陸域哺乳類紅皮書

2017
The Red List of Terrestrial

Mammals of Taiwan, 2017

04
1 05
2 07
2.1 07
2.2 08
2.3 11
3 12
3.1 (NCR) 12
3.2 (NEN) 12
3.3 (NVU) 13
3.4 (NNT) 13
3.5 (DD) 14
3.6 (LC) 14
4 18
5 19
6 19
20
Contents
Abstract
1 Introduction 21
2 Assessment process 23
2.1 Defining the taxa to be included in the evaluation 23
2.2 Data collection and preliminary evaluation 24

2.3 Category adjustment 26
Assessment results of terrestrial mammal species

3 of Taiwan
27
3.1 List of Nationally Critical terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan 27
3.2 List of Nationally Endangered terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan 27
3.3 List of Nationally Vulnerable terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan 28
3.4 List of Nationally Near-threatened terrestrial mammal
28
taxa in Taiwan
3.5 The terrestrial mammals in category of Data Deficient in Taiwan 29
3.6 The terrestrial mammals in category of Least Concern in Taiwan 29
Globally Threatened terrestrial mammal

4 species of Taiwan
34
5 Acknowledgements 34
6 References 35
/ /
Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla Viverricula indica taivana
Formosan pangolin Formosan small Indian civet
NVU B1b(iii)c(iv) NVU B1ab(iii)
/ /
4 2017
2017
*

* : cswei@tesri.gov.tw

(International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN)

85 5 (Not Applicable) 80
12 (Nationally Threatened)
(Nationally Critical) 2 ( )
(Nationally Endangered) 3 ( ) (Nationally
Vulnerable) 7 (
) 5 (Nationally Near-threatened) (
)
15.0% 6.3% 4 2
( )1 ( )1
(Nationally Extinct)( )
80 5

85

2
3

12
5
7
15.0 % 6.3 %
The Red List of Terrestrial Mammals of Taiwan, 2017 5
1.
(taxon) (criteria) IUCN

(Townsend et al. 2007IUCN 2012a)
(Townsend
et al. 2007) (Rodrigues
et al. 2006)
(International Union for
Conservation of Nature, IUCN)
(Species Survival Commission) IUCN IUCN
(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) IUCN (IUCN Red List
1964 Categories and Criteria) (IUCN 2012b)
(Rodrigues (region)
et al. 2006IUCN 2016) ( 1)
1. IUCN EX
EW
RE
CR

EN
VU

NT
LC

DD
NA
NE
6 2017
(IUCN 2012a) threatened, NT) 7 (Data

Decient, DD) 6 (Least Concern,
LC) 55 (IUCN 2016) IUCN (2016)
(IUCN 2012a)
IUCN 3.1 (IUCN 72 16
2012b) 56
56 IUCN (2016)
13 69
IUCN 81%
(IUCN 2012a)

85 IUCN
IUCN
72

(Critically Endangered, CR) 1
(Vulnerable, VU) 3 (Near-
Pteropus dasymallus formosus

Formosan ying fox
NCR A2a; B2ab(v); C1; D
/
Prionailurus bengalensis
Leopard cat
NEN B1b(iii)c(iv); C2b
/
2.
et al., 2007) (Mustela nivalis

formosana Lin et al., 2010) 85

2.1
IUCN
Wilson and Reeder (2005) (IUCN 2012a)
(2015) (Not Applicable) ( 1
Kuo et al. (2017) )
2005 80
(Mogera kanoana Kawada
8 2017
1.
Cynopterus sphinx
(Vahl, 1797) LC

Rousettus leschenaultii
(Desmarest, 1820) LC

Scotophilus sp.
--

Rattus exulans
Motokawa et al. (2001)
(Peale, 1848) LC

Cervus nippon taiouanus

Blyth, 1860 LC

2.2
IUCN C. D.
(IUCN 2012b) E.
(Sub-criterion)
(Qualiers) (logic tree)
( 2)
(Nationally Critical, NCR)
(Nationally Endangered, NEN)

(Nationally Vulnerable, NVU)

(Nationally Near-threatened,

NNT) IUCN
IUCN (Near Threatened, NT)
12 (IUCN
Standards and Petitions Subcommittee ( 2)
2016)A. B.
Mustela nivalis formosana

Formosan least weasel
NVU B1ab(iii); D2
/
2. IUCN ( ) IUCN Standards and Petitions

Subcommittee (2016)
(CR) (EN) (VU) (NT)
A. ( 10 3 )
A1 90% 70% 50% 30%
A2, A3 & A4 80% 50% 30% 20%
A1.

(a) A3
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
A2. A1

A3. A1 ( 100 )
A4. A1

10 2017
(CR) (EN) (VU) (NT)
B. ( B1 B2 )
B1. (EOO) < 100 < 5,000 < 20,000 <20,000
B2. (AOO) < 10 < 500 < 2,000 < 2,000
( NT )
(a)
=1 5 10 10

(b) (i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v)
(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

C.
< 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 <20,000
C1 C2
C1.
3 5 10 10

25% 20% 10% 10%
( 100 )
C2.
a(i)
50 250 1,000 1,000

a(ii)
90% 95% 100% 100%

(b)
D.

D. < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000 D1. < 2,500
D2. D2. D2.

NA NA < 20km2 < 50km2
( 5 10
)
E.
10 20
100 100

10% 5%
50% 20%
Coelops frithii formosanus

Formosan tailless leaf-nosed bat
NVU A2a; B1ac(iv); C2a(i); D1
/
2.3

10 3
(IUCN
2012a)

12 2017
3.
2 (NCR)3 et al. 2015) (Data Decient) 4

(NEN)7 (NVU) Wilson and Reeder
12 5 (2005)
(NNT) (Kawada et al. 2007; Lin et al.
80 15.0% 6.3% 2010; Kuo et al. 2017) (2015)
(Nationally Extinct) 1 (
Neofelis nebulosa brachyura, Chiang
3.1 (NCR)
(B)/

(V) ()
Sclater, 1873 B A2a; B2ab(v); C1; D NT <1

Lutra lutra
(Linnaeus, 1758) B C2a(i)b; D NT <1

3.2 (NEN)
(B)/

(V) ()
Vespertilio sinensis
(Peters, 1880) B A2a; B1ab(v); C1 LC <1

Ursus thibetanus formosanus
Swinhoe, 1864 B B1ac(iv); C2a(i) VU <1

(Kerr, 1792 B B1b(iii)c(iv); C2b LC <1

3.3 (NVU)
(B)/

(V) ()
A2a; B1ac(iv);
Horikawa, 1928 B LC <1
C2a(i); D1
Myotis formosus flavus

Shamel, 1944 B A2a; B2ab(v) LC <1
Chimarrogale himalayica
(Gray, 1842) B B1ab(iii)c(iv) LC <1
Martes flavigula chrysospila

Swinhoe, 1866 B B1b(iii)c(iv) LC <1

Lin, Motokawa & Harada, 2010 B B1ab(iii); D2 LC <1
Viverricula indica taivana

Schwarz, 1911 B B1ab(iii) LC <1
Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla

Linnaeus, 1758 B B1b(iii)c(iv) CR <5
3.4 (NNT)
(B)/

(V) ()
Eothenomys melanogaster
(Milne-Edwards, 1871) B B1b(iii) LC <5
Microtus kikuchii
Kuroda, 1920 B B1b(iii) NT 100
Herpestes urva formosanus

Bechthold, 1936 B B1b(iii) LC <5
Rusa unicolor swinhoii

(Sclater, 1862) B B1c(iv) VU <1
Capricornis swinhoei
Gray, 1862 B B1c(iv) LC 100
14 2017
3.5 (DD)
(B)/

(V) ()
Harpiocephalus harpia
(Temminck, 1840) B LC <5

Hypsugo pulveratus
(Peters, 1871) ? LC <1

Myotis soror
Ruedi, Csorba, Lin & Chou, 2015 B NE 100

Chodsigoa sodalis
Thomas, 1913 B DD 100

3.6 (LC)
(B)/

(V) ()
Rhinolophus formosae
Sanborn, 1939 B NT 100

Rhinolophus monoceros
Anderson, 1905 B LC 100

Hipposideros armiger terasensis
Kishida, 1924 B LC <5

Arielulus torquatus
Csorba and Lee, 1999 B LC 100

Barbastella darjelingensis
Hodgson, 1855 B NE <10

Eptesicus serotinus horikawai

Kerivoula furva
Kuo et al., 2017 B NE <10

Harpiola isodon
Kuo, Fang, Csorba & Lee, 2006 B DD ?

3.6 (LC) ()
(B)/

(V) ()
Myotis fimbriatus taiwanensis
rnbck-Christie-Linde, 1908 B LC <10
Myotis frater
Allen, 1923 B DD <5
Myotis laniger
(Peters, 1870) B LC <5
Myotis rufoniger
(Tomes, 1858) NE ?
Myotis secundus
Murina bicolor
Kuo, Fang, Csorba & Lee, 2009 B NE 100
Murina gracilis
Murina puta
Kishida, 1924 B NT 100
Murina recondita
Pipistrellus abramus
Pipistrellus montanus
, 2007 B NE ?
Pipistrellus taiwanensis
, 2007 B NE ?
Plecotus taivanus
Yoshiyuki, 1991 B NT 100
Nyctalus plancyi velutinus

Allen, 1923 B LC <5
Scotophilus kuhlii
Leach, 1821 B LC <5
16 2017
3.6 (LC) ()
(B)/

(V) ()
Submyotodon latirostris
(Kishida, 1932) B NE 100

Miniopterus fuliginosus

Tadarida insignis
Blyth, 1862 B DD <20

Mogera insularis insularis
(Swinhoe, 1863) B LC <10

Mogera kanoana
Kawada et al., 2007 B NE 100

Anourosorex yamashinai
Kuroda, 1935 B LC 100

Crocidura rapax
Allen, 1923 B DD <20

Crocidura shantungensis
Miller, 1901 B LC <10

Crocidura tanakae

Episoriculus fumidus
(Thomas, 1913) B LC 100

Suncus murinus
(Linnaeus, 1766) B LC <5

Belomys pearsonii kaleensis
(Swinhoe, 1863) B DD <10

Callosciurus erythraeus
thaiwanensis
B LC <5
(Bonhote, 1901)

