2001 Laws of System Evolution

The Laws of System Evolution
Vladimir Petrov, e-Mail: AtrI@bigfoot.com
1. INTRODUCTION
A research on developing the laws of technical evolution has been conducted by the author since 1973.
Principal theoretical statements were formulated in 1984. As a foundation for the research, the laws of
technical system evolution were selected which were originally developed by Genrich Altshuller, the author
of the Theory of Inventve Problem Solving. (1), (2).
In addition to Altshuller, the following researchers contributed to study and developments the laws of
technical system evolution: B. Goldowsky; B. Zlotin and A. Zusmann; Yu. Salamatov and I. Kondrakov; S.
Litvin and V. Guerassimov; I. Vertkin; G. Ivanov; V. Petrov and E. Zlotin; M. Rubin; V. Fey; A. Pinyaev; I.
Zakharov; V. Dubrov; G. Frenklakh; G. Ezersky; A. Bystritsky (5-40).
Form our point of view, until now, no unified vision of the laws of technical system evolution
was available. All the above-mentioned authors presented generic and specific aspects of the laws.
There are several systems available which describe the laws of technical system evolution. In our
opinion, most successful are the systems developed by G. Altshuller; B. Zlotin and A. Zusmann;
and Yu. Salamatov.
This paper presents a system of laws, which, in the opinion of the author, makes it possible to
perform forecast of technology evolution more thoroughly and easier.
2. SYSTEM OF LAWS
2.1.General information
Evolution of all objects of material world including technological objects is governed by certain
laws. Among the most general laws are the laws of dialectics (the law of the unity
(interpenetration) of opposites; the law of transformation of quantity into quality; and the law of the
negation of the negation).
A system of the laws of technical system evolution must have three levels: demands,
functions and systems.
A hierarchy of the system of the laws developed by the authors is presented in Figure 1.
LEVELS OF LAWS OF SYSTEM EVOLUTION
Levels of laws Laws of system evolution

Demands Laws of demand evolution
Functions Laws of function change
Systems Laws of system evolution
Figure 1.
The laws of system evolution can be divided to two groups:

Laws of system organization (those which define viability of a system) and
Laws of system evolution (those which define how technical systems evolve).
Vladimir Petrov, 2001

The Laws of System Evolution 2/18
2.2.Laws of dialectics in technology evolution.

Most general laws of the laws of dialectics are:
The Law of the Unity (Interpenetration) of Opposites;

The Law of Transformation of Quantity into Quality;
The Law of the Negation of the Negation
The Law of the Unity (Interpenetration) of Opposites serves as a source for creation of all
objects including material objects, where technical systems belong. The law defines one of the key
TRIZ concepts: contradiction.
The Law of Transformation of Quantity into Quality defines a general mechanism of
evolution. Quantitative changes in a system take place continuously accordingly the S-curve of
evolution. When a certain limit of quantitative evolution is reached, a system experiences
qualitative changes. Further evolution of the system starts according to a new S-curve. During this
process, quantitative changes take place continuously whereas quantitative changes take place in
discrete steps.
To imagine a full diagram of evolution of technical systems, it is necessary to take into account a
so-called line of life of a technical system, a regularity defined by Genrich Altshuller (1, pp. 113-
119).
An essence of the Law of the Negation of the Negation is that a process of progressive
evolution consists of a series of relative repetitions, as if going through the same phases again and
again. However, each repetition takes place at a higher level of evolution by using new elements,
materials, and technologies. We can say, that in this case we have a spiral-shaped evolution. For
example, fashion design is the most obvious example of spiral-shaped evolution.
2.3. Regularities of demand evolution

