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Nguyn Hng Quc
Vn hc Vit Nam
thi ton cu ho
ebook
copyright @2012 Nguyn Hng Quc
published by K Sch eBook Publishing Center
Smashwords edition
MC LC
Li ni u 9
1. Ton cu ho 13
2. Gii lnh th ho 57
3. Tnh lai ghp 85
4. Ch ngha hu hin i v nhng ci (cn) cht 12
trong vn hc 5
5. Ch ngha hu hin i v ch ngha tin v 18
7
6. Ch ngha hu hin i - nhng mnh ngh vn 22
3
7. Mng ho: Mt cuc cch mng thm lng 24
5
Ti liu tham kho chnh 27
3
Bng tra cu 28
3
Li ni u
Mt trong nhng nhim v hng u ca ph bnh

v l thuyt vn hc l nhn din cc yu t c kh nng
nh hng n din mo ca vn hc trong hin ti cng
nh trong tng lai, t nht l tng lai gn, trong mt vi
thp nin sp ti. Khi tin hnh cng vic y, gii nghin
cu Vit Nam thng c khuynh hng nhn vo cc kha
cnh chnh tr v x hi, ch yu ti Vit Nam, v c bit
t gc chnh sch ca nh nc. Cch tip cn y c
da trn hai tin chnh: Th nht, trong vn hc, ni
dung - c th l thi chnh tr x hi l yu t quan
trng nht; v th hai, Vit Nam l mt x hi hon ton
bit lp v c lp. Tic, c hai tin y u khng ng.
Vn hc l mt ngh thut ngn ng, , tnh ngh thut
ca ngn ng, v cng vi n, cm quan v thi thm
m ca ngi vit, mi l nhng iu cn bn. Tt c
nhng yu t ny u chu s tc ng mnh m khng
phi ch t cc bin c chnh tr trong nc m cn t cc
iu kin kinh t, x hi v vn ho bn ngoi, c khi t
nhng ni rt xa xi. Chnh v th, ti ngh mt tm
nhn khc, rng hn: th gii. , nm c im ny,
theo ti, l quan trng nht: ton cu ho, gii lnh th
ho, lai ghp ho, hu hin i ho v mng ho
(webization). Ti cho chnh nm c im ny, hn bt c
yu t no khc, s quyt nh din mo ca vn hc Vit
Nam trong nhng thp nin sp ti. C iu, tic, tr ch
4 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ngha hu hin i, cha c yu t no c gii cm bt

Vit Nam quan tm phn tch. M ch ngha hu hin i
cng ch c cp mt cch ht sc s si v y thin
kin. C cng nh khng.
Sau khi nhn din nm c im y, ti phn vn

mt thi gian kh lu v cch vit. Vit, phng bt m
vit; vit nh rt t trong bng ra, khng cn trch dn v
c v nh mnh l ngi u tin bit cm bt, bao gi
cng c sc quyn r mnh lit. Quyn r v d. Quyn r
v o tng: ngi ta d ng nhng g mnh vit l ca
ring mnh, cha ai ni ti bao gi c. Quyn r v ph
hp vi th hiu ca m ng vn thng nghing v gii
tr hn l tm ti, thch s d di hn l kh khn. Quyn
r na, v khng b rng buc bi yu cu v s chnh xc
v cht ch, ngn ng tha h tung ty, un o, bay ln;
ch c trn ln ch; ch cng c tnh n d cng c
xem l p. V cng c nhiu cht th. Tt c u quyn
r. nh. Tuy nhin, theo ti, l nhng quyn r y
nguy him. Nguy him v n sai: khng c kin thc no
l khng c tnh lch s, hn na, chnh tnh lch s ca
kin thc cng l mt th kin thc quan trng v cc k
cn thit; ring trong trng hp ca Vit Nam, cng cc
k quan trng v cn thit, v chng c tc dng thc y
vic m rng v gn lc kin thc, t , cng c v nng
cao nn hc thut ca mt quc gia. Nguy him v n tri
vi s lng thin tr thc vn i hi nh nghin cu,
ph bnh v l lun phi ghi nhn s ng gp ca ngi
khc; n cng tri vi o c ngh nghip vn i hi s
nghim tc v t liu v tinh thn trch nhim v cc pht
biu ca mnh. Nguy him cn v n lm mt th gi v
cng sc mt cch v ch. Vn hc ca chng ta, nht l
loi vn hc mang tnh hc thut, t ph bnh n l
Vn hc Vit Nam thi ton cu ho | 5
thuyt v nghin cu, khng thiu cht th v khng thiu

tnh n d. C th ni l tha na l ng khc.
Ngh th, trong cun sch ny, ti chn hng
khc: khi nim ho. Theo ti, trong lnh vc hc thut,
iu chng ta c rt t v cn c nhiu hn na l cc khi
nim. Khng c khi nim, chng ta, mt mt, khng th
xy dng c h thng thut ng cho chuyn ngnh ca
mnh; mt khc, quan trng hn, chng ta cng s khng
th nhn din c hin thc v hin thc, nht l hin
thc x hi, chnh tr v vn ho, vnh vin v hnh nu
chng v danh. Khng c thut ng, chng ta khng th
c mt nn hc thut vn hc. Khng nhn din c hin
thc, chng ta khng th vt b hin thc. Khng th
vt b, chng ta s khng c tin b. Khng c tin b,
chng ta s khng th c lch s. Khng c lch s, chng
ta s khng c g c.
Trong mt mt nn vn hc c truyn thng

nghip d v nng v cm tnh, tp trung vo khi nim l
mt th thch ln. Hu ht cc thut ng mi trong ting
Vit u cha c n nh tr thnh r ngha, cha c
dy v thi gian mang tnh biu cm, v cng
cha c rng lin vn bn cn thit dn d ngi
c vo th gii tr thc cn xa l. Do , chng thnh kh
hiu. V cng c th gy hiu lm. gii quyt vn nn
ny, chng ta phi cn n mt yu t: thi gian.
Nhng c im ca thi gian ca con ngi l:

nu chng ta khng bt u th n s khng ti.
Khng bao gi ti.

6 | Nguyn Hng Quc
1
Ton cu ho
Mt trong nhng hin tng ni bt nht trn th

gii v cng l hin tng c gii hn lm Ty phng
quan tm nghin cu v tranh lun nhiu nht trong my
thp nin va qua l hin tng ton cu ho. Theo
Malcolm Waters, nu ch ngha hu hin i l khi nim
[thng tr] ca thp nin 1980, ton cu ho c th l khi
nim [thng tr], v l tng chnh yu gip chng ta
hiu c s chuyn tip ca x hi loi ngi vo thin
nin k th ba.1 Xin lu : Malcolm Waters ch ni n
s thay i trong vai tr ch o ch khng phi l s trit
tiu ln nhau ca hai tro lu hu hin i v ton cu ho
trong sinh hot vn ho. Khi ton cu ho tr thnh ch
m, ch ngha hu hin i khng bin mt: n ch lng
xung chiu su, v tc ng ngc ln cch l gii hin
tng ton cu ho. Ngoi s khc bit v thi im, gia
1
Ch thng tr ti trong ngoc l dch ch the (in
nghing nhn mnh) trong nguyn tc: just as postmodernism was
the concept of the 1980s, globalization may be the concept, the key
idea by which we understand the transition of human society into the
third millennium. (Malcolm Waters, Globalization, Routledge, 2001,
tr. 1).
8 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ch ngha hu hin i v ton cu ho c t nht mt im

ging nhau: c hai u l nhng thc tin trc khi l mt
khi nim hay mt trit l. D ng hay khng, ngi ta
cng khng th ph nhn v cng khng th thot khi
nh hng ca chng. Nht l t hin tng ton cu ho.
Bi v, ni nh Michael Denning, Ton cu ho, ging
nh ch ngha hu hin i, khng phi l ci g ngi ta
c th theo hay chng. N ch l mt n lc t tn cho
hin ti.1
Vng, khng ai c th thot khi nh hng ca

ton cu ho. nh hng ca ch ngha hu hin i n,
mt phn, t nhng thay i trong i sng x hi, phn
khc, nhiu hn, t nhng trang sch kh khan di dng
dc ca cc vn ngh s v cc nh t tng: chng bt
u t gii tr thc v thng cng ch dng li gii tr
thc, thm ch gii tr thc kh cao cp. nh hng ca
ton cu ho, ngc li, dy ln ngay t i sng hng
ngy ca hu nh tt c mi ngi, t cc siu cng n
cc quc gia ang pht trin, t thnh th n nng thn,
t nhng ngi c hc n gii bnh dn. Ai cng c th
cm nhn c cn lc ton cu ho. Mt ngi th may
Vit Nam c th ngi sut ngy may nhng chic o m
c i h khng bao gi c mc, thm ch, c thy
nhng ngi mc chng: nhng chic o thuc hng hiu
cao cp ca cc cng ty ngoi quc, ch bn cho nhng
ngi giu c cc nc u M. Nhng cng chnh
ngi th may y li ang mang mt i dp nha lm
Trung Quc v mc chic o sida may Thi Lan bng
vi dt t Malaysia v nhp lu vo Vit Nam qua ng
Campuchia. Ri cng chnh ngi th may y, bui ti, c
1
Michael Denning (2004), Culture in the Age of Three Worlds,
London: Verso, tr. 24.
th mi m ngi trc my vi tnh trong mt tim internet

caf no chat vi mt ngi mi quen mt
thnh ph khc hay c khi, mt nc no , xa lc, ch
thy m m h h trn tm bn th gii. Cng li
ngi th y na, nu ngy 11 thng 9 nm 2001, nh,
ngi trc my truyn hnh, cng s thy cnh khng b
tn cng vo Trung tm Thng mi Th gii hu nh
cng lc vi hng trm triu ngi khc trn th gii, k
c nhng ngi ang sng ngay ti New York, cch to
nh i y ch vi ba cy s.1 Trong tt c cc trng hp
va k, kinh nghim v khong cch khng gian cng nh
v th gii ni chung ca ngi th y chc chn khc hn
vi kinh nghim ca cc th h trc, nhng ngi b
buc cht vo cc yu t a l, xem s du lch l mt th
lao ng kh i,2 khng bao gi c c hi c tip xc
vi bt c ai, bt c th g ngoi ci a phng mnh .
Kinh nghim y cng chnh l kinh nghim v ton cu
ho.
Mt kinh nghim nh th cha tng xut hin

trong lch s. Trc, tht ra, nhn loi, t nhng a
phng khc nhau, c nhiu c hi tip xc vi nhau
v c nh hng ln nhau, bt chp cc bin gii a l v
chnh tr vn c dng hn ch tm tng tc gia cc
thnh vin trong v ngoi x hi. Trong cch nhn y, mt
s nh nghin cu y lch s ton cu ho ln n tn
thi c i v trung i, lc vua cha mt s quc gia cm
1
Th thc, ti khng bit chc l ngy y Vit Nam cc i
truyn hnh c gc cc chng trnh thng l li ch chiu tin tc
v v khng b M hay khng. Ti ch on th. Ring c th
ton b cc knh truyn hnh u ch tp trung vo v khng b y m
thi.
2
Trong cun Globalization and Culture xut bn nm 1999,
John Tomlinson nhc nh: trong t nguyn, ch travel (du lch) v
travail (lao ng nng n) c cng gc gc (tr. 41).
10 | Nguyn Hng Quc
qun i chinh pht cc nc lng ging, cc thng bun

vt qua nhiu bin gii, c khi sang tn cc chu lc
khc kinh doanh, cc tng , v sau , cc gio s ca
cc tn gio, c bit Thin Cha gio, i truyn o
nhng ni tht xa xi, lm nn nhng cuc tiu ton cu
ho (mini-globalization).
Mt cuc ton cu ho thc s ch ny sinh t u

th k 19 vi s pht trin ca tnh hin i (modernity)
v s bnh trng ca ch ngha thc dn chu u. Tnh
hin i dn n s khu bit ho trong x hi: khu bit
khng gian /ngh (nh) v khng gian lao ng
(hng/xng), t , khu bit khng gian ring t
(privacy) v khng gian cng cng (public); thnh th v
nng thn; cng t , khu bit cc lnh vc hot ng
khc nhau trong x hi: tn gio, chnh tr v kinh t; mi
lnh vc c tnh t tr, vi nhng quy lut ring, d l mt
cch tng i, dn n s ra i ca cc nh nc th tc
v cc hot ng t do mu dch xuyn quc gia
(transnational free trade), ri sau , xuyn lc a
(transcontinental), mt trong nhng tin thit yu ca
ton cu ho.
Cc hot ng mu dch xuyn lc a ny c

tng tc vi s pht trin ca giao thng vn ti v k
thut truyn thng, v vi tro lu thc dn ho t cc
nc phng Ty. Ch ngha thc dn, mt mt, thc y
tin trnh ton cu ho khng phi ch qua con ng
thng mi m cn qua c con ng xm lc y bo
lc, nhng mt khc, chnh tnh bo lc y tr thnh
nhng hn ch ca ton cu ho: khi sit cht cc thuc
a trong bn tay ca mnh v ph nhn t cch c lp
ca cc thuc a y, n cng v hiu ho tnh lin lp
(interdependence) v tnh lin kt (interconnectedness) ca

cc quc gia, nhng tin khc ca ton cu ho. Bi
vy, khng c g ng ngc nhin khi hu nh tt c cc
nh nghin cu u ng ci gi l ton cu ho ch thc
s bng n t mt, hai thp nin cui ca th k 20 tr li
y nh l h qu ca nhng s pht trin trong h thng
ti chnh v hnh chnh quc t, s pht trin ca h thng
giao thng vn ti xuyn quc gia, v s pht trin ca h
thng thng tin v truyn thng da trn k thut s ho
(digitalization).1 Michael Denning nu thm mt l do
na: s sp ca bc tng B Linh dn theo s sp
ca ton b h thng x hi ch ngha ng u, t ,
cch phn chia th gii ra lm ba: Th gii Th Nht (ch
cc nc pht trin), Th gii Th Hai (ch cc nc x
hi ch ngha) v Th gii Th Ba (ch cc nc ang
pht trin) tr thnh qu kh: Th gii li nhp lm mt =
Ton cu ho.2
C mt lch s di v bao trm ln nhiu lnh vc

khc nhau nh vy, ton cu ho tr thnh mt khi nim
phc tp v a dng n mt s ngi ngh vit ch
ton cu ho di hnh thc s nhiu (globalizationS) thay
v s t (globalization) nh thng thy. 3 Khi c vit
1
V s pht trin ca ton cu ho trong lch s, c th xem
Making Globalization ca Robert J. Holton (2005), Palgrave xut bn
ti New York, c bit chng 2 When did Globalization begin?, tr.
28-54; cun The Three Waves of Globalization ca Robbie Roberton
(2003), nxb Zed Books, London; cun Globalization, a Short History
ca Jurgen Osterhammel v Niels P. Peterson do Dona Geyer dch
sang ting Anh (2003), nxb Princeton University Press.
2
Michael Denning (2004), sd.
3
Xem cun Globalization and After do Samir Dasgupta v Ray
Kiely bin tp, Sage xut bn ti New Delhi nm 2006, tr. 13-4. Cun
Many Globalizations do Peter L. Berger v Samuel P. Huntington bin
tp do Oxford University Press xut bn nm 2002 cng c th c
xem l mt v d.
12 | Nguyn Hng Quc
di hnh thc s nhiu nh vy, mt nh ngha duy nht

c mi ngi chp nhn l mt huyn tng, hay ni
nh David Held v Anthony McGrew, sau khi nghin
cu cn thn cc cuc tranh lun v ton cu ho nhiu
ni trn th gii, khng tng hin hu.1 Bi, l do quan
trng nht: ton cu ho l mt hin tng a kch thc
v li pht trin khng ng u: n thay i theo nhng
gc nhn v cch nhn khc nhau. T gc kinh t hc,
ngi ta thy l s lu chuyn d dng ca hng ho,
dch v, t bn, k thut cng nh lao ng t nc ny
sang nc khc, qua , hnh thnh cc cng ty a quc
gia, cc th trng xuyn quc gia v s phn cng lao
ng phm vi quc t. T gc chnh tr, ngi ta
thy, nh l h qu ca cc thay i v phng din kinh
t, cc quc gia cng ngy cng c tnh lin kt v lin lp,
do , quan h quc t gia cc nc cng ngy cng tr
nn phc tp v bt kh on.2 T gc vn ho, hu
ht cc nh nghin cu u nhn mnh vo kinh nghim
v khng gian v thi gian, t , quan h gia ngi vi
ngi, gia tnh ton cu v tnh a phng, gia cuc
sng x dch v nim v bn sc, v.v
Lin quan n ton cu ho, ngi ta khng nhng

khc nhau v gc nhn m cn khc nhau c v cch nhn
na. Theo Jan Aart Scholte, c nm cch nhn khc nhau.
l xem ton cu ho nh: (a) quc t ho vi mi quan
h vt bin gii (cross-border) v tnh lin lp gia cc
quc gia; (b) t do ho, c bit v kinh t, vai tr
ca cc chnh ph cng lc cng gim; (c) ph qut ho
(universalization) vi nhng bng gi tr chung c mi
1
David Held v Anthony McGrew (2000), The Global
Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate,
Cambridge: Polity Press, tr. 3.
2
Malcolm Waters, sd., tr. 149.
ngi cng chia s (v d vn dn ch, nhn quyn hay

mi trng trn th gii), (d) hin i ho hay Ty phng
ho, thm ch, M ho vi nh hng p o ca M v
phng din vn ho i chng hay tinh thn duy l, cch
thc t chc cc b my hnh chnh, v ng sau tt c
cc im ny l ch ngha t bn; v cui cng (e) gii
lnh th ho (deterritorialization) khng gian x hi
khng cn trng khp vi nim lnh th vn gn lin
vi a l nh trc y.1
Theo ti, c th ni mt cch khi qut: Mt ni

ca ton cu ho l cc hot ng kinh t ti chnh; mt
chm ca ton cu ho l nhng pht minh ca khoa hc
k thut lin quan, trc ht, n hai lnh vc giao thng
vn ti v truyn thng (bao gm c in thoi di ng,
email v internet); nhng trung tm ca ton cu ho li l
vn ho.
M u cun Globalization and Culture, John

Tomlinson nhn mnh: Ton cu ho nm trung tm
ca nn vn ho hin i; vic thc hnh vn ho nm
trung tm ca ton cu ho.2 Malcolm Waters cho thc
cht ca ton cu ho l quan h gia cc t chc x
hi/vn ho v tnh lnh th (territoriality); thc cht ca
mi quan h l s trao i. C ba loi trao i chnh: mt,
trao i vt cht (material exchanges) bao gm vic bun
bn, thu mn, lng tr cho lao ng, chi ph cho dch
v, v.v; hai, trao i chnh tr (political exchanges) bao
gm cc phng tin nh l bu c, ch huy, kim sot,
tham gia vo cc ng phi, v.v; v ba, trao i biu
1
Jan Aart Scholte (2005), Globalization: a Critical Introduction,
Palgrave, tr. 54-59.
2
John Tomlinson (1999), Globalization and Culture,
14 | Nguyn Hng Quc
tng (symbolic exchanges) qua cc phng tin nh i

thoi, xut bn, trnh din, gio dc, nghi l, tuyn truyn,
qung co, biu tnh, v.v Loi trao i th nht thng
gn lin vi cc quan h lin c nhn (interpersonal), v
c bit, nhng khng gian c a phng ho (ni sn
xut, ngi sn xut, th trng, tim, hng, ch); loi trao
i th hai gn lin vi ch quyn v lnh th, rng hn,
vi cc quan h quc t; loi trao i th ba d c kh
nng vt qua cc gii hn a phng v tr thnh ph
qut nht. Waters tm tt thnh cng thc: trao i vt
cht (c khuynh hng) a phng ho, trao i chnh tr
quc t ho; v trao i biu tng ton cu ho.1
i xa hn, Waters cho mi kch thc ca ton cu

ho u c khuynh hng biu tng ho: trong kinh t,
vic ton cu ho c thc hin qua trung gian ca tin
t, v tin t cng ngy cng c gii vt cht ho
(dematerialized) (di hnh thc chi phiu, ngn phiu, th
tn dng, eBank, v.v); trong chnh tr, ton cu ho c
tin hnh vi hng tranh ginh nh hng hn l
nhng quyn li vt cht; ni cch khc, mi trao i vt
cht v trao i chnh tr dn dn s c thay th bng
trao i biu tng;2 ni cch khc na: mi hnh thc
ton cu ho, cui cng, u ng quy vo vn ho, hay
ni theo Malcolm Waters, ton cu ho khng nhng tr
thnh mt tin trnh lch s chnh tc ng ln vn ho m
cn tr thnh bn cht ca vn ho ng i.3
1
Malcolm Waters, sd., tr. 18-20. Nguyn vn cu va c
dch: material exchanges localize; political exchanges
internationalize; and symbolic exchanges globalize.
2
Nh trn, tr. 160.
3
Nh trn, tr. 184.
Ci gi l bn cht ca vn ho ng i y l
g? C th tm gn li mt cu: L kinh nghim mi v
khng gian v thi gian. Kinh nghim y, vi Anthony
Giddens, l s tch ri thi gian ra khi khng gian (time-
space distanciation) m rng cc quan h gia a
phng ny vi nhng a phng khc ngay c khi chng
hon ton xa cch nhau v phng din a l; 1 vi David
Harvey, l s dn nn thi-khng gian (time-space
compression), , khng gian b thu hp li v thi gian
tr thnh ngn hn, hn na, xu hng khch th ho v
ph qut ho ca khi nim khng gian v thi gian cn
cho php thi gian trit tiu khng gian;2 vi Manuel
Castell, ni khng gian ca s tun chy (space of flows) -
mt th gii ca s chuyn dch, , cc quan h x hi
khng dng li s gn gi v phng din a l - xung
t vi khng gian ca ni chn (space of places) vn gn
lin vi lnh th theo cch hiu truyn thng; chnh ci
khng gian ca s tun chy ny, cng vi thi-gian-phi-
thi (timeless time), tr thnh nn tng vt cht ca nn
vn ho mi.3
Nhng kin ny, tht ra, khng khc nhau nhiu

lm. V cng khng mi. Tt c dng nh c
Martin Heidegger linh cm t rt sm, vo u thp nin
1950, khi ng tin, vi s tin b vt bc ca cc phng
tin giao thng hin i, nim v khng gian v thi gian
1
Anthony Giddens (1990), The Consequences of Modernity,
Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2
David Harvey (1989), The Condition of Postmodernity,
Cambridge: Basil Blackwell, c bit chng 14 Time and space as
sources of social power, tr. 226-307. Ch trit tiu y c
dng dch ch annihilate trong nguyn tc.
3
Manuel Castell (1996), The Rise of the Network Society, tp 1
ca b The Information Age: Economy, Society, Culture, Oxford:
Blackwell, tr. 406.
16 | Nguyn Hng Quc
s thay i hn. ng vit: Tt c cc khong cch trong

thi gian v khng gian u ang b thu hp li. By gi
ch cn qua mt m, trn my bay, con ngi c th
n nhng ni m trc y h phi cn n hng tun
hay hng thng. ng cng tin on l nhng k thut
thng tin v truyn thng hin i, nht l phim nh v
truyn hnh, c th lm cho mi ngi nhn thy nhng
cnh tng trong qu kh xa xi no nh chng kin
nhng g ang din ra ngay trc mt ca mnh, qua ,
to nn nhng thc ti o (virtual reality),1 nh ci iu
m Jean Baudrillard s phn tch k lng sau ny.
Nhiu hc gi thu tm h qu ca cc thay i y

vo khi nim lin kt (interconnection) hay ni kt ton
cu (global connectivity).2 Thc cht ca ni kt hay lin
kt l s lu thng (circulation), theo Anna Tsing, vn l
mt uyn ng dng ch s thm nhp ca ch ngha t
bn vo mi ng ngch trn tri t, s ph v cc ro cn
gia cc vn ho, chng tc, ngn ng v quc gia. 3 l
nhng g c th c nhn thy hu nh mi ni: t m
nhc chng ta nghe cho n phim nh hay chng trnh ti
vi chng ta xem, thc phm chng ta n, qun o chng ta
mc, giy dp chng ta mang, vt dng chng ta c u in
m rt nhiu du n ca phng xa, n t rt nhiu ni
trn th gii. Khng nhng vy, chng ta c th trc tip
chu s tc ng ca mt bin c mt ni no xa l
xa lc, ni chng ta cha bao gi t chn ti v c khi
1
Martin Heidegger (1971), Poetry, Language, Thought, Albert
Hofstadter dch, New York: Harper & Row, tr. 165.
2
John Tomlinson, Cultural Globalization in trong cun The
Blackwell Companion to Globalization do George Ritzer bin tp
(2007), Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, tr. 352.
3
Anna Tsing, The global situation, in trong The Anthropology
of Globalization, a Reader do Jonathan Xavier Inda v Renato
Rosaldo bin tp, Blackwell xut bn ti Oxford nm 2008, tr. 75.
cng khng th hnh dung ra n v tr no trn bn th

gii, vy m, ch cn mt bin ng chnh tr ni y, gi
xng du hay gi thc phm tng vt khin ngn sch gia
nh chng ta b gp kh khn ngay tc khc. Ngoi ra,
bn thn chng ta cng c th trc tip tham gia vo tnh
ni kt y qua cc phng tin truyn thng chng ta ang
c: in thoi di ng, email, internet, v.v
Nhiu ngi cho xu hng vin thng ho

(telemediatization) l mt trong nhng c im chnh ca
th k 21. Hn na, cng vi giao thng vn ti, l mt
trong hai iu kin chnh dn n ton cu ho v c nh
hng trc tip n nim thi gian v khng gian ca
con ngi. Nn nh c khng gian ln thi gian u l
nhng phm tr c bn trong t tng v l hai yu t
nng ct trong kinh nghim x hi. i sng con ngi
gn lin vi khng gian; vn ho cng gn lin vi khng
gian; bn sc con ngi cng nh hnh trong mi quan h
vi mt khng gian nht nh: mt lng, mt min, mt
nc hay xuyn qua bin gii ca nhiu nc. Kinh
nghim v khng gian ca con ngi c lin h mt thit
vi cu trc thi gian, ngc li, kinh nghim v thi gian
tc ng n cch chng ta cm nhn v khng gian.
Ngi ta dng thi gian o lng khng gian: nhng
ni c th n nhanh c th gi l gn; nhng ni phi
mt thi gian lu mi n c th gi l xa. Khi thi gian
cn thit ni lin cc a im a l cch bit b gim
xung, khong cch hay khng gian s b nn li hay bin
mt. Bi vy, thay i trong thi tnh ca hot ng con
ngi ng nhin s dn n nhng thay i trong kinh
nghim v khng gian, t , lnh th, v cng t , kinh
nghim v bin gii; v cui cng, v ci m chng ta
thng gi l quc gia.
18 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Mt trong nhng thay i quan trng na l s

thay i trong tng quan gia vn ho v lnh th: trc,
nh trong t nguyn ca ch culture (cultura trong
ting Latin) tit l, vn ho thot u c ngha l trng
trt, ngha l gn lin vi t; sau, cng vi qu trnh ton
cu ho, vn ho dn dn b gii lnh th ho ri li ti
lnh th ho. Cnh hoa b gi bt gc, thi i phng xa,
mang theo ht li nt n v ri m hoa ni khc.
Nhng ci khong trng li cng khng hn l khong
trng: t nhng chn r c dn dn nt ra nhng chi non
mi, v mt s ht ging mi, t nhng ni khc, theo gi
bay n ny mm. Jonathan Xavier Inda v Renato
Rosaldo nhn mnh mt c Gilles Deleuze v
Flix Guattari nu ra trong cun Kafka: Pour une
littrature mineure (1975): Khng c gii lnh th ho
no m khng c ti lnh th ho c.1
Liu nhng nn vn ho gii lnh th ho y c

thnh mt nn vn ho ton cu? C ba quan im khc
nhau. Mt, cc thuyt nht th ho (homogenization
theories) ch trng kt qu ca ton cu ho l s hp
lu ca cc nn vn ho, , nhng ci ring s b nhng
ci chung khng ch; trn rt nhiu phng din, c th
gii s mang mt hnh nh ging nhau. Hai, cc thuyt d
th (heterogeneity) tin l nhn loi s chng li xu hng
nht th ho, tc l ng dng ho, t , mt mt, s bo
v nt c th v tnh t tr ca cc nn vn ho a
phng; mt khc, s tranh u theo hng a cc ho;
mi hng phn nh nhng kinh nghim ring v ton cu
ho. Ba, nhng ngi theo quan im lai ghp (hybridity)
1
Jonathan Xavier Inda v Renato Rosaldo, Tracking global
flows, trong cun sch dn trn, tr. 15.
tin ton cu ho lm cho cc yu t mi v c trn ln vo

nhau, dung ho ln nhau, cui cng, bin cc bn sc c
nhn cng nh cng ng thnh nhng bc khm nhiu
mu v c o.1
Tuy nhin, d theo quan im no th hu nh ai

cng ng : ton cu ho s lm thay i hn din mo
ca th gii. Fredric Jameson hnh dung ci th gii y
nh mt tng th phi tng th ho (untotalized totality) ni
cha cht v s nhng mu vn ho kt tinh t nhng trao
i biu tng din ra trong qu trnh ton cu ho. 2
Saskia Sassen tin mt trong nhng h qu ca s tng tc
gia ton cu v quc gia l s gii quc gia
(denationalization) nhng ni tng c gi l quc
gia.3
Trc kia, Karl Marx v Friedrich Engels cng tin

nh th khi, trong Tuyn ngn ng Cng Sn, nm 1848,
cho trong tng lai, vi s thit lp ca ch ngha cng
sn trn ton cu, [n]hng s sng to tr thc ca tng
quc gia s tr thnh ti sn chung. S phin din v tnh
hp hi quc gia cng ngy cng tr nn bt kh v, t v
s nn vn hc quc gia v a phng, s ni ln mt nn
vn hc th gii.4 C iu, dng nh trong ci nn vn
1
Nguyn on ny, ti da vo s tm tt ca William I.
Robinson trong bi Theories of globalization in trong cun The
Blackwell Companion to Globalization do George Ritzer bin tp,
sd., tr. 140.
2
Fredric Jameson & Masao Miyoshi (bin tp) (1998), The
Cultures of Globalization, Durham: Duke University Press, tr. xi-xviii.
3
Saskia Sassen, Spatialities and Temporarlities of the Global:
Elements for a Theorization in trong cun Globalization do Arjun
Appadurai bin tp (2001), Durham: Duke University Press, tr. 261.
4
Xem Manifesto of the Communist Party trn
http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/classics/manifesto.html. Nguyn
20 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hc th gii y, c l s khng c, hoc nu c, c rt

mun, vn hc ca cc nc chu, c bit ca Trung
Hoa, ni Marx v Engels xem nh man r v rt nn b
nh sp: Giai cp t sn, nh s ci tin nhanh chng
v tt c cng c sn xut, nh nhng phng tin truyn
thng v cng tin li, li ko tt c quc gia, ngay nhng
quc gia man r nht, vo s vn minh. Nhng hng ho
tin nghi gi r ca n l i pho binh hng nng m nh
n nh sp tt c nhng trng thnh ca Trung Hoa,
nh n cng bch ci lng th ght ht sc bng
bnh ca bn man r i vi ngoi nhn phi chu u
hng.1
Marx v Engels k th chu, sau ny, cc nh

hot ng chnh tr v x hi khuynh t, c bit trong
phong tro phn ton cu ho (anti-globalization) li bi
M. H cho thc cht ca ton cu ho l hin i ho;
thc cht ca hin i ho l Ty phng ho; thc cht
ca Ty phng ho l M ho; v thc cht ca M ho
l vn-ho-tiu-th ho v vn-ho-i-chng ho, thng
c gi mt cch hnh tng l -la ho (dollarization),
McDonald-ho (McDonaldization) hoc Coca-thc dn
ho (Coca-colonialization). Trong cch nhn nh th,
ngi ta xem ton cu ho ch l tn gi khc ca ch
ngha thc dn mi hay, ni theo ch ca nh lm phim
Bernado Bertolucci, mt th ch ngha ton tr v vn
vn bn ting Anh: The intellectual creations of individual nations

become common property. National one-sidedness and narrow-
mindedness become more and more impossible, and from the
numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world
literature.
1
Nh trn. Bn dch ting Vit ca Hong Ngc-Tun (2001),
Vn hc hin i v hu hin i qua thc tin sng tc v gc nhn
l thuyt, California: Vn Ngh, tr. 583.
ho.1 Mt s khuyt im vn gn lin vi loi thc n

nhanh tiu biu ca M nh qu nhiu m, ng v
mui, nhng th phm chnh gy ra nn bo ph c
khuch i nh l nhng biu tng ca ton cu ho: n
s dn n mt th gii ng phc v n iu, nhng
iu c th git cht kh nng sng to ca nhn loi v
phi nhn tnh ho mi quan h x hi. Ton cu ho, do
, tr thnh mt e do. Cm gic b e do ny cng
dng cao khi ngi ta nhn thy s thng tr ca M khng
nhng v phng din qun s, chnh tr, kinh t m c v
phng din vn ho i chng v ngn ng: tuyt i a
s cc phim nh c chiu trong rp hoc trn h thng
truyn hnh trn khp th gii l do M sn xut, v tuyt
i a s cc websites l bng ting Anh.
C tng tng ci cnh: t chu n chu u,

chu Phi, chu M v chu c, i u ngi ta cng gp
nhng kiu kin trc ging nhau, nhng thi trang ging
nhau, nhng thc phm ging nhau, nhng phong cch
sng ging nhau. Ci s-ging-nhau (sameness) y, theo
George Ritzer cng ngy cng lan trn khp ni trn th
gii qua hnh nh ca cc siu th, cc tim bn thc n
nhanh, cc khu thng mi, cc qun c ph theo kiu
cng nghip nh Starbucks, v.v m kt qu l to ra
nhng ci-khng-l-ci-g-c (non-things), nhng ni-
khng-l-ni-no-c (non-places), nhng ngi-khng-l-
ai-c (non-people) v nhng dch-v-khng-phc-v-g-c
(non-services).
Trc ht, cn lu : Ritzer phn bit hai phong

cch sng khc nhau: khng-l-g-c (nothing) ch nhng
1
Dn theo John Tomlinson trong bi Cultural Globalization in
trong tp The Blackwell Companion to Globalization do George
Ritzer bin tp (2007), sd., tr. 356.
22 | Nguyn Hng Quc
g c iu khin mt cch my mc, thiu hn nhng

quan h mang tnh ngi, v mt-ci-g- (something),
ngc li, ch nhng g mang tnh c o, gn gi v thn
mt, li du n su sc v lu di trong k c, gp phn
to nn bn sc ca tng c nhn. T canh chua v ni c
kho t chm cht nu nh l ci-g- trong khi nhng
thc n ng hp sn mua siu th l nhng ci-khng-
l-g-c. Mt tim n c phong cch trang tr ring v m
cng l mt ni-no- trong khi tim McDonalds u
cng ging ht nhau t cch kin trc n cch trang tr,
cch thit k, cch phc v l ni-khng-l-ni-no-c.
Ngi p xch l hay li xe m cht mt mt quen thuc
u ng l mt ngi-no- trong khi vin phi cng o
qun i thng tp ngi cch bit trong bung li, xa cch
hn vi hnh khch, l ngi-khng-l-ai-c. Ch bn ph
trong lng ch vi ni nc lo si sng sc v bc khi
nghi ngt ang phc v khch hng trong khi ngi ng
trc quy tnh tin trong siu th li khng-phc-v-g-
c: h lm vic nh nhng ci my, ni nhng cu cho
hi v t bit ging nhau vi tt c mi ngi. iu ng
tic, theo Ritzer, nhng ci-khng-l-g-c, nhng ni-
khng-l-ni-no-c, nhng ngi-khng-l-ai-c v
nhng kiu dch-v-khng-phc-v-g-c cng ngy cng
lan rng khp th gii trong khi nhng ci-g- th li
cng ngy cng tha vng. Ritzer gi l xu hng cu
pht ho (grobalization, kt hp gia ch grow - ln
mnh/pht trin v globalization ton cu ho)1 vn l
mt tin trnh nht th ho, nh mt tham vng quc,
to ra nhng hnh thc v phng thc lm vic c
1
George Ritzer dng ch grobalization i lp vi ch
glocalization vn ch s kt hp gia ton cu ho, globalization, v
a phng ho, localization; , ton cu ho khng xo mt bn
sc ca a phng, m ngc li, cn to nn nhng bn sc c tnh
lai ghp c o.
chun ho mt cch my mc, u cng ging nhau,

tuyt i khng c mt nt c th no c.2
M khng phi ch trn trn gian ny, e qua bn kia

th gii, ngi ta cng s bt gp nhng cnh nh th.
Ch khng phi sao? Ch cn bc ra cc ng ph H
Ni, Si Gn hay c l, bt c ni no Vit Nam, ngi
ta cng d dng nhn thy ngay c tin vng m cng c
-la, hn na, tin vng m gi t 100 M kim mi l
loi tin cao gi nht v c a chung nht.3 Ring
c, mi ln i d m tang, iu lm ti gh s nht l
nghe i nghe li nhng li tng kinh thu sn trong bng
cassette hay CD. Khip ch? Ci cnh nht th ho
(homogenization) y, u cng thy -la, McDonalds,
Coca Cola v Starbucks y ng l mt vin tng hi
hng.
May, iu ng mng l ci vin tng hi hng

y dng nh rt t c kh nng bin thnh hin thc; hoc
nu c, chc cng cn xa lm lm. Th nht, do s pht
trin khng ng u ca tin trnh ton cu ho, vn ho
ton cu, nu c, bao gi cng s nhiu, thm ch, kh
nhiu, nh nhng ngi theo thuyt d th hay lai ghp
ch trng, ch khng th l mt nht th c. Th hai,
ton cu ho khng n gin ch l mt qu trnh mt
chiu: t Ty phng to ra khp th gii. nh l
chiu chnh. Nhng khng phi l chiu duy nht. Trn
2
George Ritzer (2003), The Globalization of Nothing, Thousand
Oaks: Pine Forge Press. C th xem trn trang mng
http://www.pineforge.com/upm-
data/13651_Chapter_6_Theorizing_Glocalization_and_Grobalization.
pdf
3
Xem bi The dollarization of Vietnamese ghost money ca
Heonik Kwon trn Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute s
thng 3.2007.
24 | Nguyn Hng Quc
thc t, nh cc nh nhn chng hc chng minh, bn

cnh nh hng t Ty phng ln cc nc khc, c
khng t du hiu cho thy c nhng tc ng ngc li t
cc quc gia ngho yu ln cc quc gia giu mnh v tin
tin hn, hay nhng nh hng gia cc nc ngho v
cc cng ng nh vi nhau.1 Th ba, mi quc gia c
mt b dy lch s ring, thng gn lin vi mt (hoc
mt s) sc tc nht nh - nhng yu t cc k quan trng
trong vic hnh thnh bn sc m ton cu ho khng d
g nh bt i c thay th vo bng mt bn sc
hon ton mi. Mi, nu c, ch l mi theo kiu lai ghp,
ch khng th l hon ton mi, ng dng vi nhng ci
mi nhan nhn khc trn th gii. Th t, t bn cht, con
ngi bao gi cng c sc khng rt cao; khi b e do,
sc khng y li cng cao hn na: Vit Nam tng b
Trung Hoa h c ngn nm m vn khng b ng ho;
ngi Chm sng chung vi ngi Vit c my trm nm
m vn gi c nt ring.2 Khng phi ngu nhin m
khi xu th ton cu ho cng ngy cng mnh, cc khuynh
hng phn ng (hiu theo ngha trung tnh) cng cng
lc cng ni ln: cc phong tro dn tc ch ngha cc
1
Xem cun The Anthropology of Globalization, a Reader do
Jonathan Xavier Inda v Renado Rosaldo ch bin (2008), Oxford:
Blackwell, tr. 28.
2
S so snh ny, d vy, ch c ngha rt tng i. Hon cnh
hin nay, thi ton cu ho, khc hn ngy xa. Ngi Vit Nam,
di ch h ca Trung Hoa, cng nh ngi Chm, khi sng chung
ch vi ngi Vit Nam, d sao cng c mt khng gian ring bit v
t nhiu c tnh cht t tr: gia nh, thm ch, lng x. Thi nay th
khc. Cc phng tin truyn thng i chng, t truyn hnh n m
nhc, phim nh, sch bo, internet, v.v len li vo tn trong cc
phng n, phng hc v phng ng ca tng gia nh. p lc ng
ho, do , chc chn l su v mnh hn hn ngy xa. Tuy nhin,
d su v mnh n my, n cng khng th bp hn mi thc t
v v n lc phn khng, phn ln t trong v thc, ca cc cng
ng nh.
nc thuc ng u ni ln, phong tro khng b khng

c v g suy yu sau hai cuc chin tranh m mu
Afghanistan v Iraq, nhng ngi Hi gio cng tr thnh
cng rn hn, hnh nh nhng cuc xung t vn minh
(clash of civilizations) gia Ty phng v cc nc ngoi
Ty phng cng nh gia cc quc gia ngoi Ty
phng vi nhau, c bit gia vn minh Thin Cha gio
v vn minh Hi gio Nho gio, nh li tin on ca
Samuel Huntington vo nm 1993,1 c v nh cng lc
cng c th, trong khi li tin on v mt th gii gii
thc h (deideologized world) sau khi chin tranh lnh
kt thc ca Francis Fukuyama dng nh khng ng s
tht.2
Vin nh nht th ho c th s khng xy ra. C

phn chc l khng th xy ra. Nhng nhng ci gi l c
th, c o, thun tu mang tnh a phng th, theo
nhn nh ca George Ritzer, ang bin mt vi tc rt
nhanh.3 Ni cch khc, ton cu ho khng xo nho c
mi bin gii trong chnh tr, trong x hi cng nh trong
vn ho, khng th ty sch nhng d bit trong np ngh
v np cm xc ca con ngi v khng th bin tt c
thnh Mt, hay, ni theo ch ca Rolan Robertson, mt
a im c nht (single place),4 Tuy nhin, trc ln
sng ton cu ho, cng khng c ci gi l bn sc no c
th gi c mi mi nt c th vn c xem l truyn
thng ca mnh c. Ton cu ho lm cho mi th u
1
Samuel P. Huntington, The clash of civilizations?, Foreign
Affairs, s 72, Summer 1993, tr. 22-49. C th c trn
http://www.vicisu.com/wp-content/huntington.pdf
2
Francis Fukuyama, The end of history?, National Interest,
summer 1989, tr. 3-18.
3
George Ritzer (2003), sd.
4
Robertson (1992), Globalization: Social Theory and Global
Culture, London: Sage.
26 | Nguyn Hng Quc
thay i: n c th ho nhng ci ph qut v ph qut

ho nhng ci c th.
Trong phm vi vn hc, s thay i y cng khng

th trnh c. Gn y, nhiu ngi ni n s pht trin
ca mt s hin tng vn hc hu quc gia (postnational)
ch yu da trn ngn ng thay v lnh th nh vn hc
ca cng ng Anh ng (Anglophone), cng ng Php
ng (Francophone) hay ca cng ng ting Ty Ban Nha
(Hispanophone). Ranh gii ca vn hc mi nc cng
c m rng hn, bao gm c dng vn hc sc tc v di
dn, t , dn n nhiu thay i khc lin quan n h
thng in phm cng nh h thng tiu ch ph bnh
v nghin cu.
Cn vn hc Vit Nam th sao?
Nh, khi tm hiu nguyn nhn dn n phong tro

Th Mi, Hoi Thanh ghi nhn nhng thay i trit
v d di khi Vit Nam tip xc vi Ty phng, nhng
s thay i m Hoi Thanh cho l ln nht trong c lch s
my chc th k ca Vit Nam. ng vit:
Chng ta nh ty, i m ty, i giy ty, mc o

ty. Chng ta dng n in, ng h, t, xe la,
xe p cn g na! Ni lm sao cho xit nhng
iu thay i v vt cht, phng Ty a ti
gia chng ta! Cho n nhng ni hang cng ng
hm, cuc sng cng khng cn gi nguyn hnh
ngy trc. No du ty, dim ty, no vi ty, ch
ty, kim ty, inh ty. ng tng ti ngu bin.
Mt ci inh cng mang theo n mt cht quan
nim ca phng Ty v nhn sinh, v v tr, v
c ngy ta s thy thay i c quan nim sng ca

phng ng.1
Cun Thi nhn Vit Nam c nhiu ci hay. Hay

cch chn cc nh th tiu biu: trong hng ngn ngi
lm th v cng b th trn bo ch, Hoi Thanh chn
c gn y nhng ngi ti hoa nht. Hay cch
chn th: mi tc gi c bnh, Hoi Thanh thng
chn ng nhng bi th xut sc nht. Hay nhng li
gii thiu: Hoi Thanh nm bt c ng ci thn ca
tng nh th, v bng nhng on tht ngn, ng v ln
c nhng ci thn y mt cch sinh ng, sc nt v rt
th mng; nhiu chn dung cn li n tng trong lng
c gi c hn na th k; n by gi vn cha nht. V
hay bi tng quan Mt thi i trong th ca in u
cun sch, , Hoi Thanh nu bt ln c s khc bit
gia th mi v th c: mt dng thuc ci ti v mt
dng thuc ci ta, v nh hng ca Ty phng trong
th Vit Nam qua hnh nh mt ci inh va nu.
Mt ci inh m cn th, hung g
Hung g by gi chng ta sng trong thi i ca

ton cu ho. ng ni g n nhng ngi ang sng
hi ngoi. C ly hnh nh nhng ngi c mc sng
trung bnh trong nc m xem. Th cng nh ty. Vt
dng trong nh c khi l hng nhp hoc, nu khng, cng
l hng nhi theo kiu , kiu Php. Th cng i xe Nht
hoc xe Trung Quc. Th cng mc qun o mang nhn
hiu t Php, t M, t Hongkong hoc t Thi Lan. Quan
trng hn, chng ta c nhiu th m th h cha ng chng
1
Hoi Thanh & Hoi Chn (1967), Thi nhn Vit Nam (n bn
u tin in nm 1942), Thiu Quang ti bn ti Si Gn, tr. 10.
28 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ta cha bao gi tng tng ra c: th nht, in thoi

di ng c th ni chuyn vi bn b bt c u v
vi bt c khong cch no; ti vi xem tin tc vi y
hnh nh mi bin ng trn th gii, t nhng cn bo
M n nhng cn lt Trung Quc v nhng trn chy
rng c; t mt trn bng Anh n mt cuc n
bom Iraq, v.v Ri chng ta li c my vi tnh v my
vi tnh li c ni vi internet chng ta c th c
mi chuyn trn th gii, nhn tin v nhn tr li ca bn
b ngoi quc trong tch tc, va ni chuyn vi ngi
tnh va nhn ngi tnh ca mnh ci n n trc
webcam mt ni cch mnh c hng ngn hoc chc
ngn cy s!
Nhng chuyn y, ngi xa nghe k, chc s ngh

l chuyn thn tin.
Ri chuyn giao thng na. Thi Th Mi, 1932-

45, c ngi c i khng bc ra khi ci lng heo ht
nh xu ca mnh. Leo ln chic tu ch i ra khi H Ni
khong vi ba chc cy s trm tr ri rt vi nhau l
i giang h v phiu bc; i vo Hu th gi l ly
hng nh mt cu th no nng ca Nguyn Bnh:
Chn ru ly hng, Tri, ng lm! Cn by gi?
Cha ti hai ting ng h bay t H Ni vo Si Gn;
thm mt ting ng h na, sang tn Thi Lan hay
Singapore; ng mt gic thy mnh thc dy c; n
ba ba n l thy mnh t chn ti t M.
Chng l nhng s thay i d di nh vy li

khng c nh hng g n vn ho v vn hc? l
iu khng th c. Nn nh tt c nhng v d va nu
u c xem l nhng thay i cc ln, khng nhng vi
ngi Vit Nam m cn vi loi ngi ni chung. C

ngi gi s xut hin ca my vi tnh v internet l cuc
cch mng th ba trong lch s vn minh nhn loi, sau
vic sng ch ra ch vit (my th k trc cng nguyn)
v vic sng ch ra my in (vo th k 15).1 Cn ton cu
ho li l mt cuc cch mng khc na, mt cuc cch
mng, v quy m, cha tng c.
Vn ho v vn hc Vit Nam nht nh s thay

i. Nht nh. C t nht ba l do tin chc iu .
Th nht, chng khng th khng thay i khi, di nh
hng ca ton cu ho, kinh nghim ca chng ta v
khng gian v thi gian, v th gii v v ci khc
(otherness), v tnh chnh tr ca nim bn sc v tnh
thm m ca s lai ghp cng nh s lai ging
(mongrelization); v hnh nh ngi di dn v nhng cng
dn ton cu (cosmopolitian), v quan h gia tnh ton
cu v tnh a phng, gia vn ho tiu th v tng
quan quyn lc trn th gii, v.v dn dn thay i. Chc
chn nhng thay i y khng km ton din v su sc so
vi khi Vit Nam tip xc vi Trung Hoa, v sau , vi
Php. Thc cht ca hai ln tip xc y l b cng bc,
hn na, b cng bc mt cch nhc nh: mt nc v
bin thnh n l. Ln ny, chng ta c t do, c th t
ch v c nhiu kh nng la chn hn. Th hai, vn
ho, v nht l vn hc Vit Nam, khng th khng thay
i khi cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi cm bt c i ra
nc ngoi, hoc du hc hoc du lch; nu khng, s
1
Xem thm bi Tin ti nn vn ho in t ca Nguyn
Hng Quc in trong cun Vn hc Vit Nam t im nhn h(u h)in
i, nxb Vn Ngh, California, 2002, tr. 379-392, hoc trn Tin V:
http://www.tienve.org/home/literature/viewLiterature.do;jsessionid=6
434484D11D0080A682DF32330E90B1F?
action=viewArtwork&artworkId=1123
30 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ngi bit ngoi ng v c iu kin c sch bo bng

ngoi ng trong nc cng lc cng tng. Hn na, vi
trnh ngoi ng kh cao, nhiu ngi c th tip xc
vi th gii bn ngoi d dng qua internet. Th ba, cng
qua internet, vai tr ca gii cm bt sng hi ngoi,
nhng ngi c hai ln kinh nghim trc tip v ton cu
ho: qua kinh nghim sng cc thnh ph ton cu
(global cities) Ty phng v qua kinh nghim lu vong
vn mang bn cht vt bin gii v xuyn quc gia ca
h, cng ngy cng tng. Nn lu : hin nay, vo nm
2010 ny, hu ht cc websites v vn hc bng ting Vit
u hi ngoi: Tin V, Talawas v Da Mu. C cun t
in tc gi vn hc Vit Nam bng in t u tin cng
hi ngoi: Wikivietlit.1 trong nc, cho n thi im
ny, tuyt i cha c mt tp ch mng (webzine) no
ng ngha. Ch c bo mng (thin v tin tc) v blog
(mt th nht k in t ca c nhn).
Tuy nhin, khng phi h c iu kin thay i,

chng ta c th thay i c ngay. Dng nh vn c ci
g ln cn trong tm thc ca nhiu ngi cm bt Vit
Nam. Bng chng: trong khi ti ton cu ho gy si
ng khp ni trn th gii,2 ring ti Vit Nam, ngi
1
http://www.vietnamlit.org/wiki/index.php?title=Wikivietlit.
2
Trong ting Anh, ch ton cu (global) xut hin cch y
trn 400 nm, nhng khi nim ton cu ho th ch mi c ra i
t u thp nin 1960 v tr thnh ph bin t u thp nin 1990 m
thi. Trong cun Key Words ca Raymond Williams, n bn mi nm
1983, khng h c t globalization. Trong cun The Harper Collins
Dictionary of Sociology xut bn nm 1991, c thut ng
globalization of production (ton cu ho sn xut) nhng cha c
mc t globalization. Ch trong Oxford Concise Dictionary of
Sociology (1994), mc t globalization mi xut hin ln u tin.
Theo thng k ca Th Vin Quc Hi M vo thng 4 nm 1994, c
34 cun sch trong nhan c ch ton cu; n thng 2 nm 2000,
con s y nhy ln 284. Tuyt i khng c cun sch no v ton cu
ta ch bt gp mt s im lng l thng. Trong lnh vc

vn hc, li cng im lng. Rt him nh vn vit hay
cp n ton cu ho. Him hn na, nhng bi vit ton
cu ho mang tnh chin lc chng t s quan tm v
thc sn sng i u vi th thch mi do ton cu ho
mang li. Theo ti, l mt tnh trng rt nguy him:
ng sau s im lng y dng nh thp thong cht g nh
tm l bung xui, hn na, thi quen ch i lnh o
ln ting v lm h. Lnh o y, d nhin, l lnh
o chnh quyn. Nhng chnh quyn c th lm c g?
Lm c rt nhiu, trong lnh vc vn ho, khi c c
mt chnh sch ng, phn nh c s nhy bn v tm
nhn xa, rng. Nhng trong lnh vc vn hc, ng gp
tch cc nht v ng mong c nht t nh cm quyn,
theo ti, ngc li, l khng nn lm g c. Ni cch
khc, trong lnh vc vn hc, vai tr gi l lnh o ca
nh nc cng gim c chng no cng tt chng y;
gim n s khng th l ti u: s lnh o vn hc ngh
thut hiu qu nht l t b mi tham vng lnh o.
Ty phng, khng ai li ng ngn n ch i mt
chnh sch vn hc ca nh nc; khng c t chc vn
ho xut bn trc nm 1987 c. (Theo Malcolm Waters, sd., tr. 2;
v Habibul Haque Khondker trong bi Glocalization as
Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological Concept trn
http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Habib%20-%20ejournal
%20Paper%20GlobalizationHHK,%20PDF.pdf). T nm 2000 n
nay, s sch vit v ton cu ho chc chn nhy vt. Ti khng c s
liu c th, ch th tm ch globalization (ton cu ho) trn
Google: thy 28,000,000 mc (search results); nu tm ch global
(ton cu) th c n 788,000,000 mc (mi mc c th l mt cun
sch hay ch l mt bi, mt bn tm tt ca mt bi bo, thm ch, ch
l mt mu qung co m thi.) Th so snh vi ch
postmodernism (ch ngha hu hin i) vn ra i sm hn: ch c
4,250,000 mc; ch modernism (hin i) ra i sm hn v thng
dng hn na: cng ch c 9,350,000 mc.(Truy cp ngy 6.10.2008).
32 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hc no li l bch n mi tng thng hay th tng

n ni chuyn (ng ni g n chuyn ban hun th) v
chuyn ngnh ca mnh. L do rt n gin: trong lnh
vc vn hc (cng nh ngh thut ni chung), ch c s
sng to l ng k, v mi sng to u mang tnh ngu
hng v tnh c nhn trit . Trong thi i ton cu ho,
khi nh hng n t nhiu pha, hu ht u c tnh
xuyn quc gia v s thch thc cng mang tm vc ton
cu, tnh ngu hng v tnh c nhn y cng ni bt, khng
g c th thay th c. Nhng nh th, trch nhim ca
tng ngi cm bt li cng nng n: chnh hn, ch
khng phi ai khc, phi i u vi ton cu ho.
S im lng trc ton cu ho cng c th do thiu

nhy cm. Tuy l iu ng tic nhng li rt d hiu.
Ni chung, ton cu ho bao gi cng, trc ht, l mt
hin tng kinh t, sau, mt hin tng x hi, v sau
cng, mt hin tng vn ho. Trong lnh vc vn ho,
cc loi hnh ngh thut th gic nh kin trc, iu khc,
hi ho, ngh thut sp t v thi trang cng nh cc loi
hnh m nhc, nht l nhc khng li, v.v bao gi cng
d i trc, th nht, v gn lin vi vn ho tiu th vn
l mt c im ca ton cu ho; th hai, quan trng hn,
v trnh c hng ro ngn ng. Ch c vn hc l phi
gnh chu tt c sc nng ca ngn ng, hn na, ca tnh
lin vn bn vn gn lin vi mi ngn ng. Nhng ci
gi l tnh lin vn bn y li khng ch gii hn trong
phm vi ngn ng: n cn gn lin vi vn ho, vi lch
s, vi k c tp th ca c mt cng ng. Mt ch, khi
c dch ra ting nc ngoi, nguyn phn lin vn bn
y b b li sau lng. Nhng thiu tnh lin vn bn, ngn
ng khng th thnh ngn ng vn hc c.
C th ni, trong vn ho, vn hc l thnh tr cui

cng ca tnh a phng trc s tn cng ca ton cu
ho. va l mt li th va l mt tht th ca ngi
cm bt. Li th: khi cn s dng ting Vit, hn khng s
b mt gc, bi ci gc y chnh l ting Vit. Hn cng
khng s lai cng: ngn ng, vi sc mnh lin vn bn
ng sau n, c kh nng thun ho mi s vay mn, bt
k n t u.1 Khi khng b m nh bi ni lo s mt gc
v lai cng, ngi cm bt c th lao vo bt c th
nghim v th nghim no: , hn ch c c hay
khng c ch khng c g nh mt. Tht th: hn b
p lc ca d lun ln hn nhng ngi khc. Trong cc
ngnh ngh thut, khng u tnh bo th li nng n nh
trong ngh thut ngn ng: trong lnh vc hi ho, chng
hn, cc ho s c th s dng mi k thut v phng
php sng tc, t c in n hin thc, siu thc, lp th,
a-a, d th, n tng, tru tng, phi hnh th, v.v,
khng ai ln ting ph phn c. Trong vn hc th khc:
ch cn mt th nghim nho nh l nghe bao nhiu
ting phn i, thm ch, kt n m . Tht bi ln nht ca
gii cm bt Vit Nam l phn ln u d dng quy hng
trc nhng s phn i v kt n y. Vi s quy hng
nh th, h t ph nhn t cch ngi sng to ca mnh
trc khi thc s cm bt. S t ph nhn y cng tr nn
thm hi trc xu th ton cu ho, , h b buc phi
tham gia vo mt tr chi ln hn lnh th ca nc h.
H b buc phi ra ngoi.
1
Xin xem thm phn bn v lai cng trong cun Vn hc Vit
Nam t im nhn h(u h)in i ca Nguyn Hng Quc (2000), tr.
318-21. C th xem trn Tin V:
http://www.tienve.org/home/literature/viewLiterature.do?
34 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Ra ngoi, theo ti, l nim quan trng nht ca

ton cu ho, t nht, t mt nn vn hc nh nh Vit
Nam.
Ton b tin trnh ton cu ho c th c tm

gn vo hai t: vo v ra. Trong lnh vc vn hc, u vo
bao gm vic c, tm hiu v hc tp tinh hoa ca cc
nc khc bin ci ngoi lai thnh ci bn a. Ci gi
l cc nc khc y, xa, ch gii hn Trung Hoa; sau,
Php, M v Nga; hin nay, c th bao gm c th gii,
ngay c vn hc chu, Phi chu, c chu v nht l
Nam M (ch yu qua bn dch ca cc ngn ng chnh).
Ni dung ca u vo cng v cng a dng: sng tc
cng nh l thuyt v phng php sng tc. u ra: dch
hoc sng tc thng bng ngoi ng t gii thiu mnh
vi th gii, qua , dn dn, t gii ngoi bin ho
(demarginalization) th ng nhc tiu ca mnh trong
nn vn hc ton cu. Hai hng vo v ra ny c quan h
mt thit vi nhau, c bit quan h nhn qu: u ra ch
c th thnh hin thc nu u vo tht ln, ln gp bi
nhng g chng ta c hin nay. Tuy nhin, c hai hng,
chng ta u c vn . u vo, chng ta dch nhiu
nhng li thiu chn lc v thiu tp trung, xu hng
thng mi qu ln, hu nh bao trm ton b hot ng
xut bn v bo ch; s lng tc phm mang tnh l
thuyt cn qu t; nhng l thuyt mi cng t; nhng l
thuyt mi c gii thiu mt cch nghim tc v chnh
xc li cng t hn na. u ra cng vy: v cng ngho
nn. Xin nhn mnh: Khng phi l ngho nn m l: v
cng ngho nn. C nhiu nguyn nhn. Mt, chng ta
cn thiu mt i ng dch vn hc t ting Vit ra ting
nc ngoi thc s c tm huyt v ti nng. Hai, bn thn
nn vn hc Vit Nam, thnh thc m ni, cha ln v
cha c o chinh phc c gi th gii. Ba, t hi

hn, chng ta vn cha c c gi thc s nc ngoi.
Hu ht nhng ngi ngoi quc, t gii nghin cu n
gii c gi thng thng, quan tm n vn hc Vit
Nam u xut pht t mt mi quan tm khc: chin tranh
Vit Nam. Ni cch khc, h c tc phm vn hc Vit
Nam khng phi v tnh vn hc ca n m ch v tnh ti
liu x hi hc v chin tranh ca n. Nh vy r rng qu
trnh ra vi th gii ca vn hc Vit Nam s kh khn v
lu di hn: cn phi c mt (hay, nu may mn hn, mt
s) cy bt m ti hoa ln v mnh trnh by li,
trc th gii, mt th t s (narrative) mi v Vit Nam,
thay th cho ci t s c v mt Vit-Nam-chin-tranh ko
di qu lu v li cho nhn loi mt k c qu su.
Thay i c ci t s y, may ra, ngi ta mi c th
c cc tc phm t ting Vit mt cch thanh thn nh
nhng tc phm vn hc.
Ti cho trong giai on hin nay, nhim v chnh

ca gii cm bt Vit Nam l: hc cch hi nhp vo th
gii. Ra, ch yu l hc. Ti ng vi Phm Th
Hoi: chng ta ang mt thi m ngi cm bt
buc lng phi c mt giao tip nht nh vi sn phm
tinh thn v ngh thut ton th gii. Ti cho rng, ngy
nay, mt nh vn thc s khng c php xin li cho s
thiu hiu bit ca mnh v hot ng ca cc ng nghip
xut sc trn th gii na, y l cha k n vic i
thoi nghim tc, ch khng phi mt cuc tham kho cc
li gii thiu v mc lc.1 Mun giao tip v mun
i thoi, cn phi c tht nhiu. Mun c nhiu, phi
bit coi trng kin thc. Mun coi trng kin thc, cn
1
Phm Th Hoi (1993), T Man Nng n AK v nhng tiu
lun, California: Hp Lu, tr. 176.
36 | Nguyn Hng Quc
phi c vn ho tr thc. M dng nh y li l iu

chng ta cha c, hoc nu c, cng cha tht vng: Trn
bo ch cng nh trong i sng hng ngy, khng him
ngi cm bt tuyn b cng khai l mnh khng thch
cch vit dn y sch tham kho, v, hn na, khng
thch c sch. Khng thch vic tham kho hay khng
thch c sch, tht ra, cng khng sao c. iu ng ch
l ci v t mn khi ngi ta ni nh vy. mi l vn
: vn vn ho. Hn na, khng chng cn l mt
vn gio dc.
Hc hay khng hc, iu quan trng nht phi l

m ca ra ngoi. Ra ngoi, trc ht, t hiu mnh.
Gn y, c ai ni mt cu nhiu hnh tng hn:
chng ta cn phi ln mt trng hiu thm v qu t;
v cng c ai na ni mt cu giu mu sc trit l
hn: hiu mnh l ai, cn c thm mt ngi khc.
Tic, cho n nay, hnh nh chng ta li cha h c thi
quen tm hiu ngi khc, k c nhng ng minh thn
cn nht ln nhng k th nguy him nht. Trong phm vi
khoa hc x hi, chng ta cha h c bt c mt chuyn
gia no v bt c mt lnh vc nghin cu no ngoi Vit
Nam. Trong phm vi vn hc, s ngi c tm nhn rng
trn nhiu nn vn hc khc nhau li cng him; hu qu
l cc nhn nh v vn hc Vit Nam c ln qun mi
trong khun so. V d: Lu nay, thnh thong ngi Vit,
nht l gii cm bt, li t hi vi nhau: Vn hc Vit
Nam ang u? Cu hi r rng c tnh cht nh v.
nh v mt ci g l t n trong quan h vi nhng ci
khc. Lu nay, quan h y thng ch gii hn trong phm
vi lch i: chng ta so snh vn hc hin nay vi vn hc
nhng thi k trc ri t hi lng vi mt s thnh
tu nho nh m chng ta t c. Trong thi i ton cu
ho hin nay, quan h y cn c, v phi c m rng

sang hng ng i: so snh vn hc ca chng ta vi
vn hc ca cc dn tc khc trn th gii trong cng thi
im. Trong mt s lnh vc, chng ta lm c iu
ny. Chng ta bit so snh bng ca chng ta vi
bng cc nc trong khu vc. Chng ta cng bt u
bit so snh cc ch s kinh t ca chng ta vi cc nc
khc. Vn hc khng th l mt ngoi l mi c. Trnh
n cch so snh theo hng ng i, chng ta t t mnh
ra ngoi dng chy ca vn hc nh mt hin tng c
tnh ton cu. iu cng c ngha l chng ta t t
mnh vo ci th phi lch s. Nhng ci th phi lch s ch
l mt ci th o, khng c thc v khng th c thc.
Khng c mt nn vn hc no thc s bit lp v c lp.
V d: gii hn trong phm vi tiu thuyt, ngoi mt s
im ring nh ngn ng v phn no hin thc c
phn nh bng ngn ng, mi nn tiu thuyt u chia s
mt s im chung nh k thut cng nh cc quy c th
loi. iu c th v rt cn c so snh chnh l nhng
im chung y. Ni cch khc, so snh tiu thuyt nc
ny vi nc khc, ngi ta khng so snh v ngn ng,
v biu cm hay gi cm ca cch din t, v tnh chn
thc nhiu hay t ca cu chuyn. Nhng so snh nh th
u bt kh. Ngi ta ch so snh v (a) rng trong din
tch nhn thc v th loi, (b) mi ca cc thi php v
(c) su trong cch nhn v hin thc. Mt nn tiu
thuyt ln l nn tiu thuyt ngi c c th tm
thy nhng ng biu din ngon mc v k thut,
nhng cch nhn khc v hin thc v nhng cch nh
ngha khc v chnh bn thn th loi tiu thuyt. Mt nn
tiu thuyt ln cha ng trong n nhng thch thc ln.
Hn na, m xem, phn ln cch chng ta i din
vi nhng thch thc nh th thng rt thin v. Cng
38 | Nguyn Hng Quc
vit v tnh dc, nhng mt nh vn ngoi quc vit th

c khen l to bo; mt nh vn Vit Nam vit th b
ch l... tc tu. o ln mi quy c thng thng trong
cch vit truyn, mt nh vn nc ngoi l cch tn;
mt nh vn Vit Nam li l d hm. Nhng t tng vt
ngoi tm nhn thc thng thng, mt cy bt ngoi
quc, l cao su; mt cy bt Vit Nam, l tc t. Tnh
cht thin v ny c phi l hu qu ca mt th tm l
hu thuc a chng? C th. N thiu mt thc ton cu
vn (a) t mi th trn mt mt bng ging nhau v (b)
nh gi mi th trn nhng tiu ch ging nhau. Theo ti,
y chnh l hai yu cu u tin ca thc ton cu v l
nhng iu kin u tin khin chng ta c th ng thng
c trn sn chi ton cu. Chng cng l mt th o
c ngh nghip: nh tro mt bng v nh tro tiu ch
l gian ln.
Ra ngoi khng phi ch t hiu mnh m cn

t lm giu chnh mnh. C mt s tht cn cng nhn:
vn ho Vit Nam khng phi l mt nn vn ho ln; vn
hc Vit Nam li cng khng phi l mt nn vn hc ln.
lm giu, chng ta ch c mt cch duy nht: dung hp
nhng ci Khc (otherness). Ni chung, u cng vy,
ngi ta ch giu nh nhng ci Khc. Ngi Vit Nam
hay sung sng v t ho mt cch hi qu ng khi thy
mt hc gi ngoi quc no nghin cu v Vit Nam.
Trn lnh vc nghin cu, iu , tht ra, khng c
ngha g c. C hai l do. Mt, ti, t bn thn n,
khng phi l mt gi tr. Ngi ny nghin cu Vit Nam
hc cng ging nh ngi kia nghin cu v vi trng, v
cn trng, v cy c hay v phn bn, v.v Vy thi. C
ngi cn vit c v Lch s ca ct1 na y! Vit rt

uyn bc, rt nghim tc v rt thng minh. Trong nghin
cu khoa hc, ngi ta chn ti ny thay v ti khc,
lnh vc ny thay v lnh vc khc khng hn v h yu
nhng ti hay nhng lnh vc y m c khi ch v mt
l do rt n gin v thc dng: ti v lnh vc y cha
c nhiu ngi kho st, do , cn nhiu khong trng
cho s khai ph, t , ng gp, v cng t , d dng
khng nh c ch ng ca mnh trong th gii hc
thut. Vy thi. Hai, t gc ca ngi nc ngoi, bt
c kin thc no v Vit Nam (hay bt c nc no) cng
u l nhng ci Khc, nh , h tr thnh giu c hn.
Vi chng ta, ngc li, Vit Nam khng phi l mt ci
Khc: n ch l ci vn ban u; t n, n khng th lm
chng ta giu hn c.
Nn lu : khi nim ci Khc l mt sng ch ca

ngi Ty phng trn cuc hnh trnh thc dn ho th
gii vo th k 19. H dng khi nim ci Khc khng
nh a v trung tm v s mnh khai ho ca h, vi t
cch nhng quc. Ngi dn cc nc cu thuc a,
ngc li, nh mt phn ng t v v mt cch phn cng
t th yu, li quay v vi truyn thng v xem Ty
phng nh l ci Khc, cn b loi tr, hoc nu khng,
cng b nhn mt cch y cnh gic. Nhng lm th, tht
ra, ch t mnh lm cho mnh ngho nn i m thi: cui
cng, ch cn truyn thng. M truyn thng li chp v.
Ch cn qu kh. M qu kh th li xa xi (trong trng
hp Vit Nam, xa n bn, nm ngn nm, thi Lc Long
Qun gp u C v ra trm trng, ri t trm trng n
1
Dominique Laporte (2000), History of Shit, Nadia Benabid v
Rodolphe el-Khoury dch t ting Php (Histoire de la merde), The
MIT Press xut bn.
40 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ra trm con; ci thi, ni nh Nguyn Nhc Php:

rng my u m / Sng ni cn vang um ting thn!).
Ngi ta ch giu hn nh nhng ci Khc. D

thy nht l trong lnh vc ngn ng. Nhiu ngi vn
thng ln ting c v cho loi ting Vit rng v gay
gt ln n mt s ngi khc l vit vn nh dch. Nhng
ng gp no v phng din ngn ng vn hc, thot
nhn, cng u c v nh dch. Th dch ca Nguyn Vn
Vnh vo u th k 20, nu c ng gp g cho lch s
vn hc Vit Nam, u nm ch: chng khng thun
Vit, chng c v nh dch.1 Th Xun Diu, lc mi
xut hin, cng b cho l c v chi vi, b ng, nh
ngi ngoi quc mi v v ting Nam.2 Th Thanh Tm
Tuyn vo gia thp nin 1950 cng b ch nh th. Gn
y hn, Nguyn Quang Thiu, mt trong vi nh th c
nhiu cch tn nht min Bc trong thp nin 1990, cng
li b ch nh th: ch l ging th dch.3 T nhng
trng hp va nu, c th rt ra t nht hai kt lun: mt,
n tng vit nh dch khng phi lc no cng xu, nu
khng mun ni, thnh thong, l biu hin ca sng
to, hn na, sng to ln c th lm thay i din mo
ca mt giai on vn hc; hai, nh l h lun ca im
th nht va nu, ti cho mt trong nhng cch lm cho
ting Vit ngho i nhanh nht l lun lun vit ng
1
Mt trong nhng bi th dch nh th, theo Hoi Thanh, l
gp phn m ng cho phong tro Th Mi:
Con ve su ku ve ve
Sut ma h
n k gi bc thi
Ngun cn tht bi ri
(Hoi Thanh & Hoi Chn (1969), sd., tr. 15).
2
Hoi Thanh & Hoi Chn (1969), sd., tr. 119.
3
Trn Mnh Ho (1997), Th phn th, H Ni: Vn Hc, tr.
66-83.
ting Vit, lun lun tn trng nhng ci gi l nguyn tc

v quy lut, hay, tru tng hn mt cht, tinh thn ca
ting Vit: cch nhn y lm hn ch cc n lc th
nghim v loi tr rt nhiu kh nng bin ho, trong ,
chc chn c nhng kh nng bin ho cha th tin on
c. S c xt gia ting Vit v cc ngoi ng khc
cng ln, kh nng bin ho ny s cng cao.
M, trong lch s, tr bui u tip xc vi Trung

