Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ROMANCE BILNGE
VICE-GOVERNADOR
Givaldo Vieira da Silva
GERENTE DE AO CULTURAL
Maurcio Jos da Silva
REITOR
Rubens Srgio Rasseli
VICE-REITOR
Reinaldo Centoducatte
SECRETRIA DE CULTURA
Rosana Paste
Coordenao editorial
Srgio Blank
Reviso
O autor
CAPA
Maria Clara Medeiros Santos Neves; detalhe (Santa Catarina de Alexandria)
da pintura Virgem com Menino e Santos, de Sandro Botticelli,
leo sobre madeira, circa 1470. Uffizi, Florena.
Impresso e acabamento
GSA Grfica e Editora
Tiragem
1.000 exemplares
O Manuscrito Alfield
Textos introdutrios
Nota prefacial do secretrio
da Sociedade Trentoniana de Amigos da Idade Mdia, 21
Introduo da responsvel pela edio crtica, 31
[9
PREFCIO
DO AUTOR
[ 11
Letras da Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo (UFES). O principal o de romance (e no meramente livro) bilnge: o que, a meu ver, o
critrio foi a o mesmo que norteara o projeto em portugus: incorpo- torna inovador o simples fato de que o seu regime bilnge se esta-
rar ao romance somente aqueles elementos lxicos, sintticos e nar- belece e se sustenta como parte da prpria trama ficcional do romance
rativos que tivessem sido devidamente abonados em fontes inglesas e no sua revelia.
da Idade Mdia. (E j ficam aqui alertados os leitores para que no se Em termos editoriais, esse formato apresentou algumas dificul-
surpreendam diante de certas estranhas incidncias recorrentes no dades de ordem prtica. Para preservar a integridade do conceito de
texto ingls e, sempre que possvel, reproduzidas na traduo portu- romance bilnge em contraposio a livro bilnge, convinha que o
guesa, como anacolutos, redundncias, duplas e triplas negativas, ad- territrio bilnge englobasse apenas os textos ficcionais, a saber, a
jetivos nos graus comparativo e superlativo com more e most mais nota prefacial do secretrio da Sociedade Trentoniana de Amigos da
sufixos, e coisas que tais: era assim mesmo que os autores medievais Idade Mdia, a introduo da Prof. Kathryn Thornham, responsvel
europeus escreviam seus textos em prosa.) pela edio crtica do manuscrito, o posfcio do autor norte-americano,
No entanto, se An Ivy Leaf A crnica de Malemort num velho a nota do tradutor brasileiro e, obviamente, o texto em pretenso ingls
ingls ressurreto, por outro lado tambm outro livro: mais maduro, mdio e as notas de rodap; mantendo-se exclusivamente na lngua
mais complexo, mais ambicioso e bem mais extenso: alm de um tex- oficial do romance, o portugus, este prlogo do autor verdadeiro e
to quase quatro vezes maior que o do romance original, inclui ainda tudo mais que se l em folhas de rosto, pginas de crdito, dedicatria,
toda uma contrafao de aparato paratextual destinada a sustentar o orelhas e contracapa. No entanto, pensando no leitor de lngua inglesa
edifcio das falsas atribuies. Assim, no foi difcil perceber, conclu- porventura interessado em ler este romance, supus injusto priv-lo
do o romance, que o desdobramento lgico seria restituir lngua de todas essas informaes. Em benefcio dele, inseriu-se no final do
portuguesa essa nova verso de A crnica de Malemort. A primeira de livro um Appendix onde os principais desses textos se acham reprodu-
vrias verses desse texto em portugus foi concluda em 2005. zidos em ingls. Bem a propsito, peo desculpas a esse leitor pelo es-
Nos anos subseqentes o projeto como um todo foi muitas ve- tilo um tanto un-English em que escrevi os textos em ingls moderno,
zes deixado de lado em favor de outros e mais cmodos projetos trs muito longe de como na verdade os teriam escrito falantes nativos da
romances e um livro de contos. Entre um e outro projeto, porm, hou- lngua como Alan Dorsey Stevenson e Kathryn Thornham.
ve tempo para retomar aquela obra sempre em progresso e produzir Agora sai impresso este primeiro volume da trilogia A folha de
duas verses em portugus que foram encaminhadas apreciao hera, e ei-lo publicado, como no podia deixar de ser, com o selo das
dos meus editores poca. Submeter o projeto integral do romance instituies pblicas responsveis por este projeto de escritor resi-
bilnge, nem pensar, sabendo de antemo que nenhuma editora mais dente do qual este romance bilnge o resultado mais consistente
comercial assumiria o risco de public-lo. e significativo. Quinze anos se passaram desde o tmido e inseguro
Em 2009 tudo mudou. Em maio desse ano tornei-me, com mui- incio do trabalho de pesquisa para o romance. Na verdade, tive a sor-
ta honra, escritor residente da Biblioteca Pblica do Esprito Santo, te de encontrar vrias pessoas que me ajudaram, ou tentaram ajudar,
mediante acordo assinado entre a Secretaria de Estado da Cultura e ou simplesmente me estimularam tanto antes como ao longo do de-
o Programa de Ps-Graduao em Letras da UFES ( qual estou vin- senvolvimento do projeto. Fao questo de nome-las todas aqui em
culado como servidor tcnico desde 1970). Como entre minhas atri- sinal de gratido: a Dr. Lillian DePaula, da Universidade Federal do
buies naquela funo estivesse a de desenvolver projeto de fico Esprito Santo, que durante nossas primeiras conversaes conven-
longa, decidi cumpri-la preparando a verso integral definitiva de A ceu-me de que o projeto era exeqvel; a Dr. Marilyn Gaddis Rose,
folha de hera nesse formato bifacetado, caudaloso e inovador que da Universidade Estadual de Nova York em Binghamton, editora da
12 ] [ 13
revista Translation Perspectives, onde foi publicado um ensaio em que e a diretora, Dr. Rita de Cssia Maia e Silva Costa, que, ao me fazer
discorri sobre o projeto (n. XI, 2000); o Sr. Robert Patterson, mestre convite para participar da poltica cultural da instituio, iniciou o pro-
em Lngua Inglesa, de Ithaca, NY, o Dr. Paolo Spedicato, ento profes- cesso que me converteria ali em escritor residente; e, na Secretaria de
sor visitante na UFES, o Sr. Rodger Friedman, proprietrio do Rare Estado da Cultura, com o subsecretrio, Erlon Jos Paschoal, o atual
Book Studio, Nova York, e o Dr. Gran Kjellmer, da Universidade de secretrio, Jos Paulo Viosi, e, muito especialmente, a secretria an-
Gteborg, Sucia, que tiveram acesso a trechos da obra em progresso terior, Dayse Maria Oslegher Lemos, a quem agradeo de corao
e me deram bem-vindo e oportuno incentivo; o Sr. Gregory Gross- a amizade e a gentileza com que sempre me distinguiu. Sem o voto
meier, da Biblioteca da Universidade de Michigan, que me orientou de confiana que todos eles deram a este projeto, A folha de hera:
com muita gentileza quando pedi informaes por e-mail sobre a in- romance bilnge talvez continuasse indito durante muito tempo ou
cluso de citaes do Middle English Dictionary Online nas notas de para sempre.
rodap no que, alis, me permiti um necessrio anacronismo, pois
a verso impressa do Dicionrio s comeou a ser lanada em 1952,
ano da morte de Kathryn Thornham; o Sr. Jerry Schneiderman, de Reinaldo Santos Neves
Escritor residente
Nova York, que prontamente aceitou convite para uma participao Biblioteca Pblica do Esprito Santo
especial no romance como amigo pessoal do escritor norte-americano
Alan Dorsey Stevenson; e a Prof. Junia Claudia Zaidan, da UFES,
que encontrou tempo em seu rgido cronograma de doutoranda em
Campinas para fazer uma leitura crtica deste primeiro volume da obra
e dar orientao tcnica no tocante s notas de rodap de natureza
lingstica; e, ainda, aqueles que levaram a srio este projeto de ro-
mance quando eu nada tinha para mostrar a no ser um projeto de ro-
mance, e tentaram ajudar: Dr. Euzi Moraes, de Vitria, Brasil; Ceclia
Schiffini, da agncia do Conselho Britnico no Rio de Janeiro;
Dr. David G. Frier, hoje na Universidade de Leeds, Reino Unido, que
chegou a ler o romance original em portugus; e Dr. A. D. Lehmann,
do Centro de Estudos Latino-americanos da Universidade de Cam-
bridge, Reino Unido, que me ofereceu a oportunidade (que no me foi
possvel aproveitar) de trabalhar em meu projeto naquela Universida-
de como pesquisador associado.
Por fim, quero expressar meu especial agradecimento a quan-
tos tomaram parte nesta iniciativa em prol no s da publicao do
romance mas tambm de sua publicao em formato bilnge. Na
UFES, grande a minha dvida de gratido com os Drs. Wilberth Sal-
gueiro e Paulo Roberto Sodr, atuais coordenador e subcoordenador
do Programa de Ps-Graduao em Letras; na Biblioteca Pblica, com
toda a equipe tcnica, em particular o assessor especial Srgio Blank
14 ] [ 15
Alan Dorsey Stevenson Alan Dorsey Stevenson
THE O
ALFIELD MANUSCRITO
MANUSCRIPT ALFIELD
16 ] [ 17
INTRODUCTORY TEXTOS
TEXTS INTRODUTRIOS
A PREFATORY NOTE BY THE SECRETARY NOTA PREFACIAL DO SECRETRIO
OF THE TRENTONIAN SOCIETY DA SOCIEDADE TRENTONIANA
OF FRIENDS OF THE MIDDLE AGES DE AMIGOS DA IDADE MDIA
A lump check from a generous sponsor who would remain anonymous No incio do ano esta Sociedade recebeu, da parte de um generoso
has been donated to this Society early this year specifically for benfeitor que prefere permanecer no anonimato, um vultoso cheque
meeting expenses towards the publication of the papers of the late expressamente destinado a atender s despesas de publicao dos
Prof. Kathryn Lyell Thornham (1916-52). A Ph. D. from the Jesuit papis da falecida Prof. Kathryn Lyell Thornham (1916-52). Titula-
University of New York, NY (1942), Dr. Thornham lectured Medieval da com o grau de Ph. D. pela Universidade Jesutica de Nova York,
History at that University both as an assistant (1943-45) and as an NY (1942), a Dr. Thornham foi professora assistente (1943-45) e de-
associate professor (1946-48) and later held a professorship at the pois adjunta (1946-48) de Histria Medieval nessa instituio, tendo
University of Saint Augustine, Houston, Tx (1950-52). mais tarde ocupado um cargo de magistrio na Universidade de Santo
The Thornham Files (so her personal and academic papers Agostinho, Houston, Tx (1950-52).
have been archived in our Society) are doubtless the items of greatest O Dossi Thornham (como est classificado em nossa Socieda-
documental value in our possession, and came to us in 1973 (during de o conjunto de seus papis pessoais e acadmicos) sem ponta de
the late Humphrey Galton Piggotts secretaryship) in the form of a dvida nosso patrimnio documental mais valioso, e foi-nos doado em
donation from Miss Alison Joanne Kromeris, then a resident of our 1973 (durante a gesto do falecido Humphrey Galton Piggott como
beautiful capital town. secretrio) pela Srta. Alison Joanne Kromeris, ento domiciliada em
As Miss Kromeris told us herself, those papers embodied the nossa bela capital.
extant sum of the work Dr. Thornham was engaged in towards a Segundo nos contou a prpria Srta. Kromeris, esses papis so
critical edition of the 16th century manuscript known as the Alfield o produto integral do trabalho que a Dr. Thornham vinha desenvol-
Manuscript, which work was regrettably left unfinished due to her vendo no sentido de preparar a edio crtica do cdice quinhentista
untimely death at 36. After her death, all this material was handed conhecido como Manuscrito Alfield, trabalho que lamentavelmente
over to the charge of Dr. Jane Mary Purdom, her colleague at the no pde concluir devido sua morte prematura aos 36 anos. Aps a
University of Saint Augustine and, incidentally, Miss Kromeriss sua morte, esse material foi confiado guarda da Dr. Jane Mary Pur-
parent. dom, sua colega na Universidade de Santo Agostinho e, a propsito,
Dr. Purdom kept the papers untouched for twenty years in a box genitora de Miss Kromeris.
she called the Blue Box; shortly before she died, in October 1972, in A Dr. Purdom guardou os papis numa caixa a que chamou de
New Braunfels, Tx, she gave her daughter concise instructions for the Caixa Azul, onde ficaram intocados durante vinte anos; pouco tempo
whole content of the Blue Box to be transferred over to that accredited antes de morrer, em outubro de 1972, em New Braunfels, Tx, deu
medievalist association nearest to her. Now by a lucky chance Miss filha instrues concisas para que todo o contedo da Caixa Azul fosse
Kromeris was living in Trenton at the time of her mothers demise, so transferido instituio idnea de estudos medievais mais prxima.
20 ] [ 21
she chose to honor our Society by formally donating The Blue Box and Ora, por feliz acaso Miss Kromeris estava residindo em Trenton po-
all its contents to us in compliance with her mothers instructions. ca do falecimento da me e assim, em obedincia s instrues ma-
Although it is not an academic institution per se, the Trentonian ternas, deu-nos a honra de escolher nossa Sociedade para, mediante
Society of Friends of Middle Ages, founded 1960, meets weekly on doao formal, receber e abrigar a Caixa Azul e todo o seu contedo.
Wednesday evenings, numbers 55 members, all of them amateurs to Embora no seja uma instituio acadmica per se, a Sociedade
whom the Middle Ages happen to be a life philosophy rather than a Trentoniana de Amigos da Idade Mdia, fundada em 1960, rene-se
mere hobby, boasts 400 hundred odd titles in its library including uma vez por semana nas noites de quarta-feira, conta com 55 scios,
the three-volume first edition of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles The White todos eles amadores para os quais a Idade Mdia, mais que um simples
Company (Smith, Elder, & Co., London, 1891), of which only 750 hobby, equivale a uma filosofia de vida, orgulha-se de sua biblioteca es-
copies were issued , and holds a yearly Medieval Festival every pecializada de 400 e tantos ttulos inclusive uma primeira edio, em
September, duly authorized by the Mayors Office, when members trs volumes, de A Companhia Branca, de Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
wear medieval costumes all day long, so that Miss Kromeris did not (Smith, Elder, & Co., Londres, 1891), de que s foram impressos 750
hesitate to regard us as fully meeting the requirements established by exemplares e promove um festival anual em setembro, devidamente
Dr. Purdom for perpetual possession of the Thornham papers. autorizado pela Prefeitura, ocasio em que os scios passam o dia in-
Miss Kromeris was deservedly voted a benemeritus member of teiro vestidos em trajes medievais, de modo que a Srta. Kromeris no
our Society, but left Trenton in the late seventies and was no longer teve dvidas em considerar que atendamos plenamente as exigncias
heard from, all our efforts having proved ineffective to locate her impostas pela Dr. Purdom para deter a posse perptua dos papis.
whereabouts by the time this book went into printing. Wherever she A Srta. Kromeris foi merecidamente eleita scia benemrita da
may be, we are pleased to inscribe here our lasting recognition to her nossa Sociedade, mas mudou-se de Trenton no final dos anos 1970
for donating the Blue Box to us, which proved a turning-point in the e dela no tivemos mais notcias, tendo sido improdutivos todos os
history of our beloved institution. nossos esforos para localizar-lhe o paradeiro poca em que este
As regards any technical information about the Alfield livro foi enviado ao prelo. Onde quer que esteja, com prazer que re-
Manuscript, we refer readers to Dr. Thornhams own knowledgeable gistramos aqui nosso reconhecimento imorredouro pela doao que
introduction. In fact, she had not gone in her task as far as to have nos fez da Caixa Azul, marco significativo na histria da nossa querida
written a definitive introduction to her critical edition when she died, instituio.
so we made it up by transcribing in totum in the book the text of an Quanto a quaisquer informaes tcnicas sobre o Manuscrito
article she had published in Quidem (n. 4, August, 1951), a journal of Alfield, remetemos o leitor abalizada introduo da Dr. Thornham.
the University of Saint Augustine, in the way of a preliminary note on Na verdade, ela no chegara ainda, quando morreu, a escrever uma
the manuscript for the knowledge of scholars. introduo definitiva para sua edio crtica, e assim tivemos de preen-
We regret to inform readers of this book that the original 16th cher essa lacuna transcrevendo in totum no livro o texto de um artigo
century manuscript was lost soon after Dr. Thornhams unexpected por ela publicado na revista Quidem (n. 4, agosto de 1951), da Univer-
death. As we were told by Miss Kromeris, an unscrupulous person or sidade de Santo Agostinho, guisa de nota prvia sobre o manuscrito
persons took advantage of those sad circumstances to break into the para divulgao junto ao meio erudito.
scholars house while she was in the hospital and to steal the document Lamentamos informar aos leitores deste livro que o manuscrito
from the drawer of her writing-desk. original quinhentista se perdeu logo aps a morte inesperada da Dr.
Thornham. Segundo nos disse a Srta. Kromeris, uma ou mais pessoas
22 ] [ 23
The loss of the original manuscript, calamitous as it was, inescrupulosas se valeram daquelas tristes circunstncias para invadir
given its inestimable value and impossibility of replacement as a a casa da professora durante sua hospitalizao e roubar o documento
unique item no other copy of which is known to exist, failed to be a da gaveta de sua escrivaninha.
catastrophically total loss thanks to Dr. Thornham herself, who had A perda do manuscrito original, embora desastrosa, em vista do
completed two different transcriptions of the entire manuscript text: seu valor inestimvel e da impossibilidade de sua substituio, como
the one was intended as the basis for her academic critical edition, and item nico que , de que nenhuma cpia se conhece, s no foi ca-
so reproduced ipsis litteris the highly irregular spelling of the time; the tastrfica graas prpria Dr. Thornham, que havia concludo duas
other, maybe surprisingly, was a modernized English transcription. diferentes transcries integrais do texto do manuscrito: uma delas,
Both escaped notice by the burglar or burglars who had taken the destinada a servir de base para sua edio crtica acadmica, reprodu-
original manuscript. zia ipsis litteris a ortografia extremamente irregular da poca; a outra,
Now you might ask us, as we did Miss Kromeris: how should e isso pode surpreender, era uma transcrio em ingls modernizado.
the modernized transcription be accounted for? Again on the basis Ambas passaram despercebidas ao ladro ou ladres do manuscrito.
of information given her by her mother, Miss Kromeris enlightened Os leitores podero perguntar-nos ento, como perguntamos
us that Dr. Thornham had begun negotiations with E. P. Dutton & Srta. Kromeris: o que justificaria essa transcrio modernizada? Mais
Co., the New York publishers, towards eventually including in their uma vez com base em informao recebida de sua me, a Srta. Kro-
traditional Everymans Library a modernized English version of the meris esclareceu-nos que a Dr. Thornham estava negociando com a
manuscript text. In fact, Miss Kromeris was positive in her assertion editora E. P. Dutton & Cia., de Nova York, uma possvel publicao do
that Dr. Thornham had meant to give senior priority to a popular edition texto do manuscrito, em ingls modernizado, na tradicional coleo
of the manuscript in detriment of an academic one, thus responding Everymans Library. A Srta. Kromeris afirmou categoricamente que
to personal detraction and academic hostility coming her way from a professora pretendia dar total prioridade a uma edio popular do
certain scholars ever since she had taken over the critical edition of manuscrito em detrimento de uma edio acadmica, respondendo
the codex. However, negotiations fell flat following her death, nor assim difamao pessoal e hostilidade acadmica que recebera de
would Dr. Purdom get in touch with the prospective publishers to certos eruditos a partir de sua indicao para assumir a edio crtica
pursue the matter further. do cdice. No entanto, sua morte levou suspenso das negociaes
We Trentonian Friends of the Middle Ages have unanimously e, de sua parte, a Dr. Purdom no quis entrar em contato com os
decided, after due deliberation, to respect Dr. Thornhams priorities possveis editores para retomar o projeto.
by choosing the modernized text as source for this first edition of the Ns, Amigos Trentonianos da Idade Mdia, aps a devida de-
manuscript. In editing Dr. Thornhams typewritten material we have liberao, decidimos unanimemente respeitar as prioridades da Dr.
made no suppressions or additions whatsoever, this being the reason Thornham escolhendo o texto modernizado como base desta primei-
why, for instance, this edition does not include a glossary listing in full ra edio do manuscrito. Ao editar o material datilografado pela Dr.
the abbreviated bibliographical references of sources for quotations Thornham no suprimimos nem acrescentamos coisa alguma, da por
in her notes, which more academically-inclined readers may easily que, por exemplo, esta edio no contm glossrio restabelecendo
look up in the University of Michigans Middle English Dictionary. The por inteiro as referncias bibliogrficas das fontes de citaes que,
only intervening action in our editorship was to bring her notes, which nas notas de rodap, aparecem abreviadas, o que o leitor de tendn-
had been typed apart, into their appropriate place as footnotes. It goes cias acadmicas poder facilmente encontrar no Dicionrio de Ingls
without saying that she intended to revise her footnotes and possibly Mdio da Universidade de Michigan. A nica interveno que fizemos
24 ] [ 25
provide quite a few more; death, however, set a period to her work, como editores foi trazer para o p da pgina, seu apropriado lugar,
and we must needs be grateful that she left us as much as she did; as notas que a Dr. Thornham datilografara em folhas parte. No
in spite of eventual flaws and shortcomings, quite to be expected in preciso dizer que ela pretendia fazer ainda uma reviso final dessas
a work liable to undergo further correction and revision in due time, notas e, quem sabe, acrescentar outras mais; a morte, porm, ps o
this unfinished academic symphony will not blemish in the least Dr. ponto final em seu trabalho, e temos de nos contentar com o que re-
Kathryn Thornhams high reputation as a fine scholar in medieval cebemos, que no foi pouco; apesar de eventuais falhas e limitaes,
historical documentation. inteiramente previsveis em trabalho ainda passvel de correo e revi-
During our interview with Miss Kromeris a few details were so, esta sinfonia inacabada acadmica no desmerece em nada a alta
offered about the circumstances in which the Alfield Manuscript reputao da Dr. Kathryn Thornham como arguta especialista em
had come into Dr. Thornhams keeping in 1948. The passing away documentao histrica medieval.
in that year of the New York millionaire Henry Makepeace Ffowlkes Durante nossa entrevista com a Srta. Kromeris vieram baila
stirred a number of institutions into a dispute for possession of his alguns detalhes sobre as circunstncias em que o Manuscrito Alfield
library (containing not only rare books but a very large manuscript foi confiado custdia da Dr. Thornham em 1948. O falecimento,
collection as well). Dr. Thornham was sent into the battlefield as a nesse ano, do milionrio nova-iorquino Henry Makepeace Ffowlkes
representative of the Jesuit University of New York, as she was then levou vrias instituies a disputar a posse do acervo de sua bibliote-
Keeper of Early Manuscripts at that reverend institution. However, ca (que continha no s livros raros mas tambm uma vasta coleo
the millionaires only son and heir, Mr. Quentin Ffowlkes, took back de manuscritos). Ao campo de batalha foi enviada a Dr. Thornham
his original decision to auction every single item available and called como representante da Universidade Jesutica de Nova York, j que
the bidding process off midway to announce a second, unexpected era ento responsvel pela Biblioteca de Manuscritos Antigos daquela
decision: to donate the collection to the Jesuit University, except for respeitvel instituio. O Sr. Quentin Ffowlkes, porm, filho nico e
the Alfield Manuscript, which was withdrawn from the whole and herdeiro do milionrio, voltou atrs em sua deciso inicial de leiloar
committed to Dr. Thornhams personal charge with a view to her cada um dos itens disponveis e interrompeu o processo a meio cami-
preparing its critical edition. Such an unorthodox decision foiled the nho para anunciar uma segunda e inesperada deciso: doar o acervo
expectations of Dr. Nicholas Tracy, S. J., who saw himself as the most Universidade Jesutica, exceo do Manuscrito Alfield, que foi reti-
natural choice for editor of the manuscript in his capacity as head rado do conjunto e confiado guarda pessoal da Dr. Thornham, para
of the Department of Medieval History at the Jesuit University, and que preparasse sua edio crtica. Essa deciso anmala frustrou as
gave way to rumors that Dr. Thornham had ingratiated herself to Mr. expectativas do Dr. Nicholas Tracy, S. J., que, na qualidade de che-
Ffowlkes and manipulated negotiations in her own academic behalf; fe do Departamento de Histria Medieval da Universidade Jesutica,
this went on to cause great discomfort in scholarly circles nation-wise, j contava como certa sua indicao para editar o manuscrito, e deu
which ultimately was to force the professor into resigning her position origem a boatos de que a Dr. Thornham conquistara as boas graas
at the Jesuit University and moving into exile in Houston, where she do Sr. Ffowlkes e manipulara as negociaes em seu prprio benef-
accepted a professorship at the University of Saint Augustine. cio acadmico; isso causou grande mal-estar nos crculos eruditos em
The true non-academic story of the Alfield Manuscript will todo o pas, o que acabou obrigando a professora a renunciar a seu
certainly be told in its entire details in the future, and we have no cargo na Universidade Jesutica e a exilar-se em Houston, aceitando
doubt it will shed a very favorable light on Dr. Kathryn Thornhams ali um posto na Universidade de Santo Agostinho.
role in the episode. Suffice it here to say that, after the manuscript
26 ] [ 27
content had survived constant risk of total and irretrievable loss A verdadeira histria no-acadmica do Manuscrito Alfield ser
through centuries, to Dr. Thornham and nobody else do we owe its certamente contada em detalhe algum dia e, temos certeza, lanar
once-and-for-all preservation as an integral part of human knowledge. uma luz altamente favorvel ao papel representado no episdio pela Dr.
As for us Trentonian Friends of the Middle Ages, we humbly expect Kathryn Thornham. Basta dizer aqui que, depois de tantos sculos em
that this modest printed contribution may be of interest both to the que o contedo do manuscrito correu o risco de se perder irremediavel-
general reading public (particularly to Middle Ages fans whom we mente para sempre, Dr. Thornham e a ningum mais que devemos
identify so closely with) and to medieval scholars everywhere. a sua preservao, de uma vez por todas, como parte integral do conhe-
cimento humano. Quanto a ns, Amigos Trentonianos da Idade Mdia,
esperamos com humildade que esta modesta contribuio impressa
Alan Dorsey Stevenson possa ser de interesse para o pblico leitor em geral (particularmente
Secretary,
Trentonian Society of Friends of the Middle Ages para aqueles fs da Idade Mdia com que tanto nos identificamos) e
Trenton, NJ. para especialistas em estudos medievais em todo canto.
28 ] [ 29
AN INTRODUCTION INTRODUO DA RESPONSVEL
BY THE CRITICAL EDITOR1 PELA EDIO CRTICA1
The 16th centur y Codex FfC1516Ms136, better known as the Alfield O cdice quinhentista FfC1516Ms136, mais conhecido como Ma-
Manuscript, is a unique document for three distinctive reasons. nuscrito Alfield, documento singular por trs diferentes razes.
First, because the text of a 1483 English version of a French Primeira: porque o texto de uma verso inglesa de 1483 de uma cr-
chronicle, La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort, has been preser ved for nica francesa, La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort, foi preservado para
posterity in this manuscript alone; second, because the content of a posteridade unicamente nesse manuscrito; segunda: porque o con-
this French chronicle has also been preser ved in this manuscript tedo dessa crnica francesa foi tambm preservado unicamente nes-
alone, since no document is known that might have preser ved it se manuscrito, pois no se conhece documento algum que o tenha
in its original language; and third, because this lost chronicle is preservado na lngua original; e terceira: porque essa crnica perdida
equally unique in itself, in that it is the only historical document tambm apresenta uma singularidade prpria, pois trata-se do nico
known to scholars containing detailed information about the 1356 documento histrico de que tm conhecimento os especialistas que
civil war in the earldom of Niniven from its earliest origins to its traz detalhadas informaes sobre a guerra civil ocorrida em 1356 no
denouement. Had the copy we call Alfield Manuscript not been condado de Nniva desde as suas mais remotas origens at o seu desfe-
made or preser ved, this bulk of information (as well as additional cho. Se a cpia que chamamos de Manuscrito Alfield no tivesse sido
data) would have been irretrievably lost to historians interested in feita e preservada, todas essas informaes (alm de muitas outras)
the 14th centur y social, political, and militar y scene in individual se teriam perdido irreversivelmente para o historiador interessado no
countries such as France, England, and, most particularly, the Low cenrio social, poltico e militar do sculo XIV em pases como Frana,
Countries. Inglaterra e, mais particularmente, os Pases Baixos.
This manuscript has come into my possession with great Aceitei com grande relutncia a posse deste manuscrito, que
reluctance on my part, and in circumstances too personal to be of any me veio s mos em circunstncias a tal ponto pessoais e destitudas
academic interest here or anywhere. So it is my intent to keep it not de interesse acadmico que no h por que referi-las aqui ou onde
longer than till completion of my critical edition for publication and quer que seja. Assim, s pretendo conserv-lo comigo at concluir
then donate it to the British Museum, thus granting, comme il faut, that o trabalho de edio crtica do documento para eventual publicao,
it be returned to its original country. As for this article, my purpose in quando ento ser doado ao Museu Britnico, sendo assim, comme il
writing it has been exclusively to release some preliminary, panoramic faut, devolvido ao pas de origem. Quanto a este artigo, seu propsito
exclusivo foi divulgar algumas informaes preliminares de carter
1
This article, here included in the way of an introduction, was published in n.
4 of Quidem, a journal of the University of St. Augustine, Houston, Tx, August, 1
Este ensaio, aqui includo guisa de introduo, foi publicado no n. 4 da
1951, with a view to announce the coming publication of the work to scholars. revista Quidem, da Universidade de Santo Agostinho, Houston, Tx, agosto de
[Note by ADS] 1951, com o objetivo de anunciar a futura publicao da obra. [Nota de ADS]
30 ] [ 31
information on the manuscript history and content to whomever it geral sobre a histria e o contedo do manuscrito a quem quer que
may concern. possa interessar.
