COSMOLOGY I & II Help sheet 2014

1 eV =11600 K = 1.60 1019 J = 5.07 106 m1 = 1.52 1015 s1 = 1.78 1036 kg

c = 1 = 3.00 108 m/s
(3) = 1.20206
~ = 1 = 197 MeVfm
GF = 1.17 105 GeV2
1 pc = 3.09 1016 m
MPl (8GN )1/2 = 2.436 1021 MeV
1 a = 3.156 107 s
gn = gp = ge = 2, gH = 4
h H0 /(100km/s/Mpc)
Q = m n m p = 1.293 MeV
(100km/s/Mpc)1 = 9.78 109 a = 2998 Mpc
g (T m e ) = 3.363
T0 = 2.725 K = 2.348 104 eV
gS (T me ) = 3.909
T0 = (4/11)1/3 T0
g (1 MeV) = gS (1 MeV) = 10.75
zdec = 1100
n = t1/2 / ln 2 = 880 s
me = 0.511 MeV
n + e p + e
mN = 938 MeV
e T (when T > 30keV)
mp + me mH = 13.6 eV

dr2
  V ()
2 2
ds = dt +a (t) 2
+r2 d2 +r2 sin2 d2 H2 = 2
1 Kr2 3MPl
3H = V ()
1
f (~
p) =
e(E)/T 1 R = H
 
(3)
1
ni = gi T 3 (T mi ) 3
3/4 2

L
Pg (k) 4k 3 h|gk |2 i
 3/2 2
mi T mi i
ni = gi e T (T mi )  3 X
2
Z
2
d3 k
a 2
K L
k
3 + 3 2 = 8GN
a2 a H
2 
a P (k) =
3 = 4GN ( + 3p) 2 aH=k
a  2  2
a H H
+ 3 ( + p) = 0 PR (k) =
a 2 aH=k
2 d ln PR
= g T 4 n(k) 1
30 d ln k
 
2 2 T 1
Z
s= gS T 3 = v n+(tdec , xls )+2 dt
45 T obs 4
1/2
g tT 2
X
= 1.51MPl e ikx
= 4 il jl (kx)Ylm (x)Ylm

(k)
1 2 lm
= + V ()
2 k2
k +H(4+3c2s )k +c2s k +[2H+(3+3c2s )H 2 ]k = 0
1 a2
p = 2 V ()
2 2 k2 1
k = k 2 k 2k
+ 3H + V () = 0 3 (aH) 2 H
 3 
gT 3 2 3 + 3w

k = Rk , (w p/)
n n = 2
+ (T m) 5 + 3w
6 T T
Z
3/2
d Ylm (, )Yl m (, ) = ll mm

mT
n n = 2g em/T sinh (T m)
2 T
Ylm (, )2 = 2l + 1
X 
dx
Z
= arsinh(x) m
4
1 + x2 Z
Z dz 1
jl (z)2 =
r
ax2
e dx = 0 z 2l(l + 1)
a
The particles in the Standard Model and g (T )
Particle Data Group, 2014

Quarks t 173.2 0.9 GeV t spin 12 g = 2 2 3 = 12

b 4.18 0.03 GeV b 3 colours
c 1.275 0.025 GeV c
s 95 5 MeV s
d 4.55.3 MeV d
u 1.83.0 MeV u
72

Gluons 8 massless bosons spin 1 g=2 16

1
Leptons 1776.82 0.16 MeV + spin 2 g =22=4
105.658 MeV +
e 510.999 keV e+
12
1
< 2 eV spin 2 g=2
< 2 eV
e < 2 eV e
6

Electroweak W 80.385 0.015 GeV spin 1 g=3

gauge bosons Z0 91.1876 0.0021 GeV
0 (< 1 1018 eV) g=2
11

Higgs boson H0 125.7 0.4 GeV spin 0 g=1 1

gf = 72 + 12 + 6 = 90
gb = 16 + 11 + 1 = 28

History of g (T )

T 200 GeV all present 106.75

T 100 GeV EW transition (no effect)
T < 170 GeV top annihilation 96.25
T < 80 GeV W , Z 0, H 0 86.25
T < 4 GeV bottom 75.75
T < 1 GeV charm, 61.75
T 150 MeV QCD transition 17.25 (u,d,g ,0 , 37 3)
T < 100 MeV , 0 , 10.75 e , , , left
T < 500 keV e annihilation (7.25) 2 + 5.25(4/11)4/3 = 3.36