Knowing regularities of DEMAND evolution makes it possible to predict future demands. This,
in turn, allows us to define what functions and systems will be needed to meet these new demands.
This knowledge also makes it possible to discover radically new directions of technical system
evolution (pioneering solutions).
The regularities of demand evolution are governed by the law of demand growth. A general
trend of demand evolution states that meeting of demands evolves from meeting primitive
demands to meeting intelligent and creative demands.
The regularities of demand evolution separate along the two directions: appearance of new
demands and evolution of existing demands.
The demands can be met by available and new functions. Change of these functions, in turn, is
governed by certain regularities as well.
Known functions can be delivered by the available systems or by creation of new systems.
New functions can be delivered by using the existing systems in a new context or by creating
qualitatively new systems.
Among the laws of demand evolution are: idealization of demands, growths of dynamics of
demands, coordination of demands, merging or specialization of demands.
Development of new demands is conducted in accord with a technique proposed by the author
(5).
2.4. Regularities of function evolution

Let us study some regularities of FUNCTION evolution, for instance, poly-functionality and
mono-functionality.
At the beginning of evolution, systems are created as poly-functional, or universal. At the final
stage of evolution systems become more specific, and further evolve by separation of evolution of
specific functions. As a result, the systems become mono-functional.

Regularities of poly- and mono-functionality are based on the mechanisms of expansion and
convolution of functions.
The laws of function evolution are similar to the laws of demand evolution, however they
should be regarded with respect to functionality: making functions more ideal (idealization of
functions); growth of the degree of function dynamics; coordination of functions; transition to
mono or poly-functionality.
Idealization of functions is achieved by increasing the degree of function dynamics, then by
transition to mono- or poly-functionality and by further coordination of functions.
Regularities of expansion and convolution of functions are presented by the author in (11,12).
3. THE LAWS OF SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

This group of laws governs a newly created system.
The laws of system organization define criteria of vitality for newly created technical systems
Among the main laws of the laws of system organization are: systemity; completeness of
system parts; abundance of system parts; existence of links between system parts as well as
between the system and its supersystem; minimal coordination of parts and parameters of a
system.
A structure of the main laws of system organization is presented in Figure 2.
Main Laws of Technical System Organization
Systemity
Completeness and abundance Existence of links Coordination
Figure 2
3.1.The law of systemity

Systemity is a coordinated interaction between all objects, including environment where the
objects are located. This interaction must be fully balanced.
System requirements:
1. A system must be designated to meet a certain purpose.
2. A system must possess a certain structure, which provides the achievement of the purpose.
3. Relationships and interactions within the system and with its supersystem must provide a
full balance, which means that there must be no negative effects caused by the relationships
or the interactions.
4. Regularities of evolution of a given system as well as environment must be taken into
account.
A system meets its purpose if the system achieves a general goal and delivers all required
principal and auxiliary functions.
A system structure consists of the system itself, its subsystems, supersystem and
environment.
A systemity is taken into account by the using the following laws:
Completeness and abundance of a system.
Minimal coordination (ensuring desired relationships and interferences).
3.2. The law of system completeness

The system completeness can be functional and structural.

Functional completeness must ensure delivery of a general goal of the system and correspond
to the functional purpose of the system, and in the first place, to the main function of the system.
This means that all principal and auxiliary functions must be fulfilled as well.
Structural completeness of the system must provide presence of all required elements and links
in the system.
A main function of the system is provided by a main working unit of the system. Energy
supply and control are the principal functions of the system. These functions are provided by an
energy source and a system comprising a control unit. Most important among auxiliary functions
are conversion and transport of energy and information.
As a conclusion, the law of system completeness describes the least but necessary set of system
parts that provide minimal working behavior of the system. In general, the following parts are
necessary:
Working unit.
Energy source and converter.
A system of control (control unit).
Energy transformation can be provided, for instance, by an engine whereas energy and
information transport can be provided by transmission (links).
Also, a general case requires the following system parts: the working unit; energy to provide
the working tool; and a system for control over the working unit.
3.3. The law of abundance

ABUNDANCE is a regularity which indicates that about 80% of work is delivered by
approximately 20% of functions, elements and links in a system. When developing a system it is
necessary to take into account, that in order to deliver the required work approximately 80% of
auxiliary elements and links will be needed in addition to those main elements and links that are
supposed to deliver a main function. These auxiliary elements and links will provide 20% of the
work only. This results in the necessity to consider some extra consumption of material, energy
and information when designing a new system (approximately 20% to deliver main function and
80% to deliver auxiliary functions).
The same ratio is valid for execution of any type of work. A major volume of work (80-90% of
readiness) is fulfilled during 20% of time; and remaining 80% of time is required to finish the work
completely.
Due to this, often the work is not fully completed.
Abundance can be functional and structural.
3.4.The law of existence of links.