Hoa v sau , vi Php, cha bao gi ting Vit li
b/c c xt vi cc ngn ng khc trn th gii nhiu
nh by gi. Khng phi ch vi mt, hai ngn ng m l
rt nhiu ngn ng cng lc. Kh nng bin ho ca ting
Vit, nh vy, vn cn nm pha trc. Vn l chng
ta c sn sng ghi nhn, chp nhn v tip nhn nhng kh
nng bin ho y hay khng. Mt v d nh: Cho n nay,
ti vn khng hiu ti sao nhiu ngi li phn i nhng
cu trc cu th ng trong ting Vit. Vit Em y b
pht bi thy gio l vng v, hn na, ng ngh.
nh. Nhng ti vn khng hiu ti sao chng ta li khng
th vit, chng hn: Em y b pht bi mt thy gio cc
cn v y tinh thn k th chng tc? Chn chn sc thi
ca cu y khng ging cu Em y b mt thy gio cc
cn v y tinh thn k th chng tc pht. Cu sau
ng hn? , th ng. Nhng r rng tinh thn ca hai
cu khng ging nhau hn. Trng tm ca cu ni thay
i: trn l thy gio; di l em y, mt a hc
tr. Hi vn cng thay i: cu trn: mnh; cu di: nh;
cu trn c nhn; cu di c trn tun tut. Cht nh,
cng Phm Th Hoi, trong bi Vit nh mt php ng
x, nm 1989, c mt bn khon rt hp l:
42 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Ti sn lng ghi nhn bc pht trin gn nh thn

tc ca ting Vit hin i, bi xt ra, nn vn
chng thc s c vit bng th ting ny mi
cha y trm tui, mt ca c bit trong lch s
vn hc th gii, v y cng ng l l do
chng ta t ng vin mnh, nhng r rng n
khng c c ci vinh d snh ngang vi nhng
ngn ng hng cng khc, v mun ni g th ni,
n l mt tr ngi trong qu trnh ho nhp vi
phng vn ho chung nhn loi ca chng ta, v
nim vui ca ngi c vit bng ting m
nhiu khi khng t c ni bun trc tnh khu
bit qu cao ca th ting y. Trc mt bc thy
ting Vit nh Nguyn Tun, ti khng khi bn
khon, nn lm cho ting Vit chng ta tip tc tr
thnh mt c sn dnh ring cho nhng ngi
snh n, hay trc ht hy gia tng tnh khoa hc,
tc , v kh nng biu t t duy tru tng ca
n.1
Sau bi vit y, ti c cm tng Phm Th Hoi

chn i hn vo con ng c sn nh Nguyn Tun.
Cun tiu thuyt Marie Sn ca ch do Thanh Vn xut
bn ti California vo nm 1996,2 theo ti, l mt trong vi
cun tiu thuyt hay nht ca Vit Nam k t sau nm
1975, trong cng nh ngoi nc. Hay nhiu kha cnh,
nhng ni bt nht l ging vn. Nhng chn ci hay
ging vn cho mt cun tiu thuyt, tc gi phi tr gi
kh cao: cun sch khng th dch c. Ti tin th: ngi
ta c th dch c vn nhng khng th dch c ci
1
Phm Th Hoi (1993), sd., tr. 173-4.
2
Ton b cun tiu thuyt ny c a ln Talawas.org vo
thng 8, 2004.
ging, nht l mt ci ging ngoa ngot v chua l bng

bc hu nh t u n cui cun sch.
Lin quan n vic tip nhn nhng ci Khc, ton

cu ho va uy hip li va m ra rt nhiu c hi cho cc
nc nh. Ni theo Alberto Martinelli, ton cu ho bin
iu kin hin i thnh iu kin ton cu v cng lc,
pht huy s tng din (interplay) ca cc truyn thng
vn ho khc nhau n mt mc cha tng thy. 1 Trong
cc iu kin hin i y c c iu kin hu hin i, d
nhin.
C th ni, chnh ton cu ho, di nhng hnh

thc phi thai ca n, gip thc y tin trnh hu hin
i ho trong vn hc Vit Nam. Cn ni ngay: ch ngha
hu hin i (postmodernism), mt mt, c xem l s
tip ni (vi nhiu bin dng) ca, hoc hnh thc phn
ng li, v nhm vt qua, thm ch, ph nh, ch ngha
hin i; mt khc, l kt qu ca nhng iu kin sng
ca thi i hu k ngh cng vi tm th hu thc
dn/thuc a v np ngh mang tnh gii kin to
(deconstruction).
Tr tm th hu thc dn/thuc a, tt c nhng

iu kin y u thiu vng Vit Nam: v kinh t, chng
ta cha bc qua khi phm tr ngho v lc hu; v
phng din vn ho, chng ta cn lng l u giai
on ban s ca qu trnh hin i ho; v v t tng,
chng ta vn cn qu duy l mt cch n gin v cht
phc (theo kiu tin hin i, ngha l thch nhng iu c
1
Alberto Martinelli (2005), Global Modernization, Rethinking
the Project of Modernity, London: Sage, tr. 102.
44 | Nguyn Hng Quc
v hp l nhng li khng thc s duy l), kh c th ni

l gn gi vi hu cu trc lun hay gii kin to c.
Trn l thuyt l nh th, nhng, th nht, ngi ta

khng cn hi cc iu kin y i vo ch ngha hu
hin i (nh trng hp nhiu quc gia Nam M); th
hai, ngi ta c th nhy giai on nh ton cu ho:
Vit Nam hin nay, trong cu trc kinh t, vn thuc Th
gii Th ba, nhng trong iu kin sinh hot li mang t
nhiu tnh hu hin i, c bit, qua nn vn ho tiu th
v nn vn ho th gic (truyn hnh, phim nh v internet)
mang tnh ly tm, t on v phn mnh rt cao. Ngoi
ra, cng do ton cu ho, lng tc phm v thng tin v
ch ngha hu hin i d dng n vi mi ngi. Bi
vy kh nng tip cn phng php sng tc cng nh h
m hc hu hin i ca gii cm bt Vit Nam l iu
hon ton kh thi, d nhin vi iu kin l nhng ngi
ti hoa nht trong h phi mnh dn v quyt lit
theo ui cuc chi n cng.
Theo ti, ni dung quan trng nht ca ton cu

ho trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut thi im hin
nay c th tm tt vo mt im: ngh, phi ngh tm
ton cu cho d ch vit cho c gi Vit Nam nh cu
khu hiu thng nghe: Think globally, act locally. Ti
ng vi quan nim nhy thng vo vn chng hu
hin i, m khng phi i xuyn qua hin i ca Hong
Ngc-Tun1 hn l nhng thi do d, chn ch, nn n,
ln khn, vi l do: i n khi hon tt giai on hin i
ri mi bc sang hu hin i ca mt s cy bt trong
nc.2 Theo ti, thc cht ch l s trin hn n v
1
Hong Ngc-Tun (2001), sd., tr. 598-9.
2
Xem Hong Ngc Hin, Tip nhn nhng cch tn ca ch
ngha hin i & ch ngha hu hin i, Tp ch Sng Hng s 233
tn: by gi qu mun ngi ta c th hon tt cuc

cch mng hin i ch ngha trong vn hc ngh thut
nh nhng thp nin u tin ca th k 20, lc mi ngi
cn ngy ngt trc nhiu pht minh mi m ca khoa hc
v tinh thn duy l ca thi i; v nh vy, cng c ngha
l chng ta s vnh vin khng khi no cn c c hi
mon men bc vo th gii ca hu hin i c na.
Hn na, n cng bt chp quy lut xen k ca cc hin
tng vn ho: nhiu tro lu c th tn ti bn nhau, tc
ng ln nhau, cng lc, do , khng c l do g bo
phi i hon tt ci ny mi c sang ci khc. Cui
cng, l mt ng nhn: c ch ngha hin i ln ch
ngha hu hin i u khng phi l nhng b th php
ngh thut, cng khng phi (ch) l nhng giai on lch
s m l, nu khng mun ni ch yu l, nhng iu kin
tri thc, nhng kh quyn vn ho, nhng tro lu sng
tc, nhng h m hc, v thm ch, l nhng phong cch
t duy na: tt c nhng yu t y, di tc ng ca ton
cu ho, vi nhiu mc khc nhau, u c th c tip
cn v tip nhn t Vit Nam, lc ny.
D nhin, nh ti tng nhn mnh nhiu ln, chn

dung ca th ch ngha hu hin i khng thng qua giai
on hin i ch ngha y s khng th no ging hn cc
dng hu hin i cc nc hon tt giai on hin
i ch ngha: trong s hnh dung ca ti, ch c th l,
may lm, mt th h(u h)in i ( hin i v hu hin
thng 07, 2008. Xem trn

http://tapchisonghuong.com.vn/index.php?
main=newsdetail&pid=0&catid=7&ID=468&shname=Tiep-nhan-
nhung-cach-tan-cua-chu-nghia-hien-dai-chu-nghia-hau-hien-dai
v Nguyn Ho, Xu hng Tn hnh thc, hu hin i trong
th: Chic o rng cho mt c th cm ng trn bo Cng An Nhn
Dn online http://www.cand.com.vn/News/PrintView.aspx?ID=96085
46 | Nguyn Hng Quc
i c kt hp vi nhau thnh mt th lai ghp hay mt

bc khm mi);1 cn khng, ng bun hn na, mt th
u in i ngng nghu v qu qut.2 D vy, n vn cn
kh hn l c loay hoay vng vy mi trong ci mnh ao-
lng-tin-hin-i c ngu v cn kit ht sc sng
nh Vit Nam hin nay.
Gia ton cu ho v ch ngha hu hin i c

nhiu khc bit. Trong khi ch ngha hu hin i n r,
trc ht, cc quc gia hu k ngh v cc quc gia c
thc hu thc dn/thuc a su sc, ton cu ho bng
pht hu nh khp ni, k c cc quc gia ngho v
lc hu nht. Trong khi ch ngha hu hin i ch yu ni
ln trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut (i tin phong
khng chng l kin trc), ton cu ho, trc ht l mt
hin tng kinh t, sau , mi nh hng sang cc lnh
vc chnh tr, x hi v vn ho. Trong khi ch ngha hu
hin i thu ht s ch ca ng o gii hc thut, to
nn nhng cuc tranh lun gay gt, hu nh bt tn, ton
cu ho thu ht s ch c bit ca nhng ngi lm
chnh sch, gii thng mi v cc nh nghin cu x hi
hc, nhn chng hc hoc vn hc so snh. Trong khi ch
ngha hu hin i nng v l thuyt, ton cu ho nng v
thc hnh: khi phn tch ton cu ho, mt s ngi ri
vo khung l thuyt ca ch ngha hin i, trong khi mt
s ngi khc li ri vo khung l thuyt hu hin i ch
ngha: trong trng hp sau, gia ton cu ho v ch
ngha hu hin i c vng giao thoa rt ln.
1
Xem thm bi Mt phin bn h(u h)in i cho vn hc Vit
Nam in trong cun My vn ph bnh v l thuyt vn hc ca
Nguyn Hng Quc (2007), California: Vn Mi, tr. 283-318.
2
Nh hai cu th tng truyn ca H Xun Hng: Mt n
thng ngng ng xem chung / Chng bo nhau rng: y i ung.
Nhng khc bit ny, d sao, cng d thy v d

c nhn nhn. C nhng khc bit khc su sc v gy
xung t d di, hu nh khng th ho gii, c bit
nhng khc bit gia cc nh hu hin i ch ngha v
cc l thuyt gia ch trng nht th ho: Trong khi ch
ngha hu hin i i p cc i t s (grand
narrative), ton cu ho, t nht theo cch din dch cc
hc gi theo trng phi nht th, dng nh ang dn
dn dn n s hnh thnh ca mt s i t s mi: ci
gi l lng ton cu (global village) m Marshall
McLuhan tin on t u thp nin 1960, cng nh ci
gi l thnh ph ton cu (global city) nh mt nhan
sch tr thnh kinh in ca Saskia Sassen1 hay th
gii khng bin gii (borderless world)2 m Kenichi
Ohmae cp gn y chnh l mt trong nhng i t s
nh th. c xy dng trn s sp ca cc i t s,
ch ngha hu hin i gn lin vi nhng l thuyt da
trn ngn ng hc nh hu cu trc lun v gii kin to
v nhm n vic ph phn, hn na, trong mt mc
no , ph nh ch ngha hin i trc ; ton cu
ho, ngc li, c xy dng trn nn tng ca cc l
thuyt kinh t - chnh tr, trong ni bt nht l ch
ngha tn t do (neoliberalism), nhm n vic thc hin
nhng gic m manh nha t phong tro Khai sng v c
cng c bi ch ngha hin i.3
1
Saskia Sassen (1991), The Global: New York, London, Tokyo,
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
2
Kenich Ohmae (1996), The Borderless World, New York:
Harper.
3
V quan h gia ton cu ho v ch ngha hin i cng nh
ch ngha hu hin i, c th xem Alberto Martinelli (2005), sd, tr.
82-137.
48 | Nguyn Hng Quc
May, khng phi ai cng ng vi quan im

nht th ho va trnh by. Trong cc l thuyt gia v ton
cu ho, khng t ngi c nhn quan hu hin i ch
ngha: h nhn kt qu m ton cu ho mang li khng
phi l mt kiu lng ton cu m l mt th ch ngha
a phng hay khu vc ton cu (global localism /
regionalism) hay, ni theo Dana Polan, ch ngha a
phng ca ch ngha ton cu (globalisms localism)
mi a phng t hnh thnh bn sc ca mnh qua
nhng phn ng khc nhau i vi tnh ton cu. 1 c
im ni bt nht ca nhng ch ngha a phng hay
khu vc ton cu ny l tnh cht xuyn quc gia ho ca
mi hot ng sn xut, t , dn n hin tng phi tm
ho (decentering) ca ch ngha t bn: cng lc cc khu
vc cng lin kt vi nhau vo mt mng li phc tp
n ngi ta khng cn truy nguyn c trung tm
ca ci gi l ch ngha t bn ton cu (global capitalism)
theo cch gi ca Fredric Jameson.
Trong cch nhn ca cc nh hu hin i, ton cu

ho ng ngha vi s m yu ca cc bin gii lnh th,
vic di chuyn d dng ca ngun nhn lc lao ng, v
cng vi h, cc nn vn ho: qu trnh nht th ho, do
, s c tin hnh hu nh song song vi qu trnh
phn mnh ho (fragmentation), cui cng, v phng
din vn ho, chng ta s chng kin c s giao thoa
gia tnh ton cu v tnh a phng; gia ch ngha
hon v (cosmopolitanism) v ch ngha a phng
(localism), ngha l mt th ch ngha a vn ho
1
Dana Polan, Globalisms Localism in trong cun Global
Local do Rob Wilson v Wimal Dissanayake bin tp, Duke
University Press xut bn ti Durham nm 1996, tr. 255-283.
(multiculturalism) vn manh nha v c cng nhn

nhiu quc gia trong my thp nin va qua.1
Ngoi ra, gia ch ngha hu hin i v ton cu

ho c quan h h tng rt r: nh ton cu ho, ngi
dn (k c ngi cm bt, d nhin) sng trong cc nc
ngho v km pht trin, cha hon tt tin trnh hin i
ho, c th tri nghim, t , th nghim ch ngha hu
hin i; ngc li, vi tm th hu hin i vn ch
trng phi tm ho, nghi ng mi i t s v cao v tr
ngoi bin, ngi ta s t tin hn khi i din vi ton cu
ho v s bit cch tn dng nhng hng sc phng xa
do ln sng ton cu ho mang ti lm giu v lm p
cho chnh mnh. Khi lm giu v p cho mnh, ngi ta
cng t bit: qua , th gii s giu v p hn.
Ni cch khc, theo ti, t gc mt nn vn hc

nh, trong qu trnh ton cu ho, ch ngha hu hin i
l mt ng minh ng tin cy hn l ch ngha hin i.
1
V quan h gia tnh ton cu v tnh a phng c th xem
chng The Global in the Local do Arif Dirlik vit, trong cun
Global Local va dn, tr. 21-45.
2
Gii lnh th ho
Theo ti, mt trong nhng c im ni bt v

ng ch nht, ng thi cng l xu hng vn ng
chnh, ca vn hc Vit Nam hin nay l tin trnh gii
lnh th ho (deterritorialization).
Xin ni ngay, gii lnh th ho l khi nim gn

lin vi xu hng ton cu ho c cc nh nghin cu
vn ho cng nh vn hc bn lun rt nhiu trong mt,
hai thp nin gn y. Nhng gii lnh th ho l g?
Nstor Garca Canclini a ra mt nh ngha kh rng v
c nhiu ngi ng tnh: l s nh mt mi quan
h t nhin gia vn ho v lnh th a l cng nh x
hi.1 Vn ho khng nht thit gn lin vi mt vng t
nht nh no na. S nh mt mi quan h ng nh thit
yu ny din ra song song vi tin trnh hin i ho. Xin
lu : Trong cc x hi tin hin i, ngi ta b m nh
1
Nstor Garca Canclini (1995), Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for
Entering and Leaving Modernity, University of Minnesota Press xut
bn ti Minneapolis, tr. 229.
nhiu v khng gian hn l v thi gian. C th ni ngay

c nim thi gian cng gn lin vi mt khng gian nht
nh: cc kiu ni quen thuc nh ti, sng, rng
ng, ng bng, x hay cc hnh tng ph bin
trong th c nh bng ng v Ty, chim bay v t,
ng ng v vin ph, hay mc t li c thn, v.v.. r
rng l nhng hnh nh rt c th. Ni theo Barbara Adam,
y ngi ta dng cng vic o lng thi gian thay
v dng thi gian o lng cng vic nh x hi k
ngh ca chng ta ngy nay.1 Chnh vic sng ch ra chic
ng h v s ra i ca mi gi chun quc t GMT
(Greenwich Mean Time) lm cho thi gian tr thnh
mt nim tru tng, c lp vi khng gian ni ngi
ta ang sng v vi c khung cnh ngi ta ang chng
kin, v d, nhiu quc gia, vo ma h, nhn thy nng
vn hng sng chn my, ngi ta vn bit l tri ti
khi ng h ch 8 hay 9 gi ti; ngc li, vo ma ng,
bc ra khi vn phng, nhn thy tri ti sm, n ng
bt sng, ngi ta vn thy an tm, bit l tri cha
ti hn, khi kim ng h mi ch 5 gi chiu, chng hn.
Xu hng ton cu ho o t, c bit ton cu ho

v h thng truyn tin v truyn thng i chng, lm thay
i hn bn cht ca ci khng gian b tch ri khi
thi gian y. Cch y my chc nm, vo thi s khai
ca ti vi v cng vi n, nn vn ho th gic, Marshall
McLuhan tin on n vic chuyn ho khng gian t
ton cu n lng trong ci gi l lng ton cu (global
village). C l cn lu li tin on y mi thnh s tht.
Tuy nhin, khng ai c th th hoi nghi nhng thay i
su xa trong i sng ca chng ta hin nay. Theo
1
Barbara Adam (1990), Time and Social Theory, Polity Press
xut bn ti Cambridge, tr. 112 (dn theo John Tomlinson, 1999,
Globalization and Culture, nxb Polity Press, tr. 49-50.)
52 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Anthony Giddens, nh l h qu ca xu hng ton cu

ho, khng gian (space) v a im (place) khng cn
ng nht nh trc: chng b tch lm i. Khng gian
tr thnh khng gian rng (empty space), ni s tng tc
gia ngi v ngi vn c th c tin hnh m khng
cn s hin din mt-i-mt trn cng mt a im. 1
Theo Marc Aug, cuc sng hin i, ni con ngi sinh
ra trong bnh x v cht trong bnh vin, lm vic trong
cc cng ty, cng s hay cng xng v di chuyn trn
cc phng tin giao thng cng cng va c nh (chy
theo tuyn) li va thng xuyn thay i (ti x khc v
hnh khch cng khc), to ra nhng khng gian phi-
a im (non-places), tc nhng khng gian v hn, xa
l, khng c mi quan h g vi bn sc ca con ngi c.2
Ngoi ra, khng phi ch trn truyn hnh hay trn

internet, ngay trong i sng hng ngy, kinh nghim v
ton cu ho cng c th c cm nhn t vn ho thc
phm vn cng ngy cng phong ph v a dng: ch cn
bc vo mt siu th no , chng ta s thy ngay mt
th gii thu nh qua cc sn phm n t nhiu ni trn
th gii: nc mm Vit Nam, nc tng Trung Quc,
go Thi Lan, bp M, du Ba Ty, c ri n , ph ma
Php, spaghetti ca , v.v David Harvey gi l mt
hnh nh tiu biu ca s dn nn khng-thi gian (time-
space compression), hay ni theo ngn ng ca
Baudrillard, mt tp hp ca nhng ci th v (simulacra),
ni chng ta c th cm nhn a l th gii mt cch gin
1
Anthony Gilles (1990), The Consequences of Modernity, nxb
Polity Press, tr. 18; John Tomlinson (1999), sd, tr. 51-52.
2
Marc Aug (1995), Non-places: Introduction to the
Anthropology of Supermodernity, Verco xut bn ti London, tr. 78;
John Tomlinson (1999), sd, tr. 109.
tip.1 Mt cch d dt, John Tomlinson, mt mt, tha

nhn ton cu ho khng trit tiu hn tnh a phng;
mt khc, nhn mnh n c kh nng m ra mt chn tri
mi, gip ngi ta tip cn vi th gii bn ngoi, c khi
xa l xa lc, mt cch c th v nhanh chng. Nht l
nhanh chng. Biu hin c th nht ca xu hng ton cu
ho trong thp nin u tin ca th k 21 l phng
din vin thng. Ngy trc, truyn thng c nh gi
qua tnh r rng v chnh xc. By gi, n c nh gi
ch yu tc . Tnh tc th (immediacy) tr thnh mt
c im ca vn ho ton cu thi hin i.2
V ton cu ho cng c ngha l gii lnh th ho.
Ngi u tin nu ln khi nim gii lnh th ho

l hai trit gia ngi Php Gilles Deleuze v Flix Guattari
trong cun Anti-Oedipus xut bn vo nm 1972 v c
bit trong cun Kafka: Tin ti mt nn vn hc nh/ph
(Kafka: Pour une littrature mineure)3 xut bn nm 1975.
Ni c bit v chnh qua cun sau, khi nim gii lnh
th ho mi tr thnh ph bin trong lnh vc nghin cu
vn hc v vn ho, t , c xem l mt kch thc
mi ca ton cu ho. Cun sch y kh mng, cha ti
100 trang, nhng a ra c nhiu pht hin c o v
th v. V Kafka: Deleuze v Guattari khng nhn Kafka
nh mt thin ti, mt g khng l, k vn ti nhng
nh cao lng lng hay to ra nhng bc ngot him hoi
1
Xem John Tomlinson (1999), sd, tr. 121.
2
John Tomlinson, Cultural Globalization in trong tp The
Blackwell Companion to Globalization do George Ritzer bin tp
(2007), Blackwell xut bn ti Oxford, tr. 359-363.
3
Bn ting Anh Kafka: Towards a Minor Literature do Dana
Polan dch, Rda Bensmaia vit li ni u, University of Minnesota
Press xut bn ti Minneapolis nm 1986.
54 | Nguyn Hng Quc
trong lch s vn hc th gii m ch nh mt cy bt

thuc dng vn hc nh/ph (minor literature),1 nm ngoi
cc phm tr v cc h thng c l v th loi v phong
cch c sn. V v vn hc ni chung: l tng ca ngi
cm bt l c tr thnh nh/ph (becoming-minor) vi
nim tin l khng c g chnh yu hay cch mng tr ci
nh/ph; l ght mi ngn ng ca cc bc thy, l
lm mt ngi ngoi quc trong chnh ngn ng ca
mnh.2 D nhin nh/ph khng phi l d hay yu.
Nh/ph, ch v n ng vo th i lp vi a s, vi tnh
chnh thng v vi truyn thng y nhng in phm
nguy nga nhng c nh, cng nhc v rt nng n. Trong
ngha nh th, Deleuze v Guattari nhn mnh: Mt
dng vn hc nh/ph khng xut pht t mt ngn ng
nh/ph: n c mt thiu s hnh thnh t bn trong
mt ngn ng ln/chnh (major language) qua chin lc
vit nh mt k s dng a ng, bin ci ngn ng vn
quen thuc tr thnh xa l, v khng ngi vi phm vo mt
s quy phm v lut l ca ngn ng, sn sng vt qua
mi bin gii v ro cn theo ui n cng cc th
nghim mang tnh cch tn ca mnh.
Theo Deleuze v Guattari, mt dng vn hc

nh/ph nh th c ba c im chnh: th nht, n c
vit t mt ngn ng b gii lnh th ho (nh trng hp
th ting c m Kafka, ngi gc Do Thi, s dng
Tip Khc; hay th ting Anh ca nhng ngi da en
M hin nay); th hai, mi th thuc vn hc nh/ph u
1
Trong ting Anh, minor va c ngha l nh (v s lng,
kch thc hay tui tc) va c ngha l ph. Ti khng tm ra t no
trong ting Vit din t c hai ny nn nh dng hnh thc nh/ph.
2
Deleuze & Guattari, sd, tr. 26. Nguyn vn: There is nothing
that is major or revolutionary except the minor. To hate all languages
of masters [] To be sort of foreigner within his own language.
mang tnh chnh tr (khc vi mt dng vn hc ln/chnh

ni s quan tm ca cc c nhn d dng giao thoa vi
nhau, ni x hi ch c xem nh mt mi trng hay
nh mt bi cnh, cc dng vn hc nh/ph, ngc li,
khng gian cht chi buc mi c nhn phi tc khc
gn lin vi chnh tr, c xem nh mt phn ng mang
ngha chnh tr r rt); v th ba, trong dng vn hc
nh/ph, mi th u c gi tr tp th (l do, theo
Deleuze v Guattari, n gin l v trong cc dng vn hc
nh/ph, ti nng vn him hoi, nn mi pht biu ca h
u nhanh chng tr thnh mt cch pht ngn tp th).1
Trong ba c im nu trn, c im u tin

cng l c im quan trng nht: gii lnh th ho. Hiu
theo ngha n gin l s ly d gia yu t vn ho v cc
yu t a l hay x hi, gii lnh th ho c nhiu phm
vi khc nhau: ngn ng, vn hc v vn ho; c nhiu cp
khc nhau: c nhn, cng ng v quc gia. kha
cnh no , c th ni gii lnh th ho l s mnh ca
con ngi: hu nh khng ai l khng gii lnh th ho
ngn ng v khng b ngn ng gii lnh th ho. Deleuze
v Guattari vit: Giu hay ngho, ngn ng no cng m
ch mt s gii lnh th ho ca ming, li v rng.
Ming, li v rng tm thy lnh th u tin ca chng
thc phm. pht m, ming, li v rng gii lnh th
ho. Nh vy, c khc gy gia n v ni, hn na,
di mi hnh thc, gia n v vit. Khng cn hoi nghi
g na, vit trong khi n vn d hn l ni trong khi n
nhiu, nhng vit li c th i xa hn trong vic chuyn
ho ch vo nhng iu c th cnh tranh vi thc phm.
Mt khc gy gia ni dung v s din t. ni, v nht
1
Nh trn, tr. 16-7. Cc v d trong ngoc n cng u ca
Deleuze v Guattari.
56 | Nguyn Hng Quc
l, vit, l nhn i.1 Mt s nh phn tm hc cng

ng nh vy. Theo Jacques Lacan, lun lun c ci
Khc trong ngn ng m ngi ta s dng bi bn thn v
thc, yu t t nhiu chi phi vic s dng ngn ng cng
l din ngn ca ci Khc: hc ni bao gi cng l mt
cuc tranh u d di ca mi a tr bi v chng phi
tp ni nhng iu phc tp hn hn kh nng pht m
ca chng; hu qu l, c th ni cho ngi khc hiu,
chng phi t c mun ca ngi khc ln trn c
mun ca chnh chng,2 ngha l, ni cch khc, ngay t
khi thu ca mt i ngi, ngn ng b tha ho. Mt
s nh nghin cu khc c cch t tn cc ngn ng
Caribbean v Creole rt hay (v hu nh khng th dch ra
ting Vit): the m[O]ther tongue, c th c hiu va
l mother tongue (ting m ) va l other tongue
(ngn ng khc) cng lc. Ci ngn ng va thuc v m
li va thuc v k khc y chc chn l mt th ngn ng
b gii lnh th ho.
Deleuze v Guattari nhn mnh: ci nh/ph

khng nht thit gn lin vi mt nn vn hc no; ch
l nhng iu kin cch mng cho mi dng vn hc nm
ngay trong tm im ca mt nn vn hc c xem l
ln.3 Tuy nhin, r rng l nhng iu kin y, ni chung,
gn hn, v do , c nh hng su m hn t nht ba
nhm: mt, vn hc ca nhng quc gia hay sc tc c
dn s thp; vn hc ca cc nhm thiu s b p bc,4 v
1
Nh trn, tr. 19-20.
2
Jacques Lacan, "The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious
or Reason Since Freud" in trong tp Critical Theory Since 1965 do
Hazard Adams v Leroy Searle bin tp, nxb Florida State University
Press, 1986, tr. 738-56.
3
Deleuze & Guattari, sd, tr. 18.
4
Theo Ronald Bogue (2003), trong cun Deleuze on Literature
(New York: Routledge), trong vi trng hp, hai nhm u trng
cui cng, vn hc ca nhng ngi tin v hin i (v

hu hin i, d nhin), nhng k, ni theo ch ca
Deleuze v Guattari, mun tr thnh nhng g du mc,
nhng ngi di dn hay nhng tn gypsies trong quan h
vi ngn ng ca chnh h.1 iu quan trng cn ch l:
tnh cht gii lnh th ho ca ngn ng khng phi ch l
mt tnh trng, mt thc trng, m cn l mt iu kin,
hn na, mt iu kin cch mng cho mi dng vn
hc nh nm gia ci gi l vn hc ln.2
Trong ngha nh th, gii lnh th ho ngn ng

khng phi ch l mt s mnh m cn c th l mt la
chn, hn na, theo Deleuze v Guattari, nn l mt la
chn dt khot v quyt lit; cng dt khot v cng quyt
lit bao nhiu th cng tt by nhiu. C l khng c v d
hay bi hc no r rng hn l kinh nghim vit lch ca
Franz Kafka. Thi y, Prague (thuc Cng Ho Sc,
Czech Republic, by gi), phn ln dn chng ni ting
Tip, ch c mt thiu s ni ting c, ch yu hc t
nh trng ch khng phi t i sng, th ting c
nng tnh hnh chnh v cng quyn, khng c mu sc v
rt t sinh kh, li b nh hng nng n ca ting Tip,
khng phi ch trong cch pht m m cn c trong t
vng v c php na.3 R rng l mt th ting c b
nhau, nhng iu khng phi lc no cng xy ra. Khng phi lc

no ci gi thiu s cng t i. V s lng, nhng ngi da mu kh
ng, nhng u, tr qu hng ca h, h cng b xem l thiu s.
Ph n, chim mt na hoc hn mt na dn s th gii, mt thi
gian rt di, cng b xem l thiu s, v.v (tr. 112).
1
Deleuze & Guattari, sd, tr. 19.
2
Ch iu kin cch mng l ch ca Deleuze v Guattari,
sd., tr. 18.
3
Thi y, Prague, khong 80% dn s ni ting Sc, khong
5% l ngi c, v cn li l nhng ngi gc Do Thi ni ting
c. (Dn theo Roland Bogue, 2003, sd, tr. 95.)
58 | Nguyn Hng Quc
gii lnh th ho. Th nhng hu ht nhng ngi chn

vit vn bng ting c Prague lc y u khng bit
iu , u khng dm nhn nhn iu : h c gng
vit nh ngi c, hn na, cn c gng lm giu c
mt cch gi to ci th ting c y bng cch khai thc
nhng hnh nh tng trng, nhng gic m ngy
(oneirism) v nhng cch din t b him, ti tm. l
cch tip cn ca trng phi Prague, ca Gustav Meyrink
v nhiu ngi khc, trong c c Max Brod, bn thn
ca Kafka v cng l mt tc gi a nng. Theo Deleuze
v Guattari, ch l mt n lc tuyt vng nhm ti lnh
th ho mang tnh tng trng (symbolic
reterritorialization), da trn cc c mu (archetypes) v
thut gi kim, khng c tc ng no khc ngoi vic lm
ni bt khong cch i vi dn chng, nhng ngi ang
s dng ting c thc s ngay trn t nc ca h.
Kafka chn mt con ng khc, ng hn, ng sng to
mt con ng khc: ng chn th ting c ngho nn
v kh hn ang c s dng ti Prague. ng bit n b
gii lnh th ho. ng chp nhn n. Hn na, ng cn
mun y tnh cht gii lnh th y tht xa. n tn cng.1
Nh , ng to c mt phong cch ngn ng gin d,
mnh m, lnh lng, y c tnh v cng y tnh cch tn,
qua , lm thay i hn khung cnh vn hc ca thi i
ng cng nh sau ng: n khng phi ch ni rng din
tch vn hc m cn dng nh to hn mt th h thng
quy phm mi c th dung hp c nhng ci mi l
m n mang li.
Mt loi ngn ng b gii lnh th ho nh th
cng c th tm thy Vit Nam trong sut c thi trung
i, t th k 10 n tn cui th k 19, khi ngn ng vn
hc chnh thng l ch Hn, th ngn ng m ngi Vit
1
Deleuze & Guattari, sd., tr. 25.
Nam hc c v vit ch khng phi ni. D

nhin, trc ht l mt s tht bi ca lch s: sau khi
ginh c c lp v chnh tr, khng c ai vin
kin v can m i nt chng ng cn li: tranh u
cho nn c lp v vn ho vi mt vn t ring v mt
nn hc thut ring. Gii cm bt lm trm trng thm s
tht bi y bng cch ph nhn tnh cht gii lnh th ho
ca th ch Hn Vit, m mi chy theo ngn ng chnh
Trung Hoa vi hy vng c nhp vo dng vn hc ln
y, c xp vo nhng phm tr tin Hn hay nhng
thnh ng, v.v... Ngay c khi vit bng ch Nm,
ngi ta vn vit di nh sng m hc ca nn vn hc
bng ch Hn, ngha l buc ch Nm phi b gii lnh
th ho ngay chnh trn qu hng ca n. Ch c mt s
ngi, thng, trong mt giai on no , i n tn
cng - mt cch t gic hay, nhiu hn, t pht - con
ng vn hc nh/ph mi t c nhng thnh cng
ng k: khng phi ngu nhin m nhng bi th c
chng ta ngy nay nh gi cao nht phn ln l nhng bi
th c v bn ct, nh nhch, tuyt i khng c cht g l
ngn ch hay ti o, t nhng bi th tng truyn
ca H Xun Hng n nhng bi kiu Khc chng ra
cho, nut chng vo hay Cam, tc ra thm gc hi
ng ca Nguyn Gia Thiu, Tau nh tau, tau nh
mi ca Nguyn Cng Tr, Mt tr, mt ru, mt n
b ca Trn T Xng, Cng phi xi, ngi, cng phi
chi ca Tuy L Vng, v.v Ci hay ca chng u
nu, trc ht, khng phi thi dm i vo con
ng nh v thch thc vi dng vn hc chnh thng,
y quyn uy ca thi i? nu khng phi thi theo
ui n cng tnh cht gii lnh th ho khng nhng v
phng din ngn ng m cn c v phng din t tng
m hc? Nhng iu ny dng nh cng ng ngay
60 | Nguyn Hng Quc
trong trng hp ca Nguyn Du, khi ng vit Truyn

Kiu t cm hng ca mt tc phm thuc loi nh/ph
Trung Hoa: Kim Vn Kiu truyn ca Thanh Tm Ti
Nhn. Chn Vit ho mt tc phm nh th r rng
Nguyn Du khng h c nh i vo con ng ln,
con ng chnh thng v chnh mch ca thi i ng.
thi im hin nay, khng c dng vn hc no

nh hn dng vn hc lu vong v khng c ngn ng no
b gii lnh th ho bng ngn ng ca cng ng lu
vong. Vn hc lu vong nh khng nhng so vi vn hc
c quc (nu cn c c quc!) m cn nh, thm ch rt
nh so vi vn hc chnh mch quc gia ni h ang
nh c. Ngn ng ca cng ng lu vong b gii lnh
th ho c hai bnh din: ngn ng mi, ni ngi lu
vong b xem l k mi nhp c v thiu hn nhng b dy
vn ho vn gn lin vi ngn ng y, v ngn ng c,
ni thnh mt ci g xa l xa lc, c khi ch thun l
mt hoi nim.
Mc d c nhiu cch nh ngha, phn tch v

nh gi khc nhau v khi nim lu vong, hu nh mi
hc gi u ng vi nhau v mt iu: c im ni bt
nht ca lu vong l tnh cht gii lnh th. Lu vong l
nhng k nh mt mt qu hng v s khng bao gi
tm li c mt qu hng thc s no na d qu hng
khng bao gi ngng l mt m nh y day dt i vi
h. iu ny ng khng phi ch vi nhng loi lu vong
phi quc gia (stateless diaspora) m cn ng c vi loi
lu vong vn cn lin h, di hnh thc ny hay hnh
thc khc, bng nhng mc khc nhau, vi c quc

(state-linked diaspora).1
Tuy nhin, trc khi phn tch thm v im ny,

chng ta cn lu n s khc bit trong quan im
truyn thng v quan im hu hin i v khi nim lu
vong. Nhng l thuyt gia theo quan im truyn thng
thng gn lin khi nim lu vong vi kinh nghim ca
ngi Do Thi, sau , vi ngi Phi chu, cui cng, m
rng, bao gm c nhng ngi ly hng v nhng cuc
ni chin hay xung t chnh tr trong nc: tt c u
chia s vi nhau kinh nghim v tnh v gia c
1
Xem Gabriel Sheffer (2003), Diaspora Politics at Home
Abroad, nxb Cambridge University Press, tr. 148. Trong cun ny,
Gabriel Sheffer chia lu vong thnh nhiu loi: loi lu vong lch s
(historical diaspora) xy ra thi c i v Trung i m tiu biu hn
c l cc cuc tht tn ca ngi Do Thi v ngi Armenians; loi
lu vong hin i (modern diaspora) bt u t th k 17 n gia th
k 20 trong ng k nht l hin tng ngi Phi chu b bt v
bn lm n l chu u v chu M; v cui cng, loi lu vong va
mi manh nha (incipient diaspora) t khong chin tranh th gii ln
th hai n nay nh ngi Palestine, ngi Kurds v ngi Tibet (tr.
148). Cha ht. Gabriel Sheffer cn chia ra lm hai loi lu vong:
mt, lu vong nhng vn cn c quc, mt ci i v hoc m c
tr v (state-linked diaspora) v hai, lu vong trong tnh trng vong
quc hon ton (stateless diaspora) (tr. 148). Ranh gii gia hai loi
lu vong ny khng phi lc no cng c phn nh r rt. N li
cng khng bt bin. T gia th k 20 tr v trc, Do Thi l mt
cng ng lu vong v t quc; sau , khi nh nc Do Thi c
khi phc, nhng ngi Do Thi cn lu lc x ngi li bin thnh
lu vong nhng vn cn c c quc. Nhng cng t gia th k 20,
vi s khi phc ca quc gia Do Thi, ngi Palestine li tr thnh
nhng ngi lu vong v t quc. Nhng s bin i ny xut hin
vi mt nhp iu tng i nhanh ba thi im chnh gn lin vi
ba bin ng ln nht trong th k 20: nht th chin, nh th
chin v s sp ca ch ngha x hi Lin x v cc nc ng
u; c ba u dn n s ra i ca nhiu quc gia c lp, bin nhiu
cng ng lu vong loi hai tr thnh cng ng lu vong loi mt.
62 | Nguyn Hng Quc
(homelessness), v tr x (placelessness) v v quc gia

(statelessness). Tuy kh a dng, nhng c im chung
ca nhng cch nhn va nu l tnh cht tnh ti: ngi ta
nhn cc cng ng ng lu vong nh mt thc t c
sn v bt bin, lc no cng m y tnh bi kch, nu
khng ht hi chy trn cc him ho t thin nhin hoc
t cc ch c ti v tn bo th cng b bt v bn i
lm n l nh ngi Phi chu ngy xa hoc b xua ui
ra khi chnh qu hng ca mnh nh ngi Do Thi
my ngn nm trc hay ngi Palestine hin nay. Cc
nh hu hin i th khc. H nhn lu vong nh nhng
iu kin sinh sng ngi lu vong cm nghim tnh
cht phn thn ca mnh: va thuc v ni ny li va
thuc v mt ni khc, va khng ngui nh nhung v qu
c li va lo vun p s nghip trn vng t mi, va
sng trong k c li va lo toan cho tng lai. Cch nhn
ny c u im l nhn lu vong nh mt tin trnh
(process) din ra trn mi cp , t chnh tr, kinh t n
vn ho, v.vtrong mt bi cnh ton cu ho v hn
dung vn ho mnh m v ton din.
L mt tin trnh, lu vong mang tnh nguyn hp

(syncretic), do , n mang c tnh cht xuyn sc tc
(transethnic) v xuyn quc gia (transnational); cng do
, lc no n cng trong trng thi vt bin (crossing
borders). C iu cc cuc vt bin ny khng bao gi
hon tt. Vt qua bin gii ny, ngi ta li i din vi
trng trng cc bin gii khc. Sng lu vong l sng vi
cc bin gii, hn na, sng gia cc bin gii. Khng c
bin gii no l c nh vnh vin, nht l cc bin gii sc
tc v vn ho: sng gia cc bin gii, do , khng phi
ch l sng -gia (in-between) nh ci iu ngi ta
thng ni m cn l sng vi s bt nh, , tm bn
lun lun c v li, cc ng ranh lun lun c

ti duyt. Do , nhiu ngi gi ni ca ngi lu
vong l mt th a phng tnh v gii hn (nonlimited
locality). Ngha l khng thc s u c. Ci gi l
khng u c ca ngi lu vong, tht ra, khc rt xa
vi ci khng u c ca nhng ngi gypsies, nhng
k sinh ra dn thn vo mt cuc lang thang bt tn v
tuyt i khng c nim g v qu qun hay gc gc.
Ngi lu vong, ngc li, khng thuc v ni no l v
mi khng gian u b lc qua lng knh ca qu gc trong
khi chnh ci gi l qu gc li ch l mt kt tp ca hi
c v d phng, mt ci g va thuc v qu kh li va
thuc v tng lai. Lm quen vi mt khng gian, do ,
vi ngi lu vong, l mt chui kinh nghim v gii lnh
th ho v ti lnh th ho lin tc. Kinh nghim lu vong
tr thnh t s lu vong (diasporic narratives), nhng cu
chuyn k v quan trng hn, nhng nh ngha v lu
vong.
Bn cht ca t s l quan h v vn ng. Chnh

quan h ch khng phi s kin, k c s kin lch s, quy
nh bn cht v bn sc ca lu vong. Bi vy, tuy c
nhiu bt ng, cc nh nghin cu v lu vong xut pht
t cch nhn hu hin i u tp trung ch yu vo cc
quan h: mt, quan h vi qu gc; hai, quan h vi ni
nhp c; ba, quan h gia nhng ngi lu vong vi nhau;
v bn, quan h gia tt c nhng iu va k vi nim
v bn sc. c bn mi quan h chnh y, ni bt ln hai
yu t chung khc: vai tr ca tng tng v vai tr ca
k c. Khi xem bn sc hnh thnh t cc quan h trong
khi cc quan h li chu s tc ng mnh m ca tng
tng v hi c, phn ln cc nh hu hin i v lu
vong t nhin tr thnh nhng ngi phn yu tnh lun
64 | Nguyn Hng Quc
(anti-essentialists), nhng k khng tin vo s hin hu

ca cc yu-tnh-tin-hin-hu, nhng nim c sn v
bt bin, bt chp nhng bin thin bn trong hay bn
ngoi.
C tng tng ln k c dng y u khng

phi l nng lc c nhn, d l mt c nhn thin ti, m l
ca tp th. Mt th tng tng tp th v mt th k c
tp th. Chc nng ca tng tng tp th l bin cc
thnh vin sng kh xa cch v khng gian, thm ch, xa
nhau c hng ngn cy s, hng chc ngn cy s, t quc
gia ny sang quc gia khc, t chu lc ny sang chu lc
khc, thnh mt th cng ng c bn sc kh ging nhau,
t nht tn ti di mt ci tn chung, v d cng
ng lu vong Vit Nam trn th gii. Vai tr tng tng
y cng ging vai tr tng tng trong ci gi l
cng ng tng tng (imagined community) ca
Benedict Anderson, trn , hnh thnh cc quc gia theo
ngha hin i m chng ta ang s dng.1 V k c tp
th, Andreas Huyssen nhc mt chi tit khng phi ai cng
: t khong thp nin 1960 n nay, c bit l t cui
th k 20 n nay, k c tp th cng lc cng c ton
cu ho (ch yu l qua k c v Holocaust, sau , v
ch ngha cng sn v v cuc chin tranh lnh, trong
c chin tranh Vit Nam), hnh thnh nn mt th vn ho
k c (culture of memory) v mt th din ngn k c
(memory discourse) vn gn lin vi s pht trin vt
bc ca truyn thng i chng v tm l hu thuc a.2
1
Benedict Anderson (1991), Imagined Community: Reflections
on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Verco xut bn ti London.
2
Xem bi Present Pasts: Media, Politics, Amnesia ca
Andreas Huyssen in trong cun Globalization do Arjun Appadurai
bin tp (2001), Duke University Press xut bn ti Durham, tr. 57-77.
K c tp th cng c vai tr c bit trong cc cng ng

lu vong.
Tnh quan h lm cho lu vong tr thnh s lai

ghp (hybridity) trong khi tnh vn ng lm lu vong tr
thnh mt b trng thin tiu thuyt lai ghp khng bao
gi c im kt thc. S lai ghp y c hnh thnh nh
mt s tng tc vi mi trng ton cu ho chung
quanh, vi p lc tch hp ca nn vn ho chnh mch
trong quc gia ngi lu vong sinh sng, vi sc ht ca
cc nhm ng hng sng ri rc cc quc gia khc, v
nht l vi k c, mt th k c khng ngng c lm
li v c vit li, hay ni theo ch ca Cattel v Climo,
mt th bin chng php ca nh v qun (dialectics of
remembering and forgetting).1
Th bin chng php ny c tnh chnh tr rt r

rt: ngi ta thng la chn, c th mt cch v thc,
nhng g cn c nh v cn truyn li cho cc th h
sau. Nhng ngi ta trong cu va vit l ai? L c nhn
v cng l tp th. B quy nh bi mt s iu kin lch
s v vn ho chung, gia cc c nhn trong mt cng
ng lu vong thng c mt s ng thun nht nh.
Tuy nhin do phn ln s ng thun ny din ra trong v
thc, n ch dng li mt s nt ln, chnh v, quan
trng hn, c tnh giai on, ngha l rt hay b bin ng:
k c tp th ca cng ng lu vong, do , b phn
mnh (fragmented) trm trng: khng phi l mt th
thng s m l nhng mnh vn v y khc x ca lch
s. Khc x t kinh nghim ngt ngo hay cay ng qu
nh; khc x t kinh nghim tm kim vng t mi
1
Jacob J. Climo & Maria G. Cattell (bin tp) (2002), Social
Memory and History: Anthropological Perspectives, Altamira Press
xut bn ti Walnut Creek, tr. 1.
66 | Nguyn Hng Quc
v kinh nghim ti nh c v hi nhp trn vng t mi.

