................................................................................................................... 20
why Neoslavonic instead of Russian?................................................................................................ 21
where to use Neoslavonic?..................................................................................................................... 22
Neoslavonic and Old Church Slavonic................................................................................................ 23
alphabets ........................................................................................................................................................24
Overview......................................................................................................................................... 25
used abbreviations and acronyms....................................................................................................... 25
Memorandum of the Interslavic Community about the languages Novoslovienski,
Slovianski and Slovio.................................................................................................................. 27
1. pronunciation and alphabet................................................................................................ 33
pronunciation............................................................................................................................................... 33
alphabet and orthography ......................................................................................................................33
soft pronunciation of consonants versus simplicity.................................................................... 36
palatalization and euphony.................................................................................................................... 36
losing vowels "e" and "o"......................................................................................................................... 37
1st example.....................................................................................................................................................38
2ndexample.................................................................................................................................................... 38
2. sentence structure, word order......................................................................................... 39
1st example.....................................................................................................................................................40
2ndexample.................................................................................................................................................... 41
3. definite and indefinite articles........................................................................................... 43
Bulgarian and Slavo-Macedonian exception...................................................................................44
4. nouns, cases, prepositions................................................................................................... 45
number............................................................................................................................................................ 45
gender ..............................................................................................................................................................45
cases..................................................................................................................................................................45
nominative case......................................................................................................................................46
vocative case ............................................................................................................................................46
accusative case........................................................................................................................................46
dative case................................................................................................................................................. 46
locative case .............................................................................................................................................46
instrumental case................................................................................................................................... 47
genitive case.............................................................................................................................................47
animate and inanimate masculine patterns....................................................................................47
feminine patterns........................................................................................................................................48
neuter patterns............................................................................................................................................ 49

6
 special feminine pattern kost (a bone) and dual number.........................................................49
prepositions................................................................................................................................................... 50
how to learn cases - declension symmetries................................................................................... 52
irregular declension patterns................................................................................................................52
appendix .........................................................................................................................................................53
5. verbs to be, to have................................................................................................................. 55
cases with verbs to be and to have......................................................................................................56
to be / to have complementarity.......................................................................................................... 56
6. query sentences, yes and no, negation............................................................................ 57
yes and no, negation ..................................................................................................................................58
7. pronouns.................................................................................................................................... 59
personal pronouns..................................................................................................................................... 59
hard pattern - pronoun toj, ta, to = the.............................................................................................. 60
soft pattern - pronoun sej, sa, se = the............................................................................................... 60
soft pattern - pronouns on, ona, ono, oni = he, she, it, they...................................................... 60
possessive pronouns moj = my, tvoj = yours, na = our, va = your..................................... 61
possessive pronouns jego = his, jej = her, jego = its, jih = their...............................................62
interrogative pronouns kto, ktory = who; to, kaky = what....................................................62
interrogative pronoun koj.......................................................................................................................63
interrogative pronounskogo, ego = whose...................................................................................63
interrogative pronouns and their answers...................................................................................... 63
relative pronouns in subordinate clauses - ktory=koj, kaky, ..., ie....................................... 64
8. adjectives................................................................................................................................... 65
declension ......................................................................................................................................................66
gradation......................................................................................................................................................... 67
descriptive gradation................................................................................................................................ 67
irregular gradation.....................................................................................................................................68
adjectives at noun positions...................................................................................................................68
9. numerals.................................................................................................................................... 69
ordinal numbers.......................................................................................................................................... 70
interrogative, demonstrative and indefinite number.................................................................71
fractions, set numbers, multiple numbers.......................................................................................72
10. present tense of verbs......................................................................................................... 73
hard conjugation pattern (-e verbs).................................................................................................73
soft conjugation pattern (-i verbs).................................................................................................... 74
irregular verbs byti = to be, iti = to go, jesti = to eat.................................................................... 75
examples......................................................................................................................................................... 76
11. adverbs, idioms..................................................................................................................... 77
derived adverbs........................................................................................................................................... 77
interrogative adverbs and their answers.........................................................................................78
gradation......................................................................................................................................................... 79
idioms............................................................................................................................................................... 79
7
12. imperative of verbs.............................................................................................................. 81
imperative of irregular verbs, subjunctive mood......................................................................... 82
13. past tenses of verbs............................................................................................................. 83
L-participle..................................................................................................................................................... 83
simple past tense.........................................................................................................................................84
composed past tense = prior present tense.................................................................................... 85
symmetric system of Neoslavonic present and past tenses..................................................... 86
14. future tenses of verbs......................................................................................................... 87
prior future tense........................................................................................................................................ 87
symmetric system of Neoslavonic future, present and past tenses...................................... 88
15. medial, passive, conditional, aspect of verbs.............................................................. 89
active voice....................................................................................................................................................89
medial voice...................................................................................................................................................89
passive voice, passive participle........................................................................................................... 90
conditional..................................................................................................................................................... 91
aspect of verbs.............................................................................................................................................. 92
16. verbal nouns, participles................................................................................................... 95
verbal noun (gerund)................................................................................................................................95
transformation clausegerund............................................................................................................95
adjectival participles .................................................................................................................................96
adverbial participles, clause transformation to adverbial participle................................... 98
17. conjunctions, particles and interjections................................................................... 101
conjuctions.................................................................................................................................................. 101
particles........................................................................................................................................................ 102
interjections ............................................................................................................................................... 103
a joke............................................................................................................................................................. 104

8
18. sentences with coordinate and subordinate clauses, writing commas...........105
coordinate clauses................................................................................................................................... 105
subordinate clauses................................................................................................................................ 106
writing commas........................................................................................................................................ 107
19. non-conforming attributes, transformations, capitalization..............................109
non-conforming attribute..................................................................................................................... 109
transformation of the subject in clause with verb byti = to be ............................................ 110
transformation of the subject in clause with other verb than byti (to be)..................... 110
transformation of the entire clause................................................................................................. 111
multiple attribute..................................................................................................................................... 111
capitalization.............................................................................................................................................. 112
20. word formation, diminution...........................................................................................113
Latin and Greek words in Neoslavonic........................................................................................... 113
words from other languages............................................................................................................... 114
word formation - suffixes..................................................................................................................... 115
word formation - prefixes.................................................................................................................... 115
diminution................................................................................................................................................... 116
transition words.........................................................................................................................117
transition of logic..................................................................................................................................... 117
transition of thought............................................................................................................................... 120
pronouns................................................................................................................................................. 120
keyword repetition ............................................................................................................................ 120
synonyms................................................................................................................................................ 120
demonstrative pronouns................................................................................................................. 120
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................121
Appendix.......................................................................................................................................123
Conversation.............................................................................................................................................. 123
greetings................................................................................................................................................. 123
wish someone something................................................................................................................ 123
asking for help...................................................................................................................................... 124
introducing yourself.......................................................................................................................... 124
understanding...................................................................................................................................... 125
directions................................................................................................................................................ 126
time ........................................................................................................................................................... 127
shopping, hotel, restaurant............................................................................................................. 128
numbers.................................................................................................................................................. 129
other useful words.............................................................................................................................. 129
Neoslavonic-English vocabulary....................................................................................................... 131
English-Neoslavonic vocabulary....................................................................................................... 139
Bibliography.................................................................................................................................147

9
Interslavic projects....................................................................................................................149
internet news-IZVSTI.info............................................................................................................... 149
INTERSLAVIC LEXICON - dict.interslavic.com ............................................................................ 151
Facebook group ........................................................................................................................................ 151
speech synthesizer - generator.neoslavonic.org....................................................................... 151
false friends of the slavist..................................................................................................................... 151
E.U. grant projects - Commenius Grundtvig Training.............................................................. 151
modern Slavic nations....................................................................................................................... 152
our village............................................................................................................................................... 152
modern Slavic nations - in Cyrillic............................................................................................... 153
our village - in Cyrillic....................................................................................................................... 153
information flier for hotel guests................................................................................................. 154
ecclesiastical texts .............................................................................................................................. 155
optional Neoslavonic alphabets............................................................................................157
ancient alphabets - Venetic/Etruscan, Glagolitic and old-Cyrillic...................................... 158
interslavic Braille..................................................................................................................................... 160
Neoslavonic grammar tables..................................................................................................161

10
Index

Byzantium, 159
A
ablative, 110, 111 C
accusative, 46, 111 capitalization, 112
active participle, 97 case, 45, 109
active voice, 89 Celtic, 158
active-passive voice symmetry, 24 centum Indoeuropean, 158
adjectival participle, 96 CERN, 22
adjective, 39, 65 clause, 42, 105, 106, 110
Adriatic, 159 Clemens of Ohrid, 5
Adriatic Veneti, 159 Commenius Grundtvig Training, 151
adverb, 39, 77 comparative, 67
adverbial participle, 98 complementarity of to be and to have, 56
Albanian, 39 conditional, 91
Amber Path, 159 conforming attribute, 109
Anastasius, 5 conjugation, 39
ancient Slavic alphabet, 160 conjunction, 101
Andrej Pyov, 5 Constantine the Philosopher, 5, 17, 20,
Andrej Tetervov, 5 159
Angelarios, 5 Constantinople, 5
animate noun, 45 containers, 72
animate pattern, 47 content management systems, 151
Anna epkov, 5 control element, 106
Antonn Bernolk, 5 coordinate clause, 105
Antonios A. Tachiaos, 5 coupling clauses, 101
Appian, 159 creation adjectives, 115
Arabic, 21, 39, 158 Croatia, 160
Aramaic, 39 Croatian Islands, 5
Arebica, 158 Cyril, 5, 17, 20, 159
aspect, 92 Cyrillic, 24, 33, 114, 159
astrological symbols, 159 Cyrillic j, 153
athematic verbs, 23
Athos, 5 D
augmentative, 67 Daniel Buni, 151
Aulus Persius Flaccus, 5
dative, 46
decimal number, 72
B declension, 39
Baltic, 159 declension pattern, 23
Balto-Slavic, 20 declension symmetry, 52
Bible, 20 definite article, 44, 60
Bohuslav Balbn, 5 demonstrative pronoun, 43, 120
Bojan Anti, 5 descriptive gradation, 67
Bojan Antics, 158 descriptive gradation of adverbs, 79
Boivoj, 5 diacritics, 33
Bosnian script, 158 diminution, 116
branched tree, 39, 42 direct gradation of adverbs, 79
Bulgarian, 44, 55 direct object, 46
11
dotless i, 153 Great Moravia, 159
double negative, 58 Greek, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, 113, 114, 160
dual, 45, 59, 73 Greek alphabet, 24, 33
Duan Spil, 5 Grzegorz Winiewski, 5

E H
=, 35 hard pronoun pattern, 60
Eastern Slavic languages, 37 hard verb pattern, 73
Ellis Howell Minns, 159 has-a relationship, 56
emotion, 103 Hebrew, 19, 39
Enetoi, 159 Herodotos, 159
English-like word order, 40
Esperanto, 18, 19, 20, 27, 30 I
Este, 158 i kratke, 33, 34, 81
Etruscan, 158 idiom, 22
Etruscan alphabet, 158 idioms, 79
Euboian Greek script, 158 Ido, 20
euphony, 73, 74 ie, 33
euphony rules, 37
Illyrian, 158
European Union, 22 illyro-slavinity, 159
exclamation, 103 imperative, 81
imperfective aspect, 92
F inanimate noun, 45
Facebook, 5 inanimate pattern, 47
false friends, 151 indefinite article, 43
Farsi, 158 indefinite numeral, 71
feminine, 45 indicative, 67
feminine pattern, 48 indirect object, 46
Filip Cviti, 5, 159, 160 Indo-Aryan languages, 39
flavorization, 28 Indoeuropean, 158
Fotios, 5 Indonesian, 19
fraction, 72 infinitive, 73
free word order, 42 infinitive stem, 23
fusional language, 39 inflecting language, 39
future tense, 87, 88 information technology, 151
instrumental, 47
G interjection, 103
Gabriel Svoboda, 5 Interlingua, 19, 20, 30
gender, 45, 59, 109 interogative pronoun, 62
genitive, 47, 71,111 interrogative, 57
German, 53 interrogative pronoun, 63
Germanic, 37 Interslavic, 121
Germanic runes, 158 Interslavic Community, 17
gerund, 95 Interslavic dialogue, 28
Glagolica, 20 Interslavic project, 18
Glagolitic, 20, 24, 33, 159 iota, 153
Gorazd, 5 IPA, 34
irregular declension pattern, 52
GOST standard, 33
irregular pattern, 49
gradation, 67
irregular verb, 83
gradation of adverbs, 79
12
irregular verbs, 23, 75 Lusatian, 159
irregular vocative, 46
is-a relationship, 56 M
ISO 9, 33 Magnaura, 5
isolated adjective, 68 Malj Skrylev, 5
Ivan Canjar, 5 Mark Huko, 30
marketing, 22
J Martin udek, 5
Jan Hus, 33 masculine, 45
Jn Kollr, 5 masculine pattern, 48
Jan van Steenbergen, 5 Matija Ziljski, 5, 18
Jan Vt, 5 medial voice, 89
jatj, 35 memorandum, 18
jer, 33, 35 metaphor, 22
jor, 35,83 Methodius, 5, 17, 20
Josef Dobrovsk, 5 Michailos III, 5
Josef Jungmann, 5 Middle Ages, 29
jotization, 35, 36 mobile computing technology, 151
jotization before vowels, 33 multiplicative article, 72
jotized vowels, 153 Muslims, 158
Jozef Janoko, 5
Jozef Mikita, 5 N
ju=, 35 nasal vowels, 23
Judeo-Spanish, 158 nasals, 35
natural grammatical forms, 24
K natural numbers, 69
Karol Biegaa, 5 negation, 58
knowledge representation, 151 neuter, 45
knowledge transfer, 151 neuter pattern, 49
Kocel, 5 nominative, 46
Konstantin Maladinov, 5 non-accented Latin letters, 33
non-conforming, 109
L non-inflected word, 77
Ladino, 158 non-Slavic people, 21
noun, 39
Latin, 24, 33, 37, 39, 42, 45, 53, 113
number, 109
Latino sine flexion, 20
Latvian, 39
O
Lazar, 5
Ligurian, 158 object, 46
Lingua Terrana, 20 object part, 39
Lithuanian, 39 Occidental, 20
locative, 46 Ohrid, 5
longer present verb stem, 73 old Bulgarian, 159
loosing effect, 37 Old Church Slavonic, 17, 21, 23, 27, 30,
loosing vowel e, 23, 37 35, 37, 44, 69, 153
loosing vowel o, 23, 37 omega, 155
lost-less clause transformation, 24 Ondrej Renik, 5
L-participle, 83, 91 ordinal number, 70
Lubor Mojdl, 5, 158 Orthodox Church, 17, 20, 23
udovt tr, 5 orthography, 114
13
Ottoman Empire, 158 Q
querying particle, 102
P
Quran, 21
Padua, 158
pair, 72 R
palatalization, 23, 35, 36, 65, 73 receptive understanding, 21
Pandidaktirion tis Magnauras reduced vowels, 23, 35, 37, 115
( ), 5 relative pronoun ie, 64
Partenij Zografski, 5
Roberto Lombino, 5
participles, 24 Roman-Catholic Church, 17, 20
particle, 102, 105 Rome, 5
particle li, 57, 102 Rostislav, 5
passive participle, 90, 97 Rostislav epka, 5
passive understanding, 21 Rumjan Lazov, 5
passive voice, 90
Russian, 18, 21, 22
past passive participle, 95
Russian Empire, 21
past stem, 73
Russian Federation, 21
past tense, 83, 86, 88
Pavel afrik, 5
S
perfective aspect, 92
personal pronouns overuse, 22 Sanskrit, 39
Petr Jandek, 5 Sava, 5
phonetic orthography, 114 Szava, 5
plagiarized Slovio, 30 second person, 75
Plinius, 159 Semitic languages, 39
plural, 59 Senj, 5
Polish, 35, 37, 44 sentiment, 103
Polish word order, 44 Seversk, 20
position of words, 39 shortening of present verbs, 74
possessive pronoun, 61, 62 simplified orthography, 35
Prague, 160 Slavisk, 20
preposition, 39, 50, 109 Slavo-Germanian, 20
prepositions, 46 Slavo-Iranian, 20
present stem, 73 Slavo-Macedonian, 43, 44, 55
present tense, 86, 88 Slovak, 19, 37
Preslav, 5 Slovenian, 55, 159
prior past tense, 85, 86, 88 Slovianski, 28
prior-future tense, 88 Slovianto, 29
prior-present tense, 86, 88 Slovio, 20, 27
problem of i/y, 66 soft consonants, 36, 37
pronoun, 39, 59 soft pronoun pattern, 60
pronoun prefixes, 63 soft pronunciation, 36
proto-Cyrillic, 159 soft sign, 33, 35
Proto-Slavic, 17 soft verb pattern, 74
Proto-Slavs, 159 softening the preceding consonants, 35
proverbial part, 39 softer present verb stem, 73
proverbial structure, 77 speech generator, 38
Ptolemaios, 159 Steeven Radzikowski, 5
stress, 33
Styrian region, 158
subject part, 39
14
subject reference, 59 V
subjunctive mood, 82 Vclav Marhoul, 5
subordinate clause, 106 Venedi, 159
superlative, 67 Veneti, 158
Svtlana Lavikov, 5 Venetic, 158
syllabic l and r, 23, 35 Venetic script, 158
syllable, 33 Veneto, 158
symmetries between pronouns, verb conjugation, 23
numerals and adverbs, 78 verb part, 39
symmetry /i, 59 verb tenses, 23
symmetry o/e, 59, 66 verb to be, 22, 55, 75, 83, 87, 91, 110
synonym, 120 verb to eat, 75, 83
Syrian, 159 verb to go, 75, 83
verb to have, 22, 55
T
verbal noun, 95, 111
Tacitus, 159 Vjaeslav Bambas, 5, 18
Tom Vak, 5 vocative, 46
tourism, 22 Volapk, 20
tourist attraction, 160 vowel e, 52, 59
training courses, 151 vowel , 59
transformation clause - gerund, 95 vowel i, 59
transformation of the subject, 110 vowel jotization, 153
transition of logic, 117 vowel o, 52, 59
transition of thought, 120 Vratislav Datel, 5
transition words and phrases, 117 Vuk Karadi, 5, 153
transport, 22
triple negative, 58 W
Turkic, 159 Wiching of Nitra, 21
word-building tools, 29
U
writing commas between clauses, 107
UN 1987, 33 wrong homonym, 36
UNGEGN, 33
United Nations Group of Experts on Y
Geographical Names, 33
Yiddish, 158
University of Constantinople, 5

15
Introduction

Welcome to the book of the Neoslavonic language (NS), which is a part of the non
commercial Interslavic language project of the Interslavic Community. Neoslavonic
(Interslavic) is a "zonal constructed language" intended to facilitate communication
among the speakers and writers of the modern day Slavic languages - Belorussian,
Bosnian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Kashubian, Slavo-Macedonian, Montenegrin, Polish,
Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian, Sorbian (i.e. Lusatian, Wendish), Ukrainian and
their various dialects - all of which derive from an original "Proto-Slavic" tongue, which
over thousands of years, morphed into very divergent "dialects," each becoming a
separate language unto itself. (www.neoslavonic.org)

Over half of Europes territory is inhabited by Slavic-speaking communities; moreover,

the worldwide population of people of Slavic descent is estimated to be about 400
millions.

Because all our Slavic languages derive from that common Proto-Slavic tongue,
knowledge of one Slavic language will often allow one to have at least a rough
understanding of text written in another Slavic language - but not sufficiently enough to
achieve a strong comprehension. This fact has inspired linguists and others over the
centuries to attempt to create a universal Slavic language that would be more
understandable to all Slavs. Among these include Old Church Slavonic, developed in the
9th century by two Byzantine Greek missionaries and co-patrons saints of the Europe,
the brothers Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) and Methodius of Thessalonica, as well
as dozens of other projects since today. What they have in common is that they are all
based on the assumption that the Slavic languages are similar enough to make such an
auxiliary language possible at all.

Neoslavonic language design is based on the harmony of following three principles:

1. To share grammar and common vocabulary with modern spoken Slavic

languages in order to build a universal language that Slavic people can
understand without any prior learning.

2. To be an easy-learned language for those who want to use this language actively.
Non-Slavic people can use this language as the entrance door to the big Slavic
world. We believe that knowledge of Neoslavonic enables both Slavic and non
Slavic people greater passive (e.g. receptive) understanding and better learning
of the real national Slavic languages.

3. Neoslavonic follows the tradition of the Old Church Slavonic language (OCS). OCS
was the first literary Slavic language, believed to have been artificially developed
in the 9th century by two brave Byzantine Greek missionaries Saints Cyril and
Methodius, who were credited with standardizing the Slavic dialects and using it
for translating the Bible and other ecclesiastical texts as the tool of the
Christianization of the Slavic people. OCS is still frequently used by the Orthodox
Church and sometimes also by the Roman-Catholics in many Slavic countries up
to present day. Neoslavonic is designed as the modernized and simplified but
still sufficiently compatible version of this old language.

17
Our Interslavic project is not the only one of its kind. Over the last two centuries, several
other similar constructed languages were proposed, the most progress in which was
made during the 19th century by the Slovenian priest and linguist Matija Majar Ziljski
and the Czech translator and writer Vclav Frantiek (Vjaeslav) Bambas. Our project
has also been inspired by the successful reconstruction of the modern Serbian, Czech,
Slovak, Indonesian, Arabic and Hebrew languages.

Our Memorandum says, that our Interslavic language project is based exclusively on
forms that exist throughout the Slavic language continuum and that Esperanto-like
artificiality is carefully avoided: every word stem, grammatical ending or morphological
element can be found in several Slavic languages and ideally in all of them. This design
strategy locates the Interslavic language at the very center of living Slavic languages.

why do we need an artificial inter-Slavic language?

We know that about one half (maybe more) of the total number of Slavic-speaking
people use the Russian language. If the Russian language is sufficiently simple and
understandable to other Slavs without learning, our project would be unnecessary; but
unfortunately it is not. Russian is far from the imaginary linguistic center of Slavic
languages. It has a specific alphabet, phonetics, grammar and significant portion of its
vocabulary without the universal Slavic validity. Of course, the same holds true in
varying instances for all of our modern national Slavic languages.

European countries with Slavic as an official language (from Wikimedia)

18
 Indo-European language tree (from Nature 449, 665-667, Oct. 2007)

Our strategy is to develop and broadcast Interslavic project in such way that it can be
naturally incorporated into the collection of spoken Slavic languages as an auxiliary
language tool, enabling international dialogue, knowledge and cultural transfer without
the need of translating information into several national languages.

Our experience is that speakers of Slavic languages tend to perceive the

Neoslavonic/Interslavic language as either an ancient or remote dialect of their own
native language, or as a neighboring language closely related to their own. People are
often surprised how much they can understand of it.

Spoken languages are living things and we know that no constructed language
(Esperanto, Interlingua, ...) or reconstructed modern national language (Slovak, Hebrew,
Indonesian, ...) in the world is used in the exact same form as when it was first
published. Therefore we welcome anybody linguist, non-linguist, native speaker, non
native speaker to join our ranks and work with us on this great task!

19
motivation
The name of Neoslavonic (Novoslovnski in original reading) comes from the Old
(Church) Slavonic language, which was the first literary Slavic language, developed by
the 9th century Byzantine Greek missionaries Saints Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril)
and Methodius who were credited with standardizing vulgar Slavic dialects and using
them for translating the Bible and other ecclesiastical texts as part of the
Christianization of the all Slavic peoples (Slavs = Slovni).
The Neoslavonic language (NS) is a constructed language (conlang) dating from 2009. It
is an attempt to create a modern artificial auxiliary Interslavic language made to
facilitate both written and spoken communication between speakers of modern Slavic
nations. Neoslavonic design is based on historical stages of evolution of the actual Slavic
languages starting from the Old (Church) Slavonic. The idea of an artificial universal
Slavic language is not new. Since the 19th century to the present day, approximately a
hundred artificial Slavic languages have been created, most with a Slavic basis, but some
mixed (Balto-Slavic, Slavo-Germanian or Slavo-Iranian).

Neoslavonic is inspired by following:

The Esperanto-like constructed language by Mark Huko called Slovio,

the similar language Slovianski, which is now a collaborative partner with

Neoslavonic in the common interslavic project Meduslovjanski,

Glagolica and similar projects, also now collaborative partners within our
Interslavic project, and

the contemporary spoken modern dialects (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian,

Croatian, ...) of Church Slavonic, which are directly based on the original Old
Slavonic as they are used by the Orthodox and Roman-Catholic Church.

Neoslavonic is one of many artificial Indo-European languages like Esperanto, Ido,

Interlingua, Latino sine flexione, Lingua Terrana, Occidental, Volapk, Slovio, Glagolitic,
Slavisk, Seversk, and many more. Plenty of these languages prefer simplicity and
reduction of grammar, which, in case of Esperanto or Slovio, makes comic impression.
This is why in my opinion, reduction of everything ad absurdum is not the right way. A
universal language should primarily have a logical structure - a clear, understandable,
but morphologically rich set of rules with minimum exceptions and idioms. Here, there
is no space for unnatural structures made from a combination of random consonants
and vowels. A universal language should not even have too abbreviated words and
unnatural grammatical building blocks. This means that it should (for better clarity)
prefer words in natural, full and euphonic forms. Here, in my opinion, Esperanto has
failed (e.g. the Esperanto system of unnatural pronouns and adverbs mutually differing
in only one vowel or consonant without any natural analogy to some real language).

This all means that Neoslavonic is created as an auxiliary language that appears to be
almost the same as real spoken languages. As such, it is ideal for being used for the
following purposes:

To share grammar and a common vocabulary with modern spoken Slavic

languages in order to build a universal language that Slavic people can
understand without any - or very minimal - prior learning.
20
 To be an easy-learned language for those who want to use it actively. Non-Slavic
people can use this language as the door to the big Slavic world. We believe
that knowledge of Neoslavonic enables both Slavic and non-Slavic people greater
passive (e.g. receptive) understanding and better learning of the living Slavic
languages.
To be a basic conversation platform for Slavs and non-Slavs alike, without having
to learn a specific real Slavic language.
Neoslavonic continues the tradition of Church Slavonic. It is designed as the
modernized and simplified - but still sufficiently compatible - version of Church
Slavonic.

Neoslavonic is also an interesting experiment of alternative history: If there was not

such strong pressure from the Frankish Latin-oriented church (e.g. Wiching of Nitra and
his band) against the Moravian Church in the 9th century, the invasion of the Hungarians
into Central Europe and the subsequent collapse of contacts between Moravia (now a
territory of both the Czech and Slovak Republics) and Bulgarian, Serbian and Kiev (later
Russian) states, it is possible to imagine a hypothetic different evolution of the Slavic
early Middle Age language - a similar phenomenon we have seen in the Arabic World:
After the end of natural linguistic unity during the Middle Ages, the modernized
universal Arabic language based on the religious language of the Qur'an still prevails. It
is an artificial language which is close enough to the various contemporary spoken
national dialects of Arabic that it is recognized as the standard for communication
between Arabic nations and for contact with foreigners and used as an auxiliary
language by both state apparatus and the media.

why Neoslavonic instead of Russian?

In this project we cannot ignore the existence of the Russian language. Russian is the
largest spoken Slavic language. The amount of its users together exceeds the holders of
all other Slavic languages. Russian also holds a strong international position. It is the
language of the UN, the language of the astronauts, etc.; it is taught in the USA, China,
India, Iran and Arabic countries, and is often preffered as the only Slavic language under
Slavic Studies programs at foreign universities.

Sure, we accept that the Russian Federation, the largest country in the world, is Slavic
and that historically the Russian Empire was long-time the only country in which the
ruling class belonged to a Slavic nation. Also, we must acknowledge past and present
performances of Russian science, technology, culture and sport.
But such Russian dominance has also given way to problems of frequent Russian-centric
underestimating perceptions of other Slavic nations as being only derivative (or
mutated) Russians.

Regardless of the actual politics and mutual relations between Russian and other Slavic
nations, there are very serious bottlenecks as to why we cannot use Russian as the
auxiliary Interslavic language. Key among these is the fact that most non-Russian Slavic
speakers would not be able to comprehend Russian without at least some prior Russian
language study.

This is because Russian is part of the eastern branch of the Slavic languages, and
although it is closely related to the simplified Church Slavonic, it contains language style
elements which others Slavs cannot automatically understand because these features

21
are absent in their western branch and southern branch native Slavic tongues. In the
same way, Russians do not automatically understand Polish, Czech, Croatian, Slovenian
or Macedonian speakers. Some of the Russian languages specigic elements include:

Specific Cyrillic alphabet and specific English-oriented Latin transcription, which

is very different from Latin orthographies of other Slavic nations (e.g. Croatian,
Czech, Polish, Slovak, Slovenian and Sorbian).
Unlike other Slavic languages or the common Indo-European standard, the
Russian language rarely uses the verb "to have" or the present tense of the verb
"to be", but uses descriptive idioms instead.
Unlike other Slavic languages, the Russian language overuses personal pronouns
(I, you, he, she, we, they) in verb conjugations, in contrast to most other Slavic
speakers utilizing either the primary verb form with varying tense suffixes or a
coupling of the primary verb with present tense conjugations of the verb to be
verb (e.g. I do, you do = dlaju, dlaje; I did, you did = jesm dlal, jesi dlal but
Russian: , , , ).
Specific Russian phonetics (e.g. oversoftness, pronunciation of written "o" as [a],
additional vowels between consonants, ...).
Russian vocabulary has specific word subset, even of basic words (e.g.
/loadj = a horse, /sobaka = a dog, /tuman = mist,
/bumaga = paper, ...), which are not present in other Slavic languages.
Many specific idioms and metaphors also specific only for Russian.

where to use Neoslavonic?

Modern people are travelling much more than in the past. Six Slavic languages are
official languages of the European Union member states. Except for the long time
separation of Slavic nations, Slavic people still feel their mutual cohesiveness and
affinity. This is often well manifested during tourism, business and social events, when
Slavic people from miscellaneous nations tend to speak together not in English but in
some randomly assembled common inter-slavic language, which is sufficient for many
situations. The Neoslavonic language is therefore an original and proffesional response
to this phenomenon as follows:

1. A universal common auxiliary language usable in business, international

transport (information texts and labels in trains, buses, planes, ...), marketing
(product manuals and description), tourism (info leaflets, news, ...) and social
events. Neoslavonic is intended for use as an auxiliary tool in scientific and
research groups of people from Slavic countries, such as scientists at CERN labs.

2. An auxiliary language tool to facilitate rapid knowledge acquisition of Slavic

languages using a receptive method, by which a person is able to gradually
receive some real Slavic language using his/her native Slavic language
background combined with Neoslavonic grammar. During this learning process,
Neoslavonic is step-by-step gradually replaced by the knowledge of the new
adopted language.
3. An auxiliary language demonstrating cultural and historical reality for interested
people in experimental archeology in order to bring together enthusiasts from
various Slavic nations.

22
 4. A practical usable auxiliary language for multinational Slavic groups in touristic
destinations, historical and cultural places and exhibitions and religious
communities (Slavic Orthodox Church for example).
5. A practical tool to demonstrate the similarity of todays Slavic languages for
teaching and learning purposes. This covers also historical themes where
Neoslavonic imitates the original Old Slavonic language (e.g. movies, theatre, ...).

Neoslavonic and Old Church Slavonic

Neoslavonic language can be considered as a dialect of (Old) Church Slavonic which has
evolved into a modern Slavic standard. Neoslavonic can serve as a substitute for Church
Slavonic. The biggest differences between "Old" and "New" Slavonic are in some
grammatical endings, vocalization and the presence of words from modern Slavic
languages. It should be noted that the "Old" Slavonic also has its own dialects (e.g.
Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, ...) which mutually differ in
pronunciation and details of grammar. Neoslavonic is not so far from them, as it has
been approved in orthodox monasteries in the south-eastern Europe. The main
characteristics of Neoslavonic are:

1. Neoslavonic is better balanced between western, southern and eastern Slavic

languages. Therefore, it may sometimes act surprisingly "old-Serbian" for
Serbian speakers, "old-Czech" for Czech speakers, "old-Slovenian" for Slovenian
speakers etc.
2. Neoslavonic follows phonetic changes which have occurred in the evolution of
modern Slavic languages. This is the loss of nasal vowels, for example.
3. Neoslavonic has a limited and regularized collection of declension and
conjugation patterns. Moreover it has numerous miscellaneous symmetries
between its grammatical rules i.e. the same or analogous element shares the
same rule in all its occurrences.
4. Neoslavonic unites concepts of determinate and indeterminate forms of
adjectives. This is common in most modern Slavic languages.
5. Neoslavonic replaces reduced vowel by standard or loosing vowel "e" and
standard or loosing "o" for the hard reduced vowel .
a. Soft reduced vowel j/ is used only for consonant softening.
b. Hard reduced vowel '/ is used as a vowel only with syllabic l/r, grammar
endings (e.g. plural genitive of hard feminine and neuter patterns).
c. One-consonant prefixes are amended by -o- (e.g. ko-, vo-, so-).
6. Neoslavonic unites the concept of verb conjugation to only two regular patterns.
All verbs - except for only three irregular verbs - belong to either a hard or soft
pattern. There is no difference between so-called thematic and athematic verbs.