This law was first formulated by G. Altshuller in the beginning of the 70th as the law of energy
conductivity in a system (1).
The law of Altshuller is a particular case of the law of links, which was formulated by the author
in the end of the 70th.
Without considering all possible links and influences a system can not be well-behaved.
Moreover, the system can create ecological and other problems, negatively change environment,
supersystem, human health, neighboring systems and so on.
Links (interrelations) and influences (interferences) can be of the following types:
1. By level 2.1. Material

1.1. Between subsystems 2.2. Energy
1.2. Between system and subsystems 2.3. Informational
1.3. Between systems 3. By type of interaction (field)
1.4. Between system and supersystem 3.1. Gravitational
1.5. Between system and environment 3.2. Mechanical
2. By quality 3.3. Thermal

3.4. Electromagnetic 5.2. Non-controllable

3.5. Chemical 6. By type of interaction
3.6. Biological 6.1. Planned
4. By remoteness 6.2. Accidental
4.1. Direct 7. By type of action
4.2. Remote 7.1. Necessary or desired
5. By type of control 7.2. Non-necessary or non-desired
5.1. Controllable 7.3. Indifferent.
Formulation and recognition of links is conducted with the use of special tables and in a
sequence, which were developed by the author.
3.5.The law of coordination

A group of laws of technical system organization introduces minimal coordination which is
needed to provide a minimal working behavior of a system. A minimal coordination is required to
avoid negative interference between system parts.
Minimal coordination can be achieved at the levels of functions, structure and matching the
structure and the functions. Coordination can be functional, structural and function-structural.
4. LAWS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION
4.1.A structure of laws of evolution

The laws of evolution define a general direction of technical system evolution. A structure of
these laws is shown in Figure 3.
Main laws of technical system evolution are:
Increase of the degree of ideality.
Irregular evolution of system parts.
Increase of the degree of system dynamics.
Coordination.
Transition of a system to a supersystem.
4.2.The law of increase of the degree of ideality

A general direction of technology evolution is defined by the law of increasing the degree of
ideality of technical systems. (Fig. 3).

LAWS OF EVOLUTION OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
Increase of the degree of Ideality
Recognition and Elimination Irregularity of Systems

of Contradictions Part Evolution
Increase of the Degree Transition to

Coordination
of System Dynamics Supersystem
Of Structure Of Control
MONO BI POLY
Substance-Field
Transition of a
Increase of the
Information
Interactions
Increase of
Saturation
Microlevel
System to
Degree of
CONVOLUTION
Figure 3
In turn, general direction of making system more ideal is defined by the laws of Increase of the
degree of system dynamics; Coordination; and Transition of a system to a supersystem.
An Absolutely Ideal System (which is impossible) is defined as a system which does not exist
but all possible functions are delivered at the required moment of time in the required space with
100% of effectiveness, whereas there is no consumption of power, material, energy and
information. Therefore, Absolutely Ideal System must deliver an infinite number of functions, at the
required moment of time and in the required space without producing negative effects and the
required expenses do not exist. The use of information is not regarded as expenses in case if
information is available for free. A more ideal system always uses more free of charge information.
A degree of ideality can be expressed as:1

Where: I the degree of ideality;
F i F a function delivered of a positive effect;
I= i =1
0
= P negative effect, expenses;
P
j =1
j
i a number of variable F;
j a number of variable P.
1
This formula (in more simplified form) was first proposed by Boris Goldovsky in 1974.
Directions and paths of rising the degree of ideality
There are two directions of rising the degree of ideality:

