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Article history: An improved understanding of the performance of composite beams subjected to combined exure and torsion
Received 16 February 2015 is essential for practical design as such loading states are very common in bridges for the main girder and in build-
Received in revised form 13 May 2015 ings for edge beams. Multi-span steelconcrete composite beams consisting of two steel joists and one concrete
Accepted 30 May 2015
slab are concerned herein, on which an experimental study and nite element (FE) modelling analyses are
Available online 11 June 2015
presented. Eight reduced scale beams under combined exure and torsion to varying degrees are tested, with
Keywords:
both full and partial shear connection being incorporated. Either exure-dominated or torsion-dominated failure
Composite beams modes are observed in each test depending on the ratio between the bending and torsional moments applied
Multi-span externally. Load-deformation responses, ultimate strengths as well as exuretorsion interaction of all speci-
Torsional strength mens are also reported and discussed. Based on the experimental outcomes, a three-dimensional FE model is
Flexuretorsion interaction developed and further validated against the test results, and an extensive range of parametric analyses are under-
Experimental study taken by using the FE model. It is indicated that in addition to well-known parameters relating to the concrete
Finite element analysis slab and stirrups, the torsional strength of multi-span composite beams is also sensitive to the degree of shear
connection, spacing of the joists and span-to-depth ratio. Contributions of the steel joist and its constraint on
the slab towards the torsional strength are increased. With respect to their exuretorsion interaction relation,
no increase in the torsional strength is observed within the presence of combined exure, and vice versa. The
interaction is insensitive generally to various parameters considered herein and the test results exhibit consistent
phenomenon. Design guidance and new equations for predicting the torsional strength and the exuretorsion
interaction relation are proposed based on the test and FE analysis results as well as a comprehensive review of
existing approaches in the literature.
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction combined exure and torsion, which consist of two steel joists and one
concrete slab and are widely used in bridges.
Steelconcrete composite beams have been widely used in bridge Despite a large number of investigations on the torsional behaviour
and building construction due to their capability of combining the bene- of composite beams being undertaken in the past decades, few con-
ts of both the steel component in tension and the concrete component cerned the multi-span composite beams. The earliest research was
in compression. Combined loading actions of exure and torsion are very focused on the elastic performance of composite beams under pure tor-
common for either main girders in bridges or edge beams in buildings, sion [6,7], in which equations developed were further veried by exper-
and therefore knowledge for understanding the load responses of mem- imental investigations [8]. Colville [9] tested four composite beams
bers subjected to such loading conditions is essential for practical design. curved in plan in 1973, with a design methodology for shear connectors
Surprisingly, few national standards cover this loading combination for in such beams and lower bound for the exuretorsion interaction
the design of composite beams, such as the Australian Standard [1], being developed. In late 1970s, a series of composite beam tests under
Eurocode 4 (EC4) [2], British Standard [3], American Code [4] and combined exure and torsion were conducted by Singh and Mallick
China's Code [5] for composite structures. This paper is devoted to eval- [10], Ghosh and Mallick [11], and Ray and Mallick [12]. Based on the
uating the strength aspects of multi-span composite beams subjected to test results, they found that contributions of the concrete slab towards
the ultimate strength in torsion of composite beams were major, and
equations for reinforced concrete (RC) members could also give satisfac-
Corresponding author at: Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of
China Education Ministry, Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing
tory torsional strengths for composite beams. They also proposed various
100084, PR China. exuretorsion interaction relations based on their test results. More
E-mail address: banhy@tsinghua.edu.cn (H. Ban). recently, Thevendran et al. [13] and Tan and Uy [14] experimentally
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.05.023
0143-974X/ 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112
2. Experimental programme
Fig. 3. Beam test setup. (a) Pure bending; (b) combined exure and torsion.
H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112 3
increased progressively until the peak load was reached. The loading
was terminated when either the maximum stroke of the jack was
reached or the loading capacity of the specimens dropped drastically.
The mid-span deection, beam end rotation and twist at the loading
points were monitored throughout the test. As the beams were statically
indeterminate due to the torsional restraint at beam ends, Fig. 4 gives
the internal torsional moment diagram along the beam length, and
Fig. 4(a) reects the loading conditions in the tests.
