Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 05
2 07
2.1 07
2.2 08
2.3 10
2.4 10
3 11
3.1 (NCR) 11
3.2 (NEN) 12
3.3 (NVU) 13
3.4 (NNT) 15
3.5 (DD) 18
4 18
5 21
6 21
22
Contents
Abstract
1 Introduction 23
2 Assessment process 25
2.1 Defining the taxa to be included in the evaluation 25
2.2 Data collection and preliminary evaluation 26
2.3 Categories adjusting 28
2.4 Expert opinions 28
5 Acknowledgements 39
6 References 39
/
Thalasseus bernsteini
Chinese Crested Tern
NCR D
/
4 2016
2016
1,* 1 1 1 1,2 1,2
1
2
* : rslin@tesri.gov.tw
(International Union for Conservation
of Nature)
627 311 (Not Applicable) 316
52 (Nationally Threatened)
(Nationally Critical) 6 (Nationally Endangered) 13
(Nationally Vulnerable) 33 31
(Nationally Near-threatened)
16.5% 9.8% 8.3% 4.9%
37 14 1 22 Not Applicable
316 311
627
6
52
13
31
33
16.5 % 9.8 %
8.3 % 4.9 %
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 5
1.
(taxon) ( 1) (criteria)
IUCN
(Townsend et al. 2007
IUCN 2012a)
(Townsend et al. 2007)
(Rodrigues et al. 2006)
(International Union for
Conservation of Nature, IUCN)
(Species Survival Commission) IUCN IUCN
(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) IUCN (IUCN Red
1964 List Categories and Criteria) (IUCN
2012b) (region)
(Rodrigues et al. 2006IUCN 2016)
1. IUCN EX
EW
RE
CR
EN
VU
NT
LC
DD
NA
NE
6 2016
(IUCN 2012a)
(IUCN 2012a)
IUCN
3.1 (IUCN 2012b)
Milvus migrans
IUCN
Black Kite
(IUCN 2012a) NVU D1
/
2004 (
2004)
( 2005)
IUCN
Nisaetus nipalensis
Mountain Hawk-eagle
NEN C2a(ii)
/
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 7
2.
2.1
2014 (Ding et (IUCN 2012a) 1
al. 2014) 626
(Zoothera aurea) IUCN Red List
(Z. dauma) 2014 (Critically Endangered, CR)
(Leucogeranus (Endangered, EN) (Vulnerable, VU)
leucogeranus) 1908 1 627
(Nipponia nippon)( 2012) 311 (Not Applicable)
627 IUCN 316
1.
< 250
( 10 )
( )
IUCN
(IUCN 2012a)
Saundersilarus saundersi
Saunder's Gull
NCR C1
/
8 2016
2.2
IUCN 2016) A.
(IUCN 2012b) (Rapid population reduction)B.
(Small range and fragmented, declining, or
extreme fluctuations)C.
(Small population and declining)D.
(Very small population) E.
(Quantitative analysis)
(Sub-criterion)
(Qualifiers) (logic tree)
( 2)
(Nationally Critical, NCR)
(Nationally Endanered, NEN)
(Nationally Vulneable, NVU)
(Nationally Near-threatened,
(IUCN 2012a)
NNT) IUCN
IUCN (Near Threatened, NT)
12
(IUCN Standard and Petitions Subcommittee ( 2)
A. ( 10 3 )
A1 90% 70% 50% 30%
A1.
(a) [A3 ]
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A2. A1
A3. A1 ( 100 )
A4. A1
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 9
B.
<20,000
B1. (EOO) < 100 < 5,000 < 20,000
( )
< 2,000
B2. (AOO) < 10 < 500 < 2,000
( )
( NT )
(a) 10
=1 5 10
( )
C.
<20,000
< 250 < 2,500 < 10,000
( )
C1. 10
3 5 10
10%
25% 20% 10%
( 100 ) ( )
C2.
a(i) 1,000
50 250 1,000
( )
a(ii) 100%
90% 95% 100%
( )
(b)
D.
E.
10 20
100 100
10% 5%
50% 20%
10 2016
2.3
(IUCN 2012a)
IUCN(2012a)
1. 2.2
2. ()
10 3
(sink population)
3.
4. (NNT)
(Nationaly Least Concern, NLC)
()
2.4
2.1 2.3
2016 4 6
2016 7
8 8
2.1 2.3
3.