La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort is a French chronicle written La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort uma crnica francesa escri-
in the early 1370s at the Cistercian abbey of Dannemarie, lying in ta na primeira metade da dcada de 1370 no convento cisterciense
the ancient earldom of Niniven an earldom having elbowed a place de Dannemarie, situado no antigo condado de Nniva condado que
for itself alongside a number of other small nations, namely, Vick se acotovelava entre vrias outras pequenas naes, a saber, Visgo e
and Luxembourg, Flanders, Friesland, Zealand, Holland, Hainaut, Luxemburgo, Flandres, Frsia, Zelndia, Holanda, Hainaut, Brabante
Brabant, and the bishopric of Bree, thus composing a political cluster e o bispado de Brei, para compor um conglomerado poltico ao norte
north of France. Like any other medieval chronicle, it is supposed to da Frana. Como toda e qualquer crnica medieval, trata-se de um
be a record of actual facts, though written with a good measure of registro de fatos reais, embora composto com certa medida de dilo-
dialogue and drama and marred by exaggeration, inconsistency, and go e de drama e prejudicado por rasgos de exagero, inconsistncia e
naivet. ingenuidade.
In its essence, the chronicle tells the life story of Roger de Giac, Em sua essncia a crnica conta a histria de Roger de Giac,
Lord of Malemort (a powerful feudatory of the Earl of Niniven), and senhor de Malemort (poderoso vassalo do conde de Nniva), de sua
of his daughter and four sons as they take their way through virtue or filha, Katherine, e de seus quatro filhos, acompanhando-lhes o itine-
sin, loyalty or treason, martyrdom or murder, to the ultimate tragedy rrio de vida atravs de virtude ou pecado, amor ou dio, lealdade
that sealed up the family fate in the year 1356. On the other hand, this ou traio, martrio ou homicdio, at o trgico desfecho que sela o
document is an invaluable historical source of information on Ninivish destino de toda a famlia no ano de 1356. No entanto, o documento
politics in a stormy decennium (1347-56), since a series of incidents fonte histrica preciosa para o estudo da poltica de Nniva no con-
stemming from the Malemort domestic drama will in the long run end turbado decnio de 1347-56, pois no drama domstico de Malemort
up in a rebellion raised against the Earl Charles of Nalles by a group que tm origem certos incidentes que vo culminar numa rebelio
of Niniven knights. contra o conde Carlos de Nalles levada a efeito por um grupo de seus
Although short-lived (lasting a little over two months), this vassalos.
rebellion proved remarkable at least in three ways. Firstly, by Embora de durao efmera (no mais que dois meses) essa
its ver y nature as an upheaval of liegemen against their lord, a rebelio teve importncia pelo menos por trs motivos. Primeiro, por
highly serious offence in European social and political structure sua prpria natureza de levante de vassalos contra seu senhor, na po-
at the time; secondly, because the rebels were given open support ca um dos crimes mais graves da estrutura social e poltica da Europa;
by neighborly princes, Barthelemy of Queiem, Duke of Vick, segundo, porque os rebeldes contaram tambm com o franco apoio
and Norbert of Florebetch, Bishop of Bree; thirdly, because the de prncipes vizinhos, Bartolomeu de Queiem, duque de Visgo, e Nor-
rebels came ver y near to succeeding in their political and militar y berto de Florbeche, bispo de Brei; terceiro, porque pouco faltou para
goals. que os rebeldes alcanassem seus objetivos polticos e militares.
For all that, the rebellion is very seldom and only superficially Apesar disso, so raras e superficiais as referncias ao levante
referred to in contemporary records, maybe because it was not long em registros da poca, talvez devido rapidez com que foi abafado;
32 ] [ 33
before it was crushed; in fact, not even from such major historians alis, nem mesmo alguns dos principais historiadores que se dedicam
dealing with Ninivish history as Pieter Koontz and Arnold Craenhals histria de Nniva, como Pieter Koontz e Arnold Craenhals, do re-
have we more than two or three paragraphs of fleeting, shallow volta mais que dois ou trs pargrafos de referncia passageira e trivial.
reference to the mutiny. Koontz names as head of the movement Koontz aponta como lder da revolta o cavaleiro Jean dOultreleaue e
the knight Jean dOutreleaue, not Giles Blanchemains, who is not as no Giles Blanchemains, cujo nome nem chega a mencionar em sua
much as mentioned anywhere in his A General History of Niniven in Histria geral de Nniva na baixa Idade Mdia (Lige, 1938). Uma
Late Middle Ages (Lige, 1938). A thorough historical analysis of the exaustiva anlise historiogrfica da crnica ser feita na edio crtica
chronicle will be part of the critical edition of the manuscript. do manuscrito.
The Alfield Manuscript is a codex containing a copy of a O Manuscrito Alfield um cdice que contm cpia da tradu-
Middle English translation of a French chronicle, La Vraye Cronicque o para o ingls mdio de uma crnica escrita em francs, La Vraye
de Malemort, whose author was a Cistercian monk of the abbey Cronicque de Malemort, de autoria de um monge cisterciense do con-
of Dannemarie in the earldom of Niniven. As far as scholars may vento de Dannemarie, no condado de Nniva. Tanto quanto podem
assert, no manuscript with the original French text of the chronicle afianar os especialistas, nenhum manuscrito com o texto francs
has survived. It would have doubtless shared the fate of another original dessa crnica sobreviveu. Sem dvida estaria ela destinada
hundreds (maybe thousands) of medieval documents in being lost a juntar-se a outras centenas (quem sabe milhares) de documentos
along the way to nowadays had it not been for a series of what I medievais perdidos na travessia at os dias de hoje no fosse uma
would call miraculous interventions. Its content is believed to have srie de intervenes eu diria milagrosas. Cr-se que seu contedo
been exclusively preserved in the timely Middle English translation tenha sido preservado to-somente na oportuna traduo para o in-
finished in 1483.2 This English version was in its turn preserved in but gls concluda em 1483.2 Essa verso inglesa preservou-se por sua
one copy, dated 1516, which, by proceeding through meandering ways vez apenas numa cpia feita em 1516 que, por nvios caminhos de
to be clarified later on in this article, was brought to North America in que trataremos mais adiante, foi trazida para a Amrica do Norte
the last days of the 19th century. In the New World, after five decades em fins do sculo XIX. Aqui no Novo Mundo, depois de atravessar
spent in secrecy and isolation in a private library, it was made available cinco dcadas em segredo e isolamento numa biblioteca particular,
to me for the purpose of preparing its critical edition and consequent foi-me confiada para fins de elaborao da edio crtica e posterior
publication. publicao.
2
Algo semelhante ter acontecido a um romance arturiano em prosa atribudo a
2
A similar occurrence is reported of an Arthurian prose romance ascribed autor desconhecido a quem os estudiosos convencionaram chamar de Pseudo-
to an unknown author scholars have agreed to call Pseudo-Borron. This Borron. Esse romance, com o ttulo Demanda do Santo Graal, preservou-se
romance, bearing the title Quest for the Holy Grail, has been preserved in a apenas numa traduo portuguesa do sculo XIII que sobreviveu num cdice
13th century Portuguese translation surviving in a solitary codex, MS. 2594, solitrio, MS. 2594, na Biblioteca Nacional de Viena. Devo esta informao ao
in the National Library of Vienna. I owe this information to Prof. Luiz Roberto Prof. Luiz Roberto Esteves-Filho, da Universidade Estadual de Nova York em
Esteves-Filho, from the New York State University at Ithaca. taca.
34 ] [ 35
It is highly probable that the original French manuscript of muito provvel que o manuscrito original da crnica em fran-
the chronicle had little circulation anywhere, or none at all.3 In fact, cs tenha tido pouca ou nenhuma circulao.3 Nem to absurdo su-
it is not preposterous to assume that the text may have never been por que o texto no tenha existido a no ser no prprio manuscrito
available except in the original manuscript alone, which was certainly original, que certamente desapareceu no grande incndio de 1488 que
burnt in the great 1488 fire that destroyed most of the asset of the destruiu a maior parte do acervo da biblioteca abacial. Se o tradutor
conventual library. If the English translator carried out his task in loco ingls executou sua tarefa in loco em Dannemarie a partir do manus-
at Dannemarie, straight from the original manuscript, or in England, crito original, ou na Inglaterra, munido de uma possvel cpia ou, por
purveyed with an eventual copy or, as far-fetching as it may sound, mais improvvel que possa parecer, do prprio cdice original, trazido
with the selfsame original codex, howsoever it might have reached sabe-se l como do continente s suas mos, eis a um dos muitos se-
him from the continent across the sea, this is one of the many secrets gredos que pairam sobre a histria desse texto. Nem podemos confiar
hovering over the story of this text. Nor can we take at face value no fato de ter o tradutor indicado Londres em sua nota final como local
the fact that the translator inscribed London in his final note as the em que concluiu o trabalho: pode ter escrito em Londres apenas a
place where his work was finished: he might have written in London nota final, datando-a de acordo. Seja como for, a cpia do original fran-
the final note alone, dating it accordingly. Anyhow, such copy of cs exportada para a Inglaterra, se existiu, mais o manuscrito original
the French original, if any, as was exported into England, plus the do tradutor ingls e quaisquer outras cpias feitas desse documento
English translators original text and any other copies drawn from that exceto aquela agora conhecida como Manuscrito Alfield tambm de-
document except the one now labeled Alfield Manuscript have also sapareceram em circunstncias de que no podemos, at agora, fazer
vanished in circumstances we have not the slightest idea of so far. a menor idia.
The author of the French chronicle was Thomas Lelillois, O autor da crnica em francs chamava-se Thomas Lelillois,
or Lemeschin, a Cistercian monk of the abbey of Dannemarie, ou Lemeschin, monge cisterciense do convento de Dannemarie, em
in Niniven. He was a contemporary of the men and women whose Nniva. Lelillois foi contemporneo dos homens e mulheres cuja hist-
story he set forth to tell in his chronicle: he had lived among them ria se props a contar em sua crnica: vivera no meio dessas pessoas
before he joined the monastic life, and had a purpose both political antes de entrar para a vida monstica, e tinha propsito no s poltico
and moralizing in writing about them. We have been lucky in that he mas moralizante ao escrever sobre elas. Por sorte nossa, espargiu ao
scattered throughout the pages of his chronicle a few meager but longo das pginas da crnica algumas ralas mas importantes infor-
significant autobiographical notices. His surname hinted clearly at his maes autobiogrficas. Pelo seu sobrenome j se podia inferir que
having been born in the town of Lille, which he confirms by alluding era natural da cidade de Lille, e ele mesmo confirma que nasceu e
to his birth and upbringing in Picardy, a region in Northern France of se criou na Picardia, regio ao norte da Frana de que Lille era uma
which Lille was one of the major towns. He served for some time as das principais cidades. Durante algum tempo serviu como escudeiro
one of the Earl of Ninivens household squires, and his occasional use na casa do conde de Nniva, e o uso ocasional dos pronomes eu ou
3
A too candid portrayal in the chronicle of Earl Charles of Nalless mercurial 3
possvel que o retrato muito franco da complexa personalidade do conde
personality may have displeased the chroniclers superiors. Carlos de Nalles na crnica no tenha agradado aos superiores do cronista.
36 ] [ 37
in the narrative of pronouns I or we indicates his presence in a scene.4 ns na narrativa indica a sua presena em cena.4 Tornou-se monge
He became a monk in 1354 and we are told by him the dramatic em 1354, e narra-nos ele prprio as dramticas circunstncias de sua
circumstances of his profession. One of his brothers, Guillaume de ordenao. Um de seus irmos, Guillaume de Prunes, cavaleiro de
Prunes, a Ninivish knight, made the vows on the same day as he Nniva, fez os votos na mesma ocasio que ele, mas deixou o convento
did, but left the monastery a year later and was killed in 1359 while um ano depois e foi morto em 1359, defendendo contra os ingleses o
defending the castle of Cernay against the Englishmen. castelo de Cernay.
In two passages of the chronicle Lelillois speaks of himself as Em dois pontos da crnica Lelillois refere-se a si mesmo como
the author of a Life of Roger Gods Friend. This Roger, a monk at the autor da Vida de Roger Amigo de Deus. Esse Roger, monge do conven-
abbey of Dannemarie, who died in 1356, stands out from among the to de Dannemarie, falecido em 1356, destaca-se dentre os principais
major characters of the chronicle, for he was the eldest son of Roger personagens da crnica, pois era filho primognito de Roger de Giac,
de Giac, Lord of Malemort. No copy of this work has been found senhor de Malemort. No se descobriu at agora nenhuma cpia des-
hitherto in any language. sa obra em qualquer lngua.
As for dating the chronicle, we may do it somewhat accurately Quanto data de composio da crnica, podemos situ-la com
from information given in the work itself. As he reports an episode certa preciso com base no prprio texto. Ao relatar, no livro 2, cap-
occurred in 1347 (book 2, chapter 32), Lelillois makes a passing tulo 32, um episdio ocorrido em 1347, Lelillois informa de passagem
commentary that he is writing twenty-five years after the fact, which que est escrevendo vinte e cinco anos aps o fato, o que nos permite
allows us to date the work as in progress by 1372. datar a obra como em progresso em 1372.
Any other information possibly extant about our author has Quaisquer outras informaes provavelmente existentes sobre o
been lost in the convent fire of 1488. nosso autor se tero perdido no incndio do convento ocorrido em 1488.
The Middle English version of Thomas Lelilloiss chronicle was A verso inglesa da crnica de Thomas Lelillois foi feita no final
made out late in the 15th century, shortly before the dynastic change do sculo XV, pouco antes de se promover na Inglaterra a mudana
took place in England from the House of York to that of Tudor. We dinstica da Casa de York para a de Tudor. Pouco sabemos a respeito.
know very little about it. We know the translators name Bennet Sabemos porm o nome do tradutor Bennet Hatch e a data exata
Hatch and the exact date he put an end to his translation June 1st, em que concluiu sua traduo 1 de junho de 1483 porque os aps
1483 because he inscribed them in the last page of his work and the na pgina final de seu trabalho e o copista quinhentista os reproduziu:
16th century copyist duly reproduced them: It [the book that Thomas Foi traduzido [o livro que Thomas Lelillois fez] do francs para nossa
Lelillois made] was translatede oute of Frenssh into our maternell maternal lngua inglesa por mim, Bennet Hatch, pessoa simples, que
Englysshe tongue by me, Benit Hache, a simple person, whiche booke o acabou e terminou no primeiro dia de junho, ano de Nosso Senhor
was ended and fynysshed the fyrst day of Iuyn, the yere of oure lord 1483, primeiro ano do reinado do rei Ricardo III, na cidade de Londres.
M CCCC lxxxiij, in the fyrst yere of the regne of kyng Rychard the Nada mais se sabe at o momento sobre o tradutor dessa crnica.
4
Unless it may be the translator himself employing the first person in one of 4
Quando no o prprio tradutor, manifestando-se em primeira pessoa numa
his interpolations. de suas interpolaes.
38 ] [ 39
third, in the Citie of London. Nothing else is known so far about the A cpia manuscrita em meu poder, em que se preservou o texto
translator of this chronicle. de Hatch, foi feita em 1516. Suas especificaes so as seguintes: pa-
The manuscript copy in my possession, in which Hatchs text pel acetinado de alta qualidade; 320 mm x 220 mm; 166 folhas, escritas
was preserved, was made out in 1516. Its description is as follows: recto e verso em aproximadamente 32 linhas; uma s mo (exceto qua-
paper of a high quality with a glossy finish; 320mm x 220mm; 166 tro linhas em latim ao final do manuscrito), caligrafia Bastarda Secre-
folios, written recto and verso usually with 32 lines; one hand only tria, minscula, bastante regular; tinta preta, bem preservada; sem
(except four lines in Latin at the end of the manuscript); fairly regular iluminuras; ambas as capas se perderam. H muitas anotaes mar-
minuscule Bastard Secretary script; black ink, well-preserved; no ginais, algumas da poca do manuscrito, outras, a maioria, de sculos
illuminations; both covers have been lost. There are many marginal posteriores. Os primeiros livros contm poucos erros de cpia, que
entries, some contemporary to the manuscript and most others dating se multiplicam a partir do livro 5, alguns deles corrigidos margem
from later centuries. The first books contain few copyist errors, that pelo prprio copista. A numerao atual, margem superior direita
multiply as from book 5, some of them corrected in margin by the de cada pgina recto, est sobreposta a outra mais antiga: a folha 1
copyist himself. New numerals over former ones in upper right atual corresponde folha 36 do manuscrito supostamente completo.
margin of each recto page: folio 1 now corresponds to folio 36 of the Assim, o manuscrito em seu estado atual acha-se mutilado, faltando as
supposedly complete manuscript. Thus, the manuscript as we have it primeiras 35 folhas. Isso serve como evidncia de que a cpia de 1516
today is mutilated and wants the first 35 folios. This is evidence that foi feita a partir de um original completo.
the 1516 copy was drawn from a complete original. Em sua forma integral a crnica compreendia treze livros (que
In its complete format the chronicle comprised thirteen irregular- como seu autor, seguindo critrio comum na poca, denomina as par-
sized books (as the author names its component parts, following a tes que o compem) de extenso irregular, num total de 190 captulos.
common medieval criterion) totaling 190 chapters. Irrespective of any Ressalvadas mutilaes anteriores, as trinta e cinco folhas que nos fal-
prior mutilation, the thirty-five missing leaves contained the title page, tam conteriam a folha de rosto, um possvel prlogo do autor (e talvez
a probable authors prologue (and maybe another by the translator), outro do tradutor), todo o livro primeiro, os sete captulos iniciais do
the entire first book, the seven initial chapters of book two and part livro segundo e parte do captulo oitavo. Faltam-nos tambm alguns
of chapter eight. A few further passages are also missing where the trechos ulteriores, onde o manuscrito sofreu danos ou mutilaes, e
manuscript has been damaged or mutilated, and the whole report of toda a parte referente batalha de Poitiers, num total de quatro folhas,
the battle of Poitiers, a total of four leaves, which was destroyed in que se perdeu por infeliz acidente na Biblioteca Ffowlkes pouco antes
an unfortunate accident in the Ffowlkes Library shortly before the da transferncia do documento para as minhas mos.
document was transferred to me. A cpia quinhentista destinada a salvar para a posteridade a
The 16th century copy wherein Hatchs translation was to be traduo de Hatch foi feita por encomenda de certo Thomas Alfield5
saved for posterity was commissioned by a Thomas Alfield5 in 1516. em 1516. Aqui tambm devemos essa informao ao prprio cdice,
Here again we owe this information to the codex itself, where a Latin pois ali foi consignado pelo prprio Alfield, ao final da transcrio, um
record was inserted at the end of the transcription presumably by registro em latim: Iste Liber pertinet Thomae Alfieldi, Tewkesbury,
Alfield himself: Iste Liber pertinet Thomae Alfieldi, Tewkesbury,
5
Maybe a kinsman (a paternal uncle or grandfather) of his namesake Thomas 5
Talvez aparentado (quem sabe tio ou av paterno) de seu homnimo
Alfield, a Catholic priest martyred in 1585. Thomas Alfield, sacerdote catlico, martirizado em 1585.
40 ] [ 41
Gloucestershire, Gentleman. / Quod Thomas Alfield, anno Domini Gloucestershire, Gentleman. / Quod Thomas Alfield, anno Domini
D x vi. / Cui scripsit carmen, sit benedictus. Amen.6 D x vi. / Cui scripsit carmen, sit benedictus. Amen.6
In such dearth of information as surrounds most everything Na escassez de informaes que paira sobre quase tudo que se
regarding La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort and its Middle English refira a La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort e sua traduo quatrocentista
translation, very little is known about the whereabouts of the Alfield para o ingls, pouco se sabe sobre o paradeiro do Manuscrito Alfield
Manuscript from 1516, when it was commissioned to be produced, desde sua produo sob encomenda em 1516 at sua aquisio, nos
up to the closing days of the 19th century, when it was acquired, still ltimos dias do sculo XIX, ainda na Gr-Bretanha, por um magnata
in Great Britain, by a North-American magnate, Henry Makepeace norte-americano, Henry Makepeace Ffowlkes, apaixonado coleciona-
Ffowlkes, who was also an enthusiastic collector of early books and dor de livros e manuscritos antigos. Dificilmente teria permanecido
manuscripts. It could hardly have remained all this time under custody todo esse tempo em poder de alguma instituio acadmica, onde,
of an academic institution, where, sooner or later, it should have cedo ou tarde, teria chamado a ateno de eruditos. Assim, plausvel
been brought to the attention of scholars. Thus it is very plausible supor que, semelhana do que ocorreu com os papis de Samuel
to infer that, just as it happened to the papers of Samuel Pepys and Pepys e James Boswell, por vrias geraes tenha sido relegado ga-
James Boswell, it must have been kept for generations in a drawer veta ou ao armrio de alguma residncia ou manso inglesa, cujos
or an ambry in an English residence or manor, whose succeeding sucessivos ocupantes pelo menos tiveram o cuidado de garantir-lhe o
occupants at least saw to it that the manuscript be granted a minimum mnimo de condies necessrias sua sobrevivncia durante quase
of necessary conditions for surviving nearly four centuries. quatro sculos.
The eccentric millionaire never disclosed to anyone the origin O excntrico milionrio nunca revelou a ningum a origem de
of any item of his rich collection: to his death he would keep his nenhum dos itens de sua riqussima coleo: at a sua morte manteve
collection unavailable to researchers in any capacity and his catalog o acervo inacessvel a pesquisadores de qualquer categoria e o cat-
under total secrecy. His librarians themselves were required to sign logo sob sigilo absoluto. Mesmo seus bibliotecrios assinavam termo
a confidentiality agreement under heavy pecuniary penalties, so as to de confidencialidade prevendo severas penas pecunirias em caso de
protect the collection from any information leak. Nonetheless, some vazamento de informao a respeito do acervo. O que no impediu,
information did leak out that, however vague, was sufficient to arouse porm, que vazassem algumas informaes que, embora vagas, foram
expectations in the academic community of eventual access to a great suficientes para despertar junto comunidade acadmica a expectati-
number of documental rarities when the magnate should die. va de eventual acesso a grande nmero de raridades documentais por
After his death in 1948, Mr. Quentin Ffowlkes, his only son and ocasio da morte do milionrio.
heir, decided upon giving away his fathers library by auctioning each Depois de sua morte, ocorrida em 1948, o Sr. Quentin Ffowlkes,
item individually, which started an academic and institutional race for seu filho nico e herdeiro, decidiu se desfazer da biblioteca paterna
6
This book belongs to Thomas Alfield, from Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, 6
Este livro pertence a Thomas Alfield, de Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire,
gentleman, who caused this copy to be made for his own use. Signed Thomas gentleman, que mandou fazer esta cpia para seu prprio uso. Assinado Tho-
Alfield, A. D. 1516. Blessed be he that wrote the poem. Amen. Very oddly, but mas Alfield, ano da graa de 1516. Abenoado seja quem escreveu o poema.
gracefully, he calls the chronicle a poem. Amm. Estranha mas elegantemente ele se refere crnica como poema.
42 ] [ 43
the collection. As appointed representative of the Jesuit University of leiloando cada pea individual, o que provocou uma corrida acadmi-
New York, I had then access to the catalog and was able to ascertain ca e institucional pela coleo. Como representante da Universidade
from its entries that the Alfield Manuscript had been added to the Jesutica de Nova York tive ento acesso ao catlogo e, pelo exame dos
collection in the year 1899; but no clue was there that might help in registros, pude verificar que o Manuscrito Alfield fora incorporado
identifying its former owner. coleo no ano de 1899; mas nenhuma pista havia ali que pudesse
By Mr. Quentin Ffowlkess surprising initiative, the auction was levar identidade do proprietrio anterior.
cancelled and the Jesuit University of New York wound up by receiving Por surpreendente iniciativa do Sr. Quentin Ffowlkes, o leilo
the Ffowlkes Collection not by bidding but by donation (except for the foi cancelado e a Universidade Jesutica recebeu a Coleo Ffowlkes
Alfield Manuscript). Likewise by his own free initiative this precious no por lance mas por doao (exceto o Manuscrito Alfield). Tambm
document was separated from the collection and delivered to me as por espontnea deciso dele, esse precioso documento foi separado da
editor in charge of carrying out its critical edition, which assignment coleo e confiado a mim na condio de responsvel por sua edio
I accepted with the utmost reluctance, after having initially declined it crtica, incumbncia que s aceitei com extrema relutncia, depois de
on personal grounds. t-la inicialmente declinado por questes pessoais.
I have embarked on the work of edition upon reception of the Meu trabalho de edio, iniciado trs anos atrs, quando recebi
manuscript three years ago and expect to complete it within another o manuscrito, est previsto para ser concludo dentro de mais trs
three years. My purpose is to produce a comprehensive, reliable critical anos. Minha inteno preparar uma ampla e confivel edio crtica,
edition with a lengthy philological and historical introduction, critical com vasta introduo filolgica e histrica, texto crtico, e profusas no-
text, and extensive foot-notes; as I envisage a facsimile edition with a tas de rodap; como contemplo uma edio fac-similar acompanhada
correspondent transcription, I have estimated the entire work to cover da transcrio correspondente, estimo que a obra ocupar pelo menos
at least three volumes. So far I have finished the whole transcription of trs volumes. At agora fiz a transcrio integral do contedo do ma-
the manuscript text and prepared around seven hundred notes (two nuscrito e preparei cerca de setecentas notas (dois teros do total pre-
thirds of the estimated total number), pending a final revision. I do visto), ainda sujeitas a uma reviso final. Espero que essa edio possa
hope that this edition may be useful in furthering studies about the contribuir para promover estudos em todo o mundo sobre a provncia
province of Niniven under the Nalesian dynasty all over the world. de Niniven durante a dinastia nalesiana. Tal o objetivo maior com
This is my major purpose in undertaking the publication of the Middle que me dedico ao projeto de publicao da verso em ingls mdio de
English version of La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort. La Vraye Cronicque de Malemort.
44 ] [ 45
Critical Text TEXTO CRTICO
of the Manuscript DO MANUSCRITO
[BOOK TWO] [LIVRO DOIS]
[leaf 36] and this is head of all the seven deadly sins, for it is the [folha 36] e esse o maior de todos os sete pecados maiores, pois
sin that God hates most of all, because the body and soul of man, o pecado que Deus odeia acima de todos, porque o corpo e alma do
which ought to be Gods home, is made the Devils home by virtue homem, que deve ser morada de Deus, torna-se morada do Diabo em
of this very sin. So, when the siege before Dysconvorte was raised virtude desse mesmo pecado. Assim, quando se levantou o cerco de
and Roger Besedeable2 returned back to Malmort, the first thing Dysconvorte e Roger Besedeable2 retornou de volta a Malemort, a
he did he sent his friar for Margerie Fellelaine, who as then was the primeira coisa que fez mandou seu frade chamar Margery Felelainne,
woman he liked best to go to bed with. Now it had fallen that Margery que era ento a mulher que ele melhor preferia pr consigo na cama.
had died while Sir Roger was away, so the friar sent for her cousin Ora, acontece que Margery tinha morrido enquanto ele estava fora,
instead, who was called Symone Flowry, who was a young woman por isso o frade mandou vir em lugar dela a prima, que se chamava
fresh and jolly, neither too fat nor too lean, and far more inclined to Symone Flowry, que era moa alegre e viosa, nem muito gorda nem
bodily delights than a strumpet in her brothel. The friar, he seeing magra demais, e bem mais inclinada aos prazeres do corpo que prosti-
her well ready and glad enough to come to her master, he began to tuta de bordel. O frade, vendo-a toda pronta e j feliz de vir presena
smile and said, By the tooth of God, my child, taken out my lady the do senhor, comeou a sorrir e disse, Pelos dentes de Deus, minha
queen of Fraunce you are peerless: we may serve our good master of filha, tirando minha senhora a rainha da Frana tu no tens par: no
no better meat. So he led her by the hand to Sir Rogers chamber, and sei de melhor alimento para servir a nosso bom senhor. A tomou-lhe
when they got there the door was ready open for her to enter. Step a mo e levou-a aos aposentos de Sir Roger, e quando l chegaram a
in, my dear, step in, said the friar, and may Saint Marie Mawdeleyn porta j estava toda aberta para ela entrar. Entra, querida, entra, disse
1
The first thirty five leaves of the MS. are missing, comprising Book I and 1
Faltam as primeiras trinta e cinco folhas do MS., compreendendo o Livro 1 e
Chapters 1 through 7 of Book Two, as well as part of Chapter 8. os Captulos de 1 a 7 do Livro 2, assim como parte do Captulo 8.
2
This is Roger de Giac, Lord of Malemort, whom the chronicler often refers 2
Trata-se de Roger de Giac, senhor de Malemort, a quem o cronista se refere
to by his cognomen Besedeable, meaning, he who kisses the Devil, or, the muitas vezes pelo cognome Besedeable, que significa aquele que beija o Dia-
Devils liegeman. bo, ou seja, vassalo do Diabo.
3
As a combining element in Middle English, ward could combine with a 3
Como elemento de composio de palavras em ingls mdio, ward podia
pronoun preceded by a preposition (MED). Cf.: c1440 PLAlex. (Thrn) 32/2: juntar-se a pronome precedido por preposio (MED). Cf.: c1440 PLAlex.
e Athenens ware wrathe till hym-warde and manaced hym; a1500 (?a1400) (Thrn) 32/2: e Athenens ware wrathe till hym-warde and manaced hym;
Morte Arth. (2) (Hrl 2252) 965: Sone there-in [river] gonne they see A lytelle a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arth. (2) (Hrl 2252) 965: Sone there-in [river] gonne
bote of shappe full good To theyme-ward with the streme gon te. Occurrences they see A lytelle bote of shappe full good To theyme-ward with the streme
may be found throughout the MS. gon te. H ocorrncias em todo o MS.
4
In French in Hatchs translation: my lady and my love. 4
Em francs na traduo de Hatch: minha senhora e meu amor.
5
An obscene term of abuse (MED): Cf. c1275 (?a1216) Owl & N. (Clg A.9) 5
Termo obsceno e injurioso (MED). Cf. c1275(?a1216) Owl & N. (Clg A.9)
286: Hom schende & mid fule worde, So herdes do oer mid schit worde 286: Hom schende & mid fule worde, So herdes do oer mid schit worde
[Jes-O: sit worde]. [Jes-O: sit worde]
6
Someone lost his way along the sentence, which lacks a main clause: most 6
Algum se perdeu ao longo do perodo, que acabou sem orao principal:
probably the author of the chronicle, followed in his wake by his translator. provavelmente o autor da crnica, e o tradutor seguiu-lhe na esteira.
