Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research Vol. 4(3), pp.

75-88, March 2012

Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/JMER
DOI: 10.5897/JMER11.009
ISSN 2141-2383 2012 Academic Journals

Full Length Research Paper

Design considerations of Gudgeon pin in reciprocating

air compressors by semi analytic approach
V. Ramamurti1*, S. Sridhar2, S. Mithun2, B. Kumaravel2 and S. Lavanya 2
1
The Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
2
WABCO-TVS India, Chennai, India.
Accepted 17 March, 2011

The deformation and stress experienced by the Gudgeon pin of a reciprocating compressor used in air
brake system is scientifically predicted when the pin is fully floating with lubricating oil surrounding it
and when starved of oil. Both semi analytical approach in finite element method and simple bending
theory of beams are used. Inadequacy of the beam approach is highlighted. The results obtained by
both the approaches are compared. Role of clearance in piston bore and small end of connecting rod
and effectiveness of lubrication are examined. Factor of safety associated with the design of Gudgeon
pin is also looked into.

Key words: Gudgeon pin, semi and fully floating pin, semi analytic method, role of lubricant, factor of safety.

INTRODUCTION

Reciprocating air compressors in vehicles compress air
and supply it to the air brakes. Many of the components
constituting the reciprocating air compressor are having
design features based more on standard practices rather
than on sound scientific analysis. One of the systematic
investigations reported recently is on the pressure
variation inside the air compressor as a function of the
crank angle (Venkatesan et al., 2009). An experimental
investigation using optical probes was also reported
(Brun et al., 2005). The dynamic analysis of the response
of the inlet and discharge valves of the compressor using
*Corresponding author. E-mail: ramamurti@hotmail.com.
Nomenclature: C, Clearance in the piston bore; d, l ,D-Inner
diameter, one-third length and outer diameter of the Gudgeon
pin; n, Fourier index; pr, p, radial and circumferential pressure
on the pin; r1,r2, inner and outer radii of the pin; w, load per unit
length on the pin (F/ ); A1, A2, B1, B2, C, salient locations on
the Gudgeon pin; E, Youngs modulus; F, force on the
connecting rod; F1, Reaction at the end of the Gudgeon pin; I,
second moment of area of the beam; M, Bending moment of the
beam; OX,OY,OZ, radial , axial, circumferential; coordinates in
semi analytical approach; Z, Modulus of section of the pin;
,Semi contact angle (in radians); X, Y, Z, Stresses in
radial, axial and circumferential directions; , Angular position in
the pin.
modal superposition technique was reported by the
authors (Ramamurti et al., 2011). In the present
investigation, the design considerations connected with
the Gudgeon pin of reciprocating air compressors are
presented. This is motivated by lack of scientific analysis
in literature and the inadequacies in the design
procedure.
Relevance of investigation
Gudgeon pin (Figure 1) connects the small end of the
connecting rod with the piston providing a turning pair;
Gudgeon pin can either turn relative to the connecting rod
or relative to the piston bore or turn relative to
both(Ramamurti, 2009).
Prerequisite for this function is that the Gudgeon pin
has a sliding fit with the other two. Since the Gudgeon pin
transmits the load from the connecting rod to the piston,
the deformation that it suffers during the operation must
be such that it does not have surface contact with both
simultaneously. This will lead to seizure. Besides, the
Gudgeon pin should not be stressed beyond its
endurance limit.
The Gudgeon pin is either a hollow or solid steel
cylinder of length roughly five times its outer diameter.
This is subjected to lateral load from the connecting rod
(Figure 2). The load acts for the full width of the
76 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Figure 1. Cross section of the piston assembly.

