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Storm Water Drainage System

(Subject area: Environmental Engineering)

Prepared by: Guided by:

Name: Ankit Balyan Mrs. Anjali Khabete

B. Tech IV (Civil) Prof, CED, SVNIT,Surat

Roll no:U06CE065

Year: 2009-10

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

S.V.NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SURAT-395007
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Ankit Balyan of B Tech IV semester


7th has satisfactory completed his seminar report on Storm Water Drainage
System in Surat during academic year 2009 2010.

Signature of guide: Signature of:

Head of Department

DATE: 11/11/09

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

S.V.NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SURAT-395007
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and


indebtedness to Prof. Anjali Khambete in Civil Engineering department,
S.V.N.I.T, Surat for her valuable guidance, useful comments and co-operation
with kind and encouraging attitude at all stages of the experimental work for the
successful completion of this work.

I am also thankful to S.V.N.I.T, Surat and its staff for


providing this opportunity which helped in gaining knowledge and to make this
Graduate report successful.

Thank You
Ankit Balyan
U06CE065
Table of Contents

Abstract.1
Introduction
What is Stormwater1
Stormwater Pollution.2
Storm Drain2
Ancient History3
Stormwater Management
Site Analysis..4
Adjoining properties4
Public safety.4
Estimating Stormwater Runoff.5
Stormwater Drainage System in Surat7
Case Study: Increasing the Storm Water Drainage Capacity of Mithi
River in Mumbai.8
Conclusion11
References..11
ABSTRACT
STORM WATER DRAINAGE REFERS TO THE NETWORK OF THE DRAINS LAID
FOR THE PURPOSE OF CARRYING AWAY THE EXCESS RAIN WATER, STREET
WASHINGS AND ROOF WASHINGS, SO AS TO CLEAN THE ROADS OF THE
STATIONARY STAGNANT WATER. IN THE BACKDROP OF THE RECENT
URBAN FLOODS EXPERIENCED IN SURAT, MUMBAI AND OTHER INDIAN
CITIES THE ROLE OF THE STORM WATER DRAINS HAS ASSUMED A VERY
CRITICAL ROLE IN THE URBAN LANDSCAPE. A LOT MORE ATTENTION IS
BEING GIVEN TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROPER DRAINAGE NETWORKS
CAPABLE OF MEETING NATURES WORST POSSIBLE DEMANDS. IT IS A
DEVELOPING AREA IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
TODAY AND A LOT OF WORK IS BEING DONE IN DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE
URBAN DRAINAGE.

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS STORM WATER?

Stormwater is a term used to describe water that originates during precipitation events. It may
also be used to apply to water that originates with snowmelt or runoff water from
overwatering that enters the stormwater system. Stormwater that does not soak into the
ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows directly into surface waterways or is
channeled into storm sewers, which eventually discharge to surface waters.

Stormwater is of concern for two main issues:

one related to the volume and timing of runoff water (flood control and water
supplies), and
The other related to potential contaminants that the water is carrying, i.e. water
pollution.

A storm drainage system is a network of structures, channels and underground pipes that carry
storm water (rain water) to ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. The network consists of
both public and private systems.
STORM WATER POLLUTION

Because impervious surfaces (parking lots, roads, buildings, compacted soil) do not allow rain
to infiltrate into the ground, more runoff is generated than in the undeveloped condition. This
additional runoff can erode watercourses (streams and rivers) as well as cause flooding when
the stormwater collection system is overwhelmed by the additional flow. Because the water is
flushed out of the watershed during the storm event, little infiltrates the soil, replenishes
groundwater, or supplies stream baseflow in dry weather. Pollutants entering surface waters
during precipitation events are termed as polluted runoff. Daily human activities result in
deposition of pollutants on roads, lawns, roofs, farm fields, etc. When it rains or there is
irrigation, water runs off and ultimately makes its way to a river, lake, or the ocean. While
there is some attenuation of these pollutants before entering the receiving waters, the quantity
of human activity results in large enough quantities of pollutants to impair these receiving
waters. Polluted runoff from roads and highways is the largest source of water pollution in
coastal areas today.