3.1 (NCR)
(B)/
(V) ( )
Aythya baeri
(Radde, 1863) V D CR 1
Turnix sylvaticus
(Desfontaines, 1787) B C2a(i); D LC <1
Saundersilarus saundersi
(Swinhoe, 1871) V C1 VU 1
Calidris pygmaea
(Linnaeus, 1758) V C1; D CR 1
Thalasseus bernsteini
Schlegel, 1863 B D CR 20
12 2016
3.2 (NEN)
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Synoicus chinensis
(Linnaeus, 1766) B B2ab(ii, iii, v); C1 LC <1
Ciconia boyciana
D
Swinhoe, 1873 V EN <1
[-1]
Nisaetus nipalensis
Hodgson, 1836 B C2a(ii) LC 1
Numenius madagascariensis
D
(Linnaeus, 1766) V EN <1
[-1]
Calidris tenuirostris
A2a
(Horsfield, 1821) V EN <1
[-1]
Tringa guttifer
C1; D
(Nordmann, 1835) V EN 1
[-1]
Tyto longimembris pithecops
Swinhoe, 1866 B C1 LC <1
Ketupa flavipes
(Hodgson, 1836) B C1 LC 2
Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 B A2b VU 20
Garrulax taewanus
Swinhoe, 1859 B A3e+4e NT 100
Acridotheres cristatellus
formosanus
B A2be LC <1
Hartert, 1912
Emberiza aureola
Pallas, 1773 V A2b; C1 EN <1
Passer cinnamomeus
(Temminck, 1836) B B2b(iii)c(ii); C2a(i) LC <1
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 13
3.3 (NVU)
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Aix galericulata
(Linnaeus, 1758) B D1 LC 1
Mareca falcata
D
Georgi, 1775 V NT <1
[-1]
Anas crecca
A2a
Linnaeus, 1758 V LC <1
[-1]
Egretta eulophotes
D
(Swinhoe, 1860) V VU 10
[-1]
Milvus migrans
(Boddaert, 1783) B D1 LC <1
Gallicrex cinerea
D
(Gmelin, 1789) B LC <1
[-1]
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
(Scopoli, 1786) B D1 LC <1
Numenius arquata
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT 2
[-1]
Limosa limosa
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Limosa lapponica
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Calidris canutus
A2a; C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Calidris temminckii
C1
(Leisler, 1812) LC <1
[-1]
Calidris ruficollis
A2a; C1
(Pallas, 1776) NT <1
[-1]
Calidris alpina
A2a
(Linnaeus, 1758) V LC <1
[-1]
14 2016
3.3 (NVU) ()
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Macropygia tenuirostris
Bonaparte, 1854 B D1 LC <1
Strix leptogrammica
Temminck, 1831 B D1 LC 2
Ceryle rudis
C1; D
(Linnaeus, 1758) B LC <1
[-2]
Picus canus
Gmelin, 1788 B D1 LC <1
Coracina macei
(Lesson, 1831) B D1 LC <1
Lanius schach
Linnaeus, 1758 B C1 LC <1
Oriolus chinensis
Linnaeus, 1766 B D1 LC <1
Corvus torquatus
D
Lesson, 1831 B NT <1
[-1]
Sitta europaea
Linnaeus, 1758 B A2a LC <1
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 15
3.3 (NVU) ()
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Pycnonotus taivanus
Styan, 1893 B A3ce VU 100
Phylloscopus ijimae
D
(Stejneger, 1882) V VU 3
[-1]
Emberiza sulphurata
Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 V C1; D1 VU 10
3.4 (NNT)
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Calonectris leucomelas
A2b
(Temminck, 1835) V NT ?
[-1]
Hydrobates monorhis
A2b; C1
(Swinhoe, 1867) V NT ?
