Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
From time immemorial, humans and animals have used the resources of
the earth to support life and dispose of wastes. In those days, the disposal of
human and other wastes did not pose any spectacular problem as the population
was limited and the area of land available for the assimilation of such waste was
unlimited. However, today, utmost importance is being given across the globe to
this burgeoning problem of solid wastes. Rapid population growth and
uncontrolled industrial development are seriously degrading the urban and semi-
urban environment in many of the worlds developing countries, placing
enormous strain on natural resources and obstructing efficient and sustainable
development.
Solid Waste
Solid waste can be defined as nonliquid material that no longer has any
value to the person who is responsible for it. The words rubbish, garbage, trash,
and refuse are often used as synonyms when talking about solid waste (Da Zhu
et al.). Any solid material in the material flow pattern that is rejected by society is
called solid waste. So, solid wastes are the organic or inorganic waste materials
produced by various activities of the society, which have lost their value to the
first user. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, healthcare,
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agriculture and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public
places.
The term municipal solid waste refers to solid waste from houses,
streets and public places, shops, offices, and hospitals. The management of
these types of waste is most often the responsibility of Municipal or other
Governmental authorities. Although solid waste from industrial processes
is generally not considered municipal waste, it nevertheless needs to be
taken into account when dealing with solid waste, because it often ends up
in the MSW stream. Street refuse, a major ingredient of MSW, contains a
mixture of refuse from many sources, because streets are used as dumping
grounds by all generators of waste. Where sanitation facilities are lacking
and a large animal population roams the streets, street refuse contains a lot
of human faecal matter and manure. Streets are also often used for extensive
dumping of construction and demolition debrisattracting further dumping
of solid waste. (Da Zhu et al.). Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), also called
urban solid waste, is a waste type that includes predominantly household
waste (domestic waste) with, sometimes, the addition of commercial wastes,
construction and demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from
streets collected by a Municipality within a given area. They are in either
solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous wastes.
So, any types of solid wastes generated in Municipal limits are municipal
solid wastes.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
1. Residential
2. Commercial
3. Institutional
4. Municipal
5. Industrial
6. Agricultural
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Waste Classification
5% 3%
Mining, Oil and Gas Production
10%
Agricultural Waste
12%
Municipal Waste
Sewage Sludge
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
1. Waste Generation
Domestic Waste
Commercial Waste
Institutional Waste
Street Sweeping
Industrial Waste
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The following figure gives an idea of the per capita MSW generation of
India and three neighbouring countries, where India is having the lowest per
capita waste generation of 0.6 Kg.
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
China India Srilanka Thailand
Figure 2.2 Per capita generation of MSW in 2002 in four countries (Asian
Institute of Technology, Thailand 2004)
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
2) During the year 2004-05, the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
through the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute
(NEERI), Nagpur, conducted a survey in 59 cities (35 Metro cities and
24 State Capitals) and estimated 39,031 tonnes per day MSW generation
in these 59 cities/towns.
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Table 2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Generation in Metro Cities / State Capitals