Fig. 5. Concrete compressive strengths at different ages. 2.4. Beam test results
Test results of load versus mid-span deection curves of all the eight
Table 1 specimens are illustrated in Fig. 8, and typical moment versus beam end
Summary of steel properties.
rotation curves and torsion versus twist at the loading point curves are
Sample Elastic modulus Es Yield strength fy Tensile strength fu shown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. Magnitudes of both the beam end
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) rotation and the twist are given in absolute values.
Steel ange 2.16 105 342.7 521.2 Crack patterns and failure modes depended heavily on the propor-
Steel web 2.27 105 364.6 531.7 tion of exure and torsion in the combined actions to which the beam
N12 bars 1.90 105 480.7 620.0 was subjected rather than degrees of shear connection. Either exure-
R10 bars 1.92 105 350.3 470.0
dominated or torsion-dominated failure mode was observed in each
Headed studs 2.10 105 442.1 560.3
test. Beams MCBF1 and MCBP1 subjected to pure bending failed by
exure due to crushing of the concrete, of which typical crack pattern
under pure bending and the loading points were at the centerline of the is shown in Fig. 11(a). It is visible that the cracking and crushing of
slab (Fig. 2(a)). For the other beams MCBF24 and MCBP24, loading the concrete occurred in the areas adjacent to the loading points.
eccentricities were involved to produce combined torsion. Distance be- Beams MCBF2 and MCBP2 under high exure and low torsion, were
tween the loading points and the edge of the slab was 300 mm, 200 mm similarly exure-dominated and failed by the concrete crushing. The
and 100 mm for beams MCBF(P)24, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2(b). exure-dominated failure mode could produce higher ductility based
Beams MCBF4 and MCBP4 were subjected to the highest level of torsion. on the deections in Fig. 8.
Fig. 3 shows photos of the test setup. A 1000 kN hydraulic jack was Beams MCBF34 and MCBP34 under relatively low exure and
used to apply the load. Displacement control was adopted with a load- high torsion failed in the same manner with a torsion-dominated
ing rate of 80 s/mm for the rst hour; afterwards the loading rate was mode, as shown in Fig. 11(b). Diagonal cracks in 45 direction basically
Fig. 6. Push-out test setup. (a) Full shear connection; (b) partial shear connection.
4 H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112
Fig. 7. Push-out test results. (a) Full shear connection; (b) partial shear connection.
were observed throughout the top surface of the concrete slab between and therefore it was unloaded prematurely and its torsional strength
the loading points, and numerous slightly horizontal cracks occurred on was even smaller compared with beam MCBP3 (Table 2).
both sides of the slab. The torsion-dominated failure mode exhibited Table 2 lists the ultimate strengths of all specimens, including the peak
relatively poor ductility as shown in Fig. 8. It is worth noting that load Pu, ultimate bending moment Mu and ultimate torsional moment Tu.
beam MCBP4 eventually failed by the punching shear resulting from Calculation of Tu was carried out by using the corresponding loading
the loading points being located on the cantilever portion of the slab; eccentricity and based on Fig. 4(a). The exuretorsion interaction
Fig. 8. Comparison of load versus mid-span deection responses between test results and FEA results. (a) Full interaction; (b) partial interaction.
H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112 5
Fig. 9. Comparison of FE results with test results for moment versus beam end rotation responses. (a) Full interaction; (b) partial interaction.
Fig. 10. Comparison of FE results with test results for torsion versus twist responses. (a) Full interaction; (b) partial interaction.