[-1]
Platalea minor
Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 V D1 EN 60
Pernis ptilorhynchus
B D1
(Temminck, 1821) LC <1
V [-1]
16 2016
3.4 (NNT) ()
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Ictinaetus malaiensis
(Temminck, 1822) B D1 LC 3
Accipiter soloensis
A2a
(Horsfield, 1821) V LC 20
[-2]
Lewinia striata taiwanus
(Yamashina, 1932) B B2b(ii) LC 2
Haematopus ostralegus
B D
Linnaeus, 1758 NT <1
V [-2]
Pluvialis squatarola
A2b
(Linnaeus, 1758) V LC <1
[-2]
Charadrius leschenaultii
A2a; C1
Lesson, 1826 V LC <1
[-1]
Tringa brevipes
C1
(Vieillot, 1816) V NT 10
[-1]
Numenius minutus
D1
Gould, 1841 V LC <1
[-1]
Sternula albifrons
B A2a
Pallas, 1764 LC 2
V [-1]
Otus elegans botelensis
Kuroda, 1928 B B1a+2a; D1 NT 5
Strix nivicolum yamadae
Yamashina, 1936 B D1 LC 2
Halcyon smyrnensis
D
(Linnaeus, 1758) B LC 2
[-2]
Dendrocopos leucotos insularis
(Gould, 1863) B D1 LC <1
Pericrocotus solaris
Blyth, 1846 B C1 LC 5
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 17
3.4 (NNT) ()
(B)/
(V) [ ] ()
Terpsiphone atrocaudata
periophthalmica
B B2a LC 5
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1895)
Sittiparus castaneoventris
Gould, 1863 B B1b(v) LC 100
Parus holsti
Seebohm, 1894 B A2a; B1b(v); C1 NT 100
Bradypterus alishanensis
Rasmussen, Round, Dickinson &
B A2(a); B1b(i, v) LC 100
Rozendaal, 2000
Alcippe formosana
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) B B1b(i, v) LC 100
Paradoxornis webbianus
bulomacha
B A2b LC 5
(Swinhoe, 1866)
Garrulax ruficeps
Gould, 1863 B D1 LC 100
18 2016
3.5 (DD)
(B)/
(V) ()
Ramphiculus leclancheri taiwanus
Ripley, 1962 B LC <1
4.
627 37 14 1
22 Not Applicable (NA)
(B)/
(V) ()
Anser cygnoid
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Anser erythropus
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Anas Iuzonid
(Fraser, 1839) V NA VU <1
Aythya ferina
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Aythya baeri
(Radde, 1863) V CR CR 1
Clangula hyemalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Mergus squamatus
Gould, 1864 V NA EN <1
Podiceps auritus
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Phoebastria albatrus
(Pallas, 1769) V NA VU <1
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 19
()
(B)/
(V) ()
Ciconia boyciana
Swinhoe, 1873 V EN EN <1
Pelecanus crispus
Bruch, 1832 V NA VU <1
Egretta eulophotes
(Swinhoe, 1860) V EN VU 10
Gorsachius goisagi
(Temminck, 1835) V NA EN <1
Platalea minor
Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 V NT EN 60
Clanga clanga
Pallas, 1811 V NA VU <1
Aquila heliaca
Savigny, 1809 V NA VU <1
Antigone vipio
Pallas, 1811 V NA VU <1
Grus monacha
Temminck, 1835 V NA VU <1
Grus japonensis
(Mller, 1776) V NA VU <1
Leucogeranus leucogeranus
(Pallas, 1773) V NA CR <1
Numenius madagascariensis
(Linnaeus, 1766) V EN EN <1
Calidris tenuirostris
(Horsfield, 1821) V EN EN <1
Calidris pygmaea
(Linnaeus, 1758) V CR CR 1
20 2016
()
(B)/
(V) ()
Tringa guttifer
(Nordmann, 1835) V CR EN 1
Synthliboramphus wumizusume
(Temminck, 1835) V NA VU <1
Saundersilarus saundersi
(Swinhoe, 1871) V CR VU 1
Larus relictus
Lnnberg, 1931 V NA VU <1
Thalasseus bernsteini
Schlegel, 1863 B CR CR 20
Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 B EN VU 20
Pycnonotus taivanus
Styan, 1893 B VU VU 100
Phylloscopus ijimae
(Stejneger, 1882) V VU VU 3
Acrocephalus sorghophilus
(Swinhoe, 1863) V NA EN <1
Acrocephalus tangorum
La Touche, 1912 V NA VU <1
Locustella pleskei
Taczanowski, 1889 V NA VU <1
Rhinomyias brunneatus
(Slater, 1897) V NA VU <1
Emberiza aureola
Pallas, 1773 V EN EN <1
Emberiza sulphurata
Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 V VU VU 10
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 21
5.
Bruno A. Walther
6.
2004
2005
2012
BirdLife International. 2016. BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v9.0. < http://www.birdlife.org>. Downloaded on
20 December 2016.
Ding, T.-S., C.-S. Juan, R.-S. Lin, C.-Y. Pan, Y.-J. Tsai, J. Wu, and Y.-H. Yang. 2014. The 2014 CWBF Checklist of
the Birds of Taiwan. Chinese Wild Bird Federation, Taipei, Taiwan.