1.1. Shrinking of a zone of a given technical system: ideal technical system working unit
function, which is delivered by the working unit. In this case, the system approaches zero.
1.2. Expansion of a zone of consideration of a technical system: we consider a function of
the system, a function of a supersystem and, finally, a demand. In this direction it is
possible to consider alternative methods of meeting the recognized demand. In this way
new solution principles can be suggested.
Methods of Idealization
2.1. Reduction of some parts of a system or a process.

2.2. Increase of a number of delivered functions
2.3. Increase of specific parameters.
2.4. Using advanced equipment, materials, processes.
2.5. Elimination of undesired effects.
2.6. Using of disposable objects.
2.7. Using block-structured designs.
2.8. Using expensive materials in necessary zones only.
2.9. Using resources.
The use of the laws of system idealization
These methods of idealization will be presented by the laws of Increase of the degree of system
dynamics; Coordination; and Transition of a system to a supersystem.
4.3. The law of coordination of structure
4.3.1. Structure of the law of coordination

Coordination is conducted to avoid harmful effects or to amplify useful effects. A structure of
the law of coordination:
1. Coordination can be: 3. Types of coordination:
1.1. Static 3.1. In time,
1.2. Dynamic 3.2. In space,
2. Coordination is conduced by the levels of: 3.3. of structure,
2.1. Demands 3.4. by conditions,
2.2. Functions 3.5. of parameters.
2.3. System.
The law of coordination is a general law of system evolution. It includes:
Coordination of systems
Coordination of subsystems Coordination of external
Coordination of supersystems environment
When coordinating a system, first its structure should be coordinated. By structure we will
understand form, location and interaction of separate elements.
A structure of a system is defined by its elements and links. They can be:
Material Informational
Energetic

System terms of a structure, its elements and links, as well as their types (material, energy,
information) are valid for subsystems, supersystem and external environment.
Parameters can be:
Technical Social
Ergonomic Political
Economic Etc.
Ecological
Esthetic
Specific regularities of coordination of structure are available. For instance, elements and
materials, shapes, links, parameters (in particular, their rhythms)
4.4. The law of increase of the degree of system dynamics

A structural diagram of the law is shown in Figure 4.
Increase of the Degree of Dynamics
Transitions of a Increase of the Increase of

degree of Information
System to
Substance-Field Saturation
Microlevel Interactions
Figure 4
The law of increasing the degree of dynamics includes the following sub-laws:
A law of transition of a system structure from macro- to microlevel.
The law of increase of degree of substance-field interactions.
The law of increase of information concentration.
4.5.The law of transition of a system structure from macro- to microlevel

The law of transition of a system structure from macro- to microlevel includes the following
sub-laws:
Changes of a scale.
Changes of linking.
Transition to more complex and energy-saturated forms.
4.5.1. Change of a scale of a technical system

A scale of a technical system is changed by transition from supersystem to a system, from the
system to its subsystem and substance (see Figure 5). The ultimate goal is transition from the
supersystem to substance (that is, replacing a system with a substance).
4.5.2. Change of system linking

Change of a degree of the system linking is provided by increasing the degree of
fragmentation (dispersibility) of a substance. In particular, it can be done by using capillaries-
porous materials and increasing the degree of void in a substance (Figure 6).

