Discussion

In the experiment part 2.1, we are using a 2N3904 transistor to determine the value. The
2N3904 transistor is used for general purpose low frequency voltage amplifying or switching
applications. It is designed for low current and power, medium voltage. It can operate at
moderately high speeds. Usually, the value for the 2N3904 transistor is in the range from 100
to 300. From the experiment, the value that determined by our group is 140.05. At the same
time, the value determined by the others groups is 139.3 and 147.25. Therefore, it is valid to
state that the value is in the range from 100 to 300. The variation is due to the different value
obtained for IB and IC for every group because the resistor that is being used by different group
have different resistance value.

For the experiment 2.2, we have to measure and calculate the measurement of the voltage
divider configuration and compare the measured values and the calculated values (theoretical value)
of VB,VC,VE,VCE, and the current of IE and IC. By comparing the measured values and calculated
values, all the calculated values and measured values were almost the same. Therefore, Q-point is
only slightly effected by , which is temperature dependent value. The small difference occurred
because in reality, some carriers are lost due to recombination in the base region. The Q-point is
determined by the intersection of the load-line and - curve corresponding to the appropriate
base current . For the Q-point of this voltage divider configuration is = 1.54 and =
3.91V for calculated and = 1.564 and = 3.73V for measured. The slight differences in
the values can also be explained due to the lab equipment used were faulty or worn out from long
term usage. Due to the wore out condition, the circuits constructed might undergoes some leakage
or lost in voltage.

For the experiment 2.3, we have to calculate the amplifiers small signal voltage gain,

for fully bypassed emitter using the equation = and calculate the circuit no-load voltage


gain, using the oscilloscope = . After calculated, the amplifier voltage gain, for

fully by passed emitter is calculated at 175.92 and the circuit no-load voltage gain, is
measured and calculated at -180 and the different for this two following voltage gain, is 4.08.
The measured value of is larger than the calculated value of . It can be shown that the voltage
gain can be affected by a fully bypassed emitter and the load, the different of effect will have a
different voltage gain, . The reason is because for the fully bypassed emitter, the emitter
resistance is treated as zero since it is connected to a capacitor which is short. However,
the reason for the circuit no-load voltage is the circuit didnt have the resistance . According to
the results, the waveform can be said to be in an appropriate position because the output waveform
performed the same shape as the input waveform. Moreover, the output waveform is also double
the input waveform. This means that the output signal is amplified approximately 175 times for
theoretical and 180 times for experimental. The negative sign indicated the signal is inversed. The
difference between the two values may be caused by the surrounding temperature which is not
consistent.

Last but not least, there are some precautions that need to be taken into account to reduce
the errors of the results. First, the components must be checked before conducting the experiment
because the inaccuracy of the results may be caused by some faulty electronic devices or
components. Then, we should make sure that the signal generator and oscilloscope is well
connected and calibrated so that we can observed the waveform clearly. Besides that, we should
also avoid human error such as parallax error that must be reduced when taking the readings. Other
than that, the components must be fitted properly into the breadboard while constructing the circuit.
Moreover, the experiment is encouraged to be repeated for several times so that the results taken
will be more accurate.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, for part 2.1, the common emitter current gain, value is 140.05. The
collector current and base current normally will have a big difference as the value is huge enough.
So, the value calculated is reasonable. For part 2.2, the DC operating point, Q-point of the BJT
is determined and it lies on the active region. For part 2.3, the small voltage gained is obtained by
using the equation derived from the analysis of the circuit through DC and AC analyzing. As a
result, the objectives of the experiment are successfully achieved.