7. Pronoun and adjective declination share the same declension pattern.

8. Vowels in all past verb tense endings follow the same vowels from the infinitive
stem. (e.g. dlal, dlah, dlae... = dlati; vidl, vidh, vide... = vidti)
9. Second palatalization of noun conjugation is not supported.

23
 10. There are both adjective and adverb verbal participles. Total numbers of
participle species is four: active present, passive present, active past and passive
past.
11. There is active-passive voice symmetry between the verb "to be" and the verb "to
have". These two verbs create a two voice forms of the same ontological concept.
12. There are 6 symmetrical verb tenses in three levels of time: two past, two present
and two future. There is lost-less clause transformation among these time levels.
Thus, although Neoslavonic is an artificial language and is much more regular than
contemporary spoken Slavic languages, it is not reduced to an unnatural level like
Esperanto or Slovio. Neoslavonic contains only natural grammatical forms which are
the same or very similar to those in contemporary Slavic languages. Like in natural
Slavic languages, because Neoslavonic does not reduce the grammar and phonetics to
Esperanto or Slovio levels, Slavic speakers using Neoslavonic can make the same errors
in conjugation patterns (using different vowels etc.) as Slavs of various nations today
normally do when they speak in non-native Slavic language with each other (for
example, when an Ukrainian speaks Czech or a Pole speaks Croatian, etc.)

alphabets
Of course, Cyrillic and Latin are two equal options for writing Neoslavonic, but there are
yet more interesting options. The first of all there are Greek and Glagolitic alphabets.
Although the Greeks have had long and historical contact with the Slavs, the Greek
language does not have a standardized way of writing Slavic words and names.

Glagolitic is a uniqe decorative writing option, which has recently had renewed interest
in Croatia. Glagolitic and other interesting writing options (e.g. Hebrew alphabet,
Arabic/Farsi, etc.) are noted in the appendix.

24
Overview

This book consists of following 20 essential chapters, which step-by-step explains the
grammar and morphology of the Neoslavonic Language:

1. pronunciation and alphabet 14. future tenses of verbs

2. sentence structure, word order
3. definite and indefinite article
4. nouns, cases, prepositions
5. verbs to be, to have
6. query sentences, yes and no
7. pronouns
8. adjectives
9. numerals
10. present tense of verbs
11. adverbs, idioms
12. imperative of verbs
13. past tenses of verbs
15. medial, passive, conditional,
aspect of verbs
16. verbal nouns, participles
17. conjunctions, particles and
interjections
18. sentences with coordinate and
subordinate clauses, writing
commas
19. nonconforming attributes,
transformations, capitalization
20. word formation, diminution

used abbreviations and acronyms

sent. sentence num. number

clause clause pers. personal
subj. subject dem. demonstrative
obj. object int. interrogative
prov. proverbial rel. relative
sg. singular number indef. indefinite
pl. plural number v. verb
du. dual number inf. infinitive
m. masculine imp. imperative
f. feminine cond. conditional
n. neuter pres. present tense
noun noun past past tense
N nominative case fut. future tense
G genitive case pf. perfective aspect
D dative case ipf. imperfective aspect
A accusative case adv. adverb
V vocative case prep. preposition
L locative case conj. conjugation
I instrumental case part. particle
1. 1st person of verb
pref. prefix
2. 2nd person of verb suff. suffix
3. 3rd person of verb interjection
inter.
adj. adjective NS Neoslavonic
pron. pronoun OCS Old Church Slavonic

25
Memorandum of the Interslavic Community about the
languages Novoslovienski, Slovianski and Slovio
INTRODUCTION
The Slavic languages are a relatively
coherent language group. Knowledge of
one Slavic language is often sufficient to
get at least a rough understanding of what
a text in any other Slavic language is about.
During the course of history, this fact has
inspired linguists and others to build a
universal Slavic language that would be
understandable for all Slavs, including the
famous Old Church Slavonic language from
the 9th century, as well as dozens of other
projects from the 16th century onwards.
What they have in common is that they are
all based on the assumption that the Slavic
languages are similar enough to make such
a language possible at all.
SLOVIO
Mr. Mark Huko was one of the first who
picked up this idea in the digital era. He
made his Slovio in 1999 on almost the
same principles as Esperanto, but using
Slavic word roots instead. Initially, the
project was received with some
enthusiasm on the Internet, but interest in
it later fizzled. One significant drawback of
the Slovio language is the artificial
character of its grammar. Slavic voca
bulary is used only for word stems, but
suffixes and many other grammatical
elements were taken from Esperanto or
English, or designed artificially. For non
Slavs, this language may serve as a kind of
Esperanto with the advantage that Slavic
people can understand some of it;
nonetheless, for Slavs the entire concept
comes across as unnatural and sometimes
ridiculous. As a result, Slovio never gained
acceptance, and by now it has practically
vanished from the scene.
27
VOVEDENJE
Slovnski jezyky sut grupa seb relativno
razumivih jezykov. Znanju jednogo Slo
vnskogo jezyka jest mnogady najmene
dostateno domysliti grubo razumnje
smysla textov v drugih Slovnskih jezykah.
Tutoj fakt v teenju vkov inspirovae
lingvisty i druge ljudi tvoriti univerzalny
slovnsky jezyk, ie by byl razumivy vsim
Slovnom, priitaju prhvalny Staro
slovnsky crkveny jezyk i takoe desetice
drugih projektov ot 16-ogo vka dalje.
Vsi tuti projekty sut zajedno postavni na
prdpoloenji, e slovnski jezykysut seb
dostateno podobni do monogo dlanja
takogo jezyka.
SLOVIO
Gospod Mark Huko be jedin iz prvih,
kto postignue digitalnu eru. On sotvorie
svoje Slovio v 1999 na blizko podobnih
principah kako Esperanto, no otlieno ot
Esperanta s slovnskimi korenami slov.
Iznaala be projekt prijaty na Internetus
dehovnjem, no potom je interes v njego
izeznul. Jedin iz priznanih nedostatkov
jezyka Slovio jest umtny charakter jego
grammatiky. Slovnsky slovnik jest ko
ristjeny samo v kornah slov, no suffixy i
mnogo drugih grammatinih elementov
sut byli izbrani iz Esperanta ili Englijskogo
ili sut byli autorom umtno prdloeni.
Neslovnom tutoj jezyk moe sluiti kako
poddrug Esperanta s prinosom astenogo
razumnja ot Slovnov, ali Slovni tutoj
vsejkoncept ujut neprirodnim i nkogda
smnim. V razrenji Slovio nikogda ne
bylo prijato, i nyn jest praktino izeznulo
iz sceny.
 THE INTERSLAVIC PROJECT
Most other projects past and present have
chosen a more naturalistic approach,
which has accumulated today into our two
collaborative community projects: Novo
slovienski (Neoslavonic) and Slovianski
(Slavic). Both share a similar, naturalistic
grammar, a common vocabulary and one
common goal: to describe a universal
Slavic language that Slavs can understand
without any prior learning and use actively
after some minimal learning only. This
language, called Interslavic, is based
exclusively on forms that exist throughout
the Slavic language continuum, and
artificiality is carefully avoided: every
word stem, grammatical ending or mor
phological element can be found in several
Slavic languages, ideally in all of them.
This design strategy locates Interslavic at
the very center of the living Slavic
languages.
In addition, speakers can easily mix words
or other elements from their mother
tongue into Interslavic, which enables
them to make themselves clearer to other
Slavic speakers, and also allows them to
use Interslavic as a transient tool for faster
and easier learning of another Slavic
language. Likewise, Interslavic can easily
be manipulated by using characteristics
from the language(s) of a specific target
group. We call these processes "flavori
zation".
Our experience is that speakers of Slavic
languages tend to perceive Interslavic as
either an ancient or remote dialect of their
own language, or a neighboring language
closely related to their own. People are
often surprised how much they can
understand of it. Our strategy is to
this auxiliary
develop language in such
way that it can be naturally incorporated
into the collection of spoken Slavic
languages, to enable Interslavic dialogue,
knowledge and cultural transfer without
the need of translating information into
several national languages.
28
MEDUSLOVNSKY PROJEKT
Bola ast projektov iz prologo ili sunogo
vremene izbrala seb prirodnji pristup, ie
se dnes izvril do dvh otnoeno rabotajuih
sobornih projektov: Novoslovnski i Slo
vianski. Oba dva uestjut podobnu prirodnu
grammatiku, i imajut zajedno jedin slovnik i
jednu clj: Popisati univerzalny Slovnsky
jezyk, jemue by vsi Slovni razumli bez
nikakogo prdhodnogo uenja i jegoe by
koristili samo posl nkakogo minimalnogo
uenja. Toj jezyk nazvany Meduslovnski
jest osnovany otluajno na formah, ie izplno
sustvujut v prostranstvu Slovnskih jezykov
i jih umtnost jest promyleno otklonjena:
vsekaky slovny koren, grammatine za
konenje ili morfologiny element jest
mono naiti v mnogih Slovnskih jezykah,
idealno v vsih iz njih. Tuta strategija prd
loenja nastavuje Meduslovnsky jezyk do
samojsrdiny ivih Slovnskih jezykov.
Navye, govorci mout udobno mati slova
ili druge elementy iz svojego rodnogo jezyka
do Meduslovnskogo, to jih dlaje vye
razumivimi drugim Slovnskim govorcam, i
takoe jim davaje monost koristiti
Meduslovnski kako prhodny instrument
brzejego i udobnjego uenja drugogo
Slovnskogo jezyka. S Meduslovnskim
jezykom se takoe moe dvigati koris
tjenjem svojstev iz jezykov specifino
narenoj gruppy. Tuti procesy "pridavanja
vkusa" sut naminazyvani "flavorizacija".
Imajeme opyt, egovorci Slovnskih jezykov
strmjut svoje poutje Meduslovnskogo
kako davnovkovy dialekt svojego jezyka, ili
kako susedny jezyk blizko vezany k jih
jezyku. esto sut ljudi udiveni, kako mnogo
mout Meduslovnskomu razumiti. Naa
strategija jest iztvoriti tutoj pridavny jezyk
tako, e moe byti prirodno prikljueny do
obiny govorimih Slovnskih jezykov, moe
popustiti meduslovnsky dialog, pr
nesenje znanja i kultury bez potrby
prloenja informacije do mnogih narodnih
jezykov.
It should be emphasized that Interslavic is
not related to any religion, ideology or
political movement. It is neither intended
to ever replace any living language, nor to
become a universal second language of any
kind, but merely to serve as a tool for
those who wish to communicate with
other Slavs, and to those who hope to
achieve a better understanding of the
Slavic languages.
SLOVIANSKI
Slovianski consists of elements that are
most common in todays living Slavic
languages. Grammar is basic, simple and
regular. To maximize understandability to
Slavic speakers, all words and forms are
consistently based on majority solutions.
Because Slovianski is a multi-purpose
language, it is not a closed system with
hard rules, but a flexible collection of
Interslavic language instruments, inclu
ding numerous word-building tools. The
Slovianski project also encompasses
Slovianto, a highly simplified experimental
form of Interslavic, designed to have an
even lower complexity level than Slovio,
but using natural forms only.
NEOSLAVONIC
Neoslavonic is an artificial evolution of the
Old Church Slavonic language from the
early Middle Ages into modern times. It
can be regarded as the simplified grammar
and vocabulary of all Slavic languages.
Neoslavonic includes elements that are no
longer universal in Slavic (multiple past
and future verb tenses, the dual, the
present passive participle, ...). This
somewhat greater complexity has the
advantage that it contributes to a greater
passive (e.g. receptive) understanding of
the local languages. Even so, Neoslavonic
grammar is not very complicated at all; a
basic overview fits on two pages.
29
Trba jest znamenati, e Meduslovnsky
jezyk ne jest vezany na nikaku religiju ili
politisko dvienje. Ni ne jest ustaveny
nkogda izmniti nkaky ivy jezyk, ni byti
univerzalnim vtorim jezykom vsih rd, no
jemu jest toliko sluiti priborom tm, ie
hout komunikiratis drugimi Slovnami, i
tm, ie nadjajut seb dobytje luego
razumnja Slovnskim jezykam.
SLOVIANSKI
Slovianski draje elementy, ie sut najvye
zajedno v dnenih ivih Slovnskih jezykah.
Grammatika jest osnovna, prosta i regularna.
Radi maximalizacije razumivosti ot Slo
vnskih govorcev, vse slova i formy sut
konsistentno osnovane na majoritnom
razrenji. Po priin jezyka do mnogih
znaenjej, on ne jest zakljuena systema s
pevnimi zakonami, ali flexibilno sobiranje
jezynih priborov vkup s mnogimi in
strumentami strojenja slov. Projekt Slo
vianski takoe obimaje Slovianto, vysoko
oprostjenu experimentalnu formu Medu
slovnskogo, nareeno imati jete menu
urovenj slonosti ot Slovio no koristjue
toliko prirodne formy.
NOVOSLOVNSKI
Novoslovnski jest umtno razvity staro
slovnsky jezykiz skorogo srdnogo vka do
modernogo vremene. Na Novoslovnsky
jezyk se moe nazirati kako na oprostjenu
grammatiku i slovnik vsih slovnskih
jezykov. Novoslovnsky obimaje elementy,
ie ne sut vye univerzalni (bole isel
prologo i buduego vremene glagolov,
dvojina, suny pasivny participij, ...). Tuta
malo vyeja slonost imaje prdnost v tom,
e prinaivaje lue pasivno (to jest
receptivno) razumnje lokalnim jezykam.
Obae tomu, grammatika Novoslovnskogo
jezyka ne jest mnogo komplikirana; osnovny
prgled jest poloeny na dvh stranicah.
 COOPERATION
Practically, differences between Slovianski
and Neoslavonic are minimal. Slovianski is
based on the commonalities of the living
Slavic languages, but to ensure con
sistency, we never borrow straight from
any living Slavic language but reconstruct
protoforms and take those as a starting
point instead. On the other hand, Neo
slavonic is Old Church Slavonic mo
dernized through the prism of the modern
languages. Not surprisingly, the results are
often identical. Words, forms and
conventions from one dialect can be very
easily used in the other and vice versa, to
the point that nobody can tell the
difference anymore. This is proven by
many columns written in our Internet
news and the Internet discussions within
our community.
Both projects cooperate very closely. Our
project members write and read in both
language forms, have their discussions on
the same Internet forums, share the same
dictionary, the same Internet newspaper,
as well as several other places. Moreover,
we have chosen the name INTERSLAVIC as
a common denominator for both our
projects. We expect that our two appro
aches will continue to inspire and enrich
each other in the future, but in the
meantime, we thoroughly enjoy our coope
ration: the fruit of mutual appreciation of
each others work, respect for different
points of view, overcoming personal
ambitions, constructive criticism and most
of all, the belief that our common goal is
best served if we work together.
DISCLAIMER
Despite our differences, we do appreciate
pioneering work of Mr. Huko and we still
consider Slovio a part of the Interslavic
family. Sadly, Mr. Huko considers
himself to be an exclusive owner of the
entire concept of Interslavic. He
consistently refers other Interslavic
projects as "plagiarized Slovio clones" or
30
KOOPERACIJA
Praktino, razlienja medu Slovianskim i
Novoslovnskim sut minimalni. Slovianski
jest osnovano na zajednostih ivih
Slovnskih jezykov, ali po priin utvr
djenja konzistencije, my nikogda ne
beremo prosto iz ivogo Slovnskogo
jezyka, no rekonstrirujemo iz njih proto
formy, ot njihe nainajemo. Izvtorojtoki
zrnja, Novoslovnsky jezyk jest staro
slovnsky modernizirany rz prizmu
modernih jezykov. Ne udivuje, e izr
enje jest esto identino. Slova, formy i
konvencije iz jednogo dialekta mout byti
udobno koristjeni v vtorom i povratno do
takoj toki, e nikto nemoe kazati nkako
razlienje. Tuto jest potvrdjeno mnogimi
lankami napisanimi do naih internetovih
novin i internetovimi diskusijami izmedu
naeju kommunitoju.
Oba dva dialekta mnogo blizko kooperujut.
leni naego projekta piut i itajut v
obojih jezynih formah, besedujut na
rovnih internetovih forah i zajedno imajut
rovny slovnik, internetove noviny i
nkoliko drugih prostorov. Navye, my
jesmo seb izbrali prilono ime ME
DUSLOVNSKI kako obe nazvanje za oba
dva dialekta. ajemo, e nai dva pristupy
jedin drugomu prodlajut inspiraciju i
obogatjenje do buduego, i v tutom vre
meni gluboko uivajemo nau kooperaciju:
plody iz ocenivanja raboty jednogo ot
drugogo, respektovanje razlinih toek
zrnja, prmoenje linoj ambinosti,
konstruktivnu kritiku i najbolje vrovanje,
e naemu jedinakomu narenji sluimo
najlue, ako li rabotajemo zajedno.
OTMTANJE
Nebreno ot naego razlienja my pravdivo
ocenivajemo pioneersku rabotu gospodina
Huka i navk pomnimo Slovio do
Meduslovnskoj obiny. Na alkost, gos
podin Huko sebe polagaje exkluzivnim
dritelem vsego Meduslovnskogo koncep
ta. Druge projekty sutjim prisno nazyvajemi
kako "plagirani klony ot Slovio" ili
"useless copy-cut languages".
We want to stress that our projects do not
use Slovio material. Any coincidences are
the logical result of both projects being
based on the same Slavic source material.
It is our belief that no one has the moral
right to call himself the owner of Slavic
vocabulary, and that the Interslavic
language should never be used as a vehicle
for anybodys personal ambitions or
financial gains.
CONCLUSION
Our Interslavic team is perfectly aware of
the fact that we are only in the beginning,
and that there is still a lot of work ahead of
us. We need to practice, produce more
texts and other materials, and we always
need more feedback from others. We, as
the collaborative creators, do what we
think is best, but we know very well that
we cannot always take the right decision.
Spoken languages are living things and we
know that no conlang (Esperanto,
Interlingua) or reconstructed modern
national language (Slovak, Hebrew,
Indonesian) in the world is used in the
exactly same form as when it was first
published. Therefore we welcome
anybody linguist, non-linguist, native
speaker, non-native speaker to join our
ranks and work with us on this great task!
THE INTERSLAVIC COMMUNITY, September 2011 (editorially shortened)
31
"nepotrbnicopy-cut jezyky".
Hoemo podrtati, e nai projekty ne
koristjut material iz Slovio. Vsi sorenosti
sut samo loginy rezultat naego projekta i
projekta Slovio po priin osnovanija na
rovnih slovnskih iztonikah. Po naem v
rovanji nikto ne imaje moralno pravo byti
imajuim slovnskogo slovnika, i medu
slovnskomu jezyku ne jest mono nikogda
byti koristjeny kako kolesnica linoj ambicije
ili finannogo prinosa.
ZAKLJUENJE
Na Meduslovnsky team otlino znaje fakt,
e jesmo toliko na poatku, i jest prd nami
jete mnogo raboty. Jest nam trba
praktizirati, strojiti bole texta i drugogo
materiala, i vsegda jest trba nam dostavati
povratny vez ot drugih. My, kolaborativni
tvorci, dlajemo najbole, to myslimo, no
mnogo dobro znajemo, e vsegda ne
moemo prijati pravo razrenje. Govorimi
jezyky sut ivi vi, i znajemo, e nijedin
konstruirany jezyk (Esperanto, Interlingua)
ili rekonstruirany moderny narodny jezyk
(Slovacky, Evrejsky, Indonezijsky) svta ne
jest dnes koristimy v tono rovnoj form,
kako kogda je izprva byl publikirany. Zato
prizyvajemo vsekakogo - lingvista, ne
lingvista, rodimogo govorca, nerodimogo
govorca - priestiti se k naim inam i
rabotatis namina tutom velikom dlu!
1. pronunciation and alphabet

pronunciation

Unlike English, Neoslavonic words are pronounced in the same way as they are written.
This is good news. It means that once you learn how to pronounce individual
Neoslavonic characters, you will be able to read correctly any Neoslavonic text.

Stress is on the first syllable of short words. That syllable is only slightly emphasized,
just like in the English words "table", "memory". Long words have the stress on the
internal syllable where there are more consonants - just like in the English word
"December".

However, Neoslavonic is an artificial language and therefore allows different kinds of

stress. Polish speakers, for example, will tend to put the stress on the second to last
syllable of a word; Czechs will tend to put stress always on the first syllable of a word.

alphabet and orthography

Neoslavonic uses two equivalent alphabets: Latin and Cyrillic. In addition, it also has a
transcript available in ASCII and Greek alphabets, and it is possible to use the first-ever
Slavic script: Glagolitic.

In this book we will prefer the Latin alphabet with a brief outline of the transcription in
Cyrillic. Do take notice that Neoslavonic uses the English version of the Latin alphabet
supplemented by three diacritically marked consonants , , and one diacritically
marked vowel . These four letters can be written using combinations of non-accented
Latin letters as cz, sz, zh and ie (example: lovk = loviek = czloviek = a man). Polish
characters , , are also acceptable as , , .

When writing in Cyrillic, please be aware that this script is richer than Latin. The
following table explains the biggest difference between Cyrillic and Latin, which is a
three-ways Cyrillic transcript of the only one Latin character j.

three different roles of the Latin character j Cyrillic Latin

consonant softening (e.g. jer, soft sign) j
jotization before vowels (e.g. ja, je, ju, ji, jo) (the same as jor i) j
semiconsonant [j] in all other cases (kratko ) j

There are no other accented letters or other "non-English" characters except those four
in Latin orthography of Neoslavonic. The Neoslavonic Latin alphabet is derived from the
international standard ISO 9 and the Russian state standard GOST and the United
Nations standard UN 1987 made by the United Nations Group of Experts on
Geographical Names (UNGEGN). Neoslavonic letters can be found in many Slavic
languages (for example marked Latin letters , , are in Slovenian, Croatian, Czech,
Slovak, ... and Cyrillic letters are almost the same in Church Slavonic, Russian, Bulgarian,
Serbian, ...). For your information, this system of Latin character diacritics has been
introduced in the early 15th century by the Czech thinker, martyr and reformer Jan Hus.

33
Latin Latin Cyrillic | Greek IPA how to pronounce it Iname

al al a O. [ a || || alphabet, but a

b b 6 putt [b ] beer, bird be

C C LI TO [ts] | cats Ce

& CZ UI t(, [t] | chimney, bench, Czech, China e

d d JI 8 [d] | date, do, odd de
dj dj JIB l []] duty dje
d dzh II)K 6(X [ d5 || |juice, gymnastics de
G G e 8. |8| bed, yes e

ie $ (e, )|18 [J& J |yes, bien (Spanish), piedra (Spanish) |jatj

f f q) (p [f] photo, leaf ef
8 8 T y [g] |go, get ge

h h X X [x] |loch (Scottish), Jos (Spanish) ha

i i IM m [i] city, see, meat i

j j i t [j] yes, you kratko i

j j I (j, i) |l [j] |yes, you je

ju ju HO LOl) [j | | you, cute ju
k k K K [k] kill, skin ka
I I JI [l] like, loop el
lj lj JIB l |K| | caballero (Spanish) elj
In In M |l [m || || man, ham eIn

In In H V In no, nose en

nj nj HB VL [] ] | new, Cognac, maana (Spanish) enj

O O O (Go) |O (Go) || 0 | | law, talk, no (Spanish) O

p |p II |T| |[p || |pen, Spin pe

q q K K [k] kill, skin kve
r r p O [r] sombrero (Spanish) er

S S C O [s] see, city, pass eS

SZ LII OX [] she, shame e

t SZt III (IIIT). OXT |[t || |$ and t (two consonants) ta
t t T T [t] to, motor te

th th e (q) || 0 [0] thing, teeth the

tj tj TB TL [C] | Tuesday, opportunity tje
UI UI y OU [U ) | put, good Ul

V V B B [v] | voice, have Ve

W W B B [v] | voice, have dvojne ve

X X Kc (8) ||8 [ks ] | sex, six eks

y y BI (v) |u [i] city, see, meat ypsilon

Z Z 3 [Z || |zoo, zombie, rose Zet

Zh XHQ X [3] pleasure, Jean (French) et

j j B l no sound, only palatalization sign jer
y y TB j [3] very short sound from burn, earth, bird |jor

34
Neoslavonic has an auxiliary letter, which is actually a character without its own sound.
It is the letter "j" written after consonants in the Latin alphabet and is called a "jer" or
a "soft sign". It has its own shape "" in the Cyrillic alphabet. This soft sign letter is
used to represent a change in the pronunciation of an immediately
preceding consonant (this is sound change effect is called palatalization in linguistics)
by which the pronunciation of a consonant comes to be produced with the tongue in a
position in the mouth near the palate.

examples: dj=, tj=, nj=, lj=

note:

1. There is no sound difference between characters i and y (as well as in modern

Greek, for example). We use these two symbols of the same sound in order to
express different grammatical information about gender and case in order to
separate some homonyms only. In case of "simplified orthography", it is
possible to write only one character i.
2. Letter = is pronounced in the same way as standard e but softens the
preceding consonants from d, t, n, l to dj+e, tj+e, nj+e, lj+e. In other cases
this character is pronounced as jotized e (eg. two sounds j+e). This character is
often written in Cyrillic (and simplified Latin as well) as the standard e only.

3. Letter combination ch can be used instead of simple h for the same sound [x]
but only in international words - in order to keep original Greek/Latin
orthography (archiv, chorus, architektura, for example).
4. Ligature ju= softens the preceding consonants from d+ju, t+ju, n+ju, l+ju to
dj+u, tj+u, nj+u, lj+u. In other cases it is pronounced as two sounds ju. In Cyrilic,
it replaces separate writing of + or + (e.g. imaju=) and + (e.g. konj,
konju = , ).
5. Some Slavic languages (Slovak, Russian, ...) use vowels e and i for softening the
preceding consonants in the same way as softening using and ju. Neoslavonic
does not support softening using e and i, but only using and ju: For example,
the combination of the letters ne is pronounced only as n+e, but not as nj+e, or
the combination of the letters ni is pronounced only as n+i, but not as nj+i.

6. Neoslavonic has syllabic l and r, which behave in the same way as vowels when
forming syllables (the same situation is in Sanskrit, Croatian, Czech, Slovak,
Slovenian, ...), but some modern national Slavic languages (Russian, Ukrainian, ...)
lost this feature and therefore must combine r and l with standard vowels in
order to create normal syllable (ol and or, for example). Syllabic l and r typically
stay between more consonants (e.g. p-r-st = a finger, sm-r-t = death, ...) and are
written using preceding auxiliary character "jor" as 'l= and 'r=. In Latin, we
do not need to write ' (e.g. = p'rst prst, = sm'rt smrt).

7. Old Church Slavonic (and similarly modern Polish) has nasal vowels ==[]
and ==[o] plus their jotized versions j==[j] and j==[jo]. In
accordance with the evolution of most Slavic languages, we do not use nasals.
There is simple application rule for this nasal replacement: = e and = u.
(e.g. jzyk jezyk = language, bd budu = I will be)

35
However, Neoslavonic is an artificial and auxiliary language and therefore allows more
different kinds of pronunciation. It will not be a big mistake, for example, if Russians or
anyone else pronounces e and isoftly everywhere.

soft pronunciation of consonants versus simplicity

The eastern (partly also western) Slavic languages are known for their softness and
jotization. However this soft pronunciation can be a problem especially for southern
Slavs and many non-Slavic people. Therefore, the Neoslavonic phonology design
principle keeps following simplistic principle:

1. Soft consonants should only continue by a consecutive vowel in order to facilitate

easier pronunciation.

(e.g. nedlja = Sunday, ponedljek = Monday, burja = storm, veerja = evening

meal, dinner)

2. If a word terminates with a consonant without any consecutive vowel, we prefer

to write and pronounce this word hardly.

(e.g. kost = a bone, radost = joy, uitel = a teacher)

Of course, we acknowledge that the soft pronunciation (e.g. Eastern-Slavic

accent) is also acceptable. These words have completely the same level of
understandability regardless of whether they are pronounced softly or hardly.
(e.g. kost/kostj [kst / ksc] = a bone; uitel/uitelj [titl / tit] = a teacher;
on jest/on jestj [n jst / n jsc] = he is) Moreover, declination of these words
always follows the soft patters. (e.g. uitel, uitelem ...)

3. Only in specific instances, where hardening could lead to the loss of clarity or
could create a wrong homonym with another word, we would need to keep soft
pronunciation and need to write soft consonants.
(e.g. konj = a horse kon = termination; mdj= copper med = honey)

palatalization and euphony

Slavic languages are known by their consonant softening in certain situations of word
derivation, declension or conjugation. This process is called palatalization.
Neoslavonic also observes this, but in a very limited way with only three regular rules
for the soft consonants , , as follows:
1. k ,
2. h ,
3. g .
examples:
lovk (a man N), love! (man! V);
prah (a dust, noun), prany (dust, adj.);
dlgy (long, adj.), dleji (longer, adj.).

36
In order to sound almost like an ordinary natural Slavic language, we need to improve
certain artificially generated sound combinations caused by application of grammatical
endings to verbs in order to create personal forms and participles. There are only three
euphony rules related to the same soft consonants , , as

1. cj = ,
2. sj = ,
3. zj = .

example:
prositi / (to please, inf.),
prosjuprou / (I please),
prosjenjeproenje / (pleasing, verbal noun).

losing vowels "e" and "o"

As in Latin, Greek, Germanic and the Romanesque languages, there is a so-called losing
vowel "e" in Neoslavonic word endings. The most frequent case of this losing vowel
effect is in noun declension, where "e" is present only in the nominative.

example:
pes (a dog N), psa (a dog G),
sen (a dream N), sna (a dream G),
otec (a father N), otca (a father G),
lanek (an element N), lanka (an element G),
December (December N), Decembra (December G).

Although there is a preferred losing vowel "e" because of its analogy with other
European languages (e.g. Greek, Latin, Germanic, ...), it is also possible to use a losing
vowel "o" because it is common in Eastern Slavic languages, Polish and Slovak. This
reflects the change of the original hard reduced vowel "" from the Old Church Slavonic
to the vowel "o" in these languages.

This "o" option applies only in case of replacement of the hard reduced vowel "".
Remember that the transformation of the soft reduced vowel "" must go always only to
the losing "e".

example:

son (a dream N), sna (a dream G), (based on the original OCS )
lanok (an element N), lanka (an element G). (based on the original OCS )

but be careful on:

otec (a father N), otca (a father G), (based on the original OCS )

37
1st example
(You can hear these words using speech generator at http://generator.neoslavonic.org)

voda [voda I water

hlb [x]icb ] a bread
auto | auto | a car, an automobile
slnce [slntse | a sun
lovk [tlovick ] a man (human being)
mu [muz, a man (masculine)
ena [38.na | a woman
dtko [Jetko | a child
imaju [imaj | I have
imaje [imaje] you have
imajemo [imajemo we have
veliky [veliki] big (sg. m. adj.)
maly [mali] small (sg. m. adj.)
doma | doma || at home (adv.)
jedin [jcqin one (m.)
dva [ dva | two (m.)
tri I tril three
etyri [tetiri] four
pet [ pet | five
deset [ desct | ten
sto [sto hundred

2nd example
(You can hear these words using speech generator at http://generator.neoslavonic.org)

Vsi ljudi rodjutse svobodni i rovni v svojem dostojenstvu i pravah.