IUCN. 2012a. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2012b. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 04 September 2016.
IUCN Standard and Petitions Subcommittee. 2016. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria. Version. 12. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 September 2016.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., J. D. Pilgrim, J. F. Lamoreux, M. Hoffmann, and T. M. Brooks. 2006. The value of the IUCN
Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21:71-76.
Townsend, A. J., P. J. de Lange, C. A. J. Duffy, C. M. Miskelly, J. Molloy, and D. A. Norton. 2007. New Zealand
Threat Classification System manual. Science & Technical Publishing, Department of Conservation,
Wellington, New Zealand.
22 2016
Abstract
This report is the first National Red List compiled by Taiwan in accordance with the
suggested guidelines and criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
to assess all of the native bird species. A total of 627 candidate species was selected, 311 of
which did not fulfill the inclusion criteria (categorized as Not Applicable), and the remaining
316 species were subjected to subsequent evaluation. The results showed that 52 and 31 taxa
were categorized as Nationally Threatened and Nationally Near-threatened, respectively,
corresponding to 16.5% and 9.8% of the evaluated species and 8.3% and 4.9% of the total
number of bird species in Taiwan. The evaluation results were ranked on the basis of the IUCN
Red List categories, assigning six, 13 and 33 taxa as Nationally Critical, Nationally Endangered
and Nationally Vulnerable, respectively. In addition, 37 species were categorized as Globally
Threatened by IUCN, among which 14 were also categorized as Nationally Threatened, and one
was Nationally Near-threatened, while 22 were Not Applicable.
Subsequent Evaluation
316 Candidate
311 Not Applicable
Species
Nationally Nationally
Threatened Near-threatened
52 Taxa
13
31 Taxa
33
Percent of
the evaluated species 16.5 % Percent of
the evaluated species 9.8 %
Percent of
the total species 8.3 % Percent of
the total species 4.9 %
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 23
1. Introduction
The risk of extinction faced by a species categories (Fig.1), assessment criteria as well as the
or taxon is an essential topic of conservation regional guidelines published by the IUCN have
management. Concise listings of taxa by threat been adopted by many countries as the primary
levels provide a basis for prioritizing recovery basis for listing threatened species in their own
programs and research, monitoring the adequacy territories (Townsend et al. 2007; IUCN 2012a). The
of conservation measures, gaining support for standardized assessment method of the IUCN Red
habitat protection, and facilitating resource List not only facilitates formulating and executing
allocation (Townsend et al. 2007). conservation policies worldwide, but also improves
the comprehensiveness of the assessment of the
The Species Survival Commission of the
global conservation status of plant and animal
International Union for Conservation of Nature
species (Rodrigues et al. 2006).
(IUCN) is responsible for compiling the IUCN
Red List of Threatened Species. Since its first When a country or region claims that its red
publication in 1964, the list has gradually become list is compiled in accordance with the IUCN
a key reference for assessing the conditions and system, the classification process of the list must
trends of threatened species on a global scale completely follow the IUCN Red List Categories
(Rodrigues et al. 2006; IUCN 2016). Moreover, the and Criteria (IUCN 2012b). A regional-level
Regionally Extinct RE
Threatened categories
Extinction risk
Critically Endangered CR
Adequate data
Endangered EN
Vulneralbe VU
Evaluated
Near Threatened NT
Least Cincern LC
Eligible for Regional
Assessment
Data Deficient DD
Not Evaluated NE
24 2016
assessment pertains to any region on Earth with Fang (2004) adopted the IUCN Categories and
a clearly defined boundary, such as a continent, Criteria to evaluate some of bird species of Taiwan.
country, or state (IUCN 2012a). When the status Fang (2005) also published a Chinese and English
assessment is redirected from the global scale to guide of threatened bird species in Taiwan, paving
a local level, issues such as native or alien species, the foundation for assessing the biodiversity and
breeding or nonbreeding populations, and locally conservation status of these species. However, in
extinct species naturally emerge. (IUCN 2012a). The the past decade, biodiversity statuses in Taiwan,
present report is compiled using the IUCN Red List East Asia, and worldwide have changed drastically;
Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1 (IUCN 2012b). hence, updating the conservation status of bird
However, the assessment process and thresholds species in Taiwan is imperative. In accordance with
of the criteria might be inadequate for evaluating the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, the
species whose distribution ranges extend beyond present report compiles the up-to-date information
the defined spatial area; thus, adjustments were on native bird species in Taiwan, including the
made using the Guidelines for Application of IUCN distribution, population trends, number, and
Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels threats, to address the latest conservation status.