Do , nh cng l mt cch v bn (mapping) cho
khng gian lu vong. S la chn v s din dch khc
nhau v qu kh khin Nh tr thnh mt d phng: cch
k li qu kh tr thnh mt cch nh hnh bn sc cho c
cng ng khng nhng ch trong hin ti m c trong
tng lai na. C th cng chia s mt qu kh chung vi
mt s iu kin v bin ng chung, ngi ta c th b
phn ho mt cch su sc theo cch nh v ci iu c
chn (c th mt cch v thc) nh.
C iu, d vic v bn lu vong c thay i

nhanh v ln n my th n vn khng th xo nho mi
bin gii ngi ta c th thanh thn ri b ci khng
gian -gia thng xuyn giao ng do nhng nh hng
n t k c v tng tng cng nh nhng thay i
trong mi trng chnh tr, x hi, vn ho v ngoi giao
chung quanh. Nhiu ngi (c l i tin phong l Homi
Bhabha trong cun The Location of Culture xut bn nm
1994) gi ci khng gian -gia y l kch thc th ba
hay nn vn ho th ba. Tuy nhin khng phi ai cng
tha nhn v chp nhn s hin hu, nht l s c lp ca
ci nn vn ho th ba y. T u th k th 20 tr i, nh
l mt phn ng trc ln sng di dn o t t khp ni
n Bc M, chu u v chu c, nhiu chnh ph p
dng chnh sch ng ho i vi mi ngi nhp c: h
b buc phi t b bn sc vn ho truyn thng ca h
nhp vo dng vn ho chnh mch, hiu theo ngha l
dng vn ho u M. Nc M rt t ho v chnh sch
ng ho ny khi v nc h nh mt ci ni hm (melting
pot) khng l c th lm chy tan ht tt c mi s d bit
v vn ho vn l hnh l ca nhng ngi nhp c.
Nhng t gia th k 20 tr i, k sm ngi mun, dn
dn ngi ta nhn ra chnh sch ng ho va t hiu qu

li va khng cn thit. Nhng ngi M gc t Phi chu
d sng ngay trong lng nc M c hng my trm
nm vn khng b ng ho hn. Nhng ngi Trung Hoa
sng ri rc nhiu quc gia khc nhau t th h ny sang
th h khc vn gi c nt g ring ca h. T thc t
y, nhiu chnh ph dn dn chp nhn chnh sch a vn
ho (multiculturalism), trong , trng tm l cultural
pluralism, chng ta thng dch l a nguyn v vn ho,
vi ni dung chnh l chp nhn v tn trng nhng nt
c th ca cc nn vn ho khc. Th thc, ti khng
thch ch a nguyn lm: n quy chiu ch yu vo ci
ngun (nguyn), vo s khc bit ci gc ban u (trong
qu kh). ch l mt kha cnh ca cultural pluralism.
Mt kha cnh khc l cultural pluralism chp nhn s
hin din ca cc nn vn ho khc nhau (trong hin ti),
v, quan trng khng km, n c v cho nhng chiu
hng pht trin khc nhau (trong tng lai), s c
th ca mi nn vn ho sc tc s gp phn lm giu c
v a dng ho nn vn ho quc gia.
Trong lnh vc vn hc, nhng nt c th y li

cng c khuyn khch, hn na, chng l iu kin
ngi cm bt c th tn ti trong mt th gii, , s
c o l biu hin quan trng nht ca ti nng. Ci gi
l c th y, ngi cm bt lu vong, trong th ng
gii lnh th ho, tht ra, ch l mt s lai ghp
(hybridity). Ni cho cng, cc cy bt lu vong thc s
khng c con ng no khc ngoi vic i ht con ng
y tnh lai ghp ca mnh. Vit bng ting m hay
bng ngn ng mi ni mnh nh c cng c. Tu
kh nng v tu s thch ca mi ngi. Nhng iu quan
trng nht l cch s dng ngn ng v cch la chn
68 | Nguyn Hng Quc
quan im m hc: chng phi thuc ci m Deleuze v

Guattari gi l nn vn hc nh/ph. Bin minh cho cun
Nhng vn th qu (The Satanic Verses), cun sch b cc
quc gia Hi gio, ng u l Iran, ln n kch lit,
Salman Rushdie cho cun sch c vit ra t chnh
kinh nghim mt gc, t on v bin hnh vn gn lin
vi kinh nghim di dn trn khp th gii. Theo ng,
Nhng vn th qu tuyn dng tnh cht lai ghp, s
pha tp, trn ln v bin dng n t nhng kt hp mi
m v bt ng ca nhn loi, ca cc nn vn ho, cc
tng, chnh tr, in nh v ca khc. N hi lng trong s
lai ging v s hi tnh cht chuyn ch ca s thun nht.
[] N l bn tnh ca ca ci bn ng lai ging ca chng
ta.1
l vi t nc mi v vi th gii ni chung,
cn vi qu gc th sao? Th cng vy. Cc cy bt lu
vong cng khng th c ng gp no khc ngoi t cch
lu vong v nhng h qu t t cch lu vong ca mnh,
trong ni bt nht vn l ci bn sc lai ghp vn l c
im ca nhng k sng gia cc bin gii, sng xuyn
qua cc bin gii. Lu nay, mt s ngi nhit tnh v giu
tinh thn dn tc cng nh tinh thn trch nhim cp xa
gn n cuc hi nhp ca vn hc lu vong vo vi vn
hc trong nc. Theo ti, ch l iu ho huyn, thm
ch, nhm nh. Nh vn thc s khng cn hi nhp hay ti
hi nhp vo u c. Trong lnh vc chnh tr, kinh t hay
vn ho, ngi ta cn hi nhp sng cn. Nhng trong
lnh vc vn hc ngh thut, hi nhp ch c ngha l cht.
Nh vn, nh th khng cn hi nhp: vi h, hi nhp
bao gi cng mang ngha xu, l quay lng li vi con
1
Salman Rushdie (1991), Imaginary Homelands, Granta Books
xut bn ti London, tr. 394.
ng nh dnh cho nhng k sng to, ngha l, ni cch

khc, thc cht l mt hnh ng u hng. Khng c g
ng ngc nhin khi, chng hn, nhn li tp ch Hp Lu
vn c v cho s hi nhp gia trong v ngoi nc trong
gn hai thp nin va qua, chng ta khng thy bt c s
ng gp ng k no v phng din vn hc v m hc
c. ng gp v phng din sinh hot? C. l t bo
p, c lc thu ht c nhiu cy bt thuc loi ti hoa
nht hi ngoi. ng gp v phng din x hi? C.
Quan h gia nhng ngi cm bt trong v ngoi nc,
qua tp ch Hp Lu, r rng l su m hn. ng gp v
phng din chnh tr? C th cng c. Nhng quan im
cc oan v nhng ch trng phn ho trong cng ng,
nh Hp Lu, c phn nht dn. Nhng trong phm vi vn
hc, Hp Lu c mang li bt c mt s thay i no
trong phng hng sng tc hay trong thc thm m?
Khng. Hon ton khng. M khng cng phi: vn hc
lu vong khng th ng gp c g khi ri ch ng
gii lnh th ca mnh.
Tuy nhin, iu ng nht l: tnh cht gii

lnh th ho trong ngn ng cng nh trong m hc
khng nhng ch hin hu trong cng ng lu vong m
cn c th tm thy, v cng ngy cng thy r, ngay
trong mt b phn ng k ca nn vn hc ni a. B
phn y trc y cn ln lt, kiu lm th chui v vit
vn chui, ch dnh cho mt nhm bn b c (v d cc
cy bt trong nhm Nhn Vn - Giai Phm min Bc),
sau, cng khai hn, qua nhng tc phm c cng b
hi ngoi (v d nhiu tc phm ca Dng Thu Hng
trc khi b quyt nh xin t nn ti Php vo nm 2006),
cui cng, gn y nht, qua nhng tc phm c xut
bn khng chnh thc (ngha l khng xin php v khng
70 | Nguyn Hng Quc
np lu chiu) trong nc1 hay ch cng b trn cc tp

ch mng (v d Talawas, Da Mu hay Tin V) hoc cc
trang blog. Tt c nhng cy bt thuc cc hin tng va
k u sng v sng tc trong tnh trng phn cch vi
ngn ng chnh thng, vn hc chnh thng v vn ho
chnh thng trong nc. Mi quan h tng l t nhin v
tt yu gia vit v c, gia nhng ngi cm bt v cc
c gi ca h, gia tc phm v mi trng xut bn
cng nh pht hnh chung quanh, gia ci biu t
(signifier) v ci c biu t (signified) trong ngn ng
1
My nm gn y c t nht hai nh xut bn nh th c d
lun ch nhiu; nh xut bn Giy Vn (ca nhm M Ming) v
nh xut bn Ca. C hai u Si Gn. Tuy nhin, ngi i tin
phong trong vic xut bn di hnh thc photocopy trong nc c l
l Nguyn Quc Chnh. Bi ta tp th Ca cn cc n d (thng
11-2001) l mt bi vit hay. Xin trch c bi bn c tham kho:
Tht ng ngh khi va mun t do va mun c ch chuyn
chnh cho php. Ti hn hai ln ngu nh vy. V tr tru c hai ln
(tuy nhc nhn) nhng u c php.
Mc d gi l xin, nhng thc ra c g cho khng u. ng tn
ca n phi gi l mua v bn. Mua giy php v bn quyn c
php in v pht hnh. mua v bn, l ra phi thoi mi. ng ny
va mun bn va s mt quyn chuyn ch. V k mua, vn khng
mua c ci th m ng ra khng nn c trn i. l giy php.
Marx. ng ta trit l, t do l nhn thc ci tt yu. Cc mn
mng mui ng dng n nh mt th an thn, gy m cho ci gi l t
do ca h. i vi h, t do l ng ngha vi chp nhn. Chp nhn
yn thn. V yn thn chnh l cch nhn thc ci tt yu hiu qa
nht. Mo v chut l quy lut. Nhng phi xin php pht ngn th
khng th l quy lut. C th k hoch sinh , nhng khng th k
hoch ting khc cho i ca mt a b. C th hn ch phn n
ca ngi bo ph, nhng khng th kim duyt mt ngi bo ph
ku ca v chng thm n ca h.
Ci phn ng ca Marx ch, coi x hi l mt cuc u giai
cp. Con ngi v t do ca n, ch c, khi thc v ci gi l tt yu
ca cuc u giai cp y. H qa ca nhng trn u ny, sinh ra hng
lot kiu anh hng. Ch ngha anh hng v bin thi ca n ph
hy ci bo thai t nhin ca x hi. T ch cho rng x hi l x hi
ca u giai cp, nn con ngi b cng ra thnh nhng mt trn. Mt
b lung lay, v c khi gy hn. Di p lc ca ch

kim duyt khe kht cng nh ca h thng truyn thng
i chng y di tr, ngn ng khng cn phn nh hin
thc na. N tr thnh khun so, my mc, kh cng v
gi to. Theo ti, nhng kiu din t c tnh ni sai (v d
cch dng ch hi b trong nhng cu c ngha tch
cc: C y hi b p), dng tn ring hay mt t nhiu
m tit ch ly mt m c ngha thch hp (v d:
Campuchia i! thay cho chia i, H Vn Lu thay
cho lu, Lng Vn Can thay cho can, v.v) u l
trn y t, mt trn gio dc, mt trn vn ngh Ci nguy ca nhng
mt trn ny l t con ngi trong th nghi k v th ch nhau.
Mt quc gia gi l t do, nhng khng c t do c nhn, t do
ca quc gia chng khc g mt th vi lim. Mt quc gia gi l
t do, m khng c dn ch, quc gia ch l mt qun th s khai.
Mt ngi khng c t do c nhn, ngi s c tha kh nng ca
mt sinh vt, nhng khng l do cho mt con ngi. Hung chi l
mt ngi vit. T do c nhn khng c ngha l tch khi v bit lp.
Ch tch khi v bit lp vi ci m mu quy ng t do c nhn vo
mu s chung nhn danh t do dn tc.
Ni s b chp m nhanh chng bin thnh mt kinh nghim suy
i. N hy hoi ti nng bng nhng th thut c m ha di
dng gi l vit-lch. Lch trong khi vit c coi l khn kho,
nhng thc ra n l th khn vt. Mt loi tm l thnh truyn
thng ca k b tr. V ngi Vit, dng nh cht hn ch lm
ngi. l thc v t do c nhn.
Ngi gi l tr thc, l ra l nhng c nhn t do ch ngha
hon ho nht. Nhng thc t h ch l thnh phn dt d, t tha mn
n c bng nhng chuyn tiu lm. Ri lui v hp thc ha ci thn
phn oan trang bng cch bi, suy tn v thn thnh ha Kiu. T
bn dch lc bt mt cun truyn Tu, th m my th k vn cn
l sch gi u ging. Hay ni ng hn, n l ci hm m tp th,
khng ngt mai tng cho nhng s phn tinh thn ca tr thc Vit
Nam.
Bo lc c th tm thi mang li ci gi l t do dn tc. Nhng
t do c nhn khng th c bng s chin thng ca sng n. N phi
l mt cuc ni chin trong mi ngi. loi khi thc nhng tn
iu phn ng. hng ngn nm n su v gm mn thn phn
nhng ngi vn lm than, nh b v c tin. H, d tri qua bao nhiu
72 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nhng cch by t thi , bng vic ni ngc hoc s

ph phch i vi cc quy lut v quy c ngn ng, ca
x hi. Ni cch khc, chnh ci ngn ng vn hc trong
nc hin nay cng b gii lnh th ho. Nhiu ngi cm
bt chp nhn tnh trng gii lnh th ho y v chp nhn
i vo dng vn hc nh/ph: h s dng ci ngn ng b
cm k, by t nhng thi b cm k, theo ui nhng
phong cch b cm k v thm ch, ph bin tc phm
di nhng hnh thc b cm k.
Mt trong nhng ngi i tin phong ng thi

cng l ngi pht ngn mt cch hng hn nht cho s
chn la y l nh th Nguyn Quc Chnh. Trong li ni
u tp th Ca cn cc n d in (bng cch photocopy
v khng xin php chnh quyn nm 2001), ng gii thch
ti sao ng t chi i vo con ng chnh thng:
Vit, in v pht hnh trong s cho php, l mt

cch tip tay vi s phn ng theo ngha l ko
di nhng bin tng. Bi n t c tc dng thc
y. M ch thm nhng k ng lo vi m mu
bp cht t do c nhn.
tai ha nhng vn c tin. Vn nh b. Ch c iu thi o c gi, c

hi v tnh lu c th mi ngy mt nhun nhuyn hn...Chnh ci ti
t trong tinh thn nh vy, nn nhng tn iu phn ng xa nay di
mi hnh tung mi c c honh hnh.
Vit, in & pht hnh trong s cho php, l mt cch tip tay vi
s phn ng theo ngha l ko di nhng bin tng. Bi n t c tc
dng thc y. M ch thm nhng k ng la vi m mu bp cht
t do c nhn.
Ti c my chc ngi quen, mt t ngi bn, v ch vi ci
vn minh vi tnh, th ti c th c c mt cch sch s m khng
phi khom xung chui qua s khm xt no.
Ti c my chc ngi quen, mt t ngi bn, v

ch vi ci vn minh vi tnh, th ti c th c
c mt cch sch s m khng phi khom xung
chui qua s khm xt no.1
Nhiu ngi gi h l nhng nh th v nhng

nh vn phn khng. C th. Nhng chc chn khng phi
l tt c, thm ch khng phi l s ng. Theo ch ti
bit, rt nhiu ngi trong h khng c thi chnh tr g
tht r rt. V h cng khng h mun dn thn vo chnh
tr. H ch thun l tr thc v vn ngh s. H ch mun
sng tc theo ci hng m h ngh l ng, hay v p.
Th thi. Hng y chnh l ci hng nh/ph, ngoi
chnh thng, do , ngoi khun so, v cng c ngha l
ngoi s t hu.
Ch khng phi sao? Dng chnh thng no li

khng phi l li mn v khng phi l mt th i l cho
m ng phi-bn sc? Dng chnh thng di mt ch
c ti li cng c tnh t hu ln. C nhn li vn hc
min Bc trong sut hai mi nm chin tranh (1954-75)
v sau , vn hc c nc trong mi nm u thi k
hu chin (1975-85) th r. Nhng tn tui mt thi tng
c xem l nhng ti nng kit xut thi tin chin, sau
ny, li c xem nh nhng ngn c u ca vn hc
cch mng by gi ra sao? Hu ht u li tn. c tc
phm ca h: ch thy s sa o v ti nng. c cc bi
bt k v hi k vit v h: ch thy s sa o v nhn
cch.2 Chnh h, nhiu ngi, nhn li s nghip ca mnh,
1
Xem thm ch thch s 24 trn.
2
Cc bi bt k v hi k y, v d cc bi v Xun Diu, Huy
Cn, Hoi Thanh, v.v c th d dng tm thy khp ni. Th v nht
c l vn l tp Chn dung nh vn ca Xun Sch, trong c my
chn dung tiu biu:
74 | Nguyn Hng Quc
khng trnh c cm gic ngng ngng v xu h. Ch

Lan Vin, trong cc bi th gi l di co, chng hn.1
Thuc th h tr hn, Nguyn Khi, gn y, trong bi tu
bt di i tm ci Ti mt,2 chng hn. Trong khi ,
nhng ngi chn (hoc b buc phi chn) con ng
vn hc nh/ph, ngc li, c cng ngy cng to sng.
Nh Trn Dn, ng nh Hng, L t, Hong Cm v
nhng ngi tr hn mt t, Dng Tng, Hong Hng,
Phan an, v.v Nhng tc phm c h sng tc trong
thm lng lm mi ngn ng th, m rng din tch
V Huy Cn:
Cc v La hn cha Ty phng
Cc v gi qu ti th bo
Nm xa ti ht v tr ca
By gi ti ht t n hoa
Ti ht chin tranh nh try hi
ng nn xu h khi ni di
Tri mi ngy li sng c sao u
V Ch Lan Vin:
iu tn ? u ch c iu tn
Ta ngh ti vng sao t thu y
Chim bo bo, la chiu cn gi dy
La nh sng trn u m thay i sc ph sa
Thay i c cn m
Ai dm bo con tu khng mng tng
Mi m khuya khng ung mt vng trng
Lng ta cng nh tu, ta cng ung
Mt anh em trong sui cn hi nh vn
V Hoi Thanh:
V ngh thut na cuc i

Na i sau li v ngi ngi trn
Thi nhn cn mt cht duyn
ca th, trong c nhiu vng cn chp chng bng ti

ca v thc. Chnh h, cng vi mt s nh th min
Nam vo cui thp nin 1950, trong ni bt nht l
Thanh Tm Tuyn, Bi Ging v T Thu Yn, y th
Vit Nam tin xa v tin su v hng hin i ho. C
th ni bi hc ln nht m lch s my chc nm va qua
dy chng ta l s tht bi ca dng vn hc chnh thng.
Cng c th ni thm: php mu ln nht ca ng Cng
sn trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut l: h chm bn tay
Li v cho nt li ln cho au
Bnh th ti thu bc u
Vn cha th tt ni cu nhn tnh
Git mnh mnh li thng mnh
Tn canh tnh ru bng hnh cng tan.
Tp Chn dung nh vn ny c th tm thy d dng trn

internet.
1
V d bi Tr i:
Sau ny anh c th ti nn nh
C phi ti vit u? Mt na
Ci cn vit vo th, ti git i ri!
Git mt ting au, git mt ting ci,
Git mt k nim, git mt c m,
Ti git ci cnh sp bay...trc khi ti vit
Ti git bo tp ngoi khi cho c yn n trn b
V git lun mt tri trn bin,
Git ma v git c c mc trong ma lun th
Cho nn cu th ti gy cm nh th
Ti vit bng xng thi, khng c tht ca mnh.
V th ny ri n tay anh
Anh bo y l ti?
Khng phi!
Nhng cng chnh l ti - ngi c li!
git i bao nhiu ci
C khi khng c ti nh mnh!
2
Xem ton bi ny trn http://www.diendan.org/sang-tac/111i-
tim-cai-toi-111a-mat
76 | Nguyn Hng Quc
lnh o ca h vo u, lin b bin ngay thnh rc

ri.1
Cng c ci hay: i din vi nguy c rc ho

y, nhng ngi cm bt ti hoa v can m nht khng
cn la chn no khc ngoi vic i hn vo dng vn hc
nh/ph, i tht xa vo con ng gii lnh th ho tr
thnh nhng k lu vong, c khi ngay trn t nc ca
mnh. Nh , bng nhng tc phm giu tnh sng to, h
to ra c mt th i m hc (counter-aesthetics) v i
t s (counter-narratives) ca dng vn hc chnh thng.
Xin lu : i (counter-) ch khng phi l phn
(anti-). i theo kiu i tc (counter-part) hay i
trng (counter-force) vn kh ph bin trong ngn ng
chnh tr lu nay, hay trong t i vn ho (counter-
culture) vn thnh hnh Ty phng t thp nin 1960
tr i. i l tn ti bn cnh, c lp v y tnh ph
phn i vi mt ci g khc c v nh to ln v b th
hn hn.
1
Ngoi trng hp suy i v ti nng v nhn cch ca cc tc
gi thnh danh trc nm 1945, sau ny sng min Bc nhc
trn, c th dn thm bng chng khc v tnh hiu qu ca s lnh
o ca ng: t bo Vn Ngh ca Hi Nh Vn: trc, thi
Nguyn Ngc lm Tng bin tp, t bo va c nh gi cao v
ngh thut va c mi ngi, t gii cm bt n gii c gi ni
chung, yu thch; sau, khi Nguyn Ngc b ph phn v b cch chc,
t bo c ng chm sc cn thn; hu qu: khng ai thm c
na! Trong lnh vc bo ch, gn y cng c trng hp tng t: t
bo Tui Tr vn l t bo thuc loi c uy tn v bn chy nht
Vit Nam, nhng t khi ng thay i Ban bin tp, tng cng s
lnh o th n li tr thnh mt t bo km ci, nht nho v s
lng pht hnh gim i n hn 100.000 bn/k. Xem bi Huy c
tng thut trn blog: http://blog.360.yahoo.com/blog-
_Q78P6g5br89WVUa77qC3PG4?p=5760 (ngy 15.9.2008)
Nhng khng chng chnh nhng ci i y mi

thuc v tng lai. Nh lch s nhiu ln chng minh.
3
Tnh lai ghp
Gn lin vi ton cu ho v gii lnh th ho l

nim v tnh lai ghp (hybridity). t ph bin hn, nhng
so vi hai khi nim trn, tnh lai ghp li c lch s lu
i v khng chng c nh hng trn vn ho v vn hc
su m hn. Trong bi vit ny, sau khi phn tch ni
hm khi nim tnh lai ghp, ti mun chng minh hai
iu: mt, tnh lai ghp l mt trong nhng c im ni
bt nht ca vn ho v vn hc Vit Nam; v hai, tng
lai ca vn ho v vn hc Vit Nam cng u nm tnh
lai ghp.
Nhng, trc ht, tnh lai ghp l g? Nhiu ngi

cho khi nim tnh lai ghp nh mt con k nhng c thay
i ngha theo tng ng cnh v vn cnh. Vittoria
Borso cho l mt thut ng ng b nghi vn: n t
trn gi thit v s tn ti ca mt nn vn ho thun
khit.1 Nilos Papastergiadis th cho khi nim tnh lai ghp
1
Vitteria Borso, Hybrid Perceptions, a Phenomenological
Approach to the Relationship Between Mass Media and Hybridity in
cha ng trong bn thn n nhng tng tht k l.1 K

l n Homi Bhabha, mt trong nhng l thuyt gia
hng u ca tnh lai ghp, gi l mt s ngu trang
(camouflage),2 hn na, mt th d gio (heresy).3 Tt c
nhng cch ni y u nhm by t mt im: ng sau
khi nim tnh lai ghp, c bao nhiu l tng khc bit,
thm ch, mu thun, chng cho ngn ngang, thch thc
mi n lc khi qut ho ca nhng ngi lm cng tc
khoa hc.
M tht. Lch s tnh lai ghp c h di bng hoc

gn bng lch s nhn loi. Trong ting Anh, lai ghp,
(hybridity) c gc gc t ting La Tinh, hybrida, thot
u, c s dng ch nhng con heo sinh ra t s giao
phi gia mt ging heo rng v mt ging heo thun
ho; sau, ch con ci ca mt ngi La M v mt ngi
ngoi quc, hay ca mt ngi t do v mt ngi n l;
sau na, ch tt c nhng g c hnh thnh t mt s pha
trn gia nhiu yu t khc bit, v d, trong sinh hc,
nhng a con sinh ra t nhng cuc hn nhn d chng;
trong thc vt hc, nhng loi cy lai ging bng cch
chit cnh; trong ngn ng hc, ch nhng hin tng pha
ting hoc v phng din ng m, hoc v phng din
trong New Hybridities do Frank Heidermann v Alfonso de Toro bin
tp (2004) t nhng bi tham lun trong mt cuc hi ngh ti Kloster
Seeon, c, tr. 39. C th xem cun sch trn internet:
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=9LpLvevagjEC&dq=
%22New+Hybridities%22+%22Toro
%22&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=GGu5nM7j8Z&sig=HezA
Tb5PEc8BGyro7YOE3nGyapQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resn
um=1&ct=result#PPA9,M1
1
Nikos Papstergiadis (2000), The Turbulence of Migration,
2
Homi Bhabha (1994), The Location of Culture, London:
Routledge, tr. 193.
3
Nh trn, tr. 226.
80 | Nguyn Hng Quc
t vng, hoc c hai phng din y. T th k 18, t lai

ghp ni ln nh mt thut ng trong cc l thuyt v
chng tc; sau, n lng xung hu nh cng lc vi s
thoi tro ca ch ngha thc dn; nhng gn y, n xut
hin tr li trong lnh vc vn ho, trit hc, x hi hc,
nhn chng hc v vn hc.1 Khng phi ch tr li, n
cn tr li mt cch huy hong, vi t cch mt trong
nhng nim trung tm ca nhiu trng phi v nhiu
ngnh hc khc nhau, t ch ngha hu thc dn/thuc a
n ch ngha hu hin i, t lu vong n ton cu ho,
t Vn ho hc (Cultural Studies) n Sc tc hc (Ethnic
Studies), v.v... Khng th bn n cc trng phi hoc
ngnh hc y, cng nh khng th hiu c thi i
chng ta ang sng mt cch thu o nu b qua khi
nim tnh lai ghp. Jan Nederveen Pieterse xem lai ghp
ho nh l biu hin ca ton cu ho.2 Pnina Werbner
xem tnh lai ghp nh mt th siu kin to l thuyt ca
trt t x hi.3 Renato Rosaldo xem tnh lai ghp nh mt
iu kin ang tip din v cng lc cng pht trin ca tt
c cc nn vn ho nhn loi, ni vn khng c ch cho s
thun nht v thun khit, bi v mi th u trong trng
1
V lch s pht trin ca t hybridity va k, ti nht nhnh
v tng hp t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn internet v cc sch tham
kho (c lit k trong cc phn ch thch ca bi ny).
2
Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Globalization as Hybridization in
trong cun Global Modernities do Mike Featherstone, Scott Lash v
Roland Robertson bin tp (1995), London: Sage Publications, tr. 45-
68.
3
Pnina Werbner, Introduction: the Dialectis of Cultural
Hybridity in trong cun Debating Cultural Hybridity do Fnina
Werbner v Tariq Modood bin tp (1997), London v New Jersey:
Zeb Books, tr. 1. Nguyn vn: Hibridity is here a theoretical
metaconstruction of social order.
thi xuyn vn ho ho (transculturation) vi hai ng tc

mn v cho mn din ra hu nh cng lc.1
C th ni, trong my chc nm va qua, t c khi

nim no thay i nhiu v trit nh khi nim tnh lai
ghp: Trc, n gn lin vi nim chng tc; sau, vi
nim v bn sc. Trc, trong din ngn thc dn lun
(colonial discourse), n ch nhng g b xem nh th cp
v h ng; sau, trong din ngn hu thc dn lun
(postcolonial discourse), n li c xem nh mt nt c
th v c o. Trc, trong mt nhn ca cc nh hin i
ch ngha, n l mt s bt ton; sau, di nhn quan hu
hin i, n li c xem nh l mt thnh tu. Trc,
thi bin gii gia cc quc gia nu khng b kho cht th
cng b canh phng cn mt, n b xem nh mt ti li v
mt s e do; sau, thi ton cu ho, n li bin thnh ci
g hin nhin, nh mt tt yu, khng th trnh c.
Trc, n b xem nh mt th thnh kin y tinh thn k
th v n gin; sau, n tr thnh mt khi nim phc tp
trong hc thut n Alfonso de Toro cho l n c th
c phn tch t t nht by lnh vc hay cp khc
nhau: mt phm tr nhn thc lun; mt phm tr l
thuyt hay phng php lun; mt phm tr ca l thuyt
vn ho; mt phm tr xuyn mi gii (transmediatical
category, nh vic s dng nhiu phng tin giao tip
khc nhau, nhiu h thng tn hiu v nhiu h m hc
khc nhau); mt phm tr thnh th (urban category, nh
l cc hnh thc v loi hnh t chc khc nhau); mt
phm tr ca c th2 (v d: lin quan n dc vng, dc
1
Renato Rosaldo, Forword, in trong cun Hybrid Cultures,
Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity ca Nstor Gara
Canclini (1995), Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, tr. xv.
2
Allfonso de Toro cn gi l mt lnh th ca c th (as
territory of the body).
82 | Nguyn Hng Quc
tnh, quyn lc, bo ng, k c, lch s hay kin thc); v

nh mt phm tr khoa hc v k thut.1
Cng c th ni, nhng thay i trong cch nhn

thc v khi nim tnh lai ghp phn nh s tin ho ca
vn minh nhn loi ni chung: trc, ko di c my ngn
nm, t ng sang Ty, u ngi ta cng u cao
tnh thun nht v bt bin trong ngun gc ca cc loi
cng nh trong cc thnh phn v cc gi tr trong x hi;
v u ngi ta cng tm mi cch bo v tnh
thun nht v bt bin y, trong , ng k nht l cch
t ra v s lut l trong hn nhn v trong vic di dn;
sau, ngi ta li cao tnh a nguyn v a phng m
biu hin r nht, v phng din vn ho, chnh l hin
tng lai ghp. Trc, cng ko di c hng ngn, thm
ch, hng chc ngn nm hay hn na, loi ngi c
khuynh hng gii quyt cc bt ng v xung t bng
bo lc; sau, bng cc n lc thng tho (negotiation):
tnh lai ghp l mt trong nhng du n tiu biu nht ca
qu trnh thng tho lin l nhm nh hnh bn sc ca
mt c nhn cng nh ca mt cng ng.
Tt c nhng s thay i trong cch nhn thc v

tnh lai ghp nu trn u bt u t mt ngun: pht kin
ca Mikhail Bakhtin, mt l thuyt gia ngi Nga, ngi
s dng t tnh lai ghp nh mt thut ng trit hc
v vn hc, ng thi tch n ra khi nhng thnh kin v
chng tc hay chng loi vn ph bin trong cc lnh vc
ng vt hc, thc vt hc v thc dn lun.2
1
Frank Heidermann v Alfonso de Toro (2004) sd., tr. 11 v
24.
2
Theo Robert J.C. Young (1995) trong cun Colonial Desire:
Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race, t nm 1862, t lai ghp
(hybridity) c s dng ch hin tng vay mn trong lnh
Tht ra, trong nhiu thut ng quan trng do

Bakhtin a ra, tnh lai ghp ch chim mt v tr khim
tn, xut hin mt cch ho hon v ri rc trong nhiu
vn bn, v ch thc s thu ht s ch ca gii hc gi
trong thi gian gn y, tuy nhin, n li gi m nhiu
phng hng nghin cu mi, gip soi sng nhiu hin
tng ngn ng, vn hc v vn ho mt cch bt ng v
th v. Theo Bakhtin, mt trong nhng c im ni bt
nht ca ngn ng v ca tiu thuyt (hay vn hc ni
chung) l tnh d hnh ngn (heteroglossia / different-
speech-ness1), , mi hnh thc din ngn, c bit l
tiu thuyt, bao gm nhiu hnh thc pht biu khc nhau:
li pht biu ca cc nhn vt, li pht biu ca ngi k
chuyn hay ngay c li pht biu ca tc gi. Bakhtin xem
tnh d hnh ngn nh mt li ni ca ai khc trong mt
ngn ng khc, nhm din t nh ca tc gi theo mt
cch b khc x.2 Kiu pht biu nh th to ra mt
hnh thc din ngn c bit: din ngn nh trng thanh
(double-voiced discourse), c hai ngi ln ting
cng mt lc, din t hai nh khc nhau cng mt lc:
mt nh trc tip ca nhn vt, k ang ln ting, v
mt nh b khc x ca tc gi. 3 Trong mt din ngn
nh th, lc no cng c hai ging, hai ngha v hai li
din t khc nhau: chng dng nh ang i thoi vi
vc ngn ng (tr. 6). (Dn theo Eleni Kefala, Kalokyris and Borges:
A Study of their Syncretist Aesthetics, Journal of Modern Greek
Studies, s 23, 2005, tr. 72.)
1
Cng c ngi dch heteroglossia sang ting Anh l
differentiated speech.
2
M.M. Bakhtin (1981), The Dialogic Imagination, Four Essays
do Michael Holquist bin tp, Caryl Emerson v Michael Holquist
dch t ting Nga, University of Texas Press xut bn ti Austin, tr.
324.
3
Nh trn.
84 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nhau. Bakhtin gi quan h i thoi y l tnh tng thoi

(dialogism),1 mt c im ln ca vn hc, c bit ca
tiu thuyt. Tnh tng thoi lm cho mi li ni u trch
dn hoc quy chiu vo mt hay nhiu li ni khc, mt
hay nhiu ci g khc, c lin quan mt thit vi cc h
thng gi tr trong x hi (ng/sai; tt/xu, p/xu,
v.v); do , mi li ni u biu t mt ci g ln
hn ci ti ca ngi pht ngn: chng bin thnh vn
ho. Mt trong nhng th php chnh hin thc ho
tnh tng thoi v tnh nh trng thanh l tnh lai ghp.
Theo Bakhtin, tnh lai ghp l s trn ln ca hai

ngn ng x hi trong gii hn ca mt li ni duy nht,
mt s i u bn trong phm vi ca mt li ni, gia hai
thc ngn ng khc nhau, b phn cch bi thi i, giai
cp x hi hay mt yu t g khc.2 Tnh lai ghp khng
ch l th php ca tiu thuyt m cn l mt h thng t
chc ko cc ngn ng li gn nhau, dng ngn ng ny
lm sng t ngn ng kia. N l h thng th php
(system of devices) lm ngn ng tr thnh giu c.
Bakhtin tin l nhng s lai ghp hu c (organic), t trong
v thc l nhng kiu thc pht trin quan trng nht
trong i sng v s tin ho ca mi ngn ng. Chng
ta cng c th ni, v phng din lch s, ngn ng, tt
c cc ngn ng, thay i, trc ht, bng cch lai ghp,
bng cch trn ln cc ngn ng khc nhau cng cng sinh
trong bin gii ca mt phng ng duy nht, mt ngn
1
Vit Nam, nhiu ngi dch dialogism l i thoi
(dialogue). Tht ra, nh Sue Vice (1997, Introducing Bakhtin,
Manchester: Manchester University Press, tr. 45) nhn mnh,
dialogism c ngha l nh trng thanh (double voicedness) hn l
lin quan n i thoi mc d Bakhtin thng nu ln s gn gi
gia dialogism nh mt hin tng ngn ng rng ln v dialogue
nh vic i p qua li trong i sng hng ngy.
2
M.M. Bakhtin (1981), sd., tr. 358.
ng ton dn duy nht.1 Ngoi kiu lai ghp t trong v

thc ny, trong ngn ng, cn mt kiu lai ghp khc: lai
ghp mt cch c ch ch (intentional hybrid), ,
ngi ta nhn thc v ngn ng ny t gc nhn ca mt
ngn ng khc: Hnh nh ca ngn ng ch c cu trc
t quan im ca mt ngn ng khc, ngn ng c xem
l chun mc.2
Lai ghp c ch ch khng phi l lai ghp nhng

thc ngn ng v ng m l hai thc ngn ng
c c nhn ho v hai nh ngn ng mang tnh c
nhn r rt. l s lai ghp bnh din ng ngha;
khng phi ng ngha hay logic dng tru tng m l
nhng ng ngha c th v c tnh x hi; bi vy, s lai
ghp y c th dn n nhng xung t gia nhng
nhn sinh quan v v tr quan khc nhau. Lai ghp hu
c, ngc li, c tin hnh t trong v thc, dn n s
ra i ca nhng cch nhn hin thc mi m nhng tim
tin, khng gy nn nhng t on hay khng hong: lch
s vn tip tc pht trin mt cch lng l v m m.
Trong khi tnh lai ghp hu c l ng lc s khi ca
mi s tin ho ca ngn ng, tnh lai ghp c ch ch l
mt trong nhng th php c bn nht nhm cu trc ho
hnh nh ca mt ngn ng.3
Theo Robert Young, cch phn loi ca Bakhtin
cung cp m hnh bin chng hu hiu tm hiu cc
quan h tng tc trong i sng vn ho ca nhn loi;4
theo Pnina Werbner, m hnh bin chng ny c th gii
thch tnh cht cng sinh ca xu hng thay i v xu
1
Nh trn, tr. 358-9.
2
Nh trn, tr. 359.
3
Nh trn, tr. 360-1.
4
Robert Young (1995), Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory,
Culture and Race, London: Routledge, tr. 22.
86 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hng khng c li mi thay i trong cc nhm sc tc

cng nh cc quc gia.1 Ni cch khc, di mt nhiu
nh nghin cu, trong lnh vc vn hc v ngh thut, tnh
lai ghp c th c nhn thy qua s pha trn ca nhiu
th loi, nhiu phng thc din t, nhiu ngn ng v
nhiu vn bn khc nhau trong nhng bi cnh khng gian
v thi gian khc nhau: mi vn bn, do , u c vit
trn bin gii ca hai thc v hai ch th. C th xem
tnh lai ghp nh mt tin trnh tu t ca s thng tho
vn ho (a rhetorical process of cultural negotiation) gia
nhiu nhm v nhiu sc tc trong mt cng ng. Vi
ngha nh th, tnh lai ghp tr thnh mt hnh thc can
thip chnh tr (a form of political intervention). Xin lu
l: Khc vi Ferdinand de Saussure, ngi phn bit ngn
(language) v ng (speech), Bakhtin quan nim khng c
t no thc s hin hu trc khi chng c ni ln hay
vit ra: mi t ng, do , u mang du n ca ngi
pht ngn. V nhng du n y, mi ngn ng u phn
nh nhng cch nhn ring bit, th hin qua ngha v
gi tr ca tng t. Cng chnh v vy, mi pht ngn u
bao hm mt cch by t thi .
Tnh lai ghp li cng l mt cch by t thi :
l pht hin ca mt s l thuyt gia hu thc
dn/thuc a, nhng ngi tip nhn v ti i chng
ho (repopularize) khi nim tnh lai ghp, p dng n vo
vic tm hiu cc sn phm vn hc v vn ho chu ,
chu Phi, chu M La Tinh v cc cng ng lu vong
ri rc trn th gii, c bit Ty phng. Theo Edward
Said, tnh lai ghp gii phng cc nn vn ho hu thc
1
Pnina Werbner (1997), "Introduction: The Dialectics of
Cultural Hybridity", in trong cun Debating Cultural Identity: Multi-
Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism do Pnina Werbner
v Tariq Modood bin tp, London & New Jersey: Zed Books, tr. 1-
26.
dn/thuc a ra khi c tnh gio iu ca ch ngha thc

dn ln th yu tnh lun (essentialism) hp hi vn gn
lin vi bn thn cc nn vn ho hu thc dn/thuc a.1
Trong s cc l thuyt gia v tnh lai ghp hin

nay, c hai tn tui ni bt, c nhc nh nhiu nht:
Homi Bhabha v Nstor Garca Canclini. Trong khi
Bhabha chuyn v kha cnh tm l hc v vn hc,
Canclini chuyn v nhn chng hc v x hi hc; trong
khi Bhabha tp trung vo tnh lai ghp trong chnh tr vn
ho (cultural politics), Canclini tp trung vo tnh lai ghp
trong vn ho chnh tr (political culture); trong khi
Bhabha xut pht t s ph phn i vi ch ngha hu
thc dn (postcolonial criticism), Canclini xut pht t
trng phi M La Tinh (Latin-Americanism); trong khi
Bhabha tin tnh lai ghp c hnh thnh t s giao tip
gia thc dn v dn chng cc thuc a, Canclini cho
nguyn nhn chnh to ra tnh lai ghp ch yu l qu trnh
th ho. Gia hai ngi, c nh hng nht l Homi
Bhabha. Theo Homi Bhabha, lai ghp l mt tin trnh qua
nh cm quyn thc dn m mu phin dch bn sc
ca nhng k b tr nh mt ci Khc (the Other) trong
mt ci khung l thuyt m h cho l c gi tr ph qut
nhng cui cng, m mu y tht bi, v thay vo ,
mt ci g va quen thuc li va mi l ra i nh mt
th i t s (counter-narrative) ca nhng in phm
Ty phng. iu quan trng cn ch l, vi Bhabha, lai
ghp khng phi l mt s vt, mt ci g hon tt v
tnh ti, m l mt qu trnh: lai ghp i u vi ci logic
thng tr ca din ngn quyn lc v m ra mt khng
gian th ba (third space) hay khng gian ca ci th ba
1
Dn theo Evan Mwangi, Hybridity in Emergent East African
Poetry: A Reading of Susan N.Kiguli and Her Contemporaries,
Africa Today, tp 53, s 3 Ma xun 2007, tr, 41-62.
88 | Nguyn Hng Quc
(space of thirdness), , ngha lun lun -gia (in-

between), khng phi ci/ch ny m cng khng phi ci/
ch kia (neither-nor) v khng bao gi n nh c.1
Ngoi Bhabha v Canclini, cn kh nhiu l thuyt

gia khc v tnh lai ghp. Tuy nhin, cho gn, ti ch
xin tm tt li thnh my lun im chnh chng ta d
hnh dung din mo phc tp ca tnh lai ghp vi t cch
l mt khi nim trong hc thut.
V phng din x hi hc, tnh lai ghp c s

dng gii thch hin tng pha tp v khng gian ln
thi gian mt s ni c gi l thnh th ca nng
dn (cities of peasants) ni phng thc sn xut t bn
v tin t bn an xen nhau, v ni tnh tin hin i, tnh
hin i v c tnh hu hin i cng tn ti. 2 V phng
din bn th lun (ontology), tnh lai ghp c dng
din dch nim bn sc trong mt thi i y hoi nghi
v bt nh, c bit i vi s thun nht ca cc chng
tc v cc nn vn ho, mt huyn thoi do ch ngha thc
dn v pht xt dng ln bin chnh cho hnh ng xm
lc h khc ca cc quc.3 V phng din nhn thc
lun (epistemology), tnh lai ghp c dng gii thch
s tin ho ca lch s nh mt qu trnh tng giao v
tng tc gia nhng s d bit, mt cuc thng tho bt
tn nhm to nn s hi ho trong x hi cng nh trn th
gii. V phng din x hi, tnh lai ghp dn n vic
1
Homi Bhabha (1994), sd., tr. 36-9.
2
V d, nhiu thnh ph Vit Nam, ngay c H Ni, hin nay
c th xem l nhng thnh th ca nng dn nh vy.
3
Vittoria Borso ngh khng nn nhn tnh lai ghp t gc
bn th lun m ch nh mt cng c nhn thc lun, mt phng
php nhn thc th gii v mt phng thc nh hnh cc din
ngn v th gii (a method to configurate discourses on the world).
Xem Frank Heidermann v Alfonso de Toro (2004), sd., tr. 41.
gii phn cp (dehierarchization) v to thnh nhng quan

h xuyn phm tr (cross-catergory) ni lin nhng khng
gian vn b ngn cch bi nim truyn thng v quc
gia, chng tc v giai cp. V phng din vn ho, tnh
lai ghp khng trc tip gn lin vi chnh sch a vn
ho (multiculturalism) nhng li l bng chng hng hn
cho xu hng lin vn ho (interculturalism) hoc xuyn
vn ho (transculturalism) vn c mt mi ni v mi
lc, c bit, trong thi hin i v hu hin i, khi cc
phng tin giao thng v truyn thng c pht trin
mnh m. V phng din chnh tr, bn thn s tn ti v
vic tha nhn s tn ti ca tnh lai ghp gp phn lm
nht dn s phn bit gia chnh mch v ngoi bin trong
cch t duy v quyn lc, ng thi, chng minh nhng
thi mang tnh b lc (tribalism) hay tnh tnh l
(provincialism) l hon ton khng cn thch hp, nu
khng mun ni l mt s phn ng i vi lch s. V
phng din thm m, tnh lai ghp cao ci p ca s
kt hp v s a dng trong bi cnh ton cu ho. V
phng din ngh thut, nh l h qu ca quan im
thm m va nu, vn ho lai ghp l mt tin trnh phi
tm ho (decentered process): n khng thuc vn ho a
phng cng khng thuc vn ho ton cu, do , n c
nhiu kh nng i mi v sng to hn hn nhng nn
vn ho c tn v khp kn; ng thi, n cng l mt
tin trnh gii in phm ho (decanonization): mt n lc
vt ra ngoi nhng ci khung sng tc cng nhc c
t trc.
Khng phi kha cnh no trn cng gy nn

nhng phn ng nh nhau. Ni chung, tnh lai ghp trong
khoa hc v trong ngh thut tng i d c cng nhn
hn trong cc lnh vc khc. Tuy nhin, mc cng
90 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nhn y cng li tu thuc vo a phng v thi im

na. nhng vng gip gii, hn na, li l vng gip
gii trong nhng thi gian yn n ko di, nim v tnh
lai ghp tng i d c hoan nghnh hn. Ngoi ra,
cn c vn tui t: nhng vng t mi, truyn
thng vn ho cha qu nng n, tnh lai ghp d c ny
n hn nhng vng t c vn thng b bp di
nhng nim t ho v qu kh.
Khng ng v cch l gii v nh gi nhng

hu nh nh nghin cu no cng cng nhn iu ny:
mi nn vn ho trn th gii u c tnh lai ghp.1 Ch
khc nhau mc . C nhng nc mc lai ghp m
c v r rt n ngi ta xem n nh mt bn sc ca
quc gia. M Ty C, Zanzibar hay nguyn vng chu M
La Tinh l v d.2 Nc M l mt v d khc, ni, ni
theo li mt k gi ca t Washington Post, khng c ni
no tnh cht pha trn li r rng bng, , ngi ta xo
qua xo li cc chng tc, sc tc, tui tc v giai cp li
thnh mt mn nm (salad).3 Nhiu nc ch trng c
vn ho (monocultural) v t ho v tnh c vn ho y,
tht ra, cng l mt th vn ho lai ghp. Nh nc Anh,
chng hn. Ci gi l vn ho Anh hin nay l s tng hp
ca cc nn vn ho thuc nhiu sc tc khc nhau: Celts,
Angles, Saxons, Dannes, Romans v Normans. Hu ht
1
Edward W. Said (1993), Culture and Imperialism, London:
Vintage, tr. xxix; Marwan M. Kraidy (2005), sd., tr. 75; v Adam
Ruper (1999), Culture, The Anthropologists Account, Cambridge:
Havard University Press, tr. 13.
2
Trong rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v tnh lai ghp chu
M Latin, cun Hybrid Cultures ca Nstor Garca Canclini (1995),
sd., c gii nghin cu nh gi rt cao v thng xuyn c
trch dn.
3
Dn theo Marwan M. Kraidy (2005), sd., tr. 75.
cc quc gia thuc vng ng Nam , u chu nh

hng ca vn ho n , Trung Hoa v M Lai.1
Trong ng Nam , c Vit Nam.
Trong bng gi tr ca ngi Vit Nam, nhng ci

thun v nhng ci tinh bao gi cng c nh gi
cao hn nhng ci lai v nhng ci tp. Thm ch,
trong cch hiu thng thng, lai cng c ngha l tp,
l d: lai ging, v phng din huyt thng, l tp chng;
v phng din vn ho, l lai cn(g): ng sau mi t l
mt thin kin nng n. Trong qu kh, ngi Vit khng
khuyn khch cc cuc hn nhn d chng, nh; h
cng khng thch c vic cc c gi trong lng ly chng
lng khc na kia.2 Bin gii thu li u lng. T lng
ny sang lng khc sng b xem l dn ng c. M
l ng c th ch c th l nhng cng dn hng hai m
thi.3 Du n ca ch ngha a phng y cha chc
phai nho trong tm thc ngi Vit Nam hin nay.
Tuy vy, nhn li vn hc v vn ho Vit Nam,

khng ai c th ph nhn c mt s thc: tnh lai ghp.
Trong truyn ngn Vng la ca Nguyn Huy

Thip, c mt nhn vt ngi Php tn Phng nhn xt v
1
Xem Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004), Globalization and
Culture, Global Mlange, Lanham: Rowman &Littlefield Publishers,
tr. 102-3.
2
Tc ng c cu Ly chng kh gia lng hn ly chng sang
thin h. Ngoi ra, theo tc, ly v trong lng th np cheo nh (gi
l cheo ni); ngc li ly v lng khc, mc tin cheo phi np
cho lng ng gi rt cao, c khi gp hai gp ba ln mc cheo bnh
thng.
3
Bnh thng, dn ng c phi trong lng hn ba i v c
cht in sn mi c php tr thnh dn chnh c.
92 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Vit Nam: c im ln nht ca x s ny l nhc

tiu. y l mt c gi ng trinh b nn vn minh Trung
Hoa cng hip. C gi y va thch th, va nhc nh,
va cm th n.1 Ci hnh nh mang tnh n d tng gy
tranh ci, hn na, phn n y, tht ra, khng hn chnh
xc, v nht l, khng y . Th nht, trc khi b vn
minh Trung Hoa cng hip, khng chc c gi y cn
ng trinh khi phi chung ch v c xt d di vi cc
nn vn minh khc trong nhm Bch Vit hay vn minh
Nam ni chung. Th hai, c gi y khng phi ch b
Trung Hoa cng hip thi u. Phi k Php na ch.
l cng hip. Cn ngoi hn th v s: vi Chm, vi
Min, vi Nga, vi M v vi mt s dn tc thiu s
cng sng chung vi Vit Nam (ngha l ngi Kinh) trn
mt di t nh xu. C nhn ngay vo ting Vit th bit.
Ti ang c trc mt cun Tip xc ngn ng ng
Nam do Phan Ngc v Phm c Dng bin son.
Thy, v t nguyn ca ting Vit, ngoi nhng t vay
mn t ch Hn cng nh cc ngoi ng khc m chng
ta u bit, c nhng t d ng l thun Vit nhng vn c
xut x t mt ngn ng hay mt nhm ngn ng khc.
Chng hn, cc s m: mt, hai, ba; nhng b phn c
th: mt, mi, ming; nhng hin tng t nhin: tri, t,
trng, gi; nhng vt quen thuc: r, sng, c; nhng
hot ng s ng: i, sng, chy, bn u thuc gc
Nam . Trong khi , mt s t ch nhng b phn c th
khc: bng, c, lng; nhng hin tng t nhin: ng,
mc; nhng s vt v nhng hnh ng thng thng
nht: g, vt, b, gy, nghing, cng, rng, v.v u
thuc gc Thi.2 Cch pht m cc nguyn m rt c bit
1
Nguyn Huy Thip (1999), Nh nhng ngn gi, H Ni: Vn
Hc, tr. 335-6.
2
Phan Ngc v Phm c Dng (1983), Tip xc ngn ng
ng Nam , H Ni: Vin ng Nam , tr. 145.
ca ngi Qung Nam do u m c? Henry Maspro tr

li: Do nh hng ca ting Chm!3 Li lic sang cun
Tm nguyn t in Vit Nam ca L Ngc Tr, thy
thm: nhng ch nh mt, mt hay mt d ng l
gc Vit, t ra li l nhng t gc Phn. 4 Nu chu kh c
thm cun Ngun gc M Lai ca dn tc Vit Nam ca
Bnh Nguyn Lc5 na th s lng nhng t mang tnh lai
ghp y khng bit bao nhiu m k.
C g ng ngc nhin khng? Chc l khng. Tnh

lai ghp ca vn ho Vit Nam th hin ngay trong truyn
thuyt lp quc khi Lc Long Qun ly u C, Rng ly
Tin, ngi min di ly ngi min cao. N cng th
hin ngay trong cch miu t v tr a l ca t nc m
lu nay cc hc gi vn thng lp i lp li mi ln ni
n vn minh Vit Nam: nm gia Trung Hoa v n ,
nh , tip thu c c hai nn vn ho thuc loi c
knh v phong ph nht th gii: mt Bc v mt
Nam . Cha ht. Trong qu trnh Nam tin, Vit Nam
va chinh pht v lnh th va tip nhn nh hng v
vn ho ca Chim Thnh v Campuchia; sau , nhn
mt bt hnh ca lch s, Vit Nam b Php xm chim,
qua , ngi Vit li c c hi tip xc trc tip, ngay
trong hc ng v i sng hng ngy, vi mt nn vn
minh khc, n t phng Ty xa xi v hon ton xa l.
Du n ca n , Trung Hoa v Php bng bc trong
ton b i sng vt cht cng nh tinh thn ca Vit
Nam, t m thc n tn gio, phong tc, kin trc, m
nhc v c bit, vn hc. Trong vn hc, nhng du n y
c th c tm thy mi lnh vc: t ngn ng (c
3
Nh trn, tr. 46.
4
L Ngc Tr (1993), Tm nguyn t in Vit Nam, Thnh ph
HCM: nxb Thnh ph HCM, tr. 52.
5
Trn cun sch ny c a ln Talawas.org.
94 | Nguyn Hng Quc
bit vn t) n h thng th loi v, quan trng hn, quan

im vn hc, bao gm l tng thm m v quan nim v
chc nng ca vn hc. Tm cho c mt s khc bit c
tnh h thng gia vn hc trung i Vit Nam v vn hc
Trung Hoa khng phi l iu d. Tm ra s khc bit
trong t tng vn hc li cng khng d. Bc sang thi
hin i, cng vy. Trong cun Thi nhn Vit Nam, Hoi
Thanh chia phong tro Th Mi thnh ba dng: dng chu
nh hng ca th ng, dng chu nh hng ca th
Php v dng c tnh cch Vit Nam r rt. Tuy nhin,
Hoi Thanh li nhn mnh ngay: ci dng th cui y
khng phi l khng chu nh hng ca ai c. Thc ra, n
vn chu nh hng phng Ty, ch c iu l vi mt
mc rt t.1 Rt t l th no? Vn l quan h:
rt t y ch yu l t trong tng quan so snh vi
cc nh th chu nh hng th Php mt sch su m
nh Th L, Xun Diu hay Ch Lan Vin. Cn v
phng din th th v cm hng mang tnh cch c nhn
ch ngha v lng mn ch ngha, c ngi no trong s
cc nh th ni danh trong phong tro Th Mi m li
khng chu nh hng ca phng Ty ch? D nhin,
nhng nh hng y khng h lm tm vc ca cc nh
th y thp xung. N ch lm cho nhng nim tin vo
mt th bn sc thun nht v thun khit trong vn hc
tr thnh l bch m thi. Thc cht Th Mi, cng nh
vn hc thi 1930-45 ni chung, l mt th lai ghp: mi
ti nng ln l mt a con lai ca hai hoc nhiu nn vn
ho khc nhau.
M nhn rng ra ton b vn hc c in Vit

Nam, t khi thu cho n u th k 20, tnh cht lai
1
Hoi Thanh & Hoi Chn (1967), Thi nhn Vit Nam, Si Gn:
Thiu Quang (ti bn), tr. 29-38.
ghp vn l c im ni bt nht. Mi nh nho cm bt l

mt s lai ghp. L ngi Vit Nam, nhng tt c tinh hoa
tr thc v vn ngh h th c c u n t nn Hn
hc. Ngay c cc tc phm vit bng ch Nm cng l
nhng s lai ghp. n my ln lai ghp. Bn thn cch
cu to ch Nm l lai ghp, hn. Vic s dng ch
Nm sng tc cng li l lai ghp: lai ghp gia quan
im o c v m hc ca mt tr thc Hn hc vi mt
th ngn ng i thng vn b ch l nm na mch qu.
Nhiu ngi cn gia tng tnh lai ghp y bng cch vay
mn c ct truyn t Trung Hoa, trong c hai truyn
th c xem l xut sc ca Vit Nam: Hoa Tin v
Truyn Kiu. Ngoi phn vn hc c tuyn, thi trung
i, cn c dng vn hc khc kh ln: cc truyn Nm
bnh dn. Ai l tc gi? Cu tr li c t lu: nhng
ngi c hc nhng khng t cao v lm quan ln, tc
cc nho s bnh dn; cng tc l nhng thnh phn lai
ghp.
T khi Php chim v bnh nh xong Vit Nam,

tc vo cui th k 19 tr i, m nh nng n nht ca gii
tr thc v vn ngh s Vit Nam vn l s lai ghp. C
iu, khc vi cc th h trc, n lc lai ghp ca h c
nhiu tnh t gic hn: phn ln h bit l h phi lai
ghp: nu khng, h s b o thi v tiu dit; h cng
bit c ci hng lai ghp: gia ng phng v Ty
phng; v h bit c cch thc lai ghp: qua gio dc,
tuyn truyn v cc phng tin truyn thng i chng.
Khi mt s nh cch mng tung ra phong tro ng Du v
n vi Nht Bn, h cng n vi ci nc Nht Bn
c hin i ho v Ty phng ho. Nhng khu hiu
km theo nhng n d c h ho nhiu nht trong my
thp nin u ca th k 20 nh u ho, ci lng
96 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hay bnh c ru mi, v.v thc cht u l nhng n

lc lai ghp ho.
V khi lai ghp nh th, h to ra c truyn thng

na.
Ni n vn ho, ngi Vit thng ni n truyn

thng; v ni n truyn thng, ngi Vit thng tin
l ci g c gc r su xa trong lch s, thm ch, tin s.
Theo ti, ch l mt o tng, hay ni theo ch ca
Jean-Paul Sartre, mt hnh thc ngu tn (mauvaise fois).
Theo ti, hu ht nhng yu t c gi l tiu biu nht
ca truyn thng vn ho Vit Nam u ra i vo u th
k 20. Nhng, trc ht, hy : khi gii thiu vn ho
truyn thng Vit Nam vi nc ngoi, chng ta thng
gii thiu ci g? V phng din trang phc: chc chn
l chic o di (dch sang ting Anh, bao gi ngi ta
cng thm ch truyn thng (traditional) vo, thnh ra:
Vietnamese traditional long dress). V m thc: chc chn
l ph. Ti c, trong my nm va qua, c mt phong
tro gii thiu vn ho truyn thng Vit Nam kh rm r
v thnh cng mang tn I Love Ph kt hp vic mn
m v trin lm v ph, thm ch, nu v bn lun c
ph. V m thut, ni n truyn thng, ngi ta nhc n
sn la v sn mi. V m nhc: ci lng. V tn gio:
Cao i (trong cc tn gio ln c khong t vi ba triu
tn tr ln, Cao i l tn gio duy nht mang tnh bn
a).
Tt c cc hin tng c xem l tiu biu cho

vn ho truyn thng va k khng nhng kh mi m
cn c hnh thnh nh nhng s lai ghp. Hn na,
ngay chnh ci yu t chng tc, nng ct ca ch ngha
quc gia (nationalism) vn l nn tng ca mi hot ng

chnh tr ti Vit Nam lu nay, theo ti, cng l sn phm
lai ghp c hnh thnh vo u th k 20: i din vi
nguy c b ng ho v c phng din huyt thng ln
phng din vn ho t thc dn Php, ngi Vit Nam
sng to nn khi nim hn nc, c v cho quan
nim ng vn v ng chng v t , khi nim
chu (hay -t- theo cch gi thi by gi) to
nn mt lin minh mi vi Trung Hoa v nht l vi Nht
Bn nh mt s i lp vi s e do t phng Ty, v
cui cng, to nn su v rng cho chin lc y,
ngi Vit phc hi li truyn thuyt con Rng chu
Tin vn c t trc nhng rt t c lu .1
Ti sao nhng s lai ghp u th k 20 li

nhanh chng tr thnh truyn thng ca dn tc nh th?
Ti ng l c bn l do chnh. Th nht l vai tr ca sch
bo. Nn nh, Benedict Anderson, khi chng minh khi
nim quc gia ch l mt cng ng tng tng
(imagined community), nu ln vai tr ca k ngh
sch bo nh mt trong nhng yu t chnh bin mt s
hnh nh thnh mt s tng tng tp th, qua , ni kt
mi thnh vin trong x hi, vn khc hn nhau v gia th,
gio dc, iu kin sng, v c khi, c sc tc na, thnh
mt cng ng chung.2 Vit Nam, trong thp nin 1920
v 1930, sch bo, c bit l bo, t ng Dng tp ch
n Nam Phong, sau , Phong Ho, cng ng vai tr
tng t. Nu khng c t bo Phong Ho v nhm T
1
Xem thm chi tit v lp lun ny trong bi Tnh cht thuc
a v hu thuc a trong vn hc Vit Nam ca Nguyn Hng Quc
in trong cun Vn hc Vit Nam t im nhn h(u h)in i, nxb Vn
Ngh, California, 2000, tr. 301-322.
2
Benedict Anderson (1991), Imagined Communities: Reflection
on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso.
98 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Lc vn on, chc chn hnh nh chic o di Le Mur, v

sau , o di ni chung, khng th ph cp trong c nc
nhanh n th. Th hai l s pht trin ca thng mi.
Xa, mang ting l mt nc, nhng do chnh sch trng
nng c thng ca triu nh v ca c h thng thc
h cm quyn lc by gi, vic bun bn ch c tnh cht
c con, thng gii hn trong vic trao i hng ho
tng a phng nh. Sau, thi Php thuc, thng mi
mi c c hi pht trin. Vi s pht trin y, hnh nh
chic o di trn trang bo nhanh chng xut hin trong
cc tim may v cc tim bn qun o thi trang. L do
th ba: vai tr ca giao thng, v sau , ca s chuyn
ng dn s. Trc, ni l thng nht, nhng chuyn vo
Nam ra Bc ch l gic m ca tuyt i a s qun chng.
Sau, nh s pht trin ca cc tuyn ng xe la, vic
giao lu gia cc min mi tr thnh d dng. Chin tranh
li lm tng tc ca vic giao lu y. Nm 1954, c gn
mt triu s gi ca ph l lt vo Nam: t mt mn n
ch yu H Ni, ci gi l ph Bc y, mt thot, bin
ngay thnh ph ton quc. Trc, bn b Hu ch quanh
qun Hu; sau, t Tt Mu Thn, cng vi ngi Hu,
bn lan trn khp ni, tr thnh mn n khoi khu ca c
nhng ngi cha n Hu bao gi.1
Ngoi ba l do nu trn, ti cho cn thm l do ny

na, khng chng l l do quan trng v cn bn nht:
My chc nm u ca th k 20 l thi gian xy dng
khi nim quc gia Vit Nam. Xy dng li t u. Xy
dng trn nn tng ca mt t nc mt ch quyn.
Hn na, cn xy dng trn nn tng ca mt nn vn ho
mc rung v tan nt, vi n, ngi ta khng c mt
1
Xem bi Theo chn mt mn n in li trong Tu bt ca V
Phin (1986), Califormia: Vn Ngh, tr. 84-88.
tng lai no khc ngoi vin cnh vong quc v n l

trin min. Nghin cu v my thp nin u tin ca th
k 20, theo ti, gii cm bt Vit Nam thng t n
hai kha cnh quan trng: th nht, n lc p ph truyn
thng ca gii nho s, v th hai, n lc ni lin bn sc
dn tc vi bn sc khu vc chu. Kha cnh th nht
tng i d thy: u tin gii nho s ph phn li gio
dc t chng; sau , ph phn nn Hn hc ni chung;
sau na, ph phn mt s h tc, vn ng cho phong
tro ct bi t,1 b o di khn ng trong cch trang phc
ca nam gii, ty trng rng cho ph n; i xa hn, ph
phn kch lit, gn nh l nhc m, tnh cch v kh nng
ca ngi Vit Nam: ngu dt, li bing, hn nht, ch k,
tham lam, v.v... Ai vit nhng li nhc m gay gt y?
Tha, l nhng tr thc cch mng hng u ca Vit
Nam: t Phan Chu Trinh cho n Phan Bi Chu y!2
Trong bi Hi ngoi huyt th sng tc nm 1906, Phan
Bi Chu c nhng cu nhn xt v ng bo ca mnh:
Ngu m ngu th, tht rnh l ngu, nhc m nhc th,
tht l nhc thay!, v.v3 C l cha bao gi, trong lch
1
Theo ng Thai Mai (1974), Vn th cch mng Vit Nam u
th k 20, nxb Vn Hc, H Ni, i km vi phong tro ny, c mt
bi v do Phan Khi sng tc:
Tay cm ci lc,
Tay cm ci ko,
Cp h! Cp h!
Thng thng cho kho!
B ci hn ny!
B ci di ny!
Cho khn cho mnh:
vi ng Ty!
(tr. 68)
2
Xem ng Thai Mai (1974), sd.
3
Xem bi Hi ngoi huyt th trn trang web:
http://vi.wikisource.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A3i_ngo%E1%BA
%A1i_huy%E1%BA%BFt_th%C6%B0
100 | Nguyn Hng Quc
s Vit Nam, gii tr thc li phn tnh v t ph bnh gii

mnh cng nh dn tc mnh mt cch gay gt kch lit
nh vy. C h h mun ph tan thnh bnh a tt c cc
miu ng Vit Nam. t , dng ln nhng nn tng
vn ho mi.
Nn tng y l g? Theo Gesa Westermann, khi tm

kim mt bn sc chung v thng nht cho dn tc Vit
Nam trong cng cuc u tranh chng Php, Phan Bi
Chu cng nh mt s ch s cch mng khc u th k
20, chn bn sc chu thay v bn sc Vit Nam. Ni
cch khc, bui u ca thi k hin i ho, ngi Vit
Nam ng nht bn sc chnh tr vi bn sc vn ho,
v sau , ng nht bn sc vn ho dn tc vi bn sc
chu ni chung vi hy vng l to c th lin hip vi
cng quc duy nht chu lc by gi. Theo Gesa
Westermann, vic xem bn sc khu vc nh mt bn sc
dn tc y c th c xem nh mt s lai ghp hu thc
dn/thuc a.1
Con ng t ng nht bn sc dn tc v bn sc
chu nhanh chng dn n ng ct vi s thnh cng d
dng ca thc dn Php trong qu trnh bnh nh Vit
Nam, v c bit vi vic Phan Bi Chu b bt, b cm
c, v sau , b an tr cho n ngy qua i. Vn ho Vit
Nam tan hoang nh mt bnh a: ci c b ph sp trong
khi ci mi vn cha c hnh th g c. Theo ti, chnh
l mi trng thun li cho cc n lc sng to v cch tn
ca th h tr thc tn hc xut hin t thp nin 1920 n
1
Gesa Westermann, Benefiting from a shared identity
Asianisms in Southeast Asia and Japan, a case study in Vietnamee
national identity in New Hybridities: Societies and Cultures in
Transition, do Frank Heideman v Alfonso de Toro bin tp (2004),
ti liu dn.
thp nin 1940, m cao im l thp nin 1930 vi nhng

thnh tu huy hong khng nhng trong cc lnh vc vn
hc (sng tc, ph bnh v l lun: hu nh tt c cc th
loi cn bn ca nn vn hc hin i Vit Nam u xut
hin trong thi k ny), ngh thut (nht l hi ho v m
nhc) m cn c trong phong cch sng: t cch n n
cch mc, cch , v.v Dn chng, t tr thc n bnh
dn, khng c chn la no khc ngoi vic nm bt ngay
nhng g va mi xut hin: nhng chic o di d mi
m, song cng xng ng c xem l biu tng ca
quc gia hn l nhng chic o t thn qu mc mc ch?
Cui cng, nhng yu t c tnh lai ghp nht c
chn.
C th, tip tc. Ton nhng s lai ghp.
Theo ti, khng c hnh nh no tiu biu cho bn

sc vn ho v x hi Vit Nam cho bng o Cao i,
mt tn gio c tnh nguyn hp (syncretism) cao nht v
r rt nht Vit Nam. V trit l, n thu tm hu nh ton
b nhng g d thu tm nht: t Pht gio n o gio,
Nho gio v Thin Cha gio. V biu tng, n t ln
bn th hu nh tt c nhng nhn vt c tm vc trong
lch s nhn loi m ngi Vit Nam nhng thp nin
u ca th k 20 c th bit c: ngoi nhng ngi
sng lp cc tn gio va dn, cn c Quan Cng, Tn Dt
Tin, Trng Trnh Nguyn Bnh Khim, Descartes, Victor
Hugo, Shakespeare, Louis Pasteur v c Lenin na! Vn
ho Vit Nam t nm 1945 n nay cng th. Cng l mt
th vn ho nguyn hp hay, dng theo ch c chn
cho bi vit ny, vn ho lai ghp. Lai ghp gia hai xu
hng hin i ho: mt, qua con ng thc dn, t thc
dn c n thc dn mi; v mt qua con ng ca ch
102 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ngha cng sn. Hai con ng ny, tht ra, c rt nhiu

im tng ng. Anne Raffin cho tnh hin i cng sn
ch l mt yu t ca ch ngha hu thuc a Vit
Nam.1
Vn ho v vn hc Vit Nam l mt s lai ghp.

nh vy. Nhng c g l u? Nu mi nn vn ho u
c tnh lai ghp th s lai ghp trong vn hc v vn ho
c g l c bit? Ti sao n phi thnh vn ? Theo ti,
c t nht hai l do chnh. Th nht, nh ni trn,
mc lai ghp mi nn vn ho mt khc. Trong mt
nn vn ho, s lai ghp mi a phng khc nhau va
mc va tnh cht. C nhn Vit Nam th thy.
Tnh cht lai ghp mi vng khc hn nhau. min
Trung, ngoi nh hng ca Trung Hoa, cn c nh hng
ca Chm. min Bc, nh hng ca Trung Hoa ch
yu n t con ng bc hc (sch v v h thng gio
dc); min Nam, ch yu t con ng bnh dn qua
nhng ngi Minh Hng lm nng hay lm ngh bun
bn. Th hai, nh mi nn vn ho u c tnh lai
ghp, nhng cha bao gi tc lai ghp li nhanh v tnh
cht phc tp ca s lai ghp li ln nh by gi. Jan
Nederveen Pieterse nhn xt: thi ng i, ci gi l
lai ghp ho thc cht l lai ghp ho cc nn vn ho lai
ghp.2
Tnh cht lai ghp (hoc lai ghp ci tng

lai ghp) ca vn hc v vn ho Vit Nam hin nay ang
1
Anne Raffin, Postcolonial Vietnam: hybrid modernity, in
trn Postcolonial Studies, tp 11, s 3, 2008, tr. 342. Nguyn vn:
We argue that communist modernity is one element of Vietnamese
postcolonialism.
2
Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004), sd., tr. 82.
tng tc ch yu nh hai yu t: xu hng ton cu ho v

s vng mnh ca cng ng lu vong.
Xin lu l: khng nhng gn lin vi ch ngha

hu thc dn/thuc a, tnh lai ghp cn gn lin vi xu
hng ton cu ho. Marwan M. Kraidy gi tnh lai ghp
l mt th logic vn ho ca ton cu ho,1 mt hon d
ca ton cu ho,2 v l mt trong nhng quan nim tiu
biu nht ca k nguyn hin nay. 3 Jan Nederveen Pieterse
xem tin trnh ton cu ho nh mt tin trnh lai ghp ho
v xem tnh lai ghp nh nhng nhnh r tua ta, chng
cht di nn ca vn ho.4 Xu hng ton cu ho thng
dn n hai phn ng tri ngc nhau: mt ng l nht
th ho vi s du nhp, sau , ng ho ca nhng nh
hng n t bn ngoi, c bit t nhng quc gia mnh
v kinh t v v truyn thng i chng; ng khc l a
phng ho vi n lc quay v vi truyn thng, dng
truyn thng i chi li nhng s uy hip mang tm
vc quc t. Tuy nhin, mt l, nhng ci gi l du nhp
t nc ngoi khng bao gi c th gi c trn vn
hnh hi nguyn thu ca chng: chng nht nh b khc
x qua lng knh a phng ca ngi Vit Nam; hai l,
ci gi l truyn thng c s dng nh mt th chin
ho chng li ton cu ho y khng bao gi c th l mt
truyn-thng--c-t-trc: bao gi n cng l th
truyn thng c ti to hay ti kin trc i ph vi
mt nguy c cha tng c. Ni cch khc, d ton cu ho
1
Marwan M. Kraidy (2005), Hybridity, or the Cultural Logic of
Globalization, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. cu trn ly
t nhan cun sch.
2
Nh trn, tr. viii. Nguyn vn: Hybridity is a metonym of
globalization.
3
Nh trn, tr. 1. Nguyn vn: Hybridity is one of the
emblematic notions of our era.
4
Jan Nederveen Pieterse (2004), sd., tr. 59-71.
104 | Nguyn Hng Quc
c tin hnh theo bt c chiu no, kt qu cng s l

mt: tnh cht lai ghp. Ch khc mc .
S kt hp gia tnh lai ghp v ton cu ho cng

chnh l s khng hong ca nhng khi nim vn quen
thuc v c lc ng l vng chc nh khi nim bn sc
vn ho v ch ngha quc gia. Nu vn ho ca mt nc
thc cht ch l mt s lai ghp th bn sc ca n nm
u? Nu chng tc v sc tc cng l mt s lai ghp th
ch ngha quc gia - vn c xy dng ch yu trn cc
yu t c tnh chng tc v sc tc - s nh th no? Cu
tr li cho c hai l: c ci gi l bn sc vn ho ln ch
ngha quc gia nht nh s thay i. Benedict Anderson
cho quc gia ch l mt cng ng tng tng. M l
mt cng ng tng tng th d nhin n khng th bt
bin c: cng nh k c tp th, tng tng tp th
khng ngng thay i p ng nhng bin ng ca
thi i. Homi Bhabha cng tin nh th. ng cho ci gi
l dn tc hay quc gia khng ngng c to, ri c
ti to v chng no qu trnh to v ti to ny cha chm
dt th khng th c mt dn tc hay mt quc gia no c
th cm r vng vng c trong ci quan nim v ngun
gc thun nht ca mnh.1 Trong phm vi Vit Nam,
nhng ngi sng lp t bo mng Talawas c c l
cng tin nh th: Talawas l ta l g? trong thi i ton
cu ho v y tnh lai ghp: Ta l (ting Vit) + was (g,
ting c). Talawas c th c nhiu bin dng khc nhau:
talawhat (ting Anh), talaquoi (ting Php), talaqu (ting
Ty Ban Nha), talacosa (ting ), v.v Gn y, mt
khi nim mi ra i v ang dn dn tr thnh ph bin:
ch ngha hu quc gia (postnationalism), , ngi ta
1
Homi Bhabha, Introduction: Narrating the Nation in trong
cun Narration and Nation do Homi Bhabha bin tp (1990), London:
Routledge, tr. 1-7.
c th xy dng mt bn sc vt ra ngoi nhng truyn

thng c quy nh trong khun kh ca lnh th a l
v ca lch s mt dn tc. Khi Th trng chung Chu
u hin nay l mt th hu quc gia nh th. Cc quc gia
m mt b phn kh ln dn chng chn i sng lu
vong cng l nhng hu quc gia nh th. Bn sc ca cc
hu quc gia y sinh ra t u? Th cng t nhng tng
tng chung c nui dng bng cc phng tin thng
tin v truyn thng i chng nh vn chng, bo ch v
phim nh, v.v Trong nhng hu quc gia nh th, ngi
ta c yu nc? C. Nhng l mt th ch ngha yu
nc hin nh (constitutional patriotism), mt khi nim
do Jurgen Habermas a ra vi ni dung chnh l: s chia
s nhng gi tr m mi ngi ng thun hn l da trn
mt ngun gc hay mt lch s chung.1
Vit Nam c th khc? Ch ngha bit l