[vsi Kdi royot S8 Svobodni i rovni v Svojcm dostojenstvo i pravax)
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Oni sut obdareni razumom i svstju,

[oni sut obdareni razumom i svjescu )
They are endowed with reason and conscience,

i trba jest jim postupati drugs drugom v duhu bratstva.

[itricba jest jim postupati drugs drugom V doxo bratstva
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(article 1. of preamble of the universal declaration of human rights by the United Nations)

38
2. sentence structure, word order

In the Neoslavonic language (as well as in all Slavic languages), the word order in a
sentence is rather flexible. In English, the position of words in sentences is necessary
to inform whether it is a noun, adjective, verb, subject, object or something else.
Neoslavonic words have their own endings (declension and conjugation), in which the
complete information about their grammatical category is stored, so there is no need for
any word to respect a specific position in the sentence. This system of endings is
specific for the family of fusional (or inflecting) languages. Fusional languages do not
need to use position of words for expressing grammatical categories but use word
position for another finer expression details, which are not as easily expressible in other
languages.

Examples of other fusional Indo-European languages include Sanskrit (and many of the
modern Indo-Aryan languages), Greek (both classical and modern), Latin, Lithuanian,
Latvian and Albanian. Another notable group of fusional languages is the Semitic
languages group (Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic). A high degree of fusion is also found in
many other languages in the world.

Though the Neoslavonic sentence is generally arranged "subject-verb-object" as in

English, the grammatical rules allow the use of virtually any combination of subject,
verb, object, ... in order to stress different components of the sentence.

Here we can observe the semantic rule: The most important information of a sentence
should be contained in its first approximate 7 words.

Of course this does not mean that Neoslavonic (or Slavic) words can be mixed in any
haphazard way. For example, if adjectives belong to a specific noun, they must be
positioned either in front of or behind that corresponding noun, and other elements of
the sentence cannot intervene between them. Metaphorically, a Neoslavonic sentence is
like a branched tree the branches representing particular sentence components.
Mutually branches may have flexible order, but elements within each branch must not
be mixed with elements of another branch.

Basic sentence elements are:

1. subject part. This is a noun or conjunction of several nouns or pronouns or

numerals in the nominative case,
2. verb part, which is made up of at least one verb optionally extended by adverbs,
3. object part, which is a noun or conjunction of several nouns in the accusative
case or other cases without a preposition,
4. proverbial parts, which are either made up by adverbs or nouns or pronouns
or numerals in various cases with prepositions.

Any noun or pronoun or numeral at any position can be extended by additional

adjectives or pronouns or numerals or attributes,
any adjective can be extended by additional adjectives or adverbs, and
any adverb can be extended by additional adverbs.

39
1st example

Veliky zajec bystro biokolo nas do mnogo temnogo lsa.

A big hare quickly runs around us to a very dark forest.

A standard sentence with the English-like word order:

Different word order, where "a big hare" is less important than the information about
our experience (running something around us, running something to a dark forest).
This new sentence has the same syntactical tree as the previous example. The only
difference is in the order of its tree branches. This cannot be easily expressed in English:

Okolo nas do mnogo temnogo lsa bystro bi veliky zajec.

40
This is an example of an incorrect sentence, where words have been impermissibly
mixed between two branches (as it resembles the chaotic language of master Yoda from
StarWars Episodes):

2nd example

Dobry student pie svojemu uitelu veliko pismo na novom komputeru.

A good student writes his/her teacher a big letter on a new computer.

If we will want to stress 1) "a new computer" and 2) "size of a letter" and then later
speak about the writing process and its details (a student, a teacher), we can reorder the
sentence as follows (note that in this case, the arrangement of all five tree branches is
completely reversed from the English order):

Na novom komputeru veliko pismo svojemu uitelu pie dobry student.

41
appendix

People educated in applied mathematics know that these branched trees can also be
displayed as plain texts using special brackets. (Davis & Weyuker, 1983) Elements
within each brackets can change the order, but the content inside the brackets can not
be mixed with the content of another brackets:

{{veliky zajec} {bystro bi}{okolo nas}{domnogo temnogo lsa}}

{{okolo nas}{domnogo temnogo lsa}{bystro bi}{veliky zajec}}

{{dobry student}{pie} {svojemu uitelju} {veliko pismo} {na novom komputeru}}

{{na novom komputeru} {veliko pismo} {svojemu uitelu}{pie} {dobry student}}

or in more detail as

{clause {subj. veliky zajec}

{v. bystro bi}
{prov. okolo nas}
{prov. do mnogo temnogo lsa}}

{clause {prov. okolo nas}

{prov. do mnogo temnogo lsa}
{v. bystro bi}
{subj. veliky zajec}}

{clause {subj. dobry student}

{v. pie}
{obj. D svojemu uitelu}
{obj. A veliko pismo}
{prov. na novom komputeru}}

{clause {prov. na novom komputeru}

{obj. A veliko pismo}
{obj. D svojemu uitelu}
{v. pie}
{subj. dobry student}}

We can say that English needs to use the fixed position of words in sentences in order to
add words missing information about whether these words are subjects, objects, verbs
or something else. It is obvious that Slavic languages (as well as Latin and Greek)
operate with words containing more unambiguous grammatical information without the
need to use fixed positions. Free word order can then be used to express the finer
details of communication in these languages.

42
3. definite and indefinite articles

In the Neoslavonic language (as well as in all Slavic languages, Latin and Greek, for
example) there is no indefinite article (a, an). In normal situations, we speak without
an indefinite article. In special cases, when we strongly need to express our
unfamiliarity to an object, it is possible to use the standard numeral "one" (m. jedin, f.
jedna, n. jedno) or the indefinite pronoun "some, any" (m. nkaky, f. nkaka, n.
nkake).

In limited circumstances, the English definite article "the" can be translated in

Neoslavonic by using the demonstrative pronouns m. toj, f. ta, n. to and pl. ti. This
demonstrative pronoun declines in 7 cases and 3 numbers, as you will see later in
chapter 7. However, please note that these Neoslavonic definite articles are used
only in clauses where one is referring to something already "existing" or "referred
to" in a previous clause (in this sense, they are similar to the English pronouns "this,
that, these & those"). In all other situations except Bulgarian and Slavo-Macedonian, the
definite article is not used at all.

The demonstrative pronoun m. toj, f. ta, n. to can be supplemented by more detail as:

m. tutoj, f. tuta, n. tuto (this here)

m. tamtoj, f. tamta, n. tamto (that there)

examples:

(dialogue between two persons)

A: Mojbrat imaje veliky dom.

A: My brother has (3 sg.) (a) big house. (dom = a house, moj brat = my brother)

B: Kako stary je toj dom?

B: How old is that house? (tojdom = the house, that house)

(dialogue between two persons)

A: Tu jest dom mojego brata.

A: Here is (a) house of my brother. (dom = a house, mojego brata = of my brother)

B: Kako stary je toj/tutoj dom?

B: How old is this house? (tutojdom = this house here)

43
Bulgarian and Slavo-Macedonian exception
Bulgarian and Slavo-Macedonian are exceptions to the absence of a distinctive "definite
article" among the natural Slavic languages. They both use their definite article in
(almost) the same way as in English - with one big difference: it is spoken after the noun
- moreover, it is written together with the noun: "a woman" = ena, "the woman"
= enata. Interestingly, it should be noted that both the Bulgarian and Slavo
Macedonian languages, unlike all of the other natural Slavic languages, have "lost" their
original noun declension system - as in English - and, like English, they have replaced
this structure through the use of "prepositions" and the "definite article".

Of further note in this regard is that the Bulgarian and Slavo-Macedonian "definite
article" structure is very similar to the word order used in archaic Slavic: noun-article
adjective versus the modern Slavic word order: article-adjective-noun. (e.g. modern
ta dobra ena = the/this good women, versus Old Church Slavonic: ena ta dobra and
modern Bulgarian: enata dobra). Even here an exception exists in the Polish language,
where word order is yet far more flexible than in the other modern Slavic languages.
Moreover, for appendix purposes, we note that the Southern Slavic languages and Czech
have yet another special way to convey a sense of the "definite" and "indefinite" in
speech, through the existence of definite and indefinite adjectives, which is manifested by
different suffix forms derived from Old Slavonic formations. This is not incorporated
into Neoslavonic.

44
4. nouns, cases, prepositions

There are three important grammatical categories that determine the composition of
Neoslavonic nouns (and also pronouns, adjectives and numerals): case, number, and
gender. Please, download and print this from here.

number
Number is singular and plural. Neoslavonic has the optional dual as well, which is like
a special form of plural for exactly two objects. Dual is fully used only in Slovene and
Sorbian, but its residua are in almost all Slavic languages. In this book we will not use
the dual because it is not absolutely needed for basic communication. We will address it
only with respect to paired body parts (e.g. eyes, ears).

Unfortunately there is no simple rule to form the plural from the singular-like "-s"
ending in English and Spanish. As in Latin and Greek, each grammatical pattern has its
own specific plural endings. You have to learn them together with the case endings.

gender
There are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. Unlike English, these three
genders are assigned to all words.

Of course, if a living being is visibly a masculine (e.g. rebec = a stallion,

byk = a bull, ...), it is grammatically masculine as well. The same goes for feminine.
Neuter are all cubs of animals (e.g. tele = a calf).

If a living (animate) being does not clearly have the distinguishable male or
female sex, its grammatical gender can be any of these three. For example
ryba = a fish is feminine, pes = a dog is masculine, ivotno = "an animal" is neuter.

Also inanimate things may have masculine or feminine gender. For example,
no = a knife is masculine, voda = water is feminine, mlko = milk is neuter.

For this reason, grammatical gender of words must be given in the dictionary. Generally,
the majority of feminine words are ending in -a, neuter words ending in -o or -e, and
masculine words ending in a consonant, but a beginner can not rely absolutely upon this.

cases
Neoslavonic has 7 grammatical cases. (modern Greek and German has 4, ancient Greek
has 5, Latin has 6, Sanskrit has 8, ...) Neoslavonic cases are:

1. N nominative
2. G genitive
3. D dative
4. A accusative
5. V vocative
6. L locative
7. I instrumental

45
Remember that the nominative and vocative can never be combined with prepositions.
Other cases (genitive, dative, accusative, locative and instrumental) are used with
prepositions, but may also be used without them.

nominative case
The nominative case answers the questions kto, to? = who, what? The Neoslavonic
nominative is the very basic form of any word found in dictionaries. The nominative
case is used for the subject of the sentence.

We must point out that in some Slavic sentences the subject in the nominative case is
hidden. This is when the subject of a sentence is a personal pronoun in English. In
English, we need to use the pronoun in order to express the personal form of the verb;
however, Slavic verbs themselves carry this information using the personal postfixes.

example:
itaju = (I) read. itaje = (he) reads. itajemo = (we) read. itajut = (they) read. ...

vocative case
The vocative is used only for calling/addressing someone or something. The vocative is
very similar to the nominative. It is the only case where palatalization of consonants
may occur due to the added vocative ending. Remember still the same palatalization
g, h, k. Moreover, the vocative of some traditional words can be irregular.

example: ena = a woman N, eno! = woman! V, Bog = the God N, Boe! = Thou God!,
Oh God! V, gospod = Sir N, gospodi! = Sir! V (irregular).

accusative case
The accusative case designates the object of some action.

example: Piu pismo = (I) write (a) letter. Vidim enu. = (I can) see (a) woman.

dative case
The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to which
something is given, as in "John gave Mary a drink". In general, the dative marks the
indirect object of a verb.

example:
Piu pismo svojemu prijatelu. = (I) write (a) letter (to) my friend.
or (I) write my friend (a) letter.

locative case
Nouns take the locative case when their existence is used to refer to an object, place or
time associated with some action we speak about. It corresponds vaguely to the English
prepositions "in", "on", "at", "about". In an ordinary conversation the locative case is
always used with some necessary preposition.

example:
v zim = in Winter, na vrhu = on (the) top, ...
Piu pismo o naem autu. = (I) write (a) letter about our car.

46
instrumental case
In general the Slavic instrumental case is used to indicate how something is done or the
means by which an action is carried out. In English it is usually expressed by the
prepositions "by, with, using", but in Neoslavonic it does not need prepositions.

example:
Q: Kako jesi priel knam? = How did (You) come to us?
A: Autom. = Using a car.

genitive case
The genitive case refers to things (or living beings) belonging to other things (or living
beings). Just like when you use "of" or the possessive "-'s" in English.

example: Kniga mojego brata. = A book of my brother.

animate and inanimate masculine patterns

All masculine patterns have the accusative (A) either identical with the genitive (G) or
with the nominative (N). These two different kinds of masculine declension are called
animate declension and inanimate declension. The animate declension (A=G) is intended
only for those nouns who represent living beings or other subjects able to perform some
actions (e.g. robots and similar machines, ...). Here the accusative must be different
from the nominative in order to make clear who is a performer of an action and who is a
matter of an action. The inanimate declension (A=N), has the accusative identical with
the nominative as it is in all neuter patterns.

Example 1: Petr slyi Ivana. (Peter is listening to Ivan) The accusative of Ivan is
animate and therefore identical with the genitive, because both Petr and Ivan are able
to listen. Thus, here we need to make clear who is listening to whom.

Example 2: Petr stroji dom. (Peter makes/builds a house) The accusative of dom (a
house) is inanimate and therefore identical with the nominative of dom, because a
house is not able to make/build somebody. It this sentence, it is clearly obvious who is a
builder and what is built.

Remember that there is an easy tool to distinguish animate and inanimate subjects in
Neoslavonic: We ask of animate subjects by using kto? (who?), but we ask of inanimate
subjects by using to? (what?). Here you can see that even English distinguishes
animate and inanimate subjects in the same way as Neoslavonic.

47
Look at these hard and soft declension patterns. Only inanimate patterns have identical
nominative and acusative.

declension of the hard animate masculine pattern brat (a brother) and

soft animate masculine pattern mu (a man)

sg. pl. sg. pl.

N brat brat-i mu mu-i
G brat-a brat-ov mu-a mu-ev
D brat-u brat-am mu-u mu-am
A brat-a brat-y mu-a mu-e
V brat-e! brat-i! mu-u! mu-i!
L brat-u brat-ah mu-u mu-ah
I brat-om brat-ami mu-em mu-ami

declension of the hard inanimate masculine pattern grad (a town, a city) and
soft inanimate masculine pattern kraj (a district, an area, a province)

sg. pl. sg. pl.

N grad grad-y kraj kraj-e
G grad-a grad-ov kraj-a kraj-ev
D grad-u grad-am kraj-u kraj-am
A grad grad-y kraj kraj-e
V grad-e! grad-y! kraj-u! kraj-e!
L grad-u grad-ah kraj-u kraj-ah
I grad-om grad-ami kraj-em kraj-ami

feminine patterns

Feminine gender does not have the concept of animation, but its nominative and
accusative are different only in singular. It has only two regular patterns (hard and soft).

declension of the hard feminine pattern ena (a woman) and

soft feminine pattern dua (a soul)

sg. pl. sg. pl.

N en-a en-y du-a du-e
G en-y en- du-e du-ej
D en- en-am du-i du-am
A en-u en-y du-u du-e
V en-o! en-y! du-e! du-e!
L en- en-ah du-i du-ah
I en-oju en-ami du-eju du-ami

48
neuter patterns

Neuter patterns do not contain the concept of animation (e.g. different nominative and
accusative). There are only two regular patterns (hard and soft) of the neuter gender.

Neuter patterns can be regarded as combination of masculine and feminine features:

declension of the hard neuter pattern selo (a village) and soft neuter pattern polje (a field)
sg. pl. sg. pl.
N sel-o sel-a polj-e polj-a
G sel-a sel- polj-a polj-ej
D sel-u sel-am polj-u polj-am
A sel-o sel-a polj-e polj-a
V sel-o! sel-a! polj-e! polj-a!
L sel-u sel-ah polj-u polj-ah
I sel-om sel-ami polj-em polj-ami

special feminine pattern kost (a bone) and dual number

A majority of the Slavic languages still use the remnants of the dual case number for
human body parts.

Please remember that oko n. (an eye), oi (two eyes), oka (eyes) and uho n. (an ear),
ui (two ears), uha (ears) have their singular and plural according to the standard
neuter pattern slovo, slova (a word, words), but if we are talking about exactly one pair
of eyes and ears of some living being, we need to use a palatalized dual, which is
identical with the feminine plural of the special pattern kost (a bone).

declension of the dual by the neutral pattern oko and the feminine irregular pattern kost
sg. dual pl. sg. pl.
N ok-o o-i ok-a kost kost-i
G ok-a o-ij ok- kost-i kost-ij
D ok-u o-im ok-am kost-i kost-im
A ok-o o-i ok-a kost-i kost-i
V ok-o! o-i! ok-a! kost-i! kost-i!
L ok-u o-ih ok-ah kost-i kost-ih
I ok-om o-imi ok-ami kost-ju kost-imi

example: Moje oi N. My (two) eyes, oi as consistent with the pattern kost in the plural,
Stook G. Hundred eyes, ok as consistent with the pattern for selo in the plural.

note: The pattern for kost in the plural is also used for many feminine words ending
with a consonant (my, myi ... a mouse, for example) and for the plural of words ljudi,
ljudij, ljudim ... (people) and dti, dtij, dtim ... (children).

49
prepositions
Prepositions stand before nouns, pronouns and numerals. They help to create and
modify relationships between clause elements in the same way as in English. A
preposition itself is not a clause member; it becomes one only in conjunction with the
appropriate expression. Prepositions create adverbial parts of sentences that carry
the information about "when?", "where?", "how? or "why?". Please learn them together
with prepositions:

kogda? when?
kako? or jako? how?
zato? why?
kd? where? (an existing position of something/somebody)
kamo? where? (a new desired position of something/somebody)
kud? where?
(on the way to a new desired position from an existing position)

Neoslavonic includes miscellaneous prepositions associated with the various cases

except for the nominative and vocative. Some prepositions (underlined) are associated
with more cases in order to clarify the precise meaning. But for the basic conversation,
it would be enough to know just these prepositions and their appropriate cases.

genitive: bez without, except

iz from
do into, inside, to
ot out from, by
u near to, at
krom except
posl after
vn out of, outside of
okolo around
radi due to, in order to, because
dative: k to, at
protiv against
po in the way of
accusative: nad above, over
pod below, under
prd before, ahead of, in the face of
rz through
v in, into, inside of
za after, behind, for, towards
na on, at, onto, upon
vn out of, outside of
medu between, among
mimo beyond, outside, aside, except
50
 locative: o about, concerning
po after, upon, on
pri at, near to, by (where?)
v in, into, inside of
na on, at, onto, upon
instrumental: s with, together with, by (how?)
nad above, over
pod below, under
prd before, ahead of, in the face of
za after, behind
medu between, among

Please remember that

1. accusative structures are always about the desired/wanted/expected space/time

positions of something or somebody being actually somewhere alse (e.g.
answers to kamo? or kud?) and

2. other structures (non-accusative) are always about an actually existing

space/time position of something or somebody (e.g. answers to kd?).

example:
Idu na velikugoru. (velikugoru is the accusative of velika gora = a big hill.)
(I) go to a big hill. (I am not not yet there, but I want to be there, I am moving there.)

Jesm navelikoj gor. (velikoj gor is the locative of velika gora = a big hill.)
(I) am at a big hill. (I am already there, this is where I am.)

51
how to learn cases - declension symmetries
We know that this matter is most difficult for non-Slavic speakers. For this reason we
created a collection of simplified case patterns and introduced some auxiliary
symmetries between these patterns. Please try to find them in the Neoslavonic
grammar tables and learn them:

1. There are basically two fundamental patterns for each gender: hard and soft.
The vowels "o," from the hard patterns corresponds to the vowels "e,i" from the
soft patterns. This means, for example, that you will find a variety of hard-soft
pairs of endings of the same cases as -om/-em, -oj/-ej, -ov/-ev, -oju/-eju, ...

2. The singular dative and singular locative of the same pattern have the same
endings.

3. The singular dative and singular locative of masculine hard and soft patterns and
neuter hard and soft patterns have only one endings -u.

4. In all patterns of all genders (except the pattern kost = a bone), the plural dative
has -am, the plural locative has -ah and the plural instrumental has -ami.

5. In all patterns and all genders (except the pattern kost = a bone), the dual
genitive together with the dual locative has -u and the dual dative together with
the dual instrumental has -ama.

6. The plural genitive (-/-) is identical for the hard feminine and the hard neuter
patterns. The plural genitive is identical for the soft feminine and the soft neuter
patterns (-ej/-).

7. In the same feminine and neuter pattern, the singular genitive is identical to the
plural nominative.

irregular declension patterns

Although Neoslavonic is an artificial language, it must be understood by Slavs without
the need to learn it. This is why Neoslavonic must contain, at least partially, some
popular but unfortunately irregular phenomena that exist in living Slavic languages.

1. There are masculine words (both soft and hard) which have a feminine declension
pattern in the singular. These words end with -a in the nominative. But their
plural follows the regular masculine patterns, thus this exception is applicable to
the singular only and is usually noted in dictionaries.

example: vladyka (a ruler, a governor) is masculine, but its singular cases are
identical with the feminine pattern ena (a woman).

2. There are yet four more irregular patterns, which in their case endings add extra
consonants. They are called N-patterns, R-patterns, S-patterns and T-patterns
accordingly on the consonant to be added. This irregularity is also typical for
classical European languages. Remember an example of the Greek word drama
with its derivatives drama-ti-cal or pragma, pragma-ti-cal, ... As in the previous
point, these words have special inflections only in their singular, while their
plural and dual are regular. In order to make this challenge easier, there is a
strong symmetry of endings among these four patterns:
52
 irregular declensions in singular number

-N- -R- -S- -T-

N ime mati tlo dte
G im-ene mat-ere tl-ese dt-ete
D im-eni mat-eri tl-esi dt-eti
A ime mati tlo dte
V ime! mati! tlo! dte!
L im-eni mat-eri tl-esi dt-eti
I im-enom mat-erju tl-esom dt-etom

examples:
dte N, dtete G, dteti D (a child n. , T-pattern),
plural: dti (regular plural pattern kosti);

ime N, imene G, imeni D (a name n., N-pattern),

plural: imena (regular plural pattern sela);

tele N, telete G, teleti D (a calf n., T-pattern),

plural teleta (regular plural pattern sela);

doci N, docere G, doceri D (a daughter f., T-pattern),

plural docere (regular plural pattern due).

appendix

If you are familiar with other Indo-European languages having cases (e.g. Latin, Greek,
German, ...), this information can help you, because Neoslavonic, together with the living
Slavic languages, shares common Indo-European declension paradigms as follows:

1. All neuter patterns have identical the nominative, the accusative and the vocative.

2. Masculine and neuter patterns are similar and have many identical endings of the
same cases. Neuter patterns can be regarded as the masculine patterns with
some feminine properties (e.g. plural genitive).

53
5. verbs to be, to have

Please, learn carefully the present forms of the verb byti = to be and the corresponding
personal pronouns:

I am (ja) jesm we are (my) jesmo

you (thou) are (ty) jesi you are (vy) jeste
he, she, it is (on, ona, ono) jest they are (oni) sut

And the same for the present forms of the verb imati = to have:

I have (ja) imaju we have (my) imajemo

you (thou) have (ty) imaje you have (vy) imajete
he, she, it has (on, ona, ono) imaje they have (oni) imajut

note

1. There is yet one personal pronoun for "I", az. This is an old pronoun from the Old
(Church) Slavonic language still used in Slovenian (jaz), Bulgarian (az) and Slavo
Macedonian (jas). In Neoslavonic, we prefer to use ja, because it is used in the
majority of modern Slavic languages.

2. There is yet a short form of "he, she, it is", je = jest. This shorter form is well
suitable to use when we create a compound verb form (e.g. past tense or passive
mode for example).

3. The western and southern Slavic languages do not use the personal pronoun with
verbs. Complete information about the verbal persons themselves is contained in
the verb endings. The personal pronoun is used for emphasis purpose only. For
this reason, in normal situations, try to use verbs without personal pronouns.

example: imajemo = we have, my imajemo = we personally have.

4. Negative forms "not to be" and "not to have" can be shortened into forms used in
many modern Slavic languages and in Old Church Slavonic:
ne jesm = nesm ne jesi = nesi ne jest = nest
ne jesmo = nesmo ne jeste = neste ne sut = nesut
ne imaju = nemaju ne imaje = nemaje ne imaje = nemaje,
ne imajemo = nemajemo ne imajete = nemajete ne imajut = nemajut

5. The original old Slavic form of the verb "to be" is little bit different: imti. It can
be used as an option as well:

imju imje imje

imjemo imjete imjut

55
cases with verbs to be and to have
1. Equivalency or an "is-a" relationship of two subjects is expressed by
byti + nominative.

example: Pes jest ivotno. (A) dog N is (an) animal N.

Moj prijateljest dobry. My friend N is good N.

2. Employment or other kind of a status or property description is expressed by

byti + instrumental.

example: Moj prijatel jest uitelem. My friend N is (a) teacher I.

3. Ownership ("has-a" relationship) of something is expressed by

imati + accusative.

example: Moj prijatel imaje psa. My friend N has (a) dog A.

4. Being of somebody (e.g. inverted "has-a") is expressed by

byti + genitive.

example: Tutojpes jest mojego prijatela. This dog N is of my friend G.

(e.g. This dog belongs to my friend.)

to be / to have complementarity

Note that (as shown in statements 3. and 4.) the verb byti is like an inverted variant of
the verb imati. For this reason (among others) the verb imati does not have its passive
version, because it is expressed by the verb byti, and vice versa.

56
6. query sentences, yes and no, negation

Interrogative sentences in Neoslavonic are created in two ways (either one way or the
other way, but not both):

1. The sentence contains an interrogative pronoun or an interrogative adverb or an

interrogative numeral. The sentence typically starts with this interrogative word
(which in most cases begins with k-consonant).

2. The sentence containing any verb in the indicative form directly followed by the
particle li. The sentence typically starts with this verb.

Please, learn these interrogative pronouns, adverbs and numerals:

kto? pron. who?

to? pron. what?
ktory? pron. which?
kaky? or jaky? pron. which?, what kind of?
koliko? num. how much?, how many?
koliky? num. what?, what order?
kogda? adv. when?
kako? or jako? adv. how?
zato? adv. why?
kd? adv. where? (an existing position of something/somebody)
kamo? adv. where? (a new desired position of something/somebody)
kud? adv. where? (on the way to a new position from an existing position)

examples (particle "li")

Jesi li doma? Are you at home?

Imate li knigu? Do you have a book?
Jest li on veliky? Is he big?

examples (interrogative words without "li")

Kto jest tvoj prijatel? Who is your Friend?

Koliko ima knig? How many (of) books G do you have?
Kd jest Tvojpes? Where is your dog?

57
yes and no, negation
Please remember these particles: da = yes, ne = no. Moreover, negation of verbs is made
by the same particle ne being written directly before its corresponding verb. The same
word ne- is used as a negating prefix in pronouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Jesi li doma? Are you at home?

Da, jesm. Yes, I am.
Ne, ne jesm. No, I am not.

Ne imaje li knigu? Do not you (sg.) have a book?

Ne, imaju! No, I have it!

On ne jestveliky. He is not big.

Neznaju, kd jest va pes. I do not know, where is your (pl.) dog.

In contrast to the English language, Neoslavonic, as well as all the Slavic languages,
permits and uses double, even triple negatives in the same sentence, but only if these
multiple negatives separately belong to independent syntactic tree branches described
at page 40.

examples (first negative is in the verb branch, second negative is in the object branch):

Ne imaju nijednu knigu. I do not have no one book. = I do not have any book.

Ne imaju nito do raboty. I do not have nothing to do. = I do not have anything to do.

58
7. pronouns

All pronouns inflect like nouns in three genders. Fortunately, there are only two
declension patterns: soft (-ego, -emu, ...) and hard (-ogo, -omu, ...) for all pronouns.
The same pattern is also used in adjectives. Please locate these in our grammatical
tables and learn them. The following information may be helpful:

1. Endings are divided into three genders only in the singular. Plural (and dual) are
the same for all genders.

2. Masculine endings in the singular accusative follow the same model of the
animate (accusative = genitive) and inanimate (accusative = nominative)
declension paradigm of nouns. (e.g. togo = accusative animate, toj = accusative
inanimate of the pronoun toj = this)

3. There are symmetries between soft and hard endings:

o Vowel "o" in hard endings corresponds to the vowel "e" in soft endings
(eg. -omu -emu).

o Vowel "" in hard endings corresponds to the vowel "i" in soft endings
(eg. -h -ih).

personal pronouns

nominative ja I ty you - my we vy you

genitive mne tebe sebe nas vas
dative mn teb seb nam vam
accusative mne me tebe you sebe *self nas us vas you
vocative - ty - my vy
locative mn teb seb nas vas
instrumental mnoju teboju seboju nami vami

1. The pronoun ty (you) is used for singular, the pronoun vy (you) is used for plural
or for politeness and courtesy to one person.

2. It is possible to optionally use short forms mn=mi, teb=ti, seb=si and

sebe=se.

3. Pronoun sebe, seb, seboju is referring the subject of the sentence. It is obvious,
that this pronoun does not exist in the nominative.

example: Piu sebe do knigy. = I write myself in a book. Pieme sebe do knigy. =
We write ourselves in a book.

59
hard pattern - pronoun toj, ta, to = the

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative t-oj t-a t-o t-i
genitive t-ogo t-oj t-ogo t-h
dative t-omu t-oj t-omu t-m
accusative t-ogo, t-oj t-u t-o t-e
vocative t-oj t-a t-o t-i
locative t-om t-oj t-om t-h
instrumental t-im t-oju t-im t-mi

Remember that this pronoun has popular derivatives tutoj, tuta, tuto = this (here),
tamtoj, tamta, tamto = that (there).

soft pattern - pronoun sej, sa, se = the

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative s-ej s-a s-e s-i
genitive s-ego s-ej s-ego s-ih
dative s-emu s-ej s-e
s-emu s-im
accusative s-ego, s-ej s-u s-e
vocative s-ej s-a s-e s-i
locative s-em s-ej s-em s-ih
instrumental s-im s-eju s-im s-imi

The pronoun sej, sa, se is a very rarely used alternative to the definite article toj, ta, to.
But remember it has very frequent derivative: vsej, vsa, vse (vsego, vsemu, ...) =
everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone. Moreover, certain words use this pronoun: vsej
+ mir (world) = vsejmir (space, cosmos, universe).

soft pattern - pronouns on, ona, ono, oni = he, she, it, they

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative on on-a on-o on-i
genitive (n)j-ego (n)j-ej (n)j-ego (n)j-ih
dative (n)j-emu (n)j-ej (n)j-emu (n)j-im
accusative (n)j-ego (n)j-u (n)j-e (n)j-e
vocative - - - -
locative (n)j-em (n)j-ej (n)j-em (n)j-ih
instrumental (n)j-im (n)j-eju (n)j-im (n)j-imi

1. If this pronoun is used with a preposition, we need to add an n- at the beginning.

example:
prodaj jemu (D) = sell him, idu knjemu (D) = I go to him,
vidim ju (A) = I see her, tuto jest za nju (A) = this is for her.

60
 2. There is no need to add personal pronouns (ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, vy, oni) to
verbs. In English, we need to say pronoun in order to express the personal form
of the verb, but Slavic verbs themselves carry this information through the
personal postfixes. This style is also known in many Romance languages.

example: itaju = (I) read, itaje = (he) reads, itajemo = (we) read,
itajut = (they) read ...

possessive pronouns moj = my, tvoj = yours, na = our, va = your

These pronouns are used in all three genders and are inflected according to the soft
pattern.

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative moj moj-a moj-e moj-i
genitive moj-ego moj-ej moj-ego moj-ih
dative moj-emu moj-ej moj-emu moj-im
accusative moj-ego, moj moj-u moj-e moj-e
vocative moj moj-a moj-e moj-i
locative moj-em moj-ej moj-em moj-ih
instrumental moj-im moj-eju moj-im moj-imi

The same style as moj, moja, moje, moji = "my, of me" has tvoj, tvoja, tvoje, tvoji =
"yours, of you (sg.)" and svoj, svoja, svoje, svoji = "of self".

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative na na-a na-e na-i
genitive na-ego na-ej na-ego na-ih
dative na-emu na-ej na-emu na-im
accusative na-ego, na na-u na-e na-e
vocative na na-a na-e na-i
locative na-em na-ej na-em na-ih
instrumental na-im na-eju na-im na-imi

It is obvious, that in the same style as na, naa, nae, nai = "our, of us" is va, vaa,
vae, vai = "yours, of you (pl.)".

