Introduction

ENCE 710 Following subjects are covered:

Design
g of Steel Structures Pure torsion
Shear center
Torsional differential equation
VII. Chapter 8 - Torsion Torsional stresses

C. C. Fu, Ph.D., P.E. Analogy between torsion and plane bending

Civil and Environmental Engineering Department Open vs closed thin

thin-wall
wall sections
University of Maryland Reading:
Chapters 8 of Salmon & Johnson
AISC Design Guide 9 Torsional Analysis of
Structural Steel Members 2

Torsion off a Prismatic Shaft

f Torsion of Homogeneous Sections
d d For Circular Section w/diameter t
T = r2 GdA = GJ = GJ '
A
dz dz J = polar moment of inertia = t4/32
t = 16 T/t3 (S & J 8.2.8)
8 2 8)
(S & J 8.2.5)
For rectangular section w/thickness t
d Tr
d t = T t/J (S & J 8.2.11)
8 2 11)
t = G = Gr =

dz J where torsional constant

J = K2bt3 (S & J 8.2.13)
(S & J 8.2.6)
8 2 6) K2 (S & J Table 8.2.1)

For I-shaped,
p Channel, and Tee Section
J = 1/3 bt3 (S & J 8.2.14)

3 4
 Stresses on Thin-wall
Thin wall Open
Torsion of a Rectangular Section
Sections in Bending

Shear Center forces

acting through the
shear center will cause
no torsional stresses

(t )rds = 0
o
(S & J 8.4.1)
n
V y x0 Vx y 0 = (t )rds = 0 (S & J 8.4.2)
5 o 6

Shear Center Channel off Example 8.4.1

a. Y-axis let Vy = 0
n
1 (S & J 8.4.3)
8 4 3)
Vx o
y0 = (t )rds

Vx s s

t = xy
I ytds I x xtds
I x I y I xy
2
o o

b. X-axis let Vx = 0
n
1 (S & J 8.4.4)
V y o
xo = (t ) rds

Vy s s

t = I y ytds I xy xtds
I x I y I xy 2 o
o See handout for both (a) Force method and (b) Numerical method
7 8
 Torsion and Warping of an II-
Common Torsional Loadings
shaped Section

9 10

Solution to the Torsional

Differential Equation Torsional Stresses
Pure Torsion (Resisting moment of an unrestrained cross section)
Torsional Stresses

Warping Torsion (Resisting moment of a restrained cross section)

Total Torsional Resisting Moment Pure Torsional Shear Stresses t = Gt
M=GJ "
E Cw
Solution to the differential Equation Warping Shear Stresses ws = - ESws"' /t
a. homogeneous solution n = A emz
b. Particular solution Warping Normal Stresses ws = EWns"
n = A sinh
i h z
+ B coshh z
+C
Torsional Properties

p = C1 + C2z + C3z2 + . . . . . .
Loading Condition J = Torsional Constant (in4)
Constant
Uniformly distributed Cw = Warping Constant (in6)
Linearly varying
Boundary Conditions Wns = normalized warping function at pt. S (in2)
=0 No rotation Pinned or fixed end

Sws = Warping statical moment (in4)

= 0 Section cannot warp Fixed end
" = 0 Section can warp freely Pinned or free end Q = Statical moment (in3)
11 12
 Direction and Distribution of
Torsional Case of Example 8.5.1
Shear Stress in I-shaped Sections
Case of Example 8.5.1.
Concentrated torsional
moment at midspan;
torsionally simply supported

Vw = (V
( fQf )/(I
)/( ftf ) (
(S&J 8.5.17))
Qf = btf/2(b/4)

13 14

Warping off Cross-section Data for

f Example 8.5.2

15 16
 Analogy between Flexure and
Torsion

17 18

Comparison of lateral shear on flange due to

p g torsion with that from simple
warping p lateral
flexure analogy. Conditions for
f Example 8.8.1

19 20
Mf variation for concentrated Shear Flow in a Closed Thin Wall
torsional moment T Section

t (shear flow) is
constant with walls
assumed thin.

21 22

Forces on a Cut Thin-wall Section Sections for

f Example 8.10.1

T = GJ (S&J 8.2.5)
J = 4A2/s ds/t (S&J 8.10.12)
8 10 12)

23 24