(IUCN 2012a).
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
Pheasant-tailed Jacana
NVU D1
/
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 25
2. Assessment process
The four steps for assessing the threat status of each bird species or subspecies are explained as follows:
Alien species
Breeder Non-stable breeders and maximum breeding population size < 250
Have appeared naturally after 1950, but have not bred consecutively for 10 years and
maximum breeding population size < 250
Species was adopted as the unit of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National
classification. However, endemic subspecies Levels (IUCN 2012a). When both alien and native
were evaluated independently. When breeding conspecific populations were found to appear
and visiting (nonbreeding) populations were within the territory of Taiwan, only the native
distinguishable, they were evaluated separately population was evaluated.
according to the Guidelines for Application of
26 2016
Table 2. A simplified overview of Red List criteria adopted in this study. Modified from IUCN Standard and Petitions
Subcommittee (2016)
Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulneralbe Near Threatened
A. Population size reduction (declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations)
A1 90% 70% 50% 30%
A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly
reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following:
(a)
direct observation. [except A3]
(b)
an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon.
(c)
a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality.
(d)
actual or potential levels of exploitation.
(e)
effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction may not have
ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible.
A3. Population reduction projected, inferred or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) cannot be used
for A3]
A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the
past an the future (up to a max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be
understood OR may not be reversible.
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 27
Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulneralbe Near Threatened
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy)
< 20,000 km2
B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km2 < 5,000 km2 < 20,000 km2
(Breeding natives)
AND at least 2 of the following 3 conditions (at least one for Near-threatened category):
(b) Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area,
extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or sunpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or sunpopulations; (iv)
number of mature individuals
C2. An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline AND at least one of the following 3 conditions:
AND/OR
E. Quantitative Analysis
50% in 10 years 20% in 20 years
Indicating the probability of
or 3 generations or 5 generations 10% in 100 years 5% in 100 years
extinction in the wild to be:
(100 year max.) (100 year max.)
28 2016
The category adjustment process was based on the suggested procedures of the IUCN (2012a):
1. The Red List Category of endemic species and endemic subspecies were retained.
2. The preliminary Red List Categoy of a breeding population of a nonendemic species or subspecies
in Taiwan and its off-islands were adjusted according to its mobility and occurrence statuses. If
the population has not interacted with other populations within 10 years or three generations, the
preliminary categorization was retained; otherwise, if the migrating population was expected to
maintain its number, and the local population was not identified as a sink population, the threat
category of the investigated group was downlisting by one-step.
3. Because the Kinmen and Matsu were close to mainland China, and the areas of these two regions
are relatively small, the preliminary categories of these populations were downlisted by two-steps.
4. When the threat level of a previously classified Naturally Threatened species was downlisted, it was
reassigned to Nationally Near-threatened or Nationally Least Concern according to the related
criteria.
Regarding nonbreeding populations (passage migrants or winter visitors), their population declining or
increasing trends in and away from Taiwan was evaluated, in addition to examining whether their breeding
counterparts outside of the targeted spatial scope can reduce their risk of extinction. If the aforementioned
criteria were inapplicable to categorize a population, the reasons were addressed in detail.
The results revealed 52 Nationally Threatened Vulneable, respectively. One subspecies was
and 31 Nationally Near-threatened species or categorized as Data Deficient. The classification
subspecies, corresponding to 16.5% and 9.8% of system of the present report was based on the
the evaluated taxa and 8.3% and 4.9% of the total BirdLife International Checklist 9.0 (BirdLife
number of bird species in Taiwan. The conservation International 2016), which was also been adopted
statuses of the evaluated taxa were grouped in by the IUCN. The complete evaluation results and
accordance with the IUCN Red List Categories. the data table are available from the corresponding
There are six, 13 and 33 taxa ranked in Nationally author.