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possessive pronouns jego = his, jej = her, jego = its, jih = their
Note that these pronouns are identical to the genitive of pronouns on = he, ona = she,
ono = it, oni = they. This means that they remain unchanged regardless their subject is
inflected.

example: jego dobra ena = his good woman/wife/lady

nominative jego dobra ena

genitive jego dobrojeny
dative jego dobroj en
accusative jego dobru enu
vocative jego dobra eno!
locative jego dobroj en
instrumental jego dobroju enoju

interrogative pronouns kto, ktory = who; to, kaky = what

Please remember that pronouns kto? = "who?", to? = "what?" are used at the position
of the noun, and pronouns ktory? = "who?, which?", kaky? (or jaky?) = "what?, what
kind of?" are used at the position of the adjective. But semantically there is no difference
between kto? and ktory? and between to? and kaky?

examples:

Kto jest doma? = Who is at home?

(kto = subject of the sentence in nominative, at the position of a noun)

to tu dlaje? = What are you doing here?

(to = object of the sentence in accusative, at position of a noun)

Ktory student tamo sedi? = Which student (male) is sitting there?

(ktory = "which" is added to the noun student as its adjective)

Kako jestime tvojego prijatela? = What is the name of your friend?

(kaky = "what, what kind of" is added to the noun prijatel as its adjective)

Remember, that kto is declined using entirely the animate (A = G) hard pattern, to is
declined using entirely the inanimate (A = N) soft pattern. They have only one form for
all three genders and have only singular form:

nominative kto to
genitive kogo ego
dative komu emu
accusative kogo to
vocative - -
locative kom em
instrumental kim im

ktory, ktora, ktor, ktori and kaky, kaka, kake, kaki are declined in the hard pattern
as any ordinary adjective (e.g. kakogo, kakomu, kakoj, ...).

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interrogative pronoun koj
The interrogative pronouns koj, koja, koje = are the Southern Slavic forms identical to
the Eastern and Western Slavic pronoun forms ktory, ktora, ktor. These pronouns
are inflected in the same way as the possessive pronouns moj and tvoj = "my", "your" -
by the soft pattern.

masculine Feminine neuter plural

nominative koj koj-a koj-e koj-i
genitive koj-ego koj-ej koj-ego koj-ih
dative koj-emu koj-ej koj-emu koj-im
accusative koj-ego/koj koj-u koj-e koj-e
vocative koj koj-a koj-e koj-i
locative koj-em koj-ej koj-em koj-ih
instrumental koj-im koj-eju koj-im koj-imi

Both the koj and ktory forms are inflected in all three genders and all cases as
adjectives.

examples:

Koj student tamo sedi? = Which student (male) is sitting there?

(ktory = koj = "which" is added to the noun student as its adjective)

interrogative pronouns kogo, ego = whose

Note that these pronouns are identical to the genitive of pronouns kto = who, to = what.
This means that they remain noninflected regardless if their subject is inflected.

example:

Kogo jest tuto auto? = Whose is this car?

interrogative pronouns and their answers

In Neoslavonic, as in most Slavic languages, a basic interrogative pronoun can be
modified to create different meanings by adding prefixes to the interrogative pronouns
root form. These same prefixes (e.g. t-, in-, ni-, n-, vse-, ...) are used for numerals and
adverbs as well.

k-version (main version) j-version (optional version)

kaky? which? jaky? which?
taky this, such a taky this, such a
ovaky this, such a (roughly) ovaky this, such a (roughly)
onaky this, such a (distantly) onaky this, such a (distantly)
inaky other one inaky other one
nikaky nobody nijaky nobody
nkaky somebody, anybody njaky somebody, anybody
vsekaky everybody, whoever vsejaky everybody, whoever

63
relative pronouns in subordinate clauses - ktory=koj, kaky, ..., ie
There are two ways how to refer something from the superordinate clause to the
subordinate clause:

1. Using any standard interrogative pronoun (e.g. ktory=koj, kaky, ...). This
method is chosen in a situation where a subordinate clause adds or clarifies some
still not fully known concept from a main sentence.

example:

Kto jest tamtoj lovk, ktory imaje zeleno auto? = Who is that man, who has a
green car? (Here we need to define this unknown man.)

Ne hou auto, v ktorom jest slaby motor. = I do not want a car, in which the
engine is weak. (Here we need to define this unknown car.)
Ne hou auto, v kojem jest slaby motor. = I do not want a car, in which the
engine is weak. (Here we need to define this unknown car.)

2. Using special relative pronoun ie. This method is used in contexts where a
subordinate clause adds a new feature to some already known and definite
concept in the main sentence.

example:

Ote na, ie jesi na nebesah. = Our Father (V), who are in heaven.
(Here we add the new feature to the already known Father.)

The relative pronoun ie has the form ie in all (m., f., n., pl.) nominatives, and in all other
cases it has the same forms as the pronoun on, ona, ono, oni with added postfix -e.

masculine
feminine neuter plural
nominative ie ie ie ie
genitive (n)jeje
(n)jegoe (n)jegoe (n)jihe
dative (n)jemue
(n)jeje (n)jemue (n)jime
accusative (n)jegoe (n)jue (n)jee (n)jee
vocative - - - -
locative (n)jeme (n)jeje (n)jeme (n)jihe
instrumental (n)jime (n)jejue (n)jime (n)jimie

examples:

Moj prijatel, jegoe mlada ena tamo ide, jest bolestny. = My friend, whose young
wife is going there, is sick.

Moj dom, v njeme ijut est ljudi, jest maly. = My house, in which 6 people live, is
small.

Finally, it should be noted that it is not a big mistake to use only interrogative pronouns
(ktory, ktora, ktoro, ktori) in all situations.

64
8. adjectives

Neoslavonic adjectives are formed by adding endings (and sometimes also prefixes) to
other words. They are inflected and have three genders in singular (note: there is only
one plural form for all genders). Words are palatalized when these endings are added
(e.g. k, h, g). Adjectives ending at ,,,j have soft pattern (e.g. svi, svego),
otherwise have hard pattern (e.g. dobry, dobrogo).

The most commonly-used endings (in the order m. f. n. pl.) are:

-sky, -ska, -sko, -ski. These are the most common endings making adjectives.

example: Rus, russky = Russian (noun), Russian (adj.),

Slovak, slovasky = Slovak (noun), Slovak (adj.).

-ji, -ja, -je, -ji. (soft pattern) This expresses some origin, in the way of meaning
"ot + genitive" (ablative) = "from somebody/something".

example: bog, boji = God (noun), god, divine (adj.m.),

nto ot Boga jest boje = something from the God is divine (adj.n.).

-ov, -ova, -ovo, -ovi. This expresses some kind of an ownership by a masculine
subject, in the way of meaning "genitive" = "of somebody/something".
example: petrova kniga = Peters book, book of Peter.

-in, -ina, -ino, -ini. This expresses some kind of an ownership by a feminine
subject, in the way of meaning "genitive" = "of somebody/something".
example: Anina kniga = Annas book, book of Anna.

-ny, -na, -no, -ni. This expresses some source, in the way of meaning
"iz + genitive" = "from somebody/something".

example: elezo, elezny = iron (noun), iron (adj.m.),

nto iz eleza jest elezno = something from iron is from iron.

bez--ny, bez--na, bez--no, bez- -ni. This expresses some exclusion, in the way
of meaning "bez + genitive" = "without somebody/something".

example: meso, bezmesny = meat (noun), without meat (adj.), nto bez mesa
jest bezmesno = something without meat is without meat.

nad- -ny, nad- -na, nad- -no, nad- -ni. This expresses some augmentation or
elevation, in the way of meaning "nad + instrumental" = "above/super
somebody/something"
example: zemja, nadzemny = earth (noun), aerial, superterrestrial (adj.),
nto nad zemjejjest nadzemno = something above the Earth is aerial.

Of course, these endings can be combined as for example:

petrovska orchestra (-ov + -ska) = The orchestra of Peter ("of Peter" as adjective).

65
declension
Contemporary Slavic languages use two patterns for the inflection of adjectives: soft and
hard. Both these patterns evolved from the Old Slavonic system of definite inflection
adjectives: adjective + pronoun on, ona, ono in its archaic form i, ja, je:

N: dobr + i dobri N: sv+ i svi

G: dobra + jego dobrajego G: sva+ jego svajego
D: dobru + jemu dobrujemu D: svu+jemu svujemu

In Neoslavonic, we need to find a consensus across all contemporal Slavic languages. The
solution is yet more complicated, that there evolved complicated and mutualy different
orthography traditions in writing wowels i/y after consonants k and g during centuries
of evolution. For example in Russian is k regarded as a hard consonant (e.g. -kogo), but
the Russian orthography tradition does not allow to write y after it.

Fortunately, the difference between adjective inflection patterns are only in their
different vowels (e.g. Russian hard pattern -ogo and soft-ego, Polish hard pattern -ego
and soft -iego, Czech hard pattern -ho and soft -ho and so on ...). This means that the
Neoslavonic simplified solution of having two adjective patterns very similar to
corresponding two pronoun patterns is understandable to everyone.
The problem of i/y in different orthography traditions is ignored in Neoslavonic. The
writing of i/y is not related to any predecessing consonant but has only the
morphological role (e.g. dobr-y is masc. N sg., dobr-i is universal N pl.).

example 1: dobry = good

(hard pattern)

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative dobr-y dobr-a dobr-o dobr-i
genitive dobr-ogo dobr-oj dobr-ogo dobr-ih
dative dobr-omu dobr-oj dobr-omu dobr-im
accusative dobr-ogo dobr-u dobr-o dobr-e
vocative dobr-y dobr-a dobr-o dobr-i
locative dobr-om dobr-oj dobr-om dobr-ih
instrumental dobr-im dobr-oju dobr-im dobr-imi

example 2: svi = fresh

(soft pattern used only after soft consonants -, -, -, -j)

masculine feminine neuter plural

nominative sv-i sv-a sv-e sv-i
genitive sv-ego sv-ej sv-ego sv-ih
dative sv-emu sv-ej sv-emu sv-im
accusative sv-ego sv-u sv-e sv-e
vocative sv-y sv-a sv-e sv-i
locative sv-em sv-ej sv-em sv-ih
instrumental sv-im sv-eju sv-im sv-imi

66
gradation

Neoslavonic and English adjectives share the same three-stage system of gradation:
indicative, comparative and superlative. In addition, there is yet a fourth augmentative
form of the indicative which may be used to amplify the value of the adjective.

1. indicative, This is the standard form of an adjective.

examples:
zeleny = green;
gluboky = deep;
dragy = dear;
svi = fresh.

2. comparative, This the higher level of property made by endings -ji, -ja, -je,
-ji or -eji, -eja, -eje, -eji after palatalized soft consonants , , . When
comparing, the genitive case and the preposition ot (from) is used.
examples:
zelenji = greener;
gluboeji = deeper;
draeji = dearer;
svejiot tutogo = fresher (more fresh) than this.

3. superlative, This the absolute level of property made by prefix naj- added to the
comparative form. When comparing, the genitive case and the preposition
iz (from) is used.

example:
najdraeji iz vsih ljudij = the most dear/valuable from all people.

4. augmentative, This is the augmented form of the indicative made by prefix naj
added to the indicative form. It is used for example in a respectful salutation.
example:
najdragy gospodi! = (very) dear Sir!

descriptive gradation
Like in English we can also use descriptive gradations. Unlike English, however, the
basic form of gradation is applicable to all kinds of adjectives. This descriptive gradation
also applicable to all kinds of adjectives is made by adding adverbs vye, najvye
(higher, the highest) or bolje, najbolje (bigger, the biggest). Both have exactly the same
meaning as "more, the most" in English. The augmentative can be expressed using the
adverb mnogo (much, many, a lot of, plenty of) or vysoko (high).

example:

1. dragy
2. draeji = vye dragy = bolje dragy
3. najdraeji = najvye dragy = najbolje dragy
4. najdragy = vysoko dragy = mnogo dragy

67
irregular gradation
Although Neoslavonic is an artificial language, it cannot exist without irregular
adjectives. They are present in all Slavic languages. Neoslavonic has only five of them:

indicative comparative
veliky big, great boli
dobry good lui
blagy pleasant, joyfull uni
maly small meni
zly bad, evil gori

adjectives at noun positions

Normally adjectives extend nouns. But there is also an option to use an isolated
adjective without any subsequent noun or pronoun. In this case an adjective behaves as
an ordinary noun. In English is this same situation expressed by an adjective + word one
(for example: good one, this one, wrong one, black one, ...)

examples:

Tuzi tu ne mout spati. (tuzy adj. = foreign)

Foreigners/foreign people/foreign ones cannot sleep here.

Dajte mi zelenogo. (zeleny adj. = green)

Give me (this) green one.

68
9. numerals

Please learn Neoslavonic natural numbers from this table:

nula
0 nijedin 10 deset
jedin m.
f. 11 jedinnast
jedna n.
1 jedno 10 deset 100 sto 1000 tysu

dva m.
2 dv
dv f.
n. 12 dvanast 20 dvadeset 200 dvsto 2000 dvtysu

3 tri 13 trinast 30 trideset 300 tristo 3000 tritysu

4 etyri 14 etyrinast 40 etyrideset 400 etyristo 4000 etyritysu
5 pet 15 petnast 50 petdeset 500 petsto 5000 pettysu
6 est 16 estnast 60 estdeset 600 eststo ...
7 sedem 17 sedemnast 70 sedemdeset 700 sedemsto 106 milion
8 osem 18 osemnast 80 osemdeset 800 osemsto 109 bilion
9 devet 19 devetnast 90 devetdeset 900 devetsto 1012 trilion

1. Just for your interest, Neoslavonic teen numbers (11...19) were evolved from this
Old Church Slavonic scheme:

number+na+deset, e.g. 15 = pet+na+deset = petnast.

2. Number jedin (m.), jedna (f.), jedno (n.) is declined as a hard pronoun (toj) in
the singular.

example: jedin lovk (N), jednogo lovka (G), jednemu lovku (D), jednej
eny (G), ...

3. When added to other numbers, the number 1 has only one universal form jedna
in all cases.
example: dvadesetjedna ljudi (N), dvadesetjedna ljudij (G), dvadesetjedna
ljudim (D), dvadesetjedna en (G), ...

4. Number dva (m.), dv (f.), dv (n.) is declined as a hard pronoun (toj) in plural.
example: dva ljudi (N), dvh ljudij (G), dvm ljudim (D), dvh en (G), ...

5. Numbers tri and etyri are also declined as a hard pronoun (toj) in plural.
example: tri ljudi (N), trh ljudij (G), trm ljudim (D), trh en (G), ...

6. All other numbers ending with a consonant (e.g. -t, -m) are declined as the noun
declension pattern for kost (a bone) in the singular.
example: pet ljudi (N), peti ljudij (G), peti ljudim (D), peti en (G), ...

69
 7. Number nula (zero, nula) is declined as the noun declension pattern ena
(a woman) in the singular.

example: nula ljudi (N), nuly ljudij (G), nul ljudim (D), nuly en (G), ...

8. There is an alternative form of number zero: nijedin (m.), nijedna (f.), nijedno
(n.).
example: nijedin lovk (N), nijednogo lovka (G), nijednomu lovku (D),
nijednoj eny (G), ...

9. Number sto (hundred) and its derivatives is declined as the noun declension
pattern selo (a village) in the singular and the subject has corresponding plural
case.
example: sto ljudi (N), sta ljudij (G), stu ljudim (D), sta en (G), ...

10. Number tysu (thousand) and its derivatives is declined as the noun declension
pattern kost (a bone) and the subject remains in the plural genitive.

example: tysu en (N), tysui en (G), tysui en (D), ...

11. Number milion (million) and its derivatives is declined as the noun declension
pattern grad (town) in the singular and the subject remains in the plural genitive.

example: milion en (N), miliona en (G), milionu en (D), ...

12. Composed numbers are written together in decadic triplets separated by spaces,
declining the last numeric element only.
example: 12 327 = dvanasttysu tristodvadesetsedem (N), dvanast tysu
tristodvadesetsedmi (G), ...

ordinal numbers
Neoslavonic ordinal numbers behave (and are declined, of course) in the same way as
standard pronouns. Composed ordinal numbers have ordinal form of the last numeric
element only.

0 nulty 10 desety
1 prvy 11 jedninasty
2 vtory 20 dvadesety
3 trety 21 dvadesetyprvy
4 etvrty 22 dvadesetyvtory
5 pety 100 sotny
6 esty 200 dvsotny
7 sedmy 1000 tysuny
8 osmi 2000 dvatysuny
9 devety 106 milionty

70
interrogative, demonstrative and indefinite number
These number-related forms are not inflected because they behave grammatically as
adverbs. The corresponding subject is attached to them in genitive plural.

Different number-related word forms may be created by adding prefixes to their root:
Please learn these from the following table (note: the prefixes are the same as we
discussed above for pronouns - t-, ni-, n-, ...

adverb - like adjective - like

koliko? how much?, how many? koliky? which one? (question on the order)
toliko this amount toliky this (answer to the question on the order)
nikoliko no, nothing nikoliky no (answer to the question on the order)
nkoliko some, some number of nkoliky some (answer to the question on the order)

Remember also the following two indefinite numerals:

mnogo many, much (derived from the adjective mnogy = multiple)
malo a little, few (derived from the adjective maly = small, little)

examples:

Koliko imaje aut? = How many cars (G) do you have?

Imaju toliko, koliko jest mitrba. = I have as many I need.
Vidim nkoliko ljudij. = I can see some number of people.

71
fractions, set numbers, multiple numbers

1. Multiple numbers are made using multiplicative article -krat (times, multiplied
by) and behave as adverbs.

example: dvakrat = two times, desetkrat = ten times.

2. Pair (doublet) is par in Neoslavonic, declined as the noun grad (town).

Corresponding subjects are in genitive plural.
example: Imaju tripary obuvij. = I have three pairs of shoes.

3. All kind of containers or similar concepts are expressed in the same way as pairs.
Corresponding subjects are in genitive plural.
example: Imaje jedin buket kvtov. = You have one bouquet of flowers.

4. One half () is polovina declined by the feminine noun pattern ena (woman).
Corresponding subjects are in genitive singular.
example: polovina hlba = one half of bread.

5. Other fractions (, , ...) are made from ordinal numbers by adding suffix -ina
and are declined by the feminine noun pattern ena (woman). Corresponding
subjects are in genitive singular.
example: tretina hlba = one third of bread.

6. Decimal numbers have toka (decimal point). This word originally means any
point and is declined by the feminine noun pattern ena (woman), but in decimal
numbers it has always the same fixed form toka.
example: 3.14 = tri toka etyrinast.

7. In written text, we need to write ordinal numbers in the nominative with point
and in all other cases with their corresponding inflection endings.

example:
5. = 5th, fifth (m. sg. N), 5-ogo = 5th, fifth (m. sg. G), 5-im = 5th, fifth (m. sg. I), ...

72
10. present tense of verbs

Verbs are the foundation of any language. Neoslavonic verbs have (like in English) three
persons, singular and plural (optionally dual) number, imperative, participles,
conditional and three tenses (present, past and future) extendable to the total number of
six tenses. From this perspective, Neoslavonic does not differ from any other Indo
European language. The difference with English is that all these verbal forms are
formed by adding endings to the word stem (root). Therefore, Neoslavonic is much
more similar to Greek. Latin or Romance languages.

Fortunately verb system is not so difficult to learn as inflection. With just a few
exceptions, Neoslavonic has only two verb classes. Like inflection, we have two
patterns: hard and soft. This means that it is enough to learn these two sets of endings
and apply them to each verb.

1. Each Neoslavonic verb can have two different word stems: past and present. The
present stem can be either identical with the past stem, or the present stem is
either longer or softer than corresponding past stem. This information should be
written in dictionaries.

2. Neoslavonic verbs have the infinitive. Remember, that the infinitive of all verbs
has ending -ti added to the past stem. The infinitive has almost the same role as
in English. (Details will be explained in subsequent chapters.)

3. We should also remind palatalization and euphony. Remember that in order to

sound almost like an ordinary natural Slavic language, we need to improve some
artificially generated sound combinations caused by word bases and endings.
Look the first chapter to remember.

hard conjugation pattern (-e verbs)

verb dlati (to do) - an example of longer present verb stem

ja (I) dlaj-u my (we) dlaj-emo

ty (you sg.) dlaj-e vy (you pl.) dlaj-ete
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) dlaj-e oni (they) dlaj-ut

verb pisati (to write) - an example of short and soft present verb stem

ja (I) pi-u my (we) pi-emo

ty (you sg.) pi-e vy (you pl.) pi-ete
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) pi-e oni (they) pi-ut

It is obvious that the endings (-u, -e, -e, -emo, -ete, -ut) are identical for both longer or
softer (and unchanged, of course) present stems.

Please note that modern western and southern Slavic languages tend to shorten longer
forms by removing syllable -je- (e.g. dla-je- dla-, dla-je-mo dla-mo, ...).

73
In Neoslavonic it is not so much recommended because this phenomenon is not present
in the same way in all Slavic languages. But You can meet with it.

Try to conjugate these additional verbs:

itati, itaj-e to read

prodati, prodaj-e to sell
moti, mo-e to can
hotti, ho-e to want
piti, pij-e to drink
znati, znaj-e to know
iskati, iskaj-e to search, to look for
kazati, ka-e to tell
pluti, pluj-e to swim

soft conjugation pattern (-i verbs)

verb variti (to cook) - an example

ja (I) var-ju my (we) var-imo

ty (you sg.) var-i vy (you pl.) var-ite
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) var-i oni (they) var-jut

possible optional set of endings of the same example

ja (I) var-im my (we) var-imo
ty (you sg.) var-i vy (you pl.) var-ite
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) var-i oni (they) var-it

Good message is, that all verbs in this soft pattern (-ju/-im, -i, -i, -imo, -ite, -jut/-it)
have identical past and present stems. But unlike in the hard pattern they can be
affected by a euphony rule from the 1st chapter (c-ju-u, s-ju-u, z-ju-u) in order
to improve the final form as follows:

verb prositi (to please) - an example of euphony (s-ju-u)

ja (I) pro-u my (we) pros-imo

ty (you sg.) pros-i vy (you pl.) pros-ite
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) pros-i oni (they) pro-ut

Verb prositi (to please) - an example of possible optional set of endings without need to
apply euphony:
ja (I) pros-im my (we) pros-imo
ty (you sg.) pros-i vy (you pl.) pros-ite
on, ona, ono (he, she, it) pros-i oni (they) pros-it

There is the question which option (-ju/-im, ...) to choose. Eastern Slavic languages (e.g.
74
Russian) prefer ending (-ju, -jut or similar), but western and southern Slavic languages
tend to prefer ending (-im, -it or similar). Decide yourself what is the best for you.

Try to conjugate these additional verbs:

spati, sp-i to sleep

kupiti, kup-i to buy
slyeti, sly-i to hear
vidti, vid-i to can
platiti, plat-i to pay
letti, let-i to fly
govoriti, govor-i to speak
razumti, razum-i to understand
blagodariti, blagodar-i to thank, to bless

irregular verbs byti = to be, iti = to go, jesti = to eat

Spoken language have many exceptions to their verbs. We have reduced these
exceptions of Neoslavonic to an absolute minimum in order to maximize
understandability for Slavic speakers. Thus, we have only three fully irregular verbs:
byti (to be), iti (to go) and jesti (to eat). You have already learned the verb byti.
Remember it and learn the next two verbs in addition:
(to be)
byti (toitigo) jesti
(to eat)
jesm jesmo idu idemo jedu jedemo
jesi jeste ide idete jede jedete
jest, je sut ide idut jede jedut

Please note that some other verbs also follow these irregular patterns. They are
miscellaneous derivatives of them, and also verbs having the infinitive endig of -sti.
These verbs are conjugated in the same way as jesti, for example: vesti; vedu, vede,
vedl, ... (to lead, to guide, to conduct); krasti; kradu, krade, kradl... (to steal).
Moreover remember it is also possible to use a special constricted form of the negated
verb byti = to be:

ne byti
(not to be)
nesi
nesm nesmo
neste

nest, ne je ne sut

notes

1. Neoslavonic recognizes two forms of the second person (you): singular (ty) and
plural (vy). Although one is singular and the other plural, the plural form (vy) is
also used among our Slavic languages when you are addressing one person in a
formal, polite manner (like a child addressing an adult, or when you converse
with someone you have never met before). Once you become more than
75
 acquaintances, the verb forms can shift to the singular form (ty). Adults,
however, will almost always address children using the singular verb form (ty).

Gospodi doktore (sg. V), kako jeste (pl.)? (Sir/Mr.) doctor, how are you?
Moj prijatelu (sg. V), kd jesi (sg.)? My friend, where are you?

2. Just to remember again: There is no need to add personal pronouns (ja, ty, on,
ona, ono, my, vy, oni) to verbs in all situations. In English, one must use the
pronoun in order to be clear which verb tense is being used (I go they go),
whereas in Slavic, the verbs themselves carry full personal information through
the personal postfixes. This style is also similar in several Romance languages.

example:
itaju = (I) read, itaje = (he) reads, itajemo = (we) read, itajut = (they) read ...

3. There is the verb blagodariti, blagodar-i (to thank). The second option is to
use the noun hvala (f. thank), or the derived verb hvaliti, hval-i
(to bless, to laud).

examples
Idete li autom? Ne moe iti ot nas.
Do you (pl.) go by a car (I)? - note You cannot go from us.
instrumental case without preposition.
Idete lido kina?
Moj prijatel meso na jade, on jest Do you (pl.) go to cinema?
vegetarian.
My friend (m.) does not eat meat, he is a Da, idemo.
vegetarian. Yes, we do. (We go.)

Moja prijatelica meso na jede, ona jest Pijeli pivo?

vegetarianica. Do you (sg.) drink beer?
My friend (f.) does not eat meat, she is a
vegetarian. Ne, pivo ne piju.
No, I do not drink beer.
Kaku knigu itaje?
What book do you (sg.) read? Hoete linto kupiti?
Do you (pl.) want to buy something?
Prou/prosim, kd jest stanica
autobusa? Tutojgospod vse plati.
Please where is the bus station? This gentleman is paying for everything.

Vidimo veliky dom. Prosime Vas, to tamo vidite?

We (can) see a big house. Please, what can you (pl.) see there?

Koliko platim? Moj prijatel mn ne hoe prodati svoje

How much do I need to pay? auto.
My friend does not want to sell me his car.

76
11. adverbs, idioms

Adverbs are words which extend the meanings of some corresponding verb or adjective.
Adverbs are not conjugated.

1. Adverbs which are regularly formed from adjectives in the neuter nominative
form. (e.g. the ending -o or -e after soft consonants , , , j)

example:
mnogy,-a,-o (numerous, adj.) mnogo (much, many, plenty of, adv.)
dobry,-a,-o (good, adj.) dobro (good, adv.)
maly,-a,-o (small, adj.) malo (a few, adv.)
novy,-a,-o (new, adj.) novo (new, adv.)
prmy,-a,-o (straight, adj.) prmo (straight, adv.)
povratny,-a,-o (backward, return, adj.) povratno (backward, return, adv.)
lvy,-a,-o (left, adj.) lvo (left, adv.)
desny,-a,-o (right, adj.) desno (right, adv.)
pravy,-a,-o (right, correct, adj.) pravo (right, correct, adv.)
krivy,-a,-o (false, awry, adj.) krivo (false, awry, adv.)
svi,-a,-e (fresh, adj.) sve (fresh, adv.)

2. Adjectives -sky, -ska, -sko, ... have the adverbs -ski.

example:
novoslovnsky (Neoslavonic, adj.) novoslovnski (Neoslavonic, adv.)
englijsky (Neoslavonic, adj.) englijski (Neoslavonic, adv.)

derived adverbs
Some adverbs are formed from fossilized proverbial structures of a noun and, in some
cases, with an optional added preposition or pronoun. Such a structure is then written
together as one word and behaves as one non-inflected word. They include for example:

vkup v kup (L) together (originally: in a group)

izjutra iz jutra (G) tomorrow (originally: from the morning)
gor gor (L) up, to the top (originally: a hill in locative)
dolu dolu (L) down, to the bottom (originally: a valley in locative)
ltom letom (I) in/during a summer (originally: a summer in instr.)
zimoju zimoju (I) in/during a winter (originally: a winter in instr.)
jutrom jutrom (I) in/during a morning/sunrise (orig: a morning in instr.)
vera veera (G) yesterday (originally: an evening in genitive)
doma doma (G) at home (originally: a house in genitive)
jutras jutra sego (G) today morning (originally: this morning in genitive)
polednes poledne sego (G) today noon (originally: this noon in genitive)
veeras veera sego (G) today evening (originally: this evening in genitive)
dnes dne sego (G) today (originally: this day in genitive)
nois noi sej (G) tonight (originally: this night in genitive)

77
interrogative adverbs and their answers
current location way-through location requested location
kd? where? kud? where? kamo? where? interrogative
sd here sd here semo here dmnstr. exactly
tud,tu here tud,tu here tamo there demonstrative
ovd there ovd there ovamo there dmnstr. roughly
ond there ond there inamo there
onamo dmnstr. distantly
ind elsewhere inud elsewhere elsewhere alternatively
nikd no where nikud no where nikamo no where nowise, no way
nkd anywhere nkud anywhere nkamo anywhere some, any
vsekd everywhere vsekud everywhere vsemo everywhere always

time modus numeral adverb

kogda when? kako? how? koliko? howmuch? interrogative
togda
segda that
now time -
tako this
- way
- - dmnstr. exactly
toliko so much demonstrative
ovegda that time ovako this way - dmnstr. roughly
onegda that time onako this way - - dmnstr. distantly
inogda another time inako other way - - alternatively
nikogda never nikako no way nikoliko
- no nowise, no way
nkogda sometimes nkako some way nkoliko some some, any
vsegda always vsekako all way - - always

1. Note in this table that there are several symmetries among pronouns, numerals
and adverbs made by the same prefixes (e.g. t-, in-, ni-, n-, vs-). For details,
refer to the chapters about pronouns and numerals again.

2. Adverbs kamo?, semo, tamo, ... can be combined with the prefix ot- (from) in
order to make adverb otkamo? (where from?), ottamo (from there), ...

3. Adverbs kako, nikako, nkako, ... have their optional alternatives jako, nijako,
njako, ...

78
gradation
Gradation of adverbs is symmetrical to the gradation of adjectives. There are 4 levels
and two modes: direct and descriptive. The prefix is naj- (the same as for adjectives)
and the suffix is -je or -eje after , , , j. There are five irregular adverbs made from
the same irregular adjectives in the comparative: bole, lue, une, mene, gore
according to irregular adjectives.

example:

1. silno = strong
2. silnje = vye silno = stronger, more strong
3. najsilnje = najvye silno = strongest, the most strong
4. najsilno = mnogo silno = very strong

idioms
Like virtually every human language, Neoslavonic has idioms as well. They were chosen
with the aim of maximum similarity to spoken Slavic languages and an acceptable level
of simplicity. Please learn these idioms:

jest trba D N/infinitive needs to, it is required, ... (whom, what)

hou D A/infinitive I want (for D) to (A or infinitive) ...
v redu in order, OK, no problem
i kako li e although (exactly: and how if that)
drug druga each other (exactly: a friend of a friend)
otnoeno mutually (from the verb otnositi = relate to)
na alkost unfortunately (exactly: at disfavor)
na tastje fortunately (exactly: at fortune)
ako ... potom ... inako ... if... then ... else ...

examples:

Trba jest pisati pismo. = It is required to write a letter.

Trba jest Teb pisati pismo. = It is required you to write a letter.
Hoemo Vam iti do Pragy. = We want you to go in Prague.
Dobrogovori novoslovnski. = You speak Neoslavonic well.