Figure 2. Force on the gudgeon pin.

connecting rod (for nearly one third of the axial length of
the Gudgeon pin) acting over a substantial arc of the
outer cylindrical surface of the pin. A very simple method
of analysis is to treat the pin as a simply supported beam
subjected to lateral load of uniform intensity from the
connecting rod. This approach has two basic
deficiencies. (i) The Gudgeon pin does not qualify to be
treated as a beam since its length is much less than ten
times its outer diameter. (ii) Besides the beam, when
assumed as simply supported at the ends, ignores the
fact that its support is along an arc of a circle. If, on the
other hand, assumed fixed, it ignores the fact that there is
a radial clearance between the piston bore and the
cylindrical surface of the Gudgeon pin. However, when
assumed simply supported, beam approach is very easy
to analyse since the structure is statically determinate.
FORCE ANALYSIS OF GUDGEON PIN
The Gudgeon pin assembly is subjected to uniform
intensity of pressure in the region of the connecting rod

Figure 3. Close up view of Gudgeon pin and its salient locations.
due to air compressed on the top flat face of the piston.
Besides it is prevented from moving axially by the circlips.
The deformation of the Gudgeon pin is to be within elastic
limits under the action of the force along the width of the
connecting rod for various angular positions. The
bending deformation of the Gudgeon pin is to be
assessed to address the adequacy of clearance between
the pin and the small end of the connecting rod and also
between the Gudgeon pin and piston bore.
The Gudgeon pin, in reality, is a cylinder of roughly
length 5 times its diameter, supported by lubricating oil
present in the clearance on the piston bore for roughly
two thirds its length with the middle one third subjected to
lubricating oil pressure on the annular space of the small
end of connecting rod. The load that gets communicated
to the Gudgeon pin from the connecting rod acts on the
outer circumference along the middle one third of its
length. The piston bore on both sides supports this pin
through the lubricating oil. The pin oscillates through
approximately 10 about its mean position. There are two
aspects to be considered for the load distribution, one
along the length of the pin and other along its
circumference. Along the circumference, due to the
lubricating oil pressure, it is periodic with the resultant
along the line joining small end and the big end and along
the width of the connecting rod, with uniform intensity. To
meet these two requirements, semi analytical approach
can be used (Ramamurti, 2009; Ramamurti and Gupta,
1978; Ramamurti and Narayanan, 1989; Quing et al.,
2006; Zienkiewicz, 1991). In this connection, the following
papers that have similar connected applications can be
cited.
Ramamurti and Gupta (1978) have assumed the load
of a kiln tyre supported by rollers to act over a small arc,
whereas in another paper, Ramamurti and Narayanan
(1989) have assumed that the load is transferred along
several short arcs for a roller clutch. Quing et al. (2006)
have determined the natural frequencies of a shell
system by semi analytical approach in finite element
method. In this paper, both beam and semi analytical
approaches are attempted and results compared.
Ramamurti et al. 77
Analytical procedure
Beam approach
This corresponds to a problem ignoring the presence of
oil in the annular space and assuming direct contact
between the piston bore and the Gudgeon pin and
between the Gudgeon pin and connecting rod. In this
approach, even though the beam length is only five times
the diameter, Euler beam theory is assumed to be valid.
Case (i): Contacts at B1 and B2
Figure 3 shows the close up view of the Gudgeon pin.
The length 3 of the pin is roughly divided into three parts,
namely, one third from either end housed in the piston
bore and the middle one third inside the small end. When
this is subjected to the bending load from the connecting
rod, the middle one third can deform as shown in Figure
4. In Figure 3 the supports on either side are at the
locations B1 and B2.The two parts of the deformed neutral
axis (Figure 4) A1 B1 and A2 B2 are assumed to be not
touching the piston bore. The deformed neutral axis B1C
B2 is not also touching the small end bore of the
connecting rod.
This is possible, only when there is adequate clearance
available in both the piston bore and the small end of the
connecting rod. The Gudgeon pin is treated as a beam
carrying uniformly distributed load over one third of its
length as shown in Figure 3 and analysis carried out. For
this first case, the beam is assumed to be simply
supported in locations B1 and B2. Area moment method
(Papov, 1978) is used to compute the deflections and
axial stress at its salient locations. The beam deflects as
shown in Figure 4.
Case (ii): Contacts at A1, B1, B2 and A2
In the second case (Figure 5), the free ends A1 and A2 of
78 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Figure 4. Deformation of a Gudgeon pin when not touching the piston bore.

