Marikina Polytechnic College

Sta. Elena, Marikina City

Written Report in
HVACR 222: Refrigeration Plant Designing

Prepared by:
Decena, Abegail N.
BTTE III-I Physics Set A

Submitted to:
Mr. Edward Alonzo
 Course Description
Deals with the proper selection and matching of equipment for residential and
commercial refrigeration and air conditioning.
Covers topics on heat transfer and their application to determination of heat loads to
be carried by the refrigeration and air- conditioning systems.
Includes activities on the calculation of heat loads for refrigeration application, both
for above and below 0C or 32F, and air conditioning loads.
Course Contents
A. Heat load calculation for refrigeration applications:
1. above 32F
2. below 32F
B. Heat load calculation for air conditioning application

Heat load

- This is used to accurately select refrigeration equipment for any application.

- The heat load calculation should include the following four main sources of HEAT
GAIN.

4 main sources of heat gain

1. Wall or Transmission load

- The heat gain is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the
two sides of the refrigerated wall. The minimum cork insulation or equivalent,
recommended in ordinary construction, is about 1 inch thickness for each 15
Fahrenheit degree temperature difference between the two sides of a wall.
 Five factors which affect the heat leakage are:
A. Time the longer the time, the more heat will leak through a certain wall.
B. Temperature difference the greater the temperature difference, the more
heat will transfer through the wall.
C. Thickness of insulation the thicker the insulation, the less heat flow
through it.
D. Kind of insulation expanded polystyrene, for instance, will insulate
approximately 6 times better than wood.
E. External area of cabinet the more area through which heat may leak, the
greater he heat flow.

2. Air Change load

- Whenever the door to a refrigerated room is
opened, some outside air will enter the room. This
air must be brought down to the refrigerated room
temperature, which results in a considerable heat
gain. It is impossible to accurately calculate the
number of these air changes (also referred to as
infiltration) that will take place per day and
consequently, tables based on experience are used.
 3. Product load
- Whenever a product is placed in a
refrigerator at a temperature higher than the
storage temperature, the product will lose heat
until it reaches the storage temperature, and
this involves the following considerations:
a. Specific heat - The amount of heat
required to lower one pound of a product by
1F is known as its specific heat. The specific
heat for any given product has one distinct
value above freezing temperature and another distinct value below freezing
temperature.
b. Latent heat - When the product is to be frozen, in addition to the heat to be
removed in lowering its temperature, heat must be removed to also freeze it. The
quantity of heat that must be removed from one pound of product to freeze it is
known as its latent heat of fusion.
c. Heat of respiration - In the storage of fresh fruits and vegetables, it must be
remembered that they are alive and are undergoing changes during storage. This
living process involves the giving off of heat and is known as the heat of respiration
of a product. The amount of heat evolved varies considerably with the product, as
well as with the product temperature.

4. Miscellaneous load
 - These gains are generally composed of those due to electrical energy dissipated
and to human occupancy.

To arrive at the total Btu per 24-hour load, all of the four main sources of heat gain
should be totaled and it is recommended that a safety factor of 10% be added. For rooms
above 32F, it is established practice to compute the Btu per hour load based on a 16hour
compressor operation to insure a defrosting cycle. For rooms below 32F, some auxiliary
means of defrosting, such as heater, is usually available, and the Btu per 24-hour load is
then often based on an 18-hour or greater compressor operation.

REFRIGERATION LOAD CALCULATIONS

Temperatures above 32F

I. Calculation of loads for general-purpose coolers above 1,600 cubic feet volume
- It is necessary that the refrigeration load of all coolers above 1,600 cubic feet interior
volume, and also of all smaller coolers irrespective of size with known product loads, be
calculated by separately considering the four main sources of heat gains. Any major
deviations from this procedure may result in a serious miscalculation since many products
require special temperatures and have other properties, which require that they be treated
individually.
 To facilitate load calculations, a Keeprite Refrigeration Load Form No. 65R has been
prepared which outlines in detail the main sources of heat loads and the procedure to
follow in most load calculations for storage rooms above 32F.
II. Calculation of loads for general-purpose coolers below 1600 cubic feet volume
- Whenever possible, it is recommended that the load calculations be made by considering
separately the main sources of heat gain and following the procedure as outlined in Form
No. 65R. However, the product load to be cooled is often unknown for the general-purpose
coolers under 1600 cubic feet volume.
A dependable method, sometimes called the rule of thumb method, is then employed to
determine the refrigeration load. This method treats the refrigeration load as being
composed of two main sources of heat gain: (a) wall or transmission load, and (b) usage
heat load.
To facilitate load calculations by use of the rule of thumb method, a Keeprite
Refrigeration Load Form No.66R has been prepared, which outlines the procedure to be
followed in the load calculation.

REFRIGERATION LOAD CALCULATIONS

Temperatures below 32F

1. Calculation of loads with or without a product

As in storage rooms above 32F, all low
temperature room loads are calculated by
separately considering the four main sources of
heat gains. However, when low temperature
rooms are used for holding rooms only, no
product load is involved; consequently, this step
is disregarded. To facilitate low temperature
load calculations, a Keeprite Refrigeration
Load Form No. 67R has been prepared, which
outlines in detail the main sources of heat gain and the procedure to follow in making load
calculations.