Fig. 11. Typical crushing and cracking patterns. (a) Flexure-dominated mode; (b) torsion-dominated mode.
diagram of the test results is illustrated in Fig. 12, in which the ultimate and torsion, as they may produce similar loading capacities at a lower
strength in pure torsion was determined based on equations proposed cost in terms of lower demand of shear connectors.
by Nie et al. [16]. It is indicated from Fig. 12 that there is no increase in
the torsional strength within the presence of exure, in contrast with 3. Finite element modelling
single-span composite beams which commonly possess a conspicuous
increase based on previous research [1018]. Either the ultimate strength A three-dimensional FE model was developed by using ABAQUS [21]
in torsion or in exure was reduced in cases of combined actions. How- to assess the strength of multi-span composite beams subjected to
ever, this phenomenon needs further conrmation through FE modelling combined exure and torsion. All scientic denitions of material
as no tests under pure torsion were carried out herein. In addition,
strength characteristics of multi-span composite beams with partial
shear connection were close to that with full shear connection, especially
in the cases of medium exure and medium torsion as well as high ex-
ure and low torsion. This implied benets of the partial shear connection
to the strength of multi-span composite beams under combined exure
Table 2
Summary of beam test results.
Fig. 13. Stressstrain relationships adopted in ABAQUS. (a) Steel; (b) concrete in compression; (c) concrete in tension.
H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112 7
Fig. 15. Comparison of FE results with test results for strength. (a) Loading capacity; (b) torsion.
the FE analyses is lower than the test results by 0.7% on average, with a 4.1. Effects of degree of shear connection
standard deviation of 6.7%.
Based on the afore-mentioned comparisons of strengths as well as Both partial and full shear connection were involved in the paramet-
deformations of the multi-span composite beams subjected to various ric study, with three degrees c of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 being selected. Fig. 16
loading conditions with combined exure and torsion, it is condent shows comparisons of strengths of the multi-span composite beams
to apply the developed FE model herein for further parametric analyses. subjected to combined exure and torsion with various degrees of
shear connection. It is indicated in Fig. 16(a) that the ultimate strength
Tu0 in pure torsion increases slightly with an increase of c. With respect
4. Parametric analyses to the exuretorsion interaction as plotted in Fig. 16(b), generally con-
sistent results of the three groups of beams are observed, and the inter-
To assess the torsional strength and the exuretorsion interaction action curve of partial shear connection beams is a bit lower compared
behaviour of multi-span composite beams, an extensive body of para- with full shear connection beams. The reason for the phenomenon indi-
metric analyses was conducted herein by using the calibrated FE cated in Fig. 16 is that higher degrees of shear connection can provide
model. Parameters relating to the degree of shear connection, material stronger combination between the concrete and steel components.
strengths, reinforcement ratios of stirrups, cross-sectional geometries Nevertheless, the effect of the degree of shear connection is negligible
as well as span-to-depth ratios were incorporated in the parametric generally.
study, and all the parameters considered herein are listed in Table 3. In addition, the torsional strength of multispan composite beams is
All the bold values in Table 3 corresponded to a standard beam, whilst gradually decreased with an increase of values of the combined exure,
others were utilised for comparative beams. With the aim of quantifying which is consistent with the test results as shown in Fig. 12; whilst for
the interaction behaviour of exure and torsion, eight values of single-span composite beams, by contrast, there is normally a conspicu-
moment-to-torsion ratios = T / M were considered, in which T and ous increase in the torsional moment when combined exure is present
M denote the maximum internal torsional and bending moments in accordance with previous research [1018]. This characteristic of the
along the beam length carried by the composite beam, respectively. A exuretorsion interaction of multi-span composite beams is mainly
value of = 0 corresponds to a beam under pure bending whilst a resulted from the much stronger restraint provided by the two joists
value of = + corresponds to a beam subjected to pure torsion. The towards the slab in torsion, which makes the whole cross-section closer
other six values of were archived by assigning certain values of the to a completely integrated solid section. The explanation can be further
loading eccentricities. A total of 96 steelconcrete composite beams conrmed by the deformation and strain distributions at the mid-span
were modelled and calculated in the parametric study. based on the FE modelling results. Fig. 17 shows typical deformation
All beams were simply supported whilst both the beam ends were at the mid-span of beams under varying loading conditions, and it can
restrained from twisting. Loads were applied at the mid-span, and be seen that the steel joists and the concrete slab synchronise as they
therefore the maximum internal torsional moment carried by the twist; whilst for single-span composite beams visible difference be-
beam was half of the torque externally applied, as shown in Fig. 4(b). tween the two components was observed [18]. Besides, the develop-
The ultimate internal torsional and bending moments (Tu and Mu, ment of strains throughout the cross-sectional height as shown in
respectively) were obtained based on the FE modelling results to assess Fig. 18 also exhibits good consistency between the steel and concrete
the strength characteristics of multi-span composite beams subjected components in terms of the curvature; whilst single-span composite
to combined exure and torsion. Tu and Mu were normalised in the beams demonstrate signicant differences for the curvature between
exuretorsion interaction diagram by using the pure torsional (Tu0) the two components. In Fig. 18, strains within both steel joists and the
and bending capacities (Mu0), respectively. corresponding portion of the slab are given.