Dremomys pernyi owstoni
(Thomas, 1908) B LC <10

Petaurista alborufus lena
Thomas, 1907 B LC <10

3.6 (LC) ()
(B)/

(V) ()
Petaurista philippensis grandis
Tamiops maritimus formosanus

(Bonhote, 1900) B LC <5
Apodemus agrarius
(Pallas, 1771) B LC <1
Apodemus semotus
Thomas, 1908 B LC 100
Bandicota indica
(Bechstein, 1800) B LC <5
Micromys minutus
Mus caroli
Bonhote, 1902 B LC <5
Mus musculus
Linnaeus, 1758 B LC <1
Niviventer coninga
(Swinhoe, 1864) B LC 100
Niviventer culturatus
(Thomas, 1917) B NT 100
Rattus losea
Rattus norvegicus
(Berkenhout, 1769) B LC <1
Rattus tanezumi
Temminck, 1844 B LC <5
Melogale moschata subaurantiaca

Mustela sibirica taivana

18 2017
3.6 (LC) ()
(B)/

(V) ()
Paguma larvata taivana
Swinhoe, 1863 B LC <5

Muntiacus reevesi micrurus
(Sclater, 1875) B LC <5

Sus scrofa taivanus

Macaca cyclopis

Lepus sinensis formosus

4.
80 4 IUCN (2016)
2 ( EN VU )1 (NT)1
(RE)
(B)/

(V) ( )
Swinhoe, 1864 B EN VU <1

Neofelis nebulosa brachyura
(Swinhoe, 1863) B RE VU 0

(Sclater, 1862) B NT VU <1

Linnaeus, 1758 B VU CR <5

5.

Mark Bruce Wilkie
6.
2015 ( )

Chiang, P.-J., K. J.-C. Pei, M. Vaughan, C.-F. Li, M.-T. Chen, J.-N. Liu, C.-Y. Lin, L.-K. Lin, and Y.-C. Lai. 2015. Is
the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa extinct in Taiwan, and could it be reintroduced? An assessment
of prey and habitat. Oryx 49:261269.
IUCN. 2012a. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2012b. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 01 December 2016.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. 2016. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria. Version. 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Downloadable from http://
www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf.
Kawada, S. I., A. Shinohara, S. Kobayashi, M. Harada, S. I. Oda, and L.-K. Lin. 2007. Revision of the mole
genus Mogera (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Talpidae) from Taiwan. Systematics & Biodiversity 5:223-240.
Kuo, H.-C., P. Soisook, Y.-Y. Ho, G. Csorba, C.-N. Wang, and S. J. Rossiter. 2017. A taxonomic revision of the
Kerivoula hardwickii complex (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with the description of a new species. Acta
Chiropterologica 19:19-39.
Lin, L.-K., M. Motokawa, and M. Harada. 2010. A new subspecies of the least weasel Mustela nivalis (Mammalia,
Carnivora) from Taiwan. Mammal study 35:191-200.
Motokawa, M., K.-H. Lu, M. Harada, and L.-K. Lin. 2001. New records of the Polynesian rat Rattus exulans
(Mammalia: Rodentia) from Taiwan and the Ryukyus. Zoological Studies 40:299-304.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., J. D. Pilgrim, J. F. Lamoreux, M. Hoffmann, and T. M. Brooks. 2006. The value of the IUCN
Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21:71-76.
Townsend, A. J., P. J. de Lange, C. A. J. Duffy, C. M. Miskelly, J. Molloy, and D. A. Norton. 2007. New Zealand
Threat Classication System manual. Science & Technical Publishing, Department of Conservation,
Wellington, New Zealand.
Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference.
Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
20 2017
The Red List of Terrestrial Mammals of Taiwan, 2017