CALCULATION OF AIR CONDITIONING LOADS

Air conditioning loads are composed of two general sources of heat gains, i.e., sensible
heat loads and latent heat loads.

A. Sensible heat loads - are so designated because the addition of such loads to a
room will increase its dry bulb temperature. Sensible heat loads usually consist of
the following sources:
1. Transmission loads. These are loads due to wall, window, and similar gains
caused by a temperature difference between the air-conditioned space and the
outside.

2. Sun effect loads. These are loads due to the effect of the suns heat upon the
outside surfaces of the conditioned space and are in addition to the ordinary wall
gains.
 3. Occupancy and appliance loads. These are loads due to sensible heat actually
emitted to the air-conditioned space by the occupants and electrical appliances,

etc.
4. Outside air loads. These are loads due to the introduction of outside air into the
air-conditioned space, either by positive ventilation or by infiltration through the
doors, cracks, etc.
B. Latent heat loads - are so designated because their effect on the air-conditioned
space cannot be detected with the ordinary dry bulb thermometer. Such loads
introduce heat into the room air in the form of moisture and, unless it is removed,
the air-conditioned space will be uncomfortable even though the dry bulb
temperature is in the comfort cooling range. Latent heat loads consist of the
following main sources:
 1. Occupancy and appliance loads. These are loads due to the moisture being
released into the air conditioned space by appliances, such as coffee urns, or by
the occupants.

2. Outside air loads. These are loads due to the introduction of outside air into the
conditioned space, since the outside air will normally have moisture content
higher than that of the conditioned space.

To easily calculate loads, Keeprite Comfort Cooling Load Form No. 68R has been
prepared. This form is based on an outside design condition of 95F DB and 75F WB, and
inside conditions of 80F DB and 67F WB.

Outer cabinet and door

Pieces of sheet metal are either welded or clinched together.
Inner cabinet
The inner cabinet is sometimes made from sheet metal very similar to the outer
shell.
Some manufacturers and some models use plastic for inner liners; for example, the
inner door is almost exclusively made from plastic today.
The plastic liners are vacuum formed. In this process, a thick piece of plastic slightly
larger than the finished part has its outer edges clamped and is then heated. The hot
plastic is next pulled by vacuum into a mold and cooled.
Sample problem in calculation of heat load using Keeprite Refrigeration Load Form No.65R.
Given Factors:
Application: Fruit storage
Outside room dimensions: (L) 35 x (W) 25 x (H) 9
Insulation: 3, cork
Overall wall thickness: 6
Outside air temperature: 95F
Storage room temperature: 32F
Electrical load: 120 watts
3000 lbs of cherries and 3000 lbs of peaches arrives at the storage room at the temperature of 60F

REFRIGERATION LOAD FORM No. 65R

For Rooms Above 32F (0C)

Given Factors: 1. Application: __________Fruit storage___________________________

2. Outside Room Dimensions: (feet) (L) ____35______ (W) ___25_______ (H)
___9_______
3. Insulation: (in) ____3______, Type ____cork______
4. Overall Wall Thickness: (in) ____6______
5. Outside Air Temperature: ____95______ F
6. Storage Room Temperature: ___32_______ F
7. Temperature Reduction (No. 5 - No. 6): _____63_____ F
8. Electrical Load: (watts) ____120______
9. Number of Occupants: __________
10. Product Load and Additional Information:

SOLUTION:

1. WALL LOAD
a. Outside wall surface: w ____25______ x l _____35_____ x 2 = _____1750_____
w _____25_____ x h _____9_____ x 2 = ___650_______
l _____35_____ x h ____9______ x 2 = ____630______ = ___2830____ Total area, sq
ft
b. (Table 1) Btu load/sq ft/24 hrs = _____151.2_____

a ______2830______ x b ____151.2______ =
______427896______ Btu/24 Hrs

2. AIR CHANGE LOAD

a. Interior room volume: ___34_______ x ______24____ x ____8______ = _____6528____ cu ft
b. (Table 2) Air change/24 Hrs = ____6.76______
c. (Table 3) Btu/cu ft = ___2.58_______

a ______6528______ x b ____6.76______ x c ____2.58______ =

___113853.5424______ Btu/24 Hrs

3. PRODUCT LOAD

A. Product temperature reduction load

a. Lbs of product = ___3000_______

b. Temperature reduction of product = ____28______ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat = ____0.90______
 a _____3000_____ x b ____28______ x c _____0.90_____ =
_____75600_______ Btu/24 Hrs

a. Lbs of product = ____3000______

b. Temperature reduction of product = _____28_____ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat = __________

a ___3000_______ x b ___28_______ x c ____0.86______ =

______72240____ Btu/24 Hrs

B. Heat of respiration load

a. Ton of product = ____3000______lbs/2,000 = ____1.5______

b. (Table 5) Heat of respiration/ton = ____1,760______

a ____1.5______ x b _____1,760______ =
a. Ton of product = ___3000_______lbs/2,000 = ___1.5_______
b. (Table 5) Heat of respiration/ton = ____1,370______

a ____1.5______ x b ____1,370_______ =
______4695______ Btu/24 Hrs

4. MISCELLANEOUS LOAD

a. Electrical load (watt) = _____120_____ x 3.42 x 24 =

___9849.6_______ Btu/24 Hrs
b. Number of occupants = __________ x 750 x 24 =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

5. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS

__704134.1424_____ Btu/24 Hrs

6. 10% Btu load/24 Hrs for Safety Factor

___70413.41424_____ Btu/24 Hrs

7. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS WITH SAFETY FACTOR

____774547.5566_______ Btu/24 Hrs

Total Btu/24 Hrs / Compressor running time = _____774547.5566__________ / 16 Hrs =

__48409.22229_________ Btu/Hr

4 TOR

Physics concepts
Insulator- cant transferred heat
Conductor material can transferred head
The zeroth law of thermodynamics
Heat
Is energy that flows from higher temperature object to a lower-temperature
object because of the difference in temperature.
SI unit of heat: Joule (J)
 Transfer of heat
Conduction(wall or
transmission load)
Is the transfer of heat
between substances that
are direct contact with
each other.
The better the conductor,
the more rapidly heat
will transfer.

Convection(air-change load)
Is the up and down
movement of gases
and liquids caused by
heat transfer.
Primary method by
which heat moves
through gases and
liquids.
The more
energetic
substance the
high molecule
temperature.
Radiation(sun effect loads)
When
electromagnetic
waves travel through
space.
 When the wave comes in contact with an object it will transfer heat to
that object.

Mechanism of heat transfer

Conduction occurs within a body or between two bodies in contact.

Convection depends on motion of mass from on region of space to another.

Specific heat and sensible heat - specific heat is the energy needed to raise a unit of
mass by 1 degree of temperature. Therefore, this is also the energy should be
released by a unit of mass (substance) when it decreases its temperature by 1
degree of temperature. And the heat being released is the sensible heat.
Latent heat - when moisture content of air that enters the refrigerator condenses
and the water contained by the products freezes, then it will release latent heat.
Phase change
Condensation and Evaporation

Heat conductivity (kind of insulation)

often denoted as k, , or
is the property of a material to conduct heat. It is evaluated primarily in
terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction.
The thermal conductivity of a material may depend on temperature.
Materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat
sink applications.
Materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation.
;The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity.
 Interpolation
To estimate values of (data or a function) between two known values.
Opposite of Extrapolation.

Assignments:

Give some companies in the Philippines that offering the calculation of loads.
1. Sumisetsu Heating & Air Conditioning/HVAC
2. C-s Appliance Servicenter
3. The Redsystems Company
4. Aldes Heating & Air Conditioning/HVAC
5. Airtech Systems Construction
6. MDCL Integrated Construction and Allied Services
7. Apo Refrigeration and Airconditioning Supply
8. Aerofrost Company
9. American Standard Philippines Limited
10. Koolking Auto Airconditioning
 Types of insulation

Installation
Type Method(s) Advantages
Insulation Materials Where Applicable
 Do-it-
yourself.

Suited for
Fiberglass
standard
stud and
Mineral (rock or slag) joist
wool spacing that
Unfinished walls,
is relatively
including foundation
free from
Plastic fibers walls
Fitted between obstructions
Blanket: batts studs, joists, . Relatively
and rolls Natural fibers Floors and ceilings and beams. inexpensiv.

Require
specialized
skills
Foam board, to be
placed on outside of Unfinished walls,
wall (usually new including foundation
construction) or inside walls,
Insulating
of wall (existing Insulating
cores
homes): concrete blocks
Concrete block for new construction increases
are sometimes
insulation or major renovations wall R-
stacked without
Some manufacturers value.
mortar (dry-
incorporate foam
and insulating Walls (insulating stacked) and
beads or air into the
concrete blocks concrete blocks) surface bonded.
concrete mix to
increase R-values

Foam board or Polystyrene Unfinished walls, Interior High

rigid foam including foundation applications: insulating
walls must be value for
Polyisocyanurate
covered with relatively
1/2-inch little
Floors and ceilings
Polyurethane gypsum board thickness.
or other
Unvented low-slope building-code
Can block
roofs approved
thermal
material for fire
short
safety.
circuits
when
Exterior installed
applications: continuousl
must be y over
covered with frames or
weatherproof joists.
 facing.

Insulation is
literally built
into the
home's
walls,
Unfinished walls, creating
Insulating including foundation Installed as part high
concrete forms Foam boards or foam walls for new of the building thermal
(ICFs) blocks construction structure. resistance.

Enclosed
existing
wall or
open new
wall
cavities

Unfinishe
d attic
floors Good for
adding
insulation
Other Blown to existing
Cellulose hard-to- into place finished
reach using areas,
Fiberglass places special irregularly
equipme shaped
nt, areas, and
Mineral (rock or slag) wool
sometime around
Loose-fill and s poured obstruction
blown-in in. s.

Reflective system Unfinishe Foils, Do-it-

d walls, films, or yourself.
ceilings, papers
and floors fitted
Suitable for
between
framing at
wood-
standard
frame
spacing.
studs,
joists,
rafters, Bubble-
and form
Foil-faced kraft paper, plastic film,
 suitable if
framing is
irregular or
if
obstruction
s are
present.

Most
effective at
preventing
downward
heat flow,
effectivenes
s depends
polyethylene bubbles, or cardboard beams. on spacing.