Figure 5. Deformation of the Gudgeon pin when it exceeds clearance in the piston bore.

the beam physically touch the piston bore. If the available the locations A1 and A2 .One can, then, calculate the
tolerance between the piston bore and the Gudgeon pin deflections and stresses on the pin.
is less than the difference in deflection between the ends
A1 & B1 or A2 & B2, the Gudgeon pin will touch the piston
bore. Semi analytical approach
Taking the tolerance available as input one can
compute the force F1 experienced by the Gudgeon pin at The beam approach overlooks the role of lubricating oil in
 Ramamurti et al. 79

2
1
a0
2 f ( )d
0
being small
1
2
an
2 0 f ( ) cos n d

1
2
bn
2 0 f ( ) sin n d

Figure 6. Gudgeon pin surrounded by lubricating oil.

the annular space of the turning pair. This oil will itIf,
is on the other
written as: hand, if it is assured anti - symmetric, then
2
physically lift the pin and transfer the load from the
1
0
connecting rod to the two sides of the piston bore. This an f ( ) sin n d
corresponds to a dynamic problem of Gudgeon pin
supported by the lubricating oil and the load being
2
bn f ( ) cos nd
transferred from the connecting rod through the oil to the 1
piston bore. The connecting rod executes angular
oscillation up to 10 on either side of the mean position 0 (2)
around 3000 times a minute. One can examine its role by
using the semi analytical approach. In this finite element The resultant of the load must be along the line joining
approach, the axial section of the hollow cylinder is the small end and big end of the connecting rod (Figure
modelled as a rectangle, with the length equal to the 6). If the load is assumed to act over a semi contact
length of the pin and breadth as the difference between angle on either side of this line (=0) with uniform
the inner and outer radii of the pin. intensity f over this arc, then its components along the
Since the loading on the Gudgeon pin through the radial direction will be fcos and the tangential direction
surrounding oil is periodic, it may safely be assumed to fsin. Obviously fcos is a symmetric periodic function
be the sum of a finite number of harmonics. If the and f sin is an anti symmetric. When is extremely
pressure variation f() is symmetric Fourier series can be small, this can be treated as a starved Gudgeon pin and
written as: when is , fully lubricated.
2
1
a0
2 f ( )d For fcos (radial pressure, symmetric), using
0 Equation (1)
1
2
an
2 0 f ( ) cos n d 1
a0 f cos d sin

f

a0 2f cos
1 f
d sin
2
1 2 (3)
bn
2 0 f ( ) sin nd 1
an 1 f cos cos dn 1)
f sin( n 1) sin( n

(1) an f cos cos nd
f nsin( sin( n 1()n(n1)1)
(1)
(n
(n 1) (n 1)
f
If, on the other hand, if it is assured anti-symmetric, then
When
If, on the other hand, if it is assured anti - symmetric, then it can a1 as ( 2 sin 2 )
n be1,fwritten (4)
22 )
When n 1, a1 (2 sin
1
2
when , 2
an f ( ) sin nd when ,
0 a f
a 1 f
80 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

1 f
a0
a 0
1
2
2

ff cos d
cos d f sin




sin
Figure

7. Bending moment diagram when Contacts are at B1 and B2.
1 f sin( n 1) sin( n 1)
cos cos nd f sin( n 1) sin( n 1) ( n 1)
f
a 1 f
ann ( n 1) ( n 1)
( n 1) ( n 1)
cos cos n d ( n 1)

f simply supported only at B1 and B2 as shown in Figure 7.
When n 1, a1 f ( 2 sin 2 ) The bending moment diagram is shown along side.
When n 1, a1 2 ( 2 sin 2 ) (5)
when , 2 One can proceed to find out the deflection at C (mid
span), A1and A2 (overhanging ends) and the maximum
a f ,
when
1 stress experienced by the Gudgeon pin. Since the beam

a10 f n ( n 1) 0 is assumed to be symmetric, it is sufficient to calculate
a a


the deflections and stress at A1 and C alone.
a0 an ( n 1) 0 Deflection at C is obtained by computing the moment
about B1 of the bending moment diagram between B1 and
(6) C (6)
Area (1/ 24) * wl 3
For f sin, (for circumferential pressure, Distance of C.G of the shaded area from B1= (5/16)
antisymmetric) using Equation (2) Difference in the slope of the tangent between B1and C

when , B C
((11 // 24
24))3 wl
3
wl 3 *
* (5 // 16
16))ll // EI
EI
when , 1
B C (1 / 24) wl * (5 / 16)(l5/ EI
B1 C
1
1 (10)
f sin(n 1) sin(n 1)
a0 0, an (n 1) sin sin nd Sincethe
Since
Since the
the deflection
deflection
deflection at B1 at B1 is
is zero
is zero:
at B1 isatzero
B zero
1
1 (n 1) ) nn
f(fn sin(
1sin( 11))