79
12. imperative of verbs

Imperative is formed from the present stem of any verb.

dlaj-es = to do pi-e = to Write vid-i = to See
imaj-es = to have ho-e = to Want sly-i = to hear
pluj-e = to Swim govor-i = to speak var-i = to boil, to cook
znaj-es = to know plat-i = to pay sp-i = to sleap
prodaj-e = to sell let-i = to fly gybn-e = to die

1. Verbs with their present stem ending by semiconsonant j have the imperative
endings - (you singular), -mo! (we plural), -te! (you plural).

note about Cyrillic: The semiconsonant j from the present stem is written as I in
the indicative, but as (e.g. kratke i) in the imperative.

examples:

dlaj-es Ibjiai-elli dlaj Ib.JIaii! = do! (you singular)

imaj-es IMMaK-e III imajmo MMaiiMo! = let we have!
znaj-es 3HaH-eIII znajmo 3HaiiMo! = let we know!
pluj-e IIJIyi-elli plujmo! IIJIyiiMo! = let we swim!
prodaj-es IIpo/Iai-elli prodaj IIpo/Iaii! = sell! (you singular)

2. All other verbs have the imperative endings -il (you singular), -imo! (we plural),
-ite! (you plural).

examples:
pi-e IILMIII-elDI pii! IIMIIIM! = write! (you singular)
ho-e XOWI-CIII hoimo! xonMMo! = let we want
govor-i Tobop-MIII govorite! Tobopkite! = speak! (you plural or polite)
plat-i IIJIaT-I/IIII plati! IIJIaTH! = pay! (you singular)
let-i JICT-IMIII letimo! Jieth Mo! = let us fly!
vid-i BMII-VIIII vidite! BM/IMTe! = see! (you plural or polite)
sly-i CJIBILII-IVIIII slyite! cylbillinte! = hear! (you plural or polite)
var-i Bap-HIII Vari! Bappi! = boil!, Cook! [you singular)
sp-i CII-IVIIII spil cIIIM! = sleap! (you singular)
gybn-e TbiH-elli gybnimo! ThiHMMo! = let we die!
note:

Verbs with their present stem ending by a soft consonant (, , ) can optionally
have the the same shorter imperative endings - (you singular), -mo! (we plural),
-te! (you plural) as of the first case.

examples:
pi-e IILMIII-elDI pi IIIMIII) = write! (you singular)
ho-e XOWI-CIII homo! xonMol = let we want!
sly-i CJIBILII-IVIIII slyte! cJIBIIIITe! = hear! (you plural)
81
imperative of irregular verbs, subjunctive mood
irregular verbs byti, iti, jasti have imperative

budi, budite, ...,

idi, idite, ...,

jedi, jedite, ...

Subjunctive mood is used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion,
possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or an action that has not yet occurred.

In Neoslavonic, the subjunctive mood is made from any sentence in the standard (e.g.
indicative) mood introduced by the particle da (let, let is, may, ...)

examples:

Da imajete dobro vreme! = May you have a good weather!

Da ije kral! = Vivat the king! Let the king lives!

82
13. past tenses of verbs

Past tenses of Neoslavonic verbs are very easy and regular. There is only one pattern for
all verbs (except for the three irregular verbs byti = to be, iti = to go, jesti = to eat). This
pattern is based on the infinitive.

L-participle

Neoslavonic (as well as spoken Slavic languages) operates past tenses with the so called
L-participle. It is a special form of indeclinable verbal adjective made from the infinitive.

1. The L-participle is created from the infinitive via simple replacing ending -ti by
ending -l (m.), -la (f.), -lo (n.), -li (universal plural).

2. Verbs having the infinitive ending -ti connected directly to their stems without a
vowel (for example moti = to be able, peti = to bake, ...), have their stems
hardened via backward palatalization (e.g. from soft -, -, - back to -k, -h, -g)
and have jor (/) in masculine form in order to play the role of missing vowel:
mo-ti, mog-l, mog-la, mog-lo, mog-li ... pe-ti, pek-l, pek-la, pek-lo, pek-li...
(in standard latin orthography, we write only mogl, pekl, ...)

3. The irregular verb byti (to be) has its own unique L-participle: byl, byla, bylo,
byli.

4. The irregular verb iti (to go) has its own unique L-participle: iel, ila, ilo, ili
and its derivatives are for example: do-el, pri-el, na-el for prefixes ending by
a vowel and ot-iel, vaz-iel for prefixes ending by a consonant.

5. The irregular verb jesti (to eat) has its own unique L-participle: jed-l (jed-l),
jed-la, jed-lo, jed-li ...

examples:

dla-ti dla-l, dla-la, dla-lo, dla-li (to do)

pisa-ti pisa-l, pisa-la, pisa-lo, pisa-li (to write)
vid-ti vid-l, vid-la, vid-lo, vid-li (to see)
pe-ti pek-l, pek-la, pek-lo, pek-li (to bake)
mo-ti mog-l, mog-la, mog-lo, mog-li (to can)

83
simple past tense
The simple past tense of all verbs is formed in a very similar way as the L-participle.

1. Simple past tense is created from the infinitive via simply replacing the ending -ti
by these endings:

ja -h my -hom
ty -e vy -ste
on, ona, ono -e oni -hu

2. Verbs having the infinitive ending -ti connected directly to the stem without a
vowel (for example moti = to can, peti = to bake, ...) have the stem appended
by adding the vowel -e-. (e.g. mo-e-h, mo-e-e, ..., pe-e-h, pe-e-e, ...)

3. The irregular verb byti (to be) has the following past tense forms:
b-h, b-e, b-e, b-hom, b-ste, b-hu.

4. The irregular verb iti (to go) has the following past tense forms:
ide-h, ide-e, ide-e, ide-hom, ide-ste, ide-hu.

5. The irregular verb jesti (to eat) has the following past tense forms:
jede-h, jede-e, jede-e, jede-hom, jede-ste, jed-ehu.

examples:

dla-ti dla-h, dla-e, dla-e, dla-hom, dla-ste, dla-hu (to do)

pisa-ti pisa-h, pisa-e, pisa-e, pisa-hom, pisa-ste, pisa-hu (to write)
pe-ti pe-e-h, pe-e-e, pe-e-e, pe-e-hom, pe-e-ste, pe-e-hu (to bake)

note:
The foregoing simple past tense forms are found in the past tenses of Croatian, Serbian,
Montenegrin, Slavo-Macedonian and Bulgarian only but were in all Slavic languages in
the past. They are not, however, found in the modern Western Slavic and Eastern Slavic
languages except for Sorbian.

84
composed past tense = prior present tense
As noted above, the Western Slavic and Eastern Slavic languages do not use the simple
past tense (-h, -e, ...). Instead, they use the composed past tense made by the
combination of the verb byti (to be) in the present tense and the L-participle in
corresponding personal form (m. or f. or n. or pl.).

example:

dlati (to do) in the composed past tense

jesm dlal/dlala/dlalo I did jesmo dlali we did
jesi dlal/dlala/dlalo you did jeste dlali you did
je dlal/dlala/dlalo he/she/it did sut dlali they did

Jesi li pisala pismo? Did you (f.) write a letter?

Ne, on je pisal to pismo. No, he did write this letter.

note:

If you use the past form of the verb byti (to be) instead of the present form, you will
create the "prior past tense".

example:

Be li pisala pismo? Had you (f.) written a letter?

Ne, on be pisal to pismo. No, he had written this letter.

85
symmetric system of Neoslavonic present and past tenses
If we do not assume a simplified system with only one past tense (either simple or
composed), we can define the complex symmetric system of four tenses in two time
levels: the present level and the past level:

1. present tense (e.g. dlaju, dlaje, ...) - this is the actual time of the present

2. prior-present tense (e.g. jesm dlal, jesi dlal, ...) - this is another auxiliary time
just before the present tense, but related to the present tense

3. past tense (e.g. dlah, dlae, ...) - this is some time in the past

4. prior past tense (e.g. bh dlal, be dlal, ...) - this is another auxiliary time just
before the past tense, but related to the past tense

Example of the present time level:

Hvalimo Vas, e jeste razdlili knigy.

Thank you for sorting the books. (thanking = present, sorting = prior-present)

The same example moved to the past time level:

Hvalihom Vas, e bste razdlili knigy.

We did thank you for sorting the books. (thanking = past, sorting = prior-past)

It is obvious, that the relationship between thanking and sorting is the same in both time
levels: Sorting goes first, thanking goes after.

86
14. future tenses of verbs

Future tenses are even simpler than the past tenses. The only verb having its own
uncomposed future tense is byti (to be). Please, learn it.

budu I will be budemo we will be

bude you will be budete you will be
bude he/she/it will be budut they will be

1. The future tense is created by the personal future form of the verb byti (to be)
and the infinitive of the second verb.

example:

budu pisati = I will write

budemo dlati = we will do
bude slyeti = you (sg.) will hear

2. As an optional alternative, you may use the verb hotti (to want) instead of the
verb byti (to be).

example:

hou pisati = I will write, I want to write

hoemo dlati = we will do, we want to do
hoe slyeti = you (sg.) will hear, you (sg.) want to hear

prior future tense

This is the future tense being before another future event. This additional future tense
is created by the personal future form of the verb byti (to be) and the L-participle.

example:

budu pisal = I will write

budemo dlali = we will do
bude slyel = you (sg.) will hear

87
symmetric system of Neoslavonic future, present and past tenses
If we do not assume a simplified system with only one past tense (either simple or
composed), we can define the complex symmetric system of six tenses in three time
levels: the future level and the present level and the past level.

1. future tense (e.g. budu dlati, bude dlati, ...) - this is some time in the future

2. prior-future tense (e.g. budu dlal, bude dlal, ...) - this is another auxiliary
time just before the future tense, but semanticaly related to the future tense

3. present tense (e.g. dlaju, dlaje, ...) - this is the actual time of the present

4. prior-present tense (e.g. jesm dlal, jesi dlal, ...) - this is another auxiliary time
just before the present tense, but semanticaly related to the present tense

5. past tense (e.g. dlah, dlae, ...) - this is some time in the past

6. prior past tense (e.g. bh dlal, be dlal, ...) - this is another auxiliary time just
before the past tense, but semanticaly related to the past tense

example of the present time level:

Hvalimo Vas, e jeste razdlili knigy.

Thank you for sorting the books. (thanking = present, sorting = prior-present)

the same example moved to the future time level:

Budemo Vashvaliti, e budete razdlili knigy.

We will thank you for sorting the books. (thanking = future, sorting = prior-future)

the same example moved to the past time level:

Hvalihom Vas, e bste razdlili knigy.

We did thank you for sorting the books. (thanking = past, sorting = prior-past)

It is obvious, that the temporal relationship between "thanking" and "sorting" is the
same in all three time levels: Sorting is before subsequent thanking.

88
15. medial, passive, conditional, aspect of verbs

active voice
All verbs listed in previous chapters were in the active voice. The active voice means
that a subject in the nominative is the performer (= initiator) of action represented by a
verb. An object (= target) of action is in the accusative.

example:

Moj prijatel (N, subject) vidi (verb) veliky dom (A, object).
My friend can see a big house.

performer (subject) = moj prijatel,

action (verb) = vidi and

target (object) = veliky dom.

medial voice
This verbal voice means that the object in the accusative is identical with the subject in
the nominative. Neoslavonic uses a reflexive personal pronoun se, sebe, seb, ... which
exactly refers back to the subject. This pronoun has been already introduced in the
chapter 7. - pronouns. Note that this pronoun does not have its own nominative case
form and that its other cases are symmetrical to personal pronouns "I" and "you".
(e.g. mne = tebe = sebe, mn = teb = seb, ...)

This means that the medial voice can be regarded as a special kind of the active voice,
where the subject and the object are identical. These verbs are written with the
pronoun se in dictionaries (e.g. kupati se = to take a bath).

example:

(Ja) kupaju sebe v bazenu. = Kupaju se v bazenu.

I bathe (myself) in a swimming pool.

subject: ja = I
verb: kupati = to take a bath
object: se = I, myself

compare this example with the active voice having a different object in accusative:

Kupaju svojego psa v bazenu.

I bathe my dog in a swimming pool.

89
passive voice, passive participle
The passive voice is a verbal mode, where the subject in the nominative is not a
performer, but a target. This means that it is quite the opposite than in the active voice.
This voice is used when a target information is about far more important than
performer information. The performer, which is less important, may (but need not) be
expressed using the instrumental.
The passive voice is formed in the exactly same way as in English: Using a combination
of the verb byti (to be) and the passive participle in the nominative. The passive
participle behaves as an adjective and is made in a very similar way as the L-participle
from the infinitive via modification of the infinitive ending as follows:

1. Hard (-e) verbs ending by -iti, -eti, -uti, -yti have the passive participle
-ty, -ta, -to, -ti and keep the same vowel -i-,-e-,-u-,-y- from the infinitive endings.

example:

piti, pije = to drink; pity, ... = drunk

biti, bije = to beat, to hit;
kleti, kleje = to damn, to profane;
obuti, obuje = to boot, to take shoes;
gybnuti, gybne = to die;
kryti, kryje = to cover;
bity, ... = beaten, hit
klety, ... = damned, profaned
obuty, ... = booted, having shoes
gybnuty, ... = died
kryty, ... = covered

2. Soft (-i) verbs ending by -iti have the passive participle -eny, -ena, -eno, -eni
with following consonant softening changes from d,t,n,l,c,s,z to dj,tj,nj,lj,,,:

infinitive -diti makes -djeny, -djena, -djeno, -djeni (e.g. d dj),

infinitive -titi makes -tjeny, -tjena, -tjeno, -tjeni (e.g. t tj),
infinitive -niti makes -njeny, -njena, -njeno, -njeni (e.g. n nj),
infinitive -liti makes -ljeny, -ljena, -ljeno, -ljeni (e.g. l lj),
infinitive -citi makes -eny, -ena, -eno, -eni (e.g. c ),
infinitive -siti makes -eny, -ena, -eno, -eni (e.g. s ),
infinitive -ziti makes -eny, -ena, -eno, -eni (e.g. z ).

(about c, s, z transformation remember euphony rules in chapter 1)

example:

variti, vari = to boile; vareny, ... = boiled

ljubiti, ljubi = to love;
vratiti, vrati = to return;
goniti, goni = to hunt, to chase;
prositi, prosi = to please;
poraziti, porazi = to defeat, to shock;
ljubeny, ... = loved
vratjeny, ... = returned
gonjeny, ... = hunted, chased
proeny, ... = pleased
poraeny, ... = defeated, shocked

90
 3. All other verbs (both hard and soft) have the passive participle -ny, -na, -no, -ni.
and keep the same vowel, which is in the infinitive endings. If there is no vowel
in infinite endings, the vowel -e- is added.

example:

vid--ti = to see; vid--ny, ... = seen

dl-a-ti = to do; dl-a-ny, ... = done
pis-a-ti = to write; pis-a-ny, ... = written
sly-e-ti = to hear; sly-e-ny, ... = heard
pe-ti = to bake; pe-e-ny, ... = baken
nes-ti = to carry, to bear; nes-e-ny, ... = carried, beard
jes-ti = to eat; jad-e-ny, ... = eaten

(jasti, jadu, jade, jadl ... = to eat is an irregular verb - see chapter 10)

examples:

Mojpes jest kupany v bazenu. My dog is bathed in a swimming pool.

Tuto pismo jest pisano na dobry paper. This letter is written on a good paper.

note: For euphonic reason, it is also possible to use masculine endings without -y. (e.g.
vidn, pisan, peen, gybnut, jaden, ...) Even so, this shorter form of masculine passive
participle is semantically identical with the normal form (e.g. vidny, pisany, peeny,
gybnuty, jedeny, ...).

conditional
The conditional refers to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is
contingent on another set of circumstances. The only verb having its own conditional is
byti = to be.

byh I would byhom we would

bys you would byste you would
by he,she,it would byhu, by they would

The conditional of all verbs is made by the combination of the L-participle and the
subsequent conditional of byti (to be).

examples:

Dlal byh. = I would like to do.

Dlal libys? = Would you like to do?
Pili byhom. = We would like to drink.
Slyela bys. = You (f.) would like to hear.
Jedli by. = They would like to eat.

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aspect of verbs
The aspect defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in a given action, event, or state,
from the point of view of the speaker. Neoslavonic has two possible aspects:

1. The unitary view without any internal temporal flow is known as the perfective
aspect, and

2. the non-bound view with reference to some internal temporal flow is known as
the imperfective aspect.

The perfective aspect allows the speaker to describe the action related to some concrete
event as finished, completed or launched, started in the natural way.
The imperfective aspect does not present the action as related to some exact time event,
but rather as pending or ongoing and still opened or uncompleted.

Unfortunately, spoken Slavic languages are very different in verbal aspect. It is possible
that the same verb is perfective in one language and imperfective in another language.
Moreover, western and eastern Slavic languages (in contrast with southern languages)
use the present tense in perfective mode as a substitute for the future tense (e.g.
napisati (to write pf.), napiu = I will write down). It is important to know this
phenomenon while talking to native Slavic speakers.

In Neoslavonic, we have only a few of simple rules, which are almost common and
comprehensible to various Slavic speakers:

1. All verbs having infinitive -vati and present tense -vaju, -vaje, -vaje, -vajemo,
-vajete, -vajut (regardless if they have or do not have any prefix) are imperfective.

examples:

davati: davaju, davaje, ... (to give)

strahovati: strahovaju, strahovaje, ... (to afraid, to fear)
ot-rkavati: otrkavaju, otrkavaje, ... (to deny)
o-strahovati: ostrahovaju, ostrahovaje, ... (to assure, to cover by insurance)
na-pinavati: napinavaju, napinavaje, ... (strain, stretch)

2. All verbs having infinitive -nuti and present tense -nu, -ne, -ne, -nemo, -nete,
-nut (regardless if they have or do not have any prefix) are perfective.
examples:

gryznuti: gryznu, gryzne, ... (to bite)

seknuti: seknu, sekne, ... (to cut, to strike by a hatchet or a sword)
o-vladnuti: ovladnu, ovladne, ... (to govern, to gain control of something)
o-slepnuti: oslepnu, oslepne, ... (to go blind)
na-pnuti: napnu, napne, ... (strain, stretch)

92
3. All other verbs without any prefix are imperfective.

examples:

itati: itaju, itaje, ... (to read)

pisati: piu, pie, ... (to write)
vidti: vidim, vidi, ... (to see)
slyeti: slyim, slyi, ... (to hear)
uti: uju, uje, ... (to feal)
platiti: platim, plati, ... (to pay)
hotti: hou, hoe, ... (to want)

4. All other verbs with any prefix are perfective. Any preposition can be used as a
prefix. Explore what prepositions these verbal prefixes are originated from.

examples:

ot-bgati: otbim, otbi, ... (run out)

iz-koniti: izkonim, izkoni, ... (to close, to conclude, to expire)
so-vriti: sovrim, sovri, ... (to culminate, to improve, to make perfect)
pri-stupati: pristupim, pristupi, ... (to accede, to come on)
pro-dati: prodaju, prodaje, ... (to sell)
na-loiti: naloim, naloi, ... (to load, to put down)
pro-slaviti: proslavim, proslavi, ... (to celebrate, to proclaim)

5. There are a few very commonly used prefixes, which is good to remember:

vaz- (to begin/launch the process)

na- (to perform one event of a process)
iz- (to finish/leave the process)

s-/so- (to finish/complete the process and join/merge/create something)

raz- (to finish/complete the process and separate something)
do- (to finish/complete the process and complete/close something)

examples:

vaz-letti: vazletim, vazleti, ... (to fly up, to take off, to start flying)
na-pisati: napiu, napie, ... (to write down)
iz-mriti: izmrim, izmri, ... (to measure, to complete measurement)

so-vezati: sovezaju, sovezaje, ... (to unify, to link, to bind, to unite)

raz-dliti: razdlim, razdli, ... (to split, to separate)
raz-vezati: razvezaju, razvezaje, ... (to unlace, to dissolve, to unbound)
raz-mysliti, razmyslim, razmysli, ... (to think over, to hesitate)
do-pisati, dopiu, dopie, ... (to complete writing)

93
16. verbal nouns, participles

verbal noun (gerund)

A verbal noun (or gerund) is a word having the grammatical behavior (e.g. cases,
gender, ...) of a noun, but representing some process expressed by a verb. A verbal noun
is a noun that is derived from a verb and can still have a subject and a subject as an
ordinary verb.

A verbal noun is made from the past passive participle by adding the endings -je. Verbal
nouns have a neutral gender and are inflected with the soft neuter pattern polje, polja,
polju, ...

examples:

pisati, pisany pisanje (writing)

slyeti, slyeny slyenje (hearing)
variti, vareny varenje (boiling)
gybnuti, gybnuty gybnutje (dying)
dlati, dlany dlanje (doing)

verbal nouns (gerunds) are used in the same way as in English:

Govorenje jest srebro, mlenje jest zlato. = Speaking is silver, silence is golden.

transformation clausegerund

see the following table showing how to transform a clause into a gerund. In this way we
can compress a whole sentence to a gerund, which can then be used as a part of another
clause.

entire clause verbal noun (gerund)

verb in a personal form
adverb (extending verb)
subject of a sentence (in nominative)
object of a sentence (in accusative)
gerund
adjective (extending gerund)
attribute in genitive with preposition ot (from)
attribute in genitive without any preposition or
possessive pronoun

adverbial part in some case and with

some preposition attribute in the same case and with the same
preposition

95
examples:

(Ja) piu pismo.

I write a letter. - normal clause

moje pisanje pisma

my writing of a letter - gerund with transformed subject (ja) and object (pismo).

Jesi li vidl moje pisanje pisma?

Did you see my writing of a letter? - gerund used as an object in another clause

(Ty) itaje dobro.

You are reading good. - normal clause

dobro itanje ottebe

good reading of you - gerund with transformed subject (ty) and adverb (dobro).

Bog udsno iztvorie (pf.) lovka.

God miraculously created a man. - normal clause

udsno iztvorenje lovka ot Boga

miraculous creation of a man by God. - gerund with transformed subject (Bog),
object (lovk) and adverb (udsno).

Vruju v udsno iztvorenje lovka ot Boga.

I believe in the miraculous creation of man by God. - gerund used as
an object in another clause

adjectival participles
Neoslavonic has a total of four participles having adjectival behavior (e.g. gender,
number and cases in the same way as ordinary adjectives). One of them is already
known the passive participle. But there are two passive participles: One is related to
the past tense, the second is related to the present tense. The same symmetry stands for
both active participles. Please remember these symmetries:

1. All past-tense adjectival participles are made from the infinitive. There is only
one pattern for the past-tense adjectival participles - both for passive and active.

2. All present-tense related participles are made from the present-time stem.
Symmetrical to the vowels in the present tense conjugation, there are two
patterns of present-tense adjectival participles (e.g. -e e/u and -i i/ju)
both for passive and active.

table of Neoslavonic adjective participles

active (soft adjective) passive (hard adjective)
present-e pattern -ui -emy
present-i pattern -jui -imy
universal past pattern -vi -ny or -ty *

96
* rules for selecting -ny or -ty with corresponding vowel has been already described in
the previous chapter on passive voice at page 90.

Note that English has only two participles: present active and past passive. This means
that the English speaker will need to take care, that there are four participles having two
tenses for both active and passive participle.

Examples of passive participles:

adjectival participles of the verb pi-ti, pij-u, pij-e, ...,

pi-l, ... (to drink, -e pattern)

active passive
present pij-ui pij-emy
past pi-vi p-i-ty

adjectival participles of the verb rabota-ti, rabotaj-u, rabotaj-e, ...,

rabota-l, ... (to drink, -e pattern)

active passive
present rabotaj-ui rabotaj-emy
past rabota-vi rabota-ny

adjectival participles of the verb vari-ti, var-ju, var-i, ...,

vari-l, ... (to boil, to cook, -i pattern)

active passive
present var-jui var-imy
past vari-vi vare-ny

examples of passive participles:

Tuto jest najpijemo pivo v naej krajin. = This is the most drunk beer in our country.
(this is the present passive participle, because we speak about drinking in the present time)

Moja butylka jestizpita. = My bottle is drunk.

(this is the past passive participle, because now my bottle is empty)

Hoe li jestivareno meso? = Do you want to eat boiled meat?

(this is the past passive participle, because meat has been boiled before our present time)

examples of active participles:

Rabotajui lovk ne imaje svobodno vreme. = A working man has no free time.
(this is the present active participle - a man is working now, in the present)

Na stolu jest varjua voda. = There is boiling water at the table.

(this is the present active participle - water is boiling now, in the present)

Prosimo, davajte dorabotave elektriske pribory do ekologinogo otpada.

Please, put "old, used" electrical appliances in ecological waste.
(this is the past active participle - appliances have finished their working)
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adverbial participles, clause transformation to adverbial
participle

Adverbial participles are similar to verbal nouns (gerunds). Both represent a process
using different grammatical category (e.g. as a noun or as an adverb).

Adverbial participles are very useful in situations when we want to incorporate one
clause to another clause, if both clauses have the same subject. An adverbial participle
behaves as an ordinary adverb and can be semanticaly interpreted as the second
auxiliary/subordinate verb to the main superordinate verb of the same sentence.
There are two adverbial participles: present and past. Adverbial participles are made
from active adjectival participles by simple endings modification as follows:

Neoslavonic adverbial participles

present-e pattern -u
present-i pattern -ju
universal past pattern -v

note that these participles (as well as ordinary adverbs) do not have gender, number and
cases

Example of the present adverbial participle:

1st (superordinate) clause:

Redaktor slyi um aut na ulici. An editor hears the noise of cars on the street.
2nd (subordinate) clause:

Redaktor pie lanek do novin. An editor is writing an article for newspapers.

Both clauses have the same subject.

We can merge them into the one complex sentence as follows:

Redaktor piu lanek do novin slyi um autna ulici.

An editor (when writing an article for newspapers) hears the noise of cars on the street.

The same sentence moved to the past time:

Redaktor piu lanek do novin je slyel um autna ulici.

An editor (when writing an article for news.) has heard the noise of cars on the street.

98
The same example of the past adverbial participle:

1st (superordinate) clause:

Redaktor slyi um aut na ulici.

An editor hears the noise of cars on the street.
2nd (subordinate) clause:

Redaktor je dopisal lanok do novin.

An editor wrote (e.g. completed writing) an article for newspapers.

Both clauses have the same subject.

We can merge them into the only one sentence as follows:

Redaktor dopisav lanok do novin slyi um autna ulici.

An editor (after writing an article for newspapers) hears the noise of cars on the street.

The same sentence moved to the past time:

Redaktor dopisav lanok do novin je slyel um aut na ulici.

An editor (after writing an article for news.) have heard the noise of cars on the street.

99
17. conjunctions, particles and interjections

conjuctions

A conjunction is a part of speech that connects two words, phrases or clauses together.
Conjunctions are non-inflected and are used in exactly the same way as in English.
Learn the most used Neoslavonic conjunctions from this table:

conjunctive ini... ni... and

neither ... nor...
disjunctive ili
iili (either) or
or (logically)

contradicted ale, no but

causal bo, zatoe because
da
in order to/that

referential e that

Coupling clauses can also be referenced by various reference, demonstrative and

interrogative pronouns, numerals and adverbs (e.g. ie, ktory, koliko, kd, ...) that can
be in any case in order to connect the main concepts between the superordinate and the
subordinate clause.

examples:

hlb i vino
bread and wine

ni csara ni krala
neither any emperor nor any king

Hoete lipiti pivo ili vino?

Do you want to drink beer or wine? (either beer or wine)

Dobro to mysli, no ne jest to mono.

You mean it well, but it is not possible.

Ieljesm kupovati do trgu, bo doma ne bylo nikako jedenje.

I went for shopping at the market, because there was nothing to eat at home.

Ne hou auto, v ktorom jest slaby motor.

I do not want a car, in which the engine is weak.
(pronoun with preposition v ktorom makes the conjunction)

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particles

A particle is a special part of speech, which complements the word or clause by some
additional information detail. We already learned the particle li, which changes the verb
from the indicative mode to the interrogative mode, and the particles da, ne. Here is the
table of the most used Neoslavonic particles:

agreeing ej
da yes
yes, of course, eh, yea

disagreeing ne no, not

querying ako ..., potom ..., inako ... .

li if..., then ..., else ... .
(querying verbs)
emphasizing obae
navye
ale
ubo thus, therefore, hence
however
moreover
despite of, yet, notwithstanding

examples:
Ako izjutra bude dobro vreme, potom ne hou ostativ domu.
If the weather will be good tomorrow, then I do not want to stay at home.

Esperanto imaje prostu grammatiku. Obae vai, e to ne jest dobry jezyk.

Esperanto has a simple grammar. Yet it is not a good language.

Ej, to jest pravda!

Oh yes/yea, it is true!

note:

Slavic languages often replace the querying particle ako (or similar) by a verb in
querying mode (e.g. bude li dobro vreme, ...). Remember that this style has the same
meaning as the standard ako ... .

102
interjections
An interjection or an exclamation is a non-inflected word used to express an emotion or
sentiment on the part of the speaker. They are for example oh! = oh!, uva! = lo!, see!,
behold!

example:

Oh, to ne jest mono! = Oh, this is not possible!

Moreover, any direct speech closed in quotation marks is semantically considered as an

interjection too.

example:

"Dobro jesmo!"je kazal tamtoj lovk.

"We are all right" said that man.

aba "plesk!" je skoila do vody.

A frog "splash!" jumped into the water.

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a joke
tele f on a t

Ddko telefoniruje do doma, i telefon bere maly Ivanek.

ddko: "Zdravej! Prou, daj mi mamku!"
Ivanek slabim glasom otgovorivaje: "Ja ne mou, mamka jest v kuhnji i mnogo
plae."
ddko: "Dobro, daj miotea!"
Ivanek iznovo slabo otgovorivaje: "Ja ne mou, otec jest takoe v kuhnji imnogo
krii."

ddko: "Spokojno, daj mibabku!"

Ivanek: "Babku takoe ne mou. Onaje s mamkoju i place."
ddko nervozno: "Prou Tebe, jest li u Vas jete nkto vazrastly?"
Ivanek: "Da, policija tu je."
ddko krii do telefona: "Boe! I to u Vas dlaje policija?"
Ivanek slabim glasom otgovorivaje: "Oni mn iskajut."

ddko (m.) = a grandfather, granddad

Ivanek = little Ivan (personal name)
telefon (m.) = a phone
telefonirati, telefoniruje (v. impf) = to call
dom (m.) = a house
brati, bere (v.) = to take
maly (adj) = small
zdravej! (int.) = hi
prositi, prosis (v.) = to please
dati, daje (v. pf) = to give
dlati, dlaje (v. pf) = to do
mamka (f) = a mother, mummy
plakati, places (v.) to cry
slaby (adj.) = weak
glas (m.) = a voice
otgovorivati, otgovorivaje (v. impf) = to answer
otec (m.) = a father
takoe (adv.) = too, as well
iznovo (adv.) = again
kuhnja (f) = a kitchen
mnogo (adv.) = a lot
kriati, krii (v. impf) = to shout, to scream
spokojno (adv.) = well-content, cheerfully
nervozno (adv.) = nervously
babka (f) = a grandmother, granny
jete (adv.) = yet more
vazrastly (adj) = adult
policija (f) = police
Bog, Boe! (m.) = the God
iskati, iskaje (v. impf) = to search, to look for

104
18. sentences with coordinate and subordinate
clauses, writing commas

coordinate clauses
A clause has a coordinate relationship when it has the same information without any
dependence to the other clause. Sentences with coordinate clauses are created easily by
using conjunctions or particles between particular clauses. Here they are:

i and
conjunctive
ni ... ni ... neither ... nor ...
ili (either) or
disjunctive or (logically)
iili
contradicted ale, no But
causal bo, zatoe because
da in order to/that

implicative ako ..., potom ..., inako ... if..., then ..., else ...

examples:

Vera je byla velika zima, i my jesmo ostali doma.

Yesterday it was very cold, and we stayed home.

Budete li letti samoletom, ili hoete iti autom?

Will you fly by a plane, or do you want to go by a car?

Jesmo se uili Esperanto, no ne je byl to dobry jezyk.

We learned Esperanto, but it was not a good language.

Uihom Esperanto, no ne be to dobry jezyk.

We learned Esperanto, but it was not a good language.

Uime se govoriti Novoslovnski, bo hoemo razumiti Slovnam.

We learn to speak Neoslavonic, because we want to understand Slavic people.

Hoemo, daimate dobro vreme!

We want you to have good weather!

Ako bude dobro vreme, potom idemo do prirody.

If there will be the good weather, then we will go to the countryside/nature.
subordinate clauses
Two clauses have the subordinate relationship when one clause (e.g. subordinate) has
dependent content on the other clause (e.g. superordinate). This means, that
subordinate clauses cannot stand alone without their control elements contained in
superordinate clauses.