Fig. 16. Effects of degree of shear connection on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
Fig. 17. Deformation at the mid-span. (a) Pure bending ( = 0); (b) combined exure and torsion ( = 0.2); (c) pure torsion ( = +).
material strengths. A marked increase in the torsional strength Tu0 can 4.4. Effects of cross-sectional dimension
be found in Fig. 19(a), which implies that contributions of the concrete
material and steel joists towards the torsional strength are also signi- With respect to geometric parameters, two types of cross-sections
cant in addition to that of stirrups. Based on the exuretorsion interac- were modelled, in which two universal beams 200 UB 29.8 and 460 UB
tion diagram as shown in Fig. 19(b), it can be seen that higher strength 76.4 [19] were utilised with companion concrete slabs of 1000 mm
materials may result in a slightly lower interaction curve, but the trend 120 mm and 1500 mm 150 mm in dimension, respectively. For
of the curves is basically consistent. beams with 460 UB 76.4, the moment-to-torsion ratios was deter-
mined as = 0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.10, 0.15, + for ensuring
4.3. Effects of stirrup ratio the calculation data being scattered more reasonably on the interaction
curve. In accordance with comparisons of strengths of multi-span com-
Stirrups embedded in the concrete slab contribute essentially to- posite beams subjected to combined exure and torsion with the two
wards the torsional capacity, and therefore four stirrup ratios Ars/s different cross-sectional dimensions as shown in Fig. 21, it is indicated
Fig. 19. Effects of material strength on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112 9
Fig. 20. Effects of stirrup ratio on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
in Fig. 21(a) that stronger cross-section logically gives higher torsional 4.6. Effects of span-to-depth ratio
strength, because contributions of all the prime components of concrete,
stirrups and steel joists are markedly improved in larger cross-sections. Span-to-depth ratio L/D is one of the most important parameters at
Despite this, the exuretorsion interaction response is insensitive to the level of member that may inuence the overall behaviour of com-
the change of the cross-section as shown in Fig. 21(b). posite beams subjected to combined exure and torsion. Three values
of L/D ranging from 15 to 25 were incorporated herein, and Fig. 23
plots their comparisons for both torsional strengths and exuretorsion
4.5. Effects of spacing of steel joists interaction diagrams. It can be seen that larger span-to-depth ratios give
relatively lower torsional strengths due to the accordingly increased
For multi-span composite beams, spacing b0 between centrelines deformation in terms of twist and resulted premature yielding and fail-
of the two joists may also possess essential effects on the torsional ure of component materials. However, the exuretorsion interaction
strength, as larger values of the spacing b0 may lead to higher torsional diagram is insensitive to this ratio.
stiffness of the entire composite cross-section, and three values ranging
from 400 mm to 600 mm were incorporated herein.
From comparisons of strengths of multi-span composite beams sub- 5. Design guidance
jected to combined exure and torsion with various values of b0 as
shown in Fig. 22, it can be seen that larger spacing b0 results in markedly With the aim of developing robust design guidance for predicting
higher torsional strengths, which is due to the increased torsional stiff- the torsional strength and the exuraltorsion interaction relation of
ness of the cross-section. The exuretorsion interaction diagram is such multi-span composite beams subjected to combined exure and
insensitive to the spacing of the two joists when b0 is smaller than half torsion, a number of equations available in the literature for predicting
of the width of the concrete slab, whilst the interaction curve is slightly their strengths were reviewed herein, and were compared with the
lower when b0 exceeds half of the slab width. afore-mentioned FE analysis results to clarify their accuracy and scope.