Since
sin( the
n
sin( n 1)
deflection
1 ) 1
a00 0, ann (n 1) sin sin nd (n (7)

C (
(n5((/5 4
a 0 , a ( n 1) sin sin n d 5384
/)384
/ 384 4)) wl
wl 4 / EI
/ EI
When n 1, (n 1) 1 ) CC ( n 1) 1

) wl
/ EI
(11)
When n
f n 1, 1, Similarly
Similarly
Similarly the
thethe difference
difference in the
the deflection
deflection
in the deflection
difference in between
between A1 between
and C, A1 aa
A
aWhen
1 (f2 sin 2 ) 1

a1 2 f ( 2 sin 2 ) AACC

(1 /(1
(124//)24
24 (2133 /*16()21
wl 3)*wl
) wl * (21 // 16
l / EI 384) wl(21
16))(ll21// /EI
EI 3
(21/ EI// 384 wl 33 // EI
384))wl EI
a1 2 , (2 sin 2 )
1
A11 C (12)
when (8)
when2 ,
a1 f
,
Hence the deflection at A1:
when
1 f
a
a0 an (n 1) 0 A1 A C B C (1 / 24)wl / EI 4
(13)
a10
af n ( n 1 ) 0

1 1

a0 an (n 1) 0
Case (ii): Contacts at A1, B1, B2 and A2
(9)
The beam has contacts at A1, B1, B2 and A2 as shown in
Figures 5 and 8.The reaction forces at A1and A2 can be
DETAILS OF ANALYSIS computed by the difference in the displacement from the
clearance during manufacture
Beam approach The principle of superposition can then be used to
combine the effects of two discrete loadings, the first due
Case (i) Contacts at B1and B2 to uniform distributed load Case (i) and the second due to
a concentrated load F1 Case (ii) (Figure 9).
This is shown in Figures 4 and 7. The beam is assumed Considering the reaction forces F1 and using area
 Ramamurti et al. 81

Figure 8. Force diagram of Case (ii).

Figure 9. BMD due to F1 at A1 and A2.

Figure 10. Deflected shape due to F1 alone.

moment method on the bending moment diagram shown Similarly, the difference in the deflection between A1 and
in Figure 10 and Table 1, the difference in the deflection C:
between B1and C is:
A1C 1/ EI ( F1l * l / 2 * 5l / 4) ( F1l * l / 2 * 2 / 3l ) F1l 3 / EI (23 / 24)
(16)
B1 C F1l * l / 2 * l / 4 / EI

(14) Hence
Hence,

( F1l 3* l / 2 * 2 / 3l ) F1l 3 / EI
1 / EIA1 ( FA13lC * lB/C 2 * 5l 3/ 4)(14)
A1 C
Hence, C (1 / 8) F1l 3 / EI A(23C/ 24 * l (/FEI1l * (l1// 28)*F15*ll/ 4/ EI
1) F/1EI ) ( F(51l/ 6*)lF/1l2/*EI2 / 3l ) F1l 3 / EI (23 / 24)
Hence,
F1l * l / 2 * l / 4 / EI Hence A1 A(14)
1

Hence A C AC BBCC
1 (15)
Hence, C (1 / 8) F1l 3 / EI (23 / 24(23 / EI((11 //88) F
) F/ 124*) Fl 3*/l 3EI (5 /
) F*1l*3 /lEI3 /EI 6) F(5 6) F1l 3 / EI
l 3 // EI
(15) 1 1 1 (17)
(15)
 82 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Table 1. Summary of displacements and stresses.

Description A C
Loading due to UDL of connecting rod (1/24)*wl4/EI (5/384)*wl4/EI M/Z
3 3
Reaction force F1 at the ends (5/6)*F1l /EI (1/8)*F1l /EI M/Z

Length of the Gudgeon pin

Figure 11. Axial section-semi analytical approach.