(separatism) v ch ngha ngoi l (exceptionalism), hay,
ni theo ch ti dng trc y, ch ngha mnh-th-
khc,2 dng nh l truyn thng ca Vit Nam, tuy nhin,
ti khng tin l chng c th ng vng trc ln sng
ton cu ho. Hai yu t chng tc v lnh th vn l hai
tin chnh ca ch ngha quc gia, k c ch ngha quc
gia Vit Nam, khng ngng b nh ph ngay t bn
trong. nh hng ca khi ASEAN cng ngy cng mnh,
khi nim bin gii cng lc cng m nht. Trc ht, m
1
Trng i hc Princeton ca M c t chc mt cuc hi
tho v ti Ch ngha yu nc hin nh ny trong hai ngy 8-9
thng T 2006. Xem bi Constitutional Patritoism: An Introduction
ca Jan-Werner Muller v Kim Lane Scheppele ng trn t
International Journal of Constitutional Law 6, 2008, tr. 67-71 hoc
trn internet: http://icon.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/6/1/67
2
Xem bi Ch ngha mnh-th-khc trn Tin V:
106 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nht phng din kinh t, sau , chnh tr, v cui

cng, mt lc no , s vn ho. S ngi Vit nc
ngoi cng lc cng ng v quan h gia trong v ngoi
cng ngy cng cht ch cng l mt p lc i vi nim
v bin gii v lnh th. Ngoi ra, cn c xu hng hn
nhn d chng ngy cng ln mnh na. Tt c u gp
phn lm x lch nim quc gia. Th c m ti vi xem cc
trn bng Vit Nam th thy r. Ngay trong ci gi l
i tuyn quc gia Vit Nam cng c mt th mn cao
nghu nghu n gn hai thc vn l ngi Brazil nhp
quc tch Vit vi tn Phan Vn Santos. c mt, sao li
khng c hai, ba, bn, nm hay nhiu hn na? Nh i
tuyn bng quc gia c, chng hn, gm cc cu th
n t v s cc quc gia khc nhau v cng cho v s
cc i bng thuc cc quc gia khc nhau trn khp th
gii. im chung ca h l g? L ci quc tch c. Vy
thi. y, sn c i tin phong. Ri cc lnh vc khc
cng th. Cng dn dn i vo con ng ton cu ho v
cng vi n, con ng lai ghp.
Ni cho cng, chnh ci gi l kinh t th trng

theo nh hng x hi ch ngha Vit Nam hin nay
cng l mt s lai ghp. Ch cn g na? C iu, l s
lai ghp t bn trn xung, do , c tnh cng ch, cng
do , d mang trong n nhng nghch l khin n tr
thnh s thch thc, ri sau , th no cng b bin thnh
mt tr ci, i vi lch s. ng ch hn l nhng s
lai ghp t di ln, trong , ng k hn ht l nhng s
lai ghp hu c hay v thc, theo cch ni ca Bakhtin,
nhng s lai ghp din ra mt cch thm lng trong qu
trnh tng tc gia Vit Nam v th gii; v nhng s lai
ghp c ch ch ca gii tr thc v vn ngh s c
hng cch tn hoc c c hi tip xc vi th gii bn

ngoi nhiu.
Mt trong nhng bin php chnh thc y xu

hng lai ghp c ch ch v cng l mt biu hin ca
ton cu ho l dch thut. Lin quan n chuyn dch
thut, c mt khi nim mi c nhiu l thuyt gia v
vn ho v vn hc s dng: dch vn ho (cultural
translation). Trc, trong cch nhn truyn thng, dch l
chuyn mt vn bn t ngn ng ny sang ngn ng khc.
Gn y, ngi ta thy vn khng phi ch l ngn ng.
Dch cn c mt kch thc khc: vn ho. Nhng
khng phi l mt kch thc mt chiu: t vn ho trong
nguyn tc n vn ho ca dch phm. Khng phi. Dch
l mt s tng tc v l mt cuc i thoi gia hai nn
vn ho khc nhau.1 Vi nhiu nh nghin cu, trong
c Homi Bhabha, dch vn ho v lai ghp l hai t ng
ngha.2 Arjun Appadurai ngh thay th ch dch vn ho
thnh gii lnh th ho qua s chuyn i mt kinh
nghim a phng sang mt mi trng x hi v sc tc
mi.3 Jacques Derrida, mt mt, cho dch l mt cch
nghim sinh v tnh bt kh: Trong mt ngha no ,
khng c g khng th dch; nhng trong mt ngha khc,
mi th u bt kh dch; dch l mt tn gi khc ca s
bt kh; mt khc, cho dch gi l mt k ni lon chng
1
Cun New Trends in Translation and Cultural Identity do
Micaela Munoz-Calvo, Carmen Buesa-Gmez v M. nngeles Ruiz-
Moneva do Cambridge Scholars Publishing xut bn nm 2008 c
nhiu bi th v v vn ny.
2
Homi Bhabha (1994), sd., chng cui.
3
Arjun Appadurai, Global Ethnoscapes: Notes and Queries for
a Transnational Anthropology, in trong cun Recapturing
Anthropology: Working in the Present do Richard G. Fox bin tp,
Santa Fe: School of American Research Press, xut bn nm 1991, tr.
191-210.
108 | Nguyn Hng Quc
li ch ngha yu nc - c hiu nh mt ci khung

nhn thc ring bit v khp kn.1 Salman Rushdie, nh
vn gc n, ngi, qua cun Nhng vn th qu (The
Satanic Verses), tng tuyn dng s lai ghp v bn ng
lai ghp,2 cho chng ta, tt c chng ta, l nhng ngi
c dch (we are translated men)3 vi ngha, theo cch
hiu ca ti, khng c ai v khng c nn vn ho no
thc s l bn gc c. iu th v na: ng tc dch
vn ho khng phi ch c thc hin khi chng ta
chuyn i ngn ng ca mt vn bn hon chnh no .
Trong xu th ton cu ho hin nay, khi chng ta thng
xuyn tip xc vi nhng ngn ng khc qua cc phng
tin truyn thng hay sch bo, internet (hoc ngay trong
i sng, i vi nhng ngi lu vong), dch l mt kinh
nghim thng nht: mi ng thi nghe hay c u tr
thnh mt ng thi dch; t , mi ng thi ni v vit
cng tr thnh mt ng thi dch. Sng trong trng thi
dch lin tc nh vy, thc cht l sng thng trc trn
nhng bin gii, sng thng trc vi nhng cuc thng
tho v vn ho, lun lun i chiu, lc no cng ng c
hai vai: trong cuc v ngoi cuc. C ngha l sng vi
kinh nghim lin ngn ng (interlingual) v lin vn ho
(intercultural). Kt qu: d mun hay khng, tnh lai ghp
cng cng ngy cng m.
Dch, nh mt cng tc theo ngha truyn thng,

ngi ta thng i din vi mt trong hai ch trng:
mt, mang c gi n vi tc gi, ngha l trung thnh
1
Jacques Derri (1996/1998), Monolingualism of the Other, or
the Prosthesis of Origin, Stanford: Standford University Press, tr. 56-
57.
2
Salman Rushdie (1991), Imaginary Homelands, Essays and
Criticism 1981-1991, London: Granta Books, tr. 394.
3
Nh trn, tr. 17.
tuyt i vi tc gi, bt k iu c th gy nn cm
gic xa l v kh hiu i vi ngi c, d gi n tng
l theo xu hng ngoi quc ho (foreignization); v
hai, mang tc gi n vi c gi, ngha l c gng ni ho
(domesticization) tc phm, lm cho bn dch cng d hiu
v d cm chng no cng tt chng y. V phng din
l thuyt, rt kh chng minh ch trng no l ng.
Nhng trong vic dch, vi t cch mt kinh nghim c
nhn thng nht, hai ch trng trn t khi thnh vn
v cng t khi r rng. Tt c nm la chn: mnh mun
g? Theo ti, nguyn tc chnh y l: chnh vic dch
theo hng ngoi quc ho, gi nguyn tnh l
(strangeness) ca iu mnh mun dch bao nhiu cng
lm cho bn thn mnh cng nh dn tc mnh tr thnh
giu c by nhiu.1
Khng nhng dch, vit cng th. Vit theo ging

thun Vit c ci hay ring. Vit nh dch d nhin l
dch hay - cng c ci hay khc. Hay ch: n lm ni bt
tnh -gia ca nhng ngi sn sng chp nhn i thoi
vi th gii trong thi ton cu ho. Hay, cn ch: n
gp phn gii truyn thng (detraditionalization) v thc
y tin trnh i mi vn hc Vit Nam.
Cho n nay, tin trnh i mi y c thnh tu g

ng k? Theo ti, thnh tu ng k nht l phn ln gii
cm bt u thc c tm quan trng v tnh khn thit
ca nhu cu i mi. Ngi ta cha hnh dung ci mi y
nh th no, nhng din mo ci c th r: l tt c
nhng phng php sng tc v quan im thm m gi
vai tr c tn sut c hn na th k va qua. C l l
1
y, ti ch bn n vic dch t ting nc ngoi sang ting
Vit m thi.
110 | Nguyn Hng Quc
iu quan trng nht. Cng lao n mt phn t cc l

thuyt mi cng nh s tip xc rng ri vi th gii bn
ngoi, v phn khc, n t nhng n lc sng to v ph
phn ca mt s ngi cm cm bt, trong , Vit
Nam, khng th khng k n vai tr ca nhng nh th
thuc khuynh hng th d hay th rc1 Ni bt nht
h cha phi l sng tc m l thi vn hc.
Khng phi thi trong vn hc m l chnh thi--vn-
hc: thi gn lin vi mt quan im v mt nim tin
mang tnh thm m. Vi thi y, h hnh thnh mt th
i-thi ca (counter-poetry) tn ti song song vi dng th
lng mn ch ngha mang tnh cn b2 vn cn nng n
trong vn hc Vit Nam. Hiu ng chnh ca thi y l
n lm cho nhiu ngi lu nay c ng l ang trong
vn hc bng bt ng pht hin l mnh ang nghnh
ngang trn mt sn khu ci lng hay ang ph nt vn
chng bng cch gp phn ng h v/hoc thc hin
nhng chnh sch gio iu, th bo v ngu xun. S pht
hin y lm hi phc li trong lng tm ca ngi ta
nhng im sng ng cht hn: ngng. Ngng v s
so mn ca mnh. Ngng v s hm hnh ca mnh.
Ngng v s nht nht ca mnh. T ngng sinh ra hoi
nghi. Hoi nghi nhng tc phm mnh vit. Hoi nghi
1
Th rc hay th d l tn nhm M Ming Si Gn t
nhn. H Ni cng c mt s nh th c khuynh hng sng tc rt
gn vi nhm M Ming: ng Thn v Nguyn nh Chnh. V
chuyn th rc v th d, xin xem thm bi vit ca on Cm
Thi, Mt nn th mi Vit Nam: S xut hin ca dng th mi ti
Si Gn ng trn Tin V:
Nguyn bn ting Php ng trn:
http://remue.net/article.php?id_article=1337
2
Tnh cn b ti dng y khng phi l th ca cc cn b
m l th c sng tc trong tinh thn ca cn b, tc tinh thn phc
tng, hay ng hn, tinh thn ng ca hoc tinh thn by n.
ci h m hc u m mnh c gio dc v
theo ui c khi gn ht cuc i. T ni ngng v s
hoi nghi y, ngi ta s i u? Ti ng cu hi y cng
chnh l ci cu hi m hin nay nhng ngi cm bt
trong nhm th d hayth rc cng ang trn trc
tm kim. C th kt qu s dn n s ra i ca mt s
lai ghp mi gia ci gi l th v nhng ci vn b xem
l khng phi th. C th.
C th ngha l cha chc. Cha chc th cng

chng sao. Min l cn tm kim. Cn tm kim l cn c
sn mt khng gian cho s lai ghp: Hn na, trong khng
kh vn ho cn nng tnh b lc ca Vit Nam hin nay,
bt c ci g v cng u l tn hiu ng mng r.
Khng c s v y, mt t s cht cng nhng thn
tng gi, gi mt cch b i: chng gn lin vi s gian
di v hi mi quyn th, tt c u ngoi vn chng
v hon ton phn vn chng.
Ni n tinh thn lai ghp v ton cu ho, khng

th khng ni n cng ng lu vong. C th ni lu
vong nm ngay trong tm im ca c tnh lai ghp ln
tnh ton cu ho. M cng ng lu vong Vit Nam hin
nay kh ng: trn di ba triu ngi ri rc hu nh
khp ni trn th gii. Cho n nay, trong nc, vai tr
ca khi cng ng ngi Vit lu vong ch c ghi
nhn phng din kinh t. V phng din vn chng,
Vit kiu vn c l Vit kiu. Nhng ni n s ghi
nhn l ni n vai tr ca nh nc. Liu nh nc c
th gi c vai tr y trong bao lu na? Trn thc t,
trong quan h gia cc tc gi vi nhau hay gia tc gi v
c gi, qua cc t bo mng, ranh gii gia trong v
ngoi c mi ngy mt mng dn v nh dn. Mt ngi
112 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ang sng Vit Nam, bui sng thc dy, bt my vi

tnh ln, c th trang web u tin c m ra l mt trang
web vn hc hi ngoi. Vit mt bi tiu lun, c khi ti
liu tham kho u tin m tc gi y c cng c th l
hi ngoi. Mt cy bt hi ngoi cng th. Cng c,
cng tham kho v cng trch dn mt tc gi u ,
mt th trn heo ht no Vit Nam. Ti sao khng?
Cng ng lu vong no cng c hai quan h

chnh: vi qu gc v vi qu mi. Vi qu mi, lu nay,
ngi ta ch hay ni n vn hi nhp (integration).
Nhng hi nhp khc vi lai ghp. Hi nhp l mt cng
vic ca thc; lai ghp c hin thc ho ch yu t
trong v thc. Hi nhp l t ng ho mnh vo mt mi
trng mi trong khi vn c th gi nguyn, hay phn no,
qu kh; lai ghp, ngc li, l hnh thnh mt ci-khc,
ci -gia, hay ni nh Homi Bhabha, ci khng gian th
ba, khc c hai truyn thng vn ho c v mi. Hi nhp
ch yu l n lc c nhn nhng n li khng c sc thi
c nhn: n b tan vo ci chung; lai ghp, ngc li, c
gng mt ring: mi s lai ghp l mt trng hp c
th. Hi nhp, do , m rng v khng gian nhng khng
lm cho ai giu c ln c; lai ghp, ngc li, gp phn
lm cho nhn loi tr thnh a dng, a thanh v a sc
hn. Hi nhp thng cng c vai tr ca chnh mch; lai
ghp, ngc li, l mt qu trnh xuyn phm tr (cross-
category process), xuyn qua bin gii ca cc vn ho,
cc quc gia, cc sc tc, giai cp v gii tnh khc nhau,
qua , lm thay i tng quan quyn lc gia trung tm
v ngoi bin, gia s c nh v s bin i. Trong khi
mi th ch chnh tr mong mun v c v cho s hi
nhp, chnh s li ghp mi thc s thc y tin trnh a
nguyn ho v a phng ho th gii. Trng hp ca
Vit Nam cng th. iu chng ta cn nht cng vn l s

lai ghp. Ch c s lai ghp mi lm cho chng ta giu c.
Cng khng nn qun: ci gi l cng ng ngi

Vit lu vong hay hi ngoi, tht ra, khng phi l ci g
thng nht v thun nht. l nhng mnh lai ghp khc
nhau, trong , ch c mt s im chung: ting Vit, k
c tp th v chin tranh v v qu hng, v mt s
tng tng tp th v mt cng ng phi bin gii
(borderless community) hay xuyn quc gia
(transnational) ca ngi Vit. Tc l phn thuc v Vit
Nam. Cn phn cn li, ci phn lin quan n nh hng
ca nn vn ho chnh mch quc gia h nh c th
khc hn. Nu chng ta cng nhn s khc nhau gia cc
nn vn ho ni ting Anh vi cc nn vn ho ni ting
Php hay ting c, ting Hoa, ting Nht, v.v chng ta
khng th khng cng nhn mt thc t khc: nhng k
chu nh hng ca cc nn vn ho y khng th khng
c din mo tr thc v m hc khc nhau. Theo ti,
khng c g ng ngc nhin khi cc tr thc v vn ngh
s cc quc gia va nu c nhng cch nhn khc hn
nhau v, chng hn, mt v d: ch ngha hu hin i.
Nhng khc th sao? S khc bit y ch lm giu cho
vn hc v vn ho Vit Nam.
Lm giu? V phng din kinh t, Pascal Zachary

hon ton tin nh vy. ng quan nim tt c nhng ai
mun hng li t nhng iu kin kinh t ang thay i
phi nhn tnh lai ghp nh mt la chn u tin v ti
u. ng gii thch sc mnh ca M ch yu n t tnh
lai ghp: vi ng, tnh lai ghp mang li s i mi trong
khi tnh thun nht ch mang li s ngho i. ng c kt
thnh cng thc: Lai ghp + Ni kt x hi = Quyn lc
114 | Nguyn Hng Quc
quc gia (hybridity + social cohesion = national power).

Ri ng h ho: Lai ging hay l cht! (Mongrelize or
Die!).1 Mt cch tnh c, c mt nh vn Vit Nam cng
ngh nh th: Nguyn Huy Thip. Cng trong truyn ngn
Vng la dn trn, nhn vt tn Phng c mt nhn
xt khc v Vit Nam: Nhng hot ng kinh t c ln
ch sc cho mt dn tc sng khc khoi. Vn ch
phi ng ln vn mnh thnh mt cng quc. Lm
iu , phi c gan chu ng s va xit trong quan h
vi cng ng nhn loi. Thi h nho v th dm chnh tr
s khng bao gi to c nhng quan h trong sng, lnh
mnh. S n lc nn chnh tr th gii ging nh mn
nm sung s, khi nim thanh khit y v ngha.2
Khng phi ch c chnh tr mi phi chu ng s

va xit trong quan h vi cng ng nhn loi. lnh vc
no cng th: t kinh t n x hi v vn ho. phm vi
no cng th: t quc gia xung n tng c nhn, trong
d nhin c ngi cm bt. Nu khng mun ni: nht
l ngi cm bt. Hn u ht v hn lc no ht, khi
nim thanh khit trong vn hc l iu hon ton v ngha.
V ngha v n khng c tht. Khng th c tht. Nu c
tht, n ch c mt ln duy nht: ln u tin nhn loi bit
lm th v vit vn. Hn na, trong phm vi vn hc v
ngh thut, lai ghp khng phi ch l chuyn ng nhin
m cn l mt c hnh: c hnh ca s sng to. Tinh
thn lai ghp rt gn vi tinh thn hu hin i ch ngha;
nu khng mun ni l mt trong nhng biu hin ca ch
ngha hu hin i vn c v cho s gii khu bit ho.
Kien Nghi Ha, trong bi Crossing the Border, c mt
nhn xt kh th v: tnh lai ghp c th c hiu nh l
1
Dn theo Marwan M. Kraidy (2005), sd., tr. 87 - 93.
2
Nguyn Huy Thip (1999), sd., tr. 337.
hnh thc tin b nht ca tnh hu hin i xuyn vn

ho, c tin hnh trong iu kin ton cu ho v
phng din x hi v vn ho. Tip theo l mt nhn xt
khc, cng th v khng km: Tnh hu hin i v tnh
lai ghp cng chia s mt thi cch mng da trn s
vt b tnh hin i v ca ng i vo mt k nguyn
lch s mi vi siu t s ca ring n.1
Vi tnh lai ghp, ngi Vit Nam khng nhng
lm giu cho vn hc v vn ho Vit Nam m cn, nh
mi cng ng di dn v lu vong khc, c th lm giu
cho cc quc gia ni h nh c: th nht, n lm cho cc
quc gia y khng th ko di o tng v tnh trng c
vn ho (monoculture) ca mnh mi c; th hai, n
lm cho chnh h tr thnh hu hin i. l nhn xt
ca Frederick Buell v cc cng ng di dn ti Hoa K
sau nm 1965:
Nhng bn sc vn ho a chng, lai to, phc tp

lm cho h tr thnh hu hin i, v h mang
nhng phm tnh ny n t nc Hoa K ngay
lc n ang c u c a phng, thin cn, v
thm ch i khi li thi. Mc d nhng ngh
nghip h lm Hoa K c th thp di y x
hi, nhng h em nhng hin thc mang tnh ton
cu v kinh nghim vn ho a phc n Hoa K
1
Kien Nghi Ha, Crossing the Border? Hybridity as Late-
Capitalistic Logic of Cultural Translation and National
Modernization trn
http://translate.eipcp.net/Actions/discursive/paris2006/index_html/abst
ract-ha
Ti c cm gic cu dch ting Vit ca ti c lc cc, khng r
bng cu nguyn tc trong ting Anh: Postmodernity and hybridity
also share a revolutionary attitude based on the overcoming of
modernity and the entry into a new historic era with its own meta-
narrative.
116 | Nguyn Hng Quc
-- mt t nc cn ang cu mang ci mc cm
t ti vn ho hu thuc a c k (old postcolonial
cultural inferiority complex) v nn chnh ci
di sn ca ch ngha a vn ho thc s ca n
bng mt ch ngha c vn ho cng khai mang
tnh n p v thin cn -- v t nc ny ang
cc k cn nhng iu ny. Trong mt h thng
th gii vi hai v i lp ton cu/hu thuc a,
h c th gip nng cao v th v sc mnh vn
ho ca Hoa K.1
Vi ngi Vit Nam, chng ta khng cn ngh n

chuyn lm cho Hoa K giu c hn. V t nc Hoa K
c l cng chng ch i chng ta nhng iu nh th.
Chng ta ch cn ngh n vic lm cho t nc chng ta
tr thnh giu c. l iu chng ta c th thc hin
c.
Phng cch tht d dng: Lai ghp. Lai ghp na.

Lai ghp mi.
Lai ghp cho n khi no to c ci mi.
Ti bt dnh cho mt s c gi: D nhin lai ghp

khng phi l bt chc.
1
Dn theo Hong Ngc-Tun, Tin ti mt nn vn chng
ton cu ho in trong cun Vn hc hin i v hu hin i qua
thc tin sng tc v gc nhn l thuyt, Vn Ngh xut bn ti
California. C th xem trn: http://www.tienve.org/home/acti
vities/viewTopics.do?action=viewArtwork&artworkId=139
4
Ch ngha hu hin i
v nhng ci (cn) cht trong vn hc
C ba vn c phn tch, ton cu ho, gii

lnh th ho v tnh lai ghp, cc chng trc u dn
n mt im chung: ch ngha hu hin i. Quan h
gia chng rt phc tp, kh c th phn nh c u l
nguyn nhn v u l kt qu; u l chnh v u l ph.
Tuy nhin, c mt iu kh hin nhin: khng th bn n
kha cnh ny m b qua kha cnh kia nu chng ta mun
c mt ci nhn ton cnh v vn ho vn chng ng
i Vit Nam cng nh th gii.
C nhiu cch tip cn ch ngha hu hin i.

y, ti chn cch tip cn t mt gc : nhng ci cht.
V cng ch gii hn vi ci cht chnh trc tip lin
quan n vn hc: ci cht ca chn l, ci cht ca i t
s, ci cht ca hin thc, v cui cng, ci cht ca cc
in phm v nhng thit ch gn lin vi cc in phm
y.
118 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Nhng, trc ht, hy ni v ci cht ca chnh

ch ngha hu hin i.
Tht ra, y ch l mt d lun. Mt s ngi ni

th. Tuy nhin, y, c my vn ng ch . Th
nht, li bo tang kiu y xut hin kh sm, ngay t lc
thut ng ch ngha hu hin i vn cha c mt ni
dung nht nh, ngha l cha thnh mt tro lu: vo
thng 8 nm 1975, trn mt t bo no M, mt k
gi dng dc tuyn b: Ch ngha hu hin i cht
v by gi l thi ca ch ngha hu - hu hin i.1 Th
hai, cch ni ci cht ca cng l mt trong nhng
sn phm ca ch ngha hu hin i. N bt u vi
cu ni ni ting Thng cht ca Nietzsche, mt
ngi c cc nh hu hin i xem l bc tin phong
ca h. T gia th k 20, tr chi bo tang cng lc cng
thnh hnh: ht ci cht ca tiu thuyt th n ci cht
ca tc gi, ci cht ca lch s, ci cht ca vn
chng, ri ci cht ca con ngi, ci cht ca l
thuyt, v ri, ch c g ng ngc nhin c, n ci cht
ca ch ngha hu hin i. Tuy nhin, cng xin lu l
trong nhng cch ni va dn, cht khng c ngha l
tn tuyt m ch c ngha l: hoc khng cn l yu t ch
o, hoc khng cn tn ti nh n vn thng c hiu
v tin. Cht, vi t cch mt cao tro, mt ch m, mt
nim. Trng hp ch ngha hu hin i cng th. Ty
phng, ch ngha hu hin i manh nha t gia th
k 20, c bit trong cc lnh vc m nhc, kin trc, hi
ho v vn hc; c l thuyt ho v tr thnh ph cp t
u thp nin 1980. Sau gn hai chc nm thnh pht, c
bit trong mi trng i hc, bc sang u th k 21,
1
Dn theo Mike Featherstone (2007), Consumer Culture and
Postmodernism, London: Sage, tr. 1.
cn st hu hin i ch ngha lng xung. c mt

s hc gi bn mt cch nghim chnh v cc di sn ca
ch ngha hu hin i. Nhng ni n di sn l ni n
mt ci g hon tt v thuc v qu kh. Th ba,
chnh s hon tt y c nhiu ngi s dng nh
mt lun im chnh chng li vic gii thiu v du
nhp ch ngha hu hin i vo Vit Nam lu nay. Xin
lu : bng ting Vit, cho n nay, cha ai chng li ch
ngha hu hin i t gc hc thut; ngi ta ch chng
li nhng n lc gii thiu ch ngha hu hin i vo vn
hc Vit Nam. Chng li vic gii thiu l chng li ci
m ngi ta cha bit. Chng li ci ngi ta cha bit l
chng li mt ni s. Chng li mt ni s, tht ra, l
chng li chnh mnh: Ci mnh y thc cht l con
ca mt th mc cm hu thuc a: vi n, ngi ta ch
gii hn s am m v ngng m i vi phng Ty
nhng im nho nh, thoang thong cht hng hoa d
lm. Mt s tn sch hay vi bi im sch. Nm by cu
th. Vi ba cu ni thnh danh ngn. Th thi. Nhng
h li ngi ngng trc nhng g qu to tt n t phng
Ty. Nh mt h thng tng, chng hn. Mt n lc
kho c nhm o bi chiu su mt thut ng hay mt
vn no , chng hn. C phi chng gi nh nhng
cuc xm lc v nhng m mu khai ho ngy trc? C
th. Mc cm hu thuc a y li d bc pht khi n i
lin vi tinh thn cm nang ch ngha xut pht t truyn
thng phn tr thc ko di c hng ngn nm khin ngi
Vit Nam rt ngi l lun, v cng ch thch hnh thc
tuyn ngn hay nhng bn tm tt thi hay nim tin, tt
c u c trnh by mt cch ngn gn, khng cn phn
tch hay chng minh g c. C mc cm hu thuc a ln
tinh thn cm nang ch ngha y ngn chn mi n lc
tng giao v tng tc vi th gii, c bit qua con
120 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ng l thuyt v hc thut: n t chi tt c nhng g

phc tp v tru tng; n ch chung cc cng thc tht
n gin. M ch ngha hu hin i th li khng th bin
thnh cng thc c. Ch ngha hin i t ra cng c
mt am m chung: khm ph; mt hiu lnh chung:
Lm mi (Make it New!); v mt thi chung: quyt
lit, thm ch, cc oan. Cn ch ngha hu hin i th
khng. i vo khng gian hu hin i nh i vo mt m
hn trn. Trong cun Postmodern Fiction, Brian McHale
ghi nhn l dng nh mi nh ph bnh u cu to
mt th ch ngha hu hin i xut pht t gc nhn ring
ca h; v khng c cch nhn no ng hn cch nhn
no c. ng nu v d: ch ngha hu hin i, vi John
Barth, l th vn chng ca s phong dt (literature of
replenishment); vi Charle Newman, l th vn chng
ca thi kinh t lm pht; vi Jean-Franois Lyotard, l
iu kin tr thc thi cch mng tin hc; vi Ihab Hassan,
l mt giai on hip nht tinh thn ca nhn loi.1
Linda Hutcheon, trong cun The Politics of
Postmodernism, b sung thm nhng cch nhn khc na,
ca Fredric Jameson, Jean Baudrillard, Alan Wilde, hay
ca chnh Brian McHale, v.v...2 C iu, b sung n my
cng khng th ht c. Ihab Hassan cho cu hi ch
ngha hu hin i l g? l mt cu hi khng th gii
p: ch ngha hu hin i nh mt bng ma, mi ln
ngi ta ngh n, n li bin mt, sau , n li hin v
di mt hnh thc khc.3 Hnh tng bng ma ny,
trc , c Vladimir Novikov s dng trong bi
1
Brian McHale (1987), Postmodernist Fiction, London:
Muthuen, tr. 4.
2
Linda Hutcheon (2002), The Politics of Postmodernism,
London: Routledge, tr. 11.
3
Ihab Hassan (2003), Postmodernism What Went Wrong?,
The Sydney Paper Autumn 2003, tr. 39.
Con ma v din mo (The Ghost with No Features) vo

nm 1997 khi ng bn n ch ngha hu hin i Nga.1
i din vi bng ma y, Umberto Eco, mt tn tui
lng ly v tiu biu cho c k hiu hc ln ch ngha hu
hin i, m ra hoang mang: Ti khng chc ch ngha
hu hin i ngha l g.2 Hoang mang nh vy cng
phi: C th ni, dng nh mi tc gi ln u c mt
nh ngha khc nhau v ch ngha hu hin i. Ti sao
c hin tng y? C nhiu l do, trong , l do chnh l:
ci gi l ch ngha hu hin i y, tht ra, rt a dng,
thm ch, mu thun vi nhau.3 Theo Stefan Morawski,
khi nim ch ngha hu hin i bao gm t nht ba lnh
vc chnh: vn ho x hi, ngh thut v trit l. Tng
ng vi ba lnh vc y l ba ngnh hc: x hi hc v vn
ho, l thuyt ngh thut, v trit hc.4 l Morawski
ch tp trung vo kha cnh hc thut. Ngoi hc thut,
ch ngha hu hin i cn bao trm c sng tc, t vn
hc n m nhc, iu khc, hi ho, kin trc, phim nh,
v.v Wang Ning, t gc nhn ca mt nh nghin cu
ngi Trung Quc, hnh dung tm hnh thc khc nhau
ca ch ngha hu hin i: mt, mt hin tng vn ho
cn bn cc x hi hu k ngh - tuy, thnh thong cng
c mt cc mt s quc gia ang pht trin; hai, mt th
gii quan cao tnh a nguyn, phn mnh v phi tm
ho; ba, mt tro lu vn hc ngh thut ra i sau, nh
1
Theo Mark Lipovetsky, trong bi Russian Literary
Postmodernism in the 1990s ng trn Seer, s 79, thng Ging nm
2001, tr. 31.
2
Umberto Eco (2002), On Literature, Orlando: A Harvest Book,
tr. 212.
3
Elizabeth A. Flynn (1997), Rescuing Postmodernism,
College Composition and Communication, s 48 (thng 12. 1997), tr.
543.
4
Stefan Morawski (1996), The Troubles with Postmodernism,
London: Routledge, tr. 1.
122 | Nguyn Hng Quc
mt k tc hoc mt phn ng ngc vi, ch ngha hin

i; bn, mt phong cch t s da trn s hoi nghi i
vi cc i t s; nm, mt m din dch (interpretive
code) hoc mt chin lc c xut pht t nhn quan hu
hin i; su, mt khuynh hng trit l gn lin vi s
khng hong v tnh biu hin; by, mt chin lc vn
ho c cc nh ph bnh thuc Th gii Th Ba, trong
c chu , s dng chng li ch ngha thc dn
vn ho v ch ngha b quyn v ngn ng (linguistic
hegemonism); v tm, mt phng thc ph phn ni ln
sau s tht bi ca ch ngha cu trc v chu nh hng
ca tro lu hu cu trc lun, c bit ca Foucault v
Derrida.1 Nh th, c th ni ch ngha hu hin i c
nhiu cp : rng, n ch nhng iu kin vn ho, trit
l sng v phong cch sng ca c mt thi i; hp, n
ch mt tro lu sng tc vi quan im m hc v k
thut cng nh th php ring, khc vi nhng tc phm
ra i trong qu o hin i ch ngha trc . i din
vi ci mi mnh mng v kh m mt nh th, nhiu
ngi chn mt thi d di nht: bt mt v quay lng
li. L do c nu ln bin chnh cho thi y: ch
ngha hu hin i thuc v qu kh; by gi mi ni
n n l mun ri; n c ri; du nhp mt ci c nh
vy vo Vit Nam lm g na?
Quan nim ca ti l: Cha mun.
Hn na, d mun vn cn hn l khng bao gi.
Nhng lin quan n chuyn mun, c my iu

xin c nhn mnh: Th nht, ni cho ngay, trong lnh
1
Wang Ning, The Mapping of Chinese Postmodernism, in
trong tp Postmodernism and China do Arif Dirlik v Xudong Zhang
bin tp (2000), Durham: Duke University Press, tr. 22-23.
vc vn hc ngh thut, khng c s tip nhn no l

mun c. Ch c bt chc l mun, lc no cng mun,
ngay c bt chc mt hin tng va mi xut hin tc
th, u . Cn tip nhn theo ngha thng qua s sng
to bng t duy ca mnh v qua ting m ca mnh -
th bao gi cng cn thit v kp thi. Ngay c mt s tip
nhn thng minh v sng to nn vn hc c in hay tn
c in, cch y my trm nm hay c ngn nm cng c
th hu ch v khng th b xem l mun c. Th hai,
khng c mt hin tng vn hc no khng cn c tip
nhn ch v n c u ri. Nh n mt cch ni
ht sc th v ca Phm Th Hoi trong bi Ch ng
trn tp ch Vit s 3 (1999): khng nn ch ht khi nh
hng xm m no v chng thit t nu nng na. 1 Th
ba, thi phn i vic tip nhn ch ngha hu hin i
ch v l do n khng cn mi s tr thnh v ngha, v
ngha mt cch hi hc, hn na, l bch, nu ngi ta
vn tip tc thanh thn, thm ch, t ho vi nhng quan
im thm m hay phng php sng tc c hn n, thm
ch, c hn c my chc nm (nh ch ngha siu thc,
ch ngha hin sinh hay Tiu thuyt mi), c trm nm
(nh ch ngha tng trng) hay c my trm nm (nh
ch ngha hin thc hay lng mn). Th t, cng vic
tip nhn khng phi ch l vn hc tp hay bt
chc m l, thc cht l: sng, suy ngh v vit lch vi
nhng ngi cng thi vi mnh, ci tm thi i ca
mnh, trong th i thoi vi ci-ang-c trong phm vi c
th gii: l ngha ch thc ca ton cu ho trong
lnh vc tr thc v vn hc ngh thut.
1
Phm Th Hoi, Ch, Tp ch Vit (Melbourne, c) s 3
(1999), tr. 35. C th xem bi ny trn Tin V:
124 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Cui cng, liu chng ta thc s bc qua khi

thi hu hin i? Chc l cha. Thi chng ta ang sng
c xem l thi cc i l thuyt (grand theories) - trong
c ch ngha hu hin i - khng cn gi a v thng
tr na. y l thi hu-l thuyt (post-theory), thi sau l
thuyt (after theory), thi nhn loi dng li tiu ho v
ngm ngh v nhng chng ng phiu lu rn rng
v to bo trong th gii cc l thuyt va qua. Nhng
khng nn qun s thc ny: chnh thi hoi nghi i
vi tt c cc i l thuyt ny cng l mt trong nhng
ni dung chnh ca ch ngha hu hin i. Do , cng c
th ni chng ta vn ang sng trong thi hu hin i,
hay ni nh Gianni Vattimo, ch ngha hu hin i hin
nay, t nhiu u l iu kin ph qut ca chng ta.1
Ca chng ta? Tht ra, theo ti, ch l cch khc ni
ca c nhn loi. Stuart Sim, sau khi phn tch ch ngha
hu hin i t nhiu kha cnh khc nhau, i n kt lun:
ch ngha hu hin i xuyn thm vo ton b i
sng ca chng ta, khng phi ch trong vn hc ngh
thut m cn trong khoa hc, trong chnh tr, trong cch
thc thc hnh y khoa v tn gio, v ngay c trong cch
chng ta xem ti vi na; n vn cn l mt ti gy tranh
ci trong gii hc thut cng nh ngh thut.2 Linda
Hutcheon, mt trong nhng chuyn gia hng u v ch
ngha hu hin i, cng tin nh th. Theo b, bc vo
th k 21, ch ngha hu hin i chuyn ho thnh tnh
hu hin i (postmodernity): t mt tro lu t tng v
ngh thut, n bin thnh mt cch sng mi, mt thi i
mi (new age): nhng vn cng nh nhng quan im
1
Gianni Vattimo, Postmodernity and (the end of) Metaphysics
in trong cun Postmodernism, What Moment? do Pelagia Goulimari
bin tp (2007), Manchester: Manchester University Press, tr. 32.
2
Stuart Sim (2002), Irony and Crisis, A Critical History of
Postmodern Culture, Cambridge: Icon Books, tr. 251.
vn l nhng c trng c bn ca ch ngha hu hin i

lan to v thm nhp vo hu nh mi lnh vc, t tn
gio hc n thc dn lun v n quyn lun.1 Peter V.
Zima khng nh dt khot: Thi hu hin i vn tip
tc.2 Khng phi ngu nhin m cu ni By gi tt c
chng ta u l hu hin i (Were all postmodern now)
ang c nhiu ngi khng nh v nhc nh, y .
iu ny c ngha l vic gii thiu ch ngha hu hin i
vo Vit Nam vn cha mun.
Nhng kin va nu nhm thuyt phc mt iu:

khng nn trnh n ch ngha hu hin i. Ti mun y
lun im ny thm mt bc na: c mun trnh n cng
khng c. L do: ch ngha hu hin i va l kh
quyn vn ho ca mt thi i va l mt tro lu t
tng v ngh thut. Ngi ta c th trnh n hay t chi
mt tro lu nhng li khng th, khng c cch no trnh
n hay t chi c kh quyn vn ho ca ci thi i m
ngi ta ang sng. Ni cch khc, vn khng phi l
chn hay khng chn ch ngha hu hin i. Tic, chng
ta khng cn c c ci quyn la chn y na. Tt c
nhng ngi cm bt ang cn hot ng hin nay u ra
i qu mun, u t nhiu ht th trong bu kh quyn ca
ch ngha hu hin i, do , c th ni, tt c u b ch
ngha hu hin chn. Vn cn li ch l quyt tm v
mc t gic m thi.
1
Linda Hutcheon (2002), The Politics of Postmodernism, London:
Routledge, tr. 170 & 181.
2
Peter V. Zima, Why the Postmodern Age Will Last in trong
cun Beyond Postmodernism, Reassessments in Literature, Theory
and Culture, Klaus Stierstorfer bin tp (2003), Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter, tr. 13-27.
126 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Vn ho khng phi l vt th.1 Vn ho l h

thng biu trng v ngha. Ni n biu trng v ngha
l phi ni n t nht ba iu: mt, s biu hin
(representation); hai, s din dch v ba, h thng nhng
nim tin lm c s cho vic din dch y. Ni cch khc,
nhp vo c thm cung ca ch ngha hu hin i,
ti c cm tng chng ta phi i xuyn qua mt khng
gian vn ho, ri xuyn qua v s nhng h thng t
tng khc nhau nhm din dch ci khng gian vn ho
y, cui cng, chng ta cn phi xuyn qua chnh cc tc
phm vn hc ngh thut c sng tc trong mi trng
vn ho v trit l y.
Xuyn qua mt khng gian vn ho thc ra l

xuyn qua mt thi i: vn ho no cng c thi tnh ca
n. Fredric Jameson gn ch ngha hin i vi ch ngha
t bn c quyn v ch ngha hu hin i vi ch ngha
t bn hu k (late capitalism). Cc l thuyt gia khc u
gn lin ch ngha hu hin i vi thi hu k ngh, ,
Jean-Franois Lyotard ch nhiu n nh hng ca
hin tng vi tnh ho ca x hi (computerization of
society) trn kin thc; Jean Baudrillard ch n nh
hng ca cc phng tin thng tin i chng i vi
quan nim v hin thc. Tuy nhin, thi tnh ca ch
ngha hu hin i mang mt ngha kh rng: n khng
phi l mt giai on lch s vi mt im khi u v kt
thc r rt. l l do ti sao Lyotard tng t v khng
hi lng my v ci thut ng gn lin vi tn tui ca
ng. ng vit: Ch ngha hu hin i c l l mt thut
ng rt d v n gi ln tng v s phn k lch s.
1
Vt th, trong khi nim vn ho vt th (material culture),
khng hn l vt th m l mt biu trng hay mt gi tr. Ch v gn
lin vi biu trng hay gi tr y, vt th mi tr thnh vn ho vt
th.
Phn k d sao cng cn l mt l tng c in hay

hin i. Ch ngha hu hin i, mt cch n gin, ch
mt tm trng, hay ng hn, mt trng thi tm thc
(state of mind).1 cng l quan nim ca nhiu ngi:
trung tm ca ch ngha hu hin i l vn ho: vi
Lyotard, l mt iu kin nhn thc lun; vi Jameson,
l logic vn ho ca thi k th ba ca ch ngha t bn; 2
vi Mike Featherstone, l vn ho tiu th i
sng c thm m ho;3 vi Douglas Kellner v Steven
Best, l k-vn ho (technoculture);4 vi Scott Lash, l
mt h hnh vn ho (cultural paradigm), mt ch k
hiu ho (regime of signification), ni cc khch th vn
ho c sn xut.5
Nhu cu din dch nhng iu kin hay kh quyn

vn ho y dn n s tng hp gia ch ngha hu hin
i vi gii kin to (deconstruction) v hu cu trc lun
(poststructuralism). Gia gii kin to v hu cu trc lun
c mt s khc bit nho nh, chng hn, trong khi gii
kin to ph bin M, hu cu trc lun ph bin Php
v chu u ni chung; trong khi gii kin to thin v vic
c v phn tch vn bn, hu cu trc lun thin v trit
hc; trong khi gii kin to c th c ng dng nhiu
lnh vc khc nhau, hu cu trc lun hot ng ch yu
trong phm vi ngn ng hc.6 Tuy nhin, trn cc nguyn
tc ln, gii kin to v hu cu trc lun c th c xem
1
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1986-1987), Rules and Paradoxes or
Svelte Appendix in trn Cultural Critique, s 5, tr. 209.
2
Hai thi k trc l: ch ngha t bn th trng v ch
ngha t bn c quyn hay quc.
3
Mike Featherstone (2007), sd.
4
Steven Best v Douglas Kellner (2001), The Postmodern
Adventure, London: Routledge.
5
Scott Lash (1990), Sociology of Postmodernism, London:
Routledge, tr. 4-5.
128 | Nguyn Hng Quc
l mt, v trn thc t, gii nghin cu cng thng xem

chng l mt. Quan h gia gii kin to/hu cu trc lun
v ch ngha hu hin i cng vy: va l mt va khng
phi l mt. Gii kin to v hu cu trc lun ch l mt
giai on ca ch ngha hu hin i. Trc, cui thp
nin 1950 v u thp nin 1960, ch ngha hu hin i
ra i ch yu nh mt thi cch tn t nhiu mang mu
sc chnh tr, nhm n vic ph ngh-thut-nh-mt-
thit-ch (art-as-institution), trong , lc lng tin
phong l gii sng tc. Phn l thuyt cn kh non nt,
ch yu dng li mt s nhn xt tuy cc k nhy bn v
thng minh, nhng vn c tnh cht cm tnh v kinh
nghim ch ngha, chng hn, cc bi vit ca Susan
Sontag hay John Barth, Leslie Fiedler, v.v Sau, t u
thp nin 1970, ch ngha hu hin i gn lin vi gii
kin to, v qua gii kin to, gn lin vi hu cu trc
lun v pht trin theo chiu hng l thuyt ho. Trong
phm vi l thuyt, trc, cc nh hu hin i ch ngha
chu nh hng ch yu t Jacques Derrida v Roland
Barthes; sau, t Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, Jean-
Franois Lyotard, Gilles Deleuze v Flix Guattari. Hu
cu trc mang n cho ch ngha hu hin i mt tng
su trit l mi: ging hu cu trc lun, ch ngha hu
hin i mang tnh phn-yu tnh lun (anti-essentialism)
v phn-duy bn lun (anti-foundationalism): h khng tin
vo nhng ci gi l yu tnh bt bin hay nhng nguyn
tc c chc nng lm nn tng cho mi kin thc ca nhn
loi. Ging hu cu trc lun, ch ngha hu hin i ph
nhn nim tin thnh truyn thng vo chc nng ti
hin hin thc ca ngn ng. Cng ging hu cu trc,
ch ngha hu hin i quan nim ngn ng to nn, thay
6
Xem mc t Deconstruction trong cun Encyclopedia of
Postmodernism do Victor E. Taylor v Charles E. Winquist bin tp
(2001), London: Routledge, tr. 84-5.
v phn nh, th gii. Th gii bao gm c con ngi. Cc

nh hu cu trc lun v hu hin i ch ngha y cc
lun im ca h i xa hn na, xem ch th tnh nh ci
g c kin to bi ngn ng v trong ngn ng. 1 Lin
quan n ngn ng, trc, di nh hng ca Barthes v
Derrida, cc nh hu hin i ch ngha gim thiu n ti
a vai tr ca tc gi - k pht ngn, v xem tc gi nh
cht, ng thi, nhn mnh vo vn bn (text), vo tnh
vn bn (textuality), tip theo, tnh lin vn bn
(intertextuality), v t , nhn mnh vo tnh kh tc
(writerly/scriptible) ca tc phm cng nh vai tr ca
ngi c v cc iu kin vn ho - x hi vy quanh
ngi c; sau, di nh hng ca Foucault, h li ch
trng n din ngn (discourse) v quan h quyn lc
ng sau din ngn v kin thc, t , dung hp c hu
thc dn lun, n quyn lun, thuyt lch pha (queer
theory) v ch ngha a vn ho vo di chic (d) hu
hin i.
Khng phi ch l mt giai on, gii kin to v

hu cu trc lun cn l mt phn ca ch ngha hu hin
i. Phn nhn thc lun v phng php lun. Nhng
khng phi l phng php lun v sng tc. Phn ph
phn. Nhng khng phi l phn ph phn ngh thut.
Phn t thc. Nhng khng phi l phn thc thm
m. Andreas Huyssen ghi nhn mt c im: hu ht cc
l thuyt gia thuc trng phi hu cu trc lun u ch
, trc ht, n cc nh vn v nh th hin i cui
th k 19 v u th k 20 thay v cc cy bt hu hin
1
Quan nim ny c Heidegger nhn ra, trc y, khi ng
vit: Con ngi hnh ng nh hn l k quyt nh hnh dng v l
ch ca ngn ng, trong khi , tht ra, ngn ng vn l ch ca con
ngi. Trong Martin Heidegger (1978), Basic Writing (David Farrell
Krell bin tp), London: Routledge, tr. 348.
130 | Nguyn Hng Quc
i. Vi Barthes, l Flaubert, Proust v Bataille; vi

Derrida, l Nietzsche, Heidegger, Mallarm v Artaud;
vi Foucault, l Nietzsche, Magritte v Bataille; vi
Kristeva, l Lautramont, Joyce v Artaud, v.v1 Ti
on, mc d chia s mt s quan im chung, cc l
thuyt gia hng u ca hu cu trc lun v gii cm bt
hu hin i vn c s cch bit ln v thc m hc. S
khc bit v thc dn n s khc bit v thc hnh:
trong khi cc nh hu cu trc lun a ra ch trng thi
php hu cu trc lun (poststructuralist poetics), ,
mi ci vit (writing) u c xem l vn bn, bt k c
tnh vn chng hay khng; cc nh hu hin i ch
ngha, tuy, trn l thuyt, ch trng phn- ng cp (anti-
hierarchichal), mun xo b ranh gii gia tnh c tuyn
(elitism) v tnh bnh dn, nhng, trn thc t, vn gi
nguyn s phn bit gia vn chng v phi-vn chng.
Cn mt s khc bit na: Theo cc nh ph bnh Anh,
trong khi cc nh hu cu trc lun c quan im cp tin
v nhn thc v xy dng v chnh tr, cc nh hu hin
i thng b ch l phn ng v c khuynh hng h v
ch ngha.2 Trong tt c cc nh hu cu trc lun chu
u, ch c mt mnh Lyotard l cng khai bn v ch
ngha hu hin i, hn na, gp phn l thuyt ho khi
nim hu hin i.3 l l do ti sao Lyotard tr thnh
ting ni tiu biu ca ch ngha hu hin i, mt du
gch ni gia ch ngha hu hin i v hu cu trc lun.
Tuy nhin, khng nn ngh l ting ni duy nht. Bn
cnh Lyotard, cn c Richard Rorty, Jean Baudrillard v
Fredric Jameson, v.v l nhng l thuyt gia cng c nh
hng quan trng khng km.
1
Dn theo Hans Bertens (1995), The Idea of the Postmodern, a
History, London: Routledge, tr. 16.
2
Nh trn, tr. 16.
3
Nh trn, tr. 17.
ng sau cc l thuyt gia v cc l thuyt, t gii

kin to n hu cu trc lun v ch ngha hu hin i,
va k l mt thi i v mt bu kh quyn vn ho hu
hin i. Trong khi v phng din thi i, r rng l
Vit Nam cha bc, d ch mt chn, vo giai on hu
k ngh hay ch ngha t bn hu k; v phng din vn
ho, khng th chi ci l, vi ln sng ton cu ho, ch
yu qua s lan rng ca vn ho tiu th v vn ho gii
tr cng nh qua con ng du hc v du lch, tt c
nhng c im ca vn ho hu hin i, vi nhng mc
m nht khc nhau, ang dn dn trn vo Vit Nam
v ph ln ngi Vit Nam. Nhng c im y li rt d
ny n trong mi trng hu thuc a v hu cng sn,
ni nhiu i t s y o tng b sp . Chc chn,
khng sm th mun, tt c nhng c im y s tc ng
mnh m n kh quyn vn ho Vit Nam, t , s dn
n v s nhng thay i, k c ci cht ca nhng iu
ng nh vnh cu.
1. Ci cht ca chn l
Trc ht l ci cht ca nim tin i vi chn l.
Khi nim chn l c t lu nhng c l him

khi no n tr thnh mt vn , mt suy t v mt m
nh nghim trng nh thi hin i. Trc , thi trung
c, ngi ta tin chn l thuc v Thng v con ngi
ch c th tm thy chn l qua s mc khi: mi con
ng truy tm chn l, do , ng quy vo con ng
o c; li l th o c c hng dn bng thn
quyn: im cui ca con ng ng quy, do , l tn
132 | Nguyn Hng Quc
gio. Nhng tn gio l khng gian ca s n nhn ch

khng phi l khng gian ca tm kim. Chn l tr thnh
mt mn qu cho mt s ngi. Ngi no nhn c
mn qu y v dm sng n cng vi n s tr thnh
thnh thin hn v cui cng, s nhn c phn thng;
nhng phn thng y li nm th gii bn kia.1 Thi
hin i, ngi ta cng tin vo s hin hu ca nhng
chn l, nhng khc vi thi trung c, ngi ta tin, th
nht, chn l c tnh quy lut hn l tnh thn hc; th hai,
nhng chn l y c tnh khch quan v ph qut; th ba,
chng c th c pht hin v chng nghim qua con
ng khoa hc v thc nghim; v th t, vic pht hin
cc chn l y s lm cho nhn loi ngy mt hiu bit
hn v cuc sng ngy mt tin b, tt p v an bnh
hn. y ni bt ln vai tr ca con ngi: C th xem
pht hin ln nht ca tnh hin i (modernity) l pht
hin ra con ngi. Thi Phc Hng, con ngi c
xem nh trung tm ca v tr nhng n cha thit lp ci
ti c nhn ch ngha ca con ngi thnh mt trung tm
ca th gii. Ch n thi hin i, bt u t phong tro
Khai sng (Enlightenment) vo gia th k 17, tr tu,
thc o c v ci ti mang tnh c nhn ch ngha ca
con ngi mi dn dn c xem nh mt trung tm t
quyt ca v tr, ci v tr, trong sut thi Trung c, c
xem nh thuc v Thng .2 con ngi, nng lc
c cao nht l l tr: chnh l tr gip con ngi nhn
1
Vit Nam cng nh Trung Hoa, cho n cui th k 19, t
ai nhc n khi nim chn l. M nu ngh n chn l, phn ln u
xem l o (theo quan nim ca Lo gio, xem bi The Daoist
Conception of Truth: Laozis Metaphysical Realism vs. Zhuangzis
Internal Realism ca Jeeloo Liu, in trong cun Comparative
Approaches to Chinese Philosophy do Bo Mou bin tp (2003),
London: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, tr. 278-93), sau , di nh hng
ca Tng Nho, hu nh mi ngi u ng nht chn l vi nhng
li dy ca thnh hin.
bit chn l v cng chnh l tr quyt nh s tn ti ca

con ngi vi t cch l ngi: Ti t duy vy ti hin
hu, Descartes ni th; Con ngi l cy sy bit t
tng, Pascal ni th.
Nhng l tr, kh nng t duy hay t tng cng

u c kh nng phn ho: mi ngi mt . T s bt
ng ny sinh nhu cu thuyt phc. Thuyt phc bng l
lun v bng thc tin. Bng l lun, nim chn l tr
thnh mt m nh ln, hn na, ni nh Zugmunt
Bauman, mt th tu t ca quyn lc (the rhetoric of
power).1 Bng thc tin, qua v s cc n lc xy dng
mt x hi hin i. Bn cht ca x hi hin i y, vi
Karl Marx, l ch ngha t bn; vi mile Durkheim, l k
ngh ho; vi Max Weber, l duy l ho; vi Anthony
Giddens, l tng hp ca ch ngha t bn, ch ngha k
ngh (industrialism), gim st (surveillance) v quyn lc
qun s.2 D yu t (hay nhm yu t) no l bn cht i
na th chng cng u dn n xu hng c nhn ho v
phng din thc; thnh th ho v phng din x hi;
t do ho v th tc ho v phng din chnh tr vi s
tch bit gia thn quyn v th quyn, gia Gio hi v
Nh nc - mt trong nhng nn tng u tin ca tin
trnh dn ch ho -, xu hng chuyn nghip ho v
phng din t chc bao gm c vic tiu chun ho
phng thc sn xut v lao ng, t dn n hin
tng khu bit ho gia chuyn mn v nghip d, gia
lao ng tr thc v lao ng chn tay, gia tnh c tuyn
2
Stanley J. Grenz (1996), A Primer on Postmodernism,
Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, tr. 60-1.
1
Zygmunt Bauman (1997), Postmodernity and its Discontents,
2
Anthony Giddens (1990), The Consequences of Modernity,
Cambridge: Polity Press.
134 | Nguyn Hng Quc
v tnh bnh dn, gia quc v thuc a. Vi tt c cc

n lc y, mi ngi (t nht l ngi Ty phng) hy
vng s to c mt x hi vn minh v thin ho. Nim
ao c y gn lin vi mt nhn thc: chn l c kim
chng qua thc ti.
Nhng thc ti th khc hn.
Sau my th k hin i ho, th k 20, v mt

phng din no , l mt th k kinh hong nht trong
k c nhn loi vi hai cuc chin tranh th gii v mt
cuc chin tranh lnh, m hu qu l hng chc triu
ngi b git: mt con s k lc trong lch s. Trong cc
bin c y, c l khng c bin c no gy sc mnh m
v lu di nh chin tranh th gii ln th hai, , hai s
kin ni bt nht l: hai qu bom nguyn t th xung
Nht Bn v v Holocaust vi hng triu ngi Do Thi
(v mt vi sc dn khc) b pht xt c git cht mt
cch v cng tn bo. Theo Christopher Browning, mt s
gia hng u ca M v Holocaust, bin c Holocaust c
th c xem l mt du mc1 ln v quan trng trong lch
s nhn loi. Nn dit chng khc hn cc v dit
chng khc hai yu t: mt, nh git cht tng
ngi, tng ngi Do Thi, k c ph n v tr em, cho
n ngi cui cng; v hai, cc phng tin c s
dng: hu nh n huy ng ton b gung my hnh
chnh, cc kh nng k thut ca cc quc gia hin i v
vn ho khoa hc Ty phng vo m mu xo trng mt
chng tc.2 Theo Zygmunt Bauman, Holocaust khng phi
1
Chritopher Browning dng ch watershed: ng phn thu.
2
Christopher Browning (2000), Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers,
German Killers, Cambridge: Cambridge Press, tr. 32; dn theo Robert
Eaglestone (2008), The Holocaust and the Postmodern, Oxford;
Oxford University Press, tr. 1.
ch l mt thm kch i vi ngi Do Thi m cn mt

khc gy phi l ca nn vn minh hin i.1 Ngh v
nhng v git ngi tp th d man nh vy, ngi ta d
tng tng n nhng tn st nhn kht mu bm sinh v
bnh hon. S tht khng phi. Phn ln th phm l
nhng ngi rt bnh thng. H tin hnh vic git ngi
nh lm mt cng vic bnh thng, khng cht on hn,
thm ch khng hn v k th ngi Do Thi. Cho nn
vn y l gung my, mt gung my hiu lc
nhng hon ton v ng v v cm, bin nhng ngi
bnh thng nht thnh nhng tn st nhn lnh lng. Ci
gung my hnh chnh y l g nu khng phi l kt qu
ca xu hng duy l ho m Weber xem nh l mt
trung tm ca tnh hin i? C th ni chnh ci tnh duy
l ca quyn (bureaucartic rationality) y lm cho loi
l tr cng c (instrumental reason) ln t loi l tr ph
phn (critical reason) mi thnh vin trong x hi ch
cn mt m nh duy nht: lm sao hon tt cng vic,
thay v t hi: ti sao phi lm nh vy? 2 Vi s thng
lnh ca l tr cng c, con ngi b bin thnh nhng ci
my. Chnh v vy, nhiu ngi xem Holocaust nh
mt im phn chia ch ngha hin i v ch ngha hu
hin i. Ni cch khc, hu hin i chnh l hu-
Holocaust,3 mt hnh thc din ngn hu-chn thng
(post-traumatic discourse).
Din ngn hu-chn thng l g?