Serial Name of the City *Municipal Solid Waste (TPD)
Number 1999-2000 (a) 2004-2005 (b) 2010-2011 (c)
1. Agartala -- 77 102
2. Agra -- 654 520
3. Ahmedabad 1683 1302 2300
4. Aizwal -- 57 107
5. Allahabad -- 509 350
6. Amritsar -- 438 550
7. Asansol -- 207 210
8. Bangalore 2000 1669 3700
9. Bhopal 546 574 350
10. Bhubaneswar -- 234 400
11. Chandigar -- 326 264
12. Chennai 3124 3036 4500
13. Coimbatore 350 530 700
14. Daman -- 15 25
15. Dehradun -- 131 220
16. Delhi 4000 5922 6800
17. Dhanbad -- 77 150
18. Faridabad -- 448 700
19. Gandhinagar -- 44 97
20. Gangtok -- 13 26
21. Guwahati -- 166 204
22. Hyderabad 1566 2187 4200
23. Imphal -- 43 120
24. Indore 350 557 720
25. Itanagar -- 12 102
26. Jabalpur -- 216 400
27. Jaipur 580 904 310
28. Jammu -- 215 300
29. Jamshedpur -- 338 28
30. Kanpur 1200 1100 1600
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
31. Kavarathi -- 3 2
32. Kochi 347 400 150
33. Kohima -- 13 45
34. Kolkata 3692 2653 3670
35. Lucknow 1010 475 1200
36. Ludhiana 400 735 850
37. Madurai 370 275 450
38. Meerut -- 490 52
39. Mumbai 5355 5320 6500
40. Nagpur 443 504 650
41. Nashik -- 200 350
42. Panjim -- 32 25
43. Patna 330 511 220
44. Pondicherry -- 130 250
45. Port Blair -- 76 45
46. Pune 700 1175 1300
47. Raipur -- 184 224
48. Rajkot -- 207 230
49. Ranchi -- 208 140
50. Shillong -- 45 97
51. Shimla -- 39 50
52. Silvassa -- 16 35
53. Srinagar -- 428 550
54. Surat 900 1000 1200
55. Thiruvananthapuram -- 171 250
56. Vadodara 400 357 600
57. Varanasi 412 425 450
58. Vijayawada -- 374 600
59. Vishakhapatnam 300 584 334
Total MSW 30058 39031 50592
Source: * Municipal Solid Waste Study conducted by CPCB through;
(a) EPTRI (1999-2000) (b) NEERI-Nagpur (2004-2005) ( c) CIPET during 2010-11
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
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MSW generation
MSW generation
Municipality
Municipality
Population
Population
tonnes/day
tonnes/day
Name of
Name of
Sl. No
2001
2001
1 Alappuzha 177079 43 28 Iringalakuda 28873 7
2 Kottayam 60725 15 29 Kudungallur 33543 8
3 Chenganassery 51960 13 30 Shornur 42022 10
4 Aluva 24108 6 31 Malappuram 58490 14
5 Palakkad 130736 32 32 Manjeri 83704 20
6 Kannur 63795 15 33 Perinthalmanna 44613 11
7 Thalassery 99386 24 34 Kanchangad 65499 16
8 Thuruvalla 56828 14 35 Nedumangad 56138 14
9 Perumbavoor 26550 6 36 Varkala 42273 10
10 Thirur 53650 13 37 Paravur (South) 38649 9
11 Vadakara 75740 18 38 Adoor 28943 7
12 Kasaragod 52683 13 39 Mavelikkara 28440 7
13 Neyattinkata 69435 17 40 Chengannur 25391 6
14 Attingal 35648 9 41 Vikom 22637 5
15 Punallor 47226 11 42 Kalamassery 63176 15
16 Pathanamthitta 37802 9 43 Chavakkad 38138 9
17 Kayamkulam 65299 16 44 Guruvayoor 21187 5
18 Cherthala 45102 11 45 Cittoor- 31884 8
Thathamangalam
19 Pala 22640 5 46 Otapalam 49230 12
20 Thodupuzha 46226 11 47 Ponnani 87356 21
21 Kothamangalam 37169 9 48 Kalpatta 29602 7
22 Muvattupuzha 29230 7 49 Payannur 68711 17
23 Kunnamkulam 51585 12 50 Koothuparambu 29532 7
24 North Paravur 30056 7 51 Thaliparambu 67441 16
25 Thrippunithura 59881 14 52 Quilandy 68970 17
26 Angamaly 33424 8 53 Mattannur 44317 11
27 Chalakudy 48371 12 Total 2731093 661
Source: Ajayakumar Varma 2006
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Table 2.5 explains the total MSW generated in the State of Kerala and
the contribution of different Municipalities to the total. The total MSW
generation in Kerala is 661 tonnes, and Alappuzha Municipality is responsible
for generating the highest quantity of 43 tonnes per day.
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Waste Generation
Per Capita Waste
Population 2001
Population 2006
(Tonnes/Day)
(Tonnes/Day)
Total Waste
Total Waste
Generation
Generation
Projected
Projected
(Grms)
2006
5 Corporations 2456618 435 1069 2543812 465 1183
53 Municipalities 2731093 250 683 2828030 268 758
999 Panchayats 23574449 175 4126 24411200 187 4565
Total Waste Generation in Kerala 5878 6506
Source: Dr. R Ajayakumar Varma, Status of MSW Generation in Kerala and Their
Characteristics
As per the above Table, the total daily waste generation in the State in the
year 2001 is 5878 tonnes, of which 1069 tonnes are accounted by Corporations,
683 tonnes by Municipalities and the remaining 4126 tonnes by Grama
Panchayaths.