Ducts in
unconditioned
HVAC
spaces
contractors
fabricate the Can
Fiberglass
Other places insulation into withstand
requiring insulation ducts either at high
Rigid fibrous or Mineral (rock or slag) that can withstand their shops or at temperature
fiber insulation wool high temperatures the job sites. s.

Sprayed foam Enclosed existing Applied using Good for

and foamed-in- wall small spray adding
place containers or in insulation to
larger quantities existing
Open new wall
as a pressure finished
cavities
sprayed areas,
(foamed-in- irregularly
Unfinished attic place) product. shaped
floors areas, and
around
obstructions
.

Cementitious

Phenolic
 Polyisocyanurate

Polyurethane

Ranging Capacity of Compressor

 Weld-sealed reciprocating compressors are the most popular style used below 10
tons.
Hermetic reciprocating compressors keep the lion's share of the commercial air
conditioning and heat pumps on the market more than 10 tons.
Open reciprocating compressors offer maximum endurance and working capacity
from approximately 5 to 150 tons in the compressor.
Centrifugal design used on the largest systems.
They appear on the vast majority of
systems using compressors more than
150 tons of capacity.
The maximum capacity of each
compressor is about 10,000 tons, but
custom-built blocks exceed 20 000
tons.

Open reciprocating and screw designs,

they are suitable for cooling, industrial,
and commercial-use air conditioning
or heat pump.
Heat Sealer
is a machine used to seal products, packaging, and
other thermoplastic materials using heat.
This can be with uniform thermoplastic monolayers or with materials
having several layers, at least one being thermoplastic.
Heat sealing can join two similar materials together or can join
dissimilar materials, one of which has a thermoplastic layer.
 REFRIGERATION LOAD FORM No. 65R
For Rooms Above 32F (0C)

Given Factors: 1. Application:

__________________________________________________________
2. Outside Room Dimensions: (feet) (L) __________ (W)
__________ (H) __________
3. Insulation: (in) __________, Type __________
4. Overall Wall Thickness: (in) __________
5. Outside Air Temperature: __________ F
6. Storage Room Temperature: __________ F
7. Temperature Reduction (No. 5 - No. 6): __________ F
8. Electrical Load: (watts) __________
9. Number of Occupants: __________
10. Product Load and Additional Information:

SOLUTION:

1. WALL LOAD
a. Outside wall surface: w __________ x l __________ x 2 = __________
w __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________
l __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________ =
_______ Total area, sq ft
b. (Table 1) Btu load/sq ft/24 hrs = __________

a ____________ x b __________ =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

2. AIR CHANGE LOAD

 a. Interior room volume: __________ x __________ x __________ = __________
cu ft
b. (Table 2) Air change/24 Hrs = __________
c. (Table 3) Btu/cu ft = __________

a ____________ x b __________ x c __________ =

_____________ Btu/24 Hrs

3. PRODUCT LOAD

A. Product temperature reduction load

a. Lbs of product = __________

b. Temperature reduction of product = __________ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat = __________

a __________ x b __________ x c __________ =

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

a. Lbs of product = __________

b. Temperature reduction of product = __________ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat = __________

a __________ x b __________ x c __________ =

__________ Btu/24 Hrs

B. Heat of respiration load

a. Ton of product = __________lbs/2,000 = __________

b. (Table 5) Heat of respiration/ton = __________

a __________ x b ___________ =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

4. MISCELLANEOUS LOAD

a. Electrical load (watt) = __________ x 3.42 x 24 =

____________ Btu/24 Hrs
b. Number of occupants = __________ x 750 x 24 =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

5. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

6. 10% Btu load/24 Hrs for Safety Factor

____________ Btu/24 Hrs
7. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS WITH SAFETY FACTOR
___________ Btu/24 Hrs

Total Btu/24 Hrs / Compressor running time = _______________ / 16 Hrs =

_____________ Btu/Hr

REFRIGERATION LOAD FORM No. 67R

For Rooms Below 32F (0C)

Given Factors: 1. Application:

__________________________________________________________
2. Outside Room Dimensions: (feet) (L) __________ (W)
__________ (H) __________
3. Insulation: (in) __________, Type __________
4. Overall Wall Thickness: (in) __________
5. Outside Air Temperature: __________ F
6. Storage Room Temperature: __________ F
7. Temperature Reduction (No. 5- No. 6): __________ F
8. Electrical Load: (watts) __________
9. Number of Occupants: __________
10. Product Load and Additional Information:

SOLUTION:

1. WALL LOAD
a. Outside wall surface: w __________ x l __________ x 2 = __________
w __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________
l __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________ =
_________ Total area, sq ft
b. (Table 1) Btu load/sq ft/24 hrs = __________

a ____________ x b __________ =
_____________ Btu/24 Hrs

2. AIR CHANGE LOAD

a. Interior room volume: __________ x __________ x __________ = __________
cu ft
b. (Table 17) Air change/24 Hrs = __________
c. (Table 18) Btu/cu ft = __________

a ____________ x b __________ x c __________ =

_____________ Btu/24 Hrs

3. PRODUCT LOAD
 A. Product temperature reduction load before/above freezing

a. Lbs of product = __________

b. Temperature reduction of product to freezing = __________ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat above freezing = __________

a __________ x b __________ x c __________ =

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

B. Latent heat of fusion load

a. Lbs of product = __________

b. (Table 4) Latent heat of fusion = __________

a __________ x b __________ =
_____________ Btu/24 Hrs

C. Product temperature reduction load after/below freezing

a. Lbs of product = __________

b. Temperature reduction of product below freezing = __________ F
c. (Table 4) Specific heat below freezing = __________

a __________ x b __________ x c __________ =

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

4. MISCELLANEOUS LOAD

a. Electrical load (watt): __________ x 3.42 x 24 =

___________ Btu/24 Hrs
b. Number of occupants: __________ x 750 x 24 =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

5. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

6. 10% Btu load/24 Hrs for Safety Factor

___________ Btu/24 Hrs

7. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS WITH SAFETY FACTOR

____________ Btu/24 Hrs

Total Btu/24 Hrs / Compressor running time = _______________ / 18 Hrs =

_______________ Btu/Hr

REFRIGERATION LOAD FORM No. 66R

 For Rooms Above 32F (0C) and where the product load is not known;
Applies only to rooms under 1600 cubic feet interior volume

Given Factors: 1. Application:

__________________________________________________________
2. Outside Room Dimensions: (feet) (L) __________ (W)
__________ (H) __________
3. Insulation: (in) __________, Type __________
4. Overall Wall Thickness: (in) __________
5. Outside Air Temperature: __________ F
6. Storage Room Temperature: __________ F
7. Temperature Reduction (No. 5- No. 6): __________ F

SOLUTION:

1. WALL LOAD

a. Outside wall surface: w __________ x l __________ x 2 = __________

w __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________
l __________ x h __________ x 2 = __________ =
____________ Total area, sq ft
b. (Table 1) Btu load/sq ft/24 hrs = __________

a ____________ x b __________ =
_______________ Btu/24 Hrs

2. USAGE HEAT LOAD

a. Interior room volume: __________ x __________ x __________ = ____________

cu ft
b. (Table 6) Btu/cu ft = __________

a ____________ x b __________ =
____________ Btu/24 Hrs

3. TOTAL BTU LOAD/24 HRS

_____________ Btu/24 Hrs

Total Btu/24 Hrs / Compressor running time = _______________ / 16 Hrs =

_____________ Btu/Hr
Table 1. WALL HEAT LOADS BTU PER 24 HOURS PER 1 SQUARE FOOT OF OUTSIDE
SURFACE

Insula (Btu per square foot per 24 hour)

tion

Cork

or Temperature difference (Ambient temperature minus refrigerator temperature)

equiv
10 10 11 11 12
alent, 1 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
0 5 0 5 0
inch

2. 10 12 13 14 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 26 26 28
3 96
4 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 7 8

1. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21
4 72 81 90 99
8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 9 8 7 6

1.
10 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 17
5 4 58 65 72 79 87 94
1 8 5 2 0 7 4 1 9 6 3
4

1. 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14
6 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96
2 2 8 4 0 6 2 8 4

1.
10 10 11 11 12
7 0 41 46 52 57 62 67 72 77 82 88 93 98
3 8 3 8 4
3

0.
10 10
8 9 36 41 45 50 54 59 63 68 72 77 81 86 90 95 99
4 8
0

0.
9 8 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96
0

0.
10 7 29 32 36 40 43 47 50 54 58 61 65 68 72 76 79 83 86
2

11 0. 26 30 33 36 40 43 46 50 53 56 60 63 66 69 73 76 79
6
 6

0.
12 6 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72
0

0.
13 5 22 25 28 30 33 36 39 41 44 47 50 52 55 58 61 63 66
5

0.
14 5 20 23 26 28 31 33 36 38 41 43 46 49 51 54 56 59 61
1

2
Single 10 12 13 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 24 25 27 28 29 31 32
7.
glass 80 20 50 90 20 60 90 30 60 90 40 60 00 40 70 00 40
0

Doubl
11 44 50 55 61 66 71 77 82 88 93 99 10 11 11 12 12 13
e
.0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 0 6 0 50 00 60 10 70 20
glass

Triple 7. 28 32 35 39 42 45 49 52 56 59 63 66 70 74 77 81 84
glass 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0

Table 2. AVERAGE AIR CHANGES PER 24 HOURS FOR STORAGE ROOMS ABOVE 32F

DUE TO DOOR OPENING AND INFILTRATION

Volume Air Volume Air Volume Air Volume Air

changes changes changes changes
Cu.ft Cu.ft Cu.ft Cu.ft
per 24 per 24 per 24 per 24
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.

250 25.00 1,000 17.50 6,000 6.50 30,000 2.70

300 34.50 1,500 14.00 8,000 5.50 40,000 2.30

400 29.50 2,000 12.00 10,000 4.90 50,000 2.00

500 26.00 3,000 9.50 15,000 3.90 75,000 1.60

600 23.00 4,000 8.20 20,000 3.50 100,000 1.40

 800 20.00 5,000 7.20 25,000 3.00 - -

NOTE: For storage rooms with anteroom, reduce air changes to 50% of values in table. For heavy duty
usage, add 50% to values given in table.