Change of a scale
Supersystem
System
Subsystem
Substance
Figure 5
4.5.2.1.Increase of the degree of fragmentation

In addition to the above mentioned, the increase of the degree of fragmentation (dispersibility) of
substances involves change of hardness and plasticity of a material. First of all, the working unit
undergoes the changes.
A STRUCTURE OF THE LAW OF TRANSITION TO MICROLEVEL
Transition of a system to microlevel
Change of a Change of Transition to more complex and

scale linking energy-saturated forms
Supersystem
Increase of the degree of
Transition to fields with

Increase of the degree of
energy saturation of a
Transition to CPM
Increase of specific
a higher degree of
fragmentation
voidness
control
system
System
Subsystem
Substance
Figure 6

INCREASE OF THE DEGREE OF FRAGMENTATION

9
Combination
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Aero-
Gel Liquid Gas Field
sol
Figure 7
The working unit (tool) can be monolithic or non-monolithic (consisting of several parts). A
material of the tool can be hard, non-hard (soft), liquid, gaseous or a physical field.
This sequence is featured by the transition from solid monolithic system (1) to entirely flexible
(elastic) object (2); to an object consisting of powder (3), to gel (4), to liquid (5), to aerosol (6), to
gas (7), and finally, to a field (8). In particular, it can be plasma.
In addition, any combination of mentioned states are possible. To raise the effectiveness of
operation, technological effects applicable to any given state can be used.
A complete diagram presenting the regularity is more complex. It includes additional transitions
from the state (1) to state (2), from (2) to (3) and transitions from states (1) and (2) to capillaries-
porous materials (CPM).
4.5.2.2.Transition to capillaries-porous materials

Transition from monolithic object (solid or soft) to separate parts can be done according to a
sequence presented by G. Altshuller in Inventive Standard 2.2.3 which he called transition to
capillaries-porous materials.
Let us show this regularity in more detail.
First, we describe major phases introduced by the regularity (Fig. 8), and afterwards we show
more specific transitions (Fig. 9).

TRANSITION TO CAPILLARIES-POROUS MATERIALS (CPM)
CPM mCPM
1(2) A B C D
Where:
1 - monolith in a hard state,
2 - monolith in a flexible state,
A - substance with a single cavity,
B - substance with many cavities,
C - CPM,
D - mCPM,
CPM - capillaries-porous material,
mCPM - micro-CPM.
Figure 8
Figure 8 presents the regularity of transition to capillaries-porous materials (CPM):
1. Solid substance, hard (1) or elastic (2).

2. Solid substance with a single cavity: a cavity in a shell (A).
3. Solid substance with many cavities (cells): a perforated object or a cavity divided by
partitions (B).
4. Capillaries-porous materials: CPM (C).
5. Capillaries-porous materials (CPM) at microlevel: ceolites, selicogels and biological
membranes (shown as mCPM at the diagram).
Transitions from (A) to (B), from (B) (C) and from (C) to (D) are similar and are governed
by the following regularity of using cavities: 1) cavity 2) a cavity with a structure (a cavity
which has a certain structure), - 3) cavity filled with substance 4) civility filled with a
substance which can be controlled by fields with the use of various technological effects
(Figure 9)
USE OF CAVITIES
# #+S
# + S+ TE
Where:
# - structure of cavity,
S - substance,
TE - technological effect.
Figure 9

More detailed sequence is a combination of the sequences presented above.

A particular case of the line of fragmentation is a line of increasing voidness developed by G.
Altshuller (4).
4.6. Transition to more complex and energy- saturated forms of motion

Let us examine the transition to more complex and energy-saturated forms of motion, which
first of all, relate to the working unit.
As shown in Fig. 6, such transition is realized by increasing a specific saturation of energy in
a system and transition to the fields that have a higher degree of control (see Fig. 10).
Transition to more complex and energy-saturated

forms of motion
Increase of specific Transition to fields with

energy saturation of
higher degree of control
systems
Figure 10
4.6.1. Increase of a specific energy saturation.