1
Zygmunt Bauman (1989), Modernity and the Holocaust,
Cambridge: Polity Press, tr. 1
2
Xem Jim McGuigan (1999), Modernity and Postmodern
Culture, Maidenhead: Open University Press, tr. 49-50.
3
Xem bi tr li phng vn Modernism, Postmodernism, and
Rationality After the Holocaust ca Dominick LaCapra trn
http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-
%203865.pdf
136 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Trong cun The Holocaust and the Postmodern,

Robert Eaglestone cho mt bin c nh Holocaust khng
th khng l mt m nh i vi gii tr thc, khng th
khng tc ng n cch suy ngh, ph phn v nh gi
ca chng ta: n lm thay i bn tr thc th gii:
mt s vn c nhn nhn khc hn trc (v d: ch
ngha thc dn v vn dit chng), mt s vn tr
thnh v ngha (v d: quan nim v ch ngha nhn o
ph qut); v mt s vn mi xut hin, tr thnh
nhng m nh ln i vi thi i; trong s , c nim
v bn sc hay bn sc ho (identification) vn l nhng
mi quan tm chnh ca ch ngha hu hin i. Trong
chiu hng y, Eaglestone cho ch ngha hu hin i
phng Ty bt u vi s suy ngh v Holocaust, l mt
phn hi trc Holocaust.1 Trc , Hal Foster cng cho
nhng chn thng do Holocaust gy ra v li nh
hng n tnh n nh ca nim v bn sc ca con
ngi, hn na, chng cn lm thay i c cch nhn nhn
ci thc (the real) na.2 Trong lnh vc vn hc, ngh
thut v trit hc, Holocaust dn n s ra i ca ch
ngha thiu t (minimalism), ngh thut tru tng,
khuynh hng vn chng ca s im lng (literature of
silence),3 v, bao trm ln tt c, s v ca v s nim
tin, t nim tin vo ci gi l bn sc n nim tin vo s
tin b, v quan trng hn ht, nim tin vo chn l. Hu
ht cc nh hu hin i u khng tin tng vo ci gi l
chn l tuyt i, khng tin vo s tin b tuyn tnh ca
1
Robert Eaglestone (2008), sd., ri rc cc trang 2, 3, 341-2,
v 346.
2
Hal Foster (1996), The Return of the Real, Cambridge: The
MIT Press, tr. 166-8.
3
Charles Jencks (2007), Critical Modernism, Where is Post-
Modernism Going?, Wiley, tr. 54.
lch s, v khng tin vo tnh duy l v hiu qu ci to x

hi ca n. Vi h, nhng ci gi l chn l khng c sn
v cn c khm ph: chng c sng to; chng cng
khng ph qut: chng thay i theo tng nn vn ho,
thm ch, tng c nhn; chng khng c gi tr vnh cu:
chng b bin dng theo tng cch nhn, thm ch, theo s
bin dng ca ngn ng; chng khng khch quan: chng
ch l kt qu ca nhng s din dch; cui cng, chng
khng ng c quan tm v mt l n gin: chng
khng c thc.
S nh mt nim tin y khi pht t Nietzsche

(1844-1900), ngi c xem nh mt v thnh bn mng
ca trit hc hu hin i. Cc nh hu cu trc lun hc
c Nietzsche rt nhiu iu, nhng iu h cm thy
tm c nht l s ph phn c a ca Nietzsche i vi
chn l.1 Bi hc ln m h hc Nietzsche l: chn l
khng phi l mt chnh th siu nghim.2 Theo Nietzsche,
hin thc vn v cng a dng v phc tp, nhng con
ngi, trong qu trnh khi nim ho hin thc, tc b
ht nhng khc bit tinh t gia nhng thc th cng loi.
L, chng hn, i c hng t chic l khc nhau, nhng
bng khi nim l, con ngi h v tt c cc khc
bit y. Ch cn l sung thi. ch l mt chic l
gi. Khi kt hp cc khi nim gi y li vi nhau to
ra nhng tng, con ngi ch t n nhng o tng.
Ci gi l th gii thc ch l nhng g con ngi to ra
bng nhn thc ca chnh mnh. Nietzsche kt lun mt
cch ma mai:
1
Mark Poster (1989), Critical Theory and Poststructuralism, in
Search of a Context, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, tr. 15.
2
Nh trn.
138 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Chn l l g? [ l] mt i binh c ng ca
nhng n d, nhng hon d, nhng s nhn cch
ho, ni tm li, tng s quan h ca con ngi,
nhng iu c khai trin, hon v v trang im,
mt cch y cht th v cht tu t, v cng l
nhng iu sau mt thi gian di c s dng,
dng nh tr thnh vng chc, nh nhng in
phm v nhng bn phn i vi mt dn tc;
chn l l nhng o tng v nhng g ngi ta
qun bng rng n vn l o tng; nhng n d
so rng v khng cn kh nng gy cht n
tng no na; nhng ng tin cc mn ht
hnh nh, ch cn tr li mt mnh kim loi, ch
khng cn l ng tin na.1
Thi hoi nghi chn l ca Nietzsche c

Heidegger v Wittgenstein khai trin thm; c cng c
bi cuc xung ng rm r ca sinh vin Php vo
thng Nm 1968: l mt s kin c xem nh cuc
cch mng x hi, qua , t tng cp tin cng bng n;
s hoi nghi i vi cc thc h c v c h thng gio
dc c vn b xem l ch nhm to ra nhng sn phm tr
thc nh mt phng tin ca quyn lc v thng tr, cng
thm su sc.
C mt nguyn nhn su xa khc gp phn gia c

nn tng ca ch ngha hoi nghi th k 20, theo ti, l
s pht trin ca ngn ng hc. Nu ngnh hc thng lnh
th gii tri thc thi trung c v thi u Phc Hng l
thn hc; thi Khai sng l trit hc; th k 20 l khoa
hc, nhng ring trong phm vi khoa hc x hi, ngnh
1
Friedrich Nietzsche (1976), The Portable Nietzsche, Walter
Kaufmann dch v gii thiu, New York: Penguin Books, tr. 46-7.
hc mi nhn chc chn l ngn ng hc. cng l

ngnh hc m, t , sinh ra k hiu hc, nhn chng hc,
ph bnh vn hc theo cc phng php hin i, t Hnh
thc lun n Ph bnh Mi, cu trc lun, hu cu trc
lun, v.v Trong ngn ng hc, ngi c nh hng nht
l Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). Trong l thuyt
ngn ng hc ca Saussure, lun im cn bn v quan
trng nht l: ngn ng l mt h thng k hiu gm hai
yu t chnh: ci biu t (signifier) v ci c biu t
(signified), , ngha ca ci biu t khng ny sinh
t quan h tham chiu gia n v hin thc m xut pht
t s khc bit gia n v cc k hiu khc trong cng
mt h thng. Ni cch khc, trong ngn ng ch c s
hin hu ca ci biu t v ci c biu t m thi. C
nhiu h lun c th c rt ra t cch nhn y. Th nht,
mi hin hu u c tnh lin h (relational), v do , c
ngha tng i (relative): bt c ci g c mi lin h
vi mt ci g khc u l tng i. Th hai, hin thc b
loi hn ra khi phm tr ngha; do , v phng din
vn hc v ngh thut, ch ngha hin thc truyn thng
vn nhn mnh vo chc nng phn nh hin thc b mt
c s l thuyt c th ng vng c; v phng din
trit hc, quan nim xem chn l nh s phn nh trung
thnh hin thc vo trong thc cng tc khc b xem l
li thi. Th ba, do mi quan h vi hin thc b ct t,
mi cng trnh ngh thut da trn ngn ng u c xu
hng khu bit ho (differentiation), t tr ho
(autonomization) v ng k nht, tnh cht t quy chiu
(self-referentiality), t n quay v vi chnh n. Cc nh
gii kin to v hu cu trc lun pht trin thm kha
cnh ny, trong , li pht biu Khng c g ngoi vn
140 | Nguyn Hng Quc
bn1 ca Jacques Derrida c xem nh mt th tuyn

ngn mi ca ch ngha hu hin i. T khi im chung
y, Derrida cng ngy cng y t tng ca mnh ra xa
Saussure. Khc vi Saussure, ngi ch trng ngn ng
v ch vit (writing) l hai h thng k hiu khc nhau,
, ci sau hin hu ch vi mc ch th hin ci
trc; trong h thng ngn ng, ngn (language/langue),
ch khng phi ng (speech/parole), mi l i tng ch
thc ca ngn ng hc; Derrida cho khng c k hiu
ngn ng no c trc ch vit2 v ch c cc vn bn
vit (writing) mi l kiu mu tm hiu v cch thc
vn hnh ca ngn ng v nhng g c vit khng b tan
bin theo thi gian, do , cn gi trong chng nhng qu
kh vi nhng thay i v ngha ca ch, hn na, cn
tip tc chi phi nhng vn bn khc s c vit trong
tng lai: vi Derrida, mi vn bn, nh vy, u c
sn xut bng cch chuyn ho cc vn bn khc;3 v c
mt vn bn, cng vy, bao gi cng hng n nhng
vn bn khc.4 Tt c s to thnh mt lin vn bn bt
tn: trong mt lin vn bn bt tn nh th, mi ci c
biu t s t ng tr thnh ci biu t, v nh th,
ngha c b trin hn mi. Th thc, ch trin hn ti
dng y ch dch c mt trong hai ngha v c
im chnh ca thut ng diffrance do Derrida to ra
1
Jacques Derrida (1982) Of Grammatology, Gayatri
Chakravorty Spivak dch v gii thiu, Baltimore: The John Hopkins
University Press, tr. 158. Nguyn vn: There is nothing outside of the
text [there is no outside-text; il ny a pas de hors-texte].
2
Jacques Derrida (1982), sd., tr. 14.
3
Jacques Derrida (1981), Positions, Chicago: Chicago
University Press, tr. 37-8.
4
Jacques Derrida (1979), Living On: Border Lines in trong
cun Deconstruction and Criticism do Harold Bloom, Paul de Man,
Jacques Derrida, Geoffrey Hartman v J. Hillis Miller bin tp (1979),
New York: Seabury Press, tr. 107.
bng cch kt hp hai ng t differ (khc) v defer

(tr hon): Differance bao hm hai hnh thc: danh t
(diffrence) v tip v ng -ance thng dng to ra
nhng danh ng t, ch mt s din tin; v hai trng
thi: khng gian (differ) v thi gian (defer). Ni cch
khc, differance va c ngha l khc bit va c ngha
l tr hon, va c ngha l mt cu trc va c ngha l
mt tin trnh, va l mt hnh thc va l s hnh thnh
ca hnh thc, va tnh va ng, va ng nht (v ng
m, hai ch diffrence v diffrance c ging nhau)
va d bit (v hnh thi, chng vn l hai t khc nhau),
va c mt: l mt trong nhng khi nim chnh trong
kho t vng gii kin to v hu cu trc lun, va vng
mt: n gi nh ci qu kh lin vn bn di thm thm
pha sau, vi nhng quan nim khc v s khc bit
trong quan im ca Saussure, Nietzsche, Freud, Husserl
v Heidegger.1 Tuy nhin, iu quan trng cn nhn mnh
y l: Khi ngha b trin hn, chn l, nht l th chn
l khch quan v ph qut theo cch nhn hin i, cng b
phi tm ho v cng b trin hn theo. Mi mi. Bi vy,
mi vn bn u tr thnh bt nh (undecidability). Trong
mt th gii b thng tr bi tnh bt nh nh th, ci gi
l chn l ch cn l mt o nh.
Theo Michel Foucault, trong sut ba th k ca

thi hin i, phng Ty vp phi ba sai lm trm
trng: mt, tin rng c mt chn l khch quan, ch i
c khm ph, u ; hai, tin l h c th s hu c
nhng kin thc nh th; v ba, tin l vic theo ui
nhng kin thc nh th s c li cho c nhn loi hn l
ch cho mt giai cp c bit no. Foucault cho l khng
1
Jacques Derrida (1981), sd., tr. 38-40.
142 | Nguyn Hng Quc
th c nhng chn l khch quan v ph qut. 1 Vi ng,

kin thc lc no cng gn lin vi quyn lc; hn na,
chnh quyn lc sinh ra kin thc v cng sinh ra c chn
l. Ni cch khc, chn l l mt th h cu.2
2. Ci cht ca cc i t s
Hin thn ca ci o nh hay h cu y, v phng

din lch s, chnh l cc siu t s,3 ch dng ca
Lyotard.
Trong cun The Postmodern Condition: A Report

on Knowledge, Lyotard vit: n gin ho n ti a, ti
nh ngha ch ngha hu hin i nh l s hoi nghi i
vi cc siu t s.4
hiu siu t s, c l cn bn mt cht v khi

nim t s.
T s (narrative), theo ngha thng thng, l k

chuyn, bt c l chuyn g, chuyn ca ngi hay chuyn
1
Xem Stanley J. Grenz (1996), sd., tr. 131.
2
Michel Foucault (1980), Power/Knowledge: Selected
Interviews and other Writings, 1972-1977 (Colin Gorden, Leon
Marshall, John Mepham, v Kate Soper dch), New York: Pantheon
Books, tr. 133. Dn theo Stanley J. Grenz (1996), sd., tr. 132-3.
3
Siu t s (metanarrative) thnh thong cn c gi l i t
s (grand narrative) hay t s ch (master narrative), hay l thuyt
ph qut (universal theory).
4
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1997), The Postmodern Condition: A
Report on Knowledge, Geoff Bennington v Brian Massumi dch,
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, tr. xxiv. Nguyn vn:
Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity
toward metanarratives.
ca mnh. C thc: cng c, m h cu: cng c.

Min l c s kin hay bin c g . Hiu nh th, t s
c t lu; nu khng lu hn th cng ngang nga vi
cc th loi tr tnh. Tuy nhin, vi t cch mt thut ng,
trc y, ch t s ch xut hin mt cch tha tht. Hu
nh ch gii hn trong phm vi ph bnh v nghin cu
vn hc, c bit trong lnh vc vn xui, nht l vn xui
chu u.1 Ch t khong cui thp nin 1960 v u thp
nin 1970, cng vi s bnh trng ca cu trc lun, vic
s dng ch t s mi n r, tr thnh mt bc ngot
quan trng trong hc thut: ngi ta thng gi l bc
ngot t s (narrative turn). N tr thnh mt ngnh hc
mi: T s hc (Narratology) vi nhng tn tui ln nh
Tzvetan Todorov, Grald Genette, A. J. Greimas, Claude
Bremond, v c bit, Roland Barthes. Ni theo Wallace
Martin, l thuyt v t s thay th l thuyt tiu thuyt
v tr trung tm ca mi s ch trong nghin cu vn
hc.2 Nhng thut ng t s khng ch gii hn trong
ngnh T s hc hay nghin cu vn hc ni chung. N
cn ln sang hu ht mi lnh vc thuc khoa hc nhn
vn, khoa hc x hi, lut v thn hc. N trn ln cc
phng tin truyn thng i chng. u cng nghe ni
n t s. Trong cun Postmodern Narrative Theory xut
bn nm 1998, Mark Currie nhn xt: Nu c mt so ng
lin quan n T s hc ng i th cu nht nh s
l: t s c mt khp ni3 Ti sao t s li tr thnh
ph bin nh vy? L do u tin c l do gii nghin cu
1
T thp nin 1950 n thp nin 1960, M v cc nc ni
ting Anh, gii nghin cu v ph bnh vn cn rt m th. Ph Bnh
Mi thnh hnh M thi k ny ch yu tp trung vo vic phn tch
th.
2
Wallace Martin (1986), Recent Theories of Narrative, Ithaca:
Cornell University Press, tr. 15.
3
Mark Currie (1998), Postmodern Narrative Theory, London:
MacMillan Press, tr. 1.
144 | Nguyn Hng Quc
pht hin ra mt iu: dng nh nhn loi rt m t s.

Chc chc l m hn cc con s thng k trong cc s
kin c lit k theo nhng nhng quan h logic rt phc
tp. Cng chc chn l m hn cc l thuyt m h v ri
rm. T xa, ngha l t thi thng c, loi ngi bit
dng hnh thc t s c kt nhn thc v kinh nghim:
thn thoi l nhn thc v ngun gc v tr; truyn thuyt
l nhn thc v ngun gc v lch s tin ho ca dn tc;
c tch l nhn thc v o l lm ngi. V gii tr:
truyn tiu lm. Hn na, cng c th ni mi hnh thc
truyn thng u l t s: tin tc chng ta nghe trn truyn
thanh hay nhn thy trn truyn hnh l t s. Nhng cu
chuyn chng ta thng vn k cho bn b nghe hng
ngy cng l t s. Bun da l, theo cch ni Vit
Nam hin nay l mt hnh thc t s. Mun ni chuyn
mch lc, c u c ui l c t s. Nhng t s khng
phi ch c kt kinh nghim sng hay chuyn tr.
T s cn l cch thc c bit suy ngh: suy ngh mt
cch hnh tng, c th v lp lang; mt cch sng to
v duy tr truyn thng ca c mt cng ng hay dn tc
(qua thn thoi v truyn thuyt); mt cch cng c cc
h thng gi tr v chun mc trong x hi (qua truyn c
tch v v). c bit hn, t s l cch kin to hin thc:
l nhng g chng ta k v/hoc nghe k. V cng l
cch kin to bn ng: Theo cc nh hu cu trc lun v
hu hin i ch ngha, bn ng l sn phm ch khng
phi l ngun sui (source) ca cc hot ng ngn ng.
Alasdair MacIntyre quan nim con ngi, trong hnh
ng v thc hnh, cng nh trong h cu ca hn, l mt
con vt k chuyn.1 Trong chiu hng y, Holstein v
Gubrium xem bn ng ca chng ta nh nhng hu th
1
Alasdair MacIntyre (1981), After Virtue: A Study in Moral
Theory, London: Duckworth, tr. 201.
c k chuyn (storied beings), kt qu ca vic k

chuyn lin tc.1 Chnh v vy James Phelan mi cnh
bo: Coi chng s c mt quc t s2 ra i! Gi l
quc ch yu v tm nh hng ln lao ca t s: n
khng phi ch l mt phng php to nn bn sc m
n chnh l bn sc: Bn sc l cu chuyn cuc i.3
Khng c nn vn ho no khng c xy dng

trn nn tng t s.
Vic ph bin rng ri ca thut ng t s khng
nhng l do nh hng ca hnh thc lun, cu trc lun
v hu cu trc lun m, hn na, theo nhiu nh nghin
cu, l v n phn nh s khng hong v nhn thc lun
ca nn vn ho ng i. T s l nhng g cn li sau
khi nim tin vo kh tnh ca kin thc b sp .
Nhm t quen thuc thng nghe trong lnh vc nghin
cu khoa hc cc t s khoa hc hm l din ngn
khoa hc khng cn phn nh hin thc na m ch l mt
cch kin to hin thc; khng cn l s khm ph chn l
m ch l cch ch to chn l theo quy lut ca tr chi
ring ca n, khng khc g vic sng to cc cun truyn
h cu. Gi mt din ngn l t s hay mt cu chuyn
1
Dn theo John Bryce Merrill trong bi Stories of Narrative:
On Social Scientific Uses of Narrative in Multiple Disciplines ng
trn
http://www.colorado.edu/ling/CRIL/Volume20_Issue1/paper_MERRI
LL.pdf
2
James Phelan (2005), Living to Tell about It: A Rhetoric and
Ethics of Character Narration, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, tr.
205-210. Dn theo Matti Hyvanrinen, Towards a Conceptual History
of Narrative c trn http://www.helsinki.fi/collegium/e-
series/volumes/volume_1/001_04_hyvarinen.pdf
3
Dn theo Matti Hyvanrinen, nh trn.
146 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nu ln nghi vn v mt li tuyn b lin quan n

chn l c ngha l nh ng t s v h cu.1
L thuyt v ch ngha hu hin i ca Lyotard

c trnh by trong bn tng trnh v kin thc nm
1979 ca ng ra i trong bi cnh khng hong vn ho
nh th.
Trc ht, Lyotard nhn mnh phm vi nghin cu

ca ng l cc nc pht trin nht, , ng tp trung
vo ti iu kin hu hin i; trong ci gi l iu kin
hu hin i y, ng khoanh vng iu kin nhn thc
lun (epistemological condition); trong nhn thc lun,
ng ch , trc ht, n kin thc khoa hc; kin thc
khoa hc, ng pht hin ra ba c im quan trng u
tin: mt, kin thc khoa hc l mt loi din ngn;2 m
l din ngn th ng nhin phi c lin h mt thit
vi ngn ng; hai, kin thc, nh l h qu ca xu hng
vi tnh ho (hay in ton ho) ca x hi, bin thnh mt
th thng tin; v ba, t na sau ca th k 20, kin thc
tr thnh lc lng chnh ca sn xut, hn na, mt th
sn phm c th em bn. Vi nhng c im y, kin
thc khoa hc phi i din vi mt i th m n phi
lun lun sng chung, d trong tnh trng lc no cng
xung t v y cnh tranh: kin thc t s. Trong khi loi
kin thc khoa hc c xem l c tnh khch quan, ph
qut v y thm quyn, kin thc t s, di hnh thc
chuyn k, khng cn bng chng no ngoi nguyn tc
nht qun ca chnh n. Cc nh khoa hc vn thng
khinh b loi kin thc t s, tuy nhin, h khng trnh
1
Marie-Laure Ryan, Narrative: Entry for the forthcoming
Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative, c trn
http://lamar.colostate.edu/~pwryan/narrentry.htm
2
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1997), sd., tr. 3.
c n: khoa hc vn dng t s tin hnh cc thao

tc ca n v bin chnh cho chnh n. Nht l khi kin
thc khoa hc cng lc cng mt th hp php
(legitimation) v phng din x hi: ci quyn quyt nh
ci g ng li khng c lp vi ci quyn quyt nh ci
g l cng chnh. Hu qu l khoa hc phi l thuc vo t
s, nht l cc siu t s hay i t s gii thch vai tr
ca khoa hc. Lyotard nu ln hai t s chnh c chc
nng nh th: t s v gii phng (narratives of
emancipation) v t s v t bin (narratives of
speculation). Loi t s th hai, c tha hng t ch
ngha duy tm ca c, dn n xu th khoa hc v khoa
hc (science for sciences sake) vn cng ngy cng b
ln p bi loi t s th nht, gn lin vi phong tro Khai
sng theo truyn thng Php, nhn mnh vo vai tr ca
khoa hc trong x hi.
Lyotard gi cc t s y l siu t s. Siu

(meta) c th c hiu l vt qua (nh trong ch siu
hnh, metaphysics) hay l v (nh trong ch siu ngn
ng, metalanguage, siu ph bnh, metacriticism, hay siu
h cu, metafiction). Siu trong siu t s thuc loi th
hai: siu t s l t s v t s, l cu chuyn v cc cu
chuyn: l cu chuyn ch, cu chuyn t sinh ra v
gii thch cc cu chuyn khc. d hnh dung, gii
nghin cu, trong c c Lyotard, thng c khuynh
hng xem siu t s l i t s, trong khi cc cu
chuyn khc, k c nhng cu chuyn chng ta thng k
hng ngy, l tiu t s. Ln v nh. Gia hai loi t s
ny c nhiu khc bit: trong khi tiu t s lin quan n
nhng kinh nghim c th ca mt c nhn hay mt cng
ng, i s t mang tm khi qut cao, c tnh tru
tng, thin v l tnh; trong khi tiu t s nhm c th
148 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ho v bo lu mt bin c lch s no , i t s trc

tip lin h n mt th Lch S c vit hoa; trong khi
cc tiu t s ngang bng vi nhau, i t s ni bt hn
ln, c khuynh hng quy kt mi t s khc vo trong h
thng ca n. Nhng c im quan trng nht phn bit
i t s vi cc tiu t s l chc nng hp php ho
ca i t s. Lyotard vit: Bng ch siu t s hay i
t s, ti nhm chnh xc n nhng t s c chc nng
hp php ho.1 D nhin l khng phi hp php ho
chnh n. M l hp php ho cc kin thc, kinh nghim
v nim tin gn lin vi n. Ni cch khc, i t s l
cch thu tm ton b lch s nhn loi vo mt cu
chuyn duy nht vi nhng cu trc v trnh t cht ch,
xuyn sut t qu kh n hin ti v c tng lai na:
nh vy, n khng nhng gii thch qu kh v hin ti
m cn nh hng cho tng lai. Vi vai tr nh hng,
i t s khng phi ch l cu chuyn c tnh miu t hay
trn thut m cn c tnh quy phm (normative), nu
khng mun ni l mnh lnh, khng nhng gii hn
trong phm vi chnh tr m cn trong lut php, o c v
cch suy ngh ca con ngi ni chung. Chnh v hng
ti tng lai nh vy, tnh hin i c mt c trng c
bn: d n (project). l l do ti sao Jurgen Habermas
xem tnh hin i nh l mt d n cha hon tt.2
Thi hin i, c nhiu th i t s nh vy. Ch

ngha duy l (rationalism) xuyn sut ton b d n hin
1
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1992), The Postmodern Explained to
Children, Correspondence 1982-1985, nhiu ngi dch, Julian
Pefanis v Morgan Thomas hiu nh, Sydney: Power Publications,
tr.31. Nguyn vn: By metanarratives or grand narratives, I mean
precisely narrations with a legitimating function.
2
Xem cun Habermas and the Unfinished Project of Modernity
do Maurizio Passerin dEntrve v Seyla Benhabib bin tp (1997),
Cambridge: The MIT Press.
i l mt siu t s. Ch ngha Mc cng l mt siu t

s khc. Hn na, l mt th siu t s y tham vng.
Tham vng tm bao qut: n mun phc ho c tin
trnh pht trin ca lch s nhn loi qua mt m hnh
chung vi nhng thi k nht nh, t cng x nguyn
thu n chim hu n l, phong kin, t bn v cui
cng, cng sn. Tham vng tng hp: quy tt c
mi s pht trin ca lch s vo mt im, im duy nht:
u tranh giai cp. Tham vng n lc l thuyt ho:
dng mi th trn hai nn tng chnh l duy vt bin
chng v duy vt lch s. Tham vng thc tin: khng
nhng gii thch th gii m n cn mun thay i th
gii. V tham vng mc tiu: n c t n mt th
Tinh thn Th gii (World Spirit), nh l mt im kt
thc ca bin chng php Tinh thn ca Hegel. Ni theo
Stuart Sim, t s v Tinh thn Th gii, c p dng
mt cch c th, l nhng g bo m cho tnh hiu lc
ca cc iu lnh chnh tr ca ch ngha Mc.1
Theo Lyotard, trong na sau th k 20, hu ht cc

siu t s y u ln lt b sp : thc t chng minh l
nhng nn tng l thuyt ca chng khng vng chc.
Tt c nhng g l thc u duy l; tt c nhng g duy l
u thc, siu t s Khai sng ni th. Nhng g xy
ra ti Auschwitz, tri tp trung ln nht ca c Quc X
thi nh th chin, ni hn mt triu ngi Do Thi b
git cht mt cch d man chng minh ngc li: ci c
thc khng h c l cht no c. Tt c nhng g l v
sn u l cng sn; tt c cng sn u l v sn, siu t
s Mc-xt ni th. Nhng cc cuc ni dy Berlin nm
1953, Budapest nm 1956, Czechoslovakia nm 1968 v
1
Stuart Sim (1996), Jean-Franois Lyotard, London: Prentice
Hall / Harvester Wheatsheaf, tr. 31.
150 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Ba Lan nm 1980 chng minh ngc li: chnh nhng

ngi cng nhn v sn ng ln chng li ng.1 May,
trc khi mt vo nm 1998, Lyotard cn kp nhn thy s
sp ton din ca siu t s x hi ch ngha: N
khng nhng sp v phng din l thuyt m cn v
thc tin, khng nhng vi t cch mt nim tin m cn
vi t cch mt quyn lc, khng nhng vi t cch mt
thc h m cn vi t cch mt ch . Sp hon ton.2
Nhng tic, nu Lyotard c dp i thm Vit Nam, ng s
thy trn ci t nc c xem l mt trong bn quc gia
cng sn cui cng cn st li trn th gii: nhng ngi
giu c nht l cc ng vin. Cng cao cp cng giu.
Mt nim tin vo cc siu t s cng c ngha l

c gii phng khi nhng thc h mang tnh tng th
v ton tr. Nhng mt nim tin vo cc siu t s cng c
ngha l mt i tm nhn t con mt ca Thng
(Gods eye point of view) c th bao qut c con ngi
v cuc i theo hai chiu: ng i v lch i; cng c
ngha l mt i mi trung tm cng nh mi chun mc.
Th gii ch cn cc tiu t s v mi tiu t s u, th
nht, c tnh a phng; th hai, c hnh thnh t
nhng iu kin x hi v vn ho c th; th ba, chng
gn lin vi nhng chin lc c tnh thc dng, hnh
thnh mt th chnh tr ca vn (politics of issues) thay
v chnh tr ca thc h nh thi Chin tranh lnh; v
cui cng, mi t s u ngang bng vi nhau, ging nh,
theo cch v von ca ai , cc mt hng by bn trong
mt siu th tng. Thot khi cc siu t s, ch ngha
1
2
Trong cun Postmodern Fables do Georges Van Den Abbeele
dch, University of Minnesota Press xut bn nm 1997, Lyotard c
phn tch s kin bc tng B Linh b sp ko theo s sp ca
ton khi ng u.
hu hin i c v cho tnh a tp trong cc quan im l

thuyt. N cao s a dng trong cuc sng. N ch
trng a nguyn: nhn nhn v sn sng chp nhn cc
gi tr xut hin t cc nn vn ho khc nhau. N c v
cho s a phng, chnh s khc bit cng l mt gi
tr, thm ch l mt gi tr ln.
Nn ch n nghch l ny: Mc d Lyotard

tuyn b ch ngha hu hin i dnh du s ph sn ca
cc siu t s, nhng dng nh chnh s sp ca cc
siu t s ny cng tr thnh mt th siu t s mi. Cc
l thuyt gia khc cng khng t v g l mun t b tham
vng pht hin hay xy dng nhng siu t s ca ring
mnh: vi Baudrillard, l nhng s th v (simulations);
vi Jameson, l th logic ca ch ngha t bn hu k
(late capitalism); vi Deleuze v Guattari, l quan nim
v ci nh/ph (minor); vi Charles Jencks, l hin
tng m ghp (double code) lc no cng l s kt hp
hoc ca k c lch s v chu cnh a phng, hoc ca
truyn thng v hin i. chnh l mt vn nan gii
ca cc l thuyt gia hu hin i: mt mt, ch ngha hu
hin i c xem l mt li phn tch mang tnh ph
phn c kh nng m ra nhng lin vn bn, y tnh
nghch l v mu sc chm bim, nhng mt khc, n li
khng trnh c nhu cu h thng ho v tng th ho
(totalization), ngha l khng trnh c nhng i t s
mang tnh thm quyn (authoritarian grand narratives).
Ao c th ao c, nhng mt nim tin, nht l

nim tin i vi cc siu t s hin i th qu nhin l c
thc i vi i a s nhng cy bt thuc hng ng hu
hin i.
152 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Ngi ta c th hoi nghi thin ch, nhng khng

ai c th hoi nghi nhng s sp : nhng mnh v ca
chng tung to khp ni.
3. Ci cht ca hin thc
Khng nhng nh mt nim tin vo chn l hay

vo cc siu t s, ch ngha hu hin i cn nh mt
nim tin vo hin thc, ng hn: vo ci gi l hin thc.
V phng din x hi, mt trong nhng c im

ni bt nht ca thi i chng ta l vai tr ca vn ho.
Vn ho c mt trong mi ng ngch ca i sng. Theo
nhn xt ca Jameson, mi th trong i sng x hi ca
chng ta u tr nn vn ho;1 vn ho l yu t chnh cu
thnh ci gi l x hi tiu th.2 c im ni bt nht v
phng din vn ho l vai tr ca hnh nh. Hnh nh trn
phim; hnh nh trn ti vi; hnh nh trn cc tm bin qung
co dng khp thnh ph; hnh nh trn internet; hnh nh
trn bo ch: u u cng c hnh nh. Khai trin mt
lun im do Lyotard nu ln trong cun Discours, figure
xut bn nm 1971, Scott Lash cho vn ho hin i ch
yu l vn ho c tnh bin lun (discursive), vn ho hu
hin i ch yu l vn ho hnh nh (figural). Trong vn
ho c tnh bin lun, u th thuc v ngn ng, ngha,
tnh cht duy l v s hon ho v phng din hnh thc;
1
Fredric Jameson (1984), Postmodernism: Or the Cultural
Logic of Late Capitalism, New Left Review s 146. Dn theo Mike
Featherstone (2007), sd, tr. 52
2
Fredric Jameson (1979), Reification and Utopia in Mass
Culture, Social Text s 1. Dn theo Mike Featherstone (2007), sd.,
tr. 52.
trong vn ho hnh nh, ngc li, yu t to hnh ng

vai tr trung tm: chng khng c tnh hnh thc ch
ngha nh trc m c th c ly ngay t i sng bnh
thng, thm ch, tm thng hng ngy; chng khng
cn c ngha hay cu mang nhim v gio hun ln lao g
c: chng ch c by ra nh nhng vn bn vn ho,
vy thi.1 T gc nhn phn tm hc ca Freud, Lyotard
cho vn ho c tnh bin lun l tin trnh by t ci ng
theo nguyn tc thc ti, trong khi vn ho hnh nh l tin
trnh bc l ca v thc theo nguyn tc khoi lc.2 Susan
Sontag gi nn vn ho c tnh bin lun l m hc ca s
din dch (aesthetics of interpretation) trong khi vn ho
hnh nh l m hc ca cm gic (aesthetics of sensation).3
T vic nhn nhn u th ca hnh nh, Paul Virilio

cho cc phng tin k thut, c bit k thut truyn
thng to nn mt s khng hong v biu hin (crisis
of representation), , s phn bit gia thc v h, gn
v xa, vt th v hnh nh u b sp .4 Jameson khi
qut ho vn ho hu hin i vo hai c im chnh:
mt, s chuyn ho hin thc thnh hnh nh, v hai,
chuyn ho s phn mnh (fragmentation) ca thi gian
thnh mt lot nhng khonh hin ti vnh vin (a series
of perpetual presents). c im th nht dn n s hnh
thnh ca th php nhi (pastiche), nhng s th v
1
Scott Lash (1990), sd, tr. 174-5.
2
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1971), Discours, figure, Paris:
Klinskseick.
3
Susan Sontag (1967), Against Interpretation, London: Eyre &
Spottiswoode. Bi tiu lun Against Interpretation c nh th
Nguyn ng Thng dch ra ting Vit, Chng din dch, ng
trn talawas ngy 1 thng 10, 2003.
http://www.talawas.org/talaDB/suche.php?res=331&rb=0103
4
Paul Virilio (1991), The Lost Dimension, New York:
Semiotext(e), tr. 112.
154 | Nguyn Hng Quc
(simulations), t , li dn n s bin mt ca ci tham

chiu (referent) khin mi ci biu t u tr thnh chi
vi, m mt trong nhng hu qu nghim trng nht l ci
cht ca ch th. c im th hai dn n s phn lit
(schizophrenia) biu hin qua s sp ca cm gic v
thi tnh v v lch s cng nh s sp ca cc quan h
ng nh t nhin v thit yu gia cc ci biu t: chng
tr thnh c lp, t on, khng cn gn kt vi nhng
k hiu khc hoc vi hin thc.
Tht ra, c Virilio ln Jameson, trong cc kin

va dn, u khng phi l nhng ngi tin phong.
Trc Virilio v Jameson kh lu, ngay t nm 1974, J. G.
Ballard ghi nhn quan h gia hin thc v h cu
o ngc: th gii chng ta sng b thng tr bi s h
cu thuc mi loi, ch yu n t truyn thng i chng,
trong ni bt nht l vai tr ca qung co v phim nh.
Ballard tuyn b: Chng ta hin ang sng bn trong mt
cun tiu thuyt khng l (We live inside an enormous
novel.)1 Tuy nhin, ngi i xa nht trong vic nhn din
v l thuyt ho nhng c im ca nn vn ho hnh nh
thi hu hin i chnh l Jean Baudrillard,2 ngi tin l
trong vn ho ng i, hnh nh khng nhng ln t
1
Dn theo Ian Gregson (2004), Postmodern Literature, London:
Arnold, tr. 2.
2
Tuy nhin, Baudrillard li chu nh hng kh su t mt
ngi khc: Marshall McLuhan. Xem cun McLuhan and Baudrillard
ca Gary Genosko (1999), London: Routledge. Xin lu : mc d
c phn ln gii nghin cu v ch ngha hu hin i xem l l
thuyt gia ca ch ngha hu hin i, bn thn Baudrillard li t chi
ci danh hiu y. Tr li mt cuc phng vn, ng ni: Ngi ta nn
t hi liu ch ch ngha hu hin i hay hu hin i c ngha g
khng. Trong chng mc m ti bit, n khng c ngha g c. (Xem
cun Jean Baudrillard, Live Theory ca Paul Hegarty do Continuum
xut bn ti London nm 2004, tr. 5).
hin thc m cn thay th hin thc. Thay th hon ton.

Baudrillard tuyn b: Ci thc khng cn hin hu na
(The real no longer exists).1
C th xem l thuyt ca Baudrillard nh l mt

cch nhn ngc chiu vi l thuyt ca Saussure. C hai
u nhn ngn ng nh mt h thng c cu to bi hai
yu t chnh: ci biu t (m thanh hnh nh) v ci
c biu t ( nim v hin thc). Nhng trong khi
Saussure cho ci c biu t c trc ci biu t (hin
thc c trc ngn ng), Baudrillard, ngc li, cho ci
biu t, hnh nh, biu tng, v.v c trc ci c
biu t, hay ni theo ch ca ng, bn i trc lnh
th.2 Trong l thuyt ca Saussure, hin thc b tm gc
qua mt bn, ngn ng c xem nh mt h thng khp
kn, , ngha ny sinh t s khc bit; trong l thuyt
ca Baudrillard, hin thc c thay th bng nhng ci
th v (simulacra). y, xin c m ngoc: khi dch
ch simulation l s th v, simulacra l nhng ci th
v, ti bit, trong ting Vit, ch th v dng nh
khng ph bin min Bc trc nm 1975 v c nc
sau 1975. Trong cc cun t in Ting Vit ph thng ti
ang c, ch th v hon ton vng mt. Tuy nhin, vi
nhng ngi trng thnh min Nam trc 1975 th ch
y li kh quen thuc. Trong lnh vc hnh chnh, bn
1
Dn theo Dawne McCance (khng bit nm xut bn), Posts,
Re-Addressing the Ethical, tr. 7. c trn internet:
http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B-
r_q5FQm3UC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=%22Baudrillard%22+
%22the+real+no+longer+exists
%22&source=bl&ots=hGhQhZe5FR&sig=uAZ9Q3rJ0q-
frjd8naCCa9EZyUk&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=39&ct=
result#PPP1,M1
2
Jean Baudrillard (1983), Simulations, New York: Semiotext(e),
tr. 2.
156 | Nguyn Hng Quc
khai sinh m ngi ta khai li sau khi bn khai sinh chnh,

v l do no , c bit l v chin tranh, b mt, c gi
l giy th v khai sinh.1 Khc vi giy khai sinh, giy
th v khng phi l bn gc, ci bn, trn nguyn tc,
c cp lc mi cho i. N cng khng phi l bn sao
v n hon ton khng c bn gc. Nh vy, xin lu : th
v khng phi l gi. Khi nhn nh x hi ng i y
nhng ci th v, Baudrillard khng h cho l x hi y l
gi hay l sai. Tt c u c thc, nhng bi v ci thc y
khng cm vo ci gc l hin thc, cho nn ci gi l
thc y khng cn thc na. y, khng phi l hin
thc m l nim v hin thc b bin mt.
Quan nim ca Baudrillard r rng mang tnh

phn-biu hin (anti-presentationalism): nhng ci th v
khng i din v cng khng thay th cho ci g c. Mi
biu hin khng sm th mun cng tr thnh nhng ci
th v. Qu trnh chuyn ho t s biu hin n ci th v
c tin hnh qua bn giai on: th nht, n l s phn
nh ca mt hin thc cn bn; th hai, n ngu trang v
xuyn tc hin thc cn bn; th ba, n ngu trang s
vng mt ca hin thc cn bn; v cui cng, th t, n
khng cn bt c lin h g vi hin thc c: n tr thnh
ci th v.2
Nhn mt cch tng qut, Baudrillard nhn nh:

x hi Ty phng tri qua mt tin ng ca nhng ci
th v (precession of simulacra). Baudrillard chia tin
ng y thnh ba thi k chnh: mt, thi gi mo
(counterfeit, t thi Phc Hng n cch mng k ngh,
vi s thng lnh ca tnh cht c in); hai, thi sn xut
1
Ngoi ra, cn c th v hn th, th v khai t, v.v
2
Jean Baudrillard (1983), sd., tr. 11.
tr thnh yu t thng lnh trong k nguyn k ngh; v

ba, thi ca s th v, ko di n tn ngy nay, lc mi
sinh hot vn ho u c m ho1 v lc k thut khng
cn l mt lc lng sn xut na m tr thnh phng
tin, hnh thc v nguyn tc ca c th h. 2 T phim nh
n cc chng trnh gii tr trn ti vi cng nh ngay hnh
nh ca cc chnh tr gia, u cng bt gp nhng ci th
v. C th gii b ph ngp bi nhng kiu mu (models)
ca ci thc nhng li khng c ngun gc hay khng gn
lin vi thc ti: l ci thc thm phn (hyperreal).
Ch thm phn dng dch tin t hyper- l ca
Hong Ngc-Tun trong bi Vit, t hin i n hu
hin i3: Thm phn l qu trn, l hn mc bnh
thng. Tuy nhin, trong cch nhn ca Baudrillard, ci
thc thm phn khng phi l ci thc qu mc m ch l
ci thc khng c lin h g n bt c ci tham chiu
(referent) no c: n ch l ci th v, n ch quy chiu n
cc k hiu khc, th thi. N ging nh bn copy ca mt
bn copy, hon ton khng c bn gc. Trong mt th gii
thc thm phn nh th, ci th v v ci thc c chng
cht ln nhau, tan ln vo nhau n chng ta khng th
chit xut c u l thc v u l th v. Baudrillard l
lun: tnh bt kh ca vic c lp ho tin trnh th v dn
n tnh bt kh ca vic c lp tin trnh ca ci thc,
ngha l, ni cch khc, khng th chng minh c ci
thc l thc.4
1
Nh trn, tr. 83.
2
Nh trn, tr. 99.
3
Hong Ngc-Tun (2002), Vn Hc Hin i v Hu Hin i
qua Thc Tin Sng Tc v Gc Nhn L Thuyt, California: Vn
Ngh.
4
Jean Baudrillard (1983), sd., trang 40-1.
158 | Nguyn Hng Quc
chng minh tnh thc thm phn ca x hi

ng i, Baudrillard phn tch cc cuc thm d kin
dn chng v pht hin mt iu: chng l nhng s th v
c hnh thnh t cc cuc thm d hn l biu hin
nhng g dn chng thc s suy ngh v tin tng. Thc
ti t n b sp . Ci th v tr thnh ci thc thm
phn, thc hn c ci thc. Ni cch khc, s biu hin
khng cn l biu hin m tr thnh ci th v. V d ni
ting nht c Baudrillard nu ln minh ho cho ny
l hnh nh Disneyland v c bit, sinh hot chnh tr
M: vi ng, din tin ca v scandal nghe ln
Watergate dn n vic t chc ca Tng thng Nixon
vo nm 1974 c ci g rt ging vi cnh tng
Disneyland: n kch tnh ho mt cuc khng hong o
l trong chnh tr li ko s ch ca qun chng ra
khi s trng vng o l trong chnh th M. 1 Nhng
nhng s phn tch ca Baudrillard v cuc chin vng
Vnh nm 1991 mi thc s gy sc. Theo Baudrillard,
cuc chin y khng c thc, hay ni theo nhan cun
sch ca ng: Cuc chin vng Vnh khng h din ra.
(The Gulf War Did Not Take Place)2 L do? V phng
din chin lc, chin tranh, theo quan nim ca Carl von
Clausewitz, vn c nh hng su rng Ty phng, l
s tip tc chnh tr bng nhng phng tin khc. Th
nhng, theo Baudrillard, cuc chin vng Vnh li l s
tip tc ca s thiu vng chnh tr bng nhng phng
tin khc.3 V phng din thc t, khc vi chin tranh
Vit Nam trc y, trong cuc chin tranh vng Vnh,
phng vin chin trng khng c php theo qun i
ra mt trn; mi hnh nh v chin tranh, do , u do
1
Nh trn, tr. 26-30.
2
Jean Baudrillard (1995), The Gulf War Did not Take Place,
Paul Patton dch sang ting Anh, Sydney: Power Publications.
3
Nh trn, tr. 83.
qun i cung cp: chng ch l nhng hnh nh t xa: cc

phn lc c chin u va ct cnh, cc ho tin va c
bn, ko theo nhng vt sng trong m, cc chic xe ch
y lnh ln bnh trn ng, cc tham mu ang m
m nhn ln cc tm bn trn tng. Ht.1 Khng thy
cnh nhng em b b bom napalm go tht au n v
kinh hong vi nhng ngn la rc trn thn th trn
trung nh hnh nh Kim Phc ngy no. Khng thy
cnh nhng xc ngi b git chng cht trn mt t nh
v M Lai. Khng thy cnh ngi no d sng vo u
qun ch nh hnh nh tng Nguyn Ngc Loan hi Tt
Mu Thn.2 Thnh ra, ngi ta c cm tng Saddam
Hussein khng nh nhau vi lc lng ng Minh m
ch dng sinh mng ca binh s v dn chng Iraq bo
v quyn lc ca ng ta. Cng tng t, qun ng Minh
khng h nh nhau vi Saddam Hussein: h ch n gin
th bom xung lnh th Iraq. khng phi l quan h
gia hai i th trong chin tranh. Theo Baudrillard,
Saddam Hussein ch l tn bn thm, trong khi M l tn
bn v kh; nhng M li xem Saddam nh mt anh hng
cn trit h, cn Saddam th c tng M ch l mt tn
bn thm nh mnh, tuy c phn mnh hn mt cht
nhng li khng c ti nng bng mnh. Mi bn c mt
khng gian v nhm n nhng s mng ring. Bi vy,
chng ta khng th ni l ngi M nh bi Saddam:
ng ta qua mt h, thu nh mnh li, cn ngi M th
li khng th leo thang tiu dit ng ta.3 Cui cng,
1
Nhiu phng vin k: khi n vng Vnh theo di v tng
thut cc din bin cuc chin ngay ti ch theo yu cu ca cc to
bo, h ch lm c mi mt vic l ngi trong cn phng no ,
m ti vi ln, xem chng trnh tin tc ca CNN bit nhng g ang
xy ra vng Vnh! (Xem Jean Baudrillard, 1995, tr. 2).
2
Cc v d lin quan n Vit Nam ny u l ca ti.
3
Jean Baudrillard (1995), sd., tr. 65-6.
160 | Nguyn Hng Quc
mi ngi nghe tin cuc chin kt thc. Kt thc,

nhng Saddam Hussein vn khng h b suy yu c v
qun s ln v chnh tr, do , ng ta khng h thua. 1
Ngc li, qun i ng Minh do M cm u cng
khng t c mc tiu g c: h khng thng. Kt lun:
mt cuc chin tranh khng c hnh nh, khng c chin
lc, khng c ngi thng k thua khng phi l chin
tranh. Chin tranh khng h din ra. Tt c nhng g
chng ta bit v cuc chin tranh y u ch l nhng bn
th v.
Trong mt th gii khng c ci thc; tt c ch l

nhng ci th v v ci thc thm phn nh vy, dng
nh mi s u bin mt. Ngay c thn th con ngi
cng b bin mt. Xa, thi x hi bn khai, thn th con
ngi lun lu trong nhng s trao i c tnh biu trng
(symbolic exchange) qua nghi l mai tng ngi cht, hay
qua mi quan h gia ngi cht v ngi sng, gia nam
v n, gia cc giai cp vi nhau. Vic ngi xa nh
du, sn mu, xm hnh, hay gn trang sc xuyn qua
mt b phn no ca thn th (tai, mi, mi, v.v)
cng nm trong vic trao i biu trng y. Ngy nay,
thn th tr thnh mt th thn th thm phn
(hyperbody): qun o v trang sc nm trong h thng
trao i k hiu chung ca x hi, mi thnh phn x hi
c mt thng hiu chung, mi ngh nghip t nhiu c
mt phong cch chung, qua , c nhn b nh mt tnh
cht c sng v tnh cht t tr trong thn th ca mnh: 2
1
Xin lu : Baudrillard ang ni n cuc chin tranh Iraq ln
th nht (1990-1991) ch khng phi cuc chin ln th hai, bt u
t nm 2003, m kt cc l Sadam Hussein b bt v b x t hnh.
2
nhiu thnh ph Ty phng, bui sng, ngi trn xe la hay
xe but, nhn nhng ngi ng hnh, chng ta c th on c t
nhiu thnh phn giai cp, ngh nghip, trnh vn ho, v c khi, c
tt c u b m ho, thnh nhng n v trong chui DNA

v tn trn mt t.1
Trong mt th gii, ni con ngi c che ch

bi cc k hiu v trong s ph nhn ci thc2 nh vy,
c ch ng no cho lch s hay khng? Khng. Cng
ging hu ht cc nh cu trc lun v hu hin i ch
ngha, Baudrillard tin l lch s cht. C iu lch s
khng cht theo kiu li tuyn b Thng cht. Tri
li, n cht theo kiu t nhin c mt khc r trn
ng, mt ch ngot. mt ni no , khung cnh thc
b bin mt, ci khung cnh bn c nhng lut l cho
tr chi v c nhng cc mc chc chn mi ngi c
th da vo.3 Khng cn na nhng quy lut vn ng,
nhng quan h nhn qu, nhng yu t c tnh tt nh
ni kt mi hin tng li vi nhau trong mt cu trc
cht ch chng ta quen thy trong ci gi l lch s theo
kiu truyn thng. Th c cn chn l? Cng ging hu
ht cc nh hu cu trc lun v hu hin i ch ngha,
Baudrillard tin l khng c chn l. Cc i t s? Cng
khng nt. i t s cng ch l mt ci th v nh bao
nhiu ci th v khc. Ch th tnh (subjectivity) cng th.
Trong mt th gii lm ton bng nhng ci th v, ngay
c ch th cng l mt ci th v. Xin lu : y l nhn
nh chung ca hu ht cc nh hu hin i ch ngha v
l mt trong nhng im chnh phn bit tnh hu hin i
khuynh hng chnh tr ca tng ngi da trn cch n mc v t
bo h ang c.
1
Xem Paul Hegarty (2004) Jean Baudrillard, Live Theory,
London: Continuum, tr. 120-2.
2
Jean Baudrillard (1998), Consumer Society, London: Sage, tr.
125. Dn theo William Merrin (2005), Baudrillard and the Media,
Cambridge: Polity Press, tr. 30-1.
3
Dn theo Steven Best v Douglas Kellner (1991), Postmodern
Theory, New York: The Guilford Press, tr. 133.
162 | Nguyn Hng Quc
v tnh hin i: thi hin i, di nh hng ca

Descartes v Kant, ch th c xem nh mt tn ti y
tnh duy l v c lp vi khch th; thi hu hin i,
ngc li, mi ngi u xem ch th nh l mt ci g
c kin to bi cu trc ngn ng v cc din ngn vn
ho ca mt x hi. Derrida, t gc gii kin to;
Barthes t gc k hiu hc; Foucault t gc lch s,
Jacques Lacan t gc phn tm hc; Julia Kristeva v
Luce Irigaray, t gc n quyn lun, tt c u ph
nhn tnh c lp ca ch th tnh.
Cn v vn hc? Baudrillard cho nu phng tin

chnh l thng ip nh McLuhan ni th vic c cc
thng ip y khng cn nhm n mc ch tm hiu bt
c s tht no m ch n gin tr thnh mt cuc kho
st bt tn cc m c s dng.1 iu ny cng c th
ng dng vo vic c vn hc: c l qu trnh thm
him cc m vn hc. Mt quan nim, c trnh by phc
qua nh th, nghe c v v rt gn vi cch c ca hnh
thc lun hoc cu trc lun. Tuy nhin, th thc, ti
khng chc. Baudrillard rt him khi cp n vn hc
v cng him hn na, phn tch tc phm vn hc, nh
cc ng nghip ca ng, t Barthes n Derrida, thng
lm.
Trong mt x hi m mi th u trong qu trnh

ti sn xut khng ngng, t phng din ny qua phng
din khc, ci thc, ni nh Baudrillard, d dng b bc
hi, s phn ca ch ngha hin thc s ra sao? Theo
Baudrillard, n s tr thnh mt phng d ca ci cht,
nhng n li c tng cng sc mnh bi chnh s hu
hoi y, n khng cn l mt vt biu hin na, nhng
1
Jean Baudrillard (1983), sd., tr. 120.
n li c s ngy ngt ca s ph nhn v ca s tuyt dit

y tnh nghi l ca chnh n; n s tr thnh ci thc
thm phn.1
Theo Baudrillard, ngy nay, hin thc t n l hin

thc thm phn. V ch ngha hin thc s bin thnh ch
ngha hin thc thm phn (hyperrealism). Vi
Baudrillard, dng nh ch ngha hin thc thm phn l
li thot cui cng ca vn hc v ngh thut. ng t hi:
vy th, tn cng ca ci thc v tn cng ca ngh thut,
bng cch ci ny b ht hn vo ci kia? Ri ng tr li
ngay: Khng: ch ngha hin thc thm phn l gii hn
ca ngh thut v ca ci thc.2 Dng nh Baudrillard
cng khng my tin tng vo li thot y, bi vy, trong
cun The Transparency of Evil: Essays on Extreme
Phenomena, ng tuyn b: ngh thut ht thi ri (all art
is over).3 Cng xin ni ngay: Baudrillard him khi c
nh gi cao v khiu thm thc ngh thut. Paul Hegarty
nhn xt: Baudrillard thng t thi coi thng ngh
thut. Bnh phm ngh thut, ng hay nhn mnh n s
tm thng v trng rng ca chng, ch khng chng t
c s nhy cm g c bit.4
V li, bc ng cng ca ch ngha hin thc

khng phi l bc c cng ca vn hc ngh thut. C
khi c gii phng khi ch ngha hin thc v m nh
ca hin thc, vn hc v ngh thut li c nhiu c hi
sng to v bay bng hn. C hai l do tin iu :
mt, khng phi ch ngha hu hin i m chnh ch
ngha hin i, t cui th k 19 n u th k 20, git
1
Nh trn, tr. 141-2.
2
Nh trn, tr. 146-7.
3
Dn theo Paul Hegardy (2004), sd., tr. 117.
4
Paul Hegarty (2004), sd., tr. 116-7.
164 | Nguyn Hng Quc
cht ch ngha hin thc; v hai, t n nay, vn hc

ngh thut r rng l khi sc v a dng hn hn.
4. Ci cht ca cc in phm v nhng th

khc
Nu v phng din trit l, ch ngha hu hin i

gn lin vi gii kin to v hu cu trc lun th v
phng din chnh tr, n c khi ng t chin tranh
th gii ln th hai, c bit, t Holocaust; v v phng
din x hi, n li gn lin vi vn ho tiu th v vn ho
th gic, v cng vi chng, cc phng tin thng tin v
truyn thng tn tin, t ti vi n internet. Tt c nhng
yu t y, mt mt, dn n ch ngha hu hin i, nhng
mt khc, cng dn n v s nhng ci cht, , ti c
bit ch n ba ci cht chnh: ci cht ca nim tin vo
chn l, ci cht ca nim tin vo siu t s v ci cht
ca ci thc hay hin thc ni chung. Nhng ci cht y
n, mt phn, t nhng o ln khng khip trong x hi,
nhng phn khc, cng n t bc ngot ngn ng hc
(linguistic turn), vi n, ngi ta nhn mi th qua lng
knh ngn ng hc nh mt h thng. Ci h thng y,
thot u, t Saussure cho n cc nh cu trc lun, hon
ton khp kn, , ch c k hiu v quan h gia cc k
hiu vi nhau; sau, theo cc nh hu cu trc lun v hu
hin i, di nh hng ca Bakhtin, gn lin vi chu
cnh (context), c tnh tng thoi (dialogic), hoc tnh
lin vn bn. Derrida cng xut pht t gc ngn ng
hc nhng nhn xuyn qua ci trc ln l vn minh Ty
phng vi truyn thng Ngn tm lun (logocentrism)1

cao li ni hn ch vit, vn ko di c my ngn nm;
Foucault li nhn xuyn qua ci trc quan h quyn lc
trong x hi: bng ngn ng, mi x hi to nn mt ch
chn l (regime of truth) da trn nim tin, bng gi tr
v phong tc ca ring n; cc nh n quyn lun li nhn
xuyn qua mt ci trc khc: ch ngha duy dng vt
(phallogocentrism), , nam gii lun lun nm quyn
quyt nh, k c trong cch nhn v cch ngh v hin
thc, v c v n gii na: theo cch nhn y, n b
khng phi l mt to vt c m o m l mt to vt
khng c cu.2 Cng chnh ci h thng y, nu trc y
tng cung cp cho Claude Levi-Strauss mt m hnh
nghin cu v nhn chng hc th nay li cung cp cho
Jacques Lacan mt m hnh nghin cu v v thc:
V thc cng c cu trc nh l ngn ng.3 u
cng thy ngn ng. Nhng ngn ng li khng c nh
v n nh: chnh nhng s thay i ca ngn ng
tng i ho, nu khng mun ni l gii hoc, cc siu
t s, v cng vi chng, nhng iu ng nh chn l hay
bn sc.
R rng l Vit Nam cha hi cc yu t gi l

nguyn nhn dn n ch ngha hu hin i: quan im
gii kin to v hu cu trc vn cn kh xa l vi gii tr
thc Vit Nam; cch nhn v cch phn tch mi hin
tng x hi qua lng knh ngn ng hc vn cha c
1
T logocentrism c gc r t ting Hy Lp: logos ngha l li
ni, l tr, logic; centrism l trung tm hay im nhm (focus). Ti
ngh dch l Ngn tm lun.
2
Jonathan Culler (1983), On Deconstruction, London:
Routledge & Ken Paul, tr. 167.
3
Dn theo Colette Soler, Literature as Symtom in trong cun
Lacan and the Subject of Language do E. Ragland-Sullivan v M.
Bracher bin tp (1991), tr. 216.
166 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ph bin; nn vn ho tiu th cng nh nn vn ho th

gic vn ch mi manh nha; ch ngha hin i, tuy c
h ho t thp nin 1930, n nay, vn cn dang d, thm
ch dang d ngay trong nhng giai on u tin, lc n
mi ch l chi, l n. Tuy vy, Vit Nam, vi s pht
trin ca tm th hu thuc a v, gn y, tm th hu
cng sn, chng ta cng ang chng kin nhiu ci cht
lin quan n chn l v cc i t s tng t. My chc
nm th nghim ca ch ngha cng sn vi nhng t ci
cch rung t, v n Nhn Vn Giai Phm, cc v nh
t sn mi bn, ch hc tp ci to dnh cho nhng
ngi tng hp tc vi chnh quyn min Nam trc nm
1975, cc v i tin, ch tem phiu, chnh sch h
khu v x hi v bao cp v kinh t, v.v li trong
lng nhiu ngi nhng n tng kinh hong khng km
g mt th Holocaust thu nh. Cng c ti. Cng tn bo.
V cng l nhng bng chng gh tm hoc/v thm hi
ca nhng ci vn c ru rao l chn l.
Sng c th cn, ni c th mn, nhng nhng

chn l kiu y r rng l sai bt. Sai nn mi ci tri
v mi i mi. Sai nn lu lu mi li phi sa
Sa sai ri li sa sai
Sa th c sa, sai th c sai.
Cu ca dao y c t lu. Nhng c, vn d

tng l chuyn by gi.
Chn l cht. Siu t t Mc-xt cng cht. Ch c

khi nim hin thc l, trong hon cnh kh lc hu ca
Vit Nam, chc cn kh mnh. Trn mnh t chn n
hai xc cht y, ch ngha hu hin i c th nt mm
c khng? Chc l c, nhng vi iu kin: cn tnh

t gic v quyt lit. Vit Nam, trong hn na th k
va qua, ch ngha cng sn thc dn ho ngay trong
tim thc v v thc mi ngi khin ngi ta, nu khng
m tn v cung tn th cng tr thnh nht nht, ni nh
Nguyn Tun ngy trc, l bit s hay nh Nguyn
Minh Chu1 v, sau ny, Phm Xun Nguyn, l hn2.
Hn n khng dm hoi nghi. V c thi hoi nghi
cng b ghp ti: ti giao ng. Trong sut my chc nm,
c bao nhiu ngi, trong c nhng ngi thuc loi
thng minh v ti hoa nht nc, iu ng v khn kh
ch v ci ti vu v y. Qua - tht ra th cha qua hn -
ma a ngc, ni s vn cn. Vn s nn vn khng dm
hoi nghi. Khng dm hoi nghi, ngi ta cng khng
dm ph nhn. Khng b ph nhn, mi s ch b tri qua
hay qun i thay v cht hn. Ti ng, vi i a s ngi
Vit Nam, k c gii cm bt, ci gi l chn l hay siu
t s Mc-xt v ngay c ci gi l ch ngha hin thc x
hi ch ngha u trong tnh trng y: khng ai tin chng
na, thm ch, ngi ta cn thn thng khi nhc n
chng, nhng cng khng ai git chng, khng ai cng
khai khai t chng, khng ai treo c chng, khng ai o
huyt chn chng, mt cch thng thng v dt khot,
1
Trong bi Hy c li ai iu cho mt giai on vn ngh
minh ho vit nm 1987, Nguyn Minh Chu vit: C mt nh vn
n anh nng chn ru ln gia m n em: Tao cn sng, cn
cm bt c n by gi l nh bit s! Nhiu ngi cho nh vn
n anh y chnh l Nguyn Tun. Cng trong bi vit y, Nguyn
Minh Chu vit: Vn chng g m mun vit mt cu trung th phi
vit mt cu nnh? Hn, hn ch? Nh vn nc mnh tn trong thm
tm can ai m chng thy mnh hn? Bi ny, trc, c in trn bo
Vn Ngh; sau, in li trong Nguyn Minh Chu (2002), Trang giy
trc n, H Ni: Nxb Khoa Hc X Hi, tr. 127-139.
2
Phm Xun Nguyn, Ci hn ca ngi cm bt, tp ch
Sng Hng s 31, 1988. C th c trn
http://phamxuannguyen.vnweblogs.com/post/1958/98862
168 | Nguyn Hng Quc
tuyt i khng khoan nhng, d ch trong ni tm ca

chnh h. M nht l trong ni tm ca chnh h. Theo ti,
chnh nhng ci xc hp hi ko di y, v cng vi
chng, thi tho hip tr thc nhiu ngi, l chng
ngi vt ca ch ngha hu hin i.
Ty phng, ch ngha hu hin i gn lin vi

nhng ci cht. Vit Nam, n vi ch ngha hu
hin i, chng ta phi vt qua bao nhiu xc cht. Ty
phng, ch ngha hu hin i v nhng ci cht ca
chn l, siu t s v hin thc din ra hu nh cng mt
lc - cng nh mt c gi tr thnh n b cng lc vi
vic mt trinh -, rt kh phn bit ci no n trc ci
no n sau; Vit Nam, nhng ci cht n trc, nm
chng snh gia ng, ch chng ta chn ct bt tay
vi ch ngha hu hin i. Ty phng, c nui
dng bng trit hc, ngn ng hc v c truyn thng
hin i ko di hng my trm nm, ch ngha hu hin
i lc no cng c tnh t gic v c v vm v, cng
cp, sn sng lao vo cc cuc phiu lu m hu qu hon
ton khng th lng trc c; Vit Nam, chng ta
thiu hn ci b dy vn ho y: trong cc cuc phiu lu
vn thp thong thy c ci g nh do dc v ng ngc, e
d v rt r, khng c v g l t tin c.
trn, ti va nhc n Nguyn Tun, mt

Nguyn Tun bit s. Cht nh n mt Nguyn Tun
khc: Nguyn Tun lt xc sau cuc cch mng ma thu
nm 1945, mt Nguyn Tun si ni v hng hc nhit
huyt: o thi, cha . Phi tn st. Git, git ht. Th
a no d vng hin v i hi bt c mt t g ca my
by gi, l my phi git ngay. My phi t hoi ni tm
my i . My hy ly ngay my ra lm la m t chy
ht nhng phong cnh c ca tm tng my.1
Nhng cu vn c thi b xem l bng bt v nng
ni, by gi, c li, li thy l hay. Khng chng thch
hp cho thi by gi.
Hp vi ci thi mt nim tin. Xin nhc li cu

nh ngha ca Lyotard v ch ngha hu hin i: s
hoi nghi i vi cc siu t s (as incredulity toward
metanarratives). Incredulity m dch l hoi nghi, tht
ra, l cho xui trong ting Vit. Nhng li khng ng
hn. ng hn, l s nh mt nim tin. Mt nim tin
tc l hai ln tin: nim tin v s sp ca mt nim tin
c. Thc cht l mt s v mng. Cng c th xem:
ch ngha hu hin i l mt th d gio ca ch ngha
hin i. Th gii ca nim tin, d l nim tin d gio,
cng l th gii ca sc mnh. Ca s quyt lit. V ngoan
cng.
Lin quan n nhng ci cht gn lin vi ch

ngha hu hin i, t ci cht ca chn l n ci cht ca
siu t s v ci cht ca hin thc, c mt vn khc:
Nhng ci cht y c nhng h qu g?
C nhiu. Mt ci cht ln - tm siu t s - bao

gi cng ko theo nhiu ci cht khc. Nhng, theo ti, h
qu ny l quan trng nht: l ci cht ca cc in
phm (canon).
in phm, ni mt cch ngn gn, l khun vng

thc ngc. Vn hc no cng c in phm. Cha c
1
Nguyn Tun (1994), Tuyn tp, tp 1, L Huy Nguyn tuyn
chn, H Ni: Vn Hc, tr. 351.
170 | Nguyn Hng Quc
in phm, cha th ni c l c lch s vn hc. V

in phm no cng y quyn lc: quyn lc ca vn
ho, ca truyn thng, ca ch ngha quc gia v ca c h
thng gio dc. Ln ln vi cc in phm, ngi ta d
ng in phm l nhng g t nhin v c tnh vnh cu.
Tht ra, khng phi. in phm l nhng g do con ngi
to nn ch khng c sn. M, cc in phm hin ang
c ph bin khp th gii, ch c to nn vo khong
vi trm nm tr li y ch khng lu g lm u. Ring
Vit Nam, khong thi gian y cn ngn hn na: ch
gn mt trm nm, t my thp nin u tin ca th k
20. C tnh lch s, cc in phm y mang trong n tt c
du vt v u, khuyt im ca thi i.1 Bi vy, theo ti,
chng c g ng ngc nhin nu mt ngy no , c
ngi hoi nghi gi tr ca Truyn Kiu hay ca Chinh
ph ngm, Cung on ngm khc, v.v Chng c g ng
ngc nhin c. Khng c ai ln ting ph nhn, nhng theo
ti, s ph nhn y din ra, trn thc t, v bng hnh
ng. C th lm mt cuc iu tra ngay ti ch: ln cui
m bn, vng, chnh bn, ngi ang c bi ny, c mt
trong cc tc phm c xem l kinh in ca Vit Nam
nu trn l nm no? Xin lu : ch tnh t khi bn ri
khi gh nh trng thi. Ti khng c con s chc chn,
nhng th thc, ti ng l n s khng cao lm, t nht, n
khng cao nh chng ta c th tng tng hay nh thng
tin cc nh xut bn cung cp da trn s n bn h bn
c. Ngi ta c th mua. Nhng khng c. C th c.
Nhng c nh mt cun sch tham kho ch khng phi
nh c mt tc phm vn hc. Mt cch c nhn nha ch
thng thc ci hay ca ngh thut v ci p ca ch
1
Xin xem bi in phm: Trung tm ca lch s v ph bnh
vn hc in trong cun My vn ph bnh v l thuyt vn hc ca
Nguyn Hng Quc, Vn Mi xut bn ti California, 2007, tr. 121-
141.
ngha. Trong khi cha c con s lm bng chng, ti

vn tin th h nh vn, nh th tr hin nay l th h hu-
in phm (postcanonial). Cng xin ni ngay: ti tuyt i
khng khuyn khch cho vic khng c, ngay c i vi
sch c in. Ti lun lun cho c l iu kin u tin
c th vit c. iu ti mun nhn mnh l: trong
hon cnh Vit Nam hin nay, tinh thn sng bi i vi
in phm, nht l nhng in phm qu c v khng phi
c tm vc tht ln, cha chc l iu tt. Hu-in
phm, do , l t do. Nhng t do cng ng thi l trch
nhim. Hnh x mt cch c trch nhim i vi s t do
ca mnh l mt ti nng. y chnh l im phn bit
nhng cy bt hu hin i v hu in phm vi nhng
tn tht hc v du ng trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut.
Ch ngha hu hin i bt u c m chi t

s nh mt nim tin i vi cc in phm v c tnh
in phm.
c xy dng trn nhng ci cht nh vy, ch

ngha hu hin i, c bit trong vn hc ngh thut, c
nhiu c im khc vi ch ngha hin i hay ch ngha
lng mn v ch ngha c in trc . c nhiu
ngi c gng nhn din v khi qut ho nhng c im
y. Ni chung, khi nim ch ngha hu hin i thay i
theo thi gian. Trc, thot u, ch ngha hu hin i
quay v vi t s v ti hin; sau, dn dn, n quay v vi
s t phn tnh, ngay c phn tnh i vi cng vic vit
lch ca mnh, t , dn n vic ra i ca th php siu
h cu (metafiction); hn na, n cn dn n ch ngha
hnh thc v quan nim v tnh t tr ca cc tc phm vn
hc v ngh thut. Trong lnh vc ngh thut to hnh,
ch ngha hu hin i kt hp trong n mt thc mang
172 | Nguyn Hng Quc
s tnh (historicist awareness), mt ng c ti hin mi

v mt s t phn tnh mang y tnh chm bim (ironic
self-reflexivity).1 N khng t chi hn cc yu t m t
v t s nhng trong khi m t hay t s, n khng giu
c cht chm bim v nghi hoc v ci iu mnh ang
lm. Trong vn hc, nu ch ngha hin i tp trung ch
yu vo th, ch ngha hu hin i li tp trung ch yu
vo vn xui, hay vo phng thc t s ni chung; nu
ch ngha hin i c gng tm kim mt th thi php hc
c cu trc cht ch, t trng tm trn nhng nguyn
tc c nh, ch ngha hu hin i li nhn mnh n cc
bin tu hay nhng kh tnh ca s sng to.2 Ngay c
trong th, cc yu t t s cng c th c chp nhn
nhng chng u b phn mnh (fragmented) v hon v
(dislocated). Scott Lash cho nu ch ngha hin i c tnh
khu bit (differentiation), ch ngha hu hin i ch
trng gii khu bit ho (de-differentiation): ranh gii
gia vn ho cao cp v vn ho bnh dn nht dn.3 Brian
McHale, trong cun Postmodernist Fiction, cho trong khi
tiu thuyt hin i b thng tr bi nhng m nh mang
tnh nhn thc lun (epistemology), tiu thuyt hu hin
i li b dy v bi nhng m nh mang tnh bn th lun
(ontology).4 Cc nh hin i ch ngha theo ui cc cu
hi lin quan n s hiu bit ca con ngi trc cc
bin c dn dp chung quanh (v d: Ci c bit l g?
Ai bit c iu ? Lm cch no ngi y bit c
1
Hans Bertens (1995), sd., tr. 69.
2
Trong bi Postmodernism and literature in trong cun The
Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism do Steven Connor bin tp
(2004), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Steve Connor cng
nu ln mt s s khc bit gia ch ngha hin i v hu hin i
trong vn hc, tr. 62-81.
3
Scott Lash (1990), sd., tr. 173-4.
4
Brian McHale (1987), Postmodern Fiction, New York:
Methuen, tr. xii.
iu ? Bit ri, bng cch no ngi ta giao truyn ci

bit y cho ngi khc? v.v) ; cc nh hu hin i li
mi m tm cch tr li cc cu hi lin quan n s hin
hu ca th gii, n bn ng v bn sc ca con ngi (v
d: Th gii l g? Th gii y c kin to nh th no?
Trong th gii y c nhng kiu thc hin hu g? Ci ti
l g? Bn sc l g? v.v).1
Cn na.
Tuy nhin, theo ti, kin ca Lyotard l mang

tm khi qut cao nht v c l gn vi vn hc hu hin
i nht:
[M] hc hin i l m hc ca ci cao c, nhng

li c tnh cht hoi nim; n cho php ci bt kh
th hin c gi ln ch nh mt ni dung khim
din, trong khi hnh thc, nh s nht qun d
nhn thy ca n, tip tc mang n cho c gi
hay khn gi cht liu [] cho s khch l hay
hoan lc. Nhng nhng cm gic nh th khng
vn ti cm gic cao c ch thc, nhng cm
gic, t bn cht, l s kt hp gia hoan lc v
au n: hoan lc trong l tr vt qu tt c cc
th hin, au n trong tng tng hay cm xc
khng mang li mt khi nim.
[M hc] hu hin i s l nhng g trong hin i

gi ln ci bt kh th hin trong chnh s th hin,
nhng g t chi s khch l ca nhng hnh thc
chun xc, t chi s ng thun ca ci khu v
cho php mt kinh nghim hoi nim chung i
1
Nh trn, tr. 10.
174 | Nguyn Hng Quc
vi ci bt kh, v i hi nhng s th hin mi

khng mang li hoan lc trong chng nhng
ng hn to ra cm gic rng c ci g
khng th th hin c. Ngh s hay nh vn hu
hin i ng v tr ca mt trit gia: ci vn bn
hn vit hay tc phm hn sng to trn nguyn tc
khng b khng ch bi nhng quy lut tin lp v
chng khng th c/b nh gi theo nhng phn
on cng nhc bng cch p dng mt phm tr
[c sn] no vo vn bn hay tc phm y.
Nhng quy lut hay nhng phm tr nh th l
nhng g m tc phm hay vn bn ang tm kim.
Ngh s v nh vn, bi vy, lm vic bn ngoi
mi lut l vi mc ch thit lp lut l cho nhng
g s c thc hin.1
1
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1992), s., tr. 23-4. Vi cc c gi bit
ting Anh, khng chng c bn ting Anh s thy d hiu hn (vn
ti sao li thy d hiu hn li l mt vn , c th s c bn
n vo dp khc): the modern aesthetic is an aesthetic of the
sublime, but it is nostalgic; it allows the unpresentable to be invoked
only as absent content, while form, thanks to its recognisable
consistency, continues to offer the reader or spectator material for
consolation and pleasure. But such feelings do not amount to the true
sublime feeling, which is intrinsically a combination of pleasure and
pain: pleasure in reason exceeding all presentation, pain in the
imagination or sensibility proving inadequate to the concept.
The postmodern would be that which in the modern invokes the
unpresentable in presentation itself, which refuses the consolation of
correct forms, refuses the consensus of taste permitting a common
experience of nostalgia for the impossible, and inquires into new
presentations not to take pleasure in them but to better produce the
feeling that there is something unpresentable. The postmodern artist or
writer is in the position of a philosopher: the text he writes or the work
he creates is not in principle governed by pre-established rules and
cannot be judged according to a determinant judgment, by the
application of given categories to this text or work. Such rules and
categories are what the work or text is investigating. The artist and the
writer therefore work without rules, and in order to establish the rules
Ti tm c nht vi ny: nh vn (v nh th,

cng nh bao nhiu nh sng to khc na, d nhin) va
vit va thit lp lut l cho chnh ci vit ca mnh v
ng thi thit lp c nhng tiu ch ngi c c th
theo nh gi tc phm y. Ni cch khc, mi tc
phm ca ngi cm bt u l mt cch nh ngha v
vn hc. Tm vc ca tc phm, do , s tu thuc vo
tnh cht c o ca ci nh ngha m n mang li. iu
cng c ngha l: sng tc, trc ht, l mt nim.
Lch s ca vn hc, cng do , l lch s ca cc nim.
Mi nim ln l mt khc r ln; tm bn ca nc
cng ho vn hc tu thuc vo mt ca cc khc r:
mt nn vn hc cng c nhiu khc r bao nhiu th cng
phong ph by nhiu.
Xem vic thit lp lut l l mt phn ca sng tc

liu c nhiu tham vng qu khng?
Khng. Theo ti, mi chnh l yu tnh ca vn

hc, vn t bn cht, l mt sng to; m sng to, vn t
bn cht, l vic lm mi; m lm mi, t bn cht, l lm
ci cha ai tng lm. Nh vn, nh th v bao nhiu kiu
nh sng to khc s t t chi t cch nh sng to ca
mnh nu t chi tham vng vn ti nhng iu to tt.
Khng cn ngn la vn ln s to tt, ngi ta chng cn
l do g sng to c. Theo ti, trong th gii vn
chng, khng c v khng nn c ch ng cho nhng
k an phn th thng. Ngi no t thy mnh km th
nn t rt lui ra khi lnh th vn hc. khng phi l
th gii ca h. li lu ch lm qun chn ngi khc.
Vit, thao tc vit, do , ch c ngha khi n vn ti
nhng ci bt kh. Chnh n lc th hin ci bt kh th
for what will have been made.