Capitulum ix8
Capitulum ix8
Now we shall leave off a while of sinners and sin and gladly speak of
Roger of Giacs eldest son, who was called Roger after his father and A gora deixemos por algum tempo os pecadores com seus pecados e
grandfather. [leaf 37b] He was eighteen years old at that time. On falemos com prazer do filho mais velho de Roger de Giac, que se cha-
horse and on foot he was far better in arms than ever was man of his mava Roger como o pai e como o av. [folha 37v] Tinha uns dezoito
age; some said of him that in body and heart he was apt for to become anos nesse tempo. Tanto a cavalo como a p era melhor em armas do
a man of great deeds and so prove as good a knight as his father was; que jamais o foi ningum de sua idade; alguns diziam dele que pelo
others said that he should pass his father as much as the lion passes corpo e pelo corao era moo apto a vir a ser homem de grandes
the leopard both in strength and hardiness, and so become in his time proezas e assim tornar-se to bom cavaleiro como o pai; outros diziam
the best knight of the earldom of Nynyve,9 instead of his father. He que passaria o pai como o leo passa o leopardo em fora e bravura,
resembled much to Sir Roger, so that never father and son resembled para ser, em lugar do pai, o melhor cavaleiro do condado de Nniva.9
more in likeness: he was well-shaped, and fair of sight, and of a fair Parecia-se tanto com Sir Roger que nunca pai e filho mais se parece-
stature, for he was viij feet long.10 Nevertheless, he resembled nothing ram em semelhana: era bem moldado de corpo, de rosto agradvel
to Sir Roger in the fervour and love that he had to his religion. I certify vista, e de boa estatura, tendo oito ps de alto.10 No entanto, no se
7
A prudish cryptogram for suuiuyt, past tense of swiven, that is, to have 7
Um pudico criptograma de suuiuyt [fodia], passado do verbo swiven, isto ,
sexual intercourse. Anyone (author, translator, or copyist) may have taken the ter relao sexual. Qualquer um (autor, tradutor ou copista) pode ter tomado
initiative here; if the author, then the translator (or the copyist) would have a iniciativa; se foi o autor, ento o tradutor (ou o copista) teria adaptado o crip-
adapted the cryptogram to the corresponding English word. A dumbfounded tograma ao termo correspondente em ingls. Mais tarde um leitor do MS.,
reader of the MS. later added a huge question mark in its margin. MED lists a intrigado, aps margem um enorme ponto de interrogao. MED relaciona
number of quotations of this lexicon, most of which from Chaucer. Cf.: a 1500 vrias citaes do termo, a maior parte extrada de Chaucer. Cf.: a 1500 And
And a woman (RwlPoet 34) 2: A woman off hauntyng moode, Blythly sche a woman (RwlPoet 34) 2: A woman off hauntyng moode, Blythly sche wyll be
wyll be swyuyd. swyuyd.
8
Chapter heads have been kept as they are shown in the MS., where 8
Preservou-se a forma de numerao dos captulos do MS., no qual se fez uso
indiscriminate use was made of ordinals in Latin and of Roman numerals. indiscriminado de ordinais em latim e de algarismos romanos.
9
The earldom of Niniven, or Ninoven, was then held in fee of the King of 9
Os senhores de Nalles detinham ento o condado de Nniva, ou Nnova,
France by the lords of Nalles. como vassalos do rei da Frana.
10
Obviously an exaggerated figure here. 10
Obviamente um exagero [dois metros e quarenta de altura].
11
Cf. MED: a1509 (?1468) Marriage in Archaeol. 31 (Add 46354) 329: Than the 11
Cf. MED: a1509 (?1468) Marriage in Archaeol. 31 (Add 46354) 329: Than the
byshope shewid hyme, and my ladye bothe, and in hight words puplishilye byshope shewid hyme, and my ladye bothe, and in hight words puplishilye
fyaunced aither other. fyaunced aither other.
12
Prays for us, in Latin in the MS. 12
Ora por ns, em latim no MS.
13
Sic in the MS. We have here a clear interference from the French source in 13
Sic no MS. V-se a a clara interferncia da fonte francesa na traduo. Sain-
the translation. Saintes is the French feminine form for saints. tes em francs a forma feminina de saints [inexistente na lngua inglesa].
14
Redundancy typical of clumsy medieval prose. 14
Construo redundante tpica da canhestra prosa medieval.
15
No doubt an episode in the first part, now missing, of the chronicle. 15
Sem dvida episdio relatado na primeira parte, hoje perdida, da crnica.
16
No doubt a personage referred to earlier in the chronicle. 16
Sem dvida personagem mencionado anteriormente na crnica.
17
Not an anachronism at all. Cf. MED: (a1398) * Trev. Barth. (Add 27944) 17
De forma alguma um anacronismo. Cf. MED: (a1398) * Trev. Barth. (Add
303a/a: In suche Wormes is no sexe of male and female; and most specially: 27944) 303a/a: In suche Wormes is no sexe of male and female; e muito espe-
(1447-8) in Willis & C. Cambridge 1 p. lxiii: Docteurs sentences ... parformyd cialmente: (1447-8) in Willis & C. Cambridge 1 p. lxiii: Docteurs sentences ...
daily twyes to laude and honneur of sexe feminine. parformyd daily twyes to laude and honneur of sexe feminine.
18
MED renders bloody flux as dysentery. Yet the reference in this passage in 18
MED define bloody flux como disenteria. No entanto, evidente que a re-
the MS. is obviously to menstruation (menstrual flux in MED), as seems to ferncia nesta passagem do MS. se aplica a menstruao (menstrual flux em
be the case in some of MED quotations, v. g., e woman hauyng e blodi flix. MED), como parece s-lo em algumas das citaes de MED, v. g.: e woman
(c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519) 453. hauyng e blodi flix, (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519) 453.
The history tells us that there was in Malemore at that time a young A histria nos conta que havia ento em Malemort uma moa cha-
woman called Aviz. She had a quaint face and was a little one, so
19
mada Aviz. Tinha rosto meigo19 e era pequena de corpo, tanto que sua
that her person seemed thirteen years of age, but her years, men pessoa parecia ter treze anos, mas os anos de sua idade, dizia-se, j
said, were full eighteen; she found Amidieu so pretty and so deft20 eram dezoito completos; e ela achava Amidieu to vistoso e delicado20
that she had been amorous of him as for a while. On a fair day, as que havia algum tempo se enamorara dele. Um belo dia, enquanto ele,
he sat in thoughts of contemplation under a kitchen window, she was sentado sob uma das janelas da cozinha, perdia-se em pensamentos
within and, as much by mishap as wilfully, she poured out on his head de contemplao, ela estava l dentro e, por acidente ou por querer,
the water that she had washed vessel with, whereby there was great derramou-lhe cabea a gua que usara para lavar panelas, o que fez
laughter and jollity among the women who stood about doing their muito rirem e se alvoroarem as mulheres que ali fora andavam em
work. He was abashed of that adventure, [leaf 39] so rose up and seus afazeres. Aquele incidente o incomodou, [folha 39] por isso
went away without a word. With that, the Aviz maid ran out to him and ergueu-se e comeou a afastar-se sem dizer nada. Com isso, a moa
all unwarned21 took him about the neck and kissed him, which she did Aviz saiu e veio correndo e sem qualquer recado21 abraou-se a ele e o
I think but for an excusation. Then there was among the other women beijou, coisa que fez, creio eu, s para se desculpar. A entre as outras
much laughing and ribaldry much more than before, to so much that mulheres o riso e a chacota foram ainda muito maiores que antes,
19
O sentido aqui corts, afvel, ou seja, um trao psicolgico e no fsico.
19
The meaning here is courteous, gracious, thus a psychological, not physical, Dois exemplos extrados das citaes de MED chegam mais perto do sentido
trait. Two examples from MED quotations come nearer to the sense in the do termo no MS.: a1400 Preste ne monke (Cleo B. 2) 94: of he [friar] loure
MS.: a1400 Preste ne monke (Cleo B. 2) 94: of he [friar] loure vnder his hode vnder his hode with semblaunt quaynte & mylde, If ou him trust ... ou ert
with semblaunt quaynte & mylde, If ou him trust ... ou ert bygylde; and bygylde; and c1330 (?c1300) Guy (1) (Auch) 346: On his knes he him dede ...
c1330 (?c1300) Guy (1) (Auch) 346: On his knes he him dede ... & to hir he & to hir he spac Wi a wel queynt steuen. (steuen = voz).
spac ... Wi a wel queynt steuen. (steuen = voice). 20
Doce, gentil, o significado do termo em Stratmann; bem-educado, gentil,
20
Mild, gentle, is the definition of the word in Stratmann; well-mannered, modesto, humilde, em MED. [O adjetivo deft em ingls moderno significa
gentle, modest, humble, in MED. hbil.]
21
Adverb: unexpectedly, without warning, suddenly (MED). Cf.: a1450 (a1338) 21
Advrbio.: inesperadamente, sem aviso, subitamente (MED). Cf.: a1450
Mannyng Chron. Pt. 1 (Lamb 131) 9819: Tak sex hundred of gode knyghtes ... (a1338) Mannyng Chron. Pt. 1 (Lamb 131) 9819: Tak sex hundred of gode
Al vnwarned on em falle. knyghtes ... Al vnwarned on em falle.
Capitulum xj Capitulum xj
Now I will speak of a lady that went near to make Roger break his A gora vou falar de certa mulher que chegou perto de por amor dela
chastity for love of her, and so bring him to his perdition. As it is Amidieu romper o voto de castidade e ser posto a ponto de perder-se.
contained in the beginning of this book, there was in the country of Como est contido no comeo deste livro, havia no pas de Soubez-
Soubezmayne, as the limits thereof do stretch, a holy hermit that had mayne, dentro da extenso de seus limites, um santo eremita que ti-
a chapel of Saint Iohan in his hermitage at Byes. This hermit, he was nha uma capela dedicada a So Joo em sua ermida em Byes. Era ele,
the holiest man in the country: he was an old man crooked and white- esse eremita, o mais santo dos homens: era um velho de dorso arque-
haired, and would never be shaven, so his hair of his head and his ado e cabelos brancos, e nunca se barbeava, de modo que os fios do
beard had grown long over most part of his body. No man had never cabelo e da barba cobriam-lhe quase todo o corpo. Nunca ningum o
heard him speak a word except in prayer: he had borne in his mouth ouviu dizer uma s palavra exceto em orao: por nove anos guardara
ix years a stone until he had learned to be still and silent, which stone uma pedra na boca at aprender a ficar calado e em silncio, a qual
can be seen and worshipped to this day among the relics of the chapel; pedra pode ser vista e venerada hoje entre as relquias da capela; e,
and for the holiness of this good man much people of many provinces por conta da santidade desse homem, muita gente de muitas provn-
far and near came to Byes on pilgrimage. Between Malemort and the cias longe e perto vinha at Byes em romaria. De Malemort vila de
village of Byis are but eight or nine leagues, and fair plain way, so such Byes no so mais que oito ou nove lguas, e a estrada boa e plana,
22
Anvil is but one of several alternative spelling forms (anvelt, anevelt, 22
Sendo anvil apenas uma dentre inmeras grafias alternativas (anvelt, anevelt,
andvelde, anvilt, anvilde, anvil; an(e)felt, -feld(e), anfeeld, andefeld, unfelde) of andvelde, anvilt, anvilde, anvil; an(e)felt, -feld(e), anfeeld, andefeld, unfelde) da
the word recorded in MED, so the ladys surname here would not sound as palavra registradas em MED, esse sobrenome, como aparece aqui, no soaria
comic to the medieval reader as it does to us. cmico para o leitor medieval como soa para ns [Senhora da Bigorna].
23
Sexual intercourse is meant here. Cf. MED: ?a1425 (c1400) Mandev. (1) (Tit 23
O significado aqui de relao sexual. Cf. MED: ?a1425 (c1400) Mandev.
C. 16) 85/2: He schall haue ado euery day with hem, & 3it he schall fynden (1) (Tit C. 16) 85/2: He schall haue ado euery day with hem, & 3it he schall
hem all weys maydenes. fynden hem all weys maydenes.
24
In the MS., noght alanly. An example from MED: c1450 Alph. Tales (Add 24
No MS., noght alanly. Exemplo em MED: c1450 Alph. Tales (Add 25719)
25719) 189/20: Not alonelie for drede ... bod rather for perfite luff. 189/20: Not alonelie for drede bod rather for perfite luff.
25
The repetition is from the MS. 25
A repetio est no MS.
26
The elimination of waste matter from the body; evacuation of the bowels,
excretion (MED). 26
Eliminao de dejetos do corpo; evacuao dos intestinos, excreo (MED).
27
This person may have been mentioned in the missing pages. 27
Essa pessoa pode ter sido mencionada nas pginas que faltam.
28
Sic in the MS. No doubt an error by the copyist, as elsewhere in the MS. 28
Sic no MS. Sem dvida erro de copista, como em outros pontos do MS.
29
A few examples of this construction in The Three Kings Sons, MS. Harleian 29
Alguns exemplos desta construo em The Three Kings Sons, MS. Harleian
326, circa 1500. Cf.: Y wolde a done my peyne, 41 bk. 326, circa 1500. Cf.: Y wolde a done my peyne, 41 bk.
These iij ladies were near cousins together, and one day they sat in Essas trs mulheres eram todas primas umas das outras e um dia
a chamber and talked of their adventures, until the time that one of sentaram-se juntas e puseram-se a conversar, at que uma hora uma
them said, Cursed be she that will not answer, in good fellowship here delas disse, Maldita aquela que no responder agora, em nome da
among us iij, what she shall be asked, that is, if she has had a lover this boa amizade que h entre ns trs, pergunta que lhe ser feita, isto
year or not. There they were accorded they should answer it, and so , se teve algum amante ou no este ano. Concordaram todas em res-
the first said, Truly, I have had; and the second and the third said the ponder, e a primeira delas disse, Na verdade, eu tive; e a segunda e a
same. Now, said the boldest lady, who among them was authorized terceira disseram o mesmo. Agora, disse a mais petulante, que dentre
by the others as lady over them that day,30 sorry love have she that as trs fora autorizada pelas outras a ser naquele dia rainha delas,30
tells not the name of the lover that she last had. By Saint Iohan, said mal amada aquela que no disser o nome do ltimo amante que teve.
the first, it was Bursigaunt that I had last. So did I, said the second. Por So Joo, disse a primeira, foi Bursegaunt que tive por ltimo. Eu
Why, said the third, and he was the last I had also. Saint Mary, said tambm, disse a segunda. Ora, disse a terceira, foi ele o ltimo que eu
the iij ladies, he is not so true a lover as we thought, for he is but a tive tambm. Santa Maria, disseram as trs, ele no o amante fiel que
scoffer and a japer. Let us send for him and hear what he shall say. pensvamos, pois no passa de um velhaco fingidor. Mandemos cha-
There came Bursigaunt to them; they were sitting in their chairs and m-lo para saber o que dir. L veio Bursegaunt; elas receberam-no
bade him sit down by them. Then they said, as they that were full of sentadas em cadeiras e mandaram que se sentasse entre elas. Ento
anger and wrath, Bursegaunt, we have been foully deceived by you disseram, cheias de raiva e de clera, Bursegaunt, fomos torpemente
the time past, for we thought that you were a true lover, and you are enganadas por ti, pois pensvamos que fosses fiel nos amores, mas
but a false deceiver and mocker of ladies, and that is a foul condition no passas de um falso fingidor que faz troa das mulheres, e isso
for a knight. Ladies, he answered, why say you that? We know, said coisa muito torpe num cavaleiro. Senhoras, ele respondeu, por que
one of them, you have been here my cousins lover, and mine as well, dizeis isso? Porque, disse uma delas, foste amante aqui das minhas
all at once, and you said that you loved us and that each of us had your primas, e meu tambm, ao mesmo tempo, e disseste que nos amavas e
heart, which was false lying, for you might not love us all three best, que cada uma de ns era dona de teu corao, o que uma falsa men-
for you are not iij persons, nor you have not three hearts, therefore tira, pois no podias amar direito nenhuma das trs, pois no s trs
you are false and deceivable and ought not to be set in the number of pessoas nem tens trs coraes, e por isso s falso e enganador, e no
true lovers. Ladies, he said, this is not right, and I will tell you why: deves ser contado no nmero dos amantes fiis. Senhoras, ele disse,
for at that time I spoke with each of you, I loved her best that I spoke isso no justo, e eu vos direi por qu: pois, enquanto estava com cada
with, so I think you are in the wrong to have such language on me. uma de vs, amava mais aquela com quem estava, portanto creio que
When they saw him no more abashed, they knew not what to say. A, sois injustas dizendo de mim essas coisas. Elas, vendo-o assim nem
said he, I will teach you what to do: let the one have me one day, and um pouco desconcertado, no souberam o que dizer. Ah, disse ele, vou
30
Medieval ladies used to choose one of their group as their queen, who 30
Era costume entre as mulheres da poca escolher uma delas como rainha
was supposed to preside over their plays and sports along the day. Another das outras, cabendo-lhe govern-las nos jogos e brincadeiras daquele dia. H
example shows in a further passage of the chronicle. outro exemplo mais adiante na crnica.
You may be sure that Roger had great marvel to hear that naked Podeis ter certeza de que Roger muito se espantou de ouvir contada
story told by Lady Margarites mouth, which he thought should not pela boca de Lady Marguerite essa crua histria, que ele achava no
be told by any lady that would be honourable. Yet he loved her so well devia ser contada por mulher de respeito. Tanto a bem amava, porm,
he could not blame her nor reprove her, nor go forth from her que no era capaz de a inculpar nem repreender, nem de se afastar de
presence. So he said to himself that it was but a little indiscretion such sua presena. Assim disse a si prprio que aquilo fora s uma pequena
31
A Latin word meaning that is, namely. Cf. MED: a1500 (?a1450) GRom. (Hrl 31
Palavra latina que significa isto , a saber. Cf. MED: a1500 (?a1450) GRom. (Hrl
7333) 4: Thenne the flesh spekith with e nigromancier, scil[icet] e devill. 7333) 4: Thenne the flesh spekith with e nigromancier, scil[icet] e devill.
32
The Latin form for eunuch was used here. 32
A forma latina da palavra foi usada aqui.
33
Sic in the MS. for Epistle. 33
Sic [Pistle] no MS., em vez de Epstola.
34
This is an original English poem, not French, and from the early 15th 34
Este um poema original ingls, e no francs, e, alis, do incio do sculo
century at that. The translator shirked the hard work of translating poetry XV. O tradutor esquivou-se ao difcil trabalho de traduzir poesia substituindo
by substituting English poems or songs for those recorded by the author in por canes ou poemas ingleses os que o autor registrou em sua crnica. Este
his chronicle. This poem is listed as item 377 in The Index of Middle English poema consta como item 377 de The Index of Middle English Verse, editado por
Verse, edited by C. Brown e R. H. Robbins (New York, 1943), and the MS. C. Brown e R. H. Robbins (New York, 1943), e o MS. Sloane (Museu Britnico
Sloane (British Museum 2593, f. 34a) as the textual source. Aleison (Alison), 2593, f. 34a) como fonte do texto. Aleison (Alison), o nome da jovem, lana-
the young womans name, is set in counterpoint to the Greek words of the do em contraponto s palavras gregas do ritual da missa, Kyrie eleison, isto ,
Mass ritual, Kyrie eleison, that is, Lord, have mercy on us. Senhor, tem piedade de ns.
35
De novo um pudico criptograma, agora para substituir swyfe witht hir, isto ,
35
Again a prudish cryptogram, now for swyfe witht hir, that is, swive with her. swive with her [foder com ela].
T hus ever the time passed, as it ever has and ever shall; and so the A ssim foi passando o tempo, como sempre passou e sempre h de
days shortened and began to be foul and cold, and the nights right passar; logo os dias encolheram e comearam a vir feios e frios, e as
long. Then, when winter was well-nigh at hand, then Roger Besedeable noites muito longas. A, quando o inverno j estava bem mo, a Ro-
set a day that he should ride forth to Nom, for to pass the winter with ger Besedeable ps dia para viajar at Nom, para passar o inverno
the old earl of Nynyve, as he had done long and many winters and com o velho conde de Nniva, como vinha fazendo h muitos invernos
36
Latin for lie with me. The verb concumbo may have (as here) an erotic 36
Deita comigo em latim. O verbo concumbo tem, s vezes (como aqui), co-
connotation. notao ertica.
37
Atonement (for sin against God), one of the senses of the word as shown 37
Entenda-se a palavra como expiao (de pecado contra Deus), um dos sig-
in MED, is meant here. This form has disappeared from both French and nificados consignados em MED. Essa forma desapareceu dos lxicos francs
English lexicons. e ingls.
38
The author fails to realize that he is describing a winter scene, hence some 38
O autor se esqueceu de que a estao inverno, da por que alguns dos
of the details described do not conform to reality. detalhes do cenrio descrito no condizem com a realidade.
On a Tuesday in the morning Roger Baisedeable departed from Numa tera-feira pela manh Roger Besedeable partiu de Malemort
Malemort to ride to Nom. He rode out before light, with half a dozen para ir a Nom. Saiu antes da luz do dia, com mais meia dzia com ele,
with him, and his sons went with him, Roger and Thibert, mounted on e com ele tambm seus filhos Roger e Thibert, montados em bons ca-
good horses. And I may tell you that, right as Amidiew felt in his heart, valos. E posso dizer-vos aqui que, assim como pressentia Amidieu em
so it was ordained from above, that never again should he return to seu corao, assim estava de fato ordenado de cima que nunca mais
Malemort in his life nor after his death. And I may tell you how that voltasse a Malemort em vida ou depois da morte. E j posso dizer-
by many marvellous adventures he shall be driven far away from that vos que muitas aventuras maravilhosas sucedero para arrast-lo bem
place Malemort, where he had been born and nurtured in, and into longe daquele lugar Malemort, onde nascera e crescera, e conduzi-lo
Then they all remounted and rode toward the town with hearts full Ento montaram todos de novo e l se foram a caminho da cidade
of sorrow. When they entered into the court of the castle, they found com os coraes cheios de pesar. Quando entraram no ptio do caste-
there a great number of people, and all on their knees, praying God lo acharam ali grande nmero de pessoas, todas de joelhos, rogando
continually to heal the earl and to make him as whole and sound as a Deus continuamente que lhes curasse o conde, dando-o de novo so
ever he was. Roger de Giac, as he drew into the hall, there he met e saudvel como sempre fora. Roger de Giac, ao entrar no salo do
Karlles, the earls youngest son, and John of Cacqlan with him, the castelo, ali encontrou Charles, o filho mais jovem do conde, e John de
earls brother, who was well-learned in arsmetric39 and divinity, by Cacqlan com ele, o irmo do conde, que era bem instrudo em arte-
whom everything was done in Nons, and without him nothing done. mtrica39 e teologia, por ordem de quem tudo se fazia em Nom, e sem
They received him sweetly, yet it appeared well by their countenances ele no se fazia nada. Ambos receberam-no muito bem, embora nas
that the earls sickness lay heavy in their hearts. Then another son of fisionomias se vissem sinais muito claros de que a molstia do conde
the earls, the bastard of Lent,40 received him, but not so well, he had lhes doa fundo nos coraes. Ento recebeu-o outro filho do conde,
no cause to love him, as you have heard in the first book before this, o bastardo Quaresma,40 mas no to bem, no tinha motivo para gos-
for he had hoped to have Sir Rogers daughter Kateryne in marriage, tar dele, como j soubestes pelo primeiro livro anterior a este, pois
but Sir Roger had been cold to accord to his request; so there was quisera casar-se com Katherine filha de Sir Roger, mas Sir Roger se
not great love between them. So forthwith John of Cacqlan led Roger mostrara avesso a acatar seu pedido; por isso no havia grande afeto
Besediable to the earls chamber, and they went in, and it was a large entre ambos. Mas sem demora John de Cacqlan conduziu Roger Be-
chamber and richly hanged, and in midst of it there lay the earl asleep sedeable cmara do conde e entraram nela, e era uma vasta cmara
in his bed, feebled41 with infirmity. His bed was large and strong; the com ricas tapearias, e l no meio dela jazia o conde adormecido no
earl had been pricked with gluttony in his last years and, by great leito e flebilitado41 pela doena. O leito era vasto e slido; o conde fora
eating of sweet and delicate meats, he was overgrown with fatness, picado pela gula em sua velhice e, de tanto comer doces e saborosas
so that he could not ride, no horse might bear him: he was always iguarias, recrudescera em gordura a ponto de no poder mais montar,
carried in a litter by eight men from one place to another, or when no havia cavalo que o agentasse: oito homens carregavam-no em
he would go hunting or hawking, which sport he greatly used all the liteira de um lugar a outro, ou quando ia caa de monte ou de aves,
days of his life. Now there was a lady sitting by his bedside weeping diverso a que se deu muito em todos os dias de sua vida. Mas sentada
39
A corrupt form of arithmetics. Stratmann records arsmetike and arsmetrike. 39
Forma estropiada de arithmetics. Stratmann registra arsmetike e arsmetrike.
MED, arsmetike, -ique, ars mutike, arismetrike, arithmetrik, asmatrik. Example MED, arsmetike, -ique, ars mutike, arismetrike, arithmetrik, asmatrik. Exem-
in MED: (a1387) Trev. Higd. (StJ-C H. 1) 3.65: Plato departede his doynge in plo em MED: (a1387) Trev. Higd. (StJ-C H. 1) 3.65: Plato departede his doyn-
foure: in arsmetrik, gemetrie, musyk, and astronomie. ge in foure: in arsmetrik, gemetrie, musyk, and astronomie.
40
Roger of Vicoigne, the earls bastard son. No explanation is given for the 40
Roger de Vicoigne, filho bastardo do conde. No h explicao, no texto
origin of this sobriquet in the surviving parts of the MS. One may infer that remanescente, para a origem do cognome. Pode-se supor que seu nascimento
he was born during the Lent season. tenha ocorrido durante o perodo da Quaresma.
41
A verb feblen (from the French faiblir) was in use in Middle English. Cf. 41
Era de uso corrente no ingls mdio o verbo feblen (do francs faiblir).
MED: (a1382) WBible (1) (Dc 369 (1)) Job 18.12: His strengthe shal ben Cf. MED: (a1382) WBible (1) (Dc 369 (1)) Job 18.12: His strengthe shal ben
feblid with hunger. feblid with hunger.
42
A hog that has been fattened for butchering (MED). 42
Porco engordado para abate (MED).
S ir Roger marvelled of these words and might not speak for marvel. S ir Roger espantou-se dessas palavras e no soube por espanto o que
At this very moment the master physician entered the chamber, with dizer. Nesse mesmo momento entrou o mestre cirurgio, com o intui-
the intent to have a sight of the earl. He was a noble surgeon and a to de dar uma olhada no conde. Era ilustre cirurgio e bom mdico,43
good leech,43 and without a word he felt the earls pulse and looked on
43
A palavra [leech, isto , sanguessuga] teve largo uso no ingls mdio como
43
Widely used in Middle English, the word is a metonymical synonym for sinnimo metonmico de mdico. Cf. lechen = curar, e lechecraft = arte de curar,
physician. Cf. lechen = to heal, and lechecraft = art of healing, medicine. medicina.
44
To examine ones urine. Cf. MED: c1400 (a1376) PPl. A(1) (Trin-C R.3.14) 44
Examinar a urina de algum. Cf. MED: c1400 (a1376) PPl. A(1) (Trin-C
2.186: anne louride lechis & lettris be sente For to wone wi hem & watris R.3.14) 2.186: anne louride lechis & lettris be sente For to wone wi hem &
to loke. watris to loke.
45
Here and in several other passages the author takes part as an eyewitness 45
Aqui e em vrias outras passagens o autor participa como testemunha ocu-
to events. lar dos eventos.
46
The dukedom of Vick and the bishopric of Bree, as will be seen throughout 46
O ducado de Visgo e o bispado de Brei, como se ver ao longo da crnica,
the chronicle, are two neighboring countries of the earldom of Niniven. The so dois pases vizinhos do condado de Nniva. O receio do conde de que os
Earl fears their joining forces against his son. dois possam unir-se no futuro contra o filho.
47
Louis de Marauce, a rival pretender to the county, overcome and made away 47
Louis de Marauce, pretendente ao condado que Henry de Nalles suplantou
with by Henry de Nalles in 1328. e eliminou em 1328.
The time was come for the earl to prepare himself to meet his creator, Chegara para o conde a hora de se preparar para o encontro com seu
and then by us all he was seen greatly afraid, and he ought well to be criador, e nesse momento pudemos ver que estava cheio de medo, e
afraid, for he saw himself then as an old tree that had neither leaf nor cheio de medo s podia estar, pois via-se ento a si prprio como uma
fruit, which is to understand that he could not at his last hour yield velha rvore que no tivesse nem folha nem fruto, por onde se deve
of himself to Our Lord but the bare rind, since the Devil had got the entender que no tinha de si mesmo em sua ltima hora para entregar
leaves and the fruits. And then he said, Now bring me my confessor. a Nosso Senhor mais do que a casca nua, j que o Diabo tomara para
So his confessor was sent for and brought into the chamber, and a si as folhas e os frutos. E a ele disse, Agora trazei-me meu confessor.
chair set for him by the bed. Then said the confessor to the earl, Tell Foi chamado o confessor e trazido cmara, e uma cadeira posta para
me, my son, how is it with you? Alas, said the earl, I suffer marvellous ele junto ao leito. Ento disse o confessor ao conde, Diz-me, meu filho,
pain and torment, as I had worms gnawing me in my bowels. Why como ests? Ai de mim, disse o conde, tenho sofrido dor e tormen-
might I not die a hasty death and clean? Why must I suffer so? Well, to terrveis, como se vermes me roessem as entranhas. Por que no
sirs, he that is in the article of death has many temptations by posso morrer de morte rpida e suave? Por que preciso sofrer tanto
the Devil and more mar vellous than ever he had in his life; and assim? Bem, senhores, quem est em artigo de morte sofre muitas
one is impatience, which is to complain of his state and to think tentaes do Diabo e mais espantosas do que jamais sofreu antes; uma
his pain wrong, and not meekly to welcome all that God in his delas a impacincia, que queixar-se de seu estado e achar injusto
righteous judgment sends him, for all the pain that ever we suffer seu sofrimento, em vez de acolher docilmente tudo que Deus em seu
is righteous and all the good that we get is of grace. Therefore a legtimo juzo lhe manda, pois toda dor que padecemos legtima e
ver y penitent man thinks all his pain little in comparison to the joy todo bem que recebemos uma graa. Assim, o verdadeiro penitente
48
Correction: xviij. Copyists were often at odds with their Roman numerals, of Correo: xviij. Copistas costumavam ter problemas com os algarismos ro-
48
which this text, as will be seen, is no exception. manos, do que no exceo este texto, como se ver.
49
Once again leech for physician, with a specially curious effect in the passage De novo leech com o sentido de mdico, criando aqui um efeito particular-
49
50
Byleueue in the MS. 50
Byleueue no MS.