Segregation of Waste
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
collection of wastes are very poor. The major reason for the failure is the lack
of treatment facilities for non-biodegradable waste like plastic, paper, metal,
etc. The waste recycling facilities in the ULBs in Kerala are at the infancy
stage and the Government is trying to implement recycling facilities in
different city centres of the State. Households, the major contributor of
Municipal solid wastes in the State, have to practise segregation of waste at
source. It will reduce the burden of the Municipalities in segregating waste
after collection, which, in turn will attract serious health implications to the
waste collection workers. Hence, it is high time to come up with immediate
solutions to solve waste segregation issues and to find treatment and recycling
facilities in each Municipality by the State Govt.
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2. Waste Storage
Stationary Containers
The contents of such containers have to be transferred to collection
vehicles at the site of storage.
Hauled Containers
The contents are directly transferred to a processing plant, transfer
station or disposal site for emptying before being returned to the storage site.
The features of a good container are low cost, size, weight, shape, resistance
to corrosion, water tightness, strength and durability. It should not have rough or
sharp edges and should have a handle and a wheel to facilitate mobility.
3. Waste Collection
This includes gathering of wastes and hauling them to the location where
the collection vehicle is emptied, which may be a transfer station, a processing
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Collection Points
The quantity of waste determines the waste collection points. The size of
the crew and the cost of collection are determined by the number of collection
points.
Collection Frequency
Climatic conditions, type of waste, waste quantity, size and type of the
containers, and cost determine the frequency of collection.
Storage Containers
Size of the crew and speed of collection are based on the features of
containers. Containers should be durable, easy to handle, economical and resistant
to corrosion. The containers should be efficient, convenient, compatible and safe.
Collection Crew
Collection Route
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Transfer Station
When the collection centre and disposal site are far distant, a transfer
station is appropriate to be constructed. It is a centre where smaller vehicles
transfer their loads to larger vehicles to haul the waste to disposal sites. On
some occasions, transfer stations act as pre-processing points, where wastes
are dewatered, scooped or compressed. If the treatment and disposal site is
more than 15 kilometres away from the city, setting up of a transfer station is
advisable. In such situations, transfer stations are required as it is
uneconomical to transport waste in small vehicles. Waste is transferred from
small vehicles into larger container trucks so that waste can be transported
more efficiently over long distances. Normally, large vehicles having a
capacity of 20 to 30 cubic metres are used for a long distance transport of
waste for disposal or treatment. If more than one transfer station is set up,
those should be decentralized within the city, allocated to an enclosed area,
and situated in the general direction of the main landfill site. The timings of
the transfer station should match with the timings of waste transport from the
city so that direct transfer of waste from a small vehicle to a large vehicle is
possible. This arrangement can be facilitated by a split-level transfer station,
where a small vehicle can go over a ramp and directly tip into a large vehicle.
However, if direct transfer of waste from a small vehicle to a large vehicle is
inconvenient, the municipal authority could also plan a transfer station at
which waste is initially deposited in a large bunker and later moved using
special equipment such as a grabbing machine. The contents could then be
lifted into a large vehicle at any time during the day. Such an arrangement
necessitates multiple handling but has the flexibility to allow the transfer of
waste at any time during the day. The principle Do not handle waste twice!
must be followed (Da Zhu et al.).
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5. Waste Processing
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Composting
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Composting Technologies
Windrow Composting
This is the least expensive and the most common system. Windrows are
regularly turned elongated piles, shaped like a haystack in cross section.
Normally MSW windrows are 1.5 to 3 metres high and 3 to 6 metres wide.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
The optimum size and shape of the windrow is determined by the particle size,
moisture content, pore space and decomposition rate-all of which affect the
movement of oxygen towards the centre of the pile. Turning the pile
reintroduces air into the pile and increases porosity so that efficient passive
aeration from atmospheric air continues at all times. Forced aeration can also
be used. Windrows must be placed on a firm surface to turn the piles with
ease. If high proportions of bio-solids are present in the feedstock, a very
frequent turning is required; otherwise, turning once in a week is sufficient.
When piles are turned, heat is released as steam to the atmosphere. If the inner
portions of the pile have low levels of oxygen, odours may result when this
portion of the pile is exposed to the atmosphere. Piles with initial moisture
content within the optimum range have a reduced potential for producing
leachate. Any leachate or runoff created must be collected and treated or added
to a batch of incoming feedstock to increase the moisture content.