Hsi-Chi Cheng, Lin-Wen Changchien, Ruey-Shing Lin, Cheng-Hsiung Yang, and Shih-Wei Chang*
Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji, Nantou, Taiwan
*Corresponding author: cswei@tesri.gov.tw
Abstract
In this report, all wild terrestrial mammals in Taiwan were assessed in accordance with the
categories and criteria recommended by the International Union for Conservation of Nature to
compile a national red list of threatened species. A total of 85 terrestrial mammals were included
in the candidate assessment list, five of which were determined to be not applicable to regional
assessment, and the remaining 80 species underwent evaluation. The results indicated that in
Taiwan, 12 terrestrial mammals are nationally threatened, of which two (i.e., Pteropus dasymallus
formosus and Lutra lutra) are nationally critical, three (i.e., Vespertilio sinensis, Ursus thibetanus
formosanus and Prionailurus bengalensis) are nationally endangered, and seven (i.e., Coelops
frithii formosanus, Myotis formosus flavus, Chimarrogale himalayica, Martes flavigula chrysospila,
Mustela nivalis formosana, Viverricula indica taivana, and Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) are
nationally vulnerable. Additionally, five species (i.e., Eothenomys melanogaster, Microtus kikuchii,
Herpestes urva formosanus, Rusa unicolor swinhoii, and Capricornis swinhoei) are nationally
near-threatened. Nationally threatened and near-threatened terrestrial mammal species account
for 15.0% and 6.3% the total assessed species, respectively. Four globally threatened terrestrial
mammals were found in Taiwan, of which two (i.e., Ursus thibetanus formosanus and Manis
pentadactyla pentadactyla) are nationally threatened, one (i.e., Rusa unicolor swinhoii) is nationally
near-threatened, and one ( i.e., Neofelis nebulosa brachyura) is nationally extinct.
Subsequent Evaluation
80 Candidate
5 Not Applicable
Species
Nationally Critical
Nationally Endangered
85
Nationally Vulnerable
2
3
Nationally Nationally
Threatened Near-threatened
12 Taxa
5Taxa
7
Percent of
the evaluated species 15.0 % Percent of
the evaluated species 6.3 %
1. Introduction
The risk of species or taxon extinction is critical Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels
in conservation management. Compiling a list of have also become key references for numerous
species by threat level is a key step in prioritizing countries in evaluating and listing their nationally
rehabilitation projects, research, monitoring, and threatened species (Townsend et al. 2007; IUCN
other conservation measures. Moreover, the list 2012a). This standardized assessment method
can also serve as a primary tool for obtaining facilitated legislation and law implementation
social supporting in habitat protection as well in numerous countries and further improved
as supporting decision-making for resource the comprehensiveness of the global red list of
deployment (Townsend et al. 2007). threatened species (Rodrigues et al. 2006).
Since it was first published in 1964, the If a country or region claims that its red list was
International Union for Conservation of Nature generated in accordance with the IUCN system,
(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, which the assessment must be conducted unbiasedly
was compiled by the IUCN Species Survival according to the IUCN Red List Categories and
Commission, has become the principal reference Criteria (IUCN 2012b). A region refers to any
for assessing trends in the conservation status spatial scope on Earth that can be clearly defined,
of species worldwide (Rodrigues et al. 2006; such as a continent, country, state, or province
IUCN 2016). Its categories of conservation (IUCN 2012a). When the scope of threatened
status (Fig. 1), assessment criteria, and the later taxa assessment is reduced from the global to a
published Guidelines for Application of IUCN regional level, distinctions between indigenous
Fig.1. The regional IUCN Red List categories. Extinct EX
Extinct in the Wild EW
Regionally Extinct RE
Threatened categories
Extinction risk
Critically Endangered CR
Adequate data
Endangered EN
Vulnerable VU
Evaluated
Near Threatened NT
Least Concern LC
Eligible for Regional
Assessment
Data Deficient DD
All Species Not Applicable NA
Not Evaluated NE
22 2017

Hodgsons myotis
NVU A2a; B2ab(v)
/
and introduced species and between breeding species was classified as critically endangered
and nonbreeding species naturally emerge. (CR), three as vulnerable (VU), seven as near-
Moreover, regional phenomena in which previously threatened (NT), six as data deficient (DD), and
native species have become extinct may also be 55 as least concern (LC). IUCN (2016) performed
identified (IUCN 2012a). This study adopted the the risk assessment of species under threat on
IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria V. 3.1 as the a global scale, with species as a unit. Therefore,
assessment categories and criteria (IUCN 2012b). of the 72 species, the global assessment of 16
However, because of discrepancies in spatial endemic species is identical to the regional
scale, if the aforementioned standard criteria are assessment of Taiwan; however, the assessment
applied to evaluate species that occupy an area of the remaining 56 species is not limited to the
exceeding the evaluated scope, the thresholds Taiwan region. Adding the 56 species to the 13
set in the assessment process and criteria may species not included on the IUCN Red List (2016)
be inappropriate. Therefore, corresponding yielded 69 species, which account for 81% of
adjustments must be made. The Guidelines for Taiwans terrestrial mammals, showing that for
Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional most terrestrial mammals in Taiwan, regional Red
and National Levels provide suggestions on the Listbased assessment remains lacking. Therefore,
adjustments (IUCN 2012a). this study collected various data, including the
distribution, population trends, number, and
Of the existing 85 terrestrial mammals in
causes of threats of all wild terrestrial mammals in
Taiwan, 72 were evaluated in the IUCN Global
Taiwan, to assess their current threat status.
Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2016). One
2. Assessment process
The following section summarizes the process and method adopted to assess the threatened statuses of
all terrestrial mammals in Taiwan:
2.1 Defining the taxa to be included in the evaluation

The candidate assessment list of terrestrial candidate list of 85 terrestrial mammal species
mammals was compiled on the basis of the to be assessed. According to the recommended
Mammal Species of the World (Wilson and Reeder process in the Guidelines for Application of IUCN
2005). Additionally, the part on the order Chiroptera Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels
was generated according to the latest version of (IUCN 2012a), species that were deemed Not
the bat species list (Cheng et al. 2015) and the new Applicable in regional assessment (Table 1) were
species of Kerivoula recently identified by Kuo et excluded. All remaining terrestrial mammals that
al. (2017). Two newly described mammal species appeared within Taiwans territory were included
in Taiwan, namely Mogera kanoana (Kawada et in the official assessment list. A total of 80 species
al. 2007) and Mustela nivalis formosana (Lin et al. underwent the assessment process.
2010), were also added to the list, resulting in a
Table 1. Not Applicable species in this report
Global Red List

Taxon Reason(s) for inapplicability in regional assessment
Category
Cynopterus sphinx Only one record of appearance was documented on

(Vahl, 1797) LC Kinmen Island. Uncertain whether a long-term resident
Short-nosed fruit bat population exists.
Rousettus leschenaultii Only one record of appearance was documented on

(Desmarest, 1820) LC Green Island. Uncertain whether a long-term residence
Fulvous fruit bat population exists.
Scotophilus sp. Only one record of appearance was documented on