Critical, Nationally Endangered and Nationally
Aythya baeri
(Radde, 1863) V D CR 1
Baer's Pochard
Turnix sylvaticus
(Desfontaines, 1787) B C2a(i); D LC <1
Common Buttonquail
Saundersilarus saundersi
(Swinhoe, 1871) V C1 VU 1
Saunders's Gull
Calidris pygmaea
(Linnaeus, 1758) V C1; D CR 1
Spoon-billed Sandpiper
Thalasseus bernsteini
Schlegel, 1863 B D CR 20
Chinese Crested Tern
30 2016
Synoicus chinensis
(Linnaeus, 1766) B B2ab(ii, iii, v); C1 LC <1
Asian Blue Quail
Ciconia boyciana
D
Swinhoe, 1873 V EN <1
[-1]
Oriental Stork
Nisaetus nipalensis
Hodgson, 1836 B C2a(ii) LC 1
Mountain Hawk-eagle
Numenius madagascariensis
D
(Linnaeus, 1766) V EN <1
[-1]
Far Eastern Curlew
Calidris tenuirostris
A2a
(Horsfield, 1821) V EN <1
[-1]
Great Knot
Tringa guttifer
C1; D
(Nordmann, 1835) V EN 1
[-1]
Spotted Greenshank
Ketupa flavipes
(Hodgson, 1836) B C1 LC 2
Tawny Fish-owl
Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 B A2b VU 20
Fairy Pitta
Garrulax taewanus
Swinhoe, 1859 B A3e+4e NT 100
Taiwan Hwamei
Acridotheres cristatellus
formosanus
B A2be LC <1
Hartert, 1912
Crested Myna
Emberiza aureola
Pallas, 1773 V A2b; C1 EN <1
Yellow-breasted Bunting
Passer cinnamomeus
(Temminck, 1836) B B2b(iii)c(ii); C2a(i) LC <1
Russet Sparrow
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 31
Aix galericulata
(Linnaeus, 1758) B D1 LC 1
Mandarin Duck
Mareca falcata
D
Georgi, 1775 V NT <1
[-1]
Falcated Duck
Anas crecca
A2a
Linnaeus, 1758 V LC <1
[-1]
Common Teal
Egretta eulophotes
D
(Swinhoe, 1860) V VU 10
[-1]
Chinese Egret
Milvus migrans
(Boddaert, 1783) B D1 LC <1
Black Kite
Gallicrex cinerea
D
(Gmelin, 1789) B LC <1
[-1]
Watercock
Hydrophasianus chirurgus
(Scopoli, 1786) B D1 LC <1
Pheasant-tailed Jacana
Numenius arquata
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT 2
[-1]
Eurasian Curlew
Limosa limosa
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa lapponica
C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Bar-tailed Godwit
Calidris canutus
A2a;C1
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NT <1
[-1]
Red Knot
Calidris temminckii
C1
(Leisler, 1812) V LC <1
[-1]
Temminck's Stint
Calidris ruficollis
A2a; C1
(Pallas, 1776) V NT <1
[-1]
Red-necked Stint
Calidris alpina
A2a
(Linnaeus, 1758) V LC <1
[-1]
Dunlin
32 2016
Macropygia tenuirostris
Bonaparte, 1854 B D1 LC <1
Philippine Cuckoo-dove
Strix leptogrammica
Temminck, 1831 B D1 LC 2
Brown Wood-owl
Ceryle rudis
C1;D
(Linnaeus, 1758) B LC <1
[-2]
Pied Kingsher
Picus canus
Gmelin, 1788 B D1 LC <1
Grey-faced Woodpecker
Coracina macei
(Lesson, 1831) B D1 LC <1
Large Cuckooshrike
Lanius schach
Linnaeus, 1758 B C1 LC <1
Long-tailed Shrike
Oriolus chinensis
Linnaeus, 1766 B D1 LC <1
Black-naped Oriole
Corvus torquatus
D
Lesson, 1831 B NT <1
[-1]
Collared Crow
Sitta europaea
Linnaeus, 1758 B A2a LC <1
Wood Nuthatch
Pycnonotus taivanus
Styan, 1893 B A3ce VU 100
Taiwan Bulbul
Phylloscopus ijimae
D
(Stejneger, 1882) V VU 3
[-1]
Izu Leaf-warbler
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 33
Emberiza sulphurata
Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 V C1; D1 VU 10
Yellow Bunting
Calonectris leucomelas
A2b
(Temminck, 1835) V NT ?
[-1]
Streaked Shearwater
Hydrobates monorhis
A2b; C1
(Swinhoe, 1867) V NT ?