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by placing a layer of finished compost over the compost pile. This technology
can be applied under a roof or in the open. Six to twelve weeks time is
required to produce compost using this technology. The land requirement for
this method is lower than that for the windrow composting. The method
suffers from the major limitation of odours from the exhaust air which can be
controlled by using traps or filters.
Vermi-Composting
Vermi-compost is the natural organic manure produced from the excreta of
earthworms fed on scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi
composting plants generally of small size have been set up in some cities and
towns in India. Normally, vermi-composting is preferred to microbial composting
in small towns as it requires less mechanization and it is easy to operate. It is,
however, to be ensured that toxic material does not enter the chain which, if
present, could kill the earthworms. Vermi-composting is normally done either in
pits or in concrete tanks or wooden or plastic crates, according to the demands of
the situation. If done in pits, it should be done in such a way as to prevent water
stagnation in pits during rains.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Biogasification
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Anaerobic Processing
Incineration
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
A Waste of Energy
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Creating Jobs
Once they have been built, incinerators create few jobs compared with
recycling (see Table below). The British Newsprint Manufacturers Association
found that recycling of newspapers would create three times as many jobs as
their incineration. In addition, a higher proportion of the jobs created by
incineration were associated with building the incinerator; so, they were not
permanent jobs (Friends of the Earth, UK, 2007).
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Plasma Pyrolysis
Refuse Derived Fuel refers to solid waste in any form that is used as fuel.
Generally, the term is used to mean solid waste that has been mechanically
processed to produce a storable, transportable and more homogeneous fuel for
combustion. RDF production and RDF incineration are the two essential elements
of an RDF system. Material separation, size reduction and pelletization come
under RDF production facilities. So, the process offers an enriched fuel feed for
thermal processes like incineration or for use in industrial furnaces. By shredding
MSW, or by steam pressure treating in an autoclave, RDF is produced. Here, the
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Source Separation
Drop-off/Buy-back
Curbside programme
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factors that determine the economic potential for resource recovery. Recycling is
often well established in the informal sector because it is done in a very labour-
intensive way and provides very low incomes (Da Zhu et al.).
Inert Material
Compostable
Name of the
Rubber &
Leather
Plastic
Waste
Paper
Metal
Glass
Total
Rags
City
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
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Volatile Matter
K Per cent as
P Per cent as
Hcv Kcal/kg
C Per cent
N Per cent
C/N Ratio
pH Range
Moisture
P2O5
K2O
Indore 30.87 6.379.73 38.02 21.99 0.82 0.61 0.71 29.30 1436.75
Bhopal 42.66 6.999.03 35.78 23.53 0.94 0.66 0.51 21.58 1421.32
Dhanbad 50.28 7.118.01 16.52 9.08 0.54 0.55 0.44 18.22 590.56
Jabalpur 34.56 5.8410.94 46.60 25.17 0.96 0.60 1.04 27.28 2051
Jamshedpur 47.61 6.20 8.26 24.43 13.59 0.69 0.54 0.51 19.29 1008.84
Patna 35.95 7.428.62 24.72 14.32 0.77 0.77 0.64 18.39 818.82
Ranchi 48.69 6.968.02 29.70 17.20 0.85 0.61 0.79 20.37 1059.59
Bhubaneshwar 59.26 6.417.62 25.84 15.02 0.73 0.64 0.67 20.66 741.56
Ahmedabad 32 6.2 8.0 63.80 37.02 1.18 0.67 0.42 34.61 1180
Nashik 74.64 5.27.0 59 34.22 0.92 0.49 38.17 3086.51
Raipur 29.49 6.657.99 32.15 18.64 0.82 0.67 0.72 23.50 1273.17
Asansol 54.48 6.448.22 17.73 10.07 0.79 0.76 0.54 14.08 1156.07
Bangalore 54.95 6.07.7 48.28 27.98 0.80 0.54 1.00 35.12 2385.96
Agartala 60,.06 5.217.65 49.52 28.82 9.96 0.53 0.77 30.02 2427