51
To remit (sin); cleanse (sb., oneself, of guilt) (MED). 51
Perdoar (pecado); limpar (algum, si mesmo, de culpa) (MED).
52
Rosurrexyon in the MS. 52
Rosurrexyon no MS.
Open your heart, said the confessor, and tell me out truly and A bre teu corao, disse o confessor, e diz clara e sinceramente todos
faithfully all your sins great and small, and leave nothing untold. And os teus pecados grandes e pequenos, e no deixes nada sem ser dito.
beware: you must tell the sin as foul as you did it, for Saint Paule Mas cuidado: deves confessar o pecado da mesma maneira torpe
says, who will be cleanly washed and cleansed of his sin, he must tell como o cometeste, pois, segundo diz So Paulo, quem quer de todo
it in the same manner as he did it, or else he shall not be cleansed of lavar-se e purificar-se do pecado deve confess-lo exatamente como o
53
Sic in the MS. Many examples in MED of this form. Cf.: a1500 (a1450) Par- 53
Sic no MS. Muitos exemplos desta forma em MED. Cf.: a1500 (a1450) Par-
ton. (1) (Add 35288) 10198: My wittes be destroubled in many wise. ton. (1) (Add 35288) 10198: My wittes be destroubled in many wise.
54
Confession. 54
Confisso.
55
MED records an example of the verb devouren as a synonym for deflower: 55
MED registra exemplo do verbo devouren como sinnimo de deflower: c1450
c1450 Alph. Tales (Add 25719) 96/4: ij of hur enmys drew hur into er ship, Alph. Tales (Add 25719) 96/4: ij of hur enmys drew hur into er ship, to e
to e entent at ai wold devowre hur maydenhede. entent at ai wold devowre hur maydenhede.
56
To go on a crusade. 56
Participar de uma cruzada.
57
In May 1291 by the Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil, after a forty-day siege. 57
Em maio de 1291, pelo sulto Al-Ashraf Khalil, aps quarenta dias de stio.
58
This linguistic specification is obviously due to the translator. 58
A especificao lingstica feita aqui seguramente se deve ao tradutor.
59
Many examples in MED of this lexicon. Cf.: a1500 (?a1400) SL Christ 59
Muitos exemplos deste lxico em MED. Cf.: a1500 (?a1400) SL Christ (Hrl
(Hrl 3909) 4674: This story all wold see of the Iewes a3ayne-comyng from 3909) 4674: This story all wold see of the Iewes a3ayne-comyng from Babiloy-
Babiloyne to her cuntre. ne to her cuntre.
Capitulum xx
Capitulum xx
Now let us attend on the earl of Nynyven, for his spirit will abide no
longer but labours to be free of his body. And he, as he knew verily A gora atendamos ao conde de Nniva, pois seu esprito no quer
that death ran fast upon him, he held out his hands to his sons, and mais esperar, mas se esfora por livrar-se do corpo. E ele, que sabia
embraced them, and his brother, and kissed them, and in likewise he veramente que a morte vinha correndo a seu encontro, estendeu as
did to Besedeable as well; then he spoke to such of his men as stood in mos aos filhos, e os abraou, e a seu irmo, e os beijou, e do mesmo
his chamber, and said, Adew, mes amys.60 Forgive me if I have sinned modo fez a Besedeable tambm; ento falou a seus homens que es-
anything against you, and pray for the salvation of my soul. At the last tavam ali, dizendo, Adew, mes amys.60 Perdoai-me se em alguma coi-
the earl asked to have a cross with him, and so it was set between his sa pequei contra vs, e rezai pela salvao de minha alma. Por fim o
hands. When he had kissed that gracious cross with great devotion, conde disse que queria ter consigo um crucifixo, e foi-lhe logo posto
he said: The passion of Cryste I put between me and my sins, and entre as mos. Depois de beijar a cruz da graa com muita devoo,
between me and the eternal death I put the death of Cryst. And with disse, A paixo de Cristo ponho entre mim e meus pecados, e entre
these or semblable61 words he shut his eyes and departed from this mim e a morte eterna ponho a morte de Cristo. E com essas ou sem-
mortal life so sweetly that we supposed that he had been asleep. But blveis61 palavras fechou os olhos e partiu desta vida mortal to man-
his surgeons were there to certify his death, which they duly did; then samente que supusemos que dormira. Mas os cirurgies ali estavam
immediately John of Cacqlen ran to the coffers of the earls treasure para certificar-lhe a morte, o que logo fizeram; ento imediatamente
and took and seized all his jewels, which were without number, and John de Cacqlan acorreu s arcas do tesouro do conde e tirou e levou
put them into safe keeping, saying he should not leave them at hand dali todas as jias, que eram sem conta, e guardou-as em segurana,
to be stolen by such thieves as dwelt in the castle, by which word he dizendo que no as deixaria mo para serem roubadas pelos ladres
meant in special Lady Costaunce. [leaf 54] And it was near night que moravam no castelo, referindo-se com essa palavra em especial a
From Old French semblable = similar. Cf. MED: c1400 (?a1387) PPl. C (Hnt
61
Do francs arcaico semblable = similar. Cf. MED: c1400 (?a1387) PPl. C (Hnt
61
HM 137) 11.157: Man is semblable in soule to god. HM 137) 11.157: Man is semblable in soule to god.
62
Of middle rank (MED), that is, of the middle classes. Cf.: 1340 Ayenb. (Arun 62
De condio mediana (MED), ou seja, de classe mdia. Cf.: 1340 Ayenb.
57) 122/4, 7: ri stages of uolke e on is he3ere, e oer men, e ridde (Arun 57) 122/4, 7: ri stages of uolke e on is he3ere, e oer men, e
lo3est e men [midliste] bye ase e barouns and e baylifs et gouerne ridde lo3est e men [midliste] bye ase e barouns and e baylifs et
and wytye e kingriche. gouerne and wytye e kingriche.
63
The source probably had spulture, though the traditional expression 63
Na fonte devia estar a palavra spulture, embora Saint Spulchre seja a ex-
in French for Christs burial place is Saint Spulchre, as Holy Sepulchre in presso tradicional em francs para o local onde se sepultou Cristo, assim
English (as shown elsewhere in the MS.). No occurrence was found in MED como Holy Sepulchre em ingls (como se v em outras passagens do MS.).
for Holy Sepulture. No se achou ocorrncia da expresso Holy Sepulture em MED.
64
In the MS., innowmberabill. From Old French innombrable (MED). Cf.: 64
No MS., innowmberabill. Do francs arcaico innombrable (MED). Cf.: a1500
a1500 Mirror Salv. (Beeleigh) p.3: So were in our lady mary innoumbrable Mirror Salv. (Beeleigh) p. 3: So were in our lady mary innoumbrable virtus
virtus schinyng. schinyng.
65
Shortened form of diminishen. Cf. MED: ?a1425 (?a1350) Castleford Chron. 65
Forma alternativa do verbo diminishen. Cf. MED: ?a1425 (?a1350) Castle-
(Gt Hist 740) 26762: Aelde and ek sekenes of cors Greued him and menusede ford Chron. (Gt Hist 740) 26762: Aelde and ek sekenes of cors Greued him
his fors. and menusede his fors.
A t Nom, as soon as the earl was dead, the bells began to toll and our Em Nom, assim que o conde morreu, os sinos comearam a dobrar
castle was assailed by all manner of mourning out of measure. His e nosso castelo foi assaltado por toda sorte de lamentaes sem me-
household men wrung their hands in remembrance of his nobleness dida. Os domsticos do conde torciam as mos lembrana de sua
and puissance, his wisdom and prudence, his prowess and largesse, fora e nobreza, prudncia e sabedoria, denodo e generosidade, e da
and the great prosperity that he lived in; there was neither Vycker grande prosperidade em que vivia; no havia em Visgo nem em Brei
nor Breeoyse that dared displease him. So, whereas most part said, quem ousasse ofend-lo. Assim, se os mais diziam, Agora nossos vi-
Now our neighbours will make us war, for now there is none to aid us, zinhos nos faro guerra, pois agora no temos quem nos proteja, di-
others said, Ha, false fortune, what shall become of us? We shall never ziam outros, Ah, falsa fortuna, o que ser de ns? Nunca mais teremos
have again such another lord as was this our gentle earl of Nynyve. senhor melhor do que foi este nosso conde de Nniva. Entrementes,
In the mean while, right as he had desired, the earls heart was taken em obedincia a seu desejo, o corao do conde foi retirado do corpo
out of his body and embalmed, and his body laid in a big coffin, for the para embalsamar, e o corpo deposto num enorme atade, que o conde
earl was greater than a pipe of wine, and the coffin carried out into the era maior que uma pipa de vinho, e o atade carregado atravs do
courtyard to the chapel. Many common people had thronged there, ptio at capela. A arraia-mida j se ajuntara ali [folha 54v] e, ao
[leaf 54b] and when they saw their masters coffin brought out, ver surgir o atade do conde, precipitou-se toda para toc-lo, mas foi
they all ran forth for to touch it, but were stopped by John of Caclans impedida por ordem de John de Cacqlan. Na capela o atade foi posto
commandment. Within the chapel the coffin was laid before the altar, diante do altar, para que se cumprissem os ritos pela alma do conde.
so that service should be done for the earls soul. There came his sons, L chegaram seus filhos, todos vestidos de preto, e seu irmo, e Roger
all clad in black, and his brother, and Roger Besedeable, and certain Besedeable, e certos de seus vassalos que ento estavam em Nom.
his liegemen who were then at Nomme. Costaunce of Vaus came last Por ltimo de todos veio Constance de Vaux, e veio trajada de preto
of all, and she came apparelled in black as though her heart had been como se levasse o corao triste e pesaroso, e podeis acreditar nela
heavy and sorry, and you may believe her if you will, but I trow there se quiserdes, mas tenho que no havia nem tristeza nem pesar nem
was no heaviness nor sorrow nor nothing else within her heart but coisa alguma em seu corao a no ser desdm e soberba. Nas mos
haughtiness and disdain. She brought a candle in her hands, and lit trazia uma vela, e acendeu-a, e meteu-a entre a multido de velas que
it, and placed it among the multitude of candles burning about the ardiam em torno do atade, e lgrimas comearam a verter-lhe dos
coffin, and tears began to trickle out of her eyes and down her cheeks, olhos e escorrer-lhe pelas faces, pois as mulheres, quando precisam,
for women, when they need, the tear shows in the eye. She fell on her a lgrima lhes vem pronta ao olho. Caiu de joelhos diante do atade, e
knees before the coffin, and cast down her eyes, and seemed to be baixou os olhos, e parecia imersa em prece. Ah, ah! Todos pensavam
deep in prayer. Ha a! Everyone thought she was praying to God for the que estivesse rezando a Deus pela alma de seu senhor que ali jazia
soul of her lord that dead was, and not a whisper, not a hum, was heard morto, e nem um murmrio, nem um sussurro, se ouviu na capela,
in the chapel, lest she were perturbed in her sad prayers. But I do para no perturb-la em suas pungidas preces. Mas eu sei com toda a
66
Correction: xxj. 66
Correo: xxj.
67
An example in MED of this construction: c1400 (?c1375) NHom. (3) Cec. 67
Exemplo dessa construo em MED: c1400 (?c1375) NHom. (3) Cec. (Tbr
(Tbr E. 7) 95/213: Ask, and sone ou sal it haue, What thing so euer ou will E. 7) 95/213: Ask, and sone ou sal it haue, What thing so euer ou will of
of mele So at it be to i sawl hele. mele So at it be to i sawl hele.
68
In a different direction, away; to the side, aside (MED). Cf.: a(1393) Gower 68
Em outra direo, para longe; para o lado, parte (MED). Cf.: a (1393)
CA (Frf 3) 1.141: That kyng His chiere aweiward fro me caste. Gower CA (Frf 3) 1.141: That kyng His chiere aweiward fro me caste.
Capitulum xxij
Capitulum xxij
K ing Salomon in his book, sirs, he said he sought the wide world for
such as were wise and found but one among a thousand men, but Rei Salomo em seu livro, senhores, ele disse que saiu pelo mundo
among women he found never one in all his life. So it was that Lady afora procura de pessoas que fossem sensatas e, entre os homens,
Costaunce, if she were wise, that she ought to have measured her em cada mil s encontrou um que o fosse, mas entre as mulheres
purpose whether it might turn to good or evil; yet she was one of such nunca encontrou nem uma s em toda a sua vida. Assim foi que Lady
women as reckon never what may come from their peevishness as Constance, se fosse sensata, devia ter ponderado se de seu desejo vi-
long as their will is fulfilled, and in their hastiness will oftentimes do ria coisa boa ou ruim; mas era dessas mulheres que no calculam
things that they sorely repent of thereafter. Thus this lady, when she nunca o que pode nascer de seus caprichos, contanto que sua vontade
saw that she could not break Sir Roger from his opinion, she went seja satisfeita, e em seus rompantes muitas vezes fazem coisas de que
straight to her chamber but would not be in rest but began to walk up amargamente se arrependem depois. Assim, quando viu que no po-
and down in her chamber muttering to herself in great anger. So there dia mudar a opinio de Sir Roger, ela foi direto para seus aposentos,
happened a maid of hers to come and enter into the chamber, and that mas no teve sossego, mas ps-se a andar ali de um lado para outro
was Flowrette, who was the most secret of her maids, so Lady resmungando para si mesma com muita raiva. Nisso aconteceu che-
Costaunce told her all this case between her and Giac. Peace, madam, gar e entrar uma de suas aias, e era Flowrette, que era mais sua confi-
69
Roger of Giacs late wife, by whom Roger Amidieu, Katherine, and Thibert 69
Esposa de Roger de Giac e me de Roger Amidieu, Katherine e Thibert.
were begotten. References in the MS. indicate that Agnes de Malemort died Segundo indicaes do prprio MS., Agnes de Malemort morreu ao dar luz
in giving birth to her son Thibert in or about 1332. a seu filho Thibert, por volta do ano de 1332.
70
Assoten means to fall madly in love, become infatuated (MED). Cf.: (a1393 70
Assoten significa enlouquecer de amor, apaixonar-se (MED). Cf.: (a1393
Gower CA (Frf 3) 5.6841: Whan that he hire beaute syh, Out of his wit he was Gower CA (Frf 3) 5.6841: Whan that he hire beaute syh, Out of his wit he was
assoted. assoted.
71
No doubt the verb in the French source was reconnatre, which led Hatch into 71
O verbo na fonte seria reconnatre, o que levou Hatch forma reknowledge
translating it as reknowledge instead of acknowledge. The one example in MED em vez de acknowledge. O nico exemplo dessa forma verbal em MED tam-
of this verbal form also derives from a translated work (from Latin): c 1450 bm provm de obra traduzida (no caso, do latim): c1450 Alph. Tales (Add
Alph. Tales (Add 25719) 331/19: an is wrichid womman was conpuncte & 25719) 331/19: an is wrichid womman was conpuncte & reknowlegid hur
reknowlegid hur selfe at sho accusid is holye man of verray rancor & ill will. selfe at sho accusid is holye man of verray rancor & ill will.
A , what this night was long to all such as were in the castle at that A h, como foi longa aquela noite para quantos estavam ento no cas-
season, as prelates and knights and squires, except to the lovers in telo, prelados e cavaleiros e escudeiros, exceto para os amantes em
their tower, for to them the hours passed lightly, as they had wings sua torre, pois para eles as horas passaram velozes, como se tives-
on their feet. [leaf 57b] Yes, there lies that man in bed with that sem asas nos ps. [folha 57v] Sim, ali jaz aquele homem na cama
woman, full of hot and burning lechery, and if you might a seen them, com aquela mulher, cheios do fogo ardente da luxria, e se vs os
in their shameful kissing, in their wild embracing, in their fierce pudsseis ver, em seus beijos vergonhosos, em seus loucos abraos,
meddling, in their moaning and grunting, you would a cried as I do, no emaranhado feroz de seus corpos, em seus gemidos e grunhidos,
What a horrible sight to look on! And seeing that they might never tereis exclamado como eu fao, Que viso horrvel de ver! E, visto
part, but were fast like a dog and a bitch together, they should sooner que no se separavam nunca, mas unidos ficavam como co e cadela
be called beasts unrationable than man and woman reasonable, for juntos, antes deviam ser chamados de animais irracionveis do que
beasts know nothing but worldly things, because of the earth that, de homem e mulher dotados de razo, pois os animais s conhecem
as the world, they are made of. And in the mean season while they coisas do mundo, por causa da terra de que, como o mundo, so feitos.
were thus occupied with their own flesh, their lord lay dead in his bier E no meio tempo enquanto assim se ocupavam da prpria carne, seu
in the chapel, being truly prayed for by the men of religion, who did senhor jazia morto em seu fretro na capela, tendo a rezar por ele mui-
72
Correction: xxiij. 72
Correo: xxiij.
73
To repudiate, to disown. Cf. MED: a1500 (c1410) Dives & P. (Htrn 270) 2.261: 73
Repudiar, no reconhecer como seu. Cf. MED: a1500 (c1410) Dives & P.
ey reneyyn God & fallyn in wol harde seknesse boin of soule & of body; and (Htrn 270) 2.261: ey reneyyn God & fallyn in wol harde seknesse boin of
c1450 (c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5) 115/18: Seint Petir abode so longe soule & of body; e c1450 (c1440) Scrope Othea (StJ-C H.5) 115/18: Seint Pe-
in e princes courte at he fell in such an inconueniencye to reneye [vr. tir abode so longe in e princes courte at he fell in such an inconue-
that he renyed] his maister. niencye to reneye [vr. that he renyed] his maister.
74
In French in the MS.: fair friend. 74
Em francs no MS.: querido amigo.
75
Another cryptogram for the sake of decency: conte (cunt) is the word 75
Outro criptograma em nome da decncia: conte (cunt [cona]) a palavra
censored here. An example from MED: c1440 (Lyarde) Thrn p. 282: Bete the censurada aqui. Exemplo em MED: c1440 (Lyarde) Thrn p. 282: Bete the
cownte with 3our neffes, whene 3e may do no more. cownte with 3our neffes, whene 3e may do no more.
76
If case for in case is not infrequent in the MS. Four examples were found 76
If case em vez de in case encontra-se com certa freqncia no MS. Acharam-
in MED of this curious construction: (1465) Lin.DDoc. 124/19: If case any se quatro exemplos dessa curiosa construo em MED: (1465) Lin. DDoc.
purchase falle; (1455) Lin. DDoc. 85/33: And if case the said william dye 124/19: If case any purchase falle; (1455) Lin. DDoc. 85/33: And if case the
withoute Issew male; and ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron. (Gt Hist 740) said william dye withoute Issew male; and ?a1425(?a1350) Castleford Chron.
25493: He langed after wilde venison He soght of saluagine to spede, If cas (Gt Hist 740) 25493: He langed after wilde venison He soght of saluagine
walde him at daie oght bede. DMF records but a few equivalent occurrences, to spede, If cas walde him at daie oght bede. DMF registra apenas algumas
v. g.: Pource je suis de vostre oppinion, pourveu toutesfoiz que au plus hault equivalncias, v. g.: Pource je suis de vostre oppinion, pourveu toutesfoiz que
estat que faire ce pourra vous y alliez, si cas daventure advenoit que le mariage au plus hault estat que faire ce pourra vous y alliez, si cas daventure advenoit
se fist (Jehan de Paris W., 1494-95, 25). que le mariage se fist (Jehan de Paris W., 1494-95, 25).
77
Affection here means disposition of mind. Cf. definition in MED: desire, 77
Affection aqui significa disposio de esprito. Cf. definio em MED: desejo,
inclination, bent; a desire (to do something), wish, intention. inclinao, propenso; desejo (de fazer alguma coisa), vontade, inteno.
Capitulum xxiiij
Capitulum xxiiij
T his Bonvoysin had great envy to Roger of Giac because he saw him
so great with the earl, and so familiar with him, and because he had Esse Bonvoisin tinha muita inveja de Roger de Giac porque o via pre-
the love and favour of Aymar de Naile, which as I suppose he well dileto do conde e muito chegado a ele, e porque vivia nas boas graas
deserved to have, for there was none in the land that by his mature de Aymar de Nalles, o que, segundo suponho, bem que merecia, pois
authority knew so much of peace and of war as he. For this cause Sir no havia ningum no pas que por madura autoridade soubesse mais
John hated him mortally and would sorely find a means [leaf 59] de paz e de guerra do que ele. Por essa causa Sir John tinha-lhe dio
how he might put Giac out of favour with the earl, he cared not how. mortal e gostaria muito de achar meio [folha 59] de fazer depor Giac
Many times he was in mind to have him slain by murderers, but he do alto da estima do conde, pouco se lhe dava como. Muitas vezes teve
dared not, for fear that the earl should hear thereof; but now at last he vontade de mandar matadores mat-lo, mas no se atreveu, por medo
thought that by great fortune he had found the way to pull Sir Roger do conde saber; mas agora afinal sups que por feliz acaso achara jeito
down from his high state and have his way shortened; for Aymar was de derrubar Sir Roger de seu alto estado e encurtar-lhe o caminho da
not like to give Sir Roger no pardon should this matter be brought up vida; pois no era de crer que Aymar jamais perdoasse a Sir Roger se
to him, for two reasons: one was, because he should take on himself lhe fosse dado conhecimento daquele assunto, e por duas razes: uma
to be revenged of that outrage done to his father, in that Sir Roger had era porque lhe cumpriria vingar a afronta feita ao pai, pois Sir Roger
lain with the lady of Vaulx while that the old earls body lay always se deitara com a senhora de Vaux enquanto que o corpo do conde
still warm and unburied in the chapel; the second reason was, Aymer velho jazia ento ainda morno e insepulto na capela; a outra razo era
for jealousy, in learning that Sir Roger held this lady and had so done que Aymar por cime, quando soubesse que Sir Roger era amante
long while, he could not but be so angered and raged as to slay him daquela senhora, e isso j h muito tempo, seria levado pelo dio e
78
Read suuiue (swive). Here again a cryptogram is used by the copyist to hide 78
Leia-se suuiue (swive [foder]). De novo aqui o copista valeu-se de um cripto-
an obscene word. grama para esconder palavra obscena.
79
According to the Bible, Absalom rebelled against King David, his father, and, 79
Segundo a Bblia, Absalo revoltou-se contra o rei David, seu pai, e, para
rushing into the kings harem, slept with the royal concubines, thus clearly manifestar claramente a inteno de usurpar o trono, invadiu o harm paterno
representing his intention to usurp the throne. Unless Aymar suspected one e dormiu com as concubinas reais. A menos que suspeitasse de um de seus
of his own brothers, which sounds unlikely, he is unconsciously projecting irmos, o que no plausvel, Aymar estaria inconscientemente projetando
onto another man his own desire for his fathers concubine. sobre outro homem seu prprio desejo da concubina do pai.
As for John Bonvoysin, he was well-pleased with all this matter, Quanto a John Bonvoisin, ficou bem satisfeito com toda essa histria,
but, being as wily a man as another, he would see that, as ever they mas, sendo homem astuto, quis fazer de tal modo as coisas que, como
use to say in the region I come from, that Sir Roger were home se costuma dizer na regio de onde vim, que Sir Roger estivesse em
when the house should be pulled down on his head. So he went casa quando lhe derrubassem a casa sobre a cabea. Assim entrou
into the castle and sought to find Sir Roger; he found him as he no castelo e tentou achar Sir Roger; achou-o debruado a uma janela,
leaned looking out at a window, and Sir Roger as soon as he saw Sir olhando para fora, e Sir Roger, assim que viu Sir John, disse com aspe-
John he said sharply, I have no mind to speak with you. Never [leaf reza, No tenho por que falar contigo. No obs [folha 60v] tante, Sir
60b] theless, Sir John was not abashed but began with words of John no se desconcertou, mas comeou a dizer palavras de astcia
guile and deceit and said to Sir Roger thus, Sir, my offence to you, e artifcio e disse a Sir Roger assim, Senhor, minha ofensa contra ti,
if there is any, it is not so great but that we may be friends when we se h alguma, no to grande que no possamos ser amigos quando
have need. Therefore I would speak a little with you. At one word, tivermos necessidade. Por isso gostaria de conversar contigo um pou-
said Sir Roger, what is it you will have? Perdy,80 I may well suppose, co. Em uma palavra, disse Sir Roger, o que queres? Perdy,80 bem supo-
said Sir John, that there is now a man here whom you would do nho, disse Sir John, que existe um homem aqui por quem farias tudo
everything in your power for to serve him well and aid him. This que pudesses para lhe prestar servio e ajuda. Esse homem chama-se
mans name is Aymar de Neelle. Then you say truth, said Sir Roger. Aymar de Nalles. Pois dizes a verdade, disse Sir Roger. Ele herdeiro
He is inheritor to be earl of Nynyve and to be lord over us all, and so de ser conde de Nniva e de ser senhor de ns todos, e sempre me
he shall ever find me ready to serve him. Now why do you ask? Let ver pronto a servi-lo. Mas por que perguntas? Vamos at um lugar
us go to a private place, said Sir John. So he took him apart alone privado, disse Sir John. E levou-o at uma cmara e fechou a porta e
into a chamber and closed the door. Then he said, Aymar sent me to ficaram a ss. A disse, Aymar mandou-me escolher dentre os cavalei-
choose out among the knights that are now in Noms such two as are ros que esto aqui em Nom os dois que melhor lhe sejam leais e que
best loyal to him and that love him best. And the cause is, because it melhor o amem. E a causa por causa da necessidade que tem de con-
is needful for him to have some aid of sure fellowship in an enterprise tar com a ajuda de amigos certos num feito a que pretende pr mo.
he intends to take in hand. By my soul, said Sir Roger, since it is so, Por minha alma, disse Sir Roger, sendo assim, afiano dar-lhe toda
I warrant to do him all aid I can. Sirs, so there you see Roger of Giac ajuda que possa. Senhores, a vedes Roger de Giac to sfrego de es-
so eager to be with Aymar de Neelle and to be companion with him tar com Aymar de Nalles e de ser companheiro com ele em qualquer
in whatsoever peril he were in, that he failed to beware of Sir Johns perigo que esquece de se precaver como devia contra a duplicidade
doubleness as he should. For though there was fair speech, love was de Sir John. Embora houvesse ali belo discurso, amizade no havia
there none, yet because of Sir Johns fair speech Sir Roger trusted nenhuma, mas, por causa do belo discurso de Sir John, Sir Roger con-
and believed him well enough. Then let us go to him, said Sir John. fiou e acreditou nele bastantemente. Ento vamos ao encontro dele,
His words were to make haste, he tarries for nothing else but for disse Sir John. As palavras que me disse foram para agir depressa, que
80
In French in the MS.: By God. Same as pardi, parde, etc. Several examples 80
Em francs no MS.: Por Deus. O mesmo que pardi, parde, etc. Vrios exem-
in MED. plos em MED.
81
Cf. MED: ?c1450 Trivet Constance (Harv Eng 938) 243: Thys senatours 81
Cf. MED: ?c1450 Trivet Constance (Harv Eng 938) 243: Thys senatours
name was called Tarquinus of Cappadoce, a full wyse knyght ... And a grete name was called Tarquinus of Cappadoce, a full wyse knyght ... And a grete
frende and secrete to the Emperour Tiberie. frende and secrete to the Emperour Tiberie.
82
In French in the MS.: Sirs, you are my men and my friends and my 82
Em francs no MS.: Senhores, vs sois meus homens e meus amigos e
companions. meus companheiros.
Capitulum xxvj
Capitulum xxvj
83
Psalm 118 (or 119 in the Vulgate version). 83
Salmo 118 (119 na verso da Vulgata).
84
Ready or trying (to do something) (MED): Cf.: a1475 (a1456) Shirley Death 84
Pronto ou prestes (a fazer alguma coisa) (MED). Cf.: a1475 (a1456) Shirley
Jas. (Add 5467) 17: As they were abowteward to helpe upe the Kyng, oone of Death Jas. (Add 5467) 17: As they were abowteward to helpe upe the Kyng,
the ladis ... fell ynto the pryvay to the Kyng. oone of the ladis ... fell ynto the pryvay to the Kyng.
85
In French in the MS.: fair friend, meaning lover. 85
Em francs no MS.: boa amiga, que aqui tem o sentido de amante.
86
Pilate. 86
Pilatos.
87
It was not unusual among medieval authors to use their foul words in French. 87
No era incomum entre autores medievais usar seus palavres em francs.
Cf. these quotations from MED: c1400 (?a1300) KAlex. (LdMisc 622) 3912: Cf. estas citaes de MED: c1400 (?a1300) KAlex. (LdMisc 622) 3912: Fitz a
Fitz a puteyne! he seide, lecchoure! ou shalt sterue so a tretoure!; c1425 puteyne! he seide, lecchoure! ou shalt sterue so a tretoure!; c1425 (c1400)
(c1400) Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595) 7447: Episcropus Spak to Ector wordes Ld.Troy (LdMisc 595) 7447: Episcropus Spak to Ector wordes foule; He
foule; He called him fitz aputayn. If they did it for euphemistic reasons, then called him fitz aputayn. Mas se o faziam por questes eufemsticas, ento
why should the translator keep the expression in French and explain it away por que teria o tradutor mantido a expresso em francs e acrescentado uma
in an added English clause? clusula em ingls para explic-la?
88
One example only of this construction found in MED: (a 1470) Malory Wks. 88
Apenas um exemplo desta construo foi achado em MED: (a 1470) Malory
(Win-C) 474/23: Sir Launcelot bare hym backer and backer tylle he cam Wks. (Win-C) 474/23: Sir Launcelot bare hym backer and backer tylle he
nye hys towre gate. cam nye hys towre gate.
The battle had been so fierce and the noise and cry so huge and great A batalha fora to feroz, e to grande e imenso o tumulto e a gritaria
in all the tower, so that it came to all such as were in the hall beneath, em toda a torre, que chegou a quantos estavam no salo l embaixo,
who, hearing the noise, wondered where it was and for what cause; que, ouvindo o tumulto, se perguntavam onde seria e por que causa;
then by those ladies who had been with Lady Costaunce in her logo souberam por aquelas moas que tinham estado com Lady Cons-
chamber they were told all the case of Aymars bursting in like thunder, tance em sua cmara toda a histria de Aymar rompendo porta aden-
as a man out of his wit. So they hastened up to her chamber each after tro feito trovo, como homem fora do juzo. A correram-lhe todos
other, and when they entered in, the first thing they saw the floor how cmara um atrs do outro e, quando entraram, a primeira coisa que
it was all bloody and so stained that nothing was seen of the stone but viram o cho todo coberto e manchado de tanto sangue que nada se
all red, and then they saw lying on the floor a man deadly slain,90 and via da laje mas tudo vermelho, e a viram jazendo no soalho um ho-
when they knew it was Aymar de Neelle, then all began to weep and mem mortalmente morto,90 e quando conheceram que era Aymar de
89
Correction: xxvij. 89
Correo: xxvij.