[-1]
Swinhoe's Storm-petrel
Platalea minor
Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 V D1 EN 60
Black-faced Spoonbill
Pernis ptilorhynchus
B D1
(Temminck, 1821) LC <1
V [-1]
Oriental Honey-buzzard
Ictinaetus malaiensis
(Temminck, 1822) B D1 LC 3
Black Eagle
Accipiter soloensis
A2a
(Horsfield, 1821) V LC 20
[-2]
Chinese Sparrowhawk
Haematopus ostralegus
B D
Linnaeus, 1758 NT <1
V [-2]
Eurasian Oystercatcher
Pluvialis squatarola
A2b
(Linnaeus, 1758) V LC <1
[-2]
Grey Plover
Charadrius leschenaultii
A2a; C1
Lesson, 1826 V LC <1
[-1]
Greater Sandplover
Tringa brevipes
C1
(Vieillot, 1816) V NT 10
[-1]
Grey-tailed Tattler
Numenius minutus
D
Gould, 1841 V LC <1
[-1]
Little Curlew
Sternula albifrons
B A2a
Pallas, 1764 LC 2
V [-1]
Little Tern
Halcyon smyrnensis
D
(Linnaeus, 1758) B LC 2
[-2]
White-breasted Kingsher
Pericrocotus solaris
Blyth, 1846 B C1 LC 5
Grey-chinned Minivet
Terpsiphone atrocaudata
periophthalmica
B B2a LC 5
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1895)
Japanese Paradise-ycatcher
Sittiparus castaneoventris
Gould, 1863 B B1b(v) LC 100
Chestnut-bellied Tit
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 35
Parus holsti
Seebohm, 1894 B A2a; B1b(v); C1 NT 100
Yellow Tit
Bradypterus alishanensis
Rasmussen, Round, Dickinson &
B A2(a); B1b(i, v) LC 100
Rozendaal, 2000
Taiwan Bush-warbler
Alcippe formosana
(Ogilvie-Grant, 1906) B B1b(i,v) LC 100
Taiwan Fulvetta
Garrulax ruficeps
Gould, 1863 B D1 LC 100
Rufous-crowned Laughingthrush
Brachypteryx montana
goodfellowi
B A2a; B1b(ii,v) LC 5
Ogilvie-Grant, 1912
White-browed Shortwing
Of the 627 candidate species, 37 species were listed as Globally Threatened by IUCN in 2016 (IUCN
2016). Of them, 14 were Nationally Threatened and one was Nationally Near-threatened. Another 22 species
were vagrant or rare in Taiwan and categorized as Not Applicable.
Anser cygnoid
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Swan Goose
Anser erythropus
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Anas Iuzonid
(Fraser, 1839) V NA VU <1
Philippine Duck
Aythya ferina
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Common Pochard
Aythya baeri
(Radde, 1863) V CR CR 1
Baer's Pochard
Clangula hyemalis
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Long-tailed Duck
Mergus squamatus
Gould, 1864 V NA EN <1
Scaly-sided Merganser
Podiceps auritus
(Linnaeus, 1758) V NA VU <1
Horned Grebe
Phoebastria albatrus
(Pallas, 1769) V NA VU <1
Short-tailed Albatross
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 37
Ciconia boyciana
Swinhoe, 1873 V EN EN <1
Oriental Stork
Pelecanus crispus
Bruch, 1832 V NA VU <1
Dalmatian Pelican
Egretta eulophotes
(Swinhoe, 1860) V EN VU 10
Chinese Egret
Gorsachius goisagi
(Temminck, 1835) V NA EN <1
Japanese Night-heron
Platalea minor
Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 V NT EN 60
Black-faced Spoonbill
Clanga clanga
Pallas, 1811 V NA VU <1
Greater Spotted Eagle
Aquila heliaca
Savigny, 1809 V NA VU <1
Eastern Imperial Eagle
Antigone vipio
Pallas, 1811 V NA VU <1
White-naped Crane
Grus monacha
Temminck, 1835 V NA VU <1
Hooded Crane
Grus japonensis
(Mller, 1776) V NA VU <1
Red-crowned Crane
Leucogeranus leucogeranus
(Pallas, 1773) V NA CR <1
Siberian Crane
Numenius madagascariensis
(Linnaeus, 1766) V EN EN <1
Far Eastern Curlew
Calidris tenuirostris
(Horsfield, 1821) V EN EN <1
Great Knot
Calidris pygmaea
(Linnaeus, 1758) V CR CR 1
Spoon-billed Sandpiper
38 2016
Tringa guttifer
(Nordmann, 1835) V CR EN 1
Spotted Greenshank
Synthliboramphus wumizusume
(Temminck, 1835) V NA VU <1
Japanese Murrelet
Saundersilarus saundersi
(Swinhoe, 1871) V CR VU 1
Saunders's Gull