If the available clearance between the Gudgeon pin and Semi analytic approach
piston bore is c,
Using (Equation 17) one can write: ANSYS is used to handle this problem. Symmetric and
antisymmetric loading as presented in Equations (3) to
c (5 / 6) F1l 3 / EI (9) are taken as inputs. PLANE 25 (ANSYS) is used for
2-D modeling of axisymmetric (18) structures with
nonaxisymmetric loading. The element is defined by
/HenceF
c (5 Hence, 6cEI / 5l 3
6) F1l 3 /1 EI three or four nodes having three degrees of freedom per
node: translations in the radial, axial and circumferential
HenceF1 6cEI / 5l 3 (19)
directions as shown in Figure 11. The axial section is
arrested at the locations of the circlips. The radial
 Ramamurti et al. 83

Values of coefficients

5
Plot area

15

30
90 180
45

Number of Fourier terms

Figure 12. Fourier coefficients for various harmonics.

Table 2. Salient features of the compressor

S/No Description Value

1 Length of the gudgeon pin 60mm
2 Outer diameter/Inner diameter of the pin 13/7 mm
3 Second moment of area I of the pin 1200mm4
4 Section modulus Z of the pin 185 mm3
U = 600 MPa
5 Material (IS 4432)15C8 of the pin
y = 400 MPa

6 Width of the con rod ( l ) 20 mm

7 Piston bore/stroke 66.7/46
8 Operating speed of the compressor 3000 RPM
9 Maximum air pressure 10 bar

displacements at the outer radius at locations of the
circlips are also assumed to be zero.
Load is uniformly distributed on the Gudgeon pin in the
region of the connecting rod and with half its intensity on
either side in the region of the piston bore (in opposite
sense).
Sum of the deformations and stresses for semi contact
angles of 30, 45, 90 and 180 are calculated for
harmonics up to 15.
in Figure 12 for various harmonics. It can be observed
that convergence is achieved for semi contact angle
above 30. For angles less than 30 the number of terms
required increases rapidly. For angles less than 5 even
100 terms are not sufficient. Hence the semi analytical
approach become cumbersome for <30.
NUMERICAL RESULTS

As a specific example, a reciprocating compressor for air

Convergence of results
For semi contact angle = 180, there is only one term (n
= 1) (Equation 6). The value is unique. Convergence of
the Fourier series by using equations (3) to (6) is studied
braking system in vehicles with specifications shown in
Tables 2 and 3 is taken up. This compressor runs at a
maximum speed of 3000 rpm and consumes around 10
hp for compressing the air. The maximum force F
experienced by the connecting rod due to air pressure
 84 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Table 3. Clearance details of Gudgeon pin

Clearance details (mm)

Piston bore
Nominal Tolerance Min Max
14.006 0.003 14.003 14.009

Small end of the con rod

Nominal Tolerance Min Max
14.008 0.005 14.003 14.013

Gudgeon pin OD
Nominal Tolerance Min Max
13.997 0.002 13.995 13.999

Table 4. Summary of results Beam approach:

S/No Description Value Manufacturable lower limit Manufacturable upper limit Comments
Case (i): Contacts at B1 and B2.
1 Deflection at C 0.0033 mm 0.004 mm 0.018 mm Acceptable
2 Deflection at A 0.0105 mm 0.004 mm 0.018 mm Exceeds lower limit
3 y at C 103MPa Endurance limit 200MPa (50% of yield)for Ni Cr steel Acceptable

Case (ii): Contacts at A1, B1, B2 and A2:

1 Deflection at C 0.002 mm 0.004 mm 0.018 mm Acceptable
2 Deflection at A 0.004 mm 0.004 mm 0.018 mm Acceptable
3 y at C 80 MPa Endurance limit 200MPa (50% of yield)for Ni Cr steel Acceptable