Table 3. HEAT REMOVED IN COOLING AIR TO STORAGE CONDITIONS

(BTU PER CUBIC FOOT) BASED ON 50% R.H. AIR

Storage Room Temperature of Outside or Surrounding Air, F

Temperature, F 85 90 95 100

65 0.65 0.93 1.24 1.58

60 0.85 1.13 1.44 1.78

55 1.12 1.41 1.72 2.06

50 1.32 1.62 1.93 2.28

45 1.50 1.80 2.12 2.47

40 1.69 2.00 2.31 2.67

35 1.86 2.17 2.49 2.85

30 2.00 2.26 2.64 2.95

Table 4. SPECIFIC HEAT, LATENT HEAT OF FUSION, AND

RECOMMENDED STORAGE CONDITIONS FOR FOODS

Recommended

Specific Heat, Latent Recommende Storage

Heat of d Relative
Btu/lb-F Fusion Humidity, Temperature,

Product Load, F

Before After Btu/lb %

Freezin
g Freezin Retail Wholesale
g
Vegetables

Asparagus 0.95 0.43 134 85-90 38-42 32

Beans, fresh 0.92 0.47 128 85-90 40-45 32-40

Beans, dried 0.30 0.24 18 70 50-60 36-40

Beets 0.86 0.47 129 85-90 45-50 32

Broccoli 0.91 0.47 130 90-95 38-42 32-35

Cabbage 0.93 0.43 129 90-95 45 32

Carrots 0.86 0.45 120 85-90 40-45 32

Cauliflower 0.94 0.48 134 85-90 38-42 32

Celery 0.95 0.48 137 90-95 38-42 31-32

Corn, fresh 0.80 0.43 108 85-90 45 31-32

Cucumbers 0.99 0.49 138 80-85 45-50 45-50

Lettuce 0.95 0.48 135 90-95 45 32

Onions 0.90 0.46 127 70-75 50-60 32

Peas, green 0.80 0.43 168 85-90 40-45 32

Potatoes 0.79 0.48 105 85-90 45-60 38-50

Sauerkraut 0.92 0.47 129 85 36-38 33-36

Tomatoes, ripe 0.95 0.48 125 85-90 50-60 40-50

Fruits

Apples 0.86 0.45 120 85-88 38-42 30-35

Bananas 0.81 0.43 108 90-95 56-65 56-65

Berries, fresh 0.89 0.46 125 80-85 38-42 31-32

Cantaloupe 0.92 0.34 128 75-78 45 32-34

Cherries 0.86 0.45 118 80-85 40 31-32

Grapes 0.92 0.38 84 85-90 38-42 30-32

 Oranges 0.92 0.39 125 85-90 50 34-38

Peaches 0.90 0.46 125 80-85 50 31-32

Pears 0.86 0.45 120 85-90 40 29-31

Plums 0.87 0.45 121 80-85 38-42 31-32

Fish, Meat, Poultry

Bacon 0.50 0.30 28 90-95 36-40 0

Beef, fat 0.60 0.35 79 88-92 38-42 32-40

Beef, lean 0.77 0.40 100 88-92 38-42 32-40

Beef, dried 0.34 0.27 21 - - -

Fish, fresh 0.82 0.41 109 90-95 25-32 25-30

Fish, dried 0.56 0.34 65 60-70 30-40 30-32

Hams, fresh 0.67 0.42 66 85-90 36-40 32-34

Lamb 0.67 0.40 73 85-90 38-42 32-34

Liver, fresh 0.72 0.40 94 80-85 38-42 32-34

Lobster, boiled 0.81 0.42 105 - 38-42 25

Oysters, shell 0.84 0.44 114 - 32-35 -

Pork, fresh 0.60 0.38 66 85-90 38-42 32-34

Poultry 0.80 0.42 101 - 29-32 28-30

Sausage, fresh 0.72 0.43 93 85-90 38-42 31-36

Veal 0.71 0.39 91 90-95 38-42 32-34

Miscellaneous

Butter 0.64 0.24 19 - 40-45 0

Cheese, brick 0.64 - - 65-70 30-35 30-35

Cream 0.90 0.38 84 85-90 38-42 34

 Eggs 0.76 0.40 100 - 38-42 29-31

Honey 0.35 0.25 26 - 45-50 40-45

Milk 0.90 0.47 127 38-42 34

Table 5. APPROXIMATE RATE OF EVOLUTION OF HEAT BY CERTAIN FRESH FRUITS AND

VEGETABLES WHEN STORED AT TEMPERATURES INDICATED

Storage Heat Storage Heat

Temperatur Evolved, Temperatur Evolved,
PRODUCT e Btu/ton/24 PRODUCT e Btu/ton/24
hrs hrs

32 1,000 32 900
Apples Oranges
40 1,760 40 1,400

Bananas 68 3,360 32 1,370

Peaches
32 2,650 40 2,030
Beets
40 4,060 32 880
Pears
Cantaloupe 40 1,960 60 13,200

32 2,130 32 2,720
Carrots Peppers
40 3,470 40 4,700

32 2,820 32 880
Celery Potatoes
40 4,540 40 1,760

Cherries 32 1,760 Raspberries 36 6,600

Grapefruit 40 1,070 32 3,800

Strawberries
Grapes 36 1,100 40 6,600

32 530 32 4,740
Lemons String beans
40 810 40 6,740

Lettuce 32 11,390 Sweet Corn 32 5,890

 40 15,990 40 8,190

Mushrooms 32 6,160 32 2,440

Sweet Potatoes
(Cultivated) 50 22,000 40 3,350

32 1,100 32 1,020
Onions Tomatoes, ripe
50 1,980 40 1,260

Table 17. AVERAGE AIR CHANGES PER 24 HOURS FOR STORAGE ROOMS BELOW 32F
DUE TO DOOR OPENING AND INFILTRATION
Volume Air Volume Air Volume Air Volume Air
changes changes changes changes
Cu.ft Cu.ft Cu.ft Cu.ft
per 24 per 24 per 24 per 24
hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs.