Agra 28.33 6.218.1 18.90 10.96 0.52 0.60 0.57 21.56 519.82
Allahabad 18.40 7.13 29.51 17.12 0.88 0.73 0.70 19.00 1180.12
Daman 52.78 5.886.61 52.99 30.74 1.38 0.47 0.6 22.34 2588
Faridabad 34.02 6.338.25 25.72 14.92 0.80 0.62 0.66 18.58 1319.02
Lucknow 59.87 4.89.18 34.04 20.32 0.93 0.65 0.79 21.41 1556.78
Meerut 32.48 6.167.95 26.67 15.47 0.79 0.80 1.02 19.24 1088.65
Nagpur 40.55 4.917.80 57.10 33.12 1.24 0.71 1.46 26.37 2632.23
Vadodara 24.98 34.96 20.28 0.60 0.71 0.38 40.34 1780.51
Gandhinagar 23.69 7.02 44 25.5 0.79 0.62 0.39 36.05 698.02
Visakhapatanam 52.70 7.58.7 64.4 37.3 0.97 0.66 1.10 41.70 1602.09
Dehradun 79.36 6.127.24 39.81 23.08 1.24 0.91 3.64 25.90 2445.47
Ludhiana 64.59 5.217.40 43.66 25.32 0.91 0.56 3.08 52.17 2559.19
Guwahati 70.93 6.417.72 34.27 19.88 1.10 0.76 1.06 17.71 1519.49
Kohima 64.93 5.637.7 57.20 33.17 1.09 0.73 0.97 30.87 2844
Source: Akolkar, A.B. (2005). Status of Solid Waste Management in India, Implementation
Status of Municipal Solid Wastes, Management and Handling Rules 2000, Central
Pollution Control Board, New Delhi.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Even though there are sixty Municipalities in the State, as of high level
of urbanization, most of the Grama Panchayaths are showing the characters of
urban areas particularly in respect of municipal solid waste generation. So the
State should plan to have waste management system in all the Grama
Panchayath areas. Out of the total waste generated, 13 per cent is accounted
for by City Corporations, 23 per cent by Municipalities, and the rest by Gram
Panchayaths. On the basis of a primary survey conducted among experts, the
following components of MSW are arrived at:
1.50% 0.50%
1.50% Compostable Organics
1.50% 10%
Paper
6%
Plastic
9%
Metal
70% Rubber, Leather
Colothe
Wood Waste
Others
From the above chart, it is clear that 70 per cent of the States MSW
contains compostable organic waste. So, composting and biogas generation
are the high priority technology options suitable for the State. Even though
the physical composition of waste is available, the problem in Kerala is lack
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Mn Ni Cd Pb Cr Cu Zn
Fe (%)
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
1.32 191 22.71 1.88 164.57 66.57 106.58 190.83
Source: Ajayakumar Varma, R. (2006)
The 3R Concept
The 3R concept, to reduce, reuse, and recycle, is derived from the waste
management hierarchy. The hierarchy classifies waste management options
according to their desirability and waste reduction potential. Accordingly,
prevention of waste is the most favoured option and landfilling, the least
favoured. Waste management hierarchy is instrumental in the concept of
sustainability and Integrated Solid Waste Management. It reiterates that
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
minimum waste should hit the land and ensures optimum use of fast-depleting
natural resources. Hence, it is fundamental in conserving the environment.
Waste reduction, reuse, and recycling are the main categories that we need to
focus on, regarding the 3R concept to see how they fit in the hierarchy. As
stated before, the main objective is to reduce the amount of waste that is
disposed of in landfills. The 3R concept fosters co-operation among waste
generators, waste collectors, processors, and manufacturers. In short, it aims at
reducing waste to be disposed of in landfills, thereby reducing the
deterioration of the environment, reducing the emissions that landfills produce,
and saving energy and natural resources. The following Figure shows the
waste management hierarchy, listing out the most preferred to the least
preferred option from its top to bottom.
Prevention
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Recovery
Landfilling
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7. Waste Disposal
Disposal means the final process whereby the ultimate wastes that have
no further use to the society hit the land. The usual method of disposing MSW
is landfilling, prior to which recycling, energy recovery, and volume reduction
are done. Generally, engineered or sanitary landfills are used for final disposal
of MSW. These landfills create minimum nuisance to public health.