In Neoslavonic, the subordinate clause must begin by some referential grammatical

element, which represents something from a corresponding superordinate clause. This
can be done by:

1. referential conjunction e = that. Here the entire subordinate clause refers to the
verb from the superordinate clause.

2. relative pronoun ie, jegoe, jemue, jeje, ... (see chapter 7. for details). Here
the relative pronoun refers to some noun, numeral or pronoun from the
superordinate clause.

3. any interrogative pronoun, numeral or adverb (e.g. ktory, koliko, kogda, ...).
Here the interrogative pronoun, numeral or adverb refers to some noun, numeral
or adverb from the superordinate clause.

examples:

Govorim, e to ne jest dobro.

I say, that this is not good. (e govorim)

Kto jest tamtoj lovk, ktory imaje zeleno auto?

Who is that man, who has a green car? (ktory lovk)

Ne hou auto, v ktorom jest slaby motor.

I do not want a car, in which the engine is weak. (ktorom auto)

Moj prijatel, jegoe mlada ena tamo ide, jest bolestny.

My friend, whose young wife is going there, is sick. (jegoe prijatel)

Neznaju tono, koliko imajemo ljudij.

I do not know, how many people we have. (koliko tono)

Idemo do prirody, kogda je dobro vreme.

We will go to the countryside/nature, when there is the good weather.
(kogda do prirody)

106
writing commas

Neoslavonic is an auxiliary language, and therefore has no strict rules for writing
commas between clauses. Thus, you can use the same rules that you know from your
native language. But there is one simple rule that would be good to follow:
Each clause having its verb and other elements (e.g. subject, object, adverbial parts, ...)
should be separated from other clauses with a comma.

This rule is followed in all examples in this book:

Idemo do prirody, kogda bude dobro vreme. - here we need one comma.

First clause = Idemo do prirody.

Second clause = Kogda bude dobro vreme.

Mojprijatel, jegoe mlada ena tamo ide, jest bolestny. - here we need two commas

First clause = Moj prijatel jest bolestny.

Second clause = Jegoe mlada ena tamo ide.

107
19. non-conforming attributes, transformations,
capitalization

A conforming attribute is consistent with the object (noun, pronoun, numeral, ...) in case,
gender and number, and changes in both these categories according to its corresponding
object. It is usually before its object and is most often represented by an adjective or an
adjective pronoun.

example:

dobry (N) lovk (N),

dobrogo (G) lovka (G),
dobromu (D) lovku (D), ... = a good (wo)man

non-conforming attribute

A non-conforming attribute is not consistent with the object (noun, pronoun,

numeral, ...) in case, gender and number, and keeps its own case regardless if its
corresponding object changes its cases. It is usually after its object and is most often
represented by a noun or pronoun in some case with optional preposition.

example:
lovk (N) iz Ameriky (G),
lovka (G) iz Ameriky (G),
lovku (D) iz Ameriky (G), ... = a (wo)man from America

It is obvious that both a conforming and a non-conforming attribute can be added to the
same object. (e.g. dobromu (D) lovku (D) iz Ameriky (G))
transformation of the subject in clause with verb byti = to be

In some situations we need to convert (compress) an entire clause into a unique element
for use in another clause. Original clause components in the nominative are converted
to the conforming attribute and other non-nominative clause components are converted
to the non-conforming attributes.

example:

Mujest dobry. Toj mujestiz Ameriky. Vidimotu togo mua.

A man in good. This man is from America. We can see this man here.

first two clauses transformed to two elements of the third clause:

Vidimo tu dobrogo mua iz Ameriky. = We can see a good man from America.

Passive clauses are transformed in the same way as other clauses having the verb byti =
to be. The only difference is that a performer in the instrumental case is transformed to
the non-conforming attribute with the preposition ot + genitive (i.e. ablative expression).

example:

Slovo jest pisano Bogom (I). = A word is written by the God.

is transfomed to:
slovo ot Boga (G) = a word by/from the God

transformation of the subject in clause with other verb than byti

(to be)

A verb of this clause is converted to the active adjectival participle of the subject. Other
clause components are converted to the non-conforming attributes.
example:

ena pie pismo. Ta ena sedi doma. = A woman writes a letter. This woman is
sitting at home.

first clause transformed to an element of the second clause:

ena piua pismo sedi doma. = A woman (writing a letter) is sitting at home.

110
transformation of the entire clause
When we need to transform an entire clause, we can transform the verb into a verbal
noun and other clause elements to non-conforming attributes. Then we need:

1. The subject of the original clause in the nominative transformed to the non
conforming attribute with the preposition ot + genitive (e.g. ablative).

2. The object of the original clause in the accusative transformed to the non
conforming attribute in genitive.

3. Adverbs transformed into adjectives of the verbal nouns.

example:

Brat dobro rysovaje na dom.

The brother draws our house well.

when we apply these transformations:

brat (N) ot brata (G)

dobro (adv.) dobro (adj.)
rysovaje (v.) rysovanje (noun)
na dom (A) naego doma (G)

we can transform the original clause into an extended verbal noun as follows:

dobro rysovanje naego doma ot brata

multiple attribute

Multiple attribute is a very simple matter. This is about more attributes in the same case,
gender and number being repeated several times in some sequence.

example:

Kto jest toj filosof uitel na?

Who is that philosopher (and) teacher (and) ours?

111
capitalization
Neoslavonic is an auxiliary language, and therefore it has no strict rules for
capitalization. Thus, you can use the same rules that you know from your native
language. But there is one simple rule that would be good to follow:

Each name of any unique subject/object should have nouns and adjectives capitalized.

examples:

Slovaska Republika = Slovak Republic

Europska Unija = European Union
Naum Ohridsky = Naum of Ohrid

112
20. word formation, diminution

Latin and Greek words in Neoslavonic

1. Latin and Greek words are written in phonetic orthography but with correct
Neoslavonic suffixes in correct cases. Latin and Greek masculine and
neuter suffixes of the nominative case are used in Neoslavonic as well, but are
replaced in other declination cases in the same way as in original Latin and Greek.
example:

filozofij-a (f. N), filozofij-e (f. G), ... (declension pattern dua)
= philosophy (greek: )
theatr-o (n. N), theatr-a (n. G), ... (declension pattern selo)
= theater (greek: )
kosm-os (m. N), kosm-u (m. G.), ... (declension pattern grad)
= space, universe (greek: )
kapitalizm-us (m. N), kapitalizm-a (m. G), ... (declension pattern grad)
= capitalism
architektur-a (f. N), architektur-y (f. G), ... (declension pattern ena)
= architecture

2. The original Latin or Greek gender is retained.

example:

fakulta (f.) = a faculty, (latin: facultas f.)

univerzita (f.) = a university, (latin: universitas f.)
problem (n.) = a problem, (greek: n.)

3. Greek nouns - or Latin -ia are transformed to -ija.

filozofija, astronomija,...

Greek nouns -/- or Latin -a are transformed to -a.

baza, ...

Greek adjectives - or Latin -cus are transformed to palatalized -sky.

filosofijsky, ekonomisky (ekonomika k), ...

Latin -sio is transformed to -zija.

televizija,...

Latin -ssio is transformed to -sija.

diskusija,...

Latin -tio/-tia is transformed to -cija.

gravitacija,...

113
 4. Latin or Greek -s- between vowels is transformed to -Z-.
Vaza, baza, ...

Latin or Greek -ss- is transformed to -s-.

masiv, ...

Greek -opiog or Latin -smus is transformed to -smus.

kapitalismus, ...

Greek -o (v) or Latin -um is transformed to -um, Greek -og or Latin -us is
transformed to -us, -os.
muzeum, forum, korpus, kosmos, ...

Greek adjective -otuko or Latin adjective -sticus is transformed to -stisky.

kapitalistisky, ...

Latin or Greek-stus, -otog is transformed to -st.

kapitalist, ...

words from other languages

Words from another Latin-written language keep their original Orthography and are
pronounced in their original phonetics but follow Neoslavonic grammar in endings
(gender, cases, ...)

examples:

metro [metro], metra [metra], ... (n.) = tube, subway, underground

laser [lejzr], lasera [lejzra], ... (m.) = laser
bypass [bajpas], bypassa [bajpasa], ... (m.) = bypass

Note, that Cyrillic and Greek orthography traditions are different. These orthographies
prefer more phonetic style. It is also possible in Neoslavonic as well:

MeTpo [metro], MeTpa [metra], ... (n.) = tube, subway, underground

Jie3p ||cjzr], Jie3pa [lejzra], ... (m.) = laser
6aiIIac [bajpas], 6aiIIaca [bajpasa], ... (m.) = bypass

pustpo [metro], pustpo [metra], ... (n.) = tube, subway, underground

Agp [lejzr], Agipo [lejzra], ... (m.) = laser
putto.ittog [bajpas], putto.itto.o.o. [bajpasa], ... (m.) = bypass

114
word formation - suffixes
This matter has already been discussed at page 65. See it again in order to repeat the set
of endings used for the creation adjectives.

Moreover, learn these two endings:

1. -ica making a feminine species from something.

example:

csar = an emperor csarica = an empress.

glup-y,-a,-o (adj.) = stupid glupica (N) = stupid (noun, f.)

2. -ec (loosing -e-, see page losing vowels "e" and "o") making a masculine species from
something.

example:

glup-y,-a,-o (adj.) = stupid glupec (N), glupca (G), glupe! (V) = stupid (noun, m.)

word formation - prefixes

Neoslavonic prefixes are made from prepositions. In addition, there are some special
prefixes mostly used with verbs, which are not related to any prepositions (see page 92
for details about the aspect of verbs).
vaz- (to begin/launch the process)
raz- (to finish/complete the process and separate something)
Other prefixes are regularly made from prepositions. One-consonant prefixes are
amended by either hard reduced vowel '/ or standard vowel "o" if they are connected
to a word beginning with a consonant.

example:
so-vriti: sovrim, sovri, ... (to culminate, to improve, to make perfect)

Other prefixes are made directly from the preposition without any change.

examples:
ot-bgati: otbim, otbi, ... (run out)
pro-dati: prodaju, prodaje, ... (to sell)
na-loiti: naloim, naloi, ... (to load, to put down)
pro-slaviti: proslavim, proslavi, ... (to celebrate, to proclaim)

115
diminution
Diminution of words is very characteristic for all Slavic languages. By diminution we
can express either smaller or younger species of something/somebody or our some kind
of familiar relationship to something/somebody.

Neoslavonic supports the very basic common basis of this huge Slavic system. Please
learn these only endings:

1. -ek, -iek = masculine diminution.

example:

slon = an elephant
slonek = a little/young/familiar elephant
sloniek = a very little/young/familiar elephant

2. -ka, -ika = feminine diminution.

example:

krava = a cow
kravka = a little/young/familiar cow
kravika = a very little/young/familiar cow

3. -ko, iko = neuter diminution

example:

dte = a child
dtko = a little/young/familiar child
dtiko = a very little/young/familiar child

tele = a calf
teletko = a little/young/familiar calf
(syllable -et- is added due to declension T-pattern tele, telete, see page 52)

brat = a brother
bratko = a little/young/familiar brother as a neuter noun

116
transition words

This page is assembled from the texts of Robert Harris and the Writing Center,
University of Wysconsin - Madison applied to the Neoslavonic language.

To improve your language skills you need to make sure, that your ideas stick together
and that the gap between them is bridged smoothly. This is by using transition words
and phrases that help bring two ideas together. Certain words help you to continue an
idea, indicate a shift of though or contrast, or sum up a conclusion. See the following list
of words to find those that will pull your thoughts together.

transition of logic
Transition of logic consist of words or phrases that convey "logical intent": that is, they
show the logical connection between two ideas. Since there are several possible logical
connections (such as time, purpose, contrast), there are several categories of transitions
of logic. The table below lists many of these transitions, arranged by category and listed
as milder or stronger. (Note that there is some double listing, because of the different
ways words can be used.) Some hints for use:

transition become stronger when they are the first word in a sentence, milder
when they are moved a few words into the sentence

keep this list handy while you write, until the words come automatically

This matter has been already discussed in chapter 18. - sentences with coordinate and
subordinate clauses at page 105. Moreover, you need to remember words from the
table in chapter 11. - adverbs and idioms at page 78.

Here you can see the most used transition words and phrases. Before using a particular
transitional word from this table, be sure you understand its exact meaning and usage
completely and try to translate all words, which this glue is made from.

addition and i
or ili
neither ... nor ... ni... ni...
moreover, in addition navye
further, furthermore, even more jete (adv.)
also, too takoe
besides krom (adv.)
again iznovo (adv.)
first, in the first place izprva, v prvih
second, secondly v vtorih
third v tretih
finally nakonec (adv.)
next dalje (adv.)
last posldno (adv.)

117
time while, when kogda (adv.)
after, afterwards potom (adv.), posl (prep. G)
during v teeniji... G
next dalje (adv.)
immediately sejasno (adv.), neposredno (adv.)
now, this time sejas (adv.), nyn (adv.)
later pozdnje (adv.)
earlier ranje (adv.)
soon skoro (adv.)
sometimes nkolikokrat (adv.)
following slduju (adv.)
never nikogda (adv.)
always vsegda (adv.)
whenever nkogda (adv.)
once jedin raz (adv.)
simultaneously jednoasno (adv.) s... I
subsequently postupno (adv.) ot... G
place here tu, tud, tamo (adv.)
beyond za (prep. G)
wherever nkd, nkamo (adv.)
neighboring on sld (prep. G), susdno (adv.) s... I
nearby bliz (prep. G)
opposite to protiv (prep. D)
above nad (prep. A,I)
below pod (prep. A,I)
exemplification to illustrate, to demostrate ukazaju (adv.)... A
for instance, for example naprimr (adv.)
specifically specifino (adv.) ot... G
e.g. napr.
comparison in the same way rovno s... I, rovno kako ... N
in like manner, likewise podobno ot... G
similarly podobno (adv.)
contrast but no, ale
however jedinako, medutim
on the contrary na razliku ot... G
on the other hand, otherwise iz drugoj strany ... G
despite of, yet, notwithstanding obae
vice versa, backwards povratno (adv.) ot... G
clarification that is to say tako reno
i.e., that is to jest
in other words, to rephrase it drugimi slovami
to clarify, to explain na objasnjenje ... G
thus, therefore, hence ubo

118
cause because zatoe
since ot (prep. G)
on account of radi (prep. G)
let us assume that prdpokladajmo, e ... N
for reason po priin... G
effect thus, therefore, hence ubo
consequently sld (prep. G)
accordingly rovno s... I
as a result v rezultatu ... G
purpose in order that da, da by
for this purpose v smyslu ... G
qualification almost bliz (prep. G), nemalo (adv.)
never nikogda (adv.)
always vsegda (adv.)
maybe, perhaps mono (adv.)
probably pravdpodobno (adv.)
frequently esto (adv.), frekventirano (adv.)
although hot (adv.)
intensification indeed, sure ej
of course jasno (adv.)
without doubt, undoubtedly bezsumno (adv.)
yes da
by all means v vsih znaenjah ... G
certainly istino (adv.)
concession to be sure uvreno (adv.)
it is true pravda jest, e ...
of course jasno (adv.)
obviously oevidno (adv.)
summary to sum up, in summary, together vkup (adv.)
in short, in brief kratko (adv.)
to dissolve na razreenje... G
conclusion to conclude na zakljuenje... G
finally nakonec (adv.)

119
transition of thought
Transition of thought consist of words that help maintain the continuity of thought from
one sentence or paragraph to the next. Transition of thought are produced by the
following techniques:

pronouns

Follow a noun with a personal pronoun in order to continue the same subject and a
possessive pronoun in order to move to something related to the original subject. See
chapter 7. for details.
Fido spi. On jest dobry pes. Jego dom jest pod jablonjej.
Fido is asleep. He is a good dog. His house is under the apple tree.
Personal pronouns are ja, ty, on, ona, ono, my, vy, oni.
Possessive pronouns are moj, tvoj, na, va
and possesive genitives made from on, ona, ono, oni are jego, jej, jego, jih.

keyword repetition

Repeat the word around which the discussion is focusing.

Praga imaje mnogo istorinih pamtnikov. Tuti pamtniky sut stari domy, mosty,
theatra i hramy. Najstarji prasky pamtnik jestiz romanskoj ery.
Prague has a lot of historical monuments. These monuments are old houses, bridges,
theaters and churches. The oldest monument is from the Romanesque period.

synonyms

A synonym is a word that means nearly the same as another word. This is very
important for your communication in Neoslavonic. Using synonyms will help you
convince that your partners really understand what you are saying.

Vae auto jestlpo. Ale myslim, e taky voz jest mnogo skupy.
Your car is very nice. But I think, that such kind of vehicle is very expensive.

demonstrative pronouns

Use demonstrative pronouns in order to refer something already existed in the previous
clause. Demonstrative pronouns are toj, ta, to and their derivatives tutoj, tamtoj, ... .
See chapter 3. for details.

Mojbrat imaje veliky dom. Kako stary jest toj dom?

My brother has a big house. How old is this house?

120
Conclusion

Congratulations! You have arrived at the end of this book. You have been fully
introduced to the Neoslavonic language. Now you should be ready to try it out in
practice.

Remember that Neoslavonic is only an auxiliary and artificial language. Dont be shy to
say that you are learning Neoslavonic and wish to use it in discussion. Speak slowly and
try to adjust yourself to your speakers. If they do not understand you, repeat the same
idea in another way using other words. If you are not sure about what your speaking
partners are saying, ask them to repeat themselves again using different words. And
dont be afraid to ask about the words they use.

Slavs are friendly people, there is no need to pretend them that you are speaking in one
of their natural langauges. For example, a Bulgarian may think that you are speaking
Croatian or Slovak etc. Tell them the truth that you are speaking in an universal
interslavic language. Slavic people will be happy about your talking in this language,
which sounds so similarly to their own speech. Explain your partners what this
language really is and what is its background.

Moreover, remember that Slavic languages each have their own local specifics their
own "jargon", which is useful for you to know. For example, it can be not suitable to use
some Neoslavonic concept that is not used in the local language of your speaking
partners. The table on the next page shows these differences in simplified form.
We wish you the best of fun and success in your interslavic communication!

121
122
Appendix

Conversation
Learn to say hello, good bye, thank you, and other useful words and phrases in
Neoslavonic language. This conversation is a useful tool for English-speaking business
and leisure travelers. Enjoy it!

greetings Goodbye.
Dovidnja.
Welcome!
Dobro doli! Good luck!
Mnogo tastja!
Hello!
Zdravej! See You soon!
Zdravejte! (politely or pl.) Da se skoro vidimo!

How are You? Congratulations!

Kako jesi? estim!
Kako jeste? (politely or pl.) Gratulacija!

How do You do? Say hi to ... for me!

to dlaje? Kai pozdrav ... ot mne! (dative)
to dlajete? (politely or pl.) Kaite pozdrav ... ot mne! (dative)

I am fine.
Dobro mi je.
wish someone something
Nice to see You again.
Cheers! Good health!
Raduju se, e Tebe iznovo vidim.
Na zdravje!
Raduju se, e Vas iznovo vidim. (politely
or pl.)
Have a nice day!
Da imaje blagy den!
Long time no see. Da imajete blagy den! (politely or pl.)
Davno jesmo se ne vidli.
Bon appetit! Enjoy Your meal!
Good morning. Dobry vkus!
Dobro jutro. (earlier)
Dobry den. (later) Bon voyage!
tastny put!
Good afternoon.
Dobry den. Enjoy!
Uivaj!
Good evening.
Uivajte! (politely or pl.)
Dobry veer.
Merry Christmas!
Good night.
Vesela koleda!
Dobru no.
Hristos se rodi!

123
Happy New Year! Help me!
Blaga Nova Godina! Pomagaj mi!
Pomagajte mi! (politely or pl.)
Happy Easter!
Hristos vazkres! Fire!
Poar!
answer to "Happy Easter!"
Vistinu vazkres! Call the police!
Pozvonj policiju!
Happy Birthday! Pozvonjte policiju! (politely or pl.)
Mnoge lta!
I need to use the restroom/toilet.
Trba mi je iti na toaletu.
asking for help
I feel sick.
uju se bolestno.
Please!
Prou!
Prosim! I need doctor.
Trba mi je doktora.
I want... .
Hou ... . (accusative or infinitive verb) Im hungry.
Jesm gladny. (m.)
Jesm gladna. (f.)
I need ... .
Trba mi je ... . (accusative or inf. verb)
Im thirsty.
Jesm edny. (m.)
Im looking for ... .
Jesm edna. (f.)
Iskaju ... . (accusative)

Thanks! I want to eat.

Hvala! Hou jesti.

Thank You! I want to drink.

Blagodarju! Hou piti.
Blagodarim!

Can I help You? introducing yourself

Mou li Teb pomoti?
Mou li Vam pomoti? (politely or pl.) My name is ... .
Moje ime je ... .
Im waiting for ... .
akaju.... (accusative) What is Your name?
Kako je Tvoje ime?
Where is the restroom/toilet? Kako je Vae ime? (politely or pl.)
Kd je toaleta?
Where are You from?
Help! Otkuda jesi?
Pomo! Otkuda jeste? (politely or pl.)

Where do You live?

Kd ijete?

124
 understanding
I live in ... . (locative)
iju v.... (locative) Can You say it again?
Moe li to kazatijete jedin raz?
Pleased to meet You. Moete lito kazatijete jedin raz?
Blago mi je Tebe vidti. (politely or pl.)
Blago mi jest Vas vidti. (politely or pl.)
Please speak more slowly!
How is ... ? Prou, govori pomalko!
Kako je ... ? Prou, govorite pomalko! (politely or pl.)

Where do You work? Please do not speak so fast!

Kd rabotaje? Prou, ne govoritako bystro!
Kdrabotajete? (politely or pl.) Prou, ne govorite tako bystro!
(politely or pl.)
Are You from around here?
Jesi li mstny? (m.) Please write it down!
Jesi li mstna? (f.) Prou, napii to!
Jeste limstni? (politely or pl.) Prou, napiite to! (politely or pl.)

How old are You? Do You speak Neoslavonic?

Koliko imaje lt? Govori li Novoslovnski?
Koliko imajete lt? (politely or pl.) Govorite li Novoslovnski?
(politely or pl.)
I am ... years old.
Imaju ... lt. Do You understand Neoslavonic?
Razumje li Novoslovnski?
Whats your phone number? Razumjete li Novoslovnski?
Kake imaje islo telefona? (politely or pl.)
Kake imajete islo telefona? (politely or
pl.) Yes, a little.
Da, slabo.
My phone number is ... .
Moje islo je ... . Do You understand me?
Razumje limn?
What do you like to do? Razumjete limn? (politely or pl.)
to ljubi dlati?
to ljubite dlati? (politely or pl.) I understand.
Razumju.
What is Your profession?
Kaka je Tvoja profesija? I do not understand.
Kaka jest Vaa profesija? (politely or pl.) Ne razumju.

Do you like it here (at us)? Please repeat it!

Dobro li je Teb unas? Prou jete jedin raz!
Dobro li jest Vam unas? (politely or pl.)
Good.
Dobro.

Fair.
Dostateno.
125
 There.
Weak. Tamo.
Slabo.
Where is ... ?
Just a little. Kd je... ?
Samo malo.
Station.
Nothing. Stanica.
Nito.
Train.
I want to talk to You. Vlak.
Hous Tebojugovoriti.
Hous Vami govoriti. (politely or pl.) Bus.
Autobus.
Talk to You later.
Budemo govoriti pozdnje. Taxi.
Taxi.
How do You say ... in Neoslavonic?
Kako je ... Novoslovnski? Car.
Auto.
Ive been learning Neoslavonic for one
month. Airplane.
Uim se Novoslovnski jedin mesec. Samolet.

I like (love) Slavic languages. Go straight, left, right, back!

Ljubim Slovnske jezyky.
directions
How can I go to ... please?
Prou, kako mou iti do... ? (genitive)
Idi prmo, lvo, desno, povratno!
Idite prmo, lvo, desno, povratno!
(politely or pl.)
Then continue ... meters.
Potom idi... metrov.
Potom idite ... metrov. (politely or pl.)

Which way? Come with me!

Kud? Idi s mnoju!
Idite s mnoju! (politely or pl.)
This way.
Tud. Im lost.
Jesm zabludil. (m.)
Jesm zabludila. (f.)
Where? (direction, movement to a place,
position)
May I come with You?
Kamo?
Mou li itis Teboju?
Where? (place, position) Mou li itis Vami? (politely or pl.)
Kd?
Ill be back.
Here. Budu se vratiti.
Tu.

126
time Thursday.
etvrtek.
What time is it?
Koliko je vremene? Friday.
Kaka je asina? Petek.

Saturday.
It is ... : ... oclock.
Je... asin i... minut. Subota.
Je... ... . Sunday.
Nedlja.
Im running late. January.
Idu pozdno. Januar.

When? February.
Kogda? Februar.

Today. March.
Dnes. Marec.

April.
Now. April.
Segda.
Nyn. May.
Maj.
Tomorrow.
Izjutra. June.
Jun.
Yesterday.
July.
Vera.
Jul.
Next week. August.
Sledujuu nedlju. August.

Last week. September.

Prolu nedlju. September.

October.
Next month.
Sledujui mesec. Oktober.

November.
Last month. November.
Proly mesec.
December.
Monday. December.
Ponedljek.

Tuesday.
Vtorek.

Wednesday.
Srda.

127
shopping, hotel, restaurant
I want to pay.
I want this. Hou platiti.
Tuto hou.
May I pay by a card?
How much is it? Mou li platiti karticoju?
Koliko to stoji?
This gentleman will pay for everything.
This is good price. Tutojgospod bude vse platiti.
To je dobra cena.
This lady will pay for everything.
This is not good price. Tuta gospoda bude vse platiti.
To ne je dobra cena.

This is expensive.
To je skupo.
To je drago.

I have a reserved room here.

Imaju tu rezerviranu komnatu.

Do You have a free room?

Imajete li svobodnu komnatu? (politely
or pl.)

... days.
... dnov.

Breakfast.
Jutrenica.

Lunch.
Obd.

Dinner.
Veerja.

May I have Your menu please?

Prou, mou li dostati Vae menu?
(politely or pl.)

Soup.
Supa.

Drink.
Pitje.

Bread.
Hlb.

128
numbers other useful words

0 nula Yes.
1 jedin (m.), jedna (f.), jedno (n.) Da.
2 dva (m.), dv (f.), dv (n.)
3 tri No.
4 etyri Ne.
5 pet
6 est OK.
7 sedem OK.
8 osem
9 devet
10 deset
11 jedinnast Well.
12 dvanast Good.
13 trinast Dobro.
14 etyrinast
15 petnast
16 estnast In order.
17 sedemnast Redno.
18 osemnast
Calmly!
19 devetnast
20 dvadeset Pokojno!
30 trideset
etyrideset Quiet, please!
40
50 petdeset Tiho prou!
60 estdeset
70 sedemdeset No problem!
80 osemdeset Neje problema!
90 devetdeset
100 sto Dont worry!
200 dvsto Ne staraj se!
300 tristo Ne starajte se! (politely or pl.)
400 etyristo
petsto Oh! Thats good!
500
600 eststo Ej, tuto je dobro!
700 sedemsto
800 osemsto What a shame!
900 devetsto Sramota!
1000 tysu Stydno!
2000 dv tysu
3000 tritysu I cant believe it.
Ne mou tomu vriti.

Sorry! Excuse me!

Izvini!
Izvinite! (politely or pl.)

Big.
Veliky. (m.) Velika. (f.) Veliko. (n.)
Veliki. (pl.)

129
 This is ... .
Small. To je ... .
Maly. (m.) Mala. (f.) Male. (n.) Mali. (pl.)
This is mine.
Much, very. Tuto je moje.
Mnogo.
This is Yours.
Little. A few of. Tuto je Tvoje.
Malo. Tuto je Vae. (politely or pl.)

Sir! Give me this!

Gospodi! Dajmi to!
Dajte mito! (politely or pl.)
Madam!
Gospodo! Do You like ... ?
Nravi li se Teb ... ?
My pleasure. Nravi li se Vam ... ? (politely or pl.)
Drago mi je.
I like ... .
You are welcome. Nravi se mi... . (accusative)
S radostju.
I like Your ... .
Youre very kind! Nravi se mi Tvoje ... . (accusative)
Jesi mnogo milostivy! (m.) Nravi se mi Vae... . (accusative, politely
Jesi mnogo milostiva! (f.) or pl.)
Jeste mnogo milostivi! (politely or pl.)
Are You kidding?
Would you like to dance with me? uti li?
Hoe li se mnojtancovati? utite li? (politely or pl.)
Hoete li se mnojtancovati? (politely or
pl.) Yes, I am kidding.
Mou li prositi tanec? Ej, utim.

One moment please. We are friends.

Moment prou. My jesmo prijateli.

Only a little/few. Do You love me?

Samo malo. Ljubi limne?
Ljubite limne? (politely or pl.)
Look!
Pozri! I dont love You.
Pozrite! (politely or pl.) Ja Tebe ne ljubju/ljubim.
Ja Vas ne ljubju/ljubim. (politely or pl.)
What is this?
to je to? I love You.
Ja Tebe ljubju/ljubim.
Ja Vas ljubju/ljubim. (politely or pl.)