176 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hin nh th, ni theo Lyotard, l mt s cao c: n va

au n li va hoan lc. Hoan lc trong au n.
5
Ch ngha hu hin i v ch ngha tin v
Ch ngha hu hin i gn lin vi nhng ci

cht, t ci cht ca cc siu t s n nhng ci cht ca
nim v chn l, nim v hin thc, nim v ch th,
v.v Nhng ch ngha hu hin i khng ch c cht:
n khng phi l mt cuc tn th ca t tng hay ca
ngh thut. Ch ngha hu hin i cn l mt s phc
sinh ca nhng ci mi: Thch hay khng thch, ng
hay khng ng , khng ai c th chi ci c mt s
thc: ch ngha hu hin i lm thay i cch nhn,
cch ngh, cch sng tc v c cch c, cch din dch v
cch cm th ca hai hay ba th h. N lm thay i
din mo ca trit hc v vn hc ngh thut th gii trong
hn na th k va qua. N to ra mt th ch ngha tin
v (avant-gardism)1 mi, sau khi ch ngha tin v theo
1
Ti khng dng ch tin phong v, mt l, n gy ln ln
gia hai khi nim avant-garde v pioneer; v hai, Vit Nam,
ch tin phong b chnh tr ho qu nhiu, do , n d gi n
tng v mt hot ng hay hng c mu sc chnh tr, iu
khng ng vi hin tng ch ngha tin v m ti ang bn trong
bi vit ny. l cha k ch tin phong b bnh dn ho mt
cch thm hi vi nhng Vn Ngh tin phong ko di t min Nam
178 | Nguyn Hng Quc
chiu hng hin i ch ngha bt u c du hiu x

cng trong sut hai thp nin 1940 v 1950.
Ti bit tt c nhng khi nim va trnh by, t

ch ngha tin v n ch ngha hu hin i u c th
gy d ng. Khi nim ch ngha hu hin i gy d ng,
c l ch yu v n hm phn k:1 nhng ngi ngoi
ch ngha hu hin i d c cm tng l h thuc thi
hin i hoc thm ch, thi tin-hin i, ngha l lc
hu. Ngay cc nh tin v, nhng ngi c tinh thn cch
tn nht cng khng thch: Ni theo Richard Kostelanetz,
khng c ngh thut tin v no li mun l hu ca
mt ci g khc.2
Ch ch ngha tin v cng d gy d ng: N c

v khiu khch. Ngay chnh Jean-Franois Lyotard, l
thuyt gia hng u ca ch ngha hu hin i, cng
khng thch ch tin v. L do: N gi s lin tng n
cc hot ng tn cng trong lnh vc qun s.3 Nu ch
ra n hi ngoi. Xin xem thm li gii thch v s khc bit gia
tin v v tin phong trn Tin V:
http://www.tienve.org/home/acti vities/viewActi vities.do?
action=viewnews&newsId=4
1
Tht ra, y l iu phn ln cc l thuyt gia v ch ngha hu
hin i u bc b. Khng ai quan nim mt cch n gin l ch
ngha hu hin i n sau ch ngha hin i v thi gian nh hai giai
on lin tip nhau. Brian McHale (1987), trong cun Postmodernist
Fiction, New York: Methuen, nhn mnh: Trong mt ngha no ,
ch ngha hu hin i n t ch ngha hu hin i hn l n sau
ch ngha hin i. (Postmodernism follows from modernism, in
some sense, more than it follows after modernism.) (tr. 5).
2
Richard Kostelanetz, An ABC of contemporary reading,
Poetics Today 3:3 (Summer 1982). Dn theo Brian McHale (1987),
sd., tr. 3.
3
Jean-Franois Lyotard (1992), The Postmodern Explained to
Children, nhiu ngi dch, Julian Pefanis v Morgan Thomas bin
tp, Sydney: Power Publications, tr. 93.
ngha hu hin i hm i trc v thi gian; ch ngha

tin v li hm c hai: i trc v thi gian v i trc
v khng gian, lc no cng tuyn u, hung hng i
xung phong, cng kch v chim lnh nhng mc tiu mi.
S kt hp gia ch ngha hu hin i v ch

ngha tin v li cng d gy nn d ng, khng nhng t
gii bo th m cn t c nhng ngi tin b, khng
nhng ch v phng din thc hnh m cn c v phng
din l thuyt. N c v nh mt ci g hi nghch l v
ngc ngo: trong lch s, ch ngha tin v hu nh gn
lin vi ch ngha hin i, l mt trong nhng c im
ni bt nht lm nn din mo cng nh bn cht ca ch
ngha hin i.
M tht, v phng din lch s cng nh t

tng, gia ch ngha hin i v ch ngha tin v c rt
nhiu iu trng hp. C hai u n r vo nhng thp
nin cui cng ca th k 19 v nhng thp nin u ca
th k 20. C hai u c gc r su xa t phong tro Khai
sng vi s cao ch th, l tnh v bn sc, v nim tin
vo kh nng sng to gn nh v b bn ca con ngi.
C hai u l sn phm ca nhng thnh tu rc r trong
khoa hc k thut cng nh trong tin trnh thnh th ho
v phng din x hi v hp l ho v phng din t
chc v sn xut, nhng c hai cng li u hoi nghi v
cm thy lc loi trc nhng s pht trin vt bc ca
lch s, c bit c ci nhn ph phn trc xu th th li
ho (bureaucratization) v c gii ho trong i sng.1 C
hai u tuyn b on tuyt truyn thng v c v cho s
i mi.
1
Tr ch ngha v lai (futurism) vn rt lc quan v say m trc
s pht trin ca xu hng c kh ho, v cao loi m hc ca tc
(aesthetics of speed).
180 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Bi vy, nhng tn tui ni bt v tiu biu nht

ca ch ngha hin i trong mi lnh vc u t nhiu l
nhng nh tin v, t nht l mt giai on no trong s
nghip sng to ca h. Nhng tro lu chnh lm nn ni
dung ca ch ngha hin i cng u mang tnh tin v.
Ch ngha tng trng, khi chng li ch ngha t nhin
v ch ngha hin thc, cao s tng tng v nhng
gic mng, nhng cch biu hin gin tip v tnh cht
khi gi; trong th, xem trng nhc tnh hn ng ngha, l
hnh thc phi thai ca tin v. Ch ngha biu hin
(expressionism) th r rng l tin v khi a ra mt nh
ngha khc v hin thc v ci thc (the real): Tt c
nhng g ngoi con ngi u l phi thc, v chng ch
bin thnh hin thc qua quyn nng ca tm tr. Ni cch
khc, chnh tm tr to hnh cho hin thc theo tng 1
ca con ngi. Vi quan nim nh th, cc ngh s biu
hin ch ngha sn sng bp mo mi hnh dng trong
thc t cc t cm xc: thin nhin, do , b gii-cao
c ho (desublimation), gii-thm m ho (de-
aestheticization) v b cng c ho (instrumentalization):
n b mt ngi: vn c sng bi t xa, by gi, n b
bin thnh mt th k hiu, nhm th hin thc ca con
ngi, v bng cch y, thin nhin c gii thot ra khi
qu o ca ch ngha lng mn v c l ho. Ch
ngha lp th v ch ngha v lai i tin phong trong vic
s dng th php ct dn mt s ch in trn nhng bc
tranh ang v, sau , p dng c trong th ca, dn n
vic hnh thnh dng th th gic, m ra mt kch thc
mi vi s hin hu ca ci Khc (otherness) trong tc
phm ngh thut: tc phm va l n va l ci g khc
1
ca Kurt Pinthus. Dn theo Richard Murphy (1998),
Theorizing the Avant-Garde, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
tr. 57.
vi n;1 qua , lm thay i bn cht ca ngh thut: iu

c quan tm nht trong ngh thut khng cn l thng
ip m l, chnh l, phng tin, hay ni theo Marshall
McLuhan, sau ny, vo u thp nin 1960: phng tin
chnh l thng ip (medium is message).
Ch ngha siu thc v ch ngha a a li cng

tiu biu cho c tnh hin i ln tnh tin v: c hai u x
tnh hp l thng thng trong s th hin v biu
hin; u cao tnh phn mnh (fragmentation) v tnh
bt lin tc (discontinuity); u thch lao vo khm ph ci
mi v ci l: Vi ch ngha a a, ci mi v ci l y
nm s tnh c; vi ch ngha siu thc, chng nm
trong nhng gic m, v c bit, trong ci mt mng ca
tim thc v v thc. C hai u thch lm kh ngi c
v ngi xem; u thch thc li nhng quan im thm
m cng nh ngh thut ang thng tr thi i.
Lm th bng cch vit t ng, mc cho dng

ngh v cm xc tun tro trn trang giy l tin v. Lm
th bng cch, ni theo Tristan Tzara, ly mt t bo v
mt ci ko, ct bt c mt bi no t t bo y, ri ct ri
tng ch, tng ch; b tt c cc ch y vo mt ci bao,
lc u u, nh nh, theo kiu chng ta thng lc cc
hp ng giy x s; ri bc tng ch, tng ch; chp tt
c cc ch y ln giy theo th t chng c bc ln: th
l thnh mt bi th, bi th ging y ht bn, tc gi ca
n.2 l tin v. Lm th bng cch bt chp c php v
1
Xem bi Collage: the Poetics of Discontinuity? ca Stephen
Bann trn Word and Image s thng 1-3, nm 1988, tr. 352-63.
2
Trong bn Tuyn ngn Protoconceptual, Tzara vit: To
make a Dadaist poem / Take a newspaper./ Take a pair of scissors./
Choose an article as long as you are planning to make your poem./ Cut
out the article./ Then cut out each of the words that make up this
182 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ngha; mc k m thanh, ch ch n cch trnh by

ch trn trang giy cng l tin v. Vi Stfane Mallarm
v ri Guillaume Apollinaire, th c th lm bng ch
nhng cng c th lm bng hnh nh, bng cch trnh by
ch theo nhng cch thc khc nhau, t ln n nh, t
kiu ch in n kiu vit tay, t cch xung hng n cch
tht vo u mi hng, to nn ci Apollinaire gi l
calligrammes hoc visual lyricism. Vi Pierre Albert-
Birot, hnh nh mi th u thnh th: c th m thanh,
th trn giy in, th ng hin, th trn bin qung co,
th trn bn c, v.v Jean Arp sng tc bng cch nht
nhnh v sp xp, mt cch ngu nhin, nhng mu giy
bo vn m ng x nt v vt tung to trn sn nh
trc : ng gi l cch sng tc theo quy lut tnh
c. John Ashbery lm bi th Europe bng cch ni
lin cc cu, ch ng ly t nhiu ngun khc nhau, khng
theo mt th t hay logic no c. Harry Crosby lm bi
th Photoheliograph (for Lady A) bng cch vit ti vit
lui mt ch: black (en), hay bi Pharmacie du Soleil
bng cch lit k tn cc ho cht: calcium iron hydrogen
sodium nickel magnesium cobalt. Cc nh th thuc
trng phi Found Poetry lm th bng cch ly mt
on vn xui no , bt k, ri ngt ra tng dng ngn,
trnh by y nh l mt bi th: Th l thnh th! William
Faulkner, trong cun The Sound and the Fury vit nhng
cu vn di lng thng n c hn mt trang ri; James
Joyce, trong cun Ulysses, vit nhng on vn ko di
gn 30 trang m khng c mt du chm hay dy phy no
c; trong cun Finnegans Wake, s dng t ng t hn 50
article & put them in a bag./ Shake it gently./ Then take out the scaps
one after the other in the order in which they left the bag./ Copy
conscientiously./ The poem will be like you. Dn t Richard
Kostelanetz (bin tp) (2001), A Dictionary of the Avant-Garde, New
York: Routledge, tr. 626.
ngn ng khc nhau, k c c ng, th gii ng Esperanto

v mt s ngn ng chu (trong , tic thay, li khng
c ting Vit!).1
V m nhc, nhc ca Schoenberg, Bartck, Weber

v c Stravinsky u khc hn nhc c in ca Bach,
Beethoven v Brahms trc . Luigi Russolo, trong
nhm v lai , hnh dung ra mt cuc ho tu trong
khng c m thanh no xut pht t nhc kh m ch t
nhng ting sm st, ting hut gi, ting th thm, ting
go la, ting v trn da tht, ting g trn kim loi, trn g,
trn , v.v; ng cng ch ra c mt chic my pht ra
nhng m thanh khc nhau, v ng gi l m nhc, th
m nhc ca ting n (music of noises). Bn nhc 433
trnh din ln u vo nm 1952 ca John Cage, ngc li,
l khong thi gian hon ton im lng. Tuyt i im lng.
Nhc s dng cm ni ting David Tudor ngi bt ng
trc chic n trong ng bn pht ba mi ba giy. Ht.
Mn biu din chm dt. T u n cui, ch c: im lng.
Khng c g, ngoi: im lng.
V to hnh, t tranh hnh th n tranh lp th ri

tranh phi hnh th v tru tng l nhng cuc t ph d
di. Alexander Rodchenko v ba bc tranh bng ba mu
khc nhau; mu no cng l mu nguyn, khng h pha
trn vi bt c mt mu no khc: , vng, xanh. Ht. Ba
bc ba mu. Khng c hnh nh no c. Jackson Pollock
tri tm b trn sn nh ri qut sn lia la t nhiu gc
khc nhau, sn c xt thng t tup ra, khng pha trn,
v cng khng c mt ch nh no trc, cui cng cng
thnh tranh. Marcel Duchamp em by mt ci bn tiu,
1
Xem Hong Ngc-Tun (2002), Vn Hc Hin i v Hu
Hin i qua Thc Tin Sng Tc v Gc Nhn L Thuyt, California:
Vn Ngh, tr. 413.
184 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ri sau , mt ci bnh xe p trong phng trin lm nh

nhng tc phm iu khc; v thm vo bc tranh Mona
Lisa ca Leonardo da Vinci hai vt ria mp v mt chm
ru d nh di cm ri gn thm ci tn vit tt:
L.H.O.O.Q. pha di nh l mt tc phm mi. Chnh
my ch L.H.O.O.Q. y cng y tnh khiu khch: Trong
ting Php, c my ch y ln, nghe ra m thanh ta ta
nh cu Elle a chaud au cul; trong ting Anh, ngi ta
thng dch l She has a hot ass hay She has heat in the
ass; trong ting Vit, c th dch l: bc la trong
qun lt, hoc th nhng thc hn v ng vi nhm t
avoir chaud au cul trong ting Php hn: Con nh nng
ln.
Vn vn.
Tuy nhin, vit nh trn, mt cch mc nhin, ti

tha nhn l tuy c nhiu im tng hp, hai khi nim
ch ngha hin i v ch ngha tin v cng c kh nhiu
im khc bit. Khc, phm vi: trong khi ch ngha hin
i bao trm c mt thi i rng ln, ko di gn mt th
k, t gia th k 19 n gia th k 20, ch ngha tin v
gn lin vi mt s phong tro, phn ln u c sc sng
kh ngn ngi, ch nm, mi nm, nh phong tro a a
hay phong tro v lai, chng hn.1 Khc, ni dung: trong
1
y, ti ch ni v phng din hot ng ch khng ni v
nh hng. nh hng ca nhiu phong tro ngn ngi ny c khi rt
di, c khi ko di n c my chc nm sau. Trong cun The Triump
of Anti-Art do McPherson & Company xut bn ti New York nm
2005, Thomas McEvilley phn tch kh nhiu v kh k nh hng
ca nhm a a v c bit ca Marcel Duchamp trn tro lu ngh
thut nim v ngh thut trnh din vn rt thnh hnh Ty phng
trong my thp nin va qua. Clara Orban (1997), trong cun The
Culture of Fragments, Words and Images in Futurism and Surrealism,
Amsterdam: Rodopi, cho nh hng ca ch ngha v lai v ch ngha
khi ch ngha hin i tp trung theo ui cc th nghim

mang tnh hnh thc, ch ngha tin v nui tham vng
cch mng ho ton b x hi, k c i sng hng ngy,
theo mt chiu hng c xem l cp tin. Khc, thi
: trong khi ch ngha hin i xem ci p nh mt ci
g c tnh cch t ti v ngh thut nh mt th gii t tr,
ch ngha tin v xem ngh thut nh mt v kh ph
nhng ci c v xy dng ci mi khng nhng v
phng din m hc m c v cc phng din vn ho v
chnh tr na. Khc, thc h: ch ngha hin i, trong
khi h ho sng to, vn da trn nhng nim tin v trit
l chung ca thi hin i, nhng nim tin v trit l
bm r su xa v thnh truyn thng trong x hi; ch
ngha tin v, ngc li, ku gi lt tt c cc bng gi
tr c sn, k c cc bng gi tr c hnh thnh t thi
hin i.
Nh vy, tuy cng c bn cht phn-truyn thng

(anti-traditional), ch ngha hin i v ch ngha tin v
li khc nhau trong cch quan nim v ci gi l truyn
thng y: Vi ch ngha hin i, l nhng g c t
thi trung c, thi Phc Hng hoc thi lng mn; vi ch
ngha tin v, l tt c nhng g nh hnh, tr
thnh ph bin v ang l mt lc lng m hc thng tr
thi i, bt k chng mang tnh hin i hay tin hin i.
Mc tn cng vo truyn thng cng khc nhau: trong
khi ch ngha hin i c th ph phn mt s kha cnh
trong tnh hin i nhng li khng ng n nn tng
thc h v thit ch ca tnh hin i, ch ngha tin v,
c bit l ch ngha a a, ngc li, tn cng thng vo
ngh thut vi t cch l mt thit ch (art as an
institution). Bi vy, tuy c ch ngha hin i ln ch
siu thc ko di t nht l 70 nm trong th k 20 (tr. 164).

186 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ngha tin v u ph phn nng n x hi trng gi h

ang sng, v chnh tr, ni nh Charles Russell, phn ln
cc nh hin i ch ngha u bo th, thm ch, phn
ng, trong khi , phn ln cc nh tin v li cp tin v
y tinh thn cch mng.1 Tnh cch mng y th hin va
mc tiu va phng din t chc. mc tiu: trong
khi ch ngha hin i hi lng vi cc phng tin, cc
k thut v cc th php h khm ph c, ch ngha tin
v i ph hu ton b cn bn m hc ca nhng th m
n nh/sp/s vt qua; trong khi ch ngha hin i gii
hn s cch tn trong phm vi ngh thut, ch ngha tin
v mun thay i c nn tng x hi trn ngh thut
c xy dng. cch thc t chc: ch ngha hin i
to ra chiu rng v lng xung chiu su, thm vo mi
kha cnh trong i sng, t x hi n chnh tr, tn gio,
gio dc, v vn ho, trong ni bt nht l vn hc
ngh thut; ch ngha tin v kt tinh nhng mi nhn:
n c gng tp hp lc lng, ra tuyn ngn, thit lp
nhng cng lnh sng tc: ch ngha tin v, tt c
nhng yu t ny, t tuyn ngn n cng lnh, u c
gi tr khng km sng tc: chng cn li trong lch s v
c c mt cch y cm hng nh chnh nhng sng
tc giu cht tng tng nht. Kha cnh th nht ca
tnh cch mng dn n h qu: vn hc ngh thut bin
thnh mt nim. Trc, tc phm l mt vt th hon
tt, l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh sng to. Nay, vi
ch ngha tin v, tc phm chnh l qu trnh sng to y.
N c th tn ti ngoi mt vt th c nh v nht nh
no : n l mt nim. N tn ti nh mt nim v
cn li nh mt nim.2 Duchamp tuyn b: Ti thch
tng ch khng phi ch cc sn phm th gic. Ti
1
Charles Russell (1985), Poets, Prophets, and Revolutionaries:
The Literary Avant-Garde from Rimbaud through Postmodernism,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, tr. 10-17.
mun mang ngh thut tr li nh mt hot ng ca tm

thc. Chnh quan im y t nn mng cho cc
phong tro Pop Art, phong cch thiu t (minimalism) v
ngh thut nim sau ny.1 Kha cnh th hai ca tnh
cch mng dn n h qu: ch ngha hin i c v s
th nghim ca tng c nhn trn mt nn tng m hc
chung, ch ngha tin v li c v s ph v tm ti c
tnh tp th, d nhin l mt tp th nh; ch ngha hin i
lm ny sinh cc phn v pht trin hay b tiu dit theo
s i khng vi cc phn y, ch ngha tin v, ngc
li, t n cht khi n chin thng: khi nhng bc khai
ph ca tin v tr thnh li mn, n khng cn l tin v
na: n tr thnh lch s: nu hay, n tr thnh c in;
nu d, n tr thnh giai thoi; nu khng hay khng d
nhng gy c nhiu nh hng, n tr thnh mt du
mc, mt im phn thu (watershed) trong tin trnh pht
trin ca vn hc ngh thut; nu khng hay khng d
nhng gy ch trong d lun, n tr thnh mt hin
tng.
C th ni s khc bit u tin gia ch ngha
hin i v ch ngha tin v l tnh t gic v tnh ph
phn: Ngi ta c th tr thnh mt nh hin i ch
ngha mt cch hin lnh v t pht, nh l kt qu ca h
2
Quan nim ny vn manh nha t thi hin i ch ngha, s
pht trin mnh vo thi hu hin i ch ngha. Xin lu l theo
phn ln gii nghin cu, c bit l Ihab Hassan, trong cun The
Dismemberment of Orpheus: Towards a Postmodern Literature xut
bn ln u nm 1971, cho ch ngha a a v c bit Marcel
Duchamp thuc v ch ngha hu hin i hn l ch ngha hin i.
(tr. 267-8). Trong cun Sociology of Postmodernism (Routledge,
1990), Scott Lash cng ng nh vy: Ti xem ch ngha tin v
thi 1920 l hu hin i. (tr.158)
1
Michael Levenson (bin tp) (1999), The Cambridge
Companion to Modernism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
tr. 210.
188 | Nguyn Hng Quc
thng gio dc v vn ho m h s c t nh, nhng

ngi ta ch c th tr thnh mt nh tin v ch ngha
mt cch d dn v hon ton t gic: h bit r h ang
chng li ci g v ti sao h li lm nh th. Chnh v tnh
t gic y m ti thch dng ch ch ngha tin v thay
v tinh thn tin v. Ni n khi nim ch ngha l ni
n tnh t gic, v cng vi n, tnh h thng: Ngi ta
tr thnh tin v khng phi v bc ng trong giy lt m
l v mt tm nhn c tnh chin lc: h mun hu b cc
con ng mn m ra mt li i mi v, qua , mun
v li tm bn vn hc ngh thut. Bi vy, tui th ca
mt tro lu tin v c th ngn, rt ngn, nhng nh
hng ca n li lu di: nhng nh hng y nm pha
di cc xa l, thm ch, quc l m mi ngi ang i.
Nu khi thu ca mi con ng u l li mn; nu
khi thu ca mi li mn u l s d dm th chng ta
cng c th ni: khi thu ca mi thnh tu vn hc ngh
thut u l mt/nhng th nghim mang tnh tin v.
Chnh v tui th (ch khng phi nh hng)

ngn ngi ca cc phong tro tin v, nhiu ngi, nht l
nhng ngi bo th, thng ng nht tin v vi thi
trang: c hai u c thi tnh cao, ni ln mt lc ri li
bin mt, ri mt ci gi l tin v hay thi trang khc li
ni ln ri li bin mt. C th, hin ri bin, khng
ngng. Tuy nhin, ngoi s ging nhau v hin tng y,
tin v v thi trang hon ton khc nhau. Khc, trc ht,
phm tr: trong khi thi trang thuc v x hi hc ca
th hiu, li l th th hiu kh xa x, tin v thuc v lch
s ngh thut v m hc. Khc, lch s: thi trang gn
lin vi vn ho th gic v vn ho tiu th, ngha l ch
xut hin thi gian gn y, chc chn l cha ti mt
trm nm, tin v, ngc li, gn lin vi bn cht ca
sng to, ngha l, ni cch khc, c khi xut hin ngay t

thi nguyn thu, khi vn hc ngh thut mi xut hin,
khi mi tc phm l mt ci mi; mi ci mi l mt bt
ng. Khc, cn ngha: trong khi thi trang c tnh
thng mi, tin v li c tnh khai ph; thi trang vut ve
v chiu chung tnh a dua ca qun chng, tin v ph
li tnh a dua y; thi trang u t vo s nh d, tin v
u t vo s can m v tham vng vt b; mc tiu
ca thi trang l chun ho (standardization), mc tiu ca
tin v l l ho (defamiliarization); thi trang nhm n
vic phn ho x hi theo tng ng cp, mi ng cp c
mt thng hiu ring, qua , xo nho c tnh v bn
sc, tin v, ngc li, cao tnh c nhn v tnh c th,
ngay c tnh c th ca mt nhm. Khc na, gi tr:
gn lin vi th hiu, tnh thng mi v tnh qun chng,
khng c thi trang no l hon ton mi, trong khi ,
gn lin vi s ph v khai ph, xu hng tin v no
cng c tnh phn- qun chng v tnh cc oan. Lch s
thi trang l mt lch s pht trin kh lin tc, lch s ca
ch ngha tin v l lch s ca nhng t bin, hay ng
hn, khng c lch s, v , khng c quy lut nhn
qu. Cng c th ni, tin v c bn cht phn-lch s: n
to nn nhng lch-s-phi-lch-s: mi mt tro lu tin
v l mt khc ngot: n khng phi l con ng m
chnh l ci khc ngot, ngay chnh ci ch ngot. Nhn
v trc: khng thy g c. Nhn v sau: cng khng thy
g c. Tin v c th pht khi t cm hng trc mt hin
tng vn hc ngh thut no trong qu kh, nhng
tin v li khng phi l mt s k tha. Sng to theo
kiu thi trang l sng to v k tha, trong khi sng to
theo kiu tin v ch l sng to.
190 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Tin v hng v tng lai. C l, ngoi nhng

c im phn bit tin v v hin i cng nh tin v v
thi trang nh va trnh by, y l c im quan trng
nht ca tin v mi thi. Ni cch khc, tin v, t bn
cht, l i trc thi i. i trc thi i l i trc ci
g? Theo Richard Kostelanetz, l i trc ngh thut
suy i (decadent art) v ngh thut hn lm (academic
art). Ci gi l ngh thut suy i y, thc cht, l th
ngh thut c tnh thng mi, nhm n th hiu ca m
ng v d c m ng chp nhn; trong khi , ci
gi l ngh thut hn lm - mt cch ni ma mai ca
Kostelanetz - ch th ngh thut ca trng c v trng
c, vn lc no cng lc hu, bi vy, n c
Kostelanetz mnh danh l ngh thut hu suy i.1
Hu y ch thun l n sau. Tuy nhin, nh ngha
khi nim i trc thi i ch t gc thi gian l
iu tng i kh, nht l kh trnh c s m h, v
i khi, nghch l. Ti mun nhn t gc phm cht ca
s sng to: i trc thi i l to nn ci cha c trong
thi i y. T gc nhn nh th, cng c th ni, tin v
chnh l bn cht, l tinh tu v l mc tiu cao nht ca
sng to. Hay, ngn gn hn: tin v l sng to. Li cng
c th ni: tin v, gc no , ng nht vi ch
ngha hu hin i.
Pht biu nh th, ti bit ngay l s c nhiu

ngi phn i. M tht, nhiu ngi phn i. Peter
Burger cho chnh ch trng phi tm ho v a nguyn
ho, cng vi nhng thnh cng v phng din thng
1
Richard Kostelanetz (bin tp v gii thiu) (1982), The Avant-
Garde Tradition in Literature, Buffalo: Prometheus Books, tr. 3-4.
Bi gii thiu Introduction: What is Avant-Garde? ny cng c
Kostelanetz in li nh li gii thiu ca cun A Dictionary of the
Avant-Garde, sd.
mi ca nhiu tc phm hu hin i dn n h qu l:

nhng nh phn-ngh thut (antiartistic) c s dng
cho mt mc ch ngh thut nht nh, t chng, tr
thnh ngh thut nh cc th php ngh thut khc; do ,
khng c k thut hay phong cch no c th c xem l
tin v hn cc k thut v phong cch khc: khi nim
tin v b trung tnh ho (neutralization), hay ni cch
khc, theo nh li ca chnh ng, tn tin v thit ch
ho tin v vi t cch l mt ngh thut, v nh vy,
ph nh nhng nh tin v ch thc.1 Bruce Altshuler
cho l ch ngha tin v, vn c xem l mt phn ca
ch ngha hin i, bin mt trc nhng thay i v
vn ho, x hi v kinh t trong thi hu hin i.2 Linda
Hutcheon cng tin nh th: Hu hin i khng hn l
tin v.3 Nhiu ngi cng tin nh th. L do kh d
hiu. Mt, nu c im ca ch ngha hu hin i, ni
theo Jean-Franois Lyotard, l hoi nghi cc siu t s th,
theo logic, siu t s v l tnh v s tin b, trong , bao
hm c nim tin v, tr thnh c quyn ca ch ngha
hin i. Hai, theo thi quen, ngi ta d ngh ch ngha
hu hin i mang tnh gii khu bit ho (de-
differentiation), xo nho tt c nhng ranh gii gia vn
ho cao cp v vn ho bnh dn, gia tnh c tuyn v
tnh i chng, gia hin i v truyn thng; xo nho c
ranh gii gia cc th loi, gia th v vn, gia t s v
tr tnh hay ngh lun; thm ch, cn xo nho c ranh gii
gia ngh thut v thng mi cng nh i sng hng
ngy, ranh gii gia h cu v phi h cu. Trong th gii
1
Peter Burger (1984), Theory of the Avant-Garde, Michael Shaw
dch, Manchester: Manchester University Press, tr. 58.
2
Xem Bruce Altshuler (1998), The Avant-Garde in Exhibition:
New Art in the 20th Century, Berkeley: University of California Press.
3
Linda Hutcheon (1988), A Poetics of Postmodernism, History,
Theory, Fiction, New York: Routledge, tr. 47.
192 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hu hin i, ci gi l ng cp vn ho vn thng tr thi

hin i dng nh khng cn na: nhiu tc phm vn b
xem l bnh dn, nh trong phim nh, chng hn, u do
nhng ti nng ngh thut kit xut nht th gii m
trch. Hu ht cc tc phm ngh thut v cc sn phm
vn ho u s dng nhiu m khc nhau. Tt c u lp
i lp li nhiu ln, trn nhng phng tin truyn thng
khc nhau, n ranh gii gia tnh c sng v sao
chp cng b m nht. Hnh nh ci g cng c tnh cht
a ct, giu nhi, chm bim, v khng c cht chiu su
no c: Tt c u cn ct (depthless), thiu phong cch
(styleless), v phi lch s (ahistorical). Cng khng cn
trung tm v ngoi bin. Cc t s u ngang bng nhau.
Liu trong mt th gii nh th, c ch ng no cho ch
ngha tin v? Theo nguyn tc, da trn nhng iu va
nu, cu tr li dng nh l khng. Khi khng c
trung tm th cng s khng c tin v hay hu v. Khi
khng c s khu bit th cng khng c trc c sau. Khi
khng c ng cp th cng khng c cao c thp. Tuy
nhin, vn l: khng phi l tt c cc c im ca
ch ngha hu hin i. Nh Linda Hutcheon nhn mnh:
ch ngha hu hin i l mt hin tng y mu
thun.1 Hans Bertens cng ghi nhn, trong cun The Idea
of the Postmodernism, a History, ch ngha hu hin i
c nhiu ngha khc nhau, ch nhng hin tng khc
nhau, tu ngi v cng tu bc khi nim (conceptual
levels).2 Hn na, n cng khc nhau nhng loi hnh
ngh thut khc nhau: ci gi l hu hin i trong vn hc
khng ging ci gi l hu hin i trong kin trc, nhip
nh hay khiu v, chng hn.3 Nhng c im nh gii
1
Linda Hutcheon (1988), sd., tr. 3.
2
Hans Bertens (1995), The Idea of the Postmodernism, A
History, London: Routledge, tr. 10.
3
Nh trn, tr. 3-5.
khu bit ho hay gii phn cp ho (dehierarchization),

nu ng, ch ng t gc x hi hc vn hc hay x
hi hc vn ho. N s khng ng nu nhn t gc m
hc. Nhng s khc nhau gia cc gc y l g? Khc,
im cn bn: trong khi x hi hc nhm n nhng c
im chung ca m ng, ca c cng ng, tc nhng
ci bnh bnh, lng nhng, lng chng; m hc dng li
nhng tinh hoa, tinh cht, nhng thnh tu ln v nhng
ti nng cao nht. S phn bit ny l im cn lu , nht
l, khi chng ta tip cn cc l thuyt v ch ngha hu
hin i, , phn ln cc l thuyt gia v di h, cc
nh nghin cu, u n t chuyn ngnh x hi hc, v
sau ny, vn ho hc. Trong s cc l thuyt gia ca ch
ngha hu hin i, ngi c gc nhn c tnh m hc nht
chnh l Lyotard. D khng thch thut ng tin v,
Lyotard dng nh ng nht hai khi nim tin v v ch
ngha hu hin i khi ng vit: Mt tc phm ch tr
thnh hin i khi, trc tin, n l hu hin i. Hiu nh
th, ch ngha hu hin i khng phi l ch ngha hin
i kt cuc m trong trng thi phi thai, v trng thi
ny tip din lin tc.1 trng thi phi thai v, theo
Lyotard, gii cm bt v gii ngh s hu hin i sng tc
bn ngoi mi lut l,2 sng tc tm kim cc lut l,
ngha l sng tc nh nhng ngi nguyn thu ln u
tin bit ht, bit ma, bit v, hay bit ngm nga v bit
k chuyn. Ci trng thi phi thai y chnh l trng thi
i trc thi i. Theo Steven Best v Douglas Kellner,
trong cun The Postmodern Turn, mc d nghi ng s
hin hu ca tnh c sng, ch ngha hu hin i vn
tip tc gii kin to v gii hoc ngha, tip tc theo
ui nhng th nghim mang tnh hnh thc, tnh t phn
1
2
Nh trn, tr. 24.
194 | Nguyn Hng Quc
tnh, tnh m h, hm h, v s ph phn kch lit i vi

ch ngha hin thc.1 Cng theo chiu hng y, Andreas
Huyssen cho ch ngha hu hin i lc n khi pht ti
M vo thp nin 1960 l mt tro lu tin v: n chng
li ci phin bn hin i ch ngha thng tr c chu u
ln chu M trong sut thp nin 1950 trc .2
T nhn nh v vic sng tc bn ngoi mi lut

l ca Lyotard, Richard Murphy bnh lun thm: Tin v/
hu hin i khng nhng i trc thi i m cn va
trong va ngoi vng quc ngh thut: n khng
nhng tra vn m cn chng li nhng lut l v nhng
quy c ca ngh thut.3 M khng nhng chng, n cn
c tham vng ti nh ngha cng nh ti phi tr li cc
lut l v cc quy c ca ngh thut. Ni nh Lyotard,
trong on vn c trch chng trc:
Ngh s hay nh vn hu hin i ng v tr ca

mt trit gia: ci vn bn hn vit hay tc phm
hn sng to trn nguyn tc khng b khng ch
bi nhng quy lut tin lp v chng khng th
c/b nh gi theo nhng phn on cng nhc
bng cch p dng mt phm tr [c sn] no
vo vn bn hay tc phm y. Nhng quy lut hay
nhng phm tr nh th l nhng g m tc phm
hay vn bn ang tm kim. Ngh s v nh vn,
1
Steven Best v Douglas Kellner (1997) The Postmodern Turn
(chng 4: Postmodernism in the Arts: Pastiche, Implosion and the
Popular), New York: The Guilford Press. c trn internet:
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/essays/postmodernturnch4.p
df
2
Andreas Huyssen, Mapping the Postmodern, in trong cun
Feminism/Postmodernism do Linda J.Nicholson bin tp v gii thiu
(1990), New York: Routledge, tr. 242-2.
3
Richard Murphy (1998), sd., tr. 283.
bi vy, lm vic bn ngoi mi lut l vi mc

ch thit lp lut l cho nhng g s c thc
hin.1
C th xem vic p cc quy c v cc quy

lut c sn, hn na, cn c xem l khun vng thc
ngc trong vn hc ngh thut, chnh l c im th hai
ca tin v. Khng th c ci gi l tin v nu khng c
s p ph. C l y chnh l s khc bit gia khi nim
sng to v khi nim tin v. Trong khi tc phm mang
tnh tin v no cng l s sng to, khng phi s sng
to no cng c tnh tin v. Trong vn hc ca nc no
cng c hng trm tc gi ln: khng phi tc gi no
cng l nhng nh tin v; c hng ngn tc phm hay, t
nhng bi th hay n nhng truyn ngn hay, nhng
cun tiu thuyt hay, nhng bi ph bnh v l lun hay:
khng phi tc phm no cng c tnh cht tin v. Th
ly vn hc Vit Nam lm v d. Trong nn vn hc Vit
Nam giai on 1932-45, c nhiu tc gi ti hoa n th,
nhng ti vn c phn vn khng bit ai thc s l nh
tin v. L do chnh l ti nng ca h c v nh l sn
phm ca c mt nn vn ho gn lin vi h thng gio
dc ch khng phi l sn phm ca s trn tr v ri, bt
mn v phn khng v p ph, trn ng gch ngi v
vn y, xy dng nn mt lu i vn hc mi, hon ton
mi. Chnh v vy, trong cc ch trng ca mnh, nhm
T Lc vn on cng ch cp n ci cch mang tnh
x hi ch tuyt i khng nhc nh g n nhng ci
cch mang tnh thm m: Ni cho cng, ci cch y n
mt cch hon ton t pht. Khi vit v cho ng ti bi
Tnh gi vn c xem nh mt du mc khi u ca
phong tro Th Mi, Phan Khi cng ch nhc n vn
1
196 | Nguyn Hng Quc
th th ch khng h nhc n vn m hc: ng cng

khng h nghi ng ci gi l th ni chung. C th ni, tt
c cc tc gi thi 1932-45 u i trc qun chng nhng
li khng i trc thi i: thi ca h, t nh trng n
x hi, l thi ca ch ngha lng mn. H tip nhn, v
bng ti hoa thin ph, h th hin nhng iu y bng tc
phm. Tc phm h hay, d nhin. H l nhng ti nng
ln, d nhin. H khc hn cc nh vn v nh th c in
trc , d nhin. Khng ai c th ph nhn c nhng
ng gp qu bu ca h. Nhng c iu: phn ln h
khng phi l nhng nh tin v. Phan Khi khng phi l
tin v: ng ch l mt ngi may mn lt vo trng con
ng cn i, con ng thuc v tng lai, nhng ng li
khng ht lng tin tng vo con ng y nn khi con
ng va m, ng b cuc. Chnh v th, tuy c tn
vinh l ngi m u phong tro Th Mi, nhng Phan
Khi li khng phi l mt nh th mi. Nhng nh th
mi lp u tin nh Lu Trng L hay Th L cng
khng phi l nhng nh tin v: h c ci rt r, nht
nht ca nhng hc sinh va mi tt nghip trung hc thi
Php thuc. Nhng ngi i sau, tr nhm Xun Thu Nh
Tp, cng th, lun lun c ci ng ngc d thng ca
nhng ngi bt ph. Ph c xy t lu. Ci h thiu
nht l g? C l c hai yu t chnh: tnh t gic v tnh
quyt lit. Nhm Xun Thu Nh Tp c cht t gic
nhng li thiu tnh quyt lit v, ti ng l h cng thiu
cht ti nng v l thuyt lm nhng k m ng na.
l cha k l h thiu thi gian v iu kin: u thp
nin 1940, ngay trong thi im cuc chin tranh th gii
th hai ang khc lit v Vit Nam ang b n hai tng
p bc, t Php v t Nht, r rng khng phi l mi
trng thch hp cho mt cuc cch mng vn hc v
ngh thut. Mt s ngi khc cng th: c ngi ti hoa
nhng li thiu tnh t gic v tnh quyt lit. Nht l tnh

quyt lit. Th : Vit Nam, c ai dm, nh cc nh v
li ch ngha u th k 20, tuyn b: hy t ht cc
th vin, bo tng vin v hn lm vin, ngha l, lm mt
cuc phn th nh Tn Thu Hong ngy xa? Hay c ai
dm, nh nhm v lai Nga, i tt vo mt th hiu qun
chng1 v i li c Pushkin, Dostoevsky v Tolstoy ra
khi chic thuyn hin i v nm ht xung bin?
Khng c ai c. Tin bt kin c nhn / Hu bt

kin lai gi
Tic.
Theo ti, tnh quyt lit, hay s cc oan, khng

nhng ch l iu kin ca tin v m cn l mt c hnh
ln trong vn hc ngh thut cng nh vn ho ni chung.
Nu trong lnh vc x hi, kinh t v chnh tr, s cc
oan c th c nhng hu qu v nh hng tai hi, trong
lnh vc vn ho, cc oan li l mt trong nhng iu
kin u tin hnh thnh nn ci gi l bn sc. Nu
Khng T khng cc oan khi xy dng h thng l vi
nhng chi tit d b xem l lm cm nh chiu tri khng
ngay ngn th khng ngi, tht thi khng vung vn th
khng n, n gp vua th phi lom khom lm khm,
v.v th hn khng c ci gi l l gio, hay rng hn,
o c hc Nho gio vn gp phn nh hnh vn ho
Trung Hoa c my ngn nm. Nu ngi Nht khng by
v ra bao nhiu nghi l d ng l v duyn v v ch
1
Nhm v lai Nga c bn Tuyn ngn nhan A Slap in the
Face of Public Taste (Mt ci tt vo mt th hiu qun chng) do
David Burliuk, Alexander Kruchenykh, Vladmir Mayakovsky, Vickor
Khlebnikov k tn. C th c bn dch ting Anh trn
http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/slap.html
198 | Nguyn Hng Quc
chung quanh vic ung tr th hn s khng c tr o;

khng vt b ht cy, hoa, c trong vn, ch li ct v
, vng, ch c ct v , th hn khng c ci gi l
vn trn tri, kh khc nhng li c o ni ting th
gii hin nay.1 Trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut, yu t
c nhiu ng gp nht cho s pht trin ca lch s l
nhng yu t tin v v cc oan nht. l nhng yu t
gy nhiu v, v do , mang li nhiu thay i nht.
cng l nhng yu t to nn din mo ca mt nn
vn hc, ngh thut hay vn ho trong cng ng mnh
mng ca th gii, , ngi ta hay cao s ho ng
v tng ng, nhng trn thc t, ch c nhng d bit v
c bit l ng k. Thiu s cc oan v tnh quyt lit,
ngi ta khng th san bng nhng quan im m hc v
ngh thut c; khng san bng nhng quan im m hc
v ngh thut c, ngi ta khng th c khong trng
trng trt bt c mt vn hoa g. y, c th ni, tm
vc ca tin v s tu thuc vo tm vc ca cc quy c
v quy lut m n ph. ph mt ci g c tm c va
va, ngi ta l nhng nh cch tn; ph c h thng
m hc, hay ni nh nhm t nhiu ngi thng dng,
ph vn hc ngh thut nh-mt-thit-ch (art-as-an-
institution), ngi ta tr thnh nhng nh tin v.
ph khng phi l ph bnh. Cng khng phi l

h v ch ngha. Cc nhn vin x hi ngy th v ngy
ng trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut thng ln ln
nhng phm tr rt khc nhau y. Tht ra, ph bao gi
cng i lin vi xy dng. M khng, cch din t nh
vy rt d gy hiu lm. Phi ni nh th ny mi ng:
1
Xin xem bi Nhng cc oan y thi tnh ca Nguyn Hng
Quc trn Tin V:
ph l xy dng. Khi ngi ta p cc bc tng bt

bng ca mt nh t, ngi ta ang m ra mt khng gian
t do. Khi ngi ta p cc thn tng gi, ngi ta
ang t gii phng. chnh l tng ca Lyotard: va
vit va xy dng h thng lut l cho nhng g mnh va
mi vit. Trong ng thi gi l tin v, hai vic cng kch
v sng to, do , l mt. Chnh v mun chng v mun
ti nh ngha li ngh thut nn trong nhng thi cao tro
ca ch ngha tin v, chng ta hay gp nhng ch nh
phn ci ny, phn ci n. Xin lu : Tin t phn
(anti-) c t nht l hai ngha: mt, chng li (opposite,
against, nh trong trng hp ca anti-colonialism, chng
thc dn, anti-intellectualism, ch ngha phn tr thc,
anti-virus, chng li vic pht tn virus trn my vi tnh);
v hai, trao i (in exchange) hoc thay v (instead), nh
trng hp ca ch phn-trit hc (anti-philosophy) do
Samuel Taylor Coleridge dng nm 1818, hay ch phn-
ho s (anti-painter) do Tristan Tzara dng ch Picabia
nm 1918, ch phn-ngh thut (anti-art) do Andr Breton
dng trong Bn tuyn ngn Siu thc th hai ca ng nm
1930, ch phn-vn chng (anti-literature) do nhm a
a dng nm 1935, ch phn-siu hnh hc (anti-
metaphysics) do R.G. Collingwood dng trong thi gian
nh th chin, ch phn th (antipoema) c Vicente
Huidobro a ra t u thp nin 1940 v c Nicanor
Parra dng lm nhan cho mt tp th ca ng, tp
Nhng bi th v phn th, xut bn bng ting Ty Ban
Nha nm 1954,1 ch phn-tiu thuyt (anti-novel) do Jean-
Paul Sartre dng nm 1959, v.v Tt c u khng c
ngha l ph nhn, hoc nu c, ch ph nhn mt cch
1
Xem bi Nicanor Parra: Phn th cu th ca Hong
Ngc-Tun trn Tin V:
200 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hiu c; tc gi ca cc ch y u ngh mt cch hiu

khc, mi hn, v theo nim tin ca h, ng hoc hay
hn. Trong ngha , phn-vn chng, chng hn,
khng phi l ph nhn s tn ti ca vn chng m ch
ph nhn mt truyn thng vn chng tr thnh so
mn v th vo l loi vn chng mi, vi nhng quy
c ngh thut v nguyn tc thm m mi. Phn-ngh
thut cng vy. Khng phi l xo b ngh thut. M l lt
ngc khi nim ngh thut li: nhng yu t trn nh
cao, tng thng tr c mt hay nhiu thi i tr thnh ci
y ci y lch s; ngc li, nhng yu t hoc ngoi
bin, bn ngoi, hoc b khinh r, di y, li c
tn vinh l nhng pht hin c o v c gi tr khai ph,
c th m u cho mt thi i mi. Chnh v th, nhng
thi gi l phn-, tht ra, l nhng chn la y n
o ca nhng ngi mun thay th nhng ci c bng mt
ci g mi v hay hn, hay ni nh Hong Ngc-Tun khi
bn v th Nicanor Parra, l phn th cu th.1
Chng ta hiu v sao Marcel Duchamp li dn vt: Ngh
thut hay phn-ngh thut? l cu hi tng m nh ti
khi ti quay v Munich vo nm 1912 v i n quyt
nh: hoc l b v hn cc loi tranh m ngi ta tng gi
l tranh thun tu hay hi ho v hi ho, hoc mang n
cho hi ho nhng yu t hon ton khc bit v xa l vi
vi (ci gi l) tranh.2 Lch s chng minh: Duchamp
la chn ng. Nh , tuy v t, rt t, ng c xem l
mt trong vi ngh s c nh hng nht trong th k 20
va qua, hn na, ng cn bin cuc i ng thnh
khng phi thnh mt tc phm ngh thut nh ci iu
ngi ta thng ni, mt cch gn nh so ng, v v s
cc ngh s ti hoa khc m l thnh lch s ngh thut
1
Xem bi ca Hong Ngc-Tun, dn trn.
2
Thomas McEvilley (2005), The Triump of Anti-Art, New York:
McPherson & Company, tr. 17.
hin i v hu hin i: ng m ra mt i l mnh mng

trong th gii ngh thut; ng v li tm bn m hc
ca th gii.
Cng chng li ci c, nhng gia tin v hin i

v tin v hu hin i c mt s im khc nhau cn bn:
Th nht, trong khi tin v hin i i thay i c c ch
x hi, phn ln cc nh tin v hu hin i li ch gii
hn trong phm vi vn hc ngh thut hay rng hn mt t,
ph phn vn ho hay nhng ci m thc h ca din
ngn tp th (ideological codes of collective discourse)
hay cng c th gi l vn bn x hi ca thc h (social
text of ideology). Th hai, trong khi tin v hin i quyt
tm loi tr hn nhng ci c t n nhng s c
sng, tin v hu hin i, vi nhn thc v tnh lin vn
bn (intertextuality), bit nhng s c sng y ch l mt
o tng, sn sng dung hp v ti ch nhng ci c theo
mt cng thc mi to thnh mt ci g khc. C th
xem ch ngha tin v hu hin i, mt kha cnh no
, t nhiu c tnh cht chit trung. C l y l ngha
su xa nht ca ci gi l gii khu bit ho gia ci c v
ci mi trong ch ngha hu hin i. C hai phng thc
ph bin nht khc-ho (otherization) ci c: mt l
cng khai tha nhn ci c y, v hai, pha thm cht ging
chm bim. V d do Umberto Eco a ra kh tiu biu
cho s kt hp gia hai phng thc ny:
Ti ngh thi hu hin i cng tng t nh

thi ca mt ngi n ng yu mt ph n hc
thc cao; anh ta bit rng anh khng th ni vi c
kiu "anh yu em m mt", bi v anh tha hiu l
c ta bit (v c y cng bit l anh bit) nhng
ch y c Barbara Cartland vit ra ri. Tuy
202 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nhin, vn cn c cch khc. Anh c th ni th

ny: "Nh Barbara Cartland tng ni, anh yu
em m mt." Nh th, va trnh c s ngy th
v vnh va c th ni c r rng nhng g vn
khng cn c th c ni mt cch ngy th,
ng thi, anh li va ni ln c nhng g anh
mun ni vi ngi ph n: anh yu c, nhng anh
yu c trong mt thi i mt s ngy th.1
C vic cng khai tha nhn ci c v din t ci

c y vi ging chm bim c th c nhn thy qua th
php siu h cu (metafiction) v giu nhi (parody). Siu
h cu l hnh thc truyn v truyn, truyn km theo
nhng li bnh lun v chnh n, mt ng thi t phn
tnh v, hn na, t th nhn v tnh cht h cu v tnh
cht t quy chiu (self-referentiality) ca chnh ci tc
phm mnh ang vit. Ring giu nhi th c kh
nhiu vn ngh s hin i, t T.S. Eliot n Thomas
Mann v James Joyce trong vn hc v Picasso, Manet v
Magritte trong hi ho, s dng. Mt s ngi cho s
khc nhau trong bin php giu nhi ca ch ngha hin
i v ch ngha hu hin i l mt bn nghim tc v
mt bn chm bim. Theo Linda Hutcheon, giu nhi
trong phng php sng tc hu hin i ch ngha i xa
hn: N ... l mt hnh thc t vn v gi tr v gii
t nhin ho trong vic ghi nhn lch s (v xuyn qua s
chm bim, ghi nhn tnh chnh tr) ca s biu hin.2
1
Dn li t cun The Icon Critical Dictionary of Postmodern
Thought do Stuart Sim bin tp (1998), Icon Books xut bn ti
Cambridge, tr. 236-7
2
Linda Hutcheon (1989), The Politics of Postmodernism,
London: Routledge, tr. 94. Nguyn vn: I would want to argue that
postmodernist parody is a value-problematizing, de-naturalizing form
of acknowledging the history (and through irony, the politics) of
representattion.
Cng theo Hutcheon, qua s tm tt ca Dino Felluga,

di hnh thc c v nh a ct, giu nhi buc ngi
c phi t nghi vn v nhng tin vn l c s trn
hnh thnh c mt truyn thng vn hc ngh thut lu
di ca nhn loi: mt, quan nim v tnh c sng v s
sng bi i vi gii vn ngh s, nhng ngi c thi t
nhn v c nhn nhn nh nhng ng to ho con con,
bng quyn nng ca tng tng, sng to ra hn mt th
gii mi m v sng ng; hai, quan nim cho ch th tnh
l mt ci g n nh, thng nht v t quyt; ba, nguyn
tc t bn v quyn s hu; bn, nim tin cho ngha
v/hoc bn sc c tnh t nhin hn l gi to; nm, nim
tin l ngi ta c th nhn thc lch s ng nh nhng g
thc s din ra trong thc t; su, nim tin vo s hin
hu ca nhng quan im hon ton trung lp v phi
thc h; v by, nim tin l ngi ta c th bo m c
mt vng quc va t tr va hiu qu cho cc sn phm
mang tnh m hc, c lp vi c qun chng ln th
trng.1
Nhm n vic tra vn nhng tin cn bn nh

th, d mang ging giu ct v t nhn l nng cn, khng
c chiu su, khng c tnh lch s, khng nghim tc, y
tnh hnh thc ch ngha, tc phm c sng tc trong
cm hng hu hin i, tht ra, li mang tnh trit l rt
su sc. Chnh v vy, Lyotard mi v v th ca vn ngh
s hu hin i vi v th ca trit gia. Gerhard Hoffmann
khng nh: T s hu hin i, tht ra, l th t s giu
cht trit l nht trong lch s ca th loi.2 Graham
Roberts cho nhiu truyn ngn, c khi l cc ngn, ca
1
Dn theo Dino Felluga, Modules on Hutcheon: On Parody,
Introductionary Guide to Critical Theory, trn
http://www.cla.purdue.edu/academic/engl/theory/postmodernism/mod
ules/hutcheonparody.html
204 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Daniil Kharms,1 mt trong nhng nh tin phong ca ch

ngha hu hin i Nga, c nhng im song hnh ht
sc th v vi nhiu tc phm trit hc phc tp ca
Wittgenstein v Foucault2. Brian McHale cho l, khc vi
gii cm bt hin i thng b m nh bi nhng vn
c tnh nhn thc lun (epistemology), gii cm bt hu
hin i li b m nh bi nhng vn c tnh bn th
lun (ontology).3 Edit DeAk cho ngh thut hu hin i
to ra nhng c sc ca nhn thc hn l nhng c sc
ca ci mi.4 Theo ti, ni cho ng hn: nhng ci mi
ca nhn thc. Hu ht cc tc gi khc u nhn mnh
n thi t phn tnh v tnh phn-biu hin (anti-
representation) ca vn hc ngh thut. Tnh cht trit l
ny gii thch mt nghch l: mt mt, ch ngha hu hin
i h ho xo b ranh gii gia vn ho cao cp v vn
ho bnh dn, gia ngh thut v thng mi, nhng mt
khc, trn thc t, mi trng thun li nht ch ngha
hu hin i ny n li ch yu l mi trng i hc ch
khng phi trn th trng. Hnh nh cha bao gi cc i
hc li ng vai tr quan trng trong sinh hot vn hc
2
Gerhard Hoffmann (2005), From Modernism to
Postmodernism: Concepts and Strategies of Postmodern American
Fiction, Amsterdam: Rodopi, tr. 163.
1
C th xem tiu s v nhiu truyn ngn ca Daniil Kharms
trn Tin V:
http://tienve.org/home/authors/viewAuthors.do?
action=show&authorId=1130
2
Graham Roberts, A Matter of(Dis)course: Metafiction in the
Works of Daniil Kharms, in trong cun New Directions in Soviet
Literature do Sheelagh D. Grahams bin tp, New York: St. Martins
Press, tr. 145-6.
3
Brian McHale (1987), Postmodernist Fiction, New York:
Muthuen, tr. 6-11.
4
Dn theo Irving Sandler (1996 ), Art of the Postmodern Era:
from the Late 1960s to the Early 1990s, New York: Icon Editions, tr.
4.
ngh thut nh t gia th k 20 n nay. Quan trng n