250 29.0 1,000 13.5 5,000 5.6 25,000 2.3

300 26.2 1,500 11.0 6,000 5.0 30,000 2.1

400 22.5 2,000 9.3 8,000 4.3 40,000 1.8

500 20.0 2,500 8.1 10,000 3.8 50,000 1.6

600 18.0 3,000 7.4 15,000 3.0 75,000 1.3

800 15.3 4,000 6.3 20,000 2.6 100,000 1.1

NOTE: For storage rooms with anteroom, reduce air changes to 50% of values in table. For heavy duty
usage, add 50% to values given in table.

For locker plant rooms, double the above table values.

Table 18. . HEAT REMOVED IN COOLING AIR TO STORAGE CONDITIONS

(BTU PER CUBIC FOOT) BASED ON 50% R.H. AIR

Storage Temperature of Outside or Surrounding Air, F

Room

Temperature, 40 50 80 90 100
F

30 0.24 0.58 1.69 2.26 2.95

 25 0.41 0.75 1.86 2.44 3.14

20 0.56 0.91 2.04 2.62 3.33

15 0.71 1.06 2.20 2.80 3.51

10 0.85 1.19 2038 2.93 3.64

5 0.98 1.34 2.51 3.12 3.84

0 1.12 1.48 2.68 3.28 4.01

-5 1.23 1.59 2.79 3.41 4.15

-10 1.35 1.73 2.93 3.56 4.31

-15 1.50 1.85 3.05 3.67 4.42

-20 1.63 2.01 3.24 3.88 4.66

-25 1.77 2.12 3.38 4.00 4.78

-30 1.90 2.29 3.55 4.21 5.00

Table 6. USAGE HEAT GAIN

Volu
Temperature Difference (Ambient temp. minus Storage room temp., F
me Service*

Cu.ft 1 40 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 90 100

Average 4.68 187 234 258 281 305 328 351 374 421 468
20
Heavy 5.51 220 276 303 331 358 386 413 441 496 551

Average 3.30 132 165 182 198 215 231 248 264 297 330
30
Heavy 4.56 182 228 251 274 297 319 342 365 410 456

Average 2.28 91 114 126 137 148 160 171 182 205 228
50
Heavy 3.55 142 177 196 213 231 249 267 284 320 355

Average 1.85 74 93 102 111 120 130 139 148 167 185
75
Heavy 2.88 115 144 158 173 188 202 216 230 259 288
 Average 1.61 64 81 84 97 105 113 121 129 145 161
100
Heavy 2.52 101 126 139 151 164 176 189 202 227 252

Average 1.38 55 69 76 83 90 97 103 110 124 138

200
Heavy 2.22 90 111 122 133 144 155 166 178 200 222

Average 1.30 52.0 65 71.5 78 84.5 91 97.5 104 117 130

300
Heavy 2.08 83.2 104 114 125 135 146 156 166 187 208

Average 1.24 49.6 62 68.2 74.4 80.6 86.8 93 99.2 112 124
400
Heavy 1.96 78.4 98 108 118 128 137 147 157 176 196

Average 1.21 48.4 60.5 66.6 72.6 78.7 84.7 90.7 96.8 109 121
500
Heavy 1.87 74.8 93.5 103 112 122 131 140 150 168 187

Average 1.17 46.8 58.5 64 70 76 82 88 94 105 147

600
Heavy 1.85 74.0 92.5 102 111 120 180 139 148 167 185

Average 1.11 44.4 55.5 61.1 66.6 72.2 77.7 83.3 88.8 100 111
800
Heavy 1.76 70.4 88.0 96.8 106 115 123 132 141 158 176

1,00 Average 1.10 44.0 55.0 60.5 66 71.5 77 82.5 88 99 110

0 Heavy 1.67 66.8 83.5 91.9 100 108 117 125 134 150 167

0.99
1,20 Average 39.8 49.8 54.7 59.7 64.7 69.7 74.7 79.6 89.6 99.5
5
0
Heavy 1.58 63.2 79.0 86.9 94.8 103 111 119 126 142 158

0.92
1,50 Average 36.8 46.0 50.6 55.2 59.8 64.4 69 73.6 82.8 92
0
0
Heavy 1.50 60.0 75.0 82.5 90 97.5 105 113 120 135 150

0.83
Average 33.4 41.8 45.9 50.1 54.3 58.5 62.7 66.8 75.2 83.5
2,00 5
0 Long 0.77
31.0 38.8 42.6 46.5 50.4 54.3 58.1 62 69.8 77.5
storage 5