90
A similar redundancy shows in Malorys Le Morte dArthur, H. Oskar 90
Redundncia semelhante a esta est em Le Morte dArthur, de Malory, edio
Sommers 1889 edition of Caxtons 1485 printing (Book Fourteen, Capitulum de H. Oskar Sommer, 1889, a partir da de Caxton, 1485 (Livro Catorze, Capi-
Quartum, p. 646): And thenne syr percyual departed and rode tyl the houre of tulum Quartum, p. 646): And thenne syr percyual departed and rode tyl the
none / and he mette in a valey about a twenty men of armes whiche bare in a houre of none / and he mette in a valey about a twenty men of armes whiche
bere a knyghte dedely slayne. Not recorded in MED quotations. bare in a bere a knyghte dedely slayne. No consignada em citaes de MED.
91
According to MED, the verb staunchen in Middle English was also used as 91
Segundo MED, o verbo staunchen em ingls mdio se usava tambm na
to stop somebody from bleeding. Cf.: a1500 Peterb. Lapid. (Peterb 33) 110: Yf conotao evitar algum de sangrar. Cf.: a1500 Peterb. Lapid. (Peterb 33) 110:
a woman be ful of blod, bynd is stone to her forhed with a lynen cloe, & it Yf a woman be ful of blod, bynd is stone to her forhed with a lynen cloe, &
schal staynche here. it schal staynche here.
Capitulum xxviij
Capitulum xxviij
Tidings of the old earls death had spread abroad, so that many lords
and knights that held of him came forth to Nom to see him buried. A notcia da morte do conde velho se espalhara pelo pas, de modo
Thus they came daily, some at one time, some at another, and as que muitos homens que dele tinham terra comearam a chegar a Nom
they got there they had great marvel, in that they found two lords to para v-lo sepultar. Chegavam diariamente, alguns num dia, alguns no
bury, not one: A, they cried, never was seen no land to be in so great outro, e ao chegar ficavam espantados porque achavam dois senhores
orphanity92 as this is. So after the space of three days afterward the para sepultar em vez de um s: Ah, exclamavam, nunca se viu terra
bodies of the old earl and of Aymar his son were conveyed with great cair em to grande orfandade92 como esta. A, aps o espao de trs
solemnity to the abbey of Dannemarie, which lay a journey and a half dias depois, os corpos do conde velho e de Aymar seu filho foram
from the town of Niemen. In this abbey there dwelt, and still do, by transportados com grande cerimnia ao convento de Dannemarie,
Gods grace, many and good men of religion and right learned and que ficava jornada e meia da cidade de Nom. Nesse convento viviam,
studious, who passed the days in the service and praise of God; and all e ainda vivem, pela graa de Deus, muitos bons homens de religio
his life the earl had done much favour to the monks of this abbey and e bem instrudos e estudiosos, que passavam os dias em servio e
always gave them great gifts, what of money, what of beasts and lands louvor de Deus; e toda a sua vida o conde muito fez pelos monges
and manors and such other things like. And in exchange they had desse convento e sempre lhes deu ricos presentes, quer em dinheiro,
promised him to give him in the abbey such sepulture as pertained quer em animais e terras e solares e outras coisas tais como. E em
to his state, and never cease to pray always day and night to God with troca prometeram dar-lhe no convento sepultura condizente com seu
good orisons and prayers and masses for his soul and the souls of his estado, e nunca deixar de rezar sempre dia e noite a Deus com boas
father and mother and of his wife. Thus the coffins with the bodies oraes e preces e missas por sua alma e pelas almas de seu pai e me
of father and son were brought out of the chapel and laid in carts e de sua esposa. Assim os atades contendo os corpos de pai e filho fo-
with great reverence, and then there was weeping and great sorrow of ram trazidos da capela e deitados em carroas com grande reverncia,
rich and poor. Right so there began the procession toward the abbey; e a houve choro e grandes lamentos de ricos e pobres. Logo depois
92
The MED definition of the word is desolation, wretchedness. Cf. C1450 92
A definio da palavra em MED desolao, misria. Cf. C1450 Pilgr. LM
Pilgr. LM (Cmb Ff.5.30) 163: I haue brouht thee thi burdoun ayen to deliuere (Cmb Ff.5.30) 163: I haue brouht thee thi burdoun ayen to deliuere thee from
thee from orphanitee [F orfente]. orphanitee [F orfente].
93
In an orderly manner (MED). 93
Em boa ordem (MED).
94
Sic in MS. The Vulgate passage has et nos ut moriamur cum eo (John, xi, 94
Sic no MS. A passagem na Vulgata traz et nos ut moriamur cum eo (Joo,
16), i. e., that we may die with him [Christ]. xi, 16), i. e., para que possamos morrer com ele [Cristo].
Capitulum xix95
Capitulum xix95
95
Correction: xxix. 95
Correo: xxix.
96
A woolen cloth, not necessarily red. 96
Escarlate era um tecido de l, no necessariamente vermelho.
97
Similar examples of this redundancy in MED: c1400 (?a1300) KAlex. 97
Exemplos similares dessa redundncia em MED: c1400 (?a1300) KAlex.
(LdMisc 622) 4991: Barefoot hij gon, wiouten shoon; a1500 (?a1375) Hermit (LdMisc 622) 4991: Barefoot hij gon, wiouten shoon; a1500 (?a1375) Hermit
& O. (Add 22577) 34: That othyr was a gode ermyte ... And 3ede barfote and & O. (Add 22577) 34: That othyr was a gode ermyte ... And 3ede barfote and
nought yschod. nought yschod.
98
Thomas Lelillois, the French chronicler, sometimes refers to himself in the 98
Thomas Lelillois, o cronista francs, s vezes se refere a si prprio na ter-
third person. ceira pessoa.
99
Either the chronicler failed to record or the translator to translate the gist of 99
Ou o cronista deixou de registrar ou o tradutor de traduzir o teor da defesa
the defendants defences. dos acusados.
100
How curious the semantic use of the word genitors as genitals here. In Curioso o uso, com o sentido de genitais, da palavra genitors neste ponto.
100
MED there is just one quotation containing the word, and in the sense (as Em MED h apenas uma citao contendo a palavra, mas com o sentido (o
nowadays) of parent. Genitals is variously found in MED, v. g.: a1500 (?a1425) mesmo de hoje) de pais. Genitals aparece em vrios verbetes de MED, v. g.:
Lambeth SSecr. (Lamb 501) 77/23: He at leuys ys medicyn may drede a1500 (?a1425) Lambeth SSecr. (Lamb 501) 77/23: He at leuys ys medicyn
werkynge of his genitalz. may drede werkynge of his genitalz.
Now I require you, readers of this book, that, in entering into this A gora peo a cada leitor deste livro que, chegado a este captulo,
chapter, to seek and find a place where most stable silence reigns, and para procurar, at que ache, um lugar onde reine o mais estvel siln-
then to sit still and bow your ears to me, so that I may tell you the cio, e ali sentar-se e inclinar o ouvido para mim, pois s ento poderei
greatest adventure that ever was in the earldom of Nyniven, which fell contar a maior aventura que jamais houve no condado de Nniva, a
that same night to Roger Amidiew, the eldest son of Roger de Giac: qual sucedeu aquela noite mesma a Roger Amidieu, o filho primogni-
wherein it is shown truly and clearly that from a wretched father there to de Roger de Giac: onde se demonstra verdadeira e claramente que
may issue a blessed son, God willing. For there fell to this young man de desgraado pai pode vir filho abenoado, Deus querendo. Pois su-
a strange incidence by a marvellous sudden adventure, which God cedeu quele jovem uma estranha incidncia por meio de maravilhosa
sent him like a miracle, and by what means he did it I shall show you e inesperada aventura, que Deus lhe mandou em forma de milagre, e
at length. That same night Amidiew supped but a little and, as he went de que maneira o fez quero-vos mostrar passo a passo. Aquela mesma
to his lodging to sleep, he passed by a garden and heard a manner of noite Amidieu ceou s um pouquinho e, ao recolher-se para ir dormir,
sound as it had been of a beast groaning behind the shrubbery. The passou por um jardim e ali ouviu um som maneira como se de algum
moon shone clear and so he followed after the noise to know what animal gemendo atrs de uma moita de arbustos. A lua clareava tudo
noise it was, and found Thibert his brother sitting wailing amongst the e ele moveu-se em direo ao rudo para ver que rudo era aquele, e
shrubs. So he asked, Why, Thibert, what do you here? I do neither achou Thibert seu irmo sentado chorando entre os arbustos. A per-
good nor great ill, said Thibert. And then he began to wail again. A, guntou, Ora, Thibert, que fazes aqui? Nada de bom nem de muito
Tybert, said Roger, why wail you so? Let me [leaf 70] sit down and ruim, disse Thibert. E comeou a chorar de novo. Ah, Thibert, disse
wail with you, for surely I am as heavy as you are, or much more. So Roger, por que choras assim? Deixa-me [folha 70] sentar e chorar
Roger sat beside Thybert and covered him with his mantle for warmth, contigo, que certo que estou to triste como tu, ou muito mais. As-
and said, Speak to me and tell me what ails you. So Thybert began his sim Roger sentou ao lado de Thibert e cobriu-o com o manto para
complaint, A, Roger, our father is not worthy of such a shame, it shall aquec-lo e disse, Fala comigo e diz o que te aflige. E Thibert come-
be the destruction of him. And you know this matter was made and ou a queixar-se, Ah, Roger, nosso pai no digno de tal indignidade,
conveyed by envy. I wish I had an army of but a fifty men of arms, isso ser a destruio dele. E tu sabes que esse caso foi feito e condu-
there is no fellowship of knights christened that might do him wrong, zido por inveja. Queria ter comigo um bando de uns cinqenta ho-
but I would discomfit all the whole fellowship of them and so then mens de armas, a no h magote de cavaleiros batizados que lhe fa-
rescue him from this peril. But Roger said, Still you might not rescue riam mal, que eu havia de destroar todo esse magote de gente e
him; no man may but Criste Ihesu. Then he raised his brother by the salv-lo ento desse perigo. Mas Roger disse, Ainda assim no conse-
101
A prophetic dream, a dream sent for warning or instruction (MED). Cf.: 101
Sonho proftico, sonho contendo advertncia ou conselho (MED). Cf.:
c1425 (a1420) Lydg. TB (Aug A. 4) 5.3019: er-vppon in his avisioun He sawe c1425 (a1420) Lydg. TB (Aug A. 4) er-vppon in his avisioun He sawe a
a baner. baner.
102
Sic in the MS., for beak. 102
Sic no MS., em vez de beak [bico].
103
O autor se permitiu aqui mais uma vez uma licena potica em termos de
103
The author indulged here again in a narrative licence in terms of climate. It clima. Foi uma noite de inverno, no entanto no h nenhuma referncia a
is a winter night, yet there is no mention of snowing. Cf. note 38. neve. Cf. nota 38.
Capitulum xxxj
Capitulum xxxj
104
Esse instrumento de tortura, geralmente adaptado a uma estrutura de ma-
104
This instrument of torture, usually attached to a wooden framework like a deira em forma de cama, destinava-se a esticar os membros das vtimas at
bed, was used to stretch the limbs of victims till their joints were dislocated. lhes desarticular as juntas. No caso, foi usado apenas como mesa onde esten-
Here it was meant to be used as a bed for the victim to be laid on. der a vtima.
105
Genevive de Nievle, deceased in 1348 without progeny. 105
Genevive de Nievle, falecida em 1348 sem descendncia.
106
I will not do it, Jesus Christ forbid! The translator left this sentence 106
No o farei, Jesus Cristo me impea! O tradutor deixou de traduzir esta
untranslated, as well as a few others left in French throughout the MS. frase, bem como algumas outras ao longo do MS.
107
To cut off (a nation or a region) from the public ministrations of the Church Suspender (numa nao ou regio) o pblico desempenho das funes sa-
107
108
This construction means as naked as at birth (MED). Cf.: c1390 Talking 108
A construo significa nu como na hora do nascimento (MED). Cf.: c1390
LGod (Vrn) 44/29: ou weore honged al mooder naked, wi oute clo or clout, Talking LGod (Vrn) 44/29: ou weore honged al mooder naked, wi oute clo
be twene two eues; (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823) 190/20: He [Jesus] went or clout, be twene two eues; (a1438) MKempe A (Add 61823) 190/20: He
forth ful mekely a-forn hem al, modyr-nakyd as he was born, to a peler of ston [Jesus] went forth ful mekely a-forn hem al, modyr-nakyd as he was born, to
& spak no worde a-geyn hem. a peler of ston & spak no worde a-geyn hem.
109
The verb means trickle here. Cf. MED (and note variant): a1500 Octav. (1) 109
O verbo significa trickle [escorrer] aqui. Cf. MED (note-se a variante):
(Cmb Ff.2.38) 148/1178: The emperour was blythe of chere, The terys traylyd a1500 Octav. (1) (Cmb Ff.2.38) 148/1178: The emperour was blythe of chere,
[vr. trekelide] downe on hys lere. The terys traylyd [vr. trekelide] downe on hys lere.
110
This synonym for testicles was in use in Middle English. Cf. MED: c1450 110
Este sinnimo de testculos era de uso corrente em ingls mdio. Cf. MED:
Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251) 252/24: Let hyr ete e balockis of boris and sche c1450 Burg.Practica (Rwl D.251) 252/24: Let hyr ete e balockis of boris and
schall conceyue; also ballock-stones: a1450 * Trev. Barth. [OD col.] (BodeMus sche schall conceyue; tambm ballock-stones: a1450 * Trev. Barth. [OD col.]
16) v.xlviii: Oer membres ben grounde ... of e vertue of gendring, as e (BodeMus 16) v.xlviii: Oer membres ben grounde ... of e vertue of gen-
bollock stones at hatte testiculi in latine. dring, as e bollock stones at hatte testiculi in latine.
Capitulum xxxij
Capitulum xxxij
Tudo isto que aqui est escrito est escrito sem mentira, pois eu es-
A ll that is here written was written without lie, for I was there at tava l nessa ocasio e vi com meus olhos e ouvi com meus ouvidos,
this season and saw with my eyes and heard with my ears, and now I e agora escrevo tudo isto de meu prprio punho, porque vejo tudo e
write it all down with my own fist, because I see and hear everything ouo tudo de novo em minha memria, e embora vinte e cinco anos
again in my memory, and, although twenty-five years have passed111 se tenham passado111 e eu tenha visto outras maravilhas e coisas es-
and I have seen other wonders and marvels, my pen trembles and pantosas, a pena me treme e tremula na mo e a tinta mancha-me a
quakes in my hand and my ink blots on my pagine112 and tears fill up pgina112 e as lgrimas me enchem os olhos com amor e d daquele jo-
my eyes for love and pity of that young man and fair who had run to be vem to formoso que correu a ser martirizado em lugar do pai. Roger
martyred instead of his father. Rodger Amidiew! Of him we may well Amidieu! Dele bem podemos dizer as palavras que Santo Agostinho
speak the words that Saint Austeyn spoke of Jeshu Criste: O sweet disse de Jesus Cristo: doce criatura, que fizeste para seres assim
creature, what have you done thus to be nailed to the cross, what was pregado cruz, qual foi a causa e a ocasio de tua pena? Que fizeste
the cause and the occasion of your pain? What have you done to be para seres to maltratado assim, qual foi teu erro ou tua maldade? E
thus hard-handled, what was your fault or your misdeed? And further: estas mais adiante: Pecou o mau, padece o justo, o pecado que fez o
The wicked man has sinned, yet the righteous suffers, who pays for mau, paga-o o justo. filho de Deus, quanto foi grande teu amor e tua
the wicked mans sin. O Gods son, how great your love was and your [folha 73v] humildade! Ego superbivi, tu humiliaris; ego tumui, tu at-
[leaf 73b] humbleness! Ego superbivi, tu humiliaris; ego tumui, tu tenuaris; ego inobediens exstiti, tu obediens scelus inobedientiae luis; ego
attenuaris; ego inobediens exstiti, tu obediens scelus inobedientiae luis; delector cibo, tu laboras patibulo; ego fruor deliciis, tu laniaris clavis; ego
ego delector cibo, tu laboras patibulo; ego fruor deliciis, tu laniaris pomi dulcedinem, tu fellis gustas amaritudinem; mihi ridens congaudet
clavis; ego pomi dulcedinem, tu fellis gustas amaritudinem; mihi ridens Eva, tibi plorans compatitur Maria! As quais frases desse texto podem
congaudet Eva, tibi plorans compatitur Maria! Which sentences of this
111
From this sentence one may infer that the author is writing his chronicle in 111
Desta frase pode-se inferir que o autor est escrevendo sua crnica em
1372, since the episode of Amidieus martyrdom took place in 1347. 1372, j que o episdio do martrio de Amidieu teve lugar em 1347.
112
A page or a leaf of a book; also, column of a scroll (MED). 112
Pgina ou folha de um livro; tambm, coluna de manuscrito (MED).
113
To put into English: to paraphrase or translate (a foreign text or expression); 113
Pr em ingls: parafrasear ou traduzir (texto ou expresso em outra ln-
to express in English (MED). Cf.: a1450 (a1397) WBible (2) GProl. (Hrl 1666) gua); exprimir-se em ingls (MED). Cf.: a1450 (a1397) WBible (2) GProl. (Hrl
p.7: To Englisshe it aftir the word, wolde be derk and douteful ... Where this 1666) p.7: To Englisshe it aftir the word, wolde be derk and douteful ... Where
reesoun ... shulde be Englisshid thus bi the letter ... I Englishe it thus bi this reesoun ... shulde be Englisshid thus bi the letter ... I Englishe it thus bi
resolucioun. resolucioun.
114
Cf. MED: c1230 (?a1200) Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 102/14: e fifte hwelp hatte 114
Cf. exemplo em MED: c1230 (?a1200) Ancr. (Corp-C 402) 102/14: e fifte
inobedience, nawt ane e ne buhe oer grucchinde de, oer targe to hwelp hatte inobedience, nawt ane e ne buhe oer grucchinde de, oer
longe. targe to longe.
Capitulum xxxiij
Capitulum xxxiij
115
A strong, well built hound, particularly used for chasing boars and wolves. Raa de ces fortes, de corpo bem proporcionado, usados especialmente na
115
Cf. MED, alaunt. caa de porcos selvagens e lobos. Cf. MED, alaunt.
116
This one exception would be, of course, Roger Amidieu. 116
A exceo seria, decerto, Roger Amidieu.
117
Correction: xxxiiij. 117
Correo: xxxiiij.
118
This seems to indicate that the author wrote his chronicle at the request 118
Isto parece indicar que o autor tenha escrito sua crnica a pedido de algu-
of some prestigious party, but hardly the Earl Charles of Nalles: he had died ma pessoa de prestgio, que dificilmente teria sido o conde Charles de Nalles:
in 1371 and there are many passages in the chronicle in which his mutable alm de ter falecido em 1371, h muitas passagens na crnica em que sua
character is too frankly dealt with. oscilante personalidade tratada de modo muito franco.
119
No copy is known of this work. 119
No se conhece cpia desse texto.
Capitulum xxxv
Capitulum xxxv
120
Veja-se em MED este exemplo de emprego associado dos mesmos adje-
120
Cf. MED for an example of the same two adjectives as collocates: (c1443) tivos: (c1443) Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519): He inki vpon wori and digne
Pecock Rule (Mrg M 519): He inki vpon wori and digne trouis. trouis.
121
February 2. 121
2 de fevereiro.
122
Genoa; also Jenne, Jene, in the MS. 122
Gnova; outras formas no MS.: Jenne, Jene.
Barbary: the Saracen north coast of Africa (MED). As for Africa, MED has
123
Barbria: costa sarracena do norte da frica (MED). Quanto frica, MED
123
only one pertinent quotation, associating it to Libya: a1400 Cursor (Gt Theol registra s uma citao pertinente, associando-a Lbia: a1400 Cursor (Gt
107) 2110: Affrick at bifor time was cald libye. Theol 107) 2110: Affrick ... at bifor time was cald libye.
124
Corsica. 124
Crsega.
125
A slip from someone: Sir Henrys heart is meant here, not Sir Johns. 125
Algum se equivocou aqui: trata-se do corao de Sir Henry, no de Sir John.
126
xviis. viiid. is noted in margin of MS. If it is the price of copying up to this 126
margem do MS. est xviis. viiid. Se se refere ao preo da tarefa de copiar
point, it would be about the rate if 1d. a page. at este ponto, a taxa aproximada seria de um penny por pgina.
127
In Latin in the MS.: Here ends book two and begins book three. 127
Em latim no MS.: Termina o livro segundo e comea o terceiro.
Then there came the year of that pestilence and great mortality that
1
Ento chegou o ano 1
daquela pestilncia e grande mortandade que
God laid over us for the duress of the world and the great sins that
2
Deus deitou sobre ns por causa da dureza de corao2 do mundo
he found in the world, for there was such wickedness among men e dos grandes pecados que achou no mundo, pois reinava entre os
that the father loved not the son nor the son loved not the father, and homens tanto desamor que nem o pai amava o filho nem o filho o pai,
that was the cause why that God punished us for, because our sins e essa foi a causa de Deus nos castigar, por causa de nossos pecados
were so great at that time that well-nigh all was iniquity among us: and que eram to grandes que quase tudo era s iniqidade entre ns: e
truly I believe that that was the most universal death that ever man creio verdadeiramente que essa foi a morte mais universal que jamais
saw in a thousand years time. There was no place as was free from se viu no decorrer de mil anos. Lugar algum estava a salvo daque-
that sickness, which was called epidemy,3 for it spread over all the la doena, a que chamavam epidemia,3 pois se espalhou pelo mundo
world, so that people died by heaps everywhere, as well in Fraunce afora, e assim morria gente aos montes em todos os pases, tanto na
and Englande as in Hongry and Asia and Portyngale, so that of this Frana e Inglaterra como na Hungria e sia e Portugal, de tal modo
epidemy a third part of the world perished. [leaf 77] In the countries que dessa epidemia a tera parte do mundo pereceu. [folha 77] Nos
of Nynive and Wick this great sickness began to run in the sweet pases de Nniva e Visgo a grande enfermidade comeou a grassar em
season of May, when people rejoice that summer is come with his maio, na doce estao em que todos se rejubilam porque chegou o
bright leaves and fresh flowers, for winter with his rough winds and vero com suas folhas verdes e suas viosas flores, pois o inverno com
blasts causes lusty people, without they be sick, to cover themselves seus ventos furiosos e seus turbilhes obriga as pessoas, sem estarem
1
1348. 1
1348.
2
From Old French durece, with the fig. meaning of hard-heartedness (MED). 2
Do francs antigo durece, com o sentido figurado de dureza de corao
Cf.: a1500? Ros Belle Dame (Cmb Ff. 1.6) 703: Ye, at bere an hert of syche (MED). Cf.: a1500? Ros Belle Dame (Cmb Ff. 1.6) 703: Ye, at bere an hert of
dures. syche dures.
3
Epidemic disease. Cf. MED: (1472) Paston 5.157: Many off the sowders 3
Doena epidmica. Cf. MED: (1472) Paston 5.157: Many off the sowders
been dede off the fflyxe, and other ipedemye. been dede off the fflyxe, and other ipedemye.
4
The word means lamentation. MED records it as deriving from the Old 4
A palavra significa lamentation. MED, que a registra como derivada do verbo
French verb gaimenter (as does Stratmann from gvaimenter) and suggests an francs arcaico gaimenter (como Stratmann de gvaimenter), sugere analogia
analogy with lamentation. Several quotations in MED, v. g.: c1450(1438) GLeg. com lamentation. Vrias citaes em MED, v. g.: c1450(1438) GLeg.St.Nich.
St.Nich. (Eg 876) 62/18: Whanne the fader herde of his sone, he made gret (Eg 876) 62/18: Whanne the fader herde of his sone, he made gret wamenta-
wamentacion and pitous sorrow (MED). cion and pitous sorrow.
5
Despite all that you (she, he, etc.) can or could do (MED). Cf.: (a1387) Trev. 5
Apesar de tudo que tu (ela, ele, etc.) possas ou pudeste fazer (MED). Cf.:
Higd. (St.J-C H.1) 8.153: He was compelled wi fuyre and wi smoke to come (a1387) Trev. Higd. (St.J-C H.1) 8.153: He was compelled wi fuyre and wi
out maugre his tee [L nolens]. smoke to come out maugre his tee [L nolens].
6
From Old French assoiler, -ir, assolir, -ier; to absolve (sb.) of sin by divine or 6
Do francs antigo assoiler, -ir, assolir, -ier; absolver (algum) de pecado por
sacerdotal authority (MED). autoridade divina ou sacerdotal (MED).
From that day forward this fearful pestilence and marvellous Daquele dia em diante essa terrvel pestilncia e espantosa mortali-
mortality reigned in Malemort so fiercely that people died suddenly, dade reinou em Malemort to ferozmente que as pessoas morriam de
speaking either to other; there died more than two hundred between repente, falando umas com as outras; mais de duzentas morreram en-
June and August. The air was so envenomed and corrupted that they tre junho e agosto. O ar se tornara to infecto e corrupto que todos
were all in great danger and peril of death and said one to another andavam em grande risco e perigo de morte e diziam-se entre si que
that the world was nigh at an end. And when people within a house o mundo estava perto do fim. E, se morriam dessa morte as pessoas
had died of this death, Sir Roger ordained that in no manner of wise de uma casa, Sir Roger ordenou que de modo nem maneira alguma
no man to take anything that they found in that house, nor to bring no se tirar nada que se achasse naquela casa nem se levar nada dali
anything thereof into their own homes, but everything to be burnt, para outras casas, mas queimar-se tudo, com o intuito de no passar a
with the intent that it should bring no infection into other places: so infeco a outros lugares: mantimentos e tudo mais eram convertidos
provision and everything was converted into flames of fire; howbeit, em chamas de fogo; contudo, creio que quem achasse ouro ou prata
I think such as found gold or silver in money or plate burnt it not, but em forma de dinheiro ou de utenslios no os deixava l para queimar,
saved it as well they might. I tell you further of Sir Roger that at that mas salvava-os para si se lhe fosse possvel. E mais vos digo de Sir
season he made to be announced in all the churches and chapels in Roger que nessa ocasio fez anunciar a todas as igrejas e capelas de
his lands that they should ring their bells at all times so as to drive suas terras que tocassem os sinos a toda hora a fim de enxotar a doen-
the sickness away, and that continual processions [leaf 78] should a, e que se fizessem procisses contnuas [folha 78] em torno dos
be made about the walls with crosses and banners and with torches muros com cruzes e pendes, e com tochas acesas, e ele prprio l ia
burning, and himself would go barefoot before the procession, de ps descalos frente da procisso, rogando ao criador de todas as
praying the creator of all creatures to keep and preserve him from criaturas que o guardasse a salvo das mos e do perigo daquela pesti-
the hands and danger of that pestilence, and his household also lncia, a ele e a todas as pessoas de sua casa tambm de igual modo.
likewise. Yet moreover he made many masses to be sung daily at his Alm disso tudo, muitas missas mandava rezar diariamente em sua
chapel, which he heard out with this well-known devotion that fear capela, e ouvia-as todas com essa bem conhecida devoo gerada pelo
often breeds; then he inclined himself to prayer and would say with medo; a se inclinava em prece e dizia com voz mansa e humilde, Pai
meek humble voice, Father of heaven, I pray you, who in your benign do cu, que por tua benigna graa me livraste de to grande tormento
grace delivered me of such great torment at my lords house, consent em casa de meu senhor, eu te suplico, no consintas que morra de
not that I should die of such strange death as this is. In likewise morte to estranha como esta. Da mesma forma fazia oraes a Jesus
would he make his prayers to Jesu Crist and Saint Mary and to all the Cristo e a Santa Maria e a todos os santos de que conhecia os nomes;
saints he knew the names of; and every day he confessed his sins e todo dia confessava seus pecados diariamente e recebia a comunho,
daily and was houseled, and tears fell down from his eyes as he e lgrimas lhe caam dos olhos ao receber o santo sacramento. Algum
received the holy sacrament. Afterward forth, when he heard that tempo adiante, quando soube que msica e alegria ajudavam a esca-
melody and mirth was a good counsel to escape the sickness, then par da doena, a comeou a rezar menos e a cantar mais. Sentava-se
he began to pray the less and sing the more. Oftentimes he sat at a mesa com frei Hugh de Diex e mais alguns, e o copeiro lhes trazia os
table with friar Hugh de Diex and certain his fellows, and the butler copos cheios de vinho. Depois que bebiam todo o vinho que havia nos
7
Again an English poem as a substitute for the original French one. Cf. item 7
De novo um poema ingls substituindo o original em francs. Cf. item 903
903 in The Index of Middle English Verse, op. cit. The source given there is MS. em The Index of Middle English Verse, op. cit. A fonte indicada ali o MS. 354,
354, Balliol College, Oxford, f. 223b. Balliol College, Oxford, f. 223b.
8
This spelling for Noah was found nowhere in MED, where most of the 8
Esta grafia do nome No no foi encontrada em MED, onde a maioria das
quotations have Noe, with Noy or Noi here and there. citaes contm Noe, com ocasionais Noy ou Noi.
9
No h no MS. muitas ocorrncias do verbo to do como auxiliar, como esta.
9
There are not many occurrences in the MS. of to do as an auxiliary verb, A maioria dos exemplos em MED tem funo auxiliar meramente enftica.
as here. Most examples in MED show a merely emphatic auxiliary function. Cf.: (?c1375-a1390) Chaucer C.T. Mk. (Manly-Rickert) B.3622: Fader, why do
Cf.: (?c1375-a1390) Chaucer C.T. Mk. (Manly-Rickert) B.3622: Fader, why do ye wepe?; c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alex. (Ashm 44) 3571: Did no3t ser Dary to
ye wepe?; c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alex. (Ashm 44) 3571: Did no3t ser Dary to vs write his pistill with pride?; ?a1475 Ludus C. (Vsp D.8) 183/147: Who was
vs write his pistill with pride?; ?a1475 Ludus C. (Vsp D.8) 183/147: Who was 3owre mayster? Who dede 3ow teche?
3owre mayster? Who dede 3ow teche? 10
Testculos (MED). O nico exemplo correspondente registrado em MED
10
Testicles (MED). The only corresponding example in MED is extraordinarily assemelha-se de modo extraordinrio a este do MS.: Cf.: (a1470) Malory Wks.
similar to the one in the MS.: (a1470) Malory Wks. (Win-C) 643/24: For I had (Win-C) 643/24: For I had levir kut away my hangers than I wolde do her ony
levir kut away my hangers than I wolde do her ony suche pleasure! suche pleasure!