Increase of specific energy saturation of the working unit makes it possible not only to raise
effectiveness and quality of manufacturing processes but also to create new manufacturing
processes.
4.6.2. Transition to field with higher degree of control

Increase of a degree of control over fields takes place in two directions:
Replacement of a field (Fig. 11)
Transition MONO-BI-POLY for fields (Fig. 12).
4.6.2.1.Replacement of a field type

Replacement of a field type with a field that has a higher degree of control can be done in
the following order: gravitational, thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, biologic.
Combination of these fields is possible. This regularity is shown in Fig.11. Let us describe the
trends of change of the most frequently used fields in technical systems.
Mechanical
Field Displace- Vibrations
2 Friction Pressure ment Blow 2.5
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4
Figure 11

Gravitatio- Mechani- Electro- Chemical Biological

Thermal
nal cal magnetic
5 6
1 2 3 4
Combination
Figure 11a
Electromagnetic Field
Magnetic Electric Optical
4
4.2 4.3 4.4
Figure 11b
4.6.2.2.Transition of a field to Mono-Bi-Poly

Efficiency of a working unit can be increased by the use of a combination of fields according to
the Mono-Bi-Poly diagram (Fig. 12).
Dynamics of evolution of the working unit indicates that in the beginning of the evolution
process, the use of fields is limited to a single field (F1), and further its type is changed according to
the regularity mentioned above (Fig. 11).
CONVOLUTION OF FIELDS
Mono- Bi- Poly-

Field Field Field
Convolution
Figure 12
During the next phase of evolution, another field is added to the existing one. As a result, we
observe a transition from MONO-field to Bi-field. Combination of the fields of the same physical
type or of different types is possible. The fields of the same type can be identical (F1 + F1) or have
dissimilar characteristics (F1 + F1).
Similarly to combining systems, further evolution is featured by the coordination of the fields
used in a system. For instance, (F1 + F1~) is a coordination of permanent field F1 with a variable
Field F1~. Later, the fields can be replaced with a single field (MONO-field, F0). This is process is
known as convolution.

The next transition can use more than two fields thus forming a POLY-system of fields (Fig.
13).
F1 F1 + F2 F 1 + F 1' + F 2 F 1 + F 1~ + F 2 F 1 + F 1~ + F 2 + F1 + F2 + + Fn F0
Figure 13
4.7.The law of increasing the degree of control over a system.

Rising the degree of dynamics of control is known as the law of increasing the degree of
control over a system. Rising the degree of dynamics of control results from increasing the degree
of substance-field interactions in a system and increasing information saturation in a system.
4.7.1. The law of increasing the degree of substance-field interactions in a system
INCREASE OF THE DEGREE OF SUBSTANCE-FIELD INTERACTIONS
Non- Change of
Simple Change of Coordination Forced
S-Field S-Field
S-Field of S and F S-Field
System S and F Structure
Change of Simple Complex Extended

S-Field
S-Field S-Field S-Field
Structure
Internal External Complex

Complex
Complex Complex S-Field using the
S-Field
S-Field S-Field environment
Extended Chain Double Mixed

S-Field S-Field S-Field S-Field
Forced Simple Complex Extended

S-Field Forced Forced Forced
S-Field S-Field S-Field
Figure 14
4.7.2. The law of increasing information saturation in a system

The law of increasing information saturation in a system means decreasing the degree of
human involvement to the work provided by a technical system. This results in the use of automated
systems, self-evolution and self-reproduction (Fig. 15). Modern trends indicate that material objects
are replaced with software..
The raise of the degree of control over a system results from transition from non-
controllable system to the control over deviances, then to the system with feedback, to adaptive
system, to self-educational and self-organizational system, and, finally, to self-evolving and self-
reproducing system. The rising the degree of dynamics of control describes the process of
automation.

THE LAW OF INCREASE OF INFORMATION SATURATION
Decrease of a role of a human being in a technical system
Mechanics
Automation
Self-evolution
Self-reproduction
Figure 15
4.8.The law of transition to supersystem.
4.8.1. General Information

The law of transition to supersystem was developed by G. Altshuller (2), and is presented as a
transition mono-bi-poly (Fig. 16).
TRANSITION OF A SYSTEM TO SUPERSYSTEM
Mono- Bi- Poly-

System System System
Convolution
Figure 16
4.9.General direction of system evolution

As a rule, general evolution of systems is not limited to any single law, but takes place in a
combined form. Apart from that, evolution takes place in space as well: from a single dot to a line,
from the line to a plane, from the plane to volume. This trend is shown in Fig. 17.
Transition from the line to the plane and volume can be done by the use of curves in the plane
and space (see Fig. 17a).
Transition from the plane to the volume: the use of a backside of a plane. In particular, it can
be achieved by using the Mobius tape (see Fig. 17b).