Fig 1 Relationship between impervious surfaces and surface runof

STORM DRAIN

A storm drain, storm sewer (U.S.), stormwater drain, drain (Australia and New Zealand) or
drainage well system (UK) is designed to drain excess rain and ground water from paved
streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential
dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways,
freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall,
flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.
Fig 2. Diferent types of storm water drains

ANCIENT HISTORY

Since the era that humans began living in concentrated village or urban settings, stormwater
runoff has presented itself as an issue. Such dwelling styles can be generally related to the
Bronze Age when considerable amounts of impervious surface emerged as a factor in the
design of early human settlements. Some of the early incorporation of stormwater engineering
is evidenced in ancient Greece.

Archaeological studies have revealed use of rather sophisticated stormwater runoff systems in
ancient cultures. For example, in Minoan Crete approximately 4000 years before present cities
such as Phaistos were designed to have storm drains and channels to collect precipitation
runoff. At Cretan Knossos storm drains include stone lined structures large enough for a
person to crawl through.

An early specific example of stormwater runoff system design is found in the archaeological
recovery at Minoan Phaistos on Crete. Other examples of early civilizations with elements of
stormwater drain systems include early people of Mainland Orkney such as Gurness and the
Brough of Birsay in Scotland.
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
Stormwater management is a fundamental consideration in the planning and design of urban
development. By considering stormwater management at the initial design phase it is possible
to ensure viable stormwater management solutions that are compatible with other design
objectives for the site.
SITE ANALYSIS

The sites topography will have a significant impact on the layout design. This is because
stormwater drainage systems almost always rely on gravity. The layout of the development
must be configured so as to allow excess stormwater to be gravity-drained to a drainage
system. Topography will also affect runoff onto the site from surrounding properties. Existing
overland flow paths should be identified and retained. Where modifications to these are
unavoidable, they should be designed so as to maintain existing hydrological conditions.
Drainage easements, natural watercourses and flood prone land should also be identified and
considered in the design process. It needs to be borne in mind that drainage easements
containing underground pipes can operate as overland flow paths during intense rainfall
events. Buildings must be kept clear of drainage easements to ensure public safety and to
allow maintenance access. Consideration also needs to be given to local soil conditions.
Relevant factors include absorption capacity, erosion potential, soil salinity and the possibility
of soil contamination from past activities
ADJOINING PROPERTIES

One of the basic principles of stormwater management is to avoid adverse stormwater impacts
on other properties. Careful consideration must be given to controlling surface runoff and
subsoil drainage to adjoining properties. The redirection and concentration of stormwater
flows onto neighboring properties may constitute a nuisance at common law, giving affected
owners a legal right of redress.
PUBLIC SAFETY

Stormwater runoff from rare and intense storm events can pose serious risks to life and
property. It is essential that the design of overland flow paths, on-site detention storages and
other stormwater management measures meet relevant safety criteria for pedestrians, vehicles
and property damage. Fencing and landscaping should be designed so as to minimize the
potential for overland flow paths to be obstructed during rare and intense storm events.
ESTIMATING STORM-WATER RUNOFF
Calculation of the rate of storm-water runoff is important in determining the size of inlets,
drains, sewers, etc. All portions of the storm drainage system must be designed to handle the
peak flow anticipated under certain design conditions.
The most widely used method for estimating peak storm-water runoff is called the rational-
formula method. This formula assumes (a) that the rate of storm-water run-off from an area
is a direct function of the average rainfall rate during the time that it takes the runoff to travel
from the most remote point of the tributary area to the inlet or drain, (b) that the average
frequency of occurrence of the peak runoff equals the average frequency of occurrence of the
rainfall rate, and (c) that the quantity of storm water lost due to evaporation, infiltration, and
surface depressions remains constant throughout the rainfall.
The coefficient of runoff is a coefficient which accounts for storm-water losses attributed to
evaporation, infiltration, and surface depressions. The peak value of the flow rate Q of storm-
water runoff is estimated using the following equations:
Q = CIA ft3/s ..eqn (1)