11
Another example of this redundancy in MED: c1450 Alph. Tales (Add 25719) 11
Outro exemplo dessa redundncia se pode ver em MED: c1450 Alph. Tales
394/16: He was wele welcomd. (Add 25719) 394/16: He was wele welcomd.
12
MED registra narracioun e o adjetivo narratif, mas nem narrator nem o
12
MED records narracioun and the adjective narratif, but neither narrator nor verbo narrate; mas ambos eram de uso corrente no francs mdio, cf. DMF:
the verb narrate; but both were currently used in Middle French, cf. DMF: Mon angle bon qui fut a son construire Dict que ce fut le haultain plasmateur;
Mon angle bon qui fut a son construire Dict que ce fut le haultain plasmateur; Il me sceut bien reciter et deduire Qui le cassa et qui le fist destruire Et qui
Il me sceut bien reciter et deduire Qui le cassa et qui le fist destruire Et qui en en fut certain reparateur; Dont aprs luy je seray narrateur Et, se je faulx a
fut certain reparateur; Dont aprs luy je seray narrateur Et, se je faulx a lire lire ma legende, Qui mieux le scet me pardonne et amende (Molinet, Faictz
ma legende, Qui mieux le scet me pardonne et amende (Molinet, Faictz Dictz Dictz D., 1467-1506, 672). [N. Dupire, Molinet, 1932, 265]; e Entre les politi-
D., 1467-1506, 672). [N. Dupire, Molinet, 1932, 265]; and Entre les politiques ques ordenances institutes par cellui sage roy Charles, affin que oubliance
ordenances institutes par cellui sage roy Charles, affin que oubliance ne ne mempesche narrer en ceste partie ce qui est digne de memoire et sin-
mempesche narrer en ceste partie ce qui est digne de memoire et singuliere guliere louenge, Dieux ! Quel triomphe ! Quelle paiz ! (Chr. Piz., Faits meurs
louenge, Dieux ! Quel triomphe ! Quelle paiz ! (Chr. Piz., Faits meurs Ch. V, Ch. V, S. I, 1404, 53) O tradutor aqui deixou narrateur como estava e traduziu
S. I, 1404, 53) The translator here left narrateur as he found it and translated narrer por tellen [contar], que era a soluo habitual; cf. MED: (a1387) Trev.
tellen for narrer, the usual solution; cf. MED: (a1387) Trev. Higd. (StJ-C H.1) Higd. (StJ-C H.1) 4.243: Hit is also i-tolde and i-seide [L Narratur] ere at oon
4.243: Hit is also i-tolde and i-seide [L Narratur] ere at oon Marcellus of Marcellus of Naples my3t nou3t kepe flesche longe wi oute apeyringe.
Naples my3t nou3t kepe flesche longe wi oute apeyringe. 13
Cf. em MED o verbete do verbo misturnen: desvirtuar o emprego de alguma
13
Cf. MED entry for misturnen (v.): to turn (sth.) to a wrong use; pervert or coisa; corromper ou desencaminhar (pensamentos, vontade, corao, vida,
misdirect (someones thoughts, the will, the heart, ones life, etc.). etc.).
14
Correction: seminal. Two occurrences of this obvious copyist error are to 14
Correo: seminal. Podem-se achar nas citaes de MED duas ocorrncias
be found in MED quotations, one of which is this: (a1398) * Trev. Barth. (Add desse evidente erro de copista, sendo esta uma delas: (a1398) * Trev. Barth.
27944) 246a/a: Rue y 3iue [?read: ys 3iue; L datur] a3eins e femynal [read: (Add 27944) 246a/a: Rue y 3iue [?read: ys 3iue; L datur] a3eins e femynal
semynal] flux [L Contra profluuium genitale] and a3eins e seruice of venus [read: semynal] flux [L Contra profluuium genitale] and a3eins e seruice of
and to hem at meteth of leccherye. venus and to hem at meteth of leccherye.
15
Servitude, bondage, slavery (MED). Cf.: c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376) 15
Servido, cativeiro, escravido (MED). Cf.: c1350 MPPsalter (Add 17376)
67.34: Echiepeiens shul fallen in seruage vnder e Egipciens for her synne. 67.34: Echiepeiens shul fallen in seruage vnder e Egipciens for her synne.
Capitulum tercium
Capitulum tercium
16
Recovery, including of things or time lost (MED). From Old French 16
Recuperao, incluindo de coisas ou tempo perdidos (MED). Do francs
recovrance, recouvrance. antigo recovrance, recouvrance.
17
The French source had certainly grande mort, as the plague was called by 17
Na fonte certamente estava grande mort, termo aplicado peste pelos con-
contemporaries. Cf. MED: ?c1425 * Chauliac (2) Paris (angl.25) 47a/b: at temporneos. Cf. MED: ?c1425 * Chauliac (2) Paris (angl.25) 47a/b: at grete
grete dethe ... whiche appered to vs in Avyoun in e 3ere of oure loord 1348, dethe whiche appered to vs in Avyoun in e 3ere of oure loord 1348, and in
and in e sexte 3ere of e popedome of sire Clemente e sexte, In whose e sexte 3ere of e popedome of sire Clemente e sexte, In whose seruice I
seruice I was. The term was also used for epidemics in general, as in this was. Aplicava-se tambm o termo a epidemias em geral, como nesta refern-
reference in MED to a later outbreak (15th century): (1471) Paston 1.440: I cia em MED a um surto posterior (sculo XV): (1471) Paston 1.440: I feer at
feer at ther is grete deth in Norwyche and in other borowghe townese in ther is grete deth in Norwyche and in other borowghe townese in Norffolk.
Norffolk. The expression Black Death, probably of a later coinage, was not A expresso Black Death [Peste Negra], provavelmente de uso posterior, no
found in MED. foi localizada em MED.
18
Although delightable probably was an advanced form of delectable, this 18
Embora delightable provavelmente fosse uma forma evoluda de delect-
one remained in the English lexicon, whereas the other was superseded by able, esta permaneceu no lxico ingls, enquanto a outra foi suplantada por
delightful and delightsome. delightful e delightsome.
19
The consecration of the bread and wine in the service of the Mass (MED). 19
Consagrao do po e do vinho durante o ritual da missa (MED).
Capitulum iiij
Capitulum iiij
20
A hundred pounds. 20
Cem libras.
21
Corrupt forms of absolvo te (solste) and benedico te (benste), Latin for I 21
Corruptelas de absolvo te (solste) e benedico te (benste), absolvo-te e abeno-
absolve you and I bless you. te em latim.
22
Hatch reproduced here the exact verbal syntax of the French verb dfender, 22
Hatch reproduziu aqui a exata sintaxe verbal do verbo francs dfender, que,
which, then as now, requires the subordinate clause to be in the negative. ento e agora, exige uma clusula subordinada negativa. H outras ocorrn-
There are other similar occurrences in the MS. cias anlogas no MS.
23
To deflower (a maiden), from Old French despuceler, same sense (MED), 23
Deflorar (uma virgem), do francs antigo despuceler, mesmo sentido (MED),
from pucele, maiden. As here, the three quotations listed in MED have both de pucele, virgem. Como aqui, as trs citaes constantes em MED trazem as-
verbs as collocates; cf.: a1475 (a1456) Shirley Death Jas. (Add 5467) 5: He sociados ambos os verbos; cf.: a1475 (a1456) Shirley Death Jas. (Add 5467) 5:
wexe full of viciousness yn his lyvyng, as yn dispusellyng and defowlyng of He wexe full of viciousness yn his lyvyng, as yn dispusellyng and defowlyng
yong madyns, and yn brekyng the ordire of weddelok. of yong madyns, and yn brekyng the ordire of weddelok.
24
The word is defined in MED as weighty, forcible, as referring specifically to 24
MED define o adjetivo como pesado, forte, mas em referncia especfica a
blows. Cf.: a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11) 119: Thei smote on his helme golpes. Cf.: a1500(?c1450) Merlin (Cmb Ff.3.11) 119: Thei smote on his helme
grete strokes and pesaunt, so that thei made hym moche more astonyed; and grete strokes and pesaunt, so that thei made hym moche more astonyed; e
ibidem, 628: Thei caught the swerdes in bothe hondes, and smyte pesaunt ibidem, 628: Thei caught the swerdes in bothe hondes, and smyte pesaunt strokes
strokes [F grans cops & pesans] at discouert, so that thei to slitte helmes. Yet it [F grans cops & pesans] at discouert, so that thei to slitte helmes. Mas a refern-
refers to a head-ache in this quotation: And soone after, as he was a lytyll warme, cia nesta citao a uma dor de cabea: And soone after, as he was a lytyll war-
he fylle into a slepe, for his hede was ryght pesaunt and heuy, And he awoke me, he fylle into a slepe, for his hede was ryght pesaunt and heuy, And he awoke
not tyll the morowe was come. (Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, 189). not tyll the morowe was come. (Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry, 189).
A fter Anne Lablonde had died as I told you, Thierris Rogiers her son Depois que morreu Anne Lablonde assim como vos contei, Thierry
fled out of Malemore into the wilderness, thinking thus to eschew the Roger seu filho fugiu de Malemort para o ermo, pensando assim es-
pestilence and save himself. So he came into the deep of the forest of quivar-se da pestilncia e salvar-se. Ento penetrou fundo na floresta
25
The French source probably had chariteux, hence Hatchs solution instead Na fonte provavelmente estava chariteux, da a soluo adotada por Hatch
25
26
DMF has a great number of variants of this proverb, v.g.: Tant va le buyre a 26
DMF consigna grande nmero de variantes desse provrbio, v.g.: Tant va le
leaue quelle brise. (Molinet, Faictz, Dictz, D., 1467-1506, 414). buyre a leaue quelle brise. (Molinet, Faictz, Dictz, D., 1467-1506, 414).
27
MED records forms flater and flatour and, just once, and as a variant, 27
MED registra as formas flater e flatour e, apenas uma vez, e como variante,
flaterere. Cf.: c1400 (c1378) PPl. B (LdMisc 581) 2.165: Fals sat on a sisoure ... flaterere. Cf.: c1400 (c1378) PPl. B (LdMisc 581) 2.165: Fals sat on a sisoure ...
And fauel on a flatere [vr. flaterere]. And fauel on a flatere [vr. flaterere].
28
Outro exemplo desta construo em MED: c1460(a1449) Lydg. MRose (Hrl
28
Another example of this construction in MED: c1460(a1449) Lydg. MRose 2255) 102: Ten thousand knyhtes, born of hih parage, Ther martirdam rad in
(Hrl 2255) 102: Ten thousand knyhtes, born of hih parage, Ther martirdam metre and proose.
rad in metre and proose. 29
Segredo um dos significados da palavra counsel em MED. Cf.: (a1460)
29
Secret is one of the senses of the word counsel in MED. Cf.: (a1460) DSPhilos. DSPhilos. (Helm) 239/14: Yf any man telle him his counsell, he wole soone
(Helm) 239/14: Yf any man telle him his counsell, he wole soone descouer it. descouer it.
30
In French in the MS.: Always at your command. 30
Em francs no MS.: Sempre s vossas ordens.
31
Verb not found in MED. 31
Verbo no encontrado em MED.
32
From Old French fureur, widely used in Middle English, v. g.: (a1475) 32
Do francs antigo fureur, de largo uso no ingls mdio, v. g.: (a1475) For-
Fortescue Dial. UF (Vit E. 10) 483: The dyvyne furour turned uppon his son tescue Dial. UF (Vit E. 10) 483: The dyvyne furour turned uppon his son
Roboam, and toke away the tenth part of his lordeship. (MED.) Roboam, and toke away the tenth part of his lordeship. (MED.)
Capitulum vj
Capitulum vj
In the month of September the earl of Nynyven sent Sir Roger word
33
Giac com recado de que o bastardo Quaresma retornara a Nom so
in a letter, that the bastard of Lent had returned into Nom safe and e salvo e tinha grande desejo de ir visitar a noiva em Malemort e
sound and had great desire to go visit and see his bride at Malemort datar o casamento, pois j parecia estar perto o fim da grande morta-
and to set their marriage, for it seemed that the end drew near of the lidade. E na carta o conde punha trs datas em que sugeria que se
great mortality. So in his letter the earl put three terms in which he fizessem as bodas, a saber, na festa de Santa Catarina ou no dia de
reckoned that the wedding might be done, namely, either on the feast So Toms Apstolo ou no mais tardar no dia de Santo Hilrio,34 e
of Saint Katheryns or of Saint Thomas apostles, or else on Saint pedia a Sir Roger uma resposta o mais prontamente que pudesse.
Hylarys day34 at the farthest, and required of Sir Roger an answer as Mais uma vez Sir Roger requereu conselho, do que deveriam fazer,
33
1349. 33
De 1349.
34
Respectively, November 25, December 21, and January 13. 34
Respectivamente, 25 de novembro, 21 de dezembro, 13 de janeiro.
37
Katherines son was probably born on March 12, St. Gregorys day. 37
O filho de Katherine ter nascido em 12 de maro, dia de So Gregrio.
38
To tread upon (sb.), trample over; overcome, vanquish (MED). The meaning 38
Pisar sobre (algum), atropelar; sobrepujar, vencer (MED). O sentido aqui
here seems to be to yield too much to others. parece ser ceder demais aos outros.
Thus passed forth the winter and the Lent season till Easter. Soon A ssim passou o inverno e a estao da Quaresma at Pscoa. Logo
after Easter, in the month of April of the new year, the bastard of Lent
39
depois da Pscoa, no ms de abril do ano novo,39 o bastardo Quares-
sent a messenger toward Roger Besedeable at Malemort and, shortly ma mandou mensageiro a Roger Besedeable e, para sermos breves, o
to speak, the messenger came and delivered his letter to Sir Roger, mensageiro veio e entregou a carta a Sir Roger, que a abriu e mandou
who had it opened and read, by the tenor of which he understood ler, pelo teor da qual entendeu que o bastardo queria vir a Malemort,
that the bastard had in mind to ride to Malemort, for he considered pois considerou que, como estava prestes a unir-se em casamento
in himself that, as he was about to be married into Malemort, that casa de Malemort, devia ir at l para ver aquela que seria sua espo-
he should go there for to see her that should be his wife and for to sa e fazerem os votos de noivado,40 e a com esse propsito partiu
be assured and fianceed together,40 so for that purpose he rode to para Malemort, acompanhado to-somente de um seu escudeiro. Sir
Malemort, accompanied all only but with a squire of his. Sir Roger Roger recebeu-o da melhor maneira que pde e proveu a filha muito
welcomed him as best he could and provided greatly for his daughter, bem, pois deu-lhe como dote a soma de cinco mil libras em dinheiro
for she was assigned for her dowry the sum of five thousand pounds corrente na Frana, a ser paga em florins, a ser paga em cinco anos:
money current in Fraunce, to be paid in florins, to be paid in five years: mil florins por ano at ser toda paga. No mesmo dia o bastardo foi
one thousand florins every year till it were all paid. That same day the posto em companhia de Katherine num jardim pequeno e formoso,
bastard was set in Katherynes company in a fair little garden, closed todo fechado em redor com altos muros, para travarem conhecimento
about with high walls, so that they should acquaint themselves each um com o outro, pois nunca tinham tido nenhuma conversa juntos
with other, for they had never had no manner of acquaintance together antes. A primeira coisa que o bastardo lhe disse foi, Pedi, senhora,
before that time. The first thing the bastard said to her was, I asked, para ver-te e falar contigo pois suponho que preciso estarmos juntos
madam, that I might see and speak with you for I suppose that, till we para aprendermos a nos amar perfeitamente. Dessa palavra Katheri-
have been much together, we shall not love perfectly. Of this word ne teve grande espanto e desdm, e respondeu bruscamente, Tanto
Katheryn had great marvel and disdain, and so she answered sharply, quanto sei, senhor, no h nenhum ponto nem artigo de amor no tra-
Sir, as far as I know, there is no point nor article of love in the treaty tado deste casamento a ser feito entre ti e mim, nem quero que haja.
of this marriage to be had between you and me, nor will I have none. O bastardo sempre pensara que todas as mulheres de boa linhagem
The bastard had ever thought all ladies come of good lineage ought to fossem mansas, bem-educadas, de estrita dignidade e conduta e de
be meek, well-taught, firm in state, behaving, and manners, soft and bons costumes, leves e dceis nas palavras e, nas respostas, corteses
easy in speech, and in answer courteous and gentle, but Katheryne e gentis, mas Katherine era bem o contrrio: era rspida, altiva e de
39
1350. Our chronicler began his new years on Easter, according to the 39
1350. Nosso cronista comea o ano no domingo de Pscoa, conforme era
medieval usage in certain places of Europe. costume em certos lugares da Europa na Idade Mdia.
40
The verb fiauncen, no longer in use in modern English, derives from the 40
O verbo fiauncen, em desuso no ingls moderno, deriva do francs fiancer
French fiancer and means to promise someone in marriage or (as here) to e significa prometer algum em casamento ou (como o caso aqui) assumir
exchange vows of betrothal; in other words, to get or become engaged. Cf. compromisso de casamento; em outras palavras, noivar. Cf. MED: ?c1450 Knt.
MED: ?c1450 Knt.Tour-L. (Hrl 1764) 99/23: He wold graunte and fyaunce her Tour-L. (Hrl 1764) 99/23: He wold graunte and fyaunce her to a man whiche
to a man whiche was a paynym. was a paynym.
A t the entering in of the jolly fresh month of May, Katheryne was entrada do alegre e vioso ms de maio Katherine foi trazida a uma
brought to a little chapel not far from Nom, on the highway between pequena capela no muito longe de Nom, na estrada entre Nom e Ver-
Nom and Vergy, dedicate of Saint Ion Baptyst, there to be married to gy, dedicada a So Joo Batista, para ali casar com o bastardo Quares-
the bastard of Lent. The marriage was at the porch of the chapels ma. O casamento foi no alpendre da porta da capela, e foi feito muito
door, and too simply made, and before the presence of but a handful of simplesmente, e diante da presena de s alguns poucos cavaleiros e
knights and ladies, for the great sickness was not well ceased in the senhoras, pois a grande peste ainda no cessara de todo no pas. Quan-
country. As for Thibert her brother, he was not there, he had been to a Thibert, irmo dela, no estava l, fora mandado para a Prssia
sent into Pruce with Gyles Ryston, who was a knight in the retinue of com Giles Ryston, que era cavaleiro da casa do duque de Visgo. A
the duke of Vyke. The history says that the bastard of Lent as he came histria diz que o bastardo Quaresma, quando chegou capela, veio
to the chapel he was riding a horse arrayed with a bridle of gold and a montando um cavalo arreado com freio de ouro e sela vistosa e estava
gay saddle and was so joyful that more he might not be. As for Katerin, to feliz que mais no podia estar. Quanto a Katherine, eu a vi ao des-
I saw her as she descended off the horse-litter, and she seemed a cer da liteira, e em tudo parecia filha de rei. Era um dia claro e formo-
kings daughter in everything. The season was fair, and clear, and so, e bem ameno, e os raios de sol brilhavam no cabelo dela, e vendo-a
right temperate, and the sunbeams shone upon her hair, and seeing ali parecia-nos ver dois sis, um brilhando sobre ela e outro brilhando
her then we thought that there were ij suns, one that shone on her and dela para fora, e tivemos tanto prazer em [folha 90v] v-la que alguns
another that shone off her, and we had so great pleasure of [leaf 90b] de ns disseram, Noiva to cheia de luz nunca se viu sob o sol: pois
her sight that some of us said, Such another bright bride none has esquecamos que nem tudo que reluz ouro. O abade de Newechas-
never seen under sun: for we forgot that all is not gold that outward teaux fez o casamento entre Katherine e o bastardo, e lembro-me es-
shows bright. The vicar of Newechasteaux made the wedding between pecialmente das palavras que disse a Katherine nessa ocasio, dizen-
Katheryne and the bastard, and I remember specially the words he do, Hoje em dia muito se escreve e muito se diz das mulheres nobres
said to Katerine at this season, saying, There has been much writing que, depois de casadas, que elas podem e devem, alm do marido,
and speaking nowadays of noble ladies, that, when they are wedded, amar de amores outro homem de grande valor, para se manterem
that they may and must love per amours another man of great valour, mais garridas e alegres e para melhor aprenderem a se comportar
for to hold themselves the more gay and joyful and for the better to entre gente honrada. Admito e concordo que a tais homens as mulhe-
know how to behave among honourable folk. I will grant and accord res nobres devem servir e honrar, mas quanto a dizer e sustentar que
that such men must be served and honoured by noble ladies, but to uma mulher casada, alm do marido, deva amar um desses homens,
say and hold it good that a wedded woman should love other man declaro e tenho por certo que nenhuma mulher casada pode pr sua
beside her husband, I think and believe certainly that no lady wedded honra nessa balana, por muitas razes que quero declarar aqui. Das
may not put her honour in this balance, for many reasons, which I quais a primeira razo que nenhuma mulher enamorada nunca far
shall declare to you. Whereof the first is, that no woman in love will suas preces nem ouvir o ofcio divino com devoo, pois do amor
never be so devout in her prayers, nor to hear the service of God, for brotam e surgem muitos devaneios e muita melancolia, e muitas mu-
out of love spring and come too many idle thoughts and melancholy; lheres ficam to inflamadas de amor que, se ouvem tocar o ltimo re-
and many a woman are so inflamed of love that, if they hear ring the pique para a missa e sabem que o amante vem v-las, de bom grado
41
Solemnacion in the MS. MED records the forms solempnisacioun, 41
Solemnacion no MS. MED registra as formas solempnisacioun, solempniza-
solempnizacion, solemnizacioun, and solennizacion. cion, solemnizacioun, e solennizacion.
42
A frequent occurrence in old translations from French into English was 42
comum a confuso entre time [tempo cronolgico] e weather [tempo me-
mistranslating time for weather, the French word temps carrying both senses. teorolgico] em velhas tradues do francs para o ingls, j que temps, em
Cf. Melusine, pt. I, ed. by A. K. Donald, p. 9-10 (folio 4b): [it] was in the season francs, significa uma coisa e outra. Cf. Melusine, pt. I, ed. by A. K. Donald, p.
that the tyme is swete &gracyous, & the place within the forest was moche 9-10 (folio 4b): [it] was in the season that the tyme is swete &gracyous, & the
delectable. Also Berners, Froissart, III, p. 405: and also the lordes were wery place within the forest was moche delectable. Tambm Berners, Froissart, III,
and sore traveyled with so long lyeng in the feldes in that colde tyme and p. 405: and also the lordes were wery and sore traveyled with so long lyeng in
rayny. the feldes in that colde tyme and rayny.
43
Doctrinen is recorded in MED, but not endoctrinen, of which three 43
Doctrinen est registrado em MED, mas no endoctrinen, de que se po-
occurrences can be found in Melusine. Cf.: alwayes Melusyne thoughte to dem achar trs ocorrncias em Melusine. Cf.: alwayes Melusyne thoughte to
purueye to thestate of her children, ... and ordeyned and purueyed of men to purueye to thestate of her children, ... and ordeyned and purueyed of men to
goo with them, and in especial wyse, and noble men to endoctrine them, & goo with them, and in especial wyse, and noble men to endoctrine them, &
shew to tham the way of good gouernaunce. (A Chronicle of Melusine in olde shew to tham the way of good gouernaunce. (A Chronicle of Melusine in olde
Englishe, Part I, 186.) Englishe, Part I, 186.)
44
Obviously an interpolation by the English translator. 44
Obviamente uma interpolao do tradutor ingls.
45
Latin for Year of our Lord 1350. 45
Isto , ano do nascimento de Nosso Senhor 1350.
Capitulum ix
Capitulum ix
This same year God put to termination and end that marvellous
pestilence that had endured full two years and that had caused the Nesse mesmo ano Deus ps terminao e fim quela espantosa pes-
world to be in pestilence in every realm, which pestilence had not tilncia que durara dois anos inteiros e que fora causa de haver pesti-
been seen since the world [leaf 92] began, nor shall be in time to lncia em todos os reinos do mundo, a qual pestilncia no fora vista
come, with Gods grace. And at the ending of the time of summer desde que o mundo [folha 92] comeou nem o ser em tempos vin-
Roger Besedeable departed and went out of Malemore for to go into douros, com a graa de Deus. E no final da estao do vero Roger
Nom to his lord, and took Gyles his son with him; as for Thibert, he Besedeable partiu e saiu de Malemort para ir a Nom ver seu senhor, e
was as then in Pruce, and Thierry, he being a riotous young man and levou consigo seu filho Giles; quanto a Thibert, estava ento na Prs-
not of substance, Sir Roger was ashamed of him and for shame would sia, e Thierry, sendo moo desvairado e sem substncia, Sir Roger ti-
keep him home, saying he was not fit to haunt no courts nor palaces nha vergonha dele e por vergonha deixava-o sempre em casa, dizendo
but rather stables and brothels: this Thierry had eyes coloured like que no nascera para freqentar cortes nem palcios, mas sim estbu-
red wine, which was a token that he was disposed to madness, for he los e bordis: esse Thierry tinha olhos da cor do vinho tinto, que era
was like a wild beast that may not be daunted. Now at that season the sinal de sua disposio para a loucura, pois se assemelhava a uma fera
earl of Nynyven kept greater state than ever he did, nor there had que no se deixa domar. Mas naquela ocasio o conde de Nniva man-
not been no earl before in Nymphen that spent so much yearly by a tinha maior pompa do que nunca, nem houvera antes nenhum conde
hundred thousand nobles as he did: for his father that was dead had de Nniva que gastasse anualmente mais de cem mil nobres como ele:
left treasure enough behind him when he died. The new earl loved pois seu falecido pai deixara bastante tesouro em casa ao morrer. O
nothing but sport and idleness, and to be always in the company of novo conde s gostava de cio e divertimento e de estar sempre na
young men of small reputation. He loved most specially a squire of companhia de moos de parca reputao. Teve muito especial amor
Haynalt of no great recommendation, born in the town of Mons, he por um escudeiro de Hainault sem grandes recomendaes, nascido
46
MED records one single example of the word, which derives from Old 46
MED registra um nico exemplo da palavra, que deriva do francs antigo en-
French encoronement: c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arth. (1) (Thrn) 4197: Itt [the coronement: c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arth. (1) (Thrn) 4197: Itt [the sword] was
sword] was my derlynge daynteuous and full dere holden, Kepede fore my derlynge daynteuous and full dere holden, Kepede fore encorownmentes
encorownmentes of kynges enoynttede. of kynges enoynttede.
47
Latin for vice against Nature. 47
Em latim no MS.: vcio contra a natureza.
48
In Latin in the MS.: Here ends the third book. 48
Em latim no MS.: Termina o livro terceiro.
Now we shall leave speaking any more at this time of this matter and Por ora no falemos mais desse assunto neste momento e voltemos a
return to speak of Katheryne de Malemore and of her husband, Roger of falar de Katherine de Malemort e de seu marido, Roger de Vicoigne.
Vycoigne. They were lodged as then in a fair house right over against the Moravam ento numa bela casa ali bem em frente aos portes do palcio,
palace gate, and I wish I might say that Katherine was a good wife, and e quem me dera poder dizer que Katherine era boa esposa, cordata e co-
well-advised, and of noble temperance, who honoured her husband and medida, que tratava o marido com respeito e tudo fazia para viverem jun-
kept him in joy and peace and out of wrath. But Katherine, we all know, tos em paz e felicidade e livres de discrdia. Katherine, porm, ns bem
was not so, but right the contrary: she was never obedient nor humble to o sabemos, no era assim, mas bem o contrrio: nem dcil nem humilde
him, as a wedded woman ought to be to her husband, but ever answered para com o marido, mas rspida e altiva no trato com ele, sem nunca mos-
him fiercely and proudly, showing him no courtesy nor meekness as she trar-lhe cortesia nem obedincia, como deve fazer toda mulher casada.
should. Oftentimes she did call him Sir Acteon for scorn. For, according Muitas vezes troava dele chamando-lhe cteon. Pois, segundo os escri-
to the ancient writings, we find how Acteon was a jolly and expert knight tos antigos, vemos que cteon foi cavaleiro cheio de vida e de atributos,
who loved the sport of hunting above all games. One day he went chasing que amava o esporte da caa acima de tudo. Uma vez saiu a caar na flo-
in the woods and a hart arose before him, full great and fair; Acteon resta e apareceu-lhe pela frente um cervo muito grande e formoso; o dia
hunted him all the day and lost all his company, servants and hounds, for todo cteon andou-lhe caa e perdeu-se de toda a sua gente, pajens e
he was right desirous to follow his prey, and he followed the track of the ces, de tanta cobia de seguir a presa, e seguiu-lhe o rastro at que che-
hart till he came into a little meadow, closed round about with thick woods gou a um prado todo cingido de mato espesso e de altas rvores. Nesse
and high trees. In the meadow there was a fountain, and in this fountain prado havia uma fonte, e nessa fonte Diana, deusa da Castidade, se estava
Diana, goddess of Chastity, was baining1 herself, and her demoiselles banhando,1 e suas demoiselles ao redor dela. cteon chegou ali to
1
MED consigna dois significados para o verbo bainen: (a) molhar ou enchar-
1
MED has two senses for the verb bainen: (a) to moisten or drench; (b) fig. to car; (b) fig. banhar-se (de alegria). Cf.: a1500 Welcome be 3e (Cmb Ff.1.6) 7:
bathe (in joy). Cf.: a1500 Welcome be 3e (Cmb Ff.1.6) 7: In gladnesse I swym In gladnesse I swym and baine. evidente que o sentido do termo no MS.
and baine. The obvious sense in the MS. is to bathe. banhar-se.
2
The translator saw no alternative but to leave the feminine form of the noun 2
O tradutor no viu alternativa seno deixar sem traduzir a forma feminina do
untranslated in this phrase. substantivo nesta frase.
3
O adjetivo ramage (selvagem, indomado) do francs antigo passou ao ingls
3
The Old French adjective ramage (wild, untamed) passed into Middle English mdio em duas formas, ramage e, pelo acrscimo de um suprfluo sufixo ad-
in two forms, ramage and, by adding a superfluous adjectival suffix, ramageous, jectival, ramageous, que o caso aqui. Cf. MED: a1500 Who carpys (Trin-C
as here. Cf. MED: a1500 Who carpys (Trin-C O.9.38) p. 27: To another sche O.9.38) p. 27: To another sche dyd enclyne, And as a ramage hawke began to
dyd enclyne, And as a ramage hawke began to cry; and (a1398) * Trev. Barth. cry; and (a1398) * Trev. Barth. (Add 27944) 143a/b: The Goshauk ... by mo-
(Add 27944) 143a/b: The Goshauk ... by moche mete ... waxi ramaious [L che mete ... waxi ramaious [L insolescunt] oir slowe, and dedeyne nou3t
insolescunt] oir slowe, and dedeyne nou3t to come to reclayme. to come to reclayme.