--
Greater chestnut bat Kinmen Island. Its taxonomic status remains undetermined.
Rattus exulans
Newly exotic species recorded by Motokawa et al. (2001).
(Peale, 1848) LC
Only recorded in Hualien County to date.
Pacic rat
Cervus nippon taiouanus The original population in the wild has gone extinct. The
Blyth, 1860 LC existing wild population is descended from artificially bred
Formosan sika individuals that were released into the wild.
24 2017
2.2 Data collection and preliminary evaluation

After the subjects of evaluation were identified, IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (V. 12, IUCN
an information table of each assessed taxon Standards and Petitions Subcommittee 2016). The
was prepared in accordance with the IUCN Red assessment process was conducted according
List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2012b). All to a logic tree comprising five criteria and their
columns in the table were filled with information sub-criteria and qualifiers (Table 2), which are (A)
to incorporate as much data as possible from Population size reduction; (B) Geographic range
published studies, research reports, databases as size, and fragmentation, decline or fluctuations; (C)
well as expert opinions. In addition to the statistics, Small population size and decline; (D) Very small or
data sources were specified and explained if restricted population; and (E) Quantitative analysis
necessary. of extinction risk. Species that did not meet the
criteria for nationally critical (NCR), nationally
The spatial scope evaluated in this report was
endangered (NEN), or nationally vulnerable (NVU)
the terrestrial area where the Republic of China
categories after assessment, but were found close
exerts substantial dominance, namely Taiwan
to or showing the potential to reach the NVU
Island and its outlying islands and island groups
category were categorized as nationally near-
such as Penghu, Orchid Island, Green Island,
threatened (NNT). Because the IUCN Red List
Kinmen, and Matsu; the latter two islet groups are
Categories and Criteria did not provide a specific
geographically proximate to China.
definition for the near-threatened category, this
Each assessed taxon was evaluated in report set the criteria for NNT with reference to the
accordance with the Guidelines for Using the preceding principle (Table 2).
Table 2. A simplified overview of Red List criteria adopted in this study. Modified from IUCN Standards and Petitions
Subcommittee (2016)
Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened
A. Population size reduction (declines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generations)
A1 90% 70% 50% 30%
A2, A3 & A4 80% 50% 30% 20%
A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly
reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following:
(a)
direct observation. [except A3]
(b)
an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon.
(c)
a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality.
(d)
actual or potential levels of exploitation.
(e)
effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites.
A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction may not have
ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible.
A3. Population reduction projected, inferred or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years) [(a) cannot be used
for A3]
A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction where the time period must include both the
past and the future (up to a max. of 100 years in future), and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be
understood OR may not be reversible.
Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened
B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy)
B1. Extent of occurrence (EOO) < 100 km2 < 5,000 km2 < 20,000 km2 < 20,000 km2
B2. Area of occupancy (AOO) < 10 km2 < 500 km2 < 2,000 km2 < 2,000 km2
AND at least 2 of the following 3 conditions (at least one for Near-threatened category):
(a) Severely fragmented OR #

=1 5 10 10
locations
(b) Continuing decline observed, estimated, inferred or projected in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area,
extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals
(c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv)
number of mature individuals
C. Small population size and decline

Number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 < 20,000
AND at least one of C1 or C2
C1. An observed, estimated or

projected continuing decline 25% in 3 years 20% in 5 years 10% in 10 years 10% in 10 years
of at least (up to a max. of or 1 generation or 2 generations or 3 generations or 3 generations
100 years in future):
C2. An observed, estimated, projected or inferred continuing decline AND at least one of the following 3 conditions:
a(i) Number of mature individuals

50 250 1000 1000
in each subpopulation
a(ii) % of mature individuals in

90% 95% 100% 100%
one subpopulation =
(b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals
D. Very small or restricted population Either:

D. Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 D1. < 1000 D1. < 2500
AND/OR
D2. Only applies to the VU and D2. D2.

NT category
Restricted area of occupancy
or number of locations with NA NA AOO < 20 km2 or AOO < 50 km2 or
a plausible futrue threat that number of locations 5 number of locations 10
could drive the taxon to CR
or EX in a very short time.
E. Quantitative Analysis
50% in 10 years 20% in 20 years
Indicating the probability of
or 3 generations or 5 generations 10% in 100 years 5% in 100 years
extinction in the wild to be:
(100 year max.) (100 year max.)
26 2017

Formosan black bear
NEN B1ac(iv); C2a(i)
/
2.3 Category adjustment

After the preliminary assessment is completed Taiwans terrestrial wild mammal species have had
according to the integrated information, the effect contact with individuals from populations outside
of other populations of the same taxon residing of Taiwan within 10 years or three generations.
outside of the evaluated area on the regional Apart from certain possible exceptions, most
extinction probability of an assessed taxon species reproduce and reside in Taiwan perennially.
should be considered (IUCN 2012a). However, Therefore, no category adjustment for the species
most terrestrial mammals on most islands of the evaluation results of the present report was
Taiwan region cannot easily cross seas or oceans conducted.
to migrate. No evidence has shown that any of
3. Assessment results of terrestrial mammal

species of Taiwan
The assessment results revealed that two brachyura) (Chiang et al. 2015); and four species
species were categorized as nationally critical were deemed data deficient (DD). The scientific
(NCR), three as nationally endangered (NEN), and names of taxa basically follow those provided by
seven as nationally vulnerable (NVU) for a total of Wilson and Reeder (2005); those of some recently
12 nationally threatened species. Moreover, five described species or subspecies either follow
species were determined to be nationally near- the names used in the studies in which they were
threatened (NNT). Nationally threatened and first published (Kawada et al. 2007; Lin et al. 2010;
nationally near-threatened species accounted Kuo et al. 2017) or in the bat species list (Cheng
for 15.0% and 6.3% of the 80 assessed species of et al. 2015). The assessment data of all terrestrial
terrestrial mammals, respectively. Additionally, one mammals in this report can be accessed by
species was considered to be nationally extinct contacting the corresponding author.
(the Formosan clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa
3.1 List of Nationally Critical terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan
Global Red List Proportion (%) of Global