Internal areas can be used in the volume (the nested doll principle). In particular, this can
be Kisilyov tape (similarly to the Mobius tape, but in volume). This trend is shown in Fig. 17c.
Other geometric effects can be used as well.
Finally, pseudo-volumes can be used. For instance, stereoscopic images, holograms, and 3D
imaging in computer systems.
Further idealization of a system is achieved through the use of resources.
Regularity of Using Space

Dot Line Plane Volume
Figure 17
Use of line
Line in plane Line in volume
Line
Figure 17a
Use of plane
Plane Backside of plane

Mobius Tape
Figure 17b
Use of Volume
Volume Nested Doll Kisilyov Tape
Figure 17c
5. TECHNICAL SYSTEM FORECAST WITH THE USE OF TRIZ

The tasks of forecast of technical system evolution is a task of search which is conducted with
the use of the system of Inventive Standards and Laws of Technical System Evolution. The process
of the forecast is organized by using a special technology of forecast which includes the technology
of information processing.

References
All references are in Russian

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2001 Laws of System Evolution

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The Laws of System Evolution

Vladimir Petrov, e-Mail: AtrI@bigfoot.com

LEVELS OF LAWS OF SYSTEM EVOLUTION

Levels of laws Laws of system evolution

Functions Laws of function change

Systems Laws of system evolution

The laws of system evolution can be divided to two groups:

Vladimir Petrov, 2001

2.2.Laws of dialectics in technology evolution.

The Law of the Unity (Interpenetration) of Opposites;

2.3. Regularities of demand evolution

2.4. Regularities of function evolution

Vladimir Petrov, 2001

3. THE LAWS OF SYSTEM ORGANIZATION

Main Laws of Technical System Organization

Completeness and abundance Existence of links Coordination

3.1.The law of systemity

3.2. The law of system completeness

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3.3. The law of abundance

3.4.The law of existence of links.

1. By level 2.1. Material

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3.4. Electromagnetic 5.2. Non-controllable

3.5.The law of coordination

4. LAWS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEM EVOLUTION

4.1.A structure of laws of evolution

4.2.The law of increase of the degree of ideality

Vladimir Petrov, 2001

LAWS OF EVOLUTION OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

Increase of the degree of Ideality

Recognition and Elimination Irregularity of Systems

Increase of the Degree Transition to

Directions and paths of rising the degree of ideality

There are two directions of rising the degree of ideality:

2.1. Reduction of some parts of a system or a process.

The use of the laws of system idealization

4.3. The law of coordination of structure

4.3.1. Structure of the law of coordination

The law of coordination is a general law of system evolution. It includes:

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4.4. The law of increase of the degree of system dynamics

Increase of the Degree of Dynamics

Transitions of a Increase of the Increase of

4.5.The law of transition of a system structure from macro- to microlevel

4.5.1. Change of a scale of a technical system

4.5.2. Change of system linking

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4.5.2.1.Increase of the degree of fragmentation

Transition of a system to microlevel

Change of a Change of Transition to more complex and

Transition to fields with

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INCREASE OF THE DEGREE OF FRAGMENTATION

4.5.2.2.Transition to capillaries-porous materials

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Figure 8 presents the regularity of transition to capillaries-porous materials (CPM):

1. Solid substance, hard (1) or elastic (2).

Vladimir Petrov, 2001

More detailed sequence is a combination of the sequences presented above.

4.6. Transition to more complex and energy- saturated forms of motion

Transition to more complex and energy-saturated

Increase of specific Transition to fields with

4.6.1. Increase of a specific energy saturation.