130
Neoslavonic-English vocabulary
A estim! idiom Congratulations!
ako ... potom ... inako ... article if... then etvrty num. ordinal fourth
... else ... etyri num. four
ale but etyrideset num. fourty
ali article however etyrinast num. fourteen
auto n. /selo car, vehicle, automobile itati, itaje v. ipf. read
autobus m. /grad autobus, bus lovk, love! m. /brat man (human
being)
B to? pron. interrog. what?
bazen m. /grad pool (swimming), basen rez prep. acc. through
bez prep. gen. without, except uti, uje v. ipf. feel
bezmesny adj. meat-free, vegetarian utise, uj- v. ipf. feel myself
bgati, bi v. ipf. run
bh, be, be, bhom, bste, bhu v. D
ipf. * past tense (to be) da conj. in order to, that
bly adj. white da article yes
Blaga Nova Godina! idiom Happy New Da se skoro vidimo! idiom See You soon!
Year! dati, daje v. pf. give
blagodariti, blagodari v. ipf. thank, bless davati, davaje v. ipf. give
blagy adj. nice, pleasant, joyfull davno adv. long ago, long time
bo conj. because davny adj. long ago, long time
Bog m. /brat God den, dn-m. /grad day
bolest f./kost disease deset num. ten
bolestno adv. sick desety num. ordinal tenth
bolestny adj. sick desno adv. right
bolje adv. more desny adj. right
bolnica f./dua hospital deten. /tele child
boli adj. bigger detko n. /selo child
brat m. /brat brother devet num. nine
bratstvo n. /selo brotherhood devetdeset num. ninety
budu, bude, bude, budemo, budete, devetnast num. nineteen
budut v. ipf. * future tense (to be) devety num. ordinal nineth
byh, bys, by, byhom, byste, byhu v. ipf. * dlati, dlaje v. ipf. work, do
conditional (to be) dtko n. /selo child
byk, bye! m. /brat bull dnes adv. today
bystro adv. quickly do prep. gen. into, inside, to
bystry adj. quick Dobro jutro! idiom Good morning!
byti, jesm, jesi, ... v. ipf. be (earlier)
dobro adv. good
C Dobro doli! idiom Welcome!
csar m. /brat emperor Dobro mi je. idiom I am fine.
csarica f./dua empress Dobru no! idiom Good night!
cukr m. /grad sugar dobry adj. good
cvt m. /grad color Dobry den! idiom Good morning! (later),
Good afternoon!
Dobry ukus! idiom Bon appetit!, Enjoy
akati, akaje v. ipf. wait Your meal!
erny adj. black Dobry veer! idiom Good evening!
erveny adj. red doera f./ena daughter
doif. /mati daughter
doktor m. /brat doctor
doktorica f./dua doctor (female)
dol m. /grad valley, lowlands
dolina f./ena valley, lowlands
dolu adv. down
dom m. /grad house, building
doma adv. at home
domany adj. home
dopisati, dopie v. pf. complete writing
dorabotati, dorabotaje v. pf. finish
working
dosta adv. enough
dostati, dostane v. pf. obtain, get
dostojenstvo n. /selo dignity
Dovidnja! idiom Goodbye!
dragy adj. dear
drevo n. /selo wood
drug m. /brat friend, partner
drugs drugom idiom one another,
progressively
duh, due! m. /brat spirit
dva num. two
dvadeset num. twenty
dvanast num. twelve
E izkoniti, izkoni v. pf. close, conclude,
ej article yes, of course, eh, yea
ekologiny adj. ekological
englijski adv. English
englijsky adj. English
G
glad m. /grad hunger
gladny adj. hungry
glupec, glupe! m. /mu stupid man
glupica f./dua stupid woman
glupo adv. stupid
glupy adj. stupid
gnvati, gnvaje v. ipf. make angry
god m. /grad year
godina f./ena year
gora f./ena hill, mountain
gor adv. up, to the top
gorny adj. upper
gorsky adj. mountain
gori adj. worst
gospod m. /brat sir, Mr., gentleman
gospoda f./ena lady, Ms., Mrs.
govoriti, govori v. ipf. say, talk
grammatikaf. /ena grammar
Gratulacija! idiom Congratulations!
gryznuti, gryzne v. pf. bite
gybnuti, gybne v. pf. die
H
hladny adj. cold
hlb m. /grad bread
hotel m. /grad hotel
hotti, hoe v. ipf. want
Hristos se rodi! idiom Merry Christmas!
Hristos vazkres! idiom Happy Easter!
Hvala! idiom thanks!, blessing!, laud!
hvaliti, hvali v. ipf. thank, bless
I
i conj. and
i ili conj. or (logically)
ili conj. or (either)
imati, imaje v. ipf. have
ime n. /ime name
imti, imje v. ipf. have
iskati, iskaje v. ipf. look for, seek
istina f. /ena truth, certainty
iti, ide, iel v. ipf. go, walk
iz prep. gen. from
izjutra adv. tommorrow
expire
izmriti, izmri v. pf. measure
iznovo adv. again
izpiti, izpije v. pf. drink (out)
iztvoriti, iztvori v. pf. create
J
ja pron. personal I
Jako jesi? idiom How are You?
Jako jeste? idiom How are You? (politely
or pl.)
jako? adv. interrog. how?
jaky? pron. interrog. which?, what kind
of?
jedenje n. /polje eating, meal
jedinast num. eleven
jedin, jedna, jedno num. one
jesm, jesi, jest/je, jesmo, jeste, sut v.
ipf. * present tense (to be)
jesti, jede, jedl v. ipf. eat
jete adv. yet
jezyk m. /grad language
jutras adv. today morning, this morning
jutreny adj. morning, in sunrise
132
jutro n. /selo morning
jutrom adv. morning
K lui adj. better
k prep. dat. to, at
kako? adv. interrog. how?
kaky? pron. interrog. which?, what kind
of? adv. interrog. where? (a new
kamo?
desired position of
something/somebody)
kancelarija f./dua office
kazati, kae v. ipf. say
kd? adv. interrog. where? (an existing
position of something/somebody)
kino n. /selo cinema
kniga f./ena book
koka f./ena cat
kogda? adv. interrog. when?
kokoka f./ena hen, chicken
koliko? num. interrog. how much?, how
many?
koliky? num. interrog. what?, what
order?
komputer m. /grad computer
koniti, koni v. ipf. close, conclude,
expire
konjm. /mu horse
krajm. /kraj area, land, district
krajina f./ena land, district, state
krava f./ena cow
krivo adv. false, awry
krivy adj. false, awry
krom prep. gen. except
ktory? pron. interrog. which?
kto? pron. interrog. who?
kud? adv. interrog. where? (on the way
to a new desired position from an
existing position)
kupati, kupaje v. ipf. swim, take a bath
kupiti, kupi v. pf. buy
kupovati, kupuje v. ipf. buy
L najvye adv. the most
letti, leti v. ipf. fly
ls m. /grad forest, wood
ltny adj. summer
lto n. /selo Summer, year
ltom adv. in Summer
lvo adv. left
lvy adj. left
li article * querying
ljudif. pl. /kost men (plural)
loica f./dua spoon
M
malo adv. few, a little of
maly adj. small
mama f./ena mother, mummy
matif. /mati mother
medu prep. acc. between, among
medu prep. instr. between, among
meni adj. smaller
meson. /selo meat, flesh
mriti, mri v. ipf. measure
milion num. milion
mimo prep. acc. beyond, outside, aside,
except
mir m. /grad world
mlady adj. young
mlkon. /selo milk
Mnoge lta! idiom Happy Birthday!
mnogo adv. very, much, many, a lot of,
plenty of
Mnogo tastja! idiom Good luck!
mnogy adj. numerous
moj, moja, moje, ... pron. poss. my
motor m. /grad engine, motor
mono adv. possibly
mony adj. possible
moti, moe v. ipf. can
mu m. /mu man (masculine)
my pron. personal we
mysliti, mysli v. ipf. think
N
na prep. acc. on, at, onto, upon
na prep. loc. on, at, onto, upon
Na zdravje! idiom Cheers!, Good health!
nad prep. acc. above, over (direction)
nad prep. instr. above, over (place)
naj- prefix the most
najbolje adv. the most
naloiti, naloi v. pf. load, put down
napinavati, napinavaje v. ipf. strain,
stretch
napisati, napie v. pf. write down
na pron. poss. our
navye article moreover
ne article no, not
133
nto pron. indef. something
nkoliko num. indef. some, some amount
of
nto pron. indef. something
ni... ni... conj. neither ... nor...
no conj. but
nof. /kost night
nois adv. today night, this night, tonight
noviny f. pl. /ena news, newspaper
novo adv. new
novoslovnski adv. Neoslavonic
novoslovnsky adj. Neoslavonic
novy adj. new
no m. /kraj knife
nula num. nula, zero
O pitje n. /polje drink
o prep. loc. about, concerning
obae article despite of, yet,
notwithstanding
obdariti, obdari v. pf. endow, endue
oblast f./kost land, district, state
obuti, obuje v. pf. put on shoes, boot
obuv f. /kost shoe
okolo prep. gen. around
on pron. personal he
ona pron. personal she
oni pron. personal they
ono pron. personal it
on, ona, ono pron. personal he, she, it
orchestra f./ena orchestra
osem num. eight
osemdeset num. eighty
osemnast num. eighteen
oslepnuti, oslepne v. pf. go blind
osmy num. ordinal eighth
ostati, ostane v. pf. stay
ostrahovati, ostrahovaje v. ipf. assure,
insure, cover by insurance
ot prep. gen. out from, by
otbgati, otbi v. pf. run out
otec, ote! m. /mu father
otlino adv. excellent, super
otliny adj. excellent, super
otpad m. /grad waste
otrkavati, otrkavaje v. ipf. deny
ovca f./dua sheep
ovladnuti, ovladne v. pf. govern, gain
control
P
paper m. /grad paper
par m. /grad pair
peti, pee v. ipf. bake
pes, ps- m. /grad dog
pet num. five
petdeset num. fifty
petnast num. fifteen
pety num. ordinal fifth
pe adv. pedestrian, a foot, by foot, on
foot
pi adj. pedestrian, a foot, by foot, on
foot
pisati, pie v. ipf. write
pismo n. /selo letter, script
piti, pije v. ipf. drink
pivo n. /selo beer
platiti, plati v. ipf. pay
plavati, plave v. ipf. swim
plavy adj. blue
plaa f./dua beach
pluti, pluje v. ipf. swim
po prep. dat. in the way of
po prep. loc. after, upon, on
pod prep. acc. below, under
pod prep. instr. below, under
polednes adv. today noon, this noon
policija f./dua police
polje n. /polje field
polovina f. /ena half
pomagati, pomagaje v. ipf. help, assist
pomo f./kost help
pomoti, pomoe v. pf. help, assist
posl prep. gen. after
postupati, postupuje v. pf. act towards,
come on, proceed
potom part. then
povratno adv. reversed, return,
oppositely
povratny adj. reversed, return, opposite
pozdrav m. /grad greeting
pozvoniti, pozvoni v. pf. ring the bell,
make a phone call
poar m. /grad fire
pravda f./ena truth, verity
pravo n. /selo right, claim, privilege
pravo adv. right, correctly
pravy adj. correct, right
prd prep. acc. before, ahead of, in the
face of, in front of
134
prd prep. instr. before, ahead of, in the samo adv. only
face of, in front of samolet m. /brat airplane, plane
prmo adv. straight, directly (airplane)
prmy adj. straight, direct sedem num. seven
pri prep. loc. at, near to, by (where?) sedemdeset num. seventy
priiti, priide, priiel v. ipf. come, arrive sedemnast num. seventeen
prijatel m. /mu friend sedti, sedi v. ipf. sit
prijatelica f./dua friend (female) sedmy num. ordinal seventh
priroda f./ena nature, countryside sej, sa, se pron. demonstr. the
pristupiti, pristupi v. ipf. accede, come seknuti, sekne v. pf. strike, cut
on sestra f./ena sister
prodati, prodaje v. pf. sell se, sebe, seb pron. * reflexive pronoun
prodavati, prodavaje v. ipf. sell silno adv. strong
prositi, prosi v. ipf. please, ask silny adj. strong
proslaviti, proslavi v. pf. celebrate, skakati, skakaje v. ipf. jump
proclaim skoiti, skoi v. pf. jump
protiv prep. dat. against slaby adj. weak
prvy num. ordinal first sladky adj. sweet
put m. /grad way, travel slaviti, slavi v. ipf. celebrate, proclaim
slepo adv. blind
R slepy adj. blind
rabotati, rabotaje v. ipf. work slnce n. /polje sun
radi prep. gen. due to, in order to, slon m. /brat elephant
because slovo n. /selo word
radovatise, raduj- v. ipf. rejoyce, nice to slovo n. /nebo word
... sluati, sluaje v. ipf. listen
razdliti, razdli v. pf. separate, slyeti, slyi v. ipf. hear, can hear
distribute solf./kost salt
razdlivati, razdlivaje v. ipf. separate, sotny num. ordinal hundreth
distribute sovezati, sovezaje v. pf. bind, link, unite,
razmysliti, razmysli v. pf. think over, unify
hesitate sovriti, sovri v. pf. culminate, improve,
razum m. /grad reason, intellect make perfect
razumti, razumje v. ipf. understand spati, spi v. ipf. sleap
razumiti, razumi v. ipf. understand srebro n. /selo silver
razvezati, razvezaje v. pf. unlace, stanica f./dua station
dissolve, unbind staro adv. old
redaktor m. /brat editor stary adj. old
roditi, rodi v. ipf. breed sto num. hundred
roditise, rod- v. ipf. be born stol m. /grad table
rovno adv. equally, the same strahovati, strahovaje v. ipf. afraid, fear
rovny adj. equal, the same strojiti, stroji v. ipf. build, construct
rukavica f./dua glove student m. /brat student
Rus m. /brat Russian studentica f./dua student (female)
russky adj. Russian svst f./kost conscience
ryba f./ena fish svt m. /grad world
rysovati, rysuje v. ipf. draw sve adv. fresh
svi adj. fresh
S svinja f./dua pork
s prep. instr. with, together with, by svobodno adv. free
(how?) svobodny adj. free
135
svoj, svoja, svoje, svoji pron. poss. *
reflexive pronoun
syn m. /brat son
est num. six
estdeset num. sixty
estnast num. sixteen
esty num. ordinal sixth
kola f. /ena school
tastny put! idiom Bon voyage!
to pron. interrog. what
to dlaje? idiom How do You do?
to dlajete? idiom How do You do?
(politely or pl.)
to? pron. interrog. what?
um m. /grad noise
T vazletti, vazleti v. pf. fly up, take off,
tamo adv. there
tele n. /tele calf
temno adv. dark
temny adj. dark
teply adj. warm
toaleta f. /ena restroom, toilet
toka f./ena point, decimal point
tono adv. exactly, precisely
tony adj. exact, precise
toliko num. as much, as many, this
amount, only
trbaf. /ena need
trba jest, dative, accusative idiom it is
necessary, should (somebody should
something)
trbovati, trebuje v. ipf. need
trtina f. /ena third
trty num. ordinal third
trg, tre! m. /grad market, shop
tri num. three
trideset num. thirty
trinast num. threeteen
tu adv. here
tvoj pron. poss. your (sg.)
tvoriti, tvori v. ipf. create
ty pron. personal you (sg.)
tysu num. thousand
U vye adv. more
u prep. gen. near to, at
ubo article thus, therefore, hence
uitel m. /mu teacher
uitelica f./dua teacher (female)
uiti, ui v. ipf. teach
uitise, u- v. ipf. learn
ukus m. /grad taste
ulica f./ena street
uni adj. nicer, more pleasant, more
joyfull
uivati, uivaje v. ipf. enjoy
V
v prep. acc. in, into, inside of
v prep. loc. in, into, inside of
Vistinu vazkres! idiom answer to
"Happy Easter!"
variti, vari v. ipf. boile, cook
va pron. poss. your (pl. or politely)
vazkresnuti, vazkresne v. pf. ressurect,
revive
start flying
vaiti, vai v. ipf. be valid, apply
vera adv. yesterday
veraji adj. yesterday
veer m. /grad evening
veeras adv. today evening, this evening,
tonight
vegetarian m. /brat vegetarian
veliky adj. big, large, great
Vesela koleda! idiom Merry Christmas!
vezati, vezaje v. ipf. bind, link, unite,
unify
vidti, vidi v. ipf. see, can see
vidlica f./dua fork
vino n. /selo wine
vkup adv. together
vladyka m. /ena+brat ruler, governor
vlak m. /grad train
vn prep. gen. out of, outside of
vn prep. acc. out of, outside of
voda f./ena water
vreme n. /ime time, weather
vrh, vre! m. /grad hill, peak
vsejmir m. /grad universe, space, cosmos
vsej, vsa, vse, vsi pron. indef. all, every,
each
vtory num. ordinal second
vy pron. personal you (pl. or politely)
Z
za prep. acc. after, behind, towards
136
za prep. acc. for, in favour zly adj. bad, evil
za prep. instr. after, behind znati, znaje v. ipf. know
zato? adv. interrog. why?
zajec, zajc-, zaje! m. /mu hare, rabbit
zato? adv. interrog. why? e conj. that
Zdravejte! idiom Hello! (politely or pl.) elezny adj. iron
Zdravej! idiom Hello! elezon. /selo iron
zdravje n. /polje health ena f./ena woman, wife, lady
zdravy adj. healthy, sane eda f./ena thirst
zeleny adj. green edny adj. thirsty
zima f./ena Winter, cold iti, ije v. ipf. live
zim adv. in winter ivotno n. /selo animal
zimny adj. winter luty adj. yellow
zimoju adv. in Winter rebec, rebc-, rebe! m. /mu stallion
zlato n. /selo gold
zlo adv. bad, evil

137
English-Neoslavonic vocabulary
conditional (to be) byh, bys, by, byhom,
byste, byhu v. ipf.
future tense (to be) budu, bude, bude,
budemo, budete, budut v. ipf.
past tense (to be) bh, be, be,
bhom, bste, bhu v. ipf.
present tense (to be) jesm, jesi, jest/je,
jesmo, jeste, sut v. ipf.
querying li article
reflexive pronoun 1 se, sebe, seb pron.
2 svoj, svoja, svoje, svoji pron. poss.
A because 1 bo conj. 2 radi prep. gen.
a foot 1 pe adv. 2 pi adj.
a little of malo adv.
a lot of mnogo adv.
about oprep. loc.
above 1 nad prep. acc. 2 nad prep. instr.
accede pristupiti, pristupi v. ipf.
act towards postupati, postupuje v. pf.
afraid strahovati, strahovaje v. ipf.
after 1 po prep. loc. 2 posl prep. gen. 3
za prep. acc. 4 za prep. instr.
again iznovo adv.
against protiv prep. dat.
ahead of 1 pred prep. acc. 2 pred prep.
instr.
airplane samolet m. /brat
all vsej, vsa, vse, vsi pron. indef.
among 1 medu prep. acc. 2 medu prep.
instr.
and i conj.
animal ivotnon. /selo
answer to "Happy Easter!" Vistinu
vazkres! idiom
apply vaiti, vai v. ipf.
area krajm. /kraj
around okolo prep. gen.
arrive priiti, priide, priiel v. ipf.
as many toliko num.
as much toliko num.
aside mimo prep. acc.
ask prositi, prosi v. ipf.
assist 1 pomagati, pomagaje v. ipf. 2
pomoti, pomoe v. pf.
assure ostrahovati, ostrahovaje v. ipf.
at 1 k prep. dat. 2 na prep. acc. 3 na prep.
loc. 4 pri prep. loc. 5 u prep. gen.
at home doma adv.
autobus autobus m. /grad
automobile auto n. /selo
awry 1 krivo adv. 2 krivy adj.
B
bad 1 zlo adv. 2 zly adj.
bake peti, pee v. ipf.
basen bazen m. /grad
be byti, jesm, jesi, ... v. ipf.
be born roditise, rod- v. ipf.
be valid vaiti, vai v. ipf.
beach plaa f./dua
beer pivo n. /selo
before 1 pred prep. acc. 2 pred prep.
instr.
behind 1 za prep. acc. 2 za prep. instr.
below 1 pod prep. acc. 2 pod prep. instr.
better lui adj.
between 1 medu prep. acc. 2 medu
prep. instr.
beyond mimo prep. acc.
big veliky adj.
bigger boli adj.
bind 1 sovezati, sovezaje v. pf. 2 vezati,
vezaje v. ipf.
bite gryznuti, gryzne v. pf.
black erny adj.
bless 1 blagodariti, blagodari v. ipf. 2
hvaliti, hvali v. ipf.
blessing! Hvala! idiom
blind 1 slepo adv. 2 slepy adj.
blue plavy adj.
boile variti, vari v. ipf.
Bon appetit! Dobry ukus! idiom
Bon voyage! tastny put! idiom
book kniga f./ena
boot obuti, obuje v. pf.
bread hlb m. /grad
breed roditi, rodi v. ipf.
brother bratm. /brat
brotherhood bratstvo n. /selo
build strojiti, stroji v. ipf.
building dom m. /grad
bull byk, bye! m. /brat
bus autobus m. /grad
but ale, no conj.
buy 1 kupiti, kupi v. pf. 2 kupovati,
kupuje v. ipf.
by otprep. gen. D

by (how?) sprep. instr. dark 1 temno adv. 2 temny adj.

by (where?) pri prep. loc. daughter 1 doera f/3ena 2 doif /mati
by foot 1 pse adv. 2 psi adj. day den, dn-m. /grad
dear dragy adj.
C decimal point toka f/3ena
calf tele n. /tele deny otrkavati, otrkavaje V. ipf
can moti, moe V. ipf despite of obae article
can hear slyeti, slyi v. ipf die gybnuti, gybne V. pf
can see vidti, vidi v. ipf dignity dostojenstvo n. /selo
car auto n. /selo direct prmy adj.
cat koka f/?ena directly prmo adv.
celebrate 1 proslaviti, proslavi v. pf 2 disease bolestf. Zkost
slaviti, slavi v. ipf dissolve razvezati, razvezaje V. pf
certainty istina f/?ena distribute 1 razdliti, razdli v. pf 2
Cheers! Na zdravje! idiom razdlivati, razdlivaje V. ipf
chicken kokoka f/?ena district 1 krajm. /kraj 2 krajina f/?ena
child 1 deten. /tele 2 detko n. /selo 3 3 oblast f/kost
dtko n. /selo do dlati, dlaje v. ipf
cinema kino n. /selo doctor doktor m. /brat
claim pravo n. /selo doctor (female) doktorica f/dua
close 1 izkon&iti, izkoni v. pf 2 kon&iti, dog pes, ps- m. /grad
koni v. ipf down dolu adv.
cold 1 hladny adj. 2 zima f/?ena draw rysovati, rysuje V. ipf
color cwt m. /grad drink 1 piti, pije V. ipf, 2 pitje n. /polje
come priiti, priides, priiel v. ipf drink (out) izpiti, izpije V. pf.
come on 1 postupati, postupuje V. pf 2 due to radi prep. gen.
pristupiti, pristupi V. ipf
complete writing dopisati, dopie V. pf E
computer komputer m. /grad each vsej, vsa, vse, vsi pron. indef
concerning O prep. loc. eat jesti, jedes, jedl v. ipf
conclude 1 izkon&iti, izkoni v. pf 2 eating jedenje n. /polje
kon&iti, kon&i v. ipf editor redaktor m. /brat
Congratulations! 1 Cestim! idiom 2 eh ej article
Gratulacijal idiom eight osem num.
conscience svstf/kost eighteen osemnast num.
construct strojiti, stroji v. ipf eighth osmy num. ordinal
cook variti, vari v. ipf eighty Osemdeset num.
correct pravy adj. ekological ekologiny adj.
correctly pravo adv. elephant slon m. /brat
cosmos vsejmir m. /grad eleven jedinast num.
countryside prinoda f/?ena emperor csar m. /brat
cover by insurance ostrahovati, empress csarica f/dua
ostrahovaje V. ipf endow obdariti, obdari v. pf
cow krava f/?ena endue obdariti, obdari v. pf
create 1 iztvoriti, iztvori v. pf 2 tworiti, engine motor m. /grad
tvori v. ipf English 1 englijski adv. 2 englijsky adj.
culminate sovriti, sovri v. pf enjoy uivati, uivaje V. ipf
cut seknuti, seknes v. pf Enjoy Your meal! Dobry ukus' idiom
enough dosta adv.
equal rovny adj.
140
equally rovno adv. glove rukavica f./dua
evening veer m. /grad go iti, ide, iel v. ipf.
every vsej, vsa, vse, vsi pron. indef. go blind oslepnuti, oslepne v. pf.
evil 1 zlo adv. 2 zly adj. God Bog m. /brat
exact tony adj. gold zlato n. /selo
exactly tono adv. good 1 dobro adv. 2 dobry adj.
excellent 1 otlino adv. 2 otliny adj. Good afternoon! Dobry den! idiom
except 1 bez prep. gen. 2 krom prep. Good evening! Dobry veer! idiom
gen. 3 mimo prep. acc. Good health! Na zdravje! idiom
expire 1 izkoniti, izkoni v. pf. 2 Good luck! Mnogo tastja! idiom
koniti, koni v. ipf. Good morning! (earlier) Dobro jutro!
idiom
F Good morning! (later) Dobry den! idiom
false 1 krivo adv. 2 krivy adj. Good night! Dobru no! idiom
father otec, ote! m. /mu Goodbye! Dovidnja! idiom
fear strahovati, strahovaje v. ipf. govern ovladnuti, ovladne v. pf.
feel uti, uje v. ipf. governor vladyka m. /ena+brat
feel myself utise, uj- v. ipf. grammar grammatikaf. /ena
few malo adv. great veliky adj.
field polje n. /polje green zeleny adj.
fifteen petnast num. greeting pozdrav m. /grad
fifth pety num. ordinal
fifty petdeset num. H
finish working dorabotati, dorabotaje v. half polovina f./ena
pf. Happy Birthday! Mnoge lta! idiom
fire poar m. /grad Happy Easter! Hristos vazkres! idiom
first prvy num. ordinal Happy New Year! Blaga Nova Godina!
fish rybaf. /ena idiom
five pet num. hare zajec, zajc-, zaje! m. /mu
flesh meson. /selo have 1 imati, imaje v. ipf. 2 imti, imje
fly letti, leti v. ipf. v. ipf.
fly up vazletti, vazleti v. pf. he on pron. personal
for za prep. acc. health zdravje n. /polje
forest ls m. /grad healthy zdravy adj.
fork vidlica f./dua hear slyeti, slyi v. ipf.
four etyri num. Hello! Zdravej! idiom
fourteen etyrinast num. Hello! (politely or pl.) Zdravejte! idiom
fourth etvrty num. ordinal help 1 pomagati, pomagaje v. ipf. 2
fourty etyrideset num. pomof. /kost 3 pomoti, pomoe v. pf.
free 1 svobodno adv. 2 svobodny adj. hen kokoka f./ena
fresh 1 sve adv. 2 svi adj. hence ubo article
friend 1 drug m. /brat 2 prijatel m. /mu here tu adv.
friend (female) prijatelica f./dua hesitate razmysliti, razmysli v. pf.
from iz prep. gen. he, she, it on, ona, ono pron. personal
hill 1 gora f./ena 2 vrh, vre! m. /grad
G home domany adj.
gain control ovladnuti, ovladne v. pf. horse konjm. /mu
gentleman gospod m. /brat hospital bolnica f./dua
get dostati, dostane v. pf. hotel hotel m. /grad
give 1 dati, daje v. pf. 2 davati, davaje v. house dom m. /grad
ipf. How are You? Jako jesi? idiom
141
How are You? (politely or pl.) Jako know znati, znaje v. ipf.
jeste? idiom
How do You do? to dlaje? idiom L
How do You do? (politely or pl.) to lady 1 gospodaf. /ena 2 ena f./ena
dlajete? idiom land 1 krajm. /kraj 2 krajina f. /ena
how many? koliko? num. interrog. 3 oblast f./kost
how much? koliko? num. interrog. language jezyk m. /grad
however ali article large veliky adj.
how? 1jako? adv. interrog. 2 kako? adv. laud! Hvala! idiom
interrog. learn uitise, u- v. ipf.
hundred sto num. left 1 lvo adv. 2 lvy adj.
hundreth sotny num. ordinal letter pismo n. /selo
hunger glad m. /grad link 1 sovezati, sovezaje v. pf. 2 vezati,
hungry gladny adj. vezaje v. ipf.
listen sluati, sluaje v. ipf.
I live iti, ije v. ipf.
I ja pron. personal load naloiti, naloi v. pf.
I am fine. Dobro mi je. idiom long ago 1 davno adv. 2 davny adj.
if ... then ... else ... ako ... potom ... inako ... long time 1 davno adv. 2 davny adj.
article look for iskati, iskaje v. ipf.
improve sovriti, sovri v. pf. lowlands 1 dolm. /grad 2 dolina f. /ena
in 1 v prep. acc. 2 v prep. loc.
in favour za prep. acc. M
in front of 1 pred prep. acc. 2 pred prep. make a phone call pozvoniti, pozvoni v.
instr. pf.
in order to 1 da conj. 2 radi prep. gen. make angry gnvati, gnvaje v. ipf.
in Summer ltom adv. make perfect sovriti, sovri v. pf.
in sunrise jutreny adj. man (human being) lovk, love! m.
in the face of 1 prd prep. acc. 2 prd /brat
prep. instr. man (masculine) mu m. /mu
in the way of po prep. dat. many mnogo adv.
in Winter zimoju adv. market trg, tre! m. /grad
in winter zim adv. meal jadenje n. /polje
inside do prep. gen. measure 1 izmriti, izmri v. pf. 2
inside of 1 v prep. acc. 2 v prep. loc. mriti, mri v. ipf.
insure ostrahovati, ostrahovaje v. ipf. meat meson. /selo
intellect razum m. /grad meat-free bezmesny adj.
into 1 do prep. gen. 2 v prep. acc. 3 v prep. men (plural) ljudif. pl. /kost
loc. Merry Christmas! 1 Hristos serodi!
iron 1 elezny adj. 2 elezon. /selo idiom 2 Vesela koleda! idiom
it ono pron. personal milion milion num.
it is necessary treba jest, dative, milk mlkon. /selo
accusative idiom more 1 bolje adv. 2 vye adv.
more joyfull uni adj.
J more pleasant uni adj.
joyfull blagy adj. moreover navye article
jump 1 skakati, skakaje v. ipf. 2 skoiti, morning 1 jutreny adj. 2 jutron. /selo
skoi v. pf. 3 jutrom adv.
mother 1 mama f./ena 2 matif. /mati
K motor motor m. /grad
knife no m. /kraj mountain 1 gora f./ena 2 gorsky adj.
142
Mrs. gospoda f./ena
Mr. gospod m. /brat
Ms. gospoda f./ena
much mnogo adv.
mummy mama f./ena
my moj, moja, moje, ... pron. poss.
N
name ime n. /ime
nature prirodaf. /ena
near to 1 pri prep. loc. 2 u prep. gen.
need 1 treba f./ena 2 trebovati, trebuje
v. ipf.
neither... nor... ni... ni... conj.
Neoslavonic 1 novoslovnski adv. 2
novoslovnsky adj.
new 1 novo adv. 2 novy adj.
news noviny f. pl. /ena
newspaper noviny f. pl. /ena
nice blagy adj.
nice to ... radovatise, raduje v. ipf.
nicer uni adj.
night nof. /kost
nine devet num.
nineteen devetnast num.
nineth devety num. ordinal
ninety devetdeset num.
no ne article
noise um m. /grad
not ne article
notwithstanding obae article
nula nula num.
numerous mnogy adj.
O
obtain dostati, dostane v. pf.
of course ej article
office kancelarijaf. /dua
old 1 staro adv. 2 stary adj.
on 1 na prep. acc. 2 na prep. loc. 3 po
prep. loc.
on foot 1 pe adv. 2 pi adj.
one jedin, jedna, jedno num.
one another drugs drugom idiom
only 1 samo adv. 2 toliko adv.
onto 1 na prep. acc. 2 na prep. loc.
opposite povratny adj.
oppositely povratno adv.
or (either) ili conj.
or (logically) i ili conj.
orchestra orchestra f./ena
our na pron. poss.
out from otprep. gen.
out of 1 vn prep. gen. 2 vn prep. acc.
outside mimo prep. acc.
outside of 1 vn prep. gen. 2 vn prep.
acc.
over 1 nad prep. acc. 2 nad prep. instr.
P
pair par m. /grad
paper paper m. /grad
partner drug m. /brat
pay platiti, plati v. ipf.
peak vrh, vre! m. /grad
pedestrian 1 pe adv. 2 pi adj.
plane (airplane) samolet m. /brat
pleasant blagy adj.
please prositi, prosi v. ipf.
plenty of mnogo adv.
point toka f./ena
police policija f./dua
pool (swimming) bazen m. /grad
pork svinja f./dua
possible mony adj.
possibly mono adv.
precise tony adj.
precisely tono adv.
privilege pravo n. /selo
proceed postupati, postupuje v. pf.
proclaim 1 proslaviti, proslavi v. pf. 2
slaviti, slavi v. ipf.
progressively drugs drugom idiom
put down naloiti, naloi v. pf.
put on shoes obuti, obuje, v. pf.
Q
quick bystry adj.
quickly bystro adv.
R
rabbit zajec, zajc-, zaje! m. /mu
read itati, itaje v. ipf.
reason razum m. /grad
red erveny adj.
rejoyce radovatise, raduj- v. ipf.
ressurect vazkresnuti, vazkresne v. pf.
restroom toaleta f./ena
return 1 povratno adv. 2 povratny adj.
reversed 1 povratno adv. 2 povratny adj.
revive vazkresnuti, vazkresne v. pf.
143
right 1 desno adv. 2 desny adj. 3 pravo n.
/selo 4 pravo adv. 5 pravy adj.
ring the bell pozvoniti, pozvoni v. pf.
ruler vladyka m. /ena+brat
run bgati, bi v. ipf.
run out otbgati, otbi v. pf.
Russian 1 Rus m. /brat 2 russky adj.
S strain napinavati, napinavaje v. ipf.
salt solf./kost
sane zdravy adj.
say 1 govoriti, govori v. ipf. 2 kazati,
kae v. ipf.
school kola f. /ena
script pismo n. /selo
second vtory num. ordinal
see vidti, vidi v. ipf.
See You soon! Da se skoro vidimo! idiom
seek iskati, iskaje v. ipf.
sell 1 prodati, prodaje v. pf. 2 prodavati,
prodavaje v. ipf.
separate 1 razdliti, razdli v. pf. 2
razdlivati, razdlivaje v. ipf.
seven sedem num.
seventeen sedemnast num.
seventh sedmy num. ordinal
seventy sedemdeset num.
she ona pron. personal
sheep ovca f./dua
shoe obuv f./kost
shop trg, tre! m. /grad
should (somebody should
something) treba jest, dative,
accusative idiom
sick 1 bolestno adv. 2 bolestny adj.
silver srebro n. /selo
sir gospod m. /brat
sister sestra f./ena
sit sedti, sedi v. ipf.
six est num.
sixteen estnast num.
sixth esty num. ordinal
sixty estdeset num.
sleap spati, spi v. ipf.
small maly adj.
smaller meni adj.
some nkoliko num. indef.
some amount of nkoliko num. indef.
something nto pron. indef.
son syn m. /brat
space vsejmir m. /grad
spirit duh, due! m. /brat
spoon loica f./dua
stallion rebec, rebc-, rebe! m. /mu
start flying vazletti, vazleti v. pf.
state 1 krajina f./ena 2 oblast f./kost
station stanica f./dua
stay ostati, ostane v. pf.
straight 1 prmo adv. 2 prmy adj.
street ulica f./ena
stretch napinavati, napinavaje v. ipf.
strike seknuti, sekne v. pf.
strong 1 silno adv. 2 silny adj.
student student m. /brat
student (female) studentica f./dua
stupid 1 glupo adv. 2 glupy adj.
stupid man glupec, glupe! m. /mu
stupid woman glupica f./dua
sugar cukr m. /grad
Summer lto n. /selo
summer ltny adj.
sun slnce n. /polje
super 1 otlino adv. 2 otliny adj.
sweet sladky adj.
swim 1 kupati, kupaje v. ipf. 2 plavati,
plave v. ipf. 3 pluti, pluje v. ipf.
T
table stol m. /grad
take a bath kupati, kupaje v. ipf.
take off vazletti, vazleti v. pf.
talk govoriti, govori v. ipf.
taste ukus m. /grad
teach uiti, ui v. ipf.
teacher uitel m. /mu
teacher (female) uitelica f./dua
ten deset num.
tenth desety num. ordinal
thank 1 blagodariti, blagodari v. ipf. 2
hvaliti, hvali v. ipf.
thanks! Hvala! idiom
that 1 da conj. 2 e conj.
the sej, sa, se pron. demonstr.
the most 1 naj-prefix 2 najbolje adv. 3
najvye adv.
the same 1 rovno adv. 2 rovny adj.
then potom part.
there tamo adv.
therefore ubo article
they oni pron. personal
think mysliti, mysli v. ipf.
144
think over razmysliti, razmysli v. pf. upper gorny adj.
third 1 tretina f./ena 2 trety num.
ordinal V
thirst eda f./ena valley 1 dolm. /grad 2 dolina f. /ena
thirsty edny adj. vegetarian 1 bezmesny adj. 2 vegetarian
thirty trideset num. m. /brat
this amount toliko num. vehicle auto n. /selo
this evening veeras adv. verity pravda f./ena
this morning jutras adv. very mnogo adv.
this night nois adv.
this noon polednes adv. W
thousand tysu num. wait akati, akaje v. ipf.
three trinum. walk iti, ide, iel v. ipf.
threeteen trinast num. want hotti, hoe v. ipf.
through rez prep. acc. warm teply adj.
thus ubo article waste otpad m. /grad
time vreme n. /ime water voda f./ena
to 1 do prep. gen. 2 k prep. dat. way put m. /grad
to the top gor adv. we my pron. personal
today dnes adv. weak slaby adj.
today evening veeras adv. weather vreme n. /ime
today morning jutras adv. Welcome! Dobro doli! idiom
today night nois adv. what to, to pron. interrog.
today noon polednes adv. what kind of? 1jaky? pron. interrog. 2
together vkup adv. kaky? pron. interrog.
together with sprep. instr. what order? koliky? num. interrog.
toilet toaleta f. /ena what? 1 koliky? num. interrog. 2 to?
tommorrow izjutra adv. pron. interrog.
tonight 1 nois adv. 2 veeras adv. when? kogda? adv. interrog.
towards za prep. acc. where? (a new desired position of
train vlak m. /grad something/somebody) kamo? adv.
travel put m. /grad interrog.
truth 1 istina f./ena 2 pravda f./ena where? (an existing position of
twelve dvanast num. something/somebody) kd? adv.
twenty dvadeset num. interrog.
two dva num. where? (on the way to a new desired
position from an existing
U position) kud? adv. interrog.
unbind razvezati, razvezaje v. pf. which? 1jaky? pron. interrog. 2 kaky?
under 1 pod prep. acc. 2 pod prep. instr. pron. interrog. 3 ktory? pron. interrog.
understand 1 razumti, razumje v. ipf. white bly adj.
2 razumiti, razumi v. ipf. who? kto? pron. interrog.
unify 1 sovezati, sovezaje v. pf. 2 vezati, why? zato? adv. interrog.
vezaje v. ipf. wife ena f. /ena
unite 1 sovezati, sovezaje v. pf. 2 vezati, wine vino n. /selo
vezaje v. ipf. winter zimny adj.
universe vsejmir m. /grad Winter zima f./ena
unlace razvezati, razvezaje v. pf. with sprep. instr.
up gor adv. without bez prep. gen.
upon 1 na prep. acc. 2 na prep. loc. 3 po woman ena f. /ena
prep. loc. wood 1 drevo n. /selo 2 ls m. /grad
145
word 1 slovo n. /selo 2 slovo n. /nebo
work 1 dlati, dlaje v. ipf. 2 rabotati,
rabotaje v. ipf.
world 1 mir m. /grad 2 svtm. /grad
worst gori adj.
write pisati, pie v. ipf.
write down napisati, napie v. pf.