4
This shortened form of destroien was widely in use in Middle English. Cf. 4
Esta forma abreviada de destroien era de uso corrente em ingls mdio. Cf.
MED: a1425 (c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9) 7/48: ai am bithoght To MED: a1425 (c1333-52) Minot Poems (Glb E.9) 7/48: ai am bithoght To
stroy Ingland and bring to noght. stroy Ingland and bring to noght.
5
Old French sodainet, sodeinet (MED). Cf. c1450 Alph. Tales (Add 25719) 5
Do francs antigo sodainet, sodeinet (MED). Cf. c1450 Alph. Tales (Add
19/28: And as he was drawand, er happend of Sodentie a fyssh to com in-to 25719) 19/28: And as he was drawand, er happend of Sodentie a fyssh to
e bukett. com in-to e bukett.
6
Two occurrences of this redundancy in Chaucer, cf. MED: (c1395) Chaucer 6
Duas ocorrncias dessa redundncia em Chaucer, cf. MED: (c1395) Chau-
CT. Sq. (Manly-Rickert) F.452: Sorwe of deeth or los of loue ... thise been cer CT. Sq. (Manly-Rickert) F.452: Sorwe of deeth or los of loue ... thise been
causes two That causen moost a gentil herte wo; and a1425 (c1385) Chaucer causes two That causen moost a gentil herte wo; e tambm a1425 (c1385)
TC (Benson-Robinson) 4.829: Pandare first of joies mo than two Was cause Chaucer TC (Benson-Robinson) 4.829: Pandare first of joies mo than two Was
causyng unto me, Criseyde, That now transmewed ben in cruel wo. cause causyng unto me, Criseyde, That now transmewed ben in cruel wo.
7
The lily flower. Cf. MED: c1450 I am a chyld (SIn 2593) 247: Myn fleych xal 7
Flor de lrio. Cf. MED: c1450 I am a chyld (SIn 2593) 247: Myn fleych xal
fadyn as flour-de-lys. fadyn as flour-de-lys.
8
This form was not found in MED. DMF records two occurrences in Machaut 8
No se achou esta forma em MED. DMF registra duas ocorrncias em Ma-
(c. 1340), the one meaning assez rond (very round), the other, arrondi chaut (c. 1340), uma delas com o significado de assez rond (bem redondo), a
(roundish): A mon devis Avoit le sein blanc, dur et haut assis, Poingnant, outra, de arrondi (arredondado): A mon devis Avoit le sein blanc, dur et haut
rondet, et si estoit petis, Selonc le corps, gracieus et faitis (Mach., J. R. assis, Poingnant, rondet, et si estoit petis, Selonc le corps, gracieus et faitis
Beh., 71.) Les dens avoit blans, sarrez et menus, Et ses mentons estoit un (Mach., J. R. Beh., 71.) Les dens avoit blans, sarrez et menus, Et ses mentons
po fendus. Votis dessous et rondez par dessus.,, (Mach., ibidem, 70.) Both estoit un po fendus. Votis dessous et rondez par dessus (Mach., ibidem, 70.)
refer to masculine nouns, sein and mentons. In the MS. the reference is to Ambas se referem a substantivos masculinos, sein e mentons. No MS., a refe-
mouth, bouche, a feminine noun in French, thus requiring the feminine form rncia a boca, bouche, substantivo feminino em francs, pedindo portanto a
roundette. Both Machaut passages, as well as Lelillois, are typically medieval forma feminina roundette. Ambas as passagens de Machaut, bem como a de
literary descriptions of the female figure. Lelillois, so descries literrias tipicamente medievais da figura da mulher.
9
This may be the Roman de Troie, by Benot de Saint-Maure (circa 1165), 9
Provavelmente Roman de Troie, de Benot de Saint-Maure (circa 1165), ins-
inspired, as were many other medieval pieces on the Trojan War, in De excidio pirado, como muitos outros textos medievais sobre a guerra de Tria, em
Trojae historia (6th century A. D.) ascribed to Dares, allegedly a Trojan De excidio Trojae historia (sc. VI d. C.), atribudo a Dares, suposto soldado
soldier, whose report opens with a reference to the Argonauts. troiano, cujo relato tem incio com referncia aos argonautas.
10
This passage indicates that the Middle Ages had a notion of the roundness 10
Esta passagem mostra que a Idade Mdia tinha noo de que a terra era
of the Earth. redonda.
11
According to MED, a cote-hardie was a close-fitting surcoat; cf.: ?c1450 11
De acordo com MED, cote-hardie era uma casaca justa; cf.: ?c1450 Knt.
Knt.Tour-L. (Hrl 1764): 165/30: She araied her selff ... for to haue a sclender Tour-L. (Hrl 1764) 165/30: She araied her selff ... for to haue a sclender ...
... body, and she clothed her in a cote hardy [F cotte hardie] vnfurred, the body, and she clothed her in a cote hardy [F cotte hardie] vnfurred, the whi-
whiche satte right streite upon her. Katherine may have mocked the squires che satte right streite upon her. Katherine deve ter ironizado no escudeiro a
adoption of the German fashion in his outfit. adoo da moda alem em sua indumentria.
12
That is, they had great desire for her. Cf. Rom, 60: So hit happid in a certein 12
Isto , tinham grande desejo por ela. Cf. Rom, 60: So hit happid in a certein
day, that this yong knygt had a grete ye on the yong wif, that was yweddid to day, that this yong knygt had a grete ye on the yong wif, that was yweddid to
the old knygt, and was hily ravisshed in to hir love. the old knygt, and was hily ravisshed in to hir love.
13
Be passionately in love with each other (MED). Cf.: c1425 (c1400) Ld. Troy
(LdMisc 595) 15352: I haue loued hir per amour, And suffred for hir moche 13
Apaixonarem-se um pelo outro (MED). Cf.: c1425 (c1400) Ld. Troy (LdMisc
pyne. 595) 15352: I haue loued hir per amour, And suffred for hir moche pyne.
Capitulum secundum
Capitulum secundum
14
In French in the MS.: Farewell, fair and pleasant lady. 14
Em francs no MS.: Adeus, gentil e bela senhora.
15
The feminine form heiress was not in use in Middle English. 15
A forma feminina, heiress, no era usada em ingls mdio.
16
One of the definitions in MED of constellation is the position of a planet, or 16
Uma das definies de constellation em MED a posio de um planeta,
the moon, in relation to the ascendant sign of the zodiac. Cf.: (c1395) Chaucer ou da lua, em relao ao signo ascendente no zodaco. Cf.: (c1395) Chaucer
CT.WB. (Manly-Rickert) D.616: I folwed ay myn inclinacioun, By vertu of my CT.WB. (Manly-Rickert) D.616: I folwed ay myn inclinacioun, By vertu of my
constellacioun. The word in the MS. seems to have the specific meaning of constellacioun. No MS. a palavra parece ter o sentido de influncia dos astros
influence of stars upon people. sobre as pessoas.
Capitulum iij
Capitulum iij
Now let us return to Thibert de Giac, Sir Rogers son, who was in
Pruce with Gyles Ryston and increased every day in great deeds. And
so it fell that the duke of Guerles, who was a proud man and fierce, Agora retornemos a Thibert de Giac, filho de Sir Roger, que ento
and had once challenged the king of France himself, that this duke, andava na Prssia com Giles Ryston e crescia a cada dia em grandes
being appeased with all his enemies, then he thought, with the intent proezas. E a aconteceu que o duque de Guerles, que era homem duro
to employ his season and time, to go into Pruce. And about Saynt e orgulhoso, e certa vez desafiara sozinho o rei da Frana, que esse
17
St. Martins translatio, July 4, is doubtlessly meant here. 17
A trasladao de So Martinho, 4 de julho, o caso aqui.
Now tells the history that Thibert de Giac returned again into his Agora conta a histria que Thibert de Giac retornou de novo a seu
country, for it was long since he was away, and you may be sure that he pas depois de passar muito tempo fora, e podeis ter certeza de que
returned from Pruce with a fair sum of money and great glory, for his retornou da Prssia com uma boa soma de dinheiro e grande glria,
taking of the duke of Guerles was spoken of far and near. Katheryne, pois em todo lugar perto e longe se falava do aprisionamento que fize-
when she knew for certain the coming of her brother, she went and ra do duque de Guerles. Katherine, quando soube ao certo da vinda do
met him with great joy, and his presence, and the comfortable sight of irmo, saiu-lhe ao encontro com grande jbilo, e a presena dele, e a
him, when she saw him, was such great pleasure to her that she would viso dele confortante, quando ela o viu, deram-lhe to grande prazer
have knelt down for the great joy that she had, but he made haste to que se teria ajoelhado de tanta felicidade que teve, mas ele se apressou
take her by the hand and would not let her kneel; and so she said, Now, a tom-la pelo brao e no deixou que se ajoelhasse; e a ela disse,
my dear, by your coming, my heart shall be revived in gladness. They Agora, querido, por causa de tua vinda, meu corao revive de alegria.
had not seen each other by the space of a whole year, since the time of No se tinham visto pelo espao de um ano inteiro, desde a ocasio
her conceiving a child of him. The bastard of Lent as for that time he quando ela concebera um filho dele. O bastardo Quaresma no estava
was not present at Nomme, for he had left Katerine and gone into the ento presente em Nom, pois deixara Katherine e entrara no pas de
country of Vyck, as you have heard, so Thibert began to keep much Visgo, como ouvistes, e assim Thibert comeou a fazer muita compa-
company to her, for true it was that he loved nothing so well as to be nhia irm, pois a verdade que no amava coisa alguma tanto como
with her wherever she were; and specially in her house, she being his estar com ela onde ela estivesse; e especialmente na casa dela, sendo
sister, he came and went at his pleasure without any suspection.18 So ela sua irm, entrava e saa vontade sem qualquer suspeio.18 Assim
you see that not less did this brother love his sister but much more podeis ver que o irmo amava a irm no menos mas muito mais que
than he did before; and as he was lusty and in his best age, he would antes; e, sendo viril como era e estando como estava em sua melhor
have turned back to their sin without more longer delay, but when first idade, teria voltado ao pecado com ela sem maior delonga, mas a pri-
he spoke of it to her she said that No. Then he said, What, dear sister, meira vez que falou sobre isso com ela ela disse que No. Ento ele
wherever in the world is our true love gone to? And she answered him, disse, O qu, querida irm, para que lugar do mundo foi nosso amor?
All that time is passed till another time, for I will never have such E ela respondeu, Esse tempo passou at que venha outro tempo, pois
manner of love here: here is not Malemor [leaf 98b] but Nomen. Have no quero dar lugar aqui quela espcie de amor: aqui no Malemort
18
As for the spelling of the word, MED records suspecioun, suspecio(u)ne, 18
Quanto grafia da palavra, MED registra suspecioun, suspecio(u)ne, -pec-
-peccioun, -pescioun, -pes(s)ioun, -pectioun, -petion, susspeccioun, -pescioun, cioun, -pescioun, -pes(s)ioun, -pectioun, -petion, susspeccioun, -pescioun, -pesion,
-pesion, and suspicioun, but not suspection, as in the MS. e suspicioun, mas no suspection, como no MS.
19
Forma no encontrada em MED.
19
Not found in MED. 20
De acordo com MED, trata-se de um co treinado para ir caa preso na
20
According to MED, this is a hound trained to be led on a leash and to track correia e rastrear a presa pelo cheiro. A palavra deriva do francs limier, que
game by scent. From the French limier, same sense. tem o mesmo sentido.
21
Thirst, in French. 21
Sede, em francs.
22
Term of contempt: fool (MED). Cf.: c1330(?c1300) Guy (1) (Auch) 380: Ich 22
Termo injurioso: tolo (MED). Cf.: c1330(?c1300) Guy (1) (Auch) 380: Ich
wene ou art a fole musard! From Old French musart, musarde. wene ou art a fole musard! Do francs antigo musart, musarde.
23
Disrespectful (MED). 23
Desrespeitoso (MED).
24
Except (with substitution of prefix: out for ex). Cf. MED: a1500 GRom. (Glo 24
Exceto (com substituio de prefixo: ex por out). Cf. MED: a1500 GRom.
22) 749/22: And non dyspoylede hym of his clothes oute-set his prevy clothis, (Glo 22 ) 749/22: And non dyspoylede hym of his clothes oute-set his prevy
That sche my3te se all his woundes open. clothis, That sche my3te se all his woundes open.
25
A few words have been omitted in this sentence probably by negligence of 25
Algumas palavras foram omitidas nesta frase, provavelmente por neglign-
the copyist. cia do copista.
26
Cf. MED: (a1470) Malory Wks. (Win-C) 807/6: Sir Launcelot lepte oute at a 26
Cf. MED: (a1470) Malory Wks. (Win-C) 807/6: Sir Launcelot lepte oute at a
wyndow araged, oute of hys wytte. wyndow araged, oute of hys wytte.
In the time of summer next after, the earl of Nynyven rode forth to
27
No vero prximo seguinte 27
l foi o conde de Nniva combater os
go fight the English in the country of Poyctou, and there he joined ingleses no pas de Poitou e ali se juntou aos franceses que punham
himself among the Frenchmen who lay at siege before the town of cerco cidade de Saint Johns Dangle, que estava em poder dos
Saynt Johns Dangle, that the English had kept for a long season. It ingleses j havia algum tempo. Era uma nobre cidade, forte, bem
was a good town, and strong, and well-closed, in the best country of murada, sita no melhor pas do mundo, e o conde esteve nesse cer-
the world, and the earl went to this siege with certain of the knights co com alguns cavaleiros de sua casa, entre eles Roger Besedeable,
of his house, and Roger Besedeable among them, who took his que levou consigo os filhos. Nessa ocasio pelejaram franceses com
sons with him. In this season the Frenchmen fought the English ingleses em Xauntes, e nessa escaramua estiveram os filhos de Sir
at Xauntes, and in this skirmish were Sir Rogers sons, and bore Roger, e se portaram to bem que muitos falaram de suas proezas.
themselves so well that many spoke prowess of them. This battle A batalha foi dos franceses contra os ingleses que vieram levantar
was of the French against the English who went to raise the siege o cerco diante de Saint Johns Dangle e ali foram desbaratados28
before Saynt Johns Dangle, and there they were scomfited28 by the pelos franceses. Terminada a batalha, os franceses retornaram ao
27
1351. 1351.
27
28
Shortened form of discomfiten (MED). Cf. c1475 Gregorys Chron. (Eg 1995) Afrese de discomfiten (MED). Cf. c1475 Gregorys Chron. (Eg 1995) 224:
28
224: Whenn that he was dede, alle e party was schomfytyd and put to rebuke, Whenn that he was dede, alle e party was schomfytyd and put to rebuke,
Ande every man avoydyd. Ande every man avoydyd.
29
A course or a dish of prepared food sent to, and served at, the table (MED). 29
Conjunto de pratos de iguarias que vm ao mesmo tempo mesa (MED).
30
This may sound redundant to modern ears, but would not to medieval ears, Isto pode soar como redundncia aos ouvidos modernos, mas no soaria aos
30
since corpse derives from corps, French for body. medievais, j que corpse [cadver] deriva de corps, corpo em francs.
31
The verb dismarien was not found in MED, nor does Stratmann record it. 31
No se achou em MED o verbo dismarien, nem Stratmann o registra.
32
To refuse; from nai interj. & Old French neier, var. of noiier (MED). Cf.: 32
Recusar; da interj. nai [no] e do francs antigo neier, variante de noiier
?c1400 Chaucer Bo. (Add 10340) 1.m.1.25: Allas, allas, wi how deef an eere (MED). Cf.: ?c1400 Chaucer Bo. (Add 10340) 1.m.1.25: Allas, allas, wi how
dee cruel tourne awey fro wrecches and naie [vr. nayte] to closen wepyng deef an eere dee cruel tourne awey fro wrecches and naie [vr. nayte] to
eyen. closen wepyng eyen.
Now tells the book of Roberz de Mauregarz, who was subject and A gora trata o livro de Robert de Mauregart, que era vassalo e deti-
held land of the earl of Nynyven and has been present in some nha terras do conde de Nniva, e que j esteve presente em alguns
chapters in the second book, as diligent readers may well remember. captulos do livro segundo, como deve se lembrar o leitor atento. Era
He was married to a lady of the nation of Normandy, but not overmuch casado com uma senhora da nao da Normandia, mas bem pouco
loved of his wife, who was given to the vanities of this world. Then amado pela esposa, que era muito dada s vaidades deste mundo. A
one day, suddenly, he happened for to fall sick, and as he lay in certo dia, de sbito, aconteceu-lhe cair doente e, ao jazer acamado
sickness, he perceiving well that he should soon go to his long home, em sua doena, sentindo que logo lhe cumpriria mudar-se para sua
then he ceased to provide for his body and looked to provide for his ltima morada, a cessou de dar provimento ao corpo e quis dar pro-
soul. So he sent for a priest to confess him who sang mass in his vimento alma. Ento mandou chamar para confess-lo um clrigo
house, and was clean confessed at good leisure before the sacrament, que cantava missa em sua casa, e fez comprida confisso perante o
and cried God mercy, and was sorely repentant of all his sins; then he sacramento, e clamou a Deus misericrdia e se arrependeu amarga-
was given his saviour. This done, as he lay in his bed with sorrow of mente de todos os seus pecados; a lhe deram seu salvador. Isso feito,
heart and tear of eye, [leaf 103] suddenly he began to cry, and said jazendo ele na cama com angstia no corao e lgrima no olho, [fo-
that many fiends in likeness of cracks and crows were coming for lha 103] de repente comeou a gritar, e disse que muitos demnios
him. And he cried thus, See, now they are at the door, and now they em forma de gralhas e corvos vinham vindo busc-lo. E gritava assim,
are in the house, and now they lie on my breast, and now they draw Vede, agora chegam porta, e agora entram em casa, e agora pou-
my soul out of my body! And in this crying at last he died. And some sam-me no peito, e agora arrancam-me a alma do corpo! E nessa gri-
of them that were present at this hour said that he must have left taria por fim morreu. E alguns dos que estavam presentes nessa hora
some great sin unconfessed to have had such a marvellous death. disseram que por certo deixara sem confessar algum grande pecado
Now he was yet of middle age when death took him to her voyage; he para ter morte to espantosa. Ele era ainda de meia idade quando a
might have lived many a year longer, having everything at his ease morte o levou consigo em sua viagem; podia ter vivido muitos anos
and wish. But so he died, and his death was little regarded in the mais, j que tinha mo tudo que desejasse. Mas a morreu, e sua
country, except but with such as were his friends, who were right morte foi pouco sentida no pas, exceto s entre os que eram amigos
sorry, but they could not amend it. He died without heir lawfully dele, que ficaram tristes, mas no podiam fazer nada. Morreu sem
33
Here in the sense of breeding, manners; courtesy; also, cultivation of mind 33
Aqui com o sentido de boa criao, boas maneiras; cortesia; e tambm edu-
(MED). cao do esprito (MED).
34
Sic in the MS. 34
Sic no MS.
35
Cf. MED: (c1390) Chaucer CT. Mel. (Manly-Rickert) B.2222: Al be it so 35
Cf. MED: (c1390) Chaucer CT. Mel. (Manly-Rickert) B.2222: Al be it so
that al tariyng be anoyful [vrr. anyful, noyful], algates it is nat to repreve in that al tariyng be anoyful [vrr. anyful, noyful], algates it is nat to repreve in
vengeance takyng. vengeance takyng.
36
Give a daughter in betrothal to somebody. (MED). Cf.: ?a1425 (?a1350) 36
Prometer uma filha em casamento a algum (MED). Cf.: ?a1425 (?a1350)
Castleford Chron. Lear (Gt Hist 740) 31: He ought ... marye ame vnto swylke Castleford Chron. Lear (Gt Hist 740) 31: He ought ... marye ame
men, On qwome he wald lyke and wouch-safe ame wyth hys kyngdome for vnto swylke men, On qwome he wald lyke and wouch-safe ame wyth hys
to hafe. An example for the past tense form: a1425 (?c1375) NHom. (3) Leg. kyngdome for to hafe. Exemplo da forma do pretrito perfeito: a1425 (?c1375)
(Hrl 4196) 11/42: God ... suld send am grace forto haue Swilk a man als he NHom. (3) Leg. (Hrl 4196) 11/42: God ... suld send am grace forto haue
vouched saue. Swilk a man als he vouched saue.
In the summer of that year of M CCC lij, the earl of Nynyph sent No vero daquele ano de mil, trezentos, e cinqenta e dois o conde
the viscount of Vergy with some company on an embassy to Sars to de Nniva mandou o visconde de Vergy a Sars numa embaixada ao
the duke of Wick, and Giles of Latour of Larbre37 went with him, duque de Visgo com mais alguns cavaleiros, e Giles de Latour de
but did nothing there that ought to be told here. At their returning Larbre37 foi com ele, mas no fizeram nada l que precise ser contado
homeward to Nomm, they rode at leisure by small journeys, and aqui. Na viagem de volta para Nom vinham vindo devagar, fazendo
took their way by Glisolles, and the viscount said, I have sojourned pequenas jornadas, e passaram perto de Glisolles, e o visconde disse,
here once and was well and richly ser ved. Lady Ales is a woman J pernoitei aqui uma vez e fui muito bem tratado. Lady Alis mulher
well-born, of good manners and condition, and sings well with a bem-nascida, de boa conduta e posio, e sabe cantar muito bem com
harp. So he induced his fellows to lodge there for the night. Some uma harpa. Ento induziu os companheiros a dormir ali aquela noite.
of them would not, so they kept forth their way with the intent to Alguns deles no quiseram e continuaram seu caminho com a inten-
enter into Nom, and the viscount with the others went out of their o de chegar a Nom, e o visconde e os outros desviaram do caminho
way to Glisolles, and Giles with them. They were received of certain e foram para Glisolles, e Giles com eles. Foram recebidos por algu-
ladies being with Lady Alys at Glisolles, who did to them all honour mas mulheres que estavam com Lady Alis em Glisolles, que lhes fize-
possible to them to be done and led them to their lodgings, that ram toda honra possvel de lhes ser feita e conduziram-nos a seus
within their own places at home they were not so well-lodged. alojamentos, que nem nas prprias casas ficariam to bem alojados.
When they had changed and refreshed themselves, they went to Depois de mudarem de vestimentas e descansarem, foram ver Lady
Lady Alys, who received them lovingly. They had great mar vel of Alis, que os acolheu amavelmente. Ficaram maravilhados com toda a
the great state and manner that she kept, for her house was well- pompa e o regime em que vivia, pois sua casa era bem provida de
provided with vessels of gold and silver throughout her hall as utenslios de ouro e prata em todo o salo to profusamente como se
largely as though she had been a little duchess or better, and her ela fosse igual a uma pequena duquesa ou coisa melhor, e seus me-
minstrels bore swords garnished with gold and silver and played at nestris levavam espadas guarnecidas de ouro e prata e tocavam seus
dinner and at supper daily; and the expense of her household and instrumentos ao jantar e ceia diariamente; e a despesa de sua casa
charge of meat and drink was mar vel to consider from whence it e os encargos com comida e bebida era maravilha imaginar de onde
37
Here the chronicler gives Giles Blanchemains full name: he was born in the 37
Aqui o cronista d o nome completo de Giles Blanchemains, que nasceu na
garrison of Latour de lArbre, in the fief of Malemort. guarnio de Latour de lArbre, no feudo de Malemort.
38
A kind of figured tapestry, originally made at Arras in Artois (MED). Cf.: 38
Certo tipo de tapearia bordada com ilustraes, originria de Arras, no
c1453 (c1437) Brut-1436 (Hrl 53) 558/38: e gret hall ... was ryolly hanget Artois (MED). Cf.: c1453 (c1437) Brut-1436 (Hrl 53) 558/38: e gret hall ...
with cloes of gold and of Arras. was ryolly hanget with cloes of gold and of Arras.
These knights, when they met the earl of Nynyphe at his castle of Esses cavaleiros, quando se encontraram com o conde de Nniva
Nom, they spoke to him of their promise to the ladies at Glisolles em seu castelo de Nom, falaram-lhe do compromisso assumido junto
to do deeds of arms at the frontier beside Byre. And because the quelas senhoras em Glisolles de fazerem feitos de armas na fronteira
enterprise of these knights seemed to the earl and his council to be junto a Brei. E porque o empreendimento desses cavaleiros pareceu
a high enterprise, they were told to put it all in writing, because the ao conde e a seu conselho um alto empreendimento, foi-lhes pedido
earls council would see each of the articles of that enterprise from que pusessem tudo por escrito, porque o conselho do conde queria ver
point to point: that, if they were too high or too outrageous, that the todos os artigos daquele empreendimento de ponta a ponta: e que, se
council might amend them, because the earl nor his council would neles houvesse muita arrogncia ou afronta, que o conselho os emen-
not sustain anything that should be unreasonable. Then the viscount dasse, porque o conde nem seu conselho no sustentariam nada que
of Vergy called a clerk and caused him to write as follows: For the fosse fora de propsito. A o visconde de Vergy chamou um secretrio
great desire that we have to make [leaf 107] acquaintance with e mandou que escrevesse o seguinte: Pelo grande desejo que temos
noble knights and squires, as well of adjoining countries as elsewhere de travar [folha 107] conhecimento com nobres cavaleiros e escudei-
of far countries, we shall be at Saynt Ingylbertes, in the marches of ros, tanto dos pases nossos vizinhos como de outros lugares de pases
Niniven, the twenty day of the month of September next coming, and distantes, estaremos em Saint Ingelbert, nas fronteiras de Nniva, no
there continue twelve days complete, the Fridays only except, and dia vinte do ms de setembro prximo vindouro, e ali continuaremos
serve all manner of knights and squires from any manner of foreign por doze dias corridos, exceto s s sextas-feiras, para servir a toda
nations, whatsoever they may be, that will come thither for to have sorte de homens de armas de qualquer sorte de naes estrangeiras,
battle with us. Without our lodgings shall be hung our four shields, sejam quais forem, que queiram vir at l para pelejar conosco. Do
and whosoever will joust, let him come and with a rod touch any of the lado de fora de nossas tendas estaro nossos quatro escudos e, quem
shields, and he shall joust with which of the four he will, providing that quiser justar, que venha e toque qualquer dos escudos com um basto,
he show his name to such as shall be there appointed by us to receive e assim justar com qual dos quatro escolher, contanto que mostre seu
his name. And we require all men of arms that will come and joust that nome aos que estaro ali designados por ns para lhe receber o nome.
they think nor imagine in us that we do this for any pride, hatred, or E requeremos a todos os homens de armas que vierem justar que no
evil will, but all only we do it to have their honourable company and pensem nem imaginem de ns que fazemos isto por orgulho, dio, ou
acquaintance, which we desire with our entire hearts. Nor from our rancor, mas to-somente o fazemos para desfrutar de sua honrosa com-
part, nor from the part of our visitors, there shall be no manner of panhia e convvio e conhec-los, coisa que desejamos de todo corao.
fraud or malengine,39 but everything to be ordained by them that shall Nem da nossa parte, nem da parte de nossos visitantes, no haver
be appointed to govern the jousts. And because that this challenge be nenhuma maneira de fraude ou mau engenho,39 mas todas as coisas
39
Deceit, trickery. MED records several occurrences of the formula without 39
Trapaa, ardil. MED registra vrias ocorrncias da frmula without fraud
fraud or malengine, v. g.: (1408) in Rymers Foedera (1709-10) 8.536: That the or malengine, v. g.: (1408) in Rymers Foedera (1709-10) 8.536: That the for-
forsaid Erle shall gone Home into Scotland and entir agayne yn to the Castil ... said Erle shall gone Home into Scotland and entir agayne yn to the Castil ...
wythoute Fraude or Mal engine. wythoute Fraude or Mal engine.
While that those four knights prepare themselves to win much Enquanto que esses quatro cavaleiros se preparam para ganhar muita
honour in their feats of arms against the whole world, let me speak honra em suas proezas contra o mundo inteiro, deixai-me falar um pou-
somewhat of the bastard of Lent and show how he fared in the country co do bastardo Quaresma e mostrar o que andava fazendo no pas de
of Vicke, as the matter requires. For the bastard would not come Visgo, segundo requer a histria. Pois o bastardo no quis voltar para
home to Nom at this season, but had rather tarry in Vycke instead, Nniva nessa ocasio, mas deixou-se ficar em Visgo, e nem sempre
and not always in one place, but here and there and in other places num s lugar, mas aqui e ali e em outros lugares onde melhor pudes-
where he might better employ forth his time. For he had no mind to se empregar o tempo. Pois no tinha inteno de ver nem irmo nem
Capitulum x
Capitulum x
The same year, in the month of September, the earl of Niniven made
42
great jousts to be held in the seignory of Nynyve of those iv knights of No mesmo ano, no ms de setembro, o conde de Nniva mandou
42
Nynyph against all comers, to be held on the week next after Holy fazer grandes justas no condado de Nniva com aqueles quatro cavalei-
Rood day;43 and specially he sent to Alys of Glisolles for to be there, ros de Nniva contra todos os que quisessem vir, a terem lugar na se-
well-accompanied with ladies and demoiselles of her household, since mana seguinte depois do dia de Santa Cruz;43 e mandou recado espe-
42
1352. 42
1352.
43
September 14. 43
14 de setembro.
44
To make something publicly known, reveal, divulge, announce (MED). 44
Tornar pblica alguma coisa, revelar, divulgar, anunciar (MED). Cf.: (a1382)
Cf.: (a1382) WBible (1) (Bod 959) Ecclus. 47.17: To ylis afer is pupplisht [L WBible (1) (Bod 959) Ecclus. 47.17: To ylis afer is pupplisht [L divulgatum est]
divulgatum est] i name, & ou art looued in i pes. i name, & ou art looued in i pes.
45
A tumor; aposteme or empostume in MED. Cf.: ?a1425 *MS Htrn. 95 (Htrn 45
Tumor; aposteme ou empostume em MED. Cf.: ?a1425 *MS Htrn. 95 (Htrn
95) 108b/a: u moste consider boe in is place & in alle oer wheer at e 95) 108b/a: u moste consider boe in is place & in alle oer wheer at e
empostume be simpel oer compounde, oer hote oer colde. empostume be simpel oer compounde, oer hote oer colde.
