Jose Rizal | National Hero of the Philippines

by Kallie Szczepanski

Updated March 03, 2017

Jose Rizal was a man of incredible intellectual power, with amazing artistic talent as well. He excelled at
anything that he put his mind to - medicine, poetry, sketching, architecture, sociology... the list seems
nearly endless.

Thus, Rizal's martyrdom by the Spanish colonial authorities, while he was still quite young, was a huge
loss to the Philippines, and to the world at large.

Today, the people of the Philippines honor him as their national hero.

Early Life:

On June 19, 1861, Francisco Rizal Mercado and Teodora Alonzo y Quintos welcomed their seventh child
into the world at Calamba, Laguna. They named the boy Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda.

The Mercado family were wealthy farmers who rented land from the Dominican religious order.
Descendants of a Chinese immigrant named Domingo Lam-co, they changed their name to Mercado
("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling amongst the Spanish colonizers.

From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from his
mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5.

Education:

Jose Rizal Mercado attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, graduating at the age of 16 with highest
honors. He took a post-graduate course there in land surveying.
Rizal Mercado completed his surveyor's training in 1877, and passed the licensing exam in May 1878,
but could not receive a license to practice because he was only 17 years old.

(He was granted a license in 1881, when he reached the age of majority.)

In 1878, the young man also enrolled in the University of Santo Tomas as a medical student. He later
quit the school, alleging discrimination against Filipino students by the Dominican professors.

Rizal Goes to Madrid:

In May of 1882, Jose Rizal got on a ship to Spain without informing his parents of his intentions.

He enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid.

In June of 1884, he received his medical degree at the age of 23; the following year, he also graduated
from the Philosophy and Letters department.

Inspired by his mother's advancing blindness, Rizal next went to the University of Paris and then the
University of Heidelberg to complete further study in the field of ophthalmology. At Heidelberg, he
studied under the famed professor Otto Becker. Rizal finished his second doctorate at Heidelberg in
1887.

Rizal's Life in Europe:

Jose Rizal lived in Europe for 10 years. During that time, he picked up a number of languages; in fact, he
could converse in more than 10 different tongues.

While in Europe, the young Filipino impressed everyone who met him with his charm, his intelligence,
and his mastery of an incredible range of different fields of study.
Rizal excelled at martial arts, fencing, sculpture, painting, teaching, anthropology, and journalism,
among other things.

During his European sojourn, he also began to write novels. Rizal finished his first book, Noli Me
Tangere, while living in Wilhemsfeld with the Reverend Karl Ullmer.

Novels and Other Works:

Rizal wrote Noli Me Tangere in Spanish; it was published in 1887 in Berlin.

The novel is a scathing indictment of the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.

This book cemented Jose Rizal on the Spanish colonial government's list of troublemakers. When Rizal
returned home for a visit, he received a summons from the Governor General, and had to defend
himself from charges of disseminating subversive ideas.

Although the Spanish governor accepted Rizal's explanations, the Catholic Church was less willing to
forgive. In 1891, Rizal published a sequel, titled El Filibusterismo.

Program of Reforms:

Both in his novels and in newspaper editorials, Jose Rizal called for a number of reforms of the Spanish
colonial system in the Philippines.

He advocated freedom of speech and assembly, equal rights before the law for Filipinos, and Filipino
priests in place of the often-corrupt Spanish churchmen.

In addition, Rizal called for the Philippines to become a province of Spain, with representation in the
Spanish legislature (the Cortes Generales).
Rizal never called for independence for the Philippines. Nonetheless, the colonial government
considered him a dangerous radical, and declared him an enemy of the state.

Exile and Courtship:

In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines. He was almost immediately accused of being involved in the
brewing rebellion and was exiled to Dapitan, on the island of Mindanao. Rizal would stay there for four
years, teaching school and encouraging agricultural reforms.

During that same period, the people of the Philippines grew more eager to revolt against the Spanish
colonial presence. Inspired in part by Rizal's organization, La Liga, rebel leaders like Andres Bonifacio
began to press for military action against the Spanish regime.

In Dapitan, Rizal met and fell in love with Josephine Bracken, who brought her stepfather to him for a
cataract operation. The couple applied for a marriage license, but were denied by the Church (which had
excommunicated Rizal).

Trial and Execution:

The Philippine Revolution broke out in 1896. Rizal denounced the violence and received permission to
travel to Cuba in order to tend victims of yellow fever in exchange for his freedom. Bonifacio and two
associates sneaked aboard the ship to Cuba before it left the Philippines, trying to convince Rizal to
escape with them, but Rizal refused.

He was arrested by the Spanish on the way, taken to Barcelona, and then extradited to Manila for trial.
Jose Rizal was tried by court martial, charged with conspiracy, sedition, and rebellion.

Despite a lack of any evidence of his complicity in the Revolution, Rizal was convicted on all counts and
given the death sentence.

He was allowed to marry Josephine two hours before his execution by firing squad on December 30,
1896. Jose Rizal was just 35 years old.

Jose Rizal's Legacy:

Jose Rizal is remembered today throughout the Philippines for his brilliance, his courage, his peaceful
resistance to tyranny, and his compassion.

Filipino school children study his final literary work, a poem called Mi Ultimo Adios ("My Last Goodbye"),
as well as his two famous novels.

Spurred on by Rizal's martyrdom, the Philippine Revolution continued until 1898. With assistance from
the United States, the Philippine archipelago was able to defeat the Spanish army. The Philippines
declared its independence from Spain on June 12, 1898. It was the first democratic republic in Asia.
DISCRIMINATIONS,
MY INSPIRATION !
LIFE OF
CLEI