nhiu ngi xem l mt xu hng pht trin chnh
ca vn hc ngh thut trong na sau ca th k 20: xu
hng hn lm ho (academization). Mang tnh hn lm,
vn hc ngh thut, nht l vn hc, t sng tc n ph
bnh, cng ngy cng c v kh.
Tnh cht giu ct ca cc tc phm theo xu hng

tin v hu hin i, do , l ting ci lc bun tanh
ca Nguyn Cng Tr ngy no, ci ci bun ca s
tng tri, l cch thc duy nht bc l s nghim tc
thi i ca chng ta. Tnh cht hnh thc ca n li l th
hnh thc mang tnh t tng: mi tr chi ngn ng l
mt chn la v l mt thi v kh nng biu hin hay
bt kh biu hin ca ngn ng v ngh thut. Hoi nghi
kh nng biu hin l hoi nghi tt c: th gii ca con
ngi c dng ln t s biu hin, u l mt th vn
bn; ngay c qu kh cng l vn bn: chng ta khng th
bit c qu kh nu khng nhn qua cc vn bn: ti
liu, bng chng, nhn chng, v.v Ni n vn bn l
ni n biu hin.
ng tin cc cy bt hu hin i ch ngha khi h

ni tc phm ca h ch phn pht b mt, ging nh
cc cun phim tp chiu hng ngy, rng r t nm ny
qua nm khc, trn ti vi. Nhng cun phim xem ci
hay hi hp v qun. Khng u. Tc phm vn
hc ngh thut khng ging vi phim nh hay cc loi
hnh ngh thut thin v gii tr, thuc v vn ho i
chng. Ni nh Jean-Paul Sartre, trong mt nhn nh
thng c cc nh vn Vit Nam trch dn: ng sau
mi k thut tiu thuyt l mt siu hnh hc ca tc gi.
K thut hu hin i li cng gn lin vi siu hnh hc.
206 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Theo nhiu nh nghin cu, t s hu hin i l mt th

t s mang nhiu tnh trit l nht trong lch s th loi
ny.1 Th, tht ra, cng th. Th-phn th cng th. T
kinh nghim c v ph bnh ca ti, ti thy r mt iu:
cc tc phm hu hin i thng c nhiu vn phn
tch hn hn cc tc phm hin i hay c in: v phng
din ngh thut, ni chung, chng thng a tng v a
gic hn. V v phng din t tng, chng cng hm
cha nhiu yu t bt ng hn.2 ng sau cc tc phm
tin v mang tnh hin i ch ngha, thng c mt h
thng siu t s lm nn tng din dch: sau trng
phi lp th l quan nim v thi gian ca Albert Einstein;
sau ch ngha v lai l ch ngha duy khoa hc
(scienticism), mt tham vng i tm linh hn ca my mc
v mt tham vng xy dng mt th m hc ca tc ;
sau ch ngha siu thc, biu hin tru tng (abstract
expressionism) v th php dng thc l phn tm hc
ca Sigmund Freud; sau nhng th nghim mang tnh hin
thc ch ngha l ch ngha Marx; sau ch ngha hin thc
x hi ch ngha l ch ngha Stalin. Cn sau cc cuc
phiu lu ca ch ngha tin v hu hin i, hu nh
chng c g chung nht c: ch c kinh nghim c
nhn l ng k. Bi vy, cc nh tin v hu hin i i
1
C hai trch dn ny u ly t cun From Modernism to
Postmodernism: Concepts and Strategies of Postmodern American
Fiction ca Gerhard Hoffman, Rodopi xut bn ti Amsterdam v
New York, 2005, tr. 163.
2
C th xem hai v d: th nht bi Th thng thc mt tc
phm vn chng hu hin i, trong , Hong Ngc-Tun phn
tch truyn Binh nh c gii Paul Klee ca Donald Barthelme trn
Tin V: http://www.tienve.org/home/acti vities/viewTopics.do?
action=viewArtwork&artworkId=328; th hai l bi Mi k mt bi
th: Nng chia na bi chiu ri trong ti phn tch mt bi th
ngn ca Nguyn Hong Nam. C th c trn Tin V:
din vi nhiu th thch hn cc bc tin bi ca h: vi

h, tnh cht tin v l mt yu cu cn bn cho tng tc
phm ch khng phi cho ton b s nghip: mi tc
phm phi l mt ci g khc v c phng din k thut
ln phng din m hc ch khng phi ch cn thay i
ti l : cuc i ngh thut, do , l mt chui th
nghim v th nghim lin tc: mi th nghim v th
nghim, do , theo cch v von quen thuc, ging nh
mn trinh, ch c mt ln. c gi ca cc tc phm tin
v hu hin i cng gp nhiu kh khn hn: mi tc
phm, h gp mt m vn hc v vn ho khc nhau. H
khng cn na nhng chic cha kho vn nng cho mi
tc phm nh ngy trc.
Gn lin vi s p ph v tm ti, th nghim cc
quy c v quy lut mi, tin v c thm c im th ba
ny na: gy sc. Nguyn nhn ca vic gy sc, mt
phn, do tnh cht mi l, phn khc, do tnh cht khiu
khch ca nhng ci mi l y. Chm ngn ca
Apollinaire l lm cho mi ngi sng st (I astonish!).
Breton ch trng: ch c nhng iu tuyt diu mt cch
ng ngc nhin (the marvellous) mi p.1 Cc phong
tro tin v sau siu thc v v lai cng u chn con
ng gy sc nh th. C th ni mi phong tro tin v
u gy sc. Ch khc nhau mc . H gy sc thi
sng bi ci mi v sng bi tnh hnh thc. H gy sc
ch ngha phn truyn thng (anti-traditionalism), phn-
biu hin (anti-representationism) v phn-thm quyn
(anti-authoritarianism), t nhiu mang mu sc v chnh
ph v h v ch ngha. Gy sc, t n, theo ti, l mt
hiu ng ngh thut ca ch ngha tin v: ngh thut v
lai ch ngha u th k 20 ch yu l ngh-thut-
1
Dn theo Patrick Waldberg (1997), Surrealism, London:
Thames & Hudson, tr. 21.
208 | Nguyn Hng Quc
gy-sc: cc bn tuyn ngn do n tung ra c xem nh

nhng tc phm vn hc, th vn-hc-gy-sc. Cc bn
tuyn ngn ca ch ngha siu thc v cc li pht ngn
ca mt s thnh vin trong nhm cng gy sc khng
km. Ni chung, tin v, trc khi c qun chng chp
nhn, bao gi cng gi cm gic l phn ngh thut v
phn-thm m (anti-aesthetics). Mt trong nhng cun
sch vit v vn ho hu hin i xut hin rt sm, vo
u thp nin 1980, khi ch ngha hu hin i va mi
khai sinh trong th gii hc thut, mang nhan l:
Phn-m hc.1 Ty phng cn th, hung g l Vit
Nam. x hi cng cht chi, cng bo th, ci n tng
v tnh cht phn-m hc y cng mnh v cng ko di.
mt x hi ly li nh x hi Vit Nam, tnh cht phn-
thm m v phn-ngh thut y nhiu khi b xem l t
n ph tng, l phn-o c hay l phn ng v chnh
tr, t , b xem l mt ci ti. Vit Nam, trong mt
thi gian di, tp sch Xun Thu Nh Tp v bn Tuyn
ngn ca nhm D i hi hi mang hi hm tin v
ch ngha b ght b khng km g cc t chc chng cng
trc nm 1945. Nhn xt v ngh thut tin v/hu hin
i, Lyotard vit: Cc ngh s bc vo mt lnh gii m
ra bng m hc ca ci cao c - vn khng b khng ch
bi s ng thun v th hiu. Hi ho tin v trnh n m
hc ca ci p da trn cm gic lc th chung mang tnh
cng ng. i vi th hiu ca qun chng, cc sn phm
ca n c v k qui, d dng, thun l nhng huyn
tng y tiu cc (Ti dng li nhng thut ng m
Kant dng ch nhng vt th gi ln cm gic v ci
cao c). Khi ai biu hin nhng iu khng th din t
c, s biu hin t n b hnh hnh.2 Richard Murphy
1
The Anti-Aesthetic, Essays on Postmodern Culture, Hal Foster
bin tp (1983), Seattle: Bay Press.
2
Dn theo Richard Murphy (1998), sd., tr. 283.
gii thch: Tin v v hu hin i cn phi da trn m

hc ca ci cao c n gin ch v trong mc no n
bt buc phi bc b m hc ca ci p vn c chun
y bi (v ng thi cng ang chun y) mt s ng
thun, mt cng ng ca th hiu.1
Xin lu l c khi nim ci cao c ln khi nim

ci p u l nhng khi nim ph bin trong trit hc v
m hc Ty phng t trc n nay. T thi c i, cc
trit gia Hy Lp quan tm n khi nim ci p: chu
nh hng ca nh ton hc Pythagore, hu ht u cho
ci p l s hi ho v trt t. Plato, trong cun Philebus,
cho chnh s cn xng to ra ci p; Aristotle, trong cun
Thi hc, gii thch ci p bng trt t v kch thc;
Plotinus, trong cun Enneads, cho bn cht ca ci p
nm s thng nht; thnh Augustine cho ci p l
nguyn nhn ca lc th (pleasure); thnh Thomas
Aquinas, ngc li, ng nht ci p v lc th; Ren
Descartes cho ci p hon ton c tnh cht ch quan;
Voltaire, trong cun T in trit hc, cho ci p c tnh
tng i: con cc c s thy i mt trn v l ca con
cc ci l p. C th ni, hu ht cc trit gia u cho ci
p c tnh ch quan, tng i (relative) v lin h
(relational). Ci cao c cng c cc trit gia quan tm t
rt sm. Ngay t u cng nguyn, Longinus c tp
chuyn kho v ci cao c (On the Sublime); gii cm bt
thuc tro lu tn c in vo th k 17 rt quan tm n
khi nim ci cao c; cc trit gia thuc phong tro Khai
sng th k 18 li cng tp trung vo khi nim ci cao
c nh mt phm tr m hc. Nhng ngi to c nhiu
nh hng su xa nht trong n lc l thuyt ho ci p
v ci cao c chc chn l Immanuel Kant. Theo Kant, c
1
Nh trn.
210 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ci cao c ln ci p u c tnh cht ch quan v u gn

lin vi kh nng phn on lun l vn c tnh ph qut,
tuy nhin, trong khi ci p thuc phm tr hiu bit, ci
cao c li thuc phm tr l tr; trong khi ci p da trn
s ng thun v th hiu, mt cm quan chung v gi tr
thm m ca x hi, ci cao c, ngc li, da trn nhng
chn ng, t bn cht l mt ci v i tuyt i; trong
khi ci p gn lin vi hnh thc ca i tng, ci cao
c li gn lin vi nhng i tng phi hnh dng
(formless object); ci p c bin gii, ci cao c khng c
gii hn: cm gic v ci cao c ni ln khi tr tng
tng ca con ngi b bt lc trc s v tn v chnh
lc y, chng ta thc c quyn nng ca l tr v s
biu hin ca n v tnh tng qut v gii hn (boundless
totality) ca v tr; ci p lm chng ta hng ngoi, ci
cao c lm chng ta hng ni; ci p c tnh mc ch
phi mc ch (purposiveness without purpose) - ci mc
ch mang li nim hn thng qua hnh thc ca n -
trong khi ci cao c li hon ton c tnh v mc ch
(purposivelessness): n vt qu sc tng tng, n
khin chng ta b chong ngp.1 Ni ch ngha tin v gn
lin vi ci cao c, do , cng c ngha l tin v c tnh
l tng, thm ch, khng tng: tin v l ui theo mt
ci g v gii hn, mt ci g mnh c th khng bao gi
nm bt hay s dng c. Theo ui m hc ca ci cao
c thay v m hc ca ci p, do , cng c ngha l mt
cch t khc tnh qun chng, t khc s tho hip, t
khc cc quy c thnh truyn thng trong th gii
vn hc ngh thut. L t khc nhng ci hu ch nhn
tin. L gy hn vi th hiu ca x hi. L t chi cc
thc o ca x hi. L mun khi s li t u.
1
Immanuel Kant (2000), Critique of the Power of Judgment,
Paul Guyer v Eric Matthews dch, Paul Guyer bin tp, Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, tr. 89-159.
Bi vy, khi mt s nh-su-tp-rc ln n ch

ngha tin v v ch ngha hu hin i bng lun im l
tc phm tin v/hu hin i kh hiu, kh cm, kh nh,
kh i vo v li vi qun chng, h a ra mt pht
biu hon ton tha thi.
Tha thi nh chnh cuc i cm bt ca h.

6
Ch ngha hu hin i
- Nhng mnh ngh vn
1. Ch ngha hin i (modernism) khng phi l sn

phm hay h qu ca tnh hin i (modernity): Ch
ngha hin i l s hoi nghi, hn na, s phn i,
thm ch, phn khng li tnh hin i: l cuc khi
ngha ca my th h ti hoa, t Baudelaire n
Apollinaire, Tristan Tzara, Andr Breton, James Joyce,
v.v nhm chng li cc bc tin bi v i ca h, t
Ren Descartes cho n Francis Bacon, nhng ngi
xy dng nn mng t tng cho c nn vn minh
hin i chu u, v sau , hu nh khp ni trn
th gii. Ch ngha hu hin i, ngc li, l s u
hng i vi tnh hu hin i (postmodernity), mt s
u hng d dng v nh nhng, tuy thp thong c
cht g nh chua cht, nhng nh th, ci iu ng l
l mt bi kch li bin thnh mt tr a. L tr a,
li l tr a pha ln chm bim, ch ngha hu hin
i t dng c ngha ph phn. V, v tnh cht ph
phn y, cng vi tnh cht gii thing ca ting ci
vn gn lin vi mi tr a, ch ngha hu hin i
bng dng c ngha chnh tr. ngha chnh tr y
dn n mt nghch l kh oi om: mc d cao ch
ngha a nguyn, ch trng dung hp mi gi tr vn
b gt ra bn l c khi c hng ngn nm, ch ngha
hu hin i li b kh nhiu nn vn ho ngoi bin,

c bit nhng nn vn ho hu thuc a, nghi k, v
c khi, chng i kch lit.
2. Cho ch ngha hu hin i l s nh mt nim tin

i vi cc siu t s, Jean-Franois Lyotard ly
nim tin lm c s nh ngha ch ngha hu hin
i. Khng phi mt m c ti hai nim tin: nim tin
vo cc siu t s v nim tin vo tnh bt kh ca cc
siu t s y. Da trn nim tin, ch ngha hu hin
i, ngay t u gp kh khn trong n lc l
thuyt ho, mt kh khn m cho n by gi, hn na
th k sau ngy manh nha nh mt tro lu, n vn
cha vt qua c. c xy dng trn nn tng ca
mt nim tin b nh mt, t bn cht, ch ngha hu
hin i l mt th vn ho ca s ph nh, ngha l,
ni cch khc, n c nh ngha khng-phi-l-mt-
ci-g- thay v l-mt-ci-g-. Ch ngha hu hin
i, nh th, l sn phm v l biu hin ca s khng
hong, trc ht, l s khng hong ca gii tr thc,
c bit trc kh nng ti hin (representation) ca
ngn ng, v cng vi ngn ng, mi din ngn tr
thc v ngh thut m cho n gn y, nhn loi vn
thng tin tng v t ho. Mt nim tin vo kh nng
ti hin, ranh gii gia din ngn tr thc v din ngn
ngh thut b xo nho: khoa hc (science) c xem
nh mt th thi hc (poetics); v l thuyt v vn hc
tr thnh l thuyt-nh-l-vn-hc. Trong lnh vc
vn hc, nhng s xo nho y thc cht l mt s gii
phng: Chng lm r n c din ngn l thuyt ln
din ngn sng to.
214 | Nguyn Hng Quc
3. Ngi/dn tc no khng bit tin tng mt cch nng

nhit s khng bao gi bit hoi nghi mt cch quyt
lit: ch ngha hu hin i , nu c, s khng
trnh c s qu qut. l s phn ca Vit Nam
chng?
4. Ngh thut no, t bn cht, t nht khi thu ca n,

cng u l ngh thut nim. Ci gi l ngh thut
nim (conceptual art) manh nha t u th k 20 v
thnh phong tro t thp nin 1960, tht ra, c t
lu. Theo ti, n cng xa c nh chnh lch s ca
ngh thut. Khi thu l nim
5. Lch s vn hc, mt kha cnh no , c th ni l

lch s cc nh ngha v vn hc. Tng s cc nh
ngha y cng nhiu v cng a dng, din tch ca vn
hc cng rng. Din tch vn hc cng rng, s ph
nh n cng gp nhiu th thch: l nhng th
thch ng m c ca ch ngha hu hin i.
6. Nhn loi b ra hng ngn nm chuyn nghip ho

sinh hot vn hc ngh thut. Kt qu cui cng ca
chuyn nghip ho l thit ch ho
(institutionalization). Ch ngha tin v l n lc nh
sp ci tnh thit ch y. Ch ngha hu hin i c
xy dng trn s v ca cc thit ch: t bn cht,
ch ngha hu hin i, do , gn vi ch ngha tin
v hn l vi ch ngha hin i, d trong ch ngha
hu hin i, ch ngha tin v ch cn l mt gic m:
Ch-ngha-tin-v-hu-hin-i l mt gic m ca
mt gic m.
7. Nh cm quyn phi dn ch no cng mun c quyn

vit li lch s , th nht, to nn mt th i t s
hu hp thc ho quyn lc v cch hnh x quyn lc
bt chnh ca h; v th hai, thc dn ho tr tng
tng ca cc th h mai sau. Ch ngha hu hin i
vi ch trng tng i ho lch s, trut b chc
nng i t s ca lch s, xem lch s nh mt loi
hnh t s, mt cu chuyn ca hn (his-story) hay ca
(her-story), lc no cng b iu kin ho bi tnh
vn bn, t nhin tr thnh mt th i-t s (counter-
narrative) v i-vn ho (counter-culture) ca cc loi
ch ngha ton tr.
8. Trong lch s nhn loi t xa n nay, ch ngha hin

i l gic m ln nht v vic nm bt hin thc v
to nn s ho iu trong hin thc, ngay c hin thc
t trong v thc hay trong s ngu nhin, trong khi
ch ngha hu hin i l c git mnh thc tnh ln
nht v y hoang mang ca nhn loi. Hoang mang
n mt c nim t tin sau khi tnh thc.
9. Ti rt thch cu chuyn thc ao in trong lch s

Vit Nam ngy xa: Vua L Thi Tng thng cng
L Phng Hiu bng cch cho ng ln ni Bng Sn
Thanh Ho nm ao; ao bay n u vng y thuc
v in trang ca ng. Vit vn cng th. Vit vn l
nm ch vo ci th gii ti tm m mt ca nhng
iu cha bit v khng bit. Ch bay n u, bin
gii ca tc phm tri di ra n . Bin gii ca tc
phm tri di n u, lnh th vn hc c m rng
n . Vit, vi cc nh hu hin i ch ngha, ngh
cho cng, l mt cch thm d chnh kh th v kh
216 | Nguyn Hng Quc
tnh ca ci vit. Vit, trc ht, l sng to ra ci

vit. Xin lu : ci vit ch khng phi l tc phm.
10. Ci vn hin i ch ngha dn n vic hnh thnh

ch ngha hu hin i c th lm bng vn hc bng
ting m nhng cng c th c lm bng vn hc
nc ngoi nu ngi ta thc s thm hiu n. l
mt trong nhng ng gp ln nht ca ton cu ho
vo vic pht trin ch ngha hu hin i: Vi ton
cu ho, trong khi cc nc ln c th n cp tng
lai ca cc nc nh, cc nc nh, ngc li, c th
n cp qu kh ca cc nc ln, t , dn dn
ginh li tng lai cho mnh, trong c ch ngha
hu hin i.
11. Ch ngha hu hin i khng nhng nh mt

nim tin vo cc siu t s m cn nh mt nim tin
vo mi t s. T s, d ln hay nh, cng u tr
thnh chi vi: chng l nhng mnh ghp ri hn l
mt cu chuyn c kt cu vng chc. Nhng con
ngi khng th thot c t s. T s hin din
khp ni, l yu t cn bn to nn lch s, t ,
nim v bn sc ca c nhn cng nh ca c cng
ng. Phi sng vi nhng g mnh khng tin: l
mt trong nhng nghch l v bi kch ln nht ca ch
ngha hu hin i. Trch dn (quotation), giu nhi
(pastiche) v siu h cu (metafiction) l nhng cch
tha nhn s nghch l v bi kch y, ng thi cng l
cch bin nghch l v bi kch thnh nhng th php
ngh thut.
12. Loi hnh ngh thut ni bt ca ch ngha hin i

l hi ho v th; ca ch ngha hu hin i l kin
trc v t s; trong t s, ni bt nht l tiu thuyt.

Nhiu ngi ta xem ch ngha hu hin i nh thi
vng son ca tiu thuyt. Tuy nhin, trn thc t,
khng c lc no tiu thuyt li i din vi nguy c
b hu dit ln nh thi hu hin i. trnh b hu
dit, n phi bin thnh ci g khc, ci phn-tiu
thuyt, nh mt s ngi tng gi. C iu, khi ci
phn-tiu thuyt chinh phc c nhiu c gi, n li
tr thnh tiu thuyt. D nhin, hai ci tiu thuyt trc
v sau y khc hn nhau. Khc, nh nh L sn trong
th T ng Pha ngy xa: L sn yn to, Trit
giang triu / V o sinh bnh hn bt tiu / o c
hon lai v bit s / L sn yn to, Trit giang triu.
(Ai dch: M to L sn, sng Trit giang / Khi
cha n hn v vn / n ri v li khng g l /
M to L sn, sng Trit giang.)
13. Bt hnh ln nht ca nhng ngi m mng tr

thnh nh hu hin i ch ngha Vit Nam l h
khng c mt siu t s ph . Siu t s Mc xt
Vit Nam l th siu t s mang tnh tn gio thi
trung c hn l tnh cht duy l thi hin i. Chng
li n l chng li mt th d oan ch khng phi
chng li mt trit l. Cn t tng H Ch Minh? ,
chng li n, ngi ta ch t mnh lm cho mnh hn
i.
14. C nhng l thuyt bt u bng ph bnh. C

nhng l thuyt kt thc bng ph bnh. Trong ch
ngha hu hin i, vn gn lin vi gii kin to v
hu cu trc lun, l thuyt l ph bnh, hn na, l t
ph bnh: s phn tnh mang tnh ph phn (critical
218 | Nguyn Hng Quc
self-reflection), do , tr thnh mt trong nhng

trung tm ca thc hu hin i.
15. Thiu kh nng v thi quen phn tnh mang tnh

ph phn y, ngi Vit Nam ni chung rt kh tip
cn c vi ch ngha hu hin i. Hy c nhng
g ngi ta thng s dng bi bc ch ngha hu
hin i m xem. Thng nht l trch dn mt hai cu
phn bc ch ngha hu hin i ca ai trn th gii,
c khi ch l mt k v danh tiu tt. Thc cht l
mt cch bi bc rt phn tr thc: n khng nhng t
chi l lun m cn mang dng dp ca mt s m tn.
Vi cch bi bc phn tr thc nh th, ngi ta c th
an tm p mi hc thuyt ln, k c cc tn gio,
bi khng u ngi ta khng bt gp nhng li
phn i. V nhng ting sa.
16. Ngi ta hay ni vn hc ngh thut gip tm hiu

v con ngi. Vi ch ngha hu hin i, vn hc v
ngh thut gip ta tm hiu, hay ng hn, kinh
nghim v nhng gii hn ca con ngi, trc ht l
gii hn ca ngn ng, ca ch th tnh v ca nng
lc nhn thc, c bit i vi nhng ci ton th
(wholeness). C th ni, vi ch ngha hu hin i,
loi ngi t b gic m lm Thng .
17. Gn y, ngi Vit Nam hay ni n chuyn i mi

vn hc, nhng, th nht, hnh nh khng my ai bn
khon v ngha ca ch mi; th hai, khu kh ca
ngi pht ngn thng rt hp hi v, l nht l, rt
bo th, gn lin vi nhng mnh lnh y tnh gio
iu: mun mi th phi th ny, phi th n, v.v
Nhng ci mi thc s bao gi cng l ci phi-phi.
Ni n ci mi l ni n s t on hn l s k
tc; l ci cn m m hn l nhng g r rng.
18. S pht hin ra tnh lin vn bn lm cc nh hu

hin i khim tn hn: h bit, d mun hay khng,
h cng l nhng con n. Tnh gii in phm
(decanonization) li lm cho h t tin hn: h bit h
khng nht thit phi i theo bt c con ng c sn
no c. Nhng tnh gii lch s (dehistoricization) li
lm cho h c n hn: ngh thut m h ang theo
ui, bt k l loi hnh ngh thut g, cng l ngh
thut ca khonh khc; v bn thn h cng ch sng
trong tng khonh khc, nhng khonh khc phn
mnh v bt lin tc.
19. Cch tn thc s trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut l

cch tn v phng din phng php sng tc v
thc m hc. Nhng thay i v phng din ni dung
hay chnh tr v x hi ch l nhng iu kin lm ny
n hay nui dng s cch tn ch khng phi l mc
tiu ca n. ng ph hay ngay c ngh trng cng
u qu nh i vi ngi sng to.
20. Qu trnh khu bit ho cc loi hnh vn hc ngh

thut (th, nhc, sn khu, hi ho, kin trc, iu
khc, v.v) cng nh khu bit ho tc phm vn hc
ngh thut v tt c cc loi sn phm khc trong x
hi ch xut hin chu u vo cui th k 18, v
Vit Nam, t u thp nin 30 ca th k 20 (v chm
dt khong 10 nm sau, khi chin tranh th gii ln
th hai bng n, ri, tip theo l chin tranh chng
Php, chin tranh Nam Bc, v.v). Khi ch ngha hu
hin i ch trng gii khu bit ho, tnh cht khu
220 | Nguyn Hng Quc
bit chu u c hn 200 tui; Vit Nam, n

mi chp chng bc vo tui teens! Cha c g
thnh hnh, thnh np c. Nhng tp tnh tin-hin i
vn thng tr x hi v mi sinh hot vn ho. Bi vy,
c th ni i th ca ch ngha hu hin i Ty
phng l ch ngha hin i. i th ca ch ngha
hu hin i, nu c, Vit Nam, l truyn thng
ni chung. Trong ci gi l truyn thng ni chung y,
mi ngi cm bt phi t tng tng cho mnh mt
k th. Mt!
21. Th thch ln nht ln i vi cc nh ph bnh,

thi hin i, ch yu l nng lc din dch; thi hu
hin i, l nng lc gii kin to (deconstruct) ci th
gii ngh thut c ngi ngh s kin to
(construct), ng thi ti kin to (reconstruct) ci th
gii c/b ngi ngh s gii kin to; ni cch
khc, l th nng lc sng to.
22. Tc phm vn hc ngh thut hu hin i ch

ngha thng c tnh cht trit l d chng c th
khng c ngha g c. Nhi Jean-Paul Sartre, chng ta
c th ni: ng sau bt c s c-v-v-ngha no
cng c mt siu hnh hc ca thi i.
23. Vn hc Vit Nam hin nay, ni theo ch ca John

Barth, l mt th vn hc ca s cn kit (literature of
exhaustion). thc v s cn kit, M, dn n ch
ngha hu hin i; Vit Nam, mt s cn kit phi
thc s n thun l mt s cn kit, hay ni theo Nam
Cao, mt s sng mn. V cht mn.
24. Di sn vn hc Vit Nam va ngho nn li va nng

n, nng n v chnh s ngho nn ca n; nng n v
ngho nn n ti c cm tng vic khng bit
n n l mt iu may mn cho ngi cm bt.
25. Ch ngha hu hin i l mt biu hin ca ch

ngha tin v mt thi i ngi ta va bit khng
th vit nh c c na nhng cng khng cn t tin
vo ci mi nh th h cha anh ca h. Ci mi ch
cn n gin l ci khc. Khc-ho (otherization) tr
thnh mt mnh lnh ca ngh thut.
26. Trong lnh vc vn hc ngh thut, nht l trong

nhng giai on c nhiu v cn nhiu s thay i,
nhng ngi bit na vi thng dt hn nhng ngi
khng bit g c: nhng ngi sau c th thay i,
trong khi , nhng ngi trc th thng l khng.
C l Jean-Franois Lyotard cng ngh th khi t tn
cho mt tc phm ca ng l Tnh hu hin i gii
thch cho tr con (The Postmodern Explained to
Children). Tht ra, cun sch y khng h vit cho tr
con. N ch nu ln mt i hi: hiu, ngi c
cn c ci ngy th trong sng, c trong tm hn ln
trong nhn thc, ca tr con.
27. gii cm bt, ngoi yu t ti nng, iu ti quan

tm nhiu nht khng phi l kin thc, nht l kin
thc l thuyt, m chnh l thi ; trong thi , iu
ti thch nht l s quyt lit; trong s quyt lit, iu
ti nh gi cao nht l s quyt lit i vi tiu ch,
, ngi ta khng cho php mnh ln ln gia cc
phm tr v cc gi tr: Theo kinh nghim ca ti,
chnh l yu t phn bit tnh nghim tc, tnh chuyn
222 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nghip v t , trin vng ca ngi cm bt trong

th gii ngh thut. (, m ni nh th th cn g l
hu hin i na nh?)
28. Hu nh tt c cc c im ca ch ngha hu
hin i u c th tm thy trong ch ngha hin i.
Tnh cht phn mnh, t on, lp ghp, giu nhi,
xo nho ranh gii gia cc th loi, thm ch, gia
cc phm tr (ngh thut / thng mi, c tuyn /
bnh dn), v.v u manh nha t cc tro lu a
a, siu thc, v lai v lp th. S khc bit ch l
mc : nhng sng kin mi manh nha ch ngha
hin i tr thnh ch o ch ngha hu hin i.
V quan trng nht, thi . Nu ch ngha hin i
thch tm kim nhng ci ph qut, ch ngha hu hin
i tm kim nhng ci c th; ch ngha hin i c
tnh c thoi, ch ngha hu hin i c tnh tng
thoi; ch ngha hin i ch mc vo nhng yu t
trung tm, ch ngha hu hin i lu n nhng
ting ni bn l, thm ch, nhng ting ni b bp
nght hay b qun lng. Xoay quanh mt trung tm,
ch ngha hin i cao tnh cht lin tc, cht ch
v thng nht; ch trng phi tm ho, ch ngha hu
hin i khuyn khch tnh cht phn mnh v t
on. Bn cht ca ch ngha hin i c tnh ton tr;
ch ngha hu hin i c tnh a nguyn. Ch ngha
hin i tin vo s tnh ca cc bin c, ch ngha hu
hin i ch tin vo k c. Tin vo s tnh cng c
ngha l tin vo s tin ho v s tin b; tin vo k
c, ngi ta ch tin vo ch quan tnh. Nim tin vo
tnh ch quan ng ngha vi nim tin vo tnh tng
i. Tin vo s tng i, tht ra, l khng thc s tin
vo ci g c, hay ni cch khc, ch tin vo chnh
mnh v nhng s tht c tnh iu kin, ch yu l

gn lin vi mt chu cnh v lch s v vn ho nht
nh.
29. Tt c nhng g chng ta c u l vn bn. Ngay

chnh bn thn chng ta khng chng cng ch l vn
bn. Mi vn bn u b khng ch bi ng php v
u c tnh lin vn bn. iu c ngha l chng ta
va b ng php ho li va b lin vn bn ho. B
ng php ho l b quy c ho v b cng ng ho
trong khi b lin vn bn ho l b xm lc bi c h
thng vn ho v c k c tp th ca khng phi ch
dn tc m cn, vi nhng mc khc nhau, ca c
nhn loi hay mt phn nhn loi. L vn bn cng c
ngha l din dch. S phn ca con ngi l c/b
din dch. Ngay chnh phn tnh cng l mt hnh thc
t din dch. Phn-din dch, khi nim c Susan
Sontag nu ln nh mt c im ca ch ngha hu
hin i, tht ra, ch l mt cch ni: chnh bn thn n
cng cn c din dch.
30. Truyn b ch ngha hu hin i vo Vit Nam

tht kh. c l thuyt, phn ln ngi c ch i
iu g? H ch i, th nht, mt nh ngha tht
ngn ngn v th hai, mt danh sch cc tn l v cc
nguyn tc tht r rng. Tic, c hai u l nhng th
b ch ngha hu hin i t chi. S t chi y l mt
yu tnh ca n: ch ngha hu hin i khng th hin
hu nu khng c s t chi y. Khi ch ngha hu
hin i c mt nh ngha v mt s kim ch nam c
nh, n khng cn l n na. N li i tm ci n
khc, ci hu-hu hin i, chng hn.
224 | Nguyn Hng Quc
31. Marx ni: Cc nh trit hc gii thch th gii

bng nhng cch khc nhau. Nhng vn l ci to
th gii. Cc nh hu hin i ch ngha tin, th nht,
khi kin thc l quyn lc v nhng ci gi l chn l
c kh nng, ng hn, chc nng hp thc ho quyn
lc, khng c cch gii thch no khng ng thi l
mt cch ci to; th hai, khi chnh th gii cng l
mt th vn bn, qua cc hot ng din ngn ca
mnh, cc nh trit hc v c gii cm bt ni chung
khng phi ch gii thch hay ci to th gii. M l
sng to th gii. L lm cho n tr thnh c thc. C
thc nh mt ng thi (activity) hay mt tin trnh
(process) ch khng phi ci g -c-sn nh nhiu
ngi, trong c c Marx, nhm tng.
32. c cc tc phm by gi m ch ngh n cc cy

bt thi 1930-45 hay cc th h chng Php, chng
M hay chng Cng l lm ngho nn cho chng v
cng t lm ngho nn cho chnh mnh; l t giam cm
tm nhn ca mnh trong ci trc lch i c k v cht
chi. Ch ngha hu hin i l tr chi a phng
nhng cc khung quy chiu (frames of reference) ca
n li phi c tnh ng i v ton cu. Chnh cc
khung quy chiu y s dn dn gii lnh th ho
(deterritorialize) v gii quc gia ho (denationalize)
vn hc. Ch khng phi ch n gin l chuyn dch
thut. Dch, , th cng cn, nhng ch l chuyn
nh.
33. H v, tha thi, ngu nhin, phi l, bun nn, lu

y, a ngc, dch hch, ngoi tnh,. c li cc t
thnh so ng ca ch ngha hin sinh thi trc,
cht nhn ra mt iu: chng y cm tnh; chng
nhn mnh vo kha cnh cm tnh ca cuc sng.

Nhng t ng gn lin vi ch ngha hu hin i,
ngc li, li c tnh cht tin trnh: phi tm ho
(decentralization), gch ni ho (hyphenization), gii
khu bit ho (dedifferentiation), gii lnh th ho, gii
phn cp ho (dehierarchization), gii thc dn ho,
gii ngoi bin ho (demarginalization), gii hp thc
ho (delegitimation), gii hoc (demystification), gii
bn th lun (deontologization), v.v C th ni ch
ngha hin sinh l th siu hnh hc ca tm trng,
trong khi ch ngha hu hin i li l siu hnh hc
ca hin ti hay ca s thay i. Nhm nm bt tng
s thay i trong hin ti, thi php hu hin i chuyn
t kt qu sang tin trnh, tp trung ch yu vo bn
thn tin trnh sng tc, mt tin trnh khng bao gi
kt thc. Nh chnh cuc i: khng bao gi c im
kt thc. Tr phi tn th.
34. V phng din thut ng, thi hu hin i cng

l thi n r ca cc tin t (prefix): ht phn-
(anti-) li n gii- (de-), siu (meta-), i-
(counter-), v, c bit, hu- (post). C l y l mt
trong nhng biu hin r nht v mi quan h gia ch
ngha hu hin i v ch ngha hin i: trong chiu
hng ny, c th ni ch ngha hu hin i l mt
cuc i khng hong ca ch ngha hin i: ch
ngha hu hin i tn ti bng s vng mt hoc bin
dng ca mt s yu t cn bn ca ch ngha hin i.
35. Ch ngha hu hin i khng nhng lm thay i

cch vit m cn lm thay i c cch c, thm ch,
cch c li, hay ni theo Derrida: vit khc,
chng ta phi c li mt cch khc (to write
226 | Nguyn Hng Quc
differently, we must reread differently). Tuy nhin,

ch ngha hu hin i khng phi ch l mt cch c
v mt cch vit. Trn tt c, n l mt cch nhn:
chnh cch nhn y quy nh cch c v cch vit.
Thiu cch nhn y, ni chuyn hu hin i l iu v
ch: ngi ta s khng hiu c g c.
36. Hu ht cc nh hu hin i ch ngha Ty

phng u i sau thi i ca h: h xut hin khi
cc iu kin hu hin i c sn. Cc nh hu hin
i Vit Nam, nu c, mc d xut hin sau cc nh
tin phong ca ch ngha hu hin trn th gii gn c
na th k, vn t nhiu i trc thi i ca h, trn
nn tng kinh t, chnh tr, x hi v vn ho khng
nhng ngoi ngng hu hin i m cn mi chp
chng ngoi thm ca ch ngha hin i.
37. T xa n nay ngi ta vn c khuynh hng

xem biu tng Thp Babel, ni con ngi b Thng
trng pht phi ni nhiu th ting khc nhau thay
v mt th ting thng nht nh trc, l mt tai ho.
T quan im hu hin i, ngc li, l mt du
mc ln ca s tin b, m u cho k nguyn sng
to v a dng ho ca nhn loi. C th ni lch s
vn hc no cng l lch s hu-Babel, ni mi cng
ng, thm ch, mi c nhn, m mi i tm mt ting
ni ring cho mnh. Ci gi l s thng nht trong
quan im vn hc ngh thut, iu m Vit Nam,
nhiu ngi vn thch li nhi, l mt iu hon ton
v ngha. N va phn vn hc va phn tr thc.
38. Mt trong nhng chc nng ln nht ca vn ho

l to huyn thoi (myth-making function). Mt trong
nhng chc nng chnh ca ch ngha hu hin i l

gii huyn thoi (demythification): Ch ngha hu hin
i, phng din ny, d mun hay khng, cng tr
thnh mt th i-vn ho ca thi i. L i-vn
ho, ch ngha hu hin i tr thnh mt thch thc
trc mi quyn lc, v do , di mt nhng k c
quyn lc, ngay tnh cht phi-chnh tr (apolitical) ca
n cng b chnh tr ho.
39. Khng phi nh hu hin i ch ngha no cng l

mt k phn- duy bn lun (anti-foundationalist) hay
phn-yu tnh lun (anti-essentialist), tuy nhin, mt l
thuyt hu hin i ch ngha nht qun kh m dung
hp c vi nim tin vo s hin hu ca mt nn
tng tin nghim v vnh cu no cho mi kin thc
v chn l do con ngi pht hin. Chnh trong
chiu hng phn-duy bn lun v phn-yu tnh lun
y, cc nh hu hin i ch ngha xem Nietzsche,
k tuyn b Thng cht nh l mt bc tin
h ca h. D nhin, Thng y khng phi l
Thng ca Cu c hay Tn c m l Thng
ca nh siu hnh hc, o c hc v nhn thc
lun, th Thng ng vai tr ca vng hoc M
kim bo chng cho cc h thng tin t m loi
ngi s dng. Thng cht, mi kin thc u l
nhng s din dch (interpretation); mi din dch u
l nhng s thng tho (negotiation); mi thng
tho u c tnh quan h (relational); mi quan h u
tng i (relative); mi s tng i u gn lin vi
chu cnh (contextual): tha nhn tnh chu cnh y,
ngi ta lc vo tnh th lun (situationalism) hay phi
cnh lun (perspectivism). Li cng chnh l nhng
228 | Nguyn Hng Quc
ch ng ca Nietzsche ngy trc. Hoan h

Nietzsche!
40. Vi ch ngha hu hin i, lch s - nu c th gi

c nh vy l mt c gi cha bao gi c trinh
tit. Khng c, nn khng bao gi b mt. Tnh cht
c sng, do , ch cn l mt hoi nim v ci gi l
sng to ch c mt ngha tng i, ng hn, mt
ngha phi-truyn thng: ch l cch lp ghp mi
ca nhng ci c. , th cng mi, ch sao? Vi ,
g, st, gch v ngi c, cc k c, ngi ta vn c th
xy ct nhng ngi nh mi, hon ton mi, kia m.
Cht liu khng quan trng: l im thng nht
gia ch ngha hin i v ch ngha hu hin i.
Nhng sau im thng nht y l s khc bit: yu t
quan trng thay th cht liu, vi cc nh hin i ch
ngha, l cu trc (structure); vi cc nh hu hin i
ch ngha l tin trnh hnh thnh tnh cu trc
(structurality).
41. Khi c gng gii thiu ch ngha hu hin i vo

Vit Nam, khng nn m tng n nhng ma thu
hoch ngay tc khc. Thu hoch? Chc chn s c.
Nhng c l khng th c ngay tc khc c. Ch
ngha hu hin i khng phi l mt h thng th
php c th ng dng bt c u v bt c lc
no. Sau lng h thng th php y cn c mt h
thng quan im; sau lng h thng quan im y l
c mt h thng cu trc kinh t, chnh tr v x hi;
sau lng h thng cu trc kinh t, chnh tr v x hi
y l c mt truyn thng vn ho ko di hng ngn
nm; tt c gp phn lm ny n mt k c v tr
tng tng tp th cng nh nhng cm xc tng

ng, t , ch ngha hu hin i c hin hnh.
42. Tm vc v nh hng ca Mikhail Bakhtin Ty

phng chc chn ln hn Nga; ca Jacques Derrida
v Jean-Franois Lyotard M chc chn ln hn
Php. Ngi c pht hin bao gi cng c cng
thm mt ci g t ngi pht hin; nh th, h giu
hn chnh bn thn h. V ngi pht hin cng c
giu hn chnh h na, d nhin.
43. Ti thch mt cu ni ca Susan Sontag, hnh nh

trong cun Against Interpretation: Th gii ch yu
l mt hin tng thm m. Ti cng thch na cu
ni ca Joseph Margolis, u : M hc l nguyn
tc trit l mang tnh chin lc nht ca thi i
chng ta. Nhng gy n tng nht trong ti l cu
ni ny ca John Cage: Ci p bt u t u? V
n kt thc u? Ni ci p kt thc, chnh l
ni ngi ngh s bt u. Nhiu ngi ng tnh vi
John Cage trong vic tch bit hai khi nim thm m
v ngh thut: Vi h, thm m khng phi l iu
kin cn v cho s tn ti ca cc tc phm ngh
thut. Ngc li, ngi ta c th sng to mt tc
phm ngh thut thc s khng cn c mt gi tr thm
m no c. Ti cho khng phi l mt nghch l m
ch l hin tng thng thng trong nhng thi im
giao thi, lc quan im thm m c tn li m
quan im thm m mi ch va manh nha, cha
ng vng thnh mt tiu ch nh gi tc phm ngh
thut.
230 | Nguyn Hng Quc
44. Tc dng ln nht ca cc tr chi l dy ngi ta

bit cch hng lc th ca vic hy sinh bn thn mnh
cho mt lut l chung. Tc dng ln nht ca ngh
thut l dy ngi ta tm thy lc th trong vic hy
sinh lut l chung cho bn thn mnh. C iu bn thn
ngh thut cng l mt th tr chi, bi vy, quan h
gia ngh thut v tr chi khng phi l th quan h
i khng m l tng tc: thc v bn thn hay lut
l cng cao v vic hy sinh chng cng gp nhiu
thch thc, cm gic lc th li cng ln. Ln nh mt
ci cao c.
45. Loi ngi, sut c thi c in v trung i, b m

nh v chong ngp bi thin nhin v thn linh; thi
hin i, bi l tr, v sau , bi v thc; cn thi hu
hin i, bi k thut v truyn thng i chng. i
din vi thin nhin v thn linh, con ngi thy b
khip s: nim v ci cao c c hnh thnh nh
mt s uy hip. Sng bi l tr v t m trc v thc,
con ngi say m theo ui nhng khm ph mi m:
ci cao c chp chn nh mt s quyn r. B vy ba
bi k thut v truyn thng i chng, nhng sn
phm do chnh mnh to ra nhng dng nh tr
thnh xa l v b n i vi chnh mnh, mi th
u tr thnh o ho (virtualization) v th v ho
(simulation): nim v ci cao c gn lin vi nim
v s tha ho. Ngi ta vn b m nh, vn b chong
ngp, vn hoang mang, nhng khng cn ngng m.
46. Nhng ngi t nhiu cm nghim v tri

nghim kh quyn hu hin i s khng bao gi c th
i li con ng hin i ca nhn loi trc y c
na. Cng nh mt ngi n b khng bao gi c th
sng li trn vn ci thi con gi ca mnh. Khng bao

gi.
47. Nhn li lch s vn hc ngh thut th gii, ngi

ta d pht hin ra hai nghch l l: th nht, hu nh
khng c lc no v khng u khng c s hin
din ca vn hc ngh thut, hoc di hnh thc s
khai, c tnh dn gian, hoc di hnh thc chuyn
nghip, gn lin vi nhng ngi sng hn bng sng
tc; th hai, nhng ci c gi l vn hc ngh thut
y rt khc nhau; khc t vn ho ny sang vn ho
khc; trong mt nn vn ho, khc t thi ny sang
thi khc; trong cng mt thi, khc t ngi ny sang
ngi khc; khc n ngi ta d ng khng c ci
gi l vn hc ngh thut ni chung, tr, may ra, mt
iu cn bn nht: cht liu. Nghch l y dn n mt
s h lun: mt, d c tnh cht ph qut, vn hc ngh
thut vn c tnh cht vn ho hn l t nhin; hai, l
vn ho cng c ngha l ci g c to thnh ch
khng c sn; v ba, ci-c-to-thnh no cng c
tnh lch s v hn na, u c kh nng c to
thnh tip hoc to thnh li. Ch ngha hu hin i,
mt mt, hoi nghi tnh lch s, nhng mt khc, li
sn sng m nhn vai tr to thnh li ci gi l vn
hc ngh thut.
48. Ngh thut khng phi l nhng g c sn: Vy,

nhng g c sn (readymade) cng c th tr thnh
ngh thut: l sng kin ca Marcel Duchamp, mt
trong nhng sng kin c ngha cch mng ln nht
trong lch s ngh thut th k 20, v c nh hng rt
su m n m hc hu hin i ch ngha.
232 | Nguyn Hng Quc
49. Vit ngay c nhng iu phc tp nht cng c

th c c v c hiu l mt ci th. Vit t
n ci ci bt kh c (unreadability) v bt kh
quyt (undecidability) li l mt ci th khc, ci th
thm him vo nhng vng bin i xa xi khng
nhng him ngi m cn him c nh sng na; ,
ngi ta c th a nghch vi bng ti v s vng v
y thanh khit.
50. Ti c c, u , cu chuyn ci v cuc i

thoi gia hai nh hu hin i ch ngha. Ngi th
nht: Hai nh hu hin i ch ngha khng bao gi
ng vi nhau v bt c iu g. Ngi th hai:
ng ni ng.
7
Mng ho:
Mt cuc cch mng thm lng
Hng ngy, ngi trc my vi tnh c bo, vit

bi hay chi game, chng ta d thy i sng tht nh
nhng v m . Nh nhng v m n chng ta rt
kh nhn thy chnh chic my vi tnh nho nh trc mt
ang bin thi i m chng ta ang sng thnh mt trong
nhng thi i cch mng ln lao v trit nht trong
lch s vn minh nhn loi.
l cuc cch mng mng ho

(webization/onlinization).
Ni n cch mng, gii nghin cu thng nhc

n su c im do A.S. Cohan tng kt: l nhng
thay i tn gc r ca x hi trn cc phng din: (1)
gi tr v huyn thoi; (2) cu trc; (3) thit ch; v (4) cu
trc lnh o gn lin vi (5) s chuyn giao quyn lc
vt ra ngoi quy nh ca lut php c sn, v (6) c tnh
cht bo ng.1 Theda Skocpol phn bit cch mng x hi
1
A.S. Cohan (1975), Theories of Revolution, London: Thomas
Nelson & Sons, tr. 31.
v cch mng chnh tr: Theo b, trong khi cch mng x

hi l s hon chuyn vi tc nhanh v t bn cht tnh
trng x hi v cu trc giai cp gn lin vi nhng cuc
ni lon t di ln trn; cch mng chnh tr, ngc li,
l nhng thay i v phng din cu trc chnh quyn
nhng khng hn lt ngc cu trc giai cp v x hi. 1
Sau ny, ch cch mng thng c hiu theo ngha
rng, khng nht thit c tnh bo ng v lm o ln h
thng php l c sn. Trong ngha y, ch cch mng
c du nhp vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, t k thut,
kinh t n vn ho, bao gm c gio dc v vn hc ngh
thut.
Trong lch s, nhn loi tri qua nhiu cuc

cch mng. tm th gii, v phng din chnh tr, ni
bt nht l cuc cch mng t sn, bng n chu u vo
gia th k 19, dn n vic ra i ca ch dn ch v
nim v t do v nhn quyn nh nhng gi tr cn bn
ca x hi, t gp phn thc y s pht trin ca ch
ngha t bn. Sau l cuc cch mng v sn, thot u
bng n Nga vo u th k 20, dn n s ra i ca h
thng cc nc x hi ch ngha, bao gm c Vit Nam;
tn ti nh mt sai lm ca lch s; mt sai lm c nh
i bng mng sng ca c hng chc triu ngi, t Nga
qua cc nc ng u n Cuba, Trung Quc, Bc Hn,
Vit Nam v Campuchia, c bit di thi Pol Pot. ng
gp ln nht ca hn na th k th nghim cuc cch
mng v sn l gip hon thin ch ngha t bn: Nh ,
n cng ngy cng tr nn hp l, qun bnh, nhn o v
mnh m hn.
1
Theda Skocpol (1979), States and Social Revolutions: A
Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China, New York:
Cambridge University Press, tr. 4.
236 | Nguyn Hng Quc
V phng din kinh t x hi, ni bt nht l cuc

cch mng k ngh cui th k 18, khi pht cng chu
u, sau, lan sang M, ri to ra khp th gii, bao gm
trc ht, vic sng ch ra ng c chy bng hi nc, t
, dn n qu trnh c gii ho, thot u trong lnh vc
giao thng vn ti v ngnh dt, sau, trong cc ngnh
luyn kim v khai thc m. Qu trnh c gii ho dn n
vic hnh thnh cc cng xng; cc cng xng, n lt
chng, thc y qu trnh th ho; qu trnh th ho
li lm thay i quan h gia ngi v ngi, mt quan h
ch yu da trn yu t ngh nghip hn l yu t a l.
N cng lm thay i din mo gia nh: t hnh thc i
gia nh sang hnh thc tiu gia nh; trong i sng tiu
gia nh, dn dn c s phn ho gia khng gian lao ng
v khng gian ngh ngi, gia hng xng v nh , t ,
hnh thnh nim cng v t, v cng t , dn dn hnh
thnh ch ngha c nhn ri ch ngha lng mn v ch
ngha hin thc, nhng tro lu cho n by gi vn cn
nh hng su m trong vn hc ca nhiu quc gia trn
th gii.
Gn y, ngi ta hay nhc n mt cuc cch

mng khc: Cch mng thng tin m v phng din quy
m v nh hng khng h thua km cuc cch mng k
ngh th k 18 v 19. Hai cuc cch mng y, tht ra, c
quan h cht ch vi nhau. Nu cuc cch mng k ngh
c xem l s m rng nng lc ca c bp, c bit
trong lnh vc sn xut, cuc cch mng thng tin l s
m rng cc nng lc tinh thn, c bit v phng din
tr tu v truyn thng. Hn na, cuc cch mng sau cn
thc y cuc cch mng trc: N lm cho cuc cch
mng k ngh chuyn sang cuc cch mng hu k ngh,
trong thng tin ng mt vai tr nng ct, , t bn
thn kin thc cng c xem nh mt th hng ho,

thm ch, l th hng ho quan trng, mt th t bn tr
thc (intellectual capital); th t bn y dn n s ra i
ca mt tng lp tr thc mi: cc chuyn gia v thng tin
v kin thc, hay cn gi l cc nh phn tch biu tng
(symbolic analysts) vi nhim v chnh l y nhanh tin
trnh hu k ngh ho trong phm vi ton cu. Tuy nhin,
nhiu phng din, cuc cch mng sau thm ch cn d
di v cp tc hn hn cuc cch mng trc.
Trc ht, ni v tc , dng nh trong lch s

nhn loi cha c cuc cch mng no tin nhanh v tin
mnh nh cuc cch mng thng tin hin nay. Trc,
trong lnh vc truyn thng, nhn loi cng to nn
nhiu bc nhy vt k diu. Chng hn, vic pht minh
ra ting ni cch y khong 50 triu nm chc chn phi
c xem l mt bc t bin ng k nht trong qu
trnh tin ho ca nhn loi. Nhng phi ch n my
chc triu nm sau, cch y khong 5000 nm, nhn loi
mi tin hnh c bc t bin th hai: pht minh ra
ch vit. Ri phi i hn 4000 nm na, cch y 500
nm, nhn loi mi to c bc t bin th ba: pht
minh ra my in, lm r n hot ng xut bn v bo ch,
qua , ph cp ho gio dc v chuyn nghip ho sinh
hot vn hc. K t sau cuc cch mng v k thut in n,
nhn loi ch mt hn 400 nm tin qua bc t bin
th t: sng ch cc k thut truyn thng bng m v
hnh, nh nhip nh, in thoi, thu m, truyn thanh v
sau , truyn hnh. T cuc cch mng th t y sang
cuc cch mng th nm, nhn loi ch cn cha ti na
th k: cuc cch mng vi tnh v internet.
238 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Trong cuc cch mng vi tnh v internet, s tin

ho ca k thut cng nh cc ng dng ca k thut cng
cc k nhanh. ng hn: cng cc k nhanh. Tin ho
c ba phng din: tc , dung tch v mc ph cp. V
tc , s vn hnh ca my vi tnh cng nh ca vic ni
mng, thot u, c khi cn vi pht, sau, cn vi giy,
gn y, vi cc th h my vi tnh mi cng nh h thng
ni mng bng broadband, ch cn tch tc, mt phn my
giy. V dung lng, ngy xa, vit mt cun sch
khong 100,000 t, ngi ta cn c ngn ming t st
(nu c ngi kin nhn lm vy); sau, cn c hng
ngn trang giy, nu vit tay; sau na, khong 300-400
trang giy, nu in theo k thut hin i. Cn by gi,
ngi ta c th dn cha c hng ngn, thm ch, hng
chc ngn, cun sch nh th trong mt ci th nh
(USB), ln cha bng mt ngn tay t, i u cng c th
mang theo c d dng! Ni v dung lng, cn kha
cnh th hai ny na: s lng cc trang mng hin nay
ln n hng t t. Ngi ta c tnh s lng cc a ch
trn mng cn cao hn c dn s th gii. Cao hn rt
nhiu: Nu chia u, mi ngi c n trn 150 a ch
mng khc nhau. Nu mi trang mng ch c trong vng
mt pht, th c ht cc trang mng y, ngi ta phi
mt ht c my chc ngn nm. Xin lu : s trang mng
khng ngng tng ln tng pht, thm ch, tng giy.1
Theo mt s ti liu c cng b trn bo ch, hin nay
mi ngy c khong mi triu trang mng mi ra i.
Cng vi s tng vt ca s lng trang mng l s bng
n ca lng thng tin. Trong thi gian gn y, lng
thng tin c xut bn trn mng tng gp i trong vng
1
Xem
http://www.news.com.au/technology/story/0,28348,2585742
0-5018992,00.html
hai nm. Gii chuyn gia tin on l vo nm 2010,

chng s tng gp i trong vng mi 72 ting!2
V mc ph cp, t trc n nay, cha c k

thut no lan rng trong mt thi gian ngn nh my vi
tnh v internet. Ngy trc, my nh ch n gin n
th, m cn c th k mi thp th n vi gii tr thc
nhiu ni trn th gii. in thoi cng cn mt thi gian
rt lu n vi mi gia nh. By gi, ch trong vng
di hai chc nm, my vi tnh nm trong tm tay ca
mi hc sinh cc quc gia pht trin, v hu nh ca
mi sinh vin v tr thc cc quc gia ang pht trin.
S ngi s dng internet pht trin cc nhanh. Hin nay,
cc nc giu no cng c trn 70% dn s s dng
internet. Ngay Vit Nam, cn ngho v qu trnh ton
cu ho mi bc chp chng, trong vng hn 10 nm,
c trn 20% dn s lm quen vi internet. Con s ngi
s dng internet tng vt tng ngy. Hn na, internet cn
vt ra ngoi khng gian ca chic my vi tnh. Phn ln
cc in thoi di ng i mi hin nay u c ni vi
internet ngi ta c th c v vit email cng nh vo
cc trang mng bt c lc no v bt c u min l
c ph sng.
Cuc cch mng thng tin y ang v s lm thay

i hu nh ton b i sng ca chng ta. Trc ht,
trong lnh vc thng mi, phn ln cc vic mua v bn,
t mt chic v xe but lin tnh n mt chic v my
bay, t mt cun sch n mt ci my vi tnh, t vic t
phng trong khch sn n tm mua mt ci nh mi, tt
c u c th thc hin trn internet. Trc, tm s in
2
Steven Harris, The future is now, The Sunday Age (c),
23.8.2009, tr. 1.
240 | Nguyn Hng Quc
thoi ca mt cng ty no , chng ta phi lt cc cun

nin gim in thoi dy cm; by gi, ch cn vo
internet. Trc, tr tin mt ci ho n, chng ta phi
ra ngn hng hay bu in; by gi, cng ch cn vo
internet. Nhng thay i trn lnh vc thng mi y lm
thay i cu trc kinh t th gii, t k ngh bc sang
hu k ngh, t vic trao i hng ho n vic trao i
biu tng (symbolic exchange), ni theo ch Jean
Baudrillard, , hng ho (commodity) c sn xut
nh mt k hiu (sign), v bn thn k hiu cng tr thnh
mt hng ho.1 Trong lnh vc gio dc, internet cng
ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng, hnh thnh nn ci gi
l nn hc vn in t (e-learning). Sinh vin ghi danh
cng nh chn ngnh hc v mn hc qua internet. Phn
ln cc bi ging v ti liu tham kho cng c a ln
internet (WebCT). Sinh vin c th lm bi tp cng nh
tho lun vi bn hc v thy c gio qua internet. i hc
dn dn s bin thnh mt th i hc thm phn
(hyperuniversity), mt khng gian tri thc (knowledge
space), , tri thc, tht ra, khng cn gn cht vi mt
khng gian hiu theo ngha c in (phng hc, trng
hc, vi bng en, phn trng v nhng thy c gio c
th) na m l mt khng gian phi tr tnh (non-locality),
gn lin vi nhng mng li khng c im kt thc. 2
Trong lnh vc chnh tr, internet, c bit di hnh
thcfacebook, twitter v blog, tr thnh mt v kh mi
m trong cc cuc vn ng ng c v tranh c cng nh
qung b chnh sch cc quc gia t do; mt phng
tin hu hiu tranh u cho dn ch v nhn quyn
cc quc gia chuyn ch. Vit Nam hin nay, khng cn
1
Mark Poster (bin tp) (1988), Jean Baudrillard: Selected
Writing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, tr. 80.
2
Xem Carl A. Raschke (2003), The Digital Revolution and the
Coming of the Postmodern University, London: RoutledgeFalmer.
hoi nghi g na, internet tr thnh mt hnh thc i-

thng tin (counter information) hon ho ca ch . Nu
trn bo ch chnh thng ca nh nc, chng ta ch c th
nhn thy mt bc tranh x hi kh bnh yn vi nhng vt
mn nho nh cp phng, cp x th trn internet, ngc
li, chng ta mi bt gp nhng vn nghim trng v
nhc nhi nht ca t nc lin quan n s tham nhng
v bt lc ca gii lnh o, nhng sai lm v b tc trong
chnh sch gio dc v mi trng, nhng phn ng chm
chp v hn yu trong quan h vi Trung Quc, v.v
Trong lnh vc x hi, internet lm thay i quan h gia
ngi vi ngi. Trc, quan h y ch gii hn trong
phm vi lng x hay ph phng; sau, trong phm vi ngh
nghip, chung quanh cc hng xng, cng s, cng ty
hay trng hc; c hai u gn lin vi mt a l nht
nh; by gi, vi facebook hay twitter, n khng nhng
mang tnh phi-a l m cn c c tnh phi-vt l na:
ngi ta chuyn tr, trao i tm tnh v kin khng phi
ch vi bn m cn c vi bn ca bn, phn ln l nhng
ngi h cha bao gi gp mt.
Ring trong lnh vc vn ho, nhng thay i do

my vi tnh v internet trit hn hn nhng thay i do
my truyn thanh v truyn hnh mang li. T u thp
nin 1960, Marshall McLuhan1 nhn nh my truyn
hnh gp phn bin c hon cu thnh mt ci lng bng
cch lm cho mi ngi hu khp hang cng ng hm
trn mt t c th xem cng mt hnh nh, nghe cng mt
1
Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980), tc gi ca The Gutenberg
Galaxy (1962) v Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
(1964), l ngi i tin phong v cng l ngi t nhng nn tng l
thuyt cho vic nghin cu nh hng ca cc phng tin truyn
thng, t my in cho n bo ch, sch v, ti vi, in thoi, truyn
thanh, v.v... n tm l con ngi v vn ho ca thi i.
242 | Nguyn Hng Quc
bn tin, chu s tc ng ca cng mt cch nhn, v do

, c cng mt phn ng.1 Hn na, truyn hnh cn gp
phn to nn chin thng ca ci hnh (figure) trn ci
ngn (discourse), to nn nhng hin thc o (virtual
reality), khin con ngi b vy bc bi ci Jean
Baudrillard gi l simulacra,2 nhng bn th v ca hin
thc, nhng hnh nh ca hnh nh ca hnh nh, nhng
hyper-reality; t , cng vi nhiu yu t khc, dn n
s hnh thnh ca ch ngha hu hin i trong trit hc
cng nh trong cc ngnh ngh thut, trong c vn hc.
Ring trong phm vi vn hc, truyn hnh lm gim hn s
lng c gi; lm khuynh hng gii tr pht trin mnh;
lm gia tng hnh thc i thoi trong tiu thuyt; lm cu
vn ngn gn v n gin hn; lm nhp vn v nhp
truyn thay i nhanh hn v gp hn, v.v... 3 Nhng nh
1
Xem bi "From Global Village to Global Mind" ca Derrick de
Kerckhove, ng trn UNESCO Courier s thng 2.1995.
2
Jean Baudrillard (1983), Simulations, Semiotext, New York.
3
Trong bi "The dump-down" ng trn bo The Nation s ra
ngy 17 thng Ba nm 1997, Todd Gitlin, mt gio s v Vn ho,
Bo ch v X hi hc ti New York University nghin cu mi
cun tiu thuyt c bo The New York Times xp loi bn chy nht
trong tun l u tin ca thng Mi ca cc nm 1996, 1976, 1956
v 1936. ng khm ph thy cch dng vn i thoi t nm 1936
n nm 1996 tng ln 40%. Cng trong thi gian y, chiu di ca
cu vn gim xung 27% v s lng cc du cu gim xung 55%.
Phn tch k hn, Todd Gitlin nhn thy s thay i din ra nhanh
nht l trong khong thi gian t 1956 n 1976. Trong hai mi nm
ny, cu vn trong cc cun tiu thuyt bestsellers cng ngy cng
ngn li v n gin dn. Nu trong nm 1956, chiu di trung bnh
ca cu vn l 17.75 t th nm 1976 l 13.55 t; nu trong nm 1956,
s lng cc du cu l 1.5 th nm 1976 l 0.85. Todd Gitlin cho
khng phi l iu ngu nhin. Thi gian ny trng hp vi s pht
trin ca ti vi. V di p lc ca ti vi, cc cun tiu thuyt bnh dn
c vit nh mt th kch bn phim: cu vn ngn gn v gin d,
hng y ln, rt ln, nhng u l nhng nh hng gin

tip, phn ch yu on nng xung loi vn hc bnh dn.
i vi vn hc thng c gi l cao cp, nh hng
ca truyn hnh kh thy hn. So snh cc cun tiu
thuyt trong na u th k 20 vi cc cun tiu thuyt
trong na sau th k 20, lc truyn hnh bnh trng
rng ri trong x hi, ngi ta nhn thy c mt s khc
bit trong ngn ng cng nh trong k thut, nhng d
sao chng cng vn l tiu thuyt. Ch khng phi l mt
ci g khc.
My vi tnh v cng vi n, internet th khc hn.

nh hng ca chng ln lao n rt nhiu nh nghin
cu xem thc s l mt cuc cch mng ch c s xut
hin ca ch vit v s xut hin ca my in mi c th so
snh c.1 Nu s xut hin ca ch vit chuyn nn vn
ho truyn khu sang nn vn ho k t th s xut hin
ca my in vi ch c ri vo gia th k 15 gp phn
chuyn nn vn ho da trn thn quyn sang nn vn ho
c tnh cht th tc, lm tin t lch s chuyn t
thi trung i sang hin i. Nu ch vit l c s vn ho
dn n vic ra i ca cc tn gio c thn, t ,
qua ch trng c quyn v kin thc ca cc nh cm
quyn, ch ton tr c cng c th sch bo in theo
k thut hin i, ngc li, gp phn t bn ho thng tin
phn ln l i thoi, t c nhng t tng su xa v phc tp.