Fig. 21. Effects of cross-sectional dimension on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
Fig. 22. Effects of spacing of steel joists on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
10 H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112
Fig. 23. Effects of span-to-depth ratio on strength of multi-span composite beams. (a) Torsional strength; (b) exuretorsion interaction diagram.
5.1. Torsional strength strength of the concrete. The coefcient can be obtained by using
the following equation [26]:
Torsional strength Tu of a steelconcrete composite section normally
" #
consists of three components, i.e. contributions of the concrete Tc, of 1 192 t X
1 nb
stirrups Tc and of the steel joist Tj, which can be expressed as [10] 1 5 c tanh c
3 bc n5 2t c
n1;3;5
" # : 7
k 8
X
1
T u T c T s T j: 2 1 2
n 2 coshnb
2t
c
n1;3;5 c
where bf and tf are the width and thickness of the joist ange, bw and tw where m is the volume ratio of the longitudinal reinforcement to the
are the width and thickness of the joist web, and y is the shear strength stirrups and may be obtained by m = Arl s / [Ars2(x0 + y0)] and Arl is
of the steel and is taken as 0.6 fy [17]. the cross-sectional area of all longitudinal reinforcements, fyrl is the
Most of relevant research has been focused on contributions of the yield strength of the longitudinal reinforcement.
concrete slab towards the torsional strength. Hsu [26] reviewed several By employing dozens of subsequent experimental investigations,
classical theories dealing with the pure torsion, including Rausch's Hsu improved Eq. (8) based on the skew-bending theory as [31]
Space Truss Analogy (STA) [28], Cowan's Efciency Coefcient (CEC)
q
[29] as well as theories of Hsu himself based on PCA tests (PCA) [30] t 2c bc p f yrl y x0 y0 Ars f yrs
T c T s jSBT 2:4 f c m 1 0:2 0 ; 9
and Skew-Bending Theory (SBT) [31] which served as a basis of the de- 3 f yrs x0 s
|{z} |
{z}
sign for torsion since the 1971 ACI Codes [26]. Tc t 1:6
Torsional strength of the concrete slab in accordance with the STA
approach [26,28] is expressed as
Ray and Mallick [12] introduced Hsu's another equations [32,33] in
metric units, with slight differences from Eqs. (8) and (9),
Ars f yrs
T c T s jSTA 2x0 y0 ; 4
s y x0 y0 Ars f yrs
5=3 1=3
T c T s jHsu 3:089t c bc f c 0:66m 0:33 0 ; 10
x0 s
where x0 and y0 are the smaller and larger dimensions of stirrups, re- y
0:7 m 1:5 & 0 2:6;
spectively, Ars is the cross-sectional area of one leg of the stirrups, fyrs x0
is their yield strength, and s is their spacing.
According to CEC method [11,15], contributions of the concrete slab where the length is given in units of cm and the stress is given in units
to the torsional strength may be calculated by of kg/cm2.
Despite the afore-mentioned equations being originally developed
Ars f yrs for RC members, they can give satisfactory results against previous
T c T s jCEC T e 1:6x0 y0 ; 5 single-span composite beam tests [1012].
s
More recently, Nie et al. [16] proposed a new equation for determin-
where the contribution of the plain concrete is taken as the elastic ing the contribution of the concrete slab towards the torsional strength
torque Te, which may be derived from Eq. (6) as of composite beams, expressed as
p Ars f yrs
T e t 2c bc f t ; 6 T c T s jNIE 0:1015f t W t 2:9698 mx0 y0 ; 11
s
where is St. Venant's coefcient and is a function of the ratio bc/tc, tc is where Wt is the torsional plastic section modulus of the concrete slab
the thickness of the concrete slab and bc is the width, ft is the tensile and taken as Wt = t2c 3bc tc / 6.
H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112 11
Fig. 25. Comparison of exuretorsion interaction relations of multi-span composite beams. (a) Existing models; (b) proposed model.
12 H. Ban et al. / Journal of Constructional Steel Research 113 (2015) 112
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