Q= m3/h ....eqn (2)

Where C = coefficient of runoff


I = rainfall rate for a specified rainfall duration and average frequency of occurrence,
in/h (cm/h)
A = tributary area to the inlet or drain, acres (m2)
CHARACTER OF SURFACE COEFFICIENT OF RUNOFF
Pavement:
Asphaltic and concrete 0.70 0.95
Brick 0.70 0.85
Roofs 0.75 0.95
Lawns And Sandy Soil:
Flat, 2 percent 0.05 0.10
Average, 2 to 7 percent 0.10 0.15
Steep, 7 percent 0.15 0.20
Lawns, heavy soil:
Flat, 2 percent 0.13 0.17
Average, 2 to 7 percent 0.18 0.22
Steep, 7 percent 0.25 0.35
Table 1 Typical values for the coefficient of runoff

A given site may have areas with different coefficients of runoff all draining to a common
point. It is desirable to use a single coefficient of runoff for the entire area. Such a
dimensionless coefficient (termed a weighted coefficient of runoff) Cw, can be calculated using
Cw = eqn (3)

where A1, A2, and An are the area in acres (m2), and C1 , C2 , and Cn are the corresponding
coefficients of runoff of the individual tributary areas to a common point. A weighted
coefficient of runoff must be calculated for each segment of the stormwater drainage system.
In the design of a storm-water drainage system, runoff must be transported as fast as it is
received, unless specific provisions are made for ponding of the excess runoff which the
storm-water drainage system cannot handle. Determination of the rainfall rate to be used for
design purposes involves an evaluation of the potential damage which could occur as a result
of flooding. If the potential damage from flooding is high, the selection of an average
frequency of occurrence of 50 or 100 years may be warranted. If the potential damage from
flooding is rather slight, the selection of an average frequency of occurrence of 5, 10, or 25
years may be appropriate. In many cases, the local authority having jurisdiction will determine
the average frequency of occurrence to be used in the design of storm-water drainage systems.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN SURAT
After the floods of 2006, a lot of attention has been given to the improvisation of the storm
water disposal system of Surat with a goal to ensure such huge quantities of water can be
easily handled in the future. Till 2005, Surat had total storm water drainage lines of 275 kms.
Since 2006, under the Jawarharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission these have been
proposed to increase upto 491 kms to include the new areas that have been added to the city
since. This project also includes improving the capacity of the existing storm water drains to
handle flood situations better.

The project aims to achieve following goals:


There will be protection of mankind and other living organisms from flooding
There will be protection of major equipments and infrastructure from being getting
damaged due to floods.
To protect loss of man hours, business hours of working people and increase
productivity, thereby enhancing economic growth in the area.
To quickly remove the stagnant water as soon as possible so that epidemic can be
avoided and make the pavement free to resume traffic
The new areas where the work of laying of new storm water lines is being carried out in Vesu,
Pal Palanpore and the new eastern areas. The total project cost of the entire work in progress
is Rs 450 crores which have been approved by the government. The projected completion date
is Dec 2010. The entire upgradation is expected to be over by 2012. Surat Municipal
Corporation has taken a major initiative to replace secondary drain pipes with 1400mm
diameter pipes. Another area of concern that would be addressed in the new upgradation
process is to have storm water drains along all smaller side roads which previous did not have
these drains. This will reduce the burden on the main roads as previously this water was
diverted to the drains on the main roads leading to overflowing drains on the main roads.
Case Study: Increasing Storm Water Drainage Capacity of Mithi
River and Mumbai City drains
The Mithi River flows through the city of
Mumbai and forms a principal channel to
discharge storm water and sewage. This
Sound Practice pertains to the widening
and deepening of the Mithi river and other
city drains in a scientific and well planned
manner. This is intended not only to
increase their discharge capacity but also
to prevent flooding in low-lying areas
adjoining the river by reducing gradients of
the Mithi river in its upper reaches. The
storm water drainage for the Mithi river
catchment areas has been disrupted due to
the encroachment of hutments in large
numbers, storage facilities, processing industries, workshops and scrap yards situated along
the banks of the Mithi River that make it difficult even to delineate its path. Direct discharges
of untreated sewage, wastewater from the unauthorized settlements, and industrial effluents
along the rivers course are a cause of concern.
Following the damage caused by severe floods in Mumbai in 1985, the BRIMSTOWAD
Project was initiated by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM).Engineers
and Researchers, under this project, studied the storm water drainage system of Mumbai in
detail and submitted a report in 1993 to MCGM giving suitable recommendations, but they
largely remain unimplemented. Mumbai was again hit by a more disastrous flood in 2005,
which necessitated a fresh study on increasing storm water drainage capacity of the Mithi
river and other city drains. Central Water and Power Research Station (CWPRS), Pune
Central Governments Principal Hydrological Research Institute, conducted 1-D Mathematical
Model and Desk Studies for mitigating floods of the MIthi river and submitted its reportwith
suitable recommendations in January, 2006.
The Storm Water Drainage (SWD) system of Mumbai comprises a hierarchical network of
roadside surface drains (about 2000 km length, mainly in the suburbs), underground drains
and laterals (about 440 km length in the island city area), major and minor channels (200 km
and 87 km length, respectively) and 186 outfalls, which discharge all the surface runoff into
rivers and the Arabian Sea. Of the 186 outfalls, there are 107 major outfalls in city, which
drain to Arabian Sea directly, 4 at Mahim creek and 4 at Mahul creek. There are 29 out-falls in
western suburbs draining directly into sea while 14 drain into Mithi river which ultimately
joins Mahim creek.
The location of the Mithi river is an important administrative boundary that divides the
City and the Suburbs. Flooding in the river has direct or indirect implications for
disrupting traffic on five transport corridors; Central Railway Main Line, Central Railway
Harbor Line, Western Railway Line, Western Express Highway, and Eastern Express
Highway.

The intensity of flooding following the unprecedented rainfall of 944 mm recorded at Santa
Cruz airport on 26th July 2005 led to the submergence of large areas adjoining the Mithi river
to an alarming extent which caused disruption of the abovementioned corridors of railways
and surface transport. The reduced flood discharge capacity of the river may have worsened
the situation.
Following the flooding in 2005, the MMRDA asked the CWPRS, Pune was to undertake
hydrological study, whose report was submitted in January 2006.
Results and Recommendations of the Technical Report submitted by CWPRS, Pune
The first two segments, which have an origin to Jogeshwari and Vikhroli Link Road to
Sir MV Road have Steep Slopes, they provide a swift discharge of water eliminating the
chances of flooding. The downstream segments, however, have flat slopes and hence
may cause flooding. Presently, a maximum of 50 m3/s discharge can be accommodated
in the downstream courses of the river without causing any spill over. But the discharge
corresponding to 50 yr rainfall (382.5 mm per hour) or 100 yr rainfall (418.3 mm per
hour) averaged throughout the stream length will cause a severe flood in the
surrounding areas.
In order to mitigate floods, following remedial measures are recommended by CWPRS,
Pune:
(a) Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) area
1. Providing a dredged channel of 60 m width from -2 m (with respect to Mean Sea
Level or MSL) contour in the sea to Mahim Causeway bed level (dredged to -1
m) and removing existing rock over-crops.
2. Widening of the waterway from Mahim Causeway to Dharavi Bridge to 100 m.
3. Widening of the bed width from the existing 175 m to 200 m between Dharavi
Bridge and CST Bridge.
4. Widening of Vakola Nalla from the earlier designed width of 40 m to 60 m.
5. Deepening of bed level at Mahim Causeway to -1 m and at CST Bridge to +0.67
m.
(b) Upstream of BKC area
1. Widening of existing bed from CST Bridge to MV Road to 100 m.
2. Widening of existing bed from MV Road to Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road to 60
m
3. Widening of existing bed from Jogeshwari Vikhroli Link Road to Morarji Nagar
to 40 m.
4. Deepening of existing bed levels:
CST Bridge (Ch. 5.88 km) from +2 m to 0.67 m
Air India Colony (Ch. 7.05 km) from +3.11 m to +1.0 m
Airport (Ch. 9.38 km) from +6.15 m to +4 m
MV Road (Ch. 10.47 km) from +8.12 m to +6.35 m
Aarey Dairy Foot Over Bridge (Ch. 12.18 km) from +12.75 m to +10 m
Jogeshwari-Vikhroli (Ch. 14 km) from +20.25 m to +18 m
All the suggested cross sections of Mithi River upto Ch. 10.5 km need to be provided with
slopes of 1 : 1.5. Further upstream upto Morarji Nagar, the required slope is 1 : 2. All the
suggested measures taken together would roughly double the discharge capacity the River.
Additional Recommendations
Moderating the river course by replacing existing sharp bends with longer gentler
bends.
Providing Non-return valves for cross drains.
Providing Regular maintenance and dredging.
Providing smooth transition for waterways near bridges.