Taxon Breeder/Visitor Criteria
Category population (species)

Sclater, 1873 B A2a; B2ab(v); C1; D NT <1
Formosan ying fox
Lutra lutra
(Linnaeus, 1758) B C2a(i)b; D NT <1
European otter
3.2 List of Nationally Endangered terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan
Global Red List Proportion (%) of Global

Category population (species)
Vespertilio sinensis
(Peters, 1880) B A2a; B1ab(v); C1 LC <1
Asian particolored bat

Swinhoe, 1864 B B1ac(iv); C2a(i) VU <1
Formosan black bear
(Kerr, 1792 B B1b(iii)c(iv); C2b LC <1
Leopard cat
28 2017
3.3 List of Nationally Vulnerable terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan
Global Red Proportion (%) of Global

List Category population (species)

A2a; B1ac(iv);
Horikawa, 1928 B LC <1
C2a(i); D1
Formosan tailless leaf-nosed bat

Shamel, 1944 B A2a; B2ab(v) LC <1
Hodgsons myotis
Chimarrogale himalayica
(Gray, 1842) B B1ab(iii)c(iv) LC <1
Himalayan water shrew
Martes flavigula chrysospila

Swinhoe, 1866 B B1b(iii)c(iv) LC <1
Formosan yellow-throated marten

Lin, Motokawa & Harada, 2010 B B1ab(iii); D2 LC <1
Viverricula indica taivana

Schwarz, 1911 B B1ab(iii) LC <1
Formosan small Indian civet

Linnaeus, 1758 B B1b(iii)c(iv) CR <5
Formosan pangolin
3.4 List of Nationally Near-threatened terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan

Eothenomys melanogaster
(Milne-Edwards, 1871) B B1b(iii) LC <5
Pere David's red-backed vole
Microtus kikuchii
Kuroda, 1920 B B1b(iii) NT 100
Taiwan vole
Herpestes urva formosanus

Bechthold, 1936 B B1b(iii) LC <5
Formosan crab-eating mongoose

(Sclater, 1862) B B1c(iv) VU <1
Formosan sambar
Capricornis swinhoei
Gray, 1862 B B1c(iv) LC 100
Formosan serow
3.5 The terrestrial mammals in category of Data Deficient in Taiwan

Harpiocephalus harpia
Lesser hairy-winged bat
Hypsugo pulveratus
(Peters, 1871) ? LC <1
Chinese pipistrelle
Myotis soror
Reddish whiskered bat
Chodsigoa sodalis
Thomas, 1913 B DD 100
Lesser Taiwanese shrew
3.6 The terrestrial mammals in category of Least Concern in Taiwan

Rhinolophus formosae
Sanborn, 1939 B NT 100
Formosan greater horseshoe bat
Rhinolophus monoceros
Anderson, 1905 B LC 100
Formosan lesser horseshoe bat
Hipposideros armiger terasensis

Formosan leaf-nosed bat
Arielulus torquatus
Csorba and Lee, 1999 B LC 100
Yellow-necked sprite
Barbastella darjelingensis
Eastern barbastelle
Eptesicus serotinus horikawai

Horikawa's brown bat
Kerivoula furva
Kuo et al., 2017 B NE <10
Dark wolly bat
Harpiola isodon
Kuo, Fang, Csorba & Lee, 2006 B DD ?
Golden-tipped tube-nosed bat
30 2017
3.6 The terrestrial mammals in category of Least Concern in Taiwan (cont.)

Myotis fimbriatus taiwanensis

rnbck-Christie-Linde, 1908 B LC <10
Taiwan hairy-legged myotis
Myotis frater
Allen, 1923 B DD <5
Long-tailed whiskered bat
Myotis laniger
(Peters, 1870) B LC <5
Chinese water myotis
Myotis rufoniger
(Tomes, 1858) B NE ?
Red and black myotis
Myotis secundus
Taiwan long-toed myotis
Murina bicolor
Yellow-chested tube-nosed bat
Murina gracilis
Taiwan little tube-nosed bat
Murina puta
Kishida, 1924 B NT 100
Taiwan tube-nosed bat
Murina recondita
Faint-golden little tube-nosed bat
Pipistrellus abramus
Japanese pipistrelle
Pipistrellus montanus
Wu, 2007 B NE ?
Mountain pipistrelle
Pipistrellus taiwanensis
Wu, 2007 B NE ?
Taiwanese pipistrelle
Plecotus taivanus
Yoshiyuki, 1991 B NT 100
Taiwan long-eared bat