Landfilling
The thought of sanitary landfills was first started due to the significant
threats imposed by open dumps on human and environmental health. It
replaced the open dumps that posed, and continue to pose, serious health
hazards. These primitive landfills were, literally, naturally occurring depressions
in the landscape or sand or gravel pits and borrow areas that were filled with
waste and then covered with a minimum amount of soil. Sanitary landfilling is a
systematic manner of laying solid waste between layers of soil to facilitate the
waste's gradual decomposition. So, modern landfills are highly engineered
containment systems, developed to minimize the adverse effect of MSW on the
environment and human health. In the case of modern sanitary landfills, a liner
system is used to separate the waste from the ground water, and rain water is
prevented from entering the waste by a landfill cap. This is called dry-tomb
landfilling which minimizes the potential environmental impact of the leachate
by reducing its generation and restricting it within the landfill. Leachate is water
that has moved through the landfill and collected water-soluble compounds
from the waste. Leachate flowing out from the landfills should not be allowed to
contaminate the surrounding soil and ground water, as it may pose severe
environmental damage. This dry-tomb method of landfilling is primarily a
storage method for solid waste, which requires land-use restrictions and
continuing maintenance. In the absence of perpetual maintenance, landfill caps
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
may fail, allowing the infiltration of rain water and the subsequent uncontrolled
generation of leachate. If the liner system also fails, this leachate may pose
serious health risks to the community and the environment.
Bioreactor Landfill
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Residents Associations
Self-Help Groups
Non-Government Organizations
Community-Based Organizations
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Private Companies
Political Parties
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
Even though the compliance date was fixed as 31st December 2003, a
complete compliance within that date was not achieved. Many cities and
towns are still in the preparatory stage while some have advanced considerably
under the compulsion of different bodies. All the States have to submit an
annual report regarding the compliance level but many fail to do so. Based on
a study it was found that one hundred twenty-eight class I cities of India
responded and the status of compliance as on 1 April 2004 shows that there
was insignificant progress in the matter of processing of waste and construction
of sanitary landfills, and only about one-third compliance had taken place in
the remaining five steps. In the opinion of the Municipalities, non-compliance
in waste collection was due to lack of public awareness, motivation and
education, lack of publicity through media, financial problems, resistance to
change, non-co-operation of the public, insufficient litter bins in Municipal
limits, insufficiency of equipment and vehicles, and lack of Govt. support. The
entire responsibility of implementation as well as development of required
infrastructure lies with the Municipal authorities. They are directed to obtain
authorization from the State Pollution Control Boards/Committees for setting
up waste processing and disposal facilities, and to furnish annual reports of
compliance (Asnani, P. U. 2006).
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The major programmes carried out during the year 2011-2012 by the State
Government with the active support of the Suchitwa Mission are the following:
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
5) Waste management projects have been shifted from the service sector to
the production sector, by which the LSGIs get opportunity to utilize
more funds for waste management.
6) In order to fill the gaps in the legal sector amendment has been made by
bringing in an ordinance vesting the responsibility of waste treatment with
commercial establishments like hotels, hospitals, kalyanamandapams,
chicken and meat stalls, etc. Punishment for littering and disposing of
waste into water bodies has also been enhanced. Control on use of carry
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bags and recycle/reuse of waste plastic carry bags has been encouraged
by making provisions in the amended legislation.
11) A programme for making the gram panchayats waste free, Suchitwa
Gramam, Haritha Gramam was inaugurated.
2) Modern solid waste management plants of 300 500 TPD capacity will
be set up at Ernakulam and Kozhikode under PPP and they will start
functioning soon.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
3) Modern solid waste management plants with about 50 100 tpd capacity
will be established at Thrissur, Kottayam and Kannur.
5) Till the modern plant is established, for treating wastes, sanitary landfill
in a quarry will be used at Thiruvananthapuram. Baling system on lease
for baling of waste will be put in place.
6) Funds will be provided to ULBs for upgrading the existing plants, based
on DPRs prepared by them.
11) Special waste management package will be designed for tourist spots
and pilgrim centres to achieve environmental sanitation.
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13) Master Plan on Waste Management for the State will be prepared and
finalized.
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Theoretical framework of Solid waste management
References
[4]. Central Pollution Control Board (2012). Status Report on Municipal Solid
Waste Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests, India.
[8]. Friends of the Earth (2009). Briefing on Pyrolisis, Gasification and Plasma,
National Environmental Campaigning Organization, United Kingdom.
[10]. George Tchobanoglous, Hilary Theisen, Rolf Eliassen (1977). Solid Waste
Engineering Principles and Management Issues, International Student
Edition, London.
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