and inertia force is around 8000 N. Semi analytic approach

The information contained in these two tables for this
compressor is used to compute the deflection and stress
experienced by the Gudgeon pin using the material in
Table 2.
The summary of results obtained is given in Table 4
and Figures 13 to 17. Predominant stress by bending
theory will always be Y (axial stress) whereas in semi
analytical approach x (radial), y (axial) and z
(circumferential) will all be present. Hence Von Mises
stress is computed for semi contact angle of 45 to
assess the severity of stress in semi analytic approach.
From Table 4, it is clear that if the clearance in the
piston bore exceeds 0.0105 mm, the pin will not touch at
A1 and A2 (Case i).The maximum stress will be around
103 MPa.
However, if the clearance in the piston bore is less than
0.0105 mm, there will be contacts at A1and A2. Then the
axial stress will come down to 80 MPa (Case ii). Hence it
is sufficient to consider the displacement and stress of
Case (i) alone for the design consideration. Also it shows
that the Gudgeon pin will not fail even when the stresses
are in the range of 80 to 103 MPa.
Maximum deflection of around 0.0016 mm as seen from
Figure 15 experienced by the pin for a semi contact angle
of 45 indicates that the pin floats in the piston bore and
the bore of the connecting rod (Figure 17). For >45 the
maximum deformation is much less.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Stress obtained by bending theory is only in the axial
direction, its magnitude is higher than corresponding
results obtained by semi analytic approach. Stresses in
Case (i) are less than the ones obtained when the
Gudgeon pin, touches the piston bore. When the semi
contact angle of the lubricant is 180 (fully lubricated) the
maximum Von Mises stress is the lowest (around 20
MPa). As the semi contact angle gets reduced, the
maximum stress steadily increases. In the worst case
(assumption of bending theory) it goes up to 103 MPa
Figure 18 shows the distribution of stresses at mid
section. Beam theory Case (ii) gives rise to a maximum
 Ramamurti et al. 85

Figure 13. Displacement on Gudgeon based on beam theory- Case (i).

Figure 14. Displacement on Gudgeon pin for =45semi analytic approach.

Figure 15. Stress on Gudgeon by beam theory Case i.

Y of 80 MPa at the outer most fibers. This varies
linearly across the depth of the beam. X and Z are not
present.
On the other hand in the case of semi analytic
approach, X, Y, and Z are present everywhere. ( X is
zero at the free surface of the outer radius).No individual
value exceeds 36 MPa. This is understandable since for
the same intensity of loading in case of semi analytic
approach the entire cross section participates in load
sharing. In beam theory the top and bottom fibers
experience maximum Y linearly varying across the depth
with x and Z being zero everywhere.
86 J. Mech. Eng. Res.

Figure 16. Stress on Gudgeon pin for =45 degree semi analytic approach.

Lubricant oil

Figure 17. Gudgeon pin fully floating in the oil (semi analytic approach).

Conclusion 40 MPa. Alongside is shown the axial stress Y from

bending theory Case (i).
Figure 19 shows the plot of Von Mises stress for various From the foregoing analysis, it is clear that the
semi contact angles. maximum Von Mises stress experienced by the Gudgeon
For angles above 30 the stress values do not exceed pin for a well lubricated assembly is unlikely to exceed 40
 Ramamurti et al. 87

Figure 18. Stress distribution for beam approach and semi analytic approach.

Stress from beam theory-Case (ii)

Stress (MPa)

Angle in degree

Figure 19. Von Mises Stress on Gudgeon pin for various semi contact angle.

MPa as shown in Figure 19. The material used for of safety around five. This implies that the Gudgeon pin is
Gudgeon pin is Nickel-chromium alloy steel whose basically an over designed member which is not
endurance limit is above 200 MPa. This provides a factor expected to fail during its operation. Likelihood of
88 J. Mech. Eng. Res.
Gudgeon pin failing in service with this factor of safety is
remote. Its failure while the vehicle is running has
disastrous consequences. It has been ascertained from
the field data that the end customer is advised to replace
the piston assembly comprising of piston, piston rings,
Gudgeon pin after every 300,000 km of running of a
vehicle. This standard practice seems to be in line with
our findings.
In our opinion, the factor of safety needed for the
design of Gudgeon pin in the case of diesel engine can
be much less than what is desirable for reciprocating
compressor. Since the primary duty of compressor is to
compress air, lubricating the Gudgeon pin from an
additional source is needed. In the case of diesel
engines, since the medium of compression is diesel oil,
the Gudgeon pin getting starved of oil is not present.
The foregoing analysis indicates that the choice of Ni
Cr steel for Gudgeon pin has been made to cater to the
eventuality of the pin not failing even during the worst
scenario of this turning pair totally starved of lubricating
oil.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to express their gratitude to Ms
WABCO-TVS (India) for the encouragement and
permission given to report this article in a journal.
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nd
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