Larus relictus
Lnnberg, 1931 V NA VU <1
Relict Gull
Thalasseus bernsteini
Schlegel, 1863 B CR CR 20
Chinese Crested Tern
Pitta nympha
Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 B EN VU 20
Fairy Pitta
Pycnonotus taivanus
Styan, 1893 B VU VU 100
Taiwan Bulbul
Phylloscopus ijimae
(Stejneger, 1882) V VU VU 3
Izu Leaf-warbler
Acrocephalus sorghophilus
(Swinhoe, 1863) V NA EN <1
Streaked Reed-warbler
Acrocephalus tangorum
La Touche, 1912 V NA VU <1
Manchurian Reed-warbler
Locustella pleskei
Taczanowski, 1889 V NA VU <1
Pleske's Grasshopper-warbler
Rhinomyias brunneatus
(Slater, 1897) V NA VU <1
Brown-chested Jungle-ycatcher
Emberiza aureola
Pallas, 1773 V EN EN <1
Yellow-breasted Bunting
Emberiza sulphurata
Temminck & Schlegel, 1848 V VU VU 10
Yellow Bunting
The Red List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016 39
5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank W.-C. Lin, C.-C. Lin, S.-Y. Huang, T.-G. Chien, M.-T. Ni, T. Lo, C.-Y. Yang
and W.-K. Chao for their assistance with the compiling of the data for the initial assessment. We thank T.-
S. Ding, W.-H. Fang, C.-C. Sa, W.-H. Lin, W.-L. Lin, C.-H. Hong, F.-S. Hsu, J.-S. Tsai, and C.-Y. Chiang for
reviewing the results of the initial assessments. We like to thank S.-H. Wu, J.-L. Wu, W.-L. Lin, X.-Y. Hong,
Y.-L. Chen, J.-W. Zeng, Y.-C. Yang, J.-E. Xie as well as many experts and birdwatchers for providing helpful
comments and suggestions. We also thank Bruno A. Walther for his help editing the English.
6. References
BirdLife International. 2016. BirdLife Taxonomic Checklist v9.0. < http://www.birdlife.org>. Downloaded on
20 December 2016.
Ding, T.-S., C.-S. Juan, R.-S. Lin, C.-Y. Pan, Y.-J. Tsai, J. Wu, and Y.-H. Yang. 2014. The 2014 CWBF Checklist of
the Birds of Taiwan. Chinese Wild Bird Federation, Taipei, Taiwan.
Fang, W.-H. 2004. Threatened birds of Taiwan. Chinese Wild Bird Society, Taipei, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
Fang, W.-H. 2005. A guide to threatened birds of Taiwan. Owl, Taipei, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
IUCN. 2012a. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2012b. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 04 September 2016.
IUCN Standard and Petitions Subcommittee. 2016. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria. Version. 12. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 04 November 2016.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., J. D. Pilgrim, J. F. Lamoreux, M. Hoffmann, and T. M. Brooks. 2006. The value of the IUCN
Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21:71-76.
Severinghaus, L. L., T.-S. Ding, W.-H. Fang, W.-H. Lin, M.-C. Tsai, and C.-W. Yen. 2012. The avifauna of Taiwan,
Second edition. Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan. (in Chinese)
Townsend, A. J., P. J. de Lange, C. A. J. Duffy, C. M. Miskelly, J. Molloy, and D. A. Norton. 2007. New Zealand
Threat Classification System manual. Science & Technical Publishing, Department of Conservation,
Wellington, New Zealand.
2016
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20162016
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708 326
06-2933266
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ISBN 978-986-05-1406-3 ( )
GPN 1010502982
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
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Citation Lin, R.-S., Y.-J. Lu, C.-H. Yang, T.-J. Tseng, C.-J. Ko, and W.-J. Chen. 2016. The Red
List of Birds of Taiwan, 2016. Endemic Species Research Institute and Forestry
Bureau, Council of Agricuture, ExecutiveYuan, Nantou, Taiwan.