Action taken by the City Administration on these recommendations


The City Administration acting swiftly on recommendations accepted most of them and
directed Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) and Municipal
Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) to take the necessary action. The work was divided
in two parts. The 11.84 km upstream stretch from Vihar Lake to CST Bridge was given to
MCGM and the critical downstream part of the remaining 6 km was undertaken by MMRDA.
The downstream stretch was more critical due to flat slopes and nearness to sea and was
further divided into two phases by MMRDA:
Phase 1: It involves de-silting and widening of the stretch. The time frame decided for
this was 1 March 2006 to 30 June 2006 and is now finished. The amount sanctioned
for the work was Rs. 30 crores.
Phase 2: It is planned for the post-monsoon period from 1 Oct 2006 to 30 June 2007
with a budget of Rs. 100 crores (subject to variation after post monsoon study). It will
involve dredging, widening, construction of retaining wall, beautification and building
of service roads.

CONCLUSION
Surat is one of the fastest growing cities in the country today. With its rapidly changing urban
infrastructure, it is a city on the rise. However, Surat has always faced the problem of flooding
over the period of time in recent history with the worst flood ever coming in 2006. Lessons
need to be learned from the past experiences and they have to be learned fast. A good storm
disposal system has to be put in place to match the rapid strides in urban development that
Surat has made over the years. The attention has shifted to this very critical area and the work
of rebuilding it has already begun.

A good and efficient storm water drainage system is beneficial is more ways than one. It not
only saves a lot of life and property on the day of the floods but also prevents epidemics
caused due to the long standing stagnant water which becomes a breeding ground for
mosquitoes and insects. Surat lost a lot of money in the 2006 floods, a better and more
efficient storm water drainage system can save another such situation from arising in the
future.

REFRENCES
1. Stanley W. Trimble (2007) Encyclopedia of Water Science, CRC Press, 1586 pages ISBN
0849396271
2. Hogan C. Michael, "Phaistos Fieldnotes." The Modern Antiquarian (2007)
3. Schueler, Thomas R. "The Importance of Imperviousness." Reprinted in The Practice of
Watershed Protection. 2000. Center for Watershed Protection. Ellicott City, MD.
4. Peter Coombes, Water Sensitive urban design in the Sydney Region, Lower Hunter and
Central Coast Regional Environmental Management Strategy, 2002
5. Hiedeman L. David,PE,CIPE, Storm-Water Drainage Systems in Practical Plumbing
Engineering, American Society of Plumbing Engineers, 1998
6. Surat Municipal Corporation, Drainage Department, Surat
7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater

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