Nyctalus plancyi velutinus

Allen, 1923 B LC <5
Chinese noctule
Scotophilus kuhlii
Leach, 1821 B LC <5
Chestnut bat
Submyotodon latirostris
(Kishida, 1932) B NE 100
Taiwan broad-muzzled mouse-eared bat
Miniopterus fuliginosus
Eastern bent-winged bat
Tadarida insignis
Blyth, 1862 B DD <20
Oriental free-tailed bat
Mogera insularis insularis

Formosan mole
Mogera kanoana
Kawada et al., 2007 B NE 100
Kano's mole
Anourosorex yamashinai
Formosan mole-shrew
Crocidura rapax
Allen, 1923 B DD <20
Long-tailed white-toothed shrew
Crocidura shantungensis
Miller, 1901 B LC <10
Asian lesser white-toothed shrew
Crocidura tanakae
Taiwanese grey shrew
Episoriculus fumidus
(Thomas, 1913) B LC 100
Taiwan long-tailed shrew
Suncus murinus
(Linnaeus, 1766) B LC <5
Asian house shrew
32 2017

Belomys pearsonii kaleensis

(Swinhoe, 1863) B DD <10
Formosan hairy-eared ying squirrel
Callosciurus erythraeus thaiwanensis

Formosan red-bellied squirrel
Dremomys pernyi owstoni

(Thomas, 1908) B LC <10
Formosan long-nosed squirrel
Petaurista alborufus lena

Formosan white-faced ying squirrel
Petaurista philippensis grandis

Formosan giant ying squirrel
Tamiops maritimus formosanus

Formosan striped squirrel
Apodemus agrarius
Striped eld mouse
Apodemus semotus
Thomas, 1908 B LC 100
Taiwan eld mouse
Bandicota indica
(Bechstein, 1800) B LC <5
Greater bandicoot rat
Micromys minutus
Harvest mouse
Mus caroli
Bonhote, 1902 B LC <5
Ryukyu mouse
Mus musculus
Linnaeus, 1758 B LC <1
House mouse

Niviventer coninga
Taiwan spiny niviventer
Niviventer culturatus
(Thomas, 1917) B NT 100
Taiwan soft-furred niviventer
Rattus losea
Losea rat
Rattus norvegicus
(Berkenhout, 1769) B LC <1
Brown rat
Rattus tanezumi
Temminck, 1844 B LC <5
Oriental house rat
Melogale moschata subaurantiaca

Formosan ferret-badger
Mustela sibirica taivana

Formosan weasel
Paguma larvata taivana

Swinhoe, 1863 B LC <5
Formosan masked palm civet
Muntiacus reevesi micrurus

(Sclater, 1875) B LC <5
Formosan Reeve's muntjac
Sus scrofa taivanus

Formosan wild boar
Macaca cyclopis
Formosan macaque
Lepus sinensis formosus

Formosan hare
34 2017
4. Globally Threatened terrestrial mammal species of Taiwan

Of the 80 terrestrial mammals assessed in this report, four are categorized as globally threatened by
IUCN (2016). Of them, two were nationally threatened species (including EN and VU), one was nationally
near-threatened (NT), and one was considered regionally extinct (RE) in Taiwan.
National Red Global Red List Proportion (%) of Global

Taxon Breeder/Visitor
List Category Category population (species)

Swinhoe, 1864 B EN VU <1
Formosan black bear
Neofelis nebulosa brachyura

(Swinhoe, 1863) B RE VU 0
Formosan clouded leopard

(Sclater, 1862) B NT VU <1
Formosan sambar
Manis pentadactyla
pentadactyla
B VU CR <5
Linnaeus, 1758
Formosan pangolin
5. Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. Hau-Jie Shiu, who assisted in analyzing the species
geographic range, and Shan-Li Hsu, Chia-Hsien Liu, Kuang-Lung Huang, Chiun-Hsiang Chang, Cheng-Han
Chou, and Yu-Chi Ho, who assisted in assessment data collection and arrangement. We also thank Mark
Bruce Wilkie for his help editing the English.
Lutra lutra
European otter
NCR C2a(i)b; D
/
6. References
Cheng, H.-C., Y.-P. Fang, and C.-H. Chou. 2015. A photographic guide to the bats of Taiwan. Second edition.
Endemic Species Research Institute, Jiji, Nantou, Taiwan.
Chiang, P.-J., K. J.-C. Pei, M. Vaughan, C.-F. Li, M.-T. Chen, J.-N. Liu, C.-Y. Lin, L.-K. Lin, and Y.-C. Lai. 2015. Is
the clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa extinct in Taiwan, and could it be reintroduced? An assessment
of prey and habitat. Oryx 49:261269.
IUCN. 2012a. Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels: Version 4.0.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2012b. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland
and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN 2016. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016-3. <http://www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 01 December 2016.
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. 2016. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and
Criteria. Version. 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. Downloadable from http://
www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf.
Kawada, S. I., A. Shinohara, S. Kobayashi, M. Harada, S. I. Oda, and L.-K. Lin. 2007. Revision of the mole
genus Mogera (Mammalia: Lipotyphla: Talpidae) from Taiwan. Systematics & Biodiversity 5:223-240.
Kuo, H.-C., P. Soisook, Y.-Y. Ho, G. Csorba, C.-N. Wang, and S. J. Rossiter. 2017. A taxonomic revision of the
Kerivoula hardwickii complex (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with the description of a new species. Acta
Chiropterologica 19:19-39.
Lin, L.-K., M. Motokawa, and M. Harada. 2010. A new subspecies of the least weasel Mustela nivalis (Mammalia,
Carnivora) from Taiwan. Mammal study 35:191-200.
Motokawa, M., K.-H. Lu, M. Harada, and L.-K. Lin. 2001. New records of the Polynesian rat Rattus exulans
(Mammalia: Rodentia) from Taiwan and the Ryukyus. Zoological Studies 40:299-304.
Rodrigues, A. S. L., J. D. Pilgrim, J. F. Lamoreux, M. Hoffmann, and T. M. Brooks. 2006. The value of the IUCN
Red List for conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21:71-76.
Townsend, A. J., P. J. de Lange, C. A. J. Duffy, C. M. Miskelly, J. Molloy, and D. A. Norton. 2007. New Zealand
Threat Classication System manual. Science & Technical Publishing, Department of Conservation,
Wellington, New Zealand.
Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder. 2005. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference.
Third edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
2017
The Red List of Terrestrial Mammals of Taiwan, 2017