1
George P. Landow (1992) Hypertext: The Convergence of
Contemporary Critical Theory and Technology, The Johns Hopkins
University Press, Baltimore. C th xem thm mt s bi vit ngn
khc nh "Drafting an Alphabet for the Digital Tradition"ca Ashley
Dunn trn The New York Times on the Web (ngy 18.12.1996); "Is It
Really Gutenberg All Over Again?" ca Bruno Giussani trn The New
York Times on the Web (ngy 6.1.1998), hay "The Internet and
Gutenberg" ca Robert J. Samuelson trn Newsweek ngy 24.1.2000.
244 | Nguyn Hng Quc
(capitalization of information), bin kin thc thnh mt

th hng ho, v sau , mt cng c gii phng con
ngi v thit lp cc x hi dn s v dn ch. Nu s ra
i ca ch vit to iu kin con ngi pht huy
kh nng t duy tru tng, nng cao c phn tch v tng
hp t lm n r cc th vn xui ngh lun v trit l
th s ra i ca my in v s ph cp ca sch bo lm
vn hc va pht trin theo chiu rng, tr thnh mt th
sinh hot i chng, va pht trin theo chiu cao, thnh
mt ngh thut c tuyn, in m du vt ca tng c tnh
sng to, t , y mnh nhng n lc tm ti v th
nghim, khin sinh hot vn hc ngy cng c o v
cng phong ph.1 C th ni chnh sch in gp phn
quyt nh trong vic hnh thnh t tng c nhn ch
ngha cng nh tinh thn duy l: c sch bao gi cng l
mt hot ng thm lng, ni con ngi mt mnh i
din vi trang sch v vi lng mnh, , ngi ta phi
vn dng tr thng minh ca chnh mnh gii quyt
nhng ch phc tp, ti tm v mu thun trong cun sch
hoc gia cc cun sch; v , vic nhn cun sch nh
mt hin hu c th, gn lin vi mt tn tui nht nh,
dn dn lm ny n thc v tnh tc gi (authorship),
v tc quyn (copyright), v bn sc, v phong cch v
cng vi chng, thc v ci ti.
c im ni bt v d thy nht ca cuc cch

mng mi gn lin vi my vi tnh v internet, ni nh
Robert Coover, c nh du bng "s tn cng ca cc
cun sch",2 dn n s ra i ca dng vn hc trn
mng, bao gm c dng vn hc s ho (digitalized) v
1
V nh hng ca ch vit i vi vn ho, c th xem cun A
Preface to Plato ca Eric Havelock, Cambridge xut bn nm 1963;
cun The Death of Literature ca Alvin Kernan, Yale University Press
xut bn nm 1990, c bit cc trang 126-143.
vn hc s (digital literature). Vn hc s ho bao gm

ton b cc tc phm vn hc, k c cc tc phm c in,
c sp ch hoc sp ch li trn my vi tnh v a ln
internet. Chng c th c c trn mn nh hoc c th
c in ra giy theo kiu truyn thng. Hu ht cc tc
phm vn hc trn mng bng ting Vit hin nay u
thuc loi ny. Vn hc s, ngc li, c sng tc trn
my vi tnh, tn dng tnh cht a phng tin
(multimedia) v cc im ni (link) trn internet dn
dt cu chuyn v to s tng tc vi c gi, ch c
c trn mng m thi.
Ngy trc, ni n sch, ngi ta lin tng ngay

n giy. By gi c sch in t (ebook). nh trn
phm vi th gii, sch in t cha thc ph bin v cha
phi l mt e do i vi sch in theo kiu truyn thng.1
Nhng nn nh l tui tc ca sch in t cn qu nh.
tr thnh ph bin, sch in cn n my trm nm.
Sch in t, ngc li, ch mi manh nha. Mi manh nha
nhng n li y tim lc, v do , y tng lai: N
c nui dng, trc ht, trong lnh vc gio dc, ni
o luyn cc th h ngi c sp ti. C th vo th
mc trn mng ca cc th vin i hc m xem: s lng
sch in t cng ngy cng nhiu. Ti c, ngi ta ang
chun b pht hnh cc loi sch gio khoa cc cp, t tiu
2
Robert Coover (1992), "The End of Books?", New York Times
Book Review 21.6.1992. (Xem trn internet: http://www.nytimes.com/
books/98/09/27/specials/coover-end.htm).
1
Nm 2004, sch in t ch chim 0.1% trong s 2,3 triu cun
sch m cc nh xut bn M bn c trn khp th gii (Theo Burt
Helm trong bi Curling up with a good e-book ng trn
BusinessWeek Online ngy 29.12.2005.
http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc200512
29_155542.htm).
246 | Nguyn Hng Quc
hc n trung hc, di hnh thc sch in t tr em

khi phi mang nhng ti xch nng tru sch vo lp hc.
Cuc cch mng gio dc m chnh ph Lao ng ti c
hin ang h ho c mt ni dung rt c th: mi hc sinh
mt chic my vi tnh cm tay (laptop). C ngy cc em
tm v c ti liu, vit bi, trao i th t vi bn b v
thy c gio, thm ch, chi game trn my vi tnh. Vic
cc em y, sau ny, thch c sch in t hn sch in l
iu c th on c. Nhn cc em by gi, do , c th
mng tng hnh nh sinh hot vn hc trong vi thp
nin ti.
Hn na, khng nn qun cc cuc vn ng m

thm trong vic s ho cc tc phm vn hc t c i n
ng i, trong , tiu biu nht l D n Gutenberg do
Michael Hart khi xng t nm 1971, n nay, vo u
nm 2010, c trn 30,000 cun sch in t c thc
hin v cung cp min ph cho ngi c khp ni trn th
gii. Th kh in t Wright American Fiction, c s
h tr ca nhiu i hc, cha ng khong 3000 cun
tiu thuyt c xut bn t nm 1851 n 1875 ti M.
Nm 2004 Google cng b k hoch mt th vin hon v
vi khong 15 triu cun sch s c s ho v a ln
mng.1 l cha k v s cc d n nh khc ca tng
hi on hoc tng c nhn ri rc y . Ring bng
ting Vit, cn ghi nhn vai tr tin phong ca T sch
Talawas vi trn 200 cun sch v tp ch in t, trong
c nhiu tc phm qu him, phn ln l nhng tc
phm xut bn min Nam trc 1975, nhng tc phm
1
Theo s c tnh ca Kevin Kelly trong bi Scan this book
ng trn The New York Time Magazine s ra ngy 14.5.2006, trn
th gii t xa n nay, c t nht khong 32 triu cun sch v 750
triu bi bo cng nh tiu lun c xut bn.
(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/14/magazine/14publishing.html)
khng d g tm li c, nht l sau i ho phn th ca

ch mi.1
So vi sch, qu trnh mng ho bo v tp ch

c tin hnh vi mt tc nhanh v mt quyt tm cao
hn hn. Cho n nay, phn ln cc nh xut bn vn cn
phn vn trc xu hng mng ho. Cc bo v tp ch th
khng. Hu ht cc t bo v tp ch ln trn th gii hin
nay u tn ti di hai hnh thc: giy v mng. Ngi ta
c gng lm cho hnh thc mng b sung thay v uy hip
hnh thc giy. Nhng khng phi lc no ngi ta cng
thnh cng. S lng bo v tp ch trn giy b nh bn
cng lc cng nhiu. Vit Nam, c bit Vit Nam hi
ngoi, li cng nhiu. Trong phm vi vn hc li cng
nhiu hn na. Nh, t gia thp nin 1980 n cui thp
nin 1990, hi ngoi c kh nhiu tp ch vn hc. Ra
i sm nht l tp ch Vn (ch nhim, trc l Mai
Tho, sau l Nguyn Xun Hong), Vn Hc (c nhiu
ch nhim v ch bt nhng ngi lm lu v c xem
l c cng nht l Nguyn Mng Gic), Hp Lu (trc,
Khnh Trng; sau, ng Hin), Lng Vn (Nguyn Hu
Ngha), Tp ch Th (Kh Im), Vit (Nguyn Hng
Quc),2 Ch (Nguyn Trung Hi). C th k thm Th
K 21 vn thin v chnh tr, x hi nhng phn vn hc
cng nhiu v kh. Tuy nhin, bc sang th k 21, hu
ht cc tp ch y ln lt b nh bn. By gi ch cn li
Hp Lu. M c l Hp Lu cng ch sng mt cch kh
thoi thp. Hin nay, thi im 2010 ny, sinh hot vn
hc Vit Nam hi ngoi tp trung ch yu trn hai t bo
1
http://talawas.org/talaDB/talaDBFront.php?rb=08
2
C th c ton b 8 s Vit ny trn website Tin V:
http://tienve.org/home/viet/viewVietJournals.do;jsessionid=7EB0B0A
AFE4392C7104273AD53805FB1
248 | Nguyn Hng Quc
in t: Tin V (www.tienve.org) v Da Mu
(www.damau.org).
Nhng thay i trong phng din sinh hot sch

v bo nhc trn dn n s thay i trong kiu thc tn
ti ca vn hc. T trc n nay, vn hc, ch yu l vn
hc thnh vn, l nhng vt th chim mt khng gian
nht nh trn cc k. Vn hc trn mng th khc. c
im u tin ca chng l tnh phi vt th (immateriality).
Chng hin hu nh mt ci o. M my vi tnh v ni
vo mng: chng xut hin. Tt my: chng bin mt.
Trc, ngay c nhng ngi m ch cng bit c s
hin hu ca sch bo. Nay, nu khng c my vi tnh,
ngay c nhng ngi uyn bc v yu thch vn hc nht
cng khng th c nim g v s tn ti ca dng vn
hc trn mng. Ni chuyn vi h d c cm tng nh
ni v nhng chuyn huyn hoc. Mang tnh phi vt th,
vn hc trn mng hon ton b gii lnh th ho. Sch
bo in bao gi cng gn lin vi mt khng gian, t mt
hiu sch n mt th vin, t mt nh xut bn n mt
trung tm pht hnh, do , bao gi cng c tnh a
phng. Vn hc mng th vt qua mi bin gii: N to
ra mt th khng gian phi a l (non-geographical space),
cn gi l mt th khng gian thm phn (hyperspace).
M thm phn cng c ngha l xuyn qua, l chuyn dch
(hyper is trans). Xuyn v chuyn u mang tnh phi tm
ho. Ngy trc, vn hc ca nc no cng c nhng
trung tm nht nh, ni tp trung tht nhiu cc nh xut
bn v cc to bo ln, v t , a s gii cm bt.
Vit Nam, chng hn, l H Ni v Si Gn. S lng
cc cy bt sng tnh l rt him. cc quc gia khc
cng th. Trong nn vn hc hi ngoi, sau nm 1975,
cng th. C thi, c bit trong sut thp nin 1980 v
1990, hu nh ton b cc nh xut bn v cc tp ch vn

hc bng ting Vit u t tp ht California. California
mc nhin tr thnh mt th th ca vn hc Vit Nam
hi ngoi. Vi s bc pht ca vn hc mng, nim th
y bng dng bin mt. C th xem s ra i ca
Talawas c v Tin V c vo u thp nin 2000
trut ph vai tr th ca California trong lnh vc
sinh hot vn hc hi ngoi. Hin nay, mt t bo mng
vn hc c uy tn c th xut hin bt c u, khng
nht thit gn lin vi nhng khu ch ng c nh ngy
trc. Cng tc vin v c gi ca cc t bo mng y c
th l bt c ai, bt c u trn khp th gii. Ch
trng hp lu gia gii cm bt trong v ngoi nc
m tp ch Hp Lu California c v vo thp nin 1990
c hin thc ho hon ton khng phi trn bo giy
m l trn bo mng. Yu t thc y qu trnh hp lu
ho y khng phi l thc chnh tr m chnh l k thut.
Vi vn hc mng, ci gi l hp lu khng
dng li hai mi trng a l: trong v ngoi nc. N
rng hn hn: th gii. Trong ci khng gian phi a l
ca vn hc mng, c ngi vit ln ngi c u tr
thnh nhng du mc i rong t vng ny n vng khc.
H xuyn qua cc bin gii. H la c gia cc bin gii.
Kinh nghim v, t , bn sc ca h c nh hnh
khng phi t truyn thng hay t nhng g h suy ngh
m chnh l t cc im ni kt trn mng. Trong ngha
, ngi ta sa cu ni ni ting ca Ren Descartes,
Ti t duy, vy ti hin hu, thnh Ti ni kt, vy ti
hin hu (I link, therefore I am). Vi h, ranh gii quc
gia khng cn l khung nhn thc (epistemological
framework) duy nht hay kin c nh ngy xa na. c
nh th A hay B by gi, ngi ta khng ch ngh n
250 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Nguyn Du, T Xng, Tn , Huy Cn, Nguyn Bnh

hay Bi Ging. Ngi ta cn lin tng n cc ng
nghip ca h nhng chn tri khc, t sang u, M,
c v c chu Phi, nu cn. Khng th hoi nghi, khung
quy chiu ca c ngi c ln ngi vit cng ngy cng
m rng, cng ngy cng c tnh xuyn quc gia v lin
quc gia. V tm nhn, theo , s dn dn chuyn t lch
i (diachronic) sang ng i (synchronic). V ng i,
trong vn ho mng, cng c ngha l ton cu.
Hp lu, nhng vn hc mng cng c sc phn

ho khng km d di. Phn ho gia nng thn v thnh
th, ni chc chn l c nhiu c hi tip cn vi internet
hn. Phn ho gia cc th h, trong th h tr r rng
l c nhiu u th v k thut hn hn cc th h cha anh
ca h. S thnh pht ca internet to thnh mt tnh trng
m ch mi, ti tm gi l m ch s (digital illiteracy).
Nhng ngi m ch s c th l nhng tr thc uyn bc
ca cc th h c. Th iu cng bnh thng. N ging
hon cnh Vit Nam vo u th k 20: Khi ting Php
c s dng nh ngn ng chnh thc trong h thng
gio dc v ch quc ng tr thnh vn t chung trong c
nc, c v s tr thc Nho hc bng dng tr thnh m
ch. Cm cun sch by trn k: H khng c c.
Nhn t bo ch quc ng y nhng tin tc nng hi: H
khng c c. Qu trnh hin i ho vn hc Vit Nam
vo u th k 20 cng ng thi l qu trnh loi b
nhng k m ch (quc ng). Ti ng tng lai vn hc
Vit Nam trong mt, hai thp nin ti cng tng t. Cng
l qu trnh o thi th h m ch s. H tr thnh nhng
k ngoi cuc. Khng nhng khng th tham gia vi t
cch ngi cm bt, h cn khng th tham gia c vi t
cch ngi c na. H hon ton b ngoi bin ho

(marginalized).
Ngoi tnh phi vt th, gii lnh th ho v phi tm

ho, cng v phng din sinh hot, vi hnh thc tn ti
nh vy, vn hc mng cn c hai c im ni bt khc
na: tnh tc v tnh tng tc.
Vn hc mng cn nhanh. Ph bin nhanh. Truy

cp nhanh. V c cng nhanh na. iu hu nh ai cng
nhn thy: i din vi my vi tnh, s kin nhn ca con
ngi rt c gii hn. Trang mng no ti chm mt t,
ngi ta i sang trang khc ngay. S ch i, trc, c
o theo n v pht, sau, ch cn li giy. Ci c cng
vy. Trn mng, phn nhiu ngi ta khng c. Ngi ta
ch lt (surf). Lt t trang ny qua trang khc. Trong
mt trang, lt tng phn ny qua phn khc. Vi cch
c nh vy, quan im thm m ca c gi, khng sm
th mun, cng dn dn thay i. Thay i theo chiu
hng no? Kh bit trc c. Nhng ti on n cng
s theo chiu hng tc ho: s bin ho ca chuyn,
ca , ca cm xc v ca c nhp vn na s nhanh hn,
chng hn. D nhin, khng loi tr nhng phn ng
ngc, nh thng vn vy, trong lnh vc vn hc ngh
thut. Mt kinh nghim: ch ngha hin i trong na u
th k 20 va l phn ng thun li va l phn ng
ngc, trong phn ng ngc ng vai tr ch yu, ca
tnh hin i, c bit ca xu hng thnh th ho, c gii
ho v duy l ho.
Mt c im khc ca vn hc mng l s tng

tc mt thit gia tc gi v ngi c pht trin ln mt
mc cc cao. Cn lu : tnh tng tc l mt khi nim
252 | Nguyn Hng Quc
mi trong vn ho hc cng nh trong ph bnh vn hc,

tuy nhin, trn thc t, l li mt hin tng kh c.
Cc nh m hc tip nhn v ph bnh cn c trn hi ng
ca ngi c pht hin ra bn cht ca vic c vn
chng bao gi cng l mt chui tng tc. c l nhn
thc. Nhn thc l din dch. Din dch l tng tc.
Tng tc gia mnh v ngi. Gia qu kh v hin ti.
Gia nhng ci bit v nhng ci cha bit. Gia kinh
nghim v k vng. Tng tc gia vn bn v tnh lin
vn bn. Khng th c ci vit no hon ton c lp. Cng
khng th c ci c no hon ton c lp. Vit bao gi
cng l vit vi ngi khc. c, cng vy, bao gi ngi
ta cng c vi nhng ngi khc, t nhng ngi ng
thi n nhng ngi xa xa, c khi tn thi c i.
Umberto Eco nhn mnh: Khng c mt vn bn no
c c mt cch c lp ngoi kinh nghim ca ngi
c v cc vn bn khc.1 ny, trc , c
Harold Bloom nu ln: c mt vn bn nht thit l c
mt h thng cc vn bn, v ngha (ca n) lun lun
lang thang gia cc vn bn.2 Trc na, Mikhail
Bakhtin pht hin tnh tng tc nh mt yu tnh ca
tiu thuyt, hn na, ca vn hc, v hn c th na, ca
ngn ng, khi ng a ra khi nim tnh tng thoi
(dialogism) sau ny tr thnh nn tng trn Julia
Kristeva, Roland Barthes v Jacques Derrida xy dng
khi nim tnh lin vn bn c xem nh mt trong
nhng lun im nng ct ca hu cu trc lun. Tuy vy,
dng nh cha bao gi v khng u, tnh tng tc v
tng thoi y li ni bt nh trong th gii mng. ng
bi trn mng, qua cc thng k, ngi ta c th bit r,
1
Umberto Eco (1984), The Role of the Reader, Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, tr. 21.
2
Harold Bloom (1973), The Anxiety of Influence: Towards a
Theory of Poetry, Oxford: Oxford University Press, tr. 107-8.
rt r, v nhng ai c mnh: c bao nhiu ngi, t

nhng quc gia no; h c g v c trong bao lu, v.v
c gi cng th, h c th phn hi ngay tc khc; v
trong mt s trng hp, h c th nhn c hi m hu
nh ngay tc khc. Vi cc tc phm vn bn thm phn
(hypertext), tnh cht tng tc cn r rng v c th hn
na: c gi c th tham gia vo qu trnh to tc cu trc
v ngha ca tc phm.
Khi tnh tng tc tr thnh yu t ch o, vai tr

ca tc gi khng cn nh trc na. Cch y my chc
nm Roland Barthes d bo v "Ci cht ca tc gi".1
Chng ta nn nh, nh Michel Foucault tng nhc nh,
khi nim "tc gi" khng phi l ci g t nhin hay vnh
cu, ngc li, n ch l mt sn phm ca lch s: c
nhng giai on rt di loi ngi vn c v vn thng
thc vn hc m khng h c mt cht bn khon v s
hin hu, ng ni l bn sc, ca tc gi.2 Ci chng ta
quen gi l tc gi hin nay ch ni ln t cui thi
Trung i, gn lin vi ch ngha duy l v nim tin vo
c nhn thi Phc Hng; c hnh thnh vi chc nng
cng c ngha v to nn s thng nht trong tc phm.
Vi vic pht hin ra tnh lin vn bn, , mi tc phm
khng phi l ci g khc ngoi mt mng li an xen
chng cht cc trch dn t v s ngun khc nhau, trong
, khng c ngun no c xut x r rng v c th truy
nhn c, vai tr ca ngi c ni ln, thay th tc gi
1
Roland Barthes (1977), "The Death of the Author", in trong
tp Image, Music, Text, Stephen Heath dch v bin tp, Hill & Wang
xut bn ti New York, trang 146-148.
2
Michel Foucault (1979), "What is an Author?", in trong tp
Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-Structuralist Criticism, Josu
V. Harari bin tp, nxb Methuen, London.
254 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nhim v to nn tnh thng nht y. Thot u, khi vn

hc mng va xut hin, nhiu ngi lo lng l trin trnh
khai t tc gi m Barthes tin bo s nhanh chng tr
thnh hin thc. Trong cun Digital Fictions, Storytelling
in a Material World, Sarah Sloane cho l, trong th loi
tiu thuyt s (digital fiction), khi ngi c ng vai tr
nhn vt trung tm, tham gia v gp phn iu hng cu
chuyn, tnh n nh ca vn bn b nh mt, c tr
thnh mt cuc phiu lu qu qung trong m cung, v
hu qu l tc gi v ngha b trin hn n v tn. 1
Mi nm sau khi tc phm ca Sarah Sloane c xut
bn, tiu thuyt s vn cn kh xa l, do , kh c c s
phn on kin ca b ng hay sai. Trn thc t,
chim lnh th gii o vn l cc trang mng v blog, ,
chng ta chng kin mt s thc ngc li, ni nh
Nicholas Rombes, trong bi, S ti sinh ca tc gi, hu
nh tc gi c mt khp ni. Ngy nay tt c chng ta
u l tc gi. Tt c chng ta u l auteurs. Tt c chng
ta u l nh vn. Tt c chng ta u l nhng nh lm
phim. V tt c chng ta u l nhng nh l thuyt bi v
nhng g chng ta ang lm l thuyt ho chnh n.2
Hin tng ngi ngi tr thnh tc gi nh vy xut
pht t hai nguyn nhn chnh. Th nht, do vic xut bn
trn mng tng i d dng v nhanh chng, s lng
ngi cm bt tng vt hn ln. Trc, sau khi hon tt
mt bi th, mt truyn ngn hay mt bi ph bnh, tiu
lun, nhiu khi ngi ta phi ch i n my thng mi
thy n xut hin trn trang bo. By gi, c lc ch mt
1
Sarah Sloane (2000), Digital Fictions, Storytelling in a
Material World, Stanford: Ablex Publishing Corporation, tr. 22.
2
Nicholas Rombes, The rebirth of the author in trong
Critical Digital Studies: A Reader do Arthur Kroker v Marilouise
Kroker bin tp (2008), University of Toronto Press xut bn ti
Toronto, tr. 437.
vi ngy, thm ch, vi gi. Trong trng hp tc gi c

blog ring, vic cng b tc phm c khi ch mt vi pht.
Nhanh. Cc nhanh. S nhanh chng y chc chn gi
hng cho nhiu ngi h tip tc sng tc. Th hai,
trong th gii mng, c gi thng khng nhng c
quyn m cn c khuyn khch ln ting. Cc kin
phn hi ca h c c mt cch bnh ng nh bao
nhiu trc tc khc ca gii cm bt chuyn nghip.
mc no , c th ni h cng l nhng tc gi, hoc,
t nht, ng-tc gi (co-author).
Ti thch ch ng-tc gi y. Theo ti, khng

phi ch c c gi, bng ng thi c v, hn na, phn
hi, tham gia vo tin trnh hin thc ho cng nh to
ngha cho tc phm, tr thnh ng-tc gi. M chnh tc
gi, nhng ngi sng tc v ng du ch quyn trn tc
phm ca mnh, thc cht cng l nhng ng-tc gi. Ni
cch khc, theo ti, mi tc gi u l nhng ng-tc gi.
Khng c ngoi l. Ch cn g na? Khi tnh lin vn bn
thng tr mi vn bn, khng th c nhng nh sng to
c lp v c nht. Sng to tr thnh ng-sng to.
ng-sng to vi ai hay vi ci g? Th, trc ht, vi
ngn ng v vi cc quy c v nim v in phm
trong vn hc, v sau chng, l lch s, thi i, vn ho,
v, c bit, vi k c tp th ca c cng ng. Khi sng
to l ng-sng to, tc gi, nh mt h lun tt yu,
cng tr thnh ng-tc gi. T vn hc trn giy n vn
hc trn mng, nu tnh lin vn bn v tnh tng tc
cng gia tng th tnh ng-tc gi y li cng ni ln v
m nt. Nh vy, s khc bit ca tnh ng-tc gi gia
hai dng vn hc ch yu l mc .
256 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Nu c tc gi ln c gi u l nhng ng-tc
gi, h qu u tin l tnh chuyn nghip ca vn hc s
b thch thc nghim trng. Xa, thi tin-hin i, cng
vic vit lch nm trong tay mt tng lp c tuyn t i;
bc vo thi hin i, vi s pht trin ca k ngh in n,
bo ch v xut bn c pht trin mnh m, cng vic
vit lch dn dn c thng mi ho, v v thng mi
ho, n dn dn c chuyn nghip ho: vit vn tr
thnh mt ngh. Khi vn hc c chuyn ln mng, c s
kinh t ca dng vn hc trn giy in b lay : n khng
nhng khng xin qung co c m cng khng th bn
c. Th gii mng, cho n nay, vn l th gii... cha.
Rt him khi ngi ta chu tr tin c bt c iu g.
Thnh ra, vit li tr thnh vit chi nh ngy xa. Khng
nhun bt. Khng li tc. Vit tho mt cn ghin. Th
thi. Xu hng y, khng sm th mun, cng s dn n
hin tng gii-chuyn nghip ho (deprofessionalism)
vn hc. u cng th. Ring Vit Nam, qu trnh
gii-chuyn nghip ho y khng chng s nhanh chng
hn hn nhng ni khc. Ti sao? L do chnh l ci gi l
chuyn nghip ho trong vn hc Vit Nam ch va mi
chm, cn rt mong manh, do , rt d b dp tt. iu
, d nhin, ng bun. Nhng khng phi l tuyt vng.
Thot ra khi p lc ca thng mi v ngh nghip,
ngi cm bt cng d thot khi p lc ca d lun v
thnh kin, t , ca thi quen v truyn thng, d t tin
i vo cc cuc phiu lu v th nghim khng nhng
trong t tng m cn trong c bt php. Bit u, nh ,
vn hc c nhiu trin vng i mi hn. Nu khng, n
cng tr li vi bn cht nguyn thu ca n: mt tr chi
ngn ng v ng thi cng l mt tr chi t biu hin.
Khng nhng khi nim tc gi thay i, c khi

nim vn bn cng thay i, c bit loi vn bn in t
(electronic text; cn gi l vn bn thm phn, hypertext).
Nu vn bn theo ngha c in, trn sch in, ch yu l
mt cng trnh ngn ng vi s kt hp gia cc yu t t
vng v mt t cc yu t phi t vng, t cc du cu n
cch trnh by trn trang giy nh cch ngt dng hay cch
sp dng th vn bn trn mng c th va l mt cng
trnh ngn ng va l mt cng trnh phi ngn ng, trong
, c th c c m thanh, hnh nh, hay cc s chuyn
ng m internet c th lm c. Nu vn bn c in c
mt trung tm quy chiu r rng vi mt cu trc vng
chi da trn cch phn bc cht ch gia cc im chnh
v cc im ph, im trc v im sau th vn bn trong
mi trng in t li l mt ci g phi tm, khng c
im khi u cng nh im kt thc, gn lin vi mt
lin mng a phng v a tng, , mi mi quan h
u ht sc dn ch. Nu vn bn c in c thit k
theo mt trt t tuyn tnh (linearity), t cu th nht n
cu th nh, t u trang n cui trang, t trang trc n
trang sau th vn bn in t, ngc li, c th c tnh cht
phi tuyn tnh (nonlinearity), , ngi c c t do
chn cc im ni (link) c th chuyn sang nhng bi
vit khc cng ti, khng nht thit phi theo mt kt
cu no c nh. Cui cng, nu vn bn theo ngha c
in l ci g tnh ti, c nh, hay ni nh Jay David
Bolter, "ng lnh"1 th vn bn in t c th bin ho
lin tc tu theo cch tip cn ca mi ngi c, thm
ch, ca mi ln c. Michael Joyce cho vn bn in t
ch l biu hin ca mt th vn bn khng ngng trn
1
Dn theo David S. Mial, trong bi "Trivializing or Liberating?
The Limitation of Hypertext Theorizing" ng trn Mosaic
(Winnipeg) s thng 6.1999. (Nguyn vn cch ni ca Bolter l:
"frozen structure of the printed page".)
258 | Nguyn Hng Quc
thot v cng khng ngng gy ngc nhin mi ln n

quay tr li; l th vn bn m ngi c c th t
mnh la chn cch c; c iu, nhng s la chn y
s lm thay i hn bn cht ca nhng g hn c.1 Ni
mt cch tm tt, vn bn trn mng, dng hin i nht
ca n, hypertext, l loi vn bn phi tuyn tnh, lin vn
bn, a tm, bt nh v bt lin tc, nng tnh cht tng
tc cng nh tnh cht trnh din.2
Nhng kiu vn bn nh th, tht ra, khng phi

hon ton mi l. Trong cc vn bn c in, cc cc ch
v ph ch tht ra cng l nhng im ni c tnh cht lin
vn bn, d ch mc kh th s. Tnh cht phi tuyn
tnh v lin vn bn cng xut hin, vi nhng mc
khc nhau, trong th a-a, th siu thc, th c th, th
hnh ho cng nh truyn ngn v tiu thuyt ca James
Joyce (Ulysses, v Finnegans Wake), Julio Cortazar
(Hopscotch), George Perec (La vie: mode de emploi), Italo
Calvino (If On a Winter's Night a Traveler), Milorad Pavic
(Dictionary of the Khazars) v Jorge Luis Borges
("Library of Babel" v "Garden of Forking Paths"), v.v...
V phng din l thuyt, ngi ta cng c th bin chnh
cho loi vn bn in t vi rt nhiu im ni ngang nh
1
Michael Joyce (2003), Othermindedness, the Emergence of
Network Culture, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, tr.
132.
2
Xem Sven Birkerts (1996), The Gutenberg Elegies, the Fate of
Reading in an Electronic Age, Faber & Faber, London; George P.
Landow (bin tp) (1994), Hyper / Text / Theory, The Johns Hopkins
University Press xut bn ti Baltimore; Robert Kendall (1995),
"Writing for the New Millennium" ng trn Poets & Writers
Magazine s thng 11 & 12. 1995. Bng ting Vit c th xem thm
bi "V vn hc hypertext" ca Nguyn Minh Qun v bi "Vn hc
hypertext: phc ho v mt th loi vn hc mi" ca c Thun trn
tp ch Vit s 6 (gia nm 2000).
th bng quan nim vn bn kh tc (writerly text) ca

Roland Barthes; quan nim v tnh lin vn bn ca
Jacques Derrida cng nh cc nh gii kin to M;
quan nim v tnh lp rp (bricolage) ca Claude Lvi-
Strauss, v c quan nim v tnh tng thoi (dialogism)
trong tiu thuyt ca Mikhail Bakhtin, v.v...1
Khng mi l, nhng r rng l trong mi trng

mng, nhng c im y tr thnh nhng c trng
ch o. Nhng khi tnh phi tuyn tnh v tnh lin vn
bn tr thnh nhng c trng ch o, yu t b e do
u tin l g? Theo ti, khng chng s l tnh t s
(narrative). Vn hc, t bn cht, c tnh t s. Trc ht,
vn hc, khi thu c tnh truyn khu, l mt ngh thut
thi gian: n bt u mt thi im nht nh v kt thc
mt thi im nht nh khc. Sau, vi k thut in, hin
hnh trn trang giy, bn cnh thi gian, vn hc c thm
mt kch thc mi: khng gian. Tuy nhin, kch thc
khng gian d sao vn ch l ph thuc, do , tnh t s
vn ng vai tr quan trng trong vn hc. T trang sch
ln mn nh my vi tnh, t vic c c tng trang, tng
trang, ht trang ny n trang khc n vic c th c
nhy lc cc theo tng im ni c khi hon ton ngu
nhin, tnh t s cng tr nn m nht. D nhin khng
mt hn. N ch m nht thi. M nht v bin dng. M
1
Xem bi "Virtual transformations: the evolution of publication
media" ca Kenneth Arnold ng trn Library Trends, Spring 1995;
"Cybernetic esthetics, hypertext and the future of literature" ca Molly
Abel Travis ng trn Mosaic (Winnipeg), 12.1996; "The state of the
art (novelists and novel writing) ca John Barth ng trn The Wilson
Quarterly, vol. 20, 03.01.1996; "Nonce Upon some times: rereading
hypertext fiction" ca Michael Joyce, ng trn Modern Fiction
Studies 43.3 (1997); "Trivializing or Liberating? The Limitation of
Hypertext Theorizing" ca David S. Mial, ng trn Mosaic
(Winnipeg) s thng 6.1999.
260 | Nguyn Hng Quc
nht dn n bin dng. Theo ti, c s m nht ln s

bin dng y u dn n s ln ngi ca cc th loi phi
t s (non-narrative), trong , khng chng ng k nht
l tu bt v c bit, l lun v ph bnh. Trong loi hnh
t s, c l u th s thuc v truyn cc ngn v truyn
(c truyn di ln truyn ngn) c vit theo phong cch
hu hin i, , tnh t s b t thnh nghi vn v
khng cn l c s chnh xy dng cu trc tc phm
na. thc v s suy thoi ca tnh t s, d mun hay
khng, cng cng c th php siu h cu (metafiction),
mt th truyn trn truyn hay truyn v truyn, , tc
gi t vn ngay v chnh ci vit v n lc h cu ho
ca mnh. Siu h cu, cng nh phn t s nhc trn,
cng u l nhng nguyn tc ln ca ch ngha hu hin
i.
C th ni, t gc l thuyt cng nh t gc

thc tin sng tc, hnh thc vn bn trn mng va l mt
qu trnh tin ho li va l mt cuc cch mng ca nn
vn hc hu hin i. L mt s tin ho, vn hc trn
mng, trn nguyn tc, vn l nhng vn bn mang tnh
vn hc, l nhng vn bn vn hc. L mt cuc cch
mng, vn hc trn mng khng nhng lm thay i quan
h gia c gi vi vn bn hay quan h gia tc gi vi
vn bn, gia tc gi vi c gi, m cn c kh nng lm
o ln mi in phm, mi m thc v mi c l vn
hc hin c, hay ni nh George Landow, n lt mi
ng cp trong v th v quyn lc ca vn hc truyn
thng.1 Quan trng nht, n c kh nng lm thay i cch

chng ta c cng nh cch chng ta vit.
Ngha l, ni mt cch tm tt, n s dn dn lm

thay i ton b nhng g chng ta gi l vn hc.
1
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BNG TRA CU
(Tc gi v khi nim)
Adam, Barbara............51, 262 Bartck, Craig...................183

Albert-Birot, Pierre...........182 bt kh c (unreadability)232
Altshuler, Bruce........191, 262 bt kh quyt (undecidability)
Anderson, Benedict......64, 97, ......................................232
104, 262 Bataille, Georges...............130
Apollinaire, Guillaume.....182, Baudelaire, Charles...........212
207, 212 Baudrillard, Jean. .16, 52, 120,
Appadurai, Arjun..19, 64, 107, 126, 130, 151, 154, 155,
262 156, 157, 158, 159, 161,
Aquinas, Thomas...............209 162, 163, 240, 242, 262,
Aristotle.............................209 265, 268, 269
Arp, Jean...........................182 Bauman, Zugmunt....133, 134,
Artaud, Antonin.................130 135, 262
Ashbery, John....................182 Beethoven, Ludwig van....183
Aug, Marc..................52, 262 Berger, Peter L............11, 262
Augustine..........................209 Bertens, Hans.. .130, 172, 192,
Bach, Johann Sebastian.....183 262
Bacon, Francis...................212 Bertolucci, Bernado.............20
Bakhtin (Mikhail)................84 Best, Steven......127, 161, 193,
Bakhtin, Michail.....82, 83, 84, 194, 263
85, 86, 106, 164, 229, 252, Bhabha, Homi. .66, 79, 87, 88,
262, 270 104, 107, 112, 263
Bakhtin, Mikhail.........84, 259 Bnh Nguyn Lc................93
bn th lun (ontology)......88, Birkerts, Sven............258, 263
172, 204, 225 Bloom, Harold...140, 252, 263
Bann, Stephen...................181 Bogue, Ronald.......56, 57, 263
Barth, John........128, 220, 259 Bolter, David.....................257
Barthelme, Donald............206 Bolter, Jay David...............257
Barthes, John.....................120 Borges, Jorge Luis.............258
Barthes, Roland 128, 129, 130, Borso, Vittoria...............78, 88
143, 162, 252, 253, 254, Brahms, Johannes..............183
259, 262 Bremond, Claude...............143
272 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Breton, Andr....199, 207, 212 ch ngha a nguyn..........212

Brod, Max...........................58 ch ngha a vn ho
Browning, Christopher......134 (multiculturalism)..48, 116,
Buell, Frederick.................115 129
Bi Ging....................75, 250 ch ngha a phng
bc ngot ngn ng hc (localism)..................48, 91
(linguistic turn).............164 ch ngha duy dng vt
bc ngot t s (narrative (phallogocentrism)........165
turn)..............................143 ch ngha duy khoa hc.....206
Burger, Peter.....190, 191, 263 ch ngha duy l (rationalism)
Cage, John.................183, 229 ......................................148
ci biu t (signifier) 70, 139, ch ngha duy tm.............147
140, 154, 155 ch ngha hu hin i
ci cao c...173, 208, 209, 230 (postmodernism)....7, 8, 43,
ci p 89, 170, 185, 208, 209, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 114,
229 118, 119, 120, 121, 122,
ci c biu t (signified) 124, 125, 126, 127, 128,
................70, 139, 140, 155 130, 136, 151, 154, 164,
ci Khc (Otherness)....38, 39, 168, 169, 171, 172, 177,
40, 43, 56, 87 178, 179, 187, 191, 192,
ci tham chiu (referent). .154, 193, 194, 201, 204, 208,
157 212, 213, 214, 216, 217,
ci thc thm phn (hyperreal) 218, 220, 222, 223, 225,
..............157, 158, 160, 163 226, 227, 228, 229, 260
ci ti.................................244 ch ngha hin i. .43, 44, 45,
Calvino, Italo.....................258 46, 47, 49, 126, 135, 163,
Castell, Manuel...........15, 263 166, 169, 171, 172, 178,
Cattell, Maria G...........65, 263 179, 180, 184, 185, 187,
cu pht ho (grobalization)22 191, 202, 214, 215, 216,
cu trc lun.....139, 143, 145, 220, 222, 225, 226, 228,
161, 162, 164 251
Ch Lan Vin................74, 94 ch ngha hin thc. .123, 139,
ch ngha bit l (separatism) 162, 163, 167, 180, 194,
......................................105 236
ch ngha biu hin ch ngha hoi nghi
(expressionism)............180 (scepticism)..................138
ch ngha c in..............171 ch ngha hon v
ch ngha cng sn.......19, 64, (cosmopolitanism)..........48
102, 166, 167 ch ngha lng mn. .171, 180,
ch ngha a a..181, 185, 187 196, 236
ch ngha lp th...............180 Cortazar, Julio...................258

ch ngha ngoi l Crosby, Harry....................182
(exceptionalism)...........105 Culler, Jonathan.........165, 263
ch ngha quc gia Currie, Mark..............143, 264
(nationalism)..97, 104, 105, D i (nhm)...................208
170 Da Mu..................30, 70, 248
ch ngha siu thc...123, 181, d th (fauvism)..................33
185, 206, 208 Dasgupta, Samir..........11, 264
ch ngha tn t do DeAk, Edit.........................204
(neoliberalism)................47 Deleuze, Gilles. 18, 53, 54, 55,
ch ngha thiu t 56, 57, 58, 68, 128, 151,
(minimalism)................136 263, 264
ch ngha thc dn. 10, 20, 80, Denning, Michael....8, 11, 264
87, 88, 136 Derrida, Jacques.......107, 122,
ch ngha tin v (avant- 128, 129, 130, 140, 141,
gardism)...2, 177, 178, 179, 162, 164, 225, 229, 252,
184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 259, 263, 264, 266
189, 191, 192, 199, 201, Descartes, Ren 101, 133, 162,
206, 207, 210, 211, 214, 209, 212, 249
221 d hnh ngn (heteroglossia)
ch ngha ton tr.........20, 215 ........................................83
ch ngha t nhin.............180 dch vn ho (cultural
ch ngha tng trng......123, translation)............107, 108
180 din ngn hu-chn thng
ch ngha v lai. 179, 180, 184, (post-traumatic discourse)
206 ......................................135
ch ngha yu nc hin nh din ngn k c (memory
(constitutional patriotism) discourse)........................64
......................................105 din ngn nh trng thanh
Clausewitz, Carl von.........158 (double-voiced discourse)
Climo, Jacob J.............65, 263 ........................................83
c mu (archetype)..............58 din ngn thc dn lun
Cohan, A.S................234, 263 (colonial discourse)........81
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. 199 Dirlik, Arif...........49, 122, 264
Collingwood, R.G.............199 Dostoevsky, Fyodor..........197
cng ng tng tng D n Gutenberg...............246
(imagined community). .64, Duchamp, Marcel.....183, 184,
97, 104 186, 187, 200, 231
Connor, Steve............172, 263 Dng Thu Hng..............69
Coover, Robert..........244, 245 Dng Tng......................74
274 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Durkheim, mile...............133 gii kin to (deconstruction)

Eaglestone, Robert.. .134, 136, ...43, 44, 47, 127, 128, 129,
264 131, 139, 141, 162, 164,
Eco, Umberto.. .121, 201, 252, 165, 193, 217, 220, 259
264 gii lnh th ho
Einstein, Albert.................206 (deterritorialization)...3, 13,
el-Khoury, Rodolphe...39, 267 18, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
Eliot, T.S...........................202 58, 59, 60, 63, 67, 69, 72,
Engels, Friedrich...........19, 20 76, 78, 107, 117, 224, 225,
Faulkner, William.............182 248, 251
Featherstone, Mike...118, 127, gii lch s (dehistoricization)
152, 264 ......................................219
Felluga, Dino.....................203 gii ngoi bin ho
Fiedler, Leslie....................128 (demarginalization) 34, 225
Flaubert, Gustave..............130 gii phn cp
Foster, Hal.........136, 208, 265 (dehierarchization)..........89
Foucault, Michel......122, 128, gii quc gia
129, 130, 141, 142, 162, (denationalization)..19, 224
165, 204, 253, 265 gii quc gia ho
Fox, Richard G..........107, 265 (denationalization)........224
Freud, Sigmund. .56, 141, 153, gii thc dn ho
206 (decolonialization)........225
Fukuyama, Francis......25, 265 gii truyn thng
gch ni ho (hyphenization) (detraditionalization)....109
......................................225 gii vt cht ho
Garca Canclini, Nstor50, 81, (dematerialized)..............14
87, 88, 90, 263 gii thc h (deideologized)
Genette, Grald.................143 ........................................25
Geyer, Dona................11, 268 gii-cao c ho
gii lnh th ho (desublimation).............180
(deterritorialization)........50 gii-chuyn nghip ho
gii ng cp ho (deprofessionalism)......256
(dehierarchization)........225 gii-ng cp ho
gii in phm ho (dehierarchization)........193
(decanonization).............89 gii-thm m ho (de-
gii hoc (demystification) aestheticization)............180
......................165, 193, 225 Giddens, Anthony 15, 52, 133,
gii huyn thoi 265
(demythification)..........227 giu nhi (parody)....192, 202,
gii khu bit ho........193, 219 203, 216, 222
Gilles, Anthony18, 52, 53, 128 hu-l thuyt (post-theory)124

Greimas, Algirdas Julien...143 Havelock, Eric...................244
Grenz, Stanley J.133, 142, 265 h hnh vn ho (cultural
Guattari, Flix. .18, 53, 54, 55, paradigm)......................127
56, 57, 58, 68, 128, 151, Hegarty, Paul....154, 161, 163,
264 265
Habermas, Jurgen.....105, 148, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm
264 Friedrich.......................149
Hart, Michael.....................246 Heidegger, Martin 15, 16, 129,
Hartman, Geoffrey....140, 263 130, 138, 141, 265
Harvey, David.......15, 52, 265 Heidermann, Frank..79, 82, 88
Hassan, Ihab..............120, 187 Held, David.................12, 266
hu cu trc lun hnh thc lun (Formalism)
(poststructuralism)...44, 47, ......................................139
127, 128, 129, 130, 131, H Ch Minh.....................217
137, 139, 141, 144, 145, H Xun Hng............46, 59
161, 164, 217, 252 Hoi Thanh.26, 27, 40, 73, 74,
hu hin i. .2, 3, 7, 8, 31, 43, 94, 266
44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 57, Hong Cm..........................74
61, 63, 80, 81, 89, 113, Hong Hng........................74
114, 115, 116, 117, 118, Hong Ngc Hin................44
123, 124, 125, 126, 127, Hong Ngc-Tun20, 44, 116,
129, 131, 135, 136, 137, 157, 183, 199, 200, 206,
140, 142, 144, 146, 151, 266
152, 153, 154, 157, 161, Hoffmann, Gerhard...203, 204
163, 164, 165, 166, 168, Holton, Robert J..........11, 266
169, 171, 172, 173, 177, Hugo, Victor......................101
178, 179, 187, 190, 191, Huidobro, Vicente.............199
194, 201, 202, 203, 205, Huntington, Samuel......11, 25,
206, 208, 211, 212, 213, 262, 266
214, 215, 216, 217, 218, Husserl, Edmund...............141
219, 220, 221, 222, 223, Hutcheon, Linda.......120, 124,
224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 125, 191, 192, 202, 203,
230, 231, 232, 242, 260, 266
266 Huy Cn................73, 74, 250
hu quc gia (postnational) 26, Huy c..............................76
104, 105 Huyssen, Andreas64, 129, 194
hu thc dn (postcolonial) 43, Hyvanrinen, Matti.............145
46, 80, 81, 86, 87, 100, Inda, Jonathan Xavier...16, 18,
103, 129 266
276 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Irigaray, Luce....................162 Lacan, Jacques....56, 128, 162,

James, Henry.....................258 165
Jameson, Fredric. .19, 48, 120, LaCapra, Dominick...........135
126, 127, 130, 151, 152, lai ging (mongrelization)..29,
153, 154, 266 68, 79, 91
Jencks, Charles..136, 151, 266 Landow, George........260, 261
Joyce, James.....130, 182, 202, Landow, George P....243, 258,
212, 257, 258, 259, 266 267
Kafka, Franz.....18, 53, 54, 57, lng ton cu (global village)
58, 264 ............................47, 48, 51
Kant, Immanuel162, 208, 209, lp th..........33, 183, 206, 222
210, 266 Laporte, Dominique....39, 267
Kellner, Douglas......127, 161, Lash, Scott127, 152, 153, 172,
193, 194, 263 267
Kelly, Kevin......................246 Lautramont, Comte de.....130
Kernan, Alvin............244, 266 L t..................................74
Khai sng (phong tro).......47, L Ngc Tr................93, 267
132, 138, 147, 149, 179, L Phng Hiu...................215
209 Lenin.................................101
Khnh Trng...................247 Levenson, Michael....187, 267
Kharms, Daniil..................204 Levi-Strauss, Claude.........165
Kh Im.............................247 Lvi-Strauss, Claude.........259
Khng T..........................197 lin c nhn (interpersonal). 14
khu bit ho 10, 114, 133, 139, lin ngn ng (interlingual)
172, 191, 201, 219, 225 ......................................108
Kiely, Ray...................11, 264 lin vn bn.......................258
Kien Nghi Ha............114, 115 lin vn bn (intertext)...5, 32,
Kostelanetz, Richard 178, 182, 33, 129, 140, 141, 151,
190, 266 164, 201, 219, 223, 252,
Kraidy, Marwan M.....90, 103, 253, 255, 259
114, 267 lin vn ho (intercultural). 89,
Kristeva, Julia....130, 162, 252 108
Kwon, Heonik.....................23 Liu, Jeeloo.........................132
k c tp th (collective Longinus............................209
memory)....32, 64, 65, 104, Lu Trng L....................196
113, 223, 255 L Thi Tng.....................215
k-vn ho (technoculture)127 l tr cng c (instrumental
l ho (defamiliarization). 180, rationality)....................135
189 l tr ph phn (critical reason)
......................................135
Lyotard, Jean-Francois.....126, Morawski, Stefan......121, 268

127, 128, 130, 142, 146, Mou, Bo.....................132, 268
147, 148, 149, 150, 151, m ch s (digital illiteracy)
152, 153, 169, 173, 174, ......................................250
176, 178, 191, 193, 194, Muller, Jan-Werner...........105
195, 199, 203, 208, 213, Munoz-Calvo, Micaela.....107,
221, 229, 267, 269 268
m din dch (interpretive Murphy, Richard......180, 194,
code).............................122 208, 268
MacIntyre, Alasdair...144, 267 Mwangi, Evan.....................87
Magritte, Ren Franois- m hc ca cm gic
Ghislain................130, 202 (aesthetics of sensation)153
Mai Tho...........................247 m hc ca s din dch
Mallarm, Stphane...130, 182 (aesthetics of
Man, Paul de.......35, 140, 241, interpretation)...............153
263, 268 m hc ca tc (aesthetics
Manet, Edouard.................202 of speed)...............179, 206
mng ho.......3, 185, 234, 247 Nam Cao............................220
Mann, Thomas...................202 Newman, Charle................120
Margolis, Joseph...............229 ngh thut hn lm (academic
Marie Sn............................42 art)................................190
Martin, Wallace....15, 16, 129, ngh thut suy i (decadent
143, 265, 267 art)................................190
Martinelli, Alberto.43, 47, 267 ngh thut nim (conceptual
Marx, Karl......19, 20, 70, 133, art)................184, 187, 214
206, 224 ngoi bin ho (marginalized)
Maspro, Henry...................93 ......................................251
McEvilley, Thomas. .184, 200, Ngn tm lun (logocentrism)
267 ......................................165
McGrew, Anthony.......12, 266 Nguyn Bnh...............28, 250
McGuigan, Jim..........135, 267 Nguyn Bnh Khim.........101
McHale, Brian. .120, 172, 178, Nguyn Cng Tr........59, 205
204, 268 Nguyn ng Thng.......153
McLuhan, Marshall......47, 51, Nguyn nh Chnh..........110
154, 162, 181, 241 Nguyn Du..................60, 250
Merrill, John Bryce...........145 Nguyn Gia Thiu...............59
Meyrink, Gustav..................58 Nguyn Ho........................45
Miller, J. Hillis..........140, 263 Nguyn Hong Nam..........206
M Ming....................70, 110 nguyn hp (syncretic)62, 101
Modood, Tariq.......80, 86, 270 Nguyn Hu Ngha...........247
278 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Nguyn Huy Thip.......91, 92, Phm c Dng........92, 268

114, 268 Phm Th Hoi35, 41, 42, 123,
Nguyn Khi.......................74 268
Nguyn Minh Chu...167, 268 Phm Xun Nguyn..........167
Nguyn Minh Qun...........258 Phan Bi Chu.............99, 100
Nguyn Mng Gic...........247 Phan Chu Trinh.................99
Nguyn Ngc......................76 Phan an.............................74
Nguyn Nhc Php...........40 Phan Khi....................99, 195
Nguyn Quang Thiu..........40 phn mnh ho
Nguyn Quc Chnh.....70, 72 (fragmentation)...............48
Nguyn Trung Hi............247 Phan Ngc...................92, 268
Nguyn Tun.....................167 phn th...............40, 199, 206
Nguyn Tun......42, 167, 168, phn tr thc......119, 199, 226
169 phn yu tnh lun (anti-
Nguyn Vn Vnh...............40 essentialism)...................63
Nguyn Xun Hong.........247 phn- ng cp..................130
nhi (pastiche)...................153 phn-biu hin (anti-
nhn thc lun (epistemology) presentationalism)156, 204,
. 81, 88, 127, 129, 145, 146, 207
172, 204, 227 phn-duy bn lun (anti-
Nhn Vn - Giai Phm........69 foundationalism)...128, 227
Nhn Vn Giai Phm.....166 phn-thm m (anti-
nht th ho (homogenization) aesthetics).....................208
. .18, 22, 23, 25, 47, 48, 103 phn-thm quyn (anti-
Nietzsche, Friedrich. 118, 130, authoritarianism)..........207
137, 138, 141, 227, 228, phn-truyn thng (anti-
268 tradition).......................185
Ning, Wang...............121, 122 phn-vn chng (anti-
Novikov, Vladimir............120 literature)..............199, 200
n quyn lun....129, 162, 165 Ph bnh Mi (New Criticism)
Ohmae, Kenichi...........47, 268 ......................................139
Osterhammel, Jurgen...11, 268 Phelan, James....................145
Papastergiadis, Nilos...........78 phi hnh th (non-figurative)
Papstergiadis, Nikos....79, 268 ................................33, 183
Parra, Nicanor...........199, 200 phi tm ho (decentering)...48,
Pascal, Blaise.............113, 133 49, 89, 141, 190, 222, 225,
Pasteur, Louis....................101 248, 251
Pavic, Milorad...................258 phi tr tnh (non-locality). .240
Perec, George....................258 phi cnh lun (perspecti
Peterson, Niels P.........11, 268 vism).............................227
Picasso, Pablo....................202 Scheppele, Kim Lane........105

Pieterse, Jan Nederveen.....91, Schoenberg, Arnold...........183
102, 103, 268 Scholte, Jan Aart.. .12, 13, 269
Plato...........................209, 244 Shakespeare.......................101
Plotinus..............................209 Sheffer, Gabriel...........61, 269
Polan, Dana...........48, 53, 264 siu h cu (metafiction)..147,
Pollock, Jackson................183 171, 202, 216, 260
Poster, Mark.....137, 240, 268, siu ngn ng (metalanguage)
269 ......................................147
Proust, Marcel...................130 siu ph bnh (metacriticism)
Pushkin, Alexander...........197 ......................................147
Pythagore...........................209 siu thc (surrealism). 33, 181,
quy phm (normative). .54, 58, 207, 222, 258
148 siu t s (metanarrative).115,
Raffin, Anne......................102 142, 147, 148, 149, 150,
Ritzer, George. .16, 19, 21, 22, 151, 152, 164, 165, 167,
23, 25, 53, 269 168, 169, 177, 191, 206,
Roberton, Robbie........11, 269 213, 216, 217
Roberts, Graham.......203, 204 Siu t s (metanarrative) 142,
Robertson, Rolan.........25, 269 217
Rodchenko, Alexander......183 Sim, Stuart.124, 149, 202, 269
Rodopi, Amsterdam. 184, 206, Skocpol, Theda..234, 235, 269
266, 268 Sloane (Sarah)...........254, 269
Rombes, Nicholas.............254 s ho (digitalization).11, 244,
Rorty, Richard...................130 245, 246
Rosaldo, Renato16, 18, 80, 81, Sontag, Susan...128, 153, 223,
266 229, 270
Rushdie, Salman..........68, 108 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty
Russell, Charles.........186, 269 ..............................140, 264
Russolo, Luigi...................183 Stravinsky, Igor.................183
Ryan, Marie-Laure............146 ti lnh th ho
sch in t (ebook). .245, 246 (reterritorialization). 18, 58,
Said, Edward.........86, 90, 269 63
Sandler, Irving...........204, 269 Talawas....30, 42, 70, 93, 104,
Sartre, Jean-Paul.96, 199, 205, 246, 249
220 Tn ...............................250
Sasen, Saskia.......................47 Taylor, Victor E.128, 199, 270
Sassen, Saskia.......19, 47, 269 Thanh Tm Ti Nhn..........60
Saussure, Ferdinand de.......86, Thanh Tm Tuyn.........40, 75
139, 140, 141, 155, 164 th loi vn hc.................258
280 | Nguyn Hng Quc
Th L.........................94, 196 tnh lin lp (interdependence)

th v..................................242 ..................................10, 12
th v (simulations).....52, 151, tnh phn mnh
153, 155, 156, 157, 158, (fragmentation).............181
160, 161, 230 tnh phi vt th (immateriality)
thi php hc.......................172 ..............................248, 251
thit ch ho tnh tc gi (authorship)....244
(institutionalization)....191, tnh th lun (situationalism)
214 ......................................227
thiu t (minimalism)........187 tnh tnh l (provincialism)..89
Th Mi....26, 28, 40, 94, 195 Tnh tc th (immediacy).....53
th th gic (visual poetry) 180 tnh tng thoi (dialogism)
Th kh in t Wright ........84, 164, 222, 252, 259
American Fiction..........246 tnh vn hc.......................260
th li ho (bureaucratization) T ng Pha.....................217
......................................179 T Thu Yn.......................75
th vin hon v................246 ton cu ho..3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
thc ti o (virtual reality)...16 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20,
thuyt d th (heterogeneity) 22, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30, 31,
..................................18, 23 32, 33, 34, 37, 43, 44, 46,
thuyt lch pha (queer theory) 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,
......................................129 62, 64, 65, 78, 80, 81, 89,
Tin V.....29, 30, 33, 70, 105, 103, 104, 105, 107, 109,
110, 123, 178, 198, 199, 111, 115, 116, 117, 123,
206, 247, 248, 249 131, 216, 239
tiu thuyt s (digital fiction) Todd, Olivier.....................242
......................................254 Todorov, Tzvetan..............143
tnh bt nh (undecidability) Tolstoy...............................197
......................................141 Tomlinson, John. 9, 13, 16, 21,
tnh bt lin tc (discontinuity) 51, 52, 53, 270
......................................181 Tn Dt Tin.....................101
tnh b lc (tribalism). .89, 111 Toro, Alfonso de....79, 81, 82,
tnh c tuyn (elitism).....130, 88, 100
133, 191 Trn Dn..............................74
tnh kh tc (writerly)........129 Trn Mnh Ho...................40
tnh khu bit (differentiation) Trn T Xng....................59
................................42, 172 Tsing, Anna.........................16
tnh lin kt T Lc vn on.........98, 195
(interconnectedness).11, 12 t quy chiu (self-
referentiality)........139, 202
T s hc (narratology).....143 Waters, Malcolm 7, 12, 13, 14,

t s lu vong (diasporic 31
narrative)........................63 Weber, Max.......133, 135, 183
t tr ho (autonomization)139 Werbner, Pnina80, 85, 86, 270
tu t ca quyn lc (rhetoric Westermann, Gesa.............100
of power)......................133 Wilde, Alan.......................120
T Xng..........................250 Williams, Raymond.............30
Tudor, David.....................183 Wilson, Edmund................259
tng din (interplay)..........43 Winquist, Charles E.. 128, 270
tng tng tp th (collective Wittgenstein, Ludwig 138, 204
imagination).....64, 97, 104, Xun Diu...............40, 73, 94
113, 229 Xun Sch...........................73
Tuy L Vng.....................59 Xun Thu Nh Tp....196, 208
Tzara, Tristan....181, 199, 212 xuyn lc a
vn bn thm phn (hypertext) (transcontinental)............10
..............................253, 257 xuyn phm tr (cross-
vn ho k t.....................243 catergory)................89, 112
vn ho k c (culture of xuyn quc gia. 10, 11, 12, 30,
memory).........................64 32, 48, 62, 113, 250
vn ho th gic....44, 51, 164, xuyn sc tc (transethnic)..62
166, 188 xuyn vn ho (transcultural)
vn ho tiu th......29, 32, 44, ..........................81, 89, 115
127, 131, 164, 166, 188 yu tnh lun (essentialism)87,
vn ho tr thc....................36 128, 227
vn ho truyn khu..........243 Young, Robert.......82, 85, 270
vn hc nh/ph (minor Zachary, Pascal.................113
literature).....53, 54, 55, 59, Zhang, Xudong..........122, 264
68, 72, 74, 76 Zima, Peter V....................125
vn hc trung i...............243 n tng (impressionism)...27,
Vattimo, Gianni.................124 33, 40, 109, 229
v lai (futurism) 183, 184, 197, a vn ho (multiculturalism)
207, 222 ..................................67, 89
Vice, Sue.....................84, 270 a-a..................................258
vin thng ho a-a (dadaism)...................33
(telemediatization)..........17 i hc thm phn
Vinci, Leonardo da............184 (hyperuniversity)..........240
Virilio, Paul.......153, 154, 270 i l thuyt (grand theory)
V Phin..............................98 ......................................124
Voltaire..............................209
Waldberg, Patrick......207, 270
282 | Nguyn Hng Quc
i t s (grand narrative)..47,
49, 117, 142, 147, 148,
151, 161, 166, 215
ng nh Hng.................74
ng Hin.........................247
ng Thai Mai............99, 264
ng Thn.........................110
in phm..........................260
in phm (canon)..26, 54, 87,
89, 117, 138, 164, 169,
170, 171, 219, 255
on Cm Thi...................110
c vn ho (monoculture).90,
115, 116
i m hc (counter-
aesthetics).......................76
i t s (counter-narrative)
..................................76, 87
i vn ho (counter-culture)
........................................76
i-thi ca (counter-poetry) 110
i-thng tin (counter-
information)..................241
i-t s (counter-narrative)
......................................215
i-vn ho (counter-culture)
..............................215, 227
ng-tc gi (co-author)...255,
256
-gia (in-between)62, 66, 88,
109, 112

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Nguyn Hng Quc

Mt trong nhng nhim v hng u ca ph bnh

ngha hu hin i, cha c yu t no c gii cm bt

Sau khi nhn din nm c im y, ti phn vn

thuyt v nghin cu, khng thiu cht th v khng thiu

Trong mt mt nn vn hc c truyn thng

Nhng c im ca thi gian ca con ngi l:

Khng bao gi ti.

Mt trong nhng hin tng ni bt nht trn th

ch ngha hu hin i v ton cu ho c t nht mt im

Vng, khng ai c th thot khi nh hng ca

th mi m ngi trc my vi tnh trong mt tim internet

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qun i chinh pht cc nc lng ging, cc thng bun

Mt cuc ton cu ho thc s ch ny sinh t u

Cc hot ng mu dch xuyn lc a ny c

(interdependence) v tnh lin kt (interconnectedness) ca

C mt lch s di v bao trm ln nhiu lnh vc

di hnh thc s nhiu nh vy, mt nh ngha duy nht

Lin quan n ton cu ho, ngi ta khng nhng

ngi cng chia s (v d vn dn ch, nhn quyn hay

Theo ti, c th ni mt cch khi qut: Mt ni

M u cun Globalization and Culture, John

tng (symbolic exchanges) qua cc phng tin nh i

i xa hn, Waters cho mi kch thc ca ton cu

Nhng kin ny, tht ra, khng khc nhau nhiu

s thay i hn. ng vit: Tt c cc khong cch trong

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cng khng th hnh dung ra n v tr no trn bn th

Nhiu ngi cho xu hng vin thng ho

Mt trong nhng thay i quan trng na l s

Liu nhng nn vn ho gii lnh th ho y c

tin ton cu ho lm cho cc yu t mi v c trn ln vo

Tuy nhin, d theo quan im no th hu nh ai

Trc kia, Karl Marx v Friedrich Engels cng tin

hc th gii y, c l s khng c, hoc nu c, c rt

Marx v Engels k th chu, sau ny, cc nh

vn bn ting Anh: The intellectual creations of individual nations

ho.1 Mt s khuyt im vn gn lin vi loi thc n

C tng tng ci cnh: t chu n chu u,

Trc ht, cn lu : Ritzer phn bit hai phong

g c iu khin mt cch my mc, thiu hn nhng

chun ho mt cch my mc, u cng ging nhau,

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thc t, nh cc nh nhn chng hc chng minh, bn

nc thuc ng u ni ln, phong tro khng b khng

Vin nh nht th ho c th s khng xy ra. C

thay i: n c th ho nhng ci ph qut v ph qut

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Cn vn hc Vit Nam th sao?

Nh, khi tm hiu nguyn nhn dn n phong tro

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ngi Vit Nam m cn vi loi ngi ni chung. C

Vn ho v vn hc Vit Nam nht nh s thay