3,00 Average 0.75 30.0 37.5 41.3 45 48.8 52.5 56.2 60 67.5 75
0 0
 Long 0.57
23.0 28.8 31.7 34.6 37.3 40.3 43.2 46.1 51.8 57.6
storage 6

5,00 Long 0.40

16.1 20.2 22.2 24.2 26.2 28.2 30.2 32.2 36.3 40.3
0 storage 3

7,50 Long 0.30

12.2 15.3 16.8 18.3 19.8 21.4 22.9 24.4 27.5 30.5
0 storage 5

10,0 Long 0.24

9.6 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.6 16.8 18 19.2 21.6 24
00 storage 0

20,0 Long 0.18

7.48 9.35 10.3 11.2 12.2 13.1 14 15 16.8 18.7
00 storage 7

50,0 Long 0.17

7.12 8.90 9.79 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.2 16 17.8
00 storage 8

75,0 Long 0.17

7.04 8.80 9.68 10.6 11.5 12.3 13.2 14.1 15.8 17.6
00 storage 6

100, Long 0.17

6.92 8.65 9.52 10.4 11.2 12.1 13 13.8 15.6 17.3
000 storage 3

* For average and heavy service, product load is based on product entering at 10 above the
refrigerator temperature. For long storage, the entering temperature is approximately equal to the
refrigerator temperature.

COMFORT COOLING LOAD FORM No. 68R

FOR: DATE:

LOCATION ESTIMATOR:

TIME OF LOAD CALCULATION USE OF SPACE

ROOM DIMENSION (in feet): L W H

TABLE I TRANSMISSION LOAD (Sensible)

Surface description Surface area, Transmission Transmission

net square feet factor heat gain
 Outside walls 4.5
Inside walls 4.5
Outside glass & doors 17.0
Ceiling under roof 20.0
Ceiling under attic 10.0
Ceiling under rooms 4.5
Skylights 17.0
Floor over room 4.5
Floor over basement 3.0

TOTAL TRANSMISSION LOAD, BTU/HR

TABLE IV OCCUPANCY & APPLIANCE LOAD (Latent)

Description unit No. of units factors Heat gain

occupants Persons 175
Coffee urns Urns 1500
Steam tables Lineal feet 200
Gas equipment Burners 200
LATENT OCCUPANCY & APPLIANCE LOAD, BTU/HR

TABLE II SUN EFFECT LOAD (Sensible)

Surface description Surface are, Sun effect factor Sun effect heat
net square gain
feet
Outside walls- east 8.0
-south 6.0
-west 9.0
Outside glass east 80.0
-south 60.0
-west 90.0
Skylights 130.0
Note: use only one wall exposure and only one glass exposure (at the time of the heaviest load). If the load is
between 8am-11am, use east; if between 11am-2pm, use south; if between 2pm-5pm, use west.

TOTAL SUN EFFECT LOAD, BTU/HR

TABLE III OCCUPANCY AND APPLIANCE LOAD (Sensible)

Description Unit No. of Unit Factor Heat gain

0ccupants Persons 225
Light in use Watts 3.42
Elect. App. Watts 3.42
Motors Hp 2546
Coffee urns Urns 2500
Steam tables Lineal feet 500
Gas equipment Burners 2000
SENSIBLE OCCUPNCY AND APPLIANCE LOAD, BTU/HR

Ventilation or Infiltration Requirements (To be inserted in Tables V and VI)

NOTE: calculate the requirements for both ventilation and infiltration, but use only the larger CFM.

Ventilation Requirements

Description No. of *Factor CFM

people
Maximum Minimum
People not 7.5 5.0
smoking
People 40.0 25.0
smoking
*use only one factor (maximum or minimum).

Infiltration Requirements

Number of 1 2 3
outside walls
Factor 1.0 1.5 2.0
CFM = (L xW xH x Factor ) 60 =

Table V- outside air load (Sensible)

Description CFM Factor Heat gain

Ventilation or 15.4
Infiltration
Sensible outside air load, BTU/Hr

Table VI- outside air load (Latent)

Description CFM Factor Heat gain

Ventilation or 12.0
Infiltration
Latent outside air load, BTU/Hr

Outside Conditions Factor

A B
101 DB and 79 WB 1.4 1.8
98 Db and 77 WB 1.2 1.4
95 Db and 75 WB 1.0 1.0
92 Db and 73 WB 0.8 0.7
90 Db and 71 WB 0.7 0.3
 Table VII - Summary

Description Load Factor Totals

Internal Sensible Load
Table I. (A)
Tranmission
Table II.
Sun Effect
Table III.
Occ.& App.
Outside Sensible
load
Table V. (A)
Outside Air
Internal Latent
load
Table IV. (B)
Occ. & App.
Outside Latent
load
Table VI.
Outside Air
GRAND TOTAL,
BTU/HR LOAD

To determine CFM for the comfort Cooling Unit

1. If all in the conditioned space is to be re-circulated, use both the internal sensible load and outside
sensible load to determine the CFM for the unit.

CFM= (Int. Sen. + Out. Sen. ) 22

=

2. If the outside air is to be circulated through the unit, use only the internal sensible load to determine the
CFM for the unit.

CFM = Int. Sen. 22 =

3. for the above cases, select unit with closest CFM to remove Grand Total Btu/Hr.