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2017 7
ISBN 978-986-05-3050-6
GPN 1010601061
100
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License

Publisher Kuo-Yun Fang, Hwa-Ching Lin

Authors Hsi-Chi Cheng, Lin-Wen Changchien, Ruey-Shing Lin, Cheng-Hsiung Yang,
and Shih-Wei Chang
Published by Endemic Species Research Institute, COA, EY, ROC. (Taiwan)

Forestry Bureau, COA, EY, ROC. (Taiwan)
Address No. 1, Ming-Shen East Road, Jiji Township, Nantou County, 55244, Taiwan 1
2
Art Designed and
Dawn Cultural Enterprises / 3
Printed by 4
Address No. 326, Sec. 3, Jiankang Road, Anping District, Tainan City, 708, Taiwan 1 Coelops frithii formosanus
Telphone 06-2933266 Formosan tailless leaf-nosed bat
Published Date July, 2017
NVU A2a; B1ac(iv); C2a(i); D1
ISBN 978-986-05-3050-6 /
GPN 1010601061
Price NT100 2 Prionailurus bengalensis
This report is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Leopard cat
International License, and may on a non-exclusive basis be reproduced NEN B1b(iii)c(iv); C2b
without fee provided the credit is clear and visible.
/
3 Mustela nivalis formosana

NVU B1ab(iii); D2
/
4 Vespertilio sinensis
20172017 Asian particolored bat

NEN A2a; B1ab(v); C1

/
Citation Cheng, H.-C., L.-W. Changchien, R.-S. Lin, C.-H. Yang, and S.-W. Chang.
2017. The Red List of Terrestrial Mammals of Taiwan, 2017. Endemic Species
Research Institute and Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive
Yuan, Nantou, Taiwan.

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2017

The Red List of Terrestrial

2.1 Defining the taxa to be included in the evaluation 23

2.2 Data collection and preliminary evaluation 24

Assessment results of terrestrial mammal species

Globally Threatened terrestrial mammal

(taxon) (criteria) IUCN

(IUCN 2012a) threatened, NT) 7 (Data

Pteropus dasymallus formosus

et al., 2007) (Mustela nivalis

Cervus nippon taiouanus

Mustela nivalis formosana

2. IUCN ( ) IUCN Standards and Petitions

(CR) (EN) (VU) (NT)

A2, A3 & A4 80% 50% 30% 20%

(CR) (EN) (VU) (NT)

B2. (AOO) < 10 < 500 < 2,000 < 2,000

(b) (i) (ii) (iii)

(c) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

D. < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000 D1. < 2,500

D2. D2. D2.

Coelops frithii formosanus

2 (NCR)3 et al. 2015) (Data Decient) 4

Myotis formosus flavus

Martes flavigula chrysospila

Mustela nivalis formosana

Viverricula indica taivana

Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla

Herpestes urva formosanus

Rusa unicolor swinhoii

Nyctalus plancyi velutinus

Tamiops maritimus formosanus

Melogale moschata subaurantiaca

Mustela sibirica taivana

The Red List of Terrestrial Mammals of Taiwan, 2017

Fig.1. The regional IUCN Red List categories. Extinct EX

Extinct in the Wild EW

All Species Not Applicable NA

Myotis formosus flavus

2.1 Defining the taxa to be included in the evaluation

Table 1. Not Applicable species in this report

Global Red List

Cynopterus sphinx Only one record of appearance was documented on

Rousettus leschenaultii Only one record of appearance was documented on

Scotophilus sp. Only one record of appearance was documented on

2.2 Data collection and preliminary evaluation

A2, A3 & A4 80% 50% 30% 20%

(a) Severely fragmented OR #

C. Small population size and decline

AND at least one of C1 or C2

C1. An observed, estimated or

a(i) Number of mature individuals

a(ii) % of mature individuals in

(b) Extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals

D. Very small or restricted population Either:

D2. Only applies to the VU and D2. D2.

Ursus thibetanus formosanus

2.3 Category adjustment

3. Assessment results of terrestrial mammal

3.1 List of Nationally Critical terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan

Global Red List Proportion (%) of Global

Pteropus dasymallus formosus

3.2 List of Nationally Endangered terrestrial mammal taxa in Taiwan

Global Red List Proportion (%) of Global