Y
yea ej article
year 1 god m. /grad 2 godina f./ena
3 lto n. /selo
yellow luty adj.
yes 1 da article 2 ej article
yesterday 1 vera adv. 2 veraji adj.
yet 1 jete adv. 2 obae article
you (pl. or politely) vy pron. personal
you (sg.) typron. personal
young mlady adj.
your (pl. or politely) va pron. poss.
your (sg.) tvojpron. poss.

Z
zero nula num.

146
Bibliography

ALE, Pavel: Biskup Gorazd, z dla. 1. vyd. Brno, stedncrkevn nakladatelstv, 1988.

BAMBAS Vclav F.: Die Formbildung der Slawischen Sprache - Tvarosklad Jazyka Slovanskho,
Praha 1861.

BARTO, Josef: Uveden do klasick staroslovntiny. 1. dotisk vyd. Praha Karolinum, 2004. 70s.
ISBN 80-7184-980-4.

BLAGOVA E., CEJTLIN R.M., VEERKA R.: , Moskva 1994.

BOR, Matej et al.: Veneti, First Builders of European Community, Temeron Books, Inc. 1996, 533
pages, ISBN 978-0968123607.

DAVIS, Martin D., WEYUKER, Elaine J.: Computability, Complexity and Languages (Fundamentals
of Theoretical Computer Science). Academic Press Inc. New York, 1983. 425 pp. ISBN 0-12
206380-5.

DERKSEN Rick: Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon, Boston, 2008.

HAUPTOV, Zoe, VEERKA, Radoslav: Staroslovnsk tanka. 1. vyd. Praha, Karolinum, 2004.
189 s. ISBN 80-246-0478-7.

HARRIS, Robert: Transition Words and Phrases. [http://www.virtualsalt.com/transits.htm]

IZVIESTIJA.info on-line news. [http://izviestija.info]

MERUNKA, Vojtch: The Neoslavonic Language Tutorial. [http://www.neoslavonic.org]

MERUNKA, Vojtch: Novoslovnsk jazyk. Nov Forma, 2009. 128 pages. ISBN 9788087313510
[http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-b&find_code=ISN&request=9788087313510]

MINNS E., St. Cyril Really Knew Hebrew, Melanges Publies Paris, Institut D'Etudes Slaves, 1925.

MOJDL, Lubor: Encyklopedie psem svta I., Psma Evropy, Kavkazu a helnsk oblasti.
1. vyd. Praha, LIBRI 2005. 183 s. ISBN 80-7277-288-0.

NAZOR Anica: Knjiga o hrvatskoj glagoljici, Zagreb 2005. Drutvo prijatelja glagoljice.

QUILES, Carlos, LOPEZ-MENCHERO, Fernando. A Grammar of Modern Indo-European. 2nd

Edition. Asociacin Cultural Dnghu, Academia Byblos, Badajoz, 2009, 824 pp.
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RADZIKOWSKI, Steeven: Interslavic Lexicon. [http://dict.interslavic.com]

IMKEVI Fedor:
, Sankt-Peterburg 1842.

TEC, Mikul: Staroslovienina a Crkevn slovanina. 1. vyd. Preov, Preovsk univerzita,

1997. 249 s. ISBN 80-88885-20-5.

STEENBERGEN van, Jan: The Interslavic Language. [http://steen.free.fr/interslavic]

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VEERKA Radoslav: Jazyky v komparaci, Euroslavica, ISBN 9788085494877.

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univerzita, 1991. 112 s. ISBN 80-210-1375-3.

VONDRK, Vclav, BARTO, Josef: Vokabul klasick staroslovntiny. 1. vyd. Praha, Koniash
Latin Press, 2005. 137 s. ISBN 80-85917-60-2.

ZERVA, Georgia: - , Prague,

Athis Europeen, 1999. 118 s. ISBN 80-239-5066-5.

ZILJSKI Matija Majar: Uzajemnipravopis slavjanski, Praga 1863. (free accessible in Google
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148
Interslavic projects

internet news - IZVSTI.info

During the first year of operation since October 2011, this news has read million
articles by 14,000 unique Internet readers from 93 countries. Articles are written in
various dialects of Slavic conlang. Interslavic news are operated by the Interslavic
Community at the web address http://IZVESTI.info
150
INTERSLAVIC LEXICON - dict.interslavic.com
INTERSLAVIC or MEDZUSLOVJANSKI is an auxiliary panslavic language intended for
regional communication among speakers and writers of the related SLAVIC languages
(Belarusian, Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Macedonian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Slovak,
Slovenian, Ukrainian), which all derive from an original "PROTO-SLAVIC" tongue, but
which, over thousands of years, have morphed into very divergent "dialects," each
becoming a separate language unto itself.

INTERSLAVIC is a collaborative effort of a group of SLAVIC LANGUAGE speakers to

establish the first panslavic language that is fully based on the commonalities of the
living SLAVIC languages, augmented with key elements of traditional Old Church
Slavonic word-forms.

INTERSLAVIC is currently being tested by a consortium of law firms in four SLAVIC

countries as a lingua franca for legal and financial agreements. Also, a Blog of
interesting articles written in INTERSLAVIC may be found at http://IZVESTI.info
If you have any questions or comments, please email them to:
Steeven Radzikowski, San Diego, admin@interslavic.com

Facebook group

Discussion group is at the address

https://www.facebook.com/groups/interslavic (about 900 members)

speech synthesizer - generator.neoslavonic.org

On-line speech generator is accessible at the address
http://generator.neoslavonic.org

false friends of the slavist

This is a collection of shared words having different meanings between Slavonic
languages made by Daniel Buni at the address:
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/False_Friends_of_the_Slavist
This project was started in October 1999, when Daniel Buni was writing his master
thesis about false friends.

E.U. grant projects - Commenius Grundtvig Training

Since 2010 each year we organize training courses on information technology (e.g. web
content management systems, mobile computing technology, ...), management and
communication skills where the Neoslavonic language serves as an auxiliary tool for
knowledge transfer and knowledge representation.

For more details see the address http://www.onemore.eu

151
modern Slavic nations

moderni slovnski narody

Slovni sut jedna iz najsilnjih vtev indoeuropskih narodov.

Slovni ijut v junoj, srdnoj i vazhodnoj oblasti Europy i v Aziji.

Na europskom severu i zapadu ne ijut.
Vkup na Zemji ije trista milionov slovnskih duej.

Vsi Slovni imajut svoje dravy, toliko sami Luicski Srbi

svoju dravu ne imajuti padajut pod Germaniju.
Ruska drava Rossia jest najbola drava svta.

Juni slovnski narodi sut Slovenci (Ilyrski Slovni), Hrvati,

Ilyrski Srbi, Bosnjaki, ernogorci, Slavomakedonci i Bulgari.

Zapadni slovnski narodi sut ehi, Slovaki (Karpatski Slovni),

Poljaki i Luicski Srbi.

Vazhodni slovnski narodi sut Rusi, Ukrajinci, Blorusi i Rusyni.

our village

nae selo (from the book by Mary Russel Mitford, Our Village, 1824)

Iz vsih monih idealnih mst, v ktorih ijut ljudi, najbole ljubju malo selo, daleko ot
umnogo grada, s jego maloju obinoju. Ono ne imaje preplnjeni bloky, samo male
drvene budniky. Jest to prosto i slino msto do ivota, s itelami, ktorih lica sut rovno
znajemi kako cvty v naem sadu. To jest zatvoreny svt s nemnogo ljudimi, blizko
ujednjenimi kako mravky v mravkovoj kup, pely v pelniku, ovce v ovej tal, monahi
v monastiru ili morjaki na korabu, kd vsej znaje vsego i vse jest znan ot vsego, kd vsej
se interesuje v vsim i vsej moe imati nadju, e nkto se v nm interesuje.
ako drago by bylo zanoriti se v to srdeno uvstvo ljubenja i neznamih potrb, dvignuti
se i byti kolegami s tmi vsimi jedinstvenimi ljudimi okolo nas! Tako, e my budemo
znati i ljubiti vsi zakuty i povraty tenkih ulic i slncem pokryte poljany, rez ktoro
budemo hoditi vsej den ot jutra do veera. Mala socialna grupa, ie jest selska obina,
jest to, emu poezija i proza blagodari najbole. Ide tamo uzka droga, ie v lpom teplom
dni prhodi veliku iroku drogu plnu aut i tirov. Ne hoe li putovati s mnoju, dragy
itateli? Put ne bude dlga. My budemo putovati otpoatku doliny i ottamo idemo nagoru.

152
note:

In these examples we replaced the Cyrillic character "j" (iota) by the dotless "". This
character better evokes the original character iota in the Old Church Slavonic. This kind
of detailed vowel jotization in the Old Church Slavonic style has been introduced by the
Serbian reformer Vuk Karadi by reason to distinct between jotized and non-jotized
slavic vowels in South-Slavic languages.
modern Slavic nations - in Cyrillic

, .
.

,
.
.

( ), ,
, , , .

, ( ),
.

, , .

our village - in Cyrillic

e e (from the book by Mary Russel Mitford, Our Village, 1824)

, , o e,
o , o . ,
. o o ,
, .
,
, , ,
, ,
, .

,



o

! , o
, o o .
, e , ,
. , o o
. ,
? . o
o .

153
information flier for hotel guests
This Neoslavonic text has been made for our Interslavic project in the hotel OASIS DEAD
SEE for hotel guests coming from the Slavic countries. This project is organized with the
kind assistance of Ms. Viktorija Ajzikovi from the hotel management and Mr. Andrej
Teterevov from Be'er Sheva.
Dear Guests!
Check in time after 15:00
Check out time is by 11:00
The Restaurant Marine
Breakfast: 07:00-10:30
Supper: 18:00-20:30
The lobby bar is open daily from 11:00 until
22:30. Lobby bar offers light snacks meals all
day with live entertainment in the evening.
The hotel's SPA hours are from 08:00 -18:00.
It includes the Dead Sea water pool,
Jacuzzi, Sauna, Turkish hamam (bath)
and fitness room.
We also recommend that you book your SPA
appointments well in advance in the SPA
reception, or dial directly from your room
8040.
The Fitness room hours are
08:00 -12:00 and 13:00 18:00
Free entrance in the external swimming pool
hours are 08:00-18:00.
In addition, our hotel has a private beach,
which located across the road from the right
side of Ambulance through
the big green gate.
The beach hours are 07:30- 18:00
Hotel transport to the beach goes each 15
minutes from the central entrance.
You can get the towels for the pool, SPA and
beach in the spa until 18:00. After 18:00,
towels are available in the main reception.
Our hotel has a paid wi-fi, to purchase internet
access. Please contact to the reception.
The hotel staff makes every effort to ensure to
our guests a first-class vacation and full
treatment at the Dead Sea.
Sincerely, the hotel management
154
Dragi gosti !
Do hotela se moete priglasitiot 15:00
Iz hotela jest trbase otglasiti do 11:00
Vreme otvorenja restauranta Marine
jutrenica: 07:00 10:30
veerja: 18:00 - 20:30
Lobby-Barjest otvoreny vsekaky den ot 11:00
do 22:30. Lobby-Bar Vam vsejden prdlagaje
male jadenja. Veerom Vas priglaajemo na
veseljenje s ivoju muzikoju.
Hotelova SPA jest otvorena ot 08:00 do 18:00.
Uslugy SPA sodrajut bazen s vodoju iz
Mrtvogo Mora, jacuzzi, saunu, tureske
kupanje i fitness komnatu.
Sovtujemo Vam, da byste uslugy seb
najskoro rezerviraliv recepciji SPA ili po
telefonu izvaejkomnaty na islu 8040.
Fitness jest otvoreny ot 8:00 do 12:00 i potom
ot 13:00 do 18:00.
Bezplatny vstup na otkryty hotelovy bazen
jest ot 8:00 do 18:00.
Hotel takoe imaje svoju privatnu plau. Pla
jest na drugoj stran ulice desno (napravo) ot
Ambulancije. Vstup na plau jestrez velike
zelene vrata.
Hotelova pla jest otvorena ot 7:30 do 18:00.
Na pla ide hotelovy transport vsekakih 15
minut ot centralnogo vhoda.
Runiky do SPA, bazena ili na plau dostanete
v SPA do 18:00. Po 18:00 dostanete runiky
na glavnoj recepciji.
Hotel takoe imje platjeno WiFi pripojenje na
Internet. Prosimo kontaktujte recepciju.
Personal naego hotela prilagaje vse svoje
usilje za Va prvoklasny otdyh i plno lenje u
Mrtvogo Mora.
Suvaenjem, personal hotela
ecclesiastical texts

These Neoslavonic texts are very close to the (Old) Church Slavonic originals. There are the
same words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, ...) in both Slavonic dialects, the only difference is in
orthography and grammar. The final effect of using Neoslavonic in this area is the
preservation of the original historical meaning and preciseness (language semantics)
combined with better understanding by virtue of comprehensible grammar and
orthography (language syntax).
Our Father





















,






.
,

,
,

.
,
,
.
,, Ote na,

ie jesina nebesah,
da sveti se ime Tvoje,
da priide csarstvo Tvoje,
da bude volja Tvoja kako na nebesi,
i na zemlji.
Hlb na nasuny daj nam dnes,
i otstavi nam dlugy nae,
kako i my otstavujemo
dlunikom naim.
I ne vovedi nas v napast,
no izbavi nas otlukavogo.
Kako Tvoje jest csarstvo
isila islava v vki.
.
. Amen.
Note that old-Cyrillic letter omega "" designates according to the Church Slavonic and
Greek tradition the ordinary sound "" [] in plural or genitive endings and prepositions.

blagosloven Bog na - blessed is our God

Slava Teb, Boe na, slava Teb.
Slava Otcu i Synu i Svetomu Duhu, jako be na poatku, inyn, i vsegda na vky vkov.
Amen.
molitvy pokajanja - prayers of repentance
Boe, pomilujmne grnogo.
Gospodi Isuse Hriste, Syne Boij, pomilujmne grnogo.
Presveta Trojice, pomiluj nas, Gospodi oisti grhy nae;
Vladyko, prosti bezzakonstva nae;
Svety, poseti i izclinemoe nae, vimeni Tvojem.
Gospodi, pomni mne v csarstvu Tvojem.
Gospodi pomiluj.

molitva k Bogorodici - prayer to the Virgin Mary

Raduj se, Marije, blagodati plna! Gospods Teboju;
blagoslovena jesi medu enami, i blagosloven plod ivota tvojego Isus.
Sveta Marije, Mati Boija, molise za nas grnih, nyn i v vremeni smrti naej.
Amen.

155
 apostolsky symbol vry - apostles creed
Vruju v Boga, Otca Vsemoguego; Tvorca nebesa i zemlji.
I v Isusa Hrista, jedinogo jego Syna, Gospoda naego; ie be poaty ot Duha Svetogo,
rodjeny ot Marije Dvy; stradae pri Pontu Pilatu, razpt jest, umree, i pogrbeny;
soel v ad; v trety den vazkreseny iz mrtvih; vazel jest na nebesa;
sedi desno ot Boga Otca Vsemoguego; ottuda priide suditi ive i mrtve.
Vruju v Duha Svetogo; Svetu Vselensku Crkvu, obinu svetih; otstavenje grhov;
vazkresenje tla i ivot vny.
Amin.
osnovni pravdy vry - basic truth of faith
Bog jest jedin.
Neotdlimy Bog v trh boskih licah jest: Otec, Syn i Duh Svety.
Bog jest najvye spravedlivy.
Bog Syn jest se volovil, da by nas smrtju svojeju na krii izkupil i v vky spasil.
Dua lovka bezsmrtna jest.
Do spasenja Blagodati Bojej trba jest.
This Prayer (Greek: ), is a prayer attributed to Saint Ephrem the
Syrian and used during the Great Lent by the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern
Catholic Churches that use the Byzantine rite. In the Eastern tradition, this prayer is
considered to be the most succinct summation of the spirit of Great Lent and is hence the
Lenten prayer par excellence, prayed during all Lenten weekday services, such as the
Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, and many more times in private. There are historically
two versions of the prayer - the Greek and the Church Slavonic.
O Lord and Master of my life,
give me not the spirit of sloth, despair, lust for power and idle talk.
But grant unto me, Thy servant, a spirit of integrity, humility, patience and love.
Yea, O Lord and King, grant me to see mine own faults and not to judge my brother.
For blessed art Thou unto the ages of ages. Amen.
Gospodi i Vladyko ivota mojego,
duha unynja, nebreenja, srebraljubenja i prazdnoslovenja oteniot mne.
Duha clomudrovanja, smirenja, trpnja i ljuby darujmi, rabu tvojemu.
Ej Gospodi Csare, daj mizrti moje sogrenja, e neosudaju brata svojego.
Kako blagosloven jesi v vky. Amen.
The Kiev Missal is a Glagolitic Old Church Slavonic canon manuscript containing parts of
the Roman-rite liturgy. It is usually held to be the oldest Old Church Slavonic manuscript
with coherent text, dated at the latter half of the 10th century. This prayer is a plea for
preservation of the Slavic state from enemies:

Csarstvo nae Gospodi milostju tvojeju prizri,

ine otdaj naego tuzim,
ine obratinas v pln narodom poganskim.

156
optional Neoslavonic alphabets
Latin ";"|*|*|Cyrillic|| Greek f IPA
al a a a al a a Ox Y | [a|
b b b b 6 6 6 putt in | [b]
C C II LI LI TO ? & |J (c)] [ts]
& CZ CZ UI UI UI t{ t |J (3) [t]
d d d d | JI JI 8 T J [d]
dj dj dj dj JIB JIB II Su *7 g- (3) | [ ]]
d d d dzh IIMK JIXK b 6(X f T & [ d |
G e e e G e e 8. j & |8|
ie ie 16 b e e US V* | * (*) | [le ]
f f f f q) q) q) (p A 5 || [f]
8 8 8 8 T T T y * | * (s) | [g]
h h h h X X X X m (7) || a [X]
I i l l IM IM IM m s C9 [i]
J j J J I i j U s 3 [j]
J j J J i i j t s 3 [j]
Ju ju Ju Ju HO HO jy UOu * *5 [j |
k k K K K |K. P <! [k]
I | | | JI JI JI A J [l]
lj lj lj lj JIB JIB JB Al * | A (C) | [A]
In In M M |l an ) a [m]
In In In In H H H V l J In
n] n] nj nj HB HB HD VU * | * (5) || In
O O O O O (0)|O O O (0) S 5 [o]
p p p p II II II TI F. B | < | [p]
q Cl Cl Cl K K K |K. T 5 | C [k]
r r r r p p p D - J | |r)
S S S S C C C O. b U* [s]
SZ SZ III III III OX Uy J. []
t SZt SZt III III LLIT oxt UU) * | [t)
t t t t T T T T () - [t]
th th th th 6 q) q) {} n - [6]
tj tj tj tj TB TB h TL *U J ()| [c]
Ul Ul Ul Ul y y y OU l 3 [
V V V V B B B : 5 _9 [v]
W W W W B B : 55 _9_9 [v]
X X X X KC KC KC bp J.S | [ks ]
y y y y BI BI IM 1) s -3 [i]
Z Z Z Z 3 3 3 J [Z |
zh 2K XHQ XHQ x ty 5 [3]
j J j J B. B j U s 3 [ ]
y j j j TB TB j y N | [3]
Greek orthography is based on the fact that Greeks do not have a standardized way of
writing Slavic words and names, although they are in the long historical contact with the
Slavs. This transcription of Slavic sounds is based on the both medieval and modern
Greek alphabet usage by the Slavic-speaking minority population in the northern Greece.

Hebrew transcription of Neoslavonic is based on the Yiddish language and the Ladino
language. Yiddish is a mixture of a German-like and Slavic-like language with about
three million Jewish speakers from the Central and Eastern Europe, mainly Ashkenazy
Jews, in the USA, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and other countries. Ladino was a kind of
Spanish dialect written in Hebrew characters and is still spoken by decreasing minority
of Judeo-Spanish people. This Hebrew transcription has been completely designed by
the Czech linguist and alphabet expert Mr. Lubor Mojdl.

And finally, Arabic transcription of Neoslavonic is based on the Bosnian script Arebica of
the Ottoman Empire, with added Slavic letters (both consonants and vowels) to the
Turkish version of the Arabic and Persian (Farsi). These added full letters are making
Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Farsi-Arabic base, which does not support vowels.
Arebica was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries. There are some efforts by
Muslims to officially adopt Arebica as the third alphabet for Bosnian language alongside
Latin and Cyrillic. This transcription has been designed with kind help of the Bosnian
linguist and calligrapher Mr. Bojan Antics.

It is obvious that these exotic options are primarily aimed for users of these alphabets
and serves them as an aid to the writing of the Slavic words and Slavic names in these
different writing systems.

ancient alphabets - Venetic/Etruscan, Glagolitic and old-Cyrillic

This chapter is written by Lubor Mojdl
author of the book Encyclopedia of the Alphabets in the World (Mojdl, 2005)

Runic alphabet is popular especially among young people interesting in history, fantasy,
etc. But Slavic languages are difficult to be well written in runes. The Venetic script
probably served as a main source for the Germanic runes that appeared first in the
Styrian region. Nevertheless, the Venetic script contains almost all letters necessary for
its use in modern Slavic languages. As for the ancient script presented in this book, only
few Etruscan letters were added to the original Venetic alphabet in order to express all
the sounds of modern Slavic.
Venetic language was spoken in northeast Italy (Veneto) and part of contemporary
Slovenia by the Veneti, a people famous in the Greek world for their excellent horses.
They appear to have arrived to the region by the end of the second millenia B.C. The
main centers of the Venetic culture were the towns of Padua, Venetic capital, and Este.
The Venetic language is known by about 300 short inscriptions, either of the votive or
the funeral character, dated from 6th century B.C. to the 1st century A.C.

Venetic was the centum Indo-European language and the inscriptions were written in
the Venetic script, similar to the Etruscan alphabet, both derived from the Euboian
Greek script. Venetic may have been related either to the Italic or the Illyrian languages
but some scholars speak rather about independent Venetic group, probably related to
Illyrian, Ligurian and Celtic.

158
Most probably the Adriatic Veneti, the Veneti of Gaul (northwest France) and the North
Balkan Enetoi mentioned by Herodotos and Appian were not related to each other, nor
to the Veneti or Venedi mentioned by Tacitus, Plinius and Ptolemaios and placed to the
Baltic coasts.

Recently some Slovenian scholars (Bor, 1996) proposed a theory according to which the
Veneti were Proto-Slavs and bearers of the Lusatian culture along the Amber Path who
conquered and settled the region between the Baltic Sea and Adriatic Sea, as presented
in their book Veneti - First Builders of European Community. This theory has been
criticised and rejected by Slovenian and other European scholars, but mainly among
Slovenian amateurs at linguistics the opinion that Adriatic Veneti were the ancestors of
Slovenes is still alive. In fact, certain mixed "illyro-slavinity" cannot be definitely
excluded.

from right to left written script made from Venetic and Etruscan by Lubor Mojdl and author

Two Slavic scripts at the same time, Glagolitic and Cyrillic, are still an interesting enigma.
Which of those two scripts was the first one? The official opinion says that st.
Constantine the Philosopher (Cyril) first invented Glagolitic and his followers later made
Cyrillic based mainly on the Greek and the Hebrew letters. In fact, the oldest preserved
Slavic literature was actually written in Glagolitic. But some scholars oppose this
theory; e.g. the famous British linguist Sir Ellis Howell Minns (1874-1953) was of the
opinion that both alphabets were made by the same mind and that

Cyril first made Cyrillic, using the natural basis of uncial Greek. ... intending his creation
for the benefit of Slavs about Salonica. Afterwards when sent on a mission into a land
(Great Moravia), where Greek influence was struggling with Latin, he transformed the
Greek letters to make them less suspect in Latin eyes. (Minns, 1925)

Cyrillic alphabet (design of Rumjan Lazov)

Glagolitic and Cyrillic share the same system of orthography, order of letters, etc. The
only significant difference between these two scripts is visual shape of letters. Actually,
some Glagolitic letters cannot be reasonably explained not otherwise but by
transformation from Cyrillic originals.
This question remains open. However, some Glagolitic letters may have the origin in
some even more exotic scripts like old Bulgarian (Turkic), Syrian etc., but the main part
of letters was taken from Greek, Hebrew, Latin maybe also from proto-Cyrillic and from
Byzantium astrological symbols. The appearance of Glagolitic letters was changed by
rotation, turning over and decoration, in order to camouflage their actual origin. This
159
possible theory may also explain why Glagolitic alphabet in all orthodox countries was
quickly replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet, which is much easier to read because it is very
close to the Greek script. Glagolitic remained in use only in the catholic-oriented Croatia
(and also at the turn of the 14th and 15th century in Prague). Glagolitic survived in
Croatia until the early 20th century and now is still alive as a popular tourist attraction.
(Nazor, 2005) This is the reason why we deal with Glagolitic in this book and propose
Neoslavonic writing in this ancient Slavic alphabet.

Glagolitic alphabet made from angular Croatian version by Filip Cviti

interslavic Braille
This chapter is written by Roberto Lombino

Braille is a tactile writing system used by the blind and the visually impaired, and found
in books, on menus, signs, elevator buttons, and currency, etc. Braille characters are
small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots.
The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another.

Unfortunately, there are more mutually different Braille alphabets used for the Slavic
languages. This Interslavic Braille proposal described below is based mostly on the
Czech and Yugoslav Braille alphabets. It contains letters for all sounds of Neoslavonic
and other dialects of Interslavic and does not have different codes for Latin, Cyrillic and
Greek letters of the same sound.

Interslavic Braille designed by Roberto Lombino

160
Neoslavonic grammar tables

161
vzor
tvrdy
ensky
vzory
specialni
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i
abeceda
praen-
January
2017 pisanje Tju
vmat-er-e
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tl-es-e
|
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en-u
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G
dt-et-e
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b
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&
i
T
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f
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m

k
en-j
dt-et-i
|
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en-ama
kamen-i
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i
mat-er-i
im-en-i
l-es-i tl-es-i
|
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en-u
kim-en-i
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mat-er-i
en-
amen-i
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znaky,
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tvrdy
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vzor
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specijalno
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tutivzory
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napr.:
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i
Mnoina
jednin.
tolikov
nklonjenje
v
jest
vzorah:
ual
k,
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sj,
cj,
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Srtairodslaovnskioky
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kako
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bez
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gsnna
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pie
padeah
kvsih
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vzor v
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o w
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ale
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s
L-participi wreme
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proo condicional Sakuzativom:
infinitiv jednina imperativ slokativom:
BYTI bud-u
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imperativ
imai-te!
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imail
imperativ
var-ite!
var-imol
var-il

-ite!
-ime!,
-il,
jest
glagolov
vsih
Imperativ glagoly
neizvren
glagoly
pisati
budu
im-a-ti imal-ut var-i-ti

piu
wreme
suino -

VREMENA
GLAGOLNI

wreme
budute

IMATI infinitiv VARITI infinitiv

 Vojtch Merunka is born in 1967 in slav, Central
Bohemia, where he spent his early life and graduated
from high school.
Initially a master in computer engineering from the
Czech Technical University in Prague, he became a PhD
in data processing and mathematical modeling and an
associate professor of information management at the
Czech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Economics
and Management and the Czech Technical University in
Prague, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering. Vojtch is
professionally interested in object-based programming languages and object
oriented methods and tools for modeling and simulation and has among
other activities long been concerned in conlanging. He is the chairman of the
Slavic Union in the Czech Republic. (http://slovane.org) This book is a result
of his practical experience in the international collaborative project
Interslavic (http://www.facebook.com/groups/interslavic).