46
An indication that the author had a tendency to recording information even 46
Indicao de que o autor, antes mesmo de se fazer monge, tinha a tendncia
before he became a monk. de registrar informaes.
47
MED defines the verb rehelmen as to divest somebody of a helmet. The very 47
MED define o verbo rehelmen como desvestir (algum) de um elmo. A
quotation for this entry (where the verb unhelmen also shows) clashes with prpria citao nesse verbete (na qual o verbo unhelmen tambm aparece)
this definition. Cf.: a1509 (?1468) Marriage in Archaeol. 31 (Add 46354) 338: conflita com essa definio. Cf.: a1509 (?1468) Marriage in Archaeol. 31 (Add
Thei besought hym that he wolde in no wise contynewe the Turney, for 46354) 338: Thei besought hym that he wolde in no wise contynewe the
wt out that it lyked him to be rehelmed, and so wt opin face to charge them Turney, for wt out that it lyked him to be rehelmed, and so wt opin face to
to cese, it was lyke to grow to a gret inconvenyaunce and then the Duke charge them to cese, it was lyke to grow to a gret inconvenyaunce and then
unhelmed hyme and chargid pece in paine of deth. The passage in the MS. the Duke unhelmed hyme and chargid pece in paine of deth. A passagem
allows for no other sense but that indicated by the prefix re-. no MS. no admite outro significado seno o indicado pelo prefixo re-.
48
One specific meaning of the verb outragen recorded in MED is to ride out 48
Um dos significados especficos do verbo outragen registrados em MED
from an army. Cf.: c1475 Gregorys Chron. (Eg 1995) 191: Yn the fowarde, as abandonar um exrcito. Cf.: c1475 Gregorys Chron. (Eg 1995) 191: Yn the
they wolde have folowyde the captayne, was slayn Syr Umfray Stafforde and fowarde, as they wolde have folowyde the captayne, was slayn Syr Umfray
Wylliam Stafford ... in hyr oute ragyng fro hyr oste of our soverayne lordys Stafforde and Wylliam Stafford ... in hyr oute ragyng fro hyr oste of our sove-
the kyng. In the MS. the term refers to horses that would not cope with each rayne lordys the kyng. No MS. o termo se refere aos cavalos, que se teriam
other. negado a enfrentar-se.
49
A vent or an air hole in a helmet (MED). 49
Respiradouro ou orifcio de ventilao num elmo (MED).
50
From Old French molete, a rowel-shaped ornament used in Heraldry (MED). em herldica (MED).
The Tuesday after mass, all such as would joust that day, or give Na tera-feira depois da missa, todos os que queriam justar aquele
the looking on, rode out of Bree and came to the place of the jousts; dia, ou s dar uma olhada, saram de Brei e vieram para o lugar das
and they of Nymphen were ready there to receive them: the day was justas; os de Nniva j estavam ali para receb-los: era um belo dia e
fair and hot. Then [leaf 110b] out of the Bray party came forth a fazia calor. Logo [folha 110v] do partido de Brei adiantou-se um jo-
lusty young knight called Robert Le Roux and touched the viscount of vem e viril cavaleiro chamado Robert Le Roux e tocou o escudo do vis-
Vergys shield; the viscount soon was ready: they met together so even conde de Vergy; o visconde veio logo: toparam-se com tanta preciso
that each of them broke his spear in iij pieces, and with such force that que cada um deles quebrou a lana em trs pedaos, e com tanta fora
they were in danger to take damage; the ij course they stroke each other que por pouco no sofreram dano; na segunda corrida deram-se nos
on the helmets and nothing more; the iij course their horses crossed elmos e foi s; na terceira os cavalos cruzaram e falharam; na quarta o
and failed; the iiij course the viscount unhelmed Sir Robertt, who ran visconde deitou fora o elmo de Sir Robert, que no correu mais aquele
no more that day, for others also ought to have place to joust. Then dia, pois havia outros esperando a vez. Ento veio adiante um parente
a kinsman of Sir Roberts came forth, called Persant Dandregnies, de Sir Robert, chamado Persant Dandregnies, que fez tocar o escudo
who caused to touch the shield of Roger de Cross; they ran together de Roger de Cross; arremeteram e deram-se um no outro e Sir Per-
and stroke each other and Sir Persant lost his spear; the ij course Sir sant perdeu a lana; na segunda corrida Sir Persant desviou-se; no sei
Persant swerved aside; I cannot tell whether that the fault was in the dizer se a culpa foi do cavaleiro ou do cavalo; assim mesmo Sir Roger
knight or in the horse; be it as it was, Sir Roger stroke him so rudely deu-lhe to rijo no escudo que Dandregnies se curvou todo para trs
on the shield that Dandregnies bowed backward in his saddle; the iij na sela; na terceira corrida deram-se um no outro nos elmos, e o fogo
course they so stroke each other on the helmets that fire sprang out espirrou e ambos perderam as lanas; na quarta deram-se no visor dos
and they lost both their spears; the iiij course they stroke each other elmos: Sir Persant ficou sem elmo e quase caiu do cavalo; contudo,
on the visor of their helmets; Sir Persant was unhelmed and nigh fell no caiu, e tornou sua gente e no correu mais. Depois adiantou-se
from his horse; yet he fell not, and returned to his company and ran um escudeiro de Visgo chamado William de Hermes e mandou tocar
no more that day. Then came forth a squire of Vick, called William o escudo do visconde de Vergy, que j veio logo responder. Meteram
of Hermes, and sent to touch the viscounts shield: he was shortly as lanas em riste e arremeteram ambos. Na primeira corrida deram-
answered. They couched their spears and ran together. The first se nos elmos e perderam as hastes; de novo meteram mo s lanas
course they stroke each other on their helmets and lost their staves; e, ao se aproximarem, os cavalos cruzaram, e eles passaram um pelo
they took their spears again and in approaching their horses crossed, outro e retornaram a seus lugares; no tardou muito e voltaram a cor-
and so passed by and returned again to their places: it was not long rer: naquela corrida o escudeiro tocou em Vergy bem no alto do elmo
till they came together again: at that course the squire stroke Vergy e deu-lhe um golpe muito forte, e Vergy deu-lhe no visor do elmo um
high on the helmet and gave him a sore stroke, and Vergy stroke him golpe mais forte ainda, de modo que ele ficou sem elmo, pois a fivela
on the visor a sorer stroke, so that he was unhelmed, for the buckle de trs quebrou e o elmo caiu ao cho: a voltou sua gente, e no
broke behind his neck and the helmet fell to the ground: than he justou mais aquele dia. Depois um jovem cavaleiro de Brei, ricamente
returned to his company and jousted no more that day. Then a young armado, chamado Damaulx de la Powle, tocou o escudo de Giles Blan-
knight of Bree, richly armed, named Damaulx de la Powle, he touched chemains. Giles deixou correr o cavalo e com toda a fora veio direto
Capitulum xij
Capitulum xij
51
This time the name of the fountain of Soyf was translated into English. 51
Aqui foi traduzido para o ingls o nome da fonte de Soif.
52
Correction: spears, not shields. 52
Correo: lanas, e no escudos.
53
Proud, elated. It seems to have been a favorite adjective with the poet 53
Orgulhoso, altivo. Parece ter sido adjetivo predileto do poeta Lydgate: todas
Lydgate: all quotations in MED but one were drawn from his works. Cf.: c1450 as citaes em MED exceto uma foram extradas de obras dele. Cf.: c1450
(?c1408) Lydg. RS (Frf 16) 6557: They [women] be nat pompous nor elate, (?c1408) Lydg. RS (Frf 16) 6557: They [women] be nat pompous nor elate,
But humble and meke in eche estate. But humble and meke in eche estate.
54
Interjection: stop, hold (MED). Cf. (a1470 Malory Wks. (Win-C) 36/31: Hit 54
Interjeio: chega, pra (MED). Cf. (a1470 Malory Wks. (Win-C) 36/31: Hit
ys tyme to sey who, for God ys wroth with the for thou woll never have done. ys tyme to sey who, for God ys wroth with the for thou woll never have done.
55
A call to the generosity of lords. Cf. this passage in MED: a1486 Knts. Bath 55
Grito para provocar a generosidade dos senhores. Cf. esta passagem em
in Archaeol. 57 (Mrg M 775) 69: When the kyng is servid of the laste course, MED: a1486 Knts. Bath in Archaeol. 57 (Mrg M 775) 69: When the kyng is
then the herawdes shall crye the kyngis largesse in foure plasis in the halle; servid of the laste course, then the herawdes shall crye the kyngis largesse
then the herawdis schall come in a ageyne and crye larges in two plasis of the in foure plasis in the halle; then the herawdis schall come in a ageyne and
halle of the newe made knyghtis; and when the kynge hath dynid, then they crye larges in two plasis of the halle of the newe made knyghtis; and when the
schall goo in to ther chambris and doo of ther arayment, and that the herawdis kynge hath dynid, then they schall goo in to ther chambris and doo of ther
shall have for ther fee. arayment, and that the herawdis shall have for ther fee.
Capitulum xiij
Capitulum xiij
A lgumas semanas depois que Thibert foi feito cavaleiro, aconteceu
que uma noite, durante uma ceia no castelo do conde, ele topou de novo
Within a few weeks after that Thibert was made a knight, it fortuned com a mulher de Navarra, com cujas cores ele pelejara nas justas de
that one evening at a supper in the earls castle he met the lady of Saint Ingelbert. Logo que o viu ela veio at ele com grande jbilo, e
Naver again that he had fought for the colours of at the jousts at Saynt abraou-o radiante entre os braos, e sorrindo disse, Senhor, espanta-
Ingilbertes. Soon when she saw him, she came forth with great joy, me que todo esse tempo nunca tenha recebido recado teu, mas deves
and embraced him pleasantly between her arms, and smiling said, Sir, ter tanta coisa para cuidar que te esqueces de mim. E conversando jun-
I marvel that all this season you sent me never word, but you have so tos apartaram-se ambos e saram para o jardim, e comearam a andar
much to care for that you forget me. And thus talking one to the other para cima e para baixo pelo jardim conversando sobre muitas coisas.
they drew apart by themselves and so came into the garden, and began Essa mulher amava Thibert desde a primeira vez que o vira beira
to walk up and down the garden talking of many things. This lady had da fonte de Soif e, enquanto passeavam sozinhos no jardim, comeou
loved Thibert since their first meeting by the brink of the fountain of a mostrar o amor que tinha por ele no corao, dizendo que o amava
Soyf, and so as they walked alone in the garden she began to show him em segredo, com afeio secreta, acima de todos os homens, e isso j
the love of her heart that she had for him, saying that she had loved him havia muito tempo. No quero pedir nada de ti, ela disse, mas s que
in private, with secret affection, above all men, and that for a long time. sejas meu amor, e que no ames nenhuma outra mais que a mim. Mos-
I would ask nothing of you, she said, but that you be my love, and love trando essas palavras ela esperava com isso que, j que abria o corao
none so well as me. With the showing of those words she had hoped para ele, ele abriria o dele para ela; mas cheio de espanto ele no dizia
that, since she opened her heart to him, so he would open his to her; nada, pois espantava-se de que ela se expusesse tanto assim, dizendo
yet for marvel he might not speak, for he had great marvel that she tantas palavras, visto que no lhe falara nem vira mais que duas vezes
discovered herself so much, and to have so many words, seeing that he antes daquele dia. Seu silncio a atiou ainda mais e no o contrrio, e
had never spoken nor seen her but twice before that time. His silence ela disse com ardor, Ah, Thibert de Giac, desejo teu amor muito mais
rather enticed her than the contrary, so she said to him ardently, A, que qualquer outra coisa do mundo. Vamos a meus aposentos: o ferro,
Tibert de Giache, I desire much more than any other thing in the world quando est em brasa, deve ser malhado na forja. Mas Thibert no ti-
56
Which suggests that they were born around 1332. 56
Isso significa que nasceram por volta de 1332.
57
Em francs moderno vergogne, isto , vergonha. No registrado em MED,
57
Modern French vergogne, that is, shame. Unrecorded in MED, which o que fortalece a possibilidade de que se trata de interferncia da fonte sobre
bolsters the possibility of source interference on the translation. a traduo.
My name is Alan Dorsey Stevenson, Im 75, a retired employee from Chamo-me Alan Dorsey Stevenson, tenho 75 anos, sou funcionrio
the New York City Post Office and, why not say it outright, the author aposentado dos Correios da Cidade de Nova York e, por que no diz-
of this crap. I call it crap not because I think it is really crap, quite the lo de uma vez, autor desta porcaria. Digo porcaria no porque acho
other way round actually, but because legions of senseless, insensitive que seja realmente porcaria, muito pelo contrrio, alis, mas porque
literary agents and professional readers working for publishing houses legies de insensatos e insensveis agentes literrios e leitores profis-
I submitted this novel to in the United States, Great Britain, and even sionais a servio de grandes e pequenas editoras dos Estados Unidos,
over the border in Canada thought it was crap and torpedoed it in da Gr-Bretanha e at mesmo do outro lado da fronteira, no Canad,
its natural course towards being printed. Well, its being printed now; s quais enviei este romance acharam que era porcaria e torpedearam-
sensible, sensitive people from the literary scene in a Portuguese- no em sua rota natural com destino ao prelo. Bem, chegou ao prelo
speaking country in the so-called Third World didnt think it is crap but, agora; algumas pessoas sensatas e sensveis do meio literrio de um
to say the least, an unusually original work. Literary truth (whatever it pas de lngua portuguesa do chamado Terceiro Mundo no acharam
may be) has prevailed. I feel vindicated. que o romance seja porcaria mas, para dizer o mnimo, uma obra de
This is and shall remain my one and only work of fiction. inusitada originalidade. A verdade literria (seja o que for) prevaleceu.
In fact, I have never thought I would ever be engaged in writing Sinto-me desagravado.
any piece of fiction. Somehow the idea for this novel came down Este romance e continuar sendo minha nica obra de fico.
on me one evening at home in the mid nineties as I had just put Alis, nunca pensei que pudesse algum dia dedicar-me a escrever um
down Thomas Bergers novel Arthur Rex, originally released in texto de fico. A idia deste romance me veio cabea de repente
1978. He made large linguistic appropriations into his novel from numa noite em meados dos anos 90 assim que acabei de ler o romance
Thomas Malor ys Le Morte DArthur, so I began to ponder on the Arthur Rex, de Thomas Berger, originalmente lanado em 1978. Esse
way novelists had made use of Middle English in their fiction. My romance incorpora muita coisa da linguagem do clssico medieval Le
thoughts roamed back to the good old days of my youth, when I Morte DArthur, de Thomas Malory, e a me pus a meditar sobre os ro-
had read Stevensons The Black Arrow with great enjoyment in a mancistas que fizeram algum uso do ingls mdio em suas obras. Meu
copy (discarded from the Parish Librar y of the Unitarian Church pensamento voejou de volta ao bom e velho tempo da minha infncia,
at Burlington, Vt, three readers only) of the 1915 Scribners edition quando li com grande prazer A flecha preta de Stevenson num exem-
that I have kept to this ver y day. Stevenson has always been one of plar (descartado da Biblioteca Paroquial da Igreja Unitria de Burling-
my favorite authors, in part because I first read it as a child (as did ton, Vermont, trs leitores apenas) da edio de 1915 da Scribners que
Borges), in part because my father had put into my head the silly guardo at hoje. Stevenson sempre foi um de meus autores favoritos,
notion (which only in my late teens I grew out of) that the famous em parte porque o li pela primeira vez em criana (como fez Borges)
author was distant kin to us. Well, Stevenson did use Middle English e em parte porque meu pai me ps na cabea a noo ingnua (s me
in his The Black Arrow, but in dialogue only. (By the way, I have livraria dela no final da adolescncia) de que o clebre escritor era pa-
paid homage to him in The Alfield Manuscript by making a black rente distante nosso. Bem, Stevenson realmente usou ingls mdio em
454 ] [ 455
arrow an instrument of assassination and by naming the English A flecha preta, mas s nos dilogos. (A propsito, prestei a ele a devida
translator Bennet Hatch after one of the characters in that most homenagem em O manuscrito Alfield dando a uma flecha preta o status
underestimated of all his novels.) Later on I happened on The Wood de arma de um assassinato e ao tradutor ingls o mesmo nome Ben-
Beyond The World, in which William Morris employed a different net Hatch de um dos personagens desse que o mais subestimado
approach altogether. Morris developed something like an archaic de seus romances.) J William Morris, em O bosque do outro lado do
English language in that book, but to my ears it sounded too poetic mundo, tentou uma abordagem totalmente diferente. Morris elaborou
and artificial, hence pedantic (anyway, he was merely engaged nesse livro uma linguagem parecida com o ingls arcaico, que, porm,
in concocting a fair y-tale). Another read was Mark Twains A aos meus ouvidos soou potica e artificial demais, portanto pedante (de
Connecticut Yankee At King Arthurs Court. Medieval characters in qualquer modo, sua inteno era to-somente fabricar um conto de fa-
the novel speak some sort of Middle English, but to comic, satirical das). Outra leitura que fiz foi Um ianque na corte do rei Artur, de Mark
effect. Its funny, but thats all theres to it. Twain. Os personagens medievais do romance falam uma espcie de
So as I sat in my reading arm-chair at home I came to the ingls mdio, mas com intenes especificamente cmicas e satricas.
conclusion that Berger had used our medieval dialect, as he was engraado, mas nada mais que isso.
well entitled to, not as an end but as a means a specific means Ento sentado em minha poltrona de leitura cheguei conclu-
to achieve his basic purpose in the novel, namely, to ironically so de que Berger fizera uso de nosso dialeto medieval, como era seu
criticize medieval social and literar y misconceptions. No wonder direito, no como fim mas como meio meio, no caso, de atingir o
his is a recruited third-person narrator swapping from Middle to principal objetivo de seu romance: criticar com ironia os equvocos
Modern English structures, or even mixing them up, throughout sociais e literrios da Idade Mdia. No admira que tenha recrutado
the novel, as he sets his modern, hence anachronistic, eye on um narrador de terceira pessoa que alterna estruturas medievais e
medieval culture as a whole, narrative language included. Kind of modernas, ou at mesmo as mistura, ao longo do romance, enquan-
in Twains vein, Berger made fun of Middle English by taking it out to assesta um olhar moderno, portanto anacrnico, sobre a cultura
of its actual context, which is an easy, sure way to ridicule anything medieval como um todo, a includa a linguagem narrativa. Meio que
(the Middle Ages, as a matter of fact, was parodied that ver y way no estilo de Twain, Berger faz troa do ingls mdio tirando-o de seu
by a host of creative people before him, like, say, Italo Calvino (The contexto histrico, recurso fcil e seguro, alis, para quem queira pr
Nonexistent Knight, 1951), T. H. White (The Once and Future King, em ridculo qualquer coisa (a Idade Mdia, alis, foi parodiada dessa
1958), Walt Disney (The Sword in the Stone, 1963), Monty Python maneira por um exrcito de gente criativa antes de Berger, como Italo
(Monty Python and the Holy Grail, 1975), besides Twain). Thus he Calvino (O cavaleiro inexistente, 1951), T. H. White (O nico e eterno
failed (or rather, did not care) to grasp the potential value of the rei, 1958), Walt Disney (A espada era a lei, 1963), Monty Python (Mon-
archaic prose narrative as a literary language in its own right for ty Python e o clice sagrado, 1975), alm do prprio Twain). Assim
today. Wow, I thought. Someone should get up and do something Berger deixou (ou melhor, no teve a preocupao) de captar o po-
about it. But nobody seems to be giving a damn to old lingo now, I tencial da prosa narrativa arcaica como linguagem literria por direito
thought. Then I thought, Why dont you do it yourself, man? All you prprio para os dias de hoje. Opa, pensei. Algum devia acordar e
have to do is to get acquainted with medieval prose and veto out fazer alguma coisa com isso. Mas ningum parece dar a mnima hoje
of your book anything writers like Twain and Berger have turned para antigos linguajares, pensei. E ento pensei: Por que voc mesmo
into linguistic laughing-stock: the pronoun thou in all its forms, the no tenta, cara? Tudo que tem a fazer familiarizar-se com a prosa
hath, doth, and similar, forms of verbs, and such stuff as prithee, medieval e proibir a entrada em seu livro daquelas coisas que Twain e
456 ] [ 457
forsooth, withal, an for if, anon for soon, ere for before, and whatnot. Berger transformaram em objeto lingstico de riso: o pronome thou
So I began gradually to tempt myself into writing this one of a kind em todas as suas formas, as formas verbais hath, doth e congneres, e
book. coisas como prithee, forsooth, withal, an em vez de if, anon em vez de
Lets skip the months I was hesitant about the undertaking: soon, ere em vez de before, e assim por diante.
will it work or wont it? Then all of a sudden I had begun to nibble Saltemos os meses em que estive indeciso quanto ao empre-
at the prospect in my leisure time and to get glimpses of the plot endimento: ser que funciona ou no? A de repente l j estava eu
and the structure and what I called the linguistic setting. I chose the mordiscando a idia em meu tempo livre, e percebendo vislumbres
right period for the story: mid 14th century France shattered by the da trama e da estrutura e do que chamei de cenrio lingstico. Esco-
Hundred Years War and swept over by the Black Death. And since lhi o perodo certo para a histria: meados do sculo XIV na Frana
the text was bound to be entirely written through in my own Middle assolada pela Guerra dos Cem Anos e devastada pela Peste Negra.
English literary idiolect (sorry for the word), I construed it as a E, j que o texto seria escrito inteiramente em meu prprio idioleto
novel feigning to be an authentic 15th century translation into English (com perdo da palavra) literrio medieval, concebi a obra como um
of an equally authentic 14th century French chronicle allegedly lost. romance que fingisse ser uma autntica traduo quinhentista para o
Moreover, this English translation had been saved for posterity in but ingls de uma igualmente autntica crnica francesa do sculo XIV su-
one copy, known to scholars as the Alfield Manuscript, and its text postamente perdida. Alm disso, essa traduo inglesa foi salva para
is released in a critical edition sponsored by a Society of Friends of a posteridade em uma cpia nica, conhecida junto aos eruditos pelo
the Middle Ages. Everything is, of course, a forgery, a fraud, a hoax; nome de Manuscrito Alfield; cujo texto, por sua vez, publicado numa
everything, of course, is meant for readers to dig it by pretending to edio crtica de uma Associao de Amigos da Idade Mdia. Tudo,
believe it. claro, falsificao, fraude, burla; tudo, claro, para o leitor curtir
All the necessary research work I did at the good old New fingindo que acredita.
York Public Library by perusing a great number of Middle English Todo o imprescindvel trabalho de pesquisa eu fiz na velha e
sources available there and by taking from them, or rather, stealing querida Biblioteca Pblica de Nova York, onde consultei um grande
from them, everything that might be useful in writing the book. nmero de fontes em ingls mdio ali disponveis e de onde extra,
Come to think of it, stealing is too mild a word for what I did: better ou melhor, furtei, tudo que pudesse ser de utilidade para escrever o
call it downright pillage. Yes: I felt free to appropriate wording and livro. Pensando bem, furto uma palavra muito leve para o que fiz:
phrasing and to rework scenes and episodes from these sources, melhor dizer logo pilhagem. Sim: pus-me vontade para me apropriar
as well as to capture the narrative soul of these writers, who would de palavras e frases e reorganizar cenas e episdios dessas fontes,
seldom write a sentence or build a dialogue or describe a scene the alm de capturar a alma narrativa desses escritores, que raramente
way we do today. escreviam uma frase ou construam um dilogo ou descreviam uma
No, ladies and gentlemen, this is not called plagiarism but cena da forma como fazemos hoje.
intertextuality: a legitimate, respectable, literary technique, thank No, senhoras e senhores, isso no se chama plgio mas in-
God. Plagiarist authors will sneak into their own works words and tertextualidade: um legtimo e respeitvel recurso literrio, graas a
ideas from other authors and take pains to hide the fact, and even deny Deus. Os autores plagirios costumam introduzir sub-repticiamente
it before a judge, as thieves will do. As for us, intertextual authors, em suas obras palavras e idias de outros autores e tomar providn-
on the contrary, we will acknowledge it and publicize it as one of the cias para ocultar o fato, como fazem os ladres, e at neg-lo em juzo,
prime assets and cardinal virtues of our own works. se preciso for. J ns, autores intertextuais, muito pelo contrrio, cos-
458 ] [ 459
Now which texts have been targeted for my intertextual tumamos admitir a dvida e divulg-la como um dos principais valores
approach to writing this novel? Not every Middle English text e uma das virtudes cardeais de nossas obras.
qualified, to be sure. Firstly, they should be texts in prose such Ento que textos foram alvo da minha abordagem intertextual
as chronicles, treatises, Arthurian romances, and the like (up to a durante a escritura do romance? Nem todo texto em ingls medieval
point, since numberless phrases and images from medieval English se qualificava, claro. Primeiro, era preciso que fossem textos em pro-
poems found their way into the novel). Secondly, they should be texts sa tais como crnicas, tratados, romances de cavalaria e coisas do
written not earlier than 1300 and not later than 1525. Thirdly, they tipo (at certo ponto, j que incontveis frases e imagens extradas de
should mostly be Middle English translations from French originals. poemas em ingls mdio encontraram um nicho no romance). Segun-
Considering these three basic premises, it is no wonder the major do, que fossem textos datando do perodo entre 1300 e 1525. Terceiro,
source of my novel wound up to be Lord Berners translation of John que fossem em sua maioria textos traduzidos de originais franceses
Froissarts chronicles a 2.750-page work in New Yorks AMS Press para o ingls mdio. Considerando essas trs premissas bsicas, no
six-volume edition. admira que a principal fonte da linguagem do romance tenha sido a
Froissart himself had dabbled in intertextuality (not that traduo feita por Lord Berners das crnicas de Jean Froissart uma
he was aware of the word or the concept). In the first part of his obra de 2.750 pginas na edio em seis volumes da AMS Press de
chronicles dealing with events having occurred before his birth or Nova York.
in his formative years, such as the English King Edward IIs downfall O prprio Froissart tambm andou namorando a intertextuali-
and the early stages of the Hundred Years War he made extensive dade (no que conhecesse a palavra ou o conceito). Na primeira parte
use of the work of another chronicler, Jean Le Bel, whom he refers de suas crnicas em que trata de sucessos ocorridos antes de seu
to in his pages as mine author. Anyway, Froissart has come to nascimento ou durante os anos de sua formao, tais como a deposi-
be regarded, and justly so, as the chronicler par excellence of the o do rei Eduardo II da Inglaterra e os estgios iniciais da Guerra dos
Hundred Years War. Accordingly, his chronicles deal primarily with Cem Anos aproveitou extensamente a obra de outro cronista, Jean
medieval warfare battles, skirmishes, and sieges mostly, I would Le Bel, a que se refere em suas pginas como meu autor. Seja como
say, with sieges, siege warfare being a recurrent war situation in the for, Froissart veio a ser considerado, e com justia, como o cronista
Middle Ages. Quite often in Froissarts chronicles you are likely to por excelncia da Guerra dos Cem Anos. Nesse sentido, suas crnicas
find a town, a castle, a fortress, or a stronghold in the throes of a do grande nfase a eventos blicos batalhas, escaramuas e stios
siege. A great many of these places would end up by being taken by sobretudo, eu diria, stios, sendo esta uma situao recorrente das
besiegers, either by force or by treaty, and then robbed and pillaged guerras medievais. Com muita freqncia se encontram nas crnicas
of all their goods. de Froissart cidades, castelos, fortalezas ou praas-fortes vivendo as
This invites an analogy. Just as men of arms did throughout the agonias de um stio e, em grande parte dos casos, sendo por fim toma-
pages of Froissarts book, so did I in my research work. While they dos pelos sitiantes fora ou por tratado, e roubados e saqueados de
would plunder gold and silver, jewels, cloth, cattle, wine, and supplies, todos os seus bens.
I would plunder valuable literary goods. From Berners translation of Isso permite uma analogia. Assim como faziam os homens de
Froissart and from every single source I took by assault I looted to the armas nas pginas do livro de Froissart, assim fiz eu em minhas fon-
best of my power the modus scribendi of medieval prose authors: their tes de pesquisa. Enquanto eles pilhavam ouro e prata, jias, tecidos,
lexicon, their syntax, their phrasing, their dialogue, their narrative gado, vinho e mantimentos, eu pilhava preciosos bens literrios. Da
structures, their mannerisms and eventual mistakes, and even some traduo de Froissart feita por Berners e de cada uma das fontes que
460 ] [ 461
of their characters and of their scenes and, in some cases, whole tomei de assalto surrupiei tudo que constitusse o modus scribendi
episodes of their books. All this booty was duly trussed up and carried dos prosadores medievais: seu lxico, sua sintaxe, seu fraseado, seus
away into my own novel, and placed there as they best fit. dilogos, suas estruturas narrativas, seus cacoetes e eventuais equ-
In sum, I went to medieval sources for everything I needed to vocos, e at mesmo alguns de seus personagens e de suas cenas e,
set a comprehensive literary foundation for my novel. A new literary em certos casos, inteiros episdios de seus livros. Todo esse botim
approach based on very old patterns. Or, as Peter Allens lyrics go: foi devidamente entrouxado e trazido para meu prprio romance, e
Dont throw the past away, / You might need it some rainy day. / acomodado ali onde melhor se encaixasse.
Dreams can come true again, / When evry thing old is new again. Em suma, visitei as fontes medievais em busca de tudo quanto
Now a word about the geography of the novel. Actually there is precisava para estabelecer uma slida fundao narrativa para meu
not much sense in it. It consists of a triangle of imaginary lordships romance. E o fiz cantando mentalmente a cano Everything old is
the earldom of Niniven, the bishopric of Bree, and the duchy of Vick new again, de Peter Allen, onde esto os versos: No jogue fora o
lying somewhere north of France, among a cluster of real medieval passado, / Voc pode precisar dele. / Os sonhos se tornam realidade,
countries, Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, Holland, and Zealand. Besides, / Se o que velho se faz novo de novo.
most of the names given to towns, castles, abbeys, hills, rivers, etc., Agora uma palavra sobre a geografia do romance. Na verdade
in the fictional geography were shamelessly robbed from these and no h muita lgica a. Consiste de um tringulo de senhorios imagi-
other countries as they appear in Froissarts book as translated by nrios o condado de Nniva, o bispado de Brei e o ducado de Vis-
Berners. go situados em algum ponto ao norte da Frana, no meio de um
Lastly, one word on the use of false attributions in the novel. One conglomerado de naes medievais de verdade, Flandres, Brabante,
of the favorite devices used by Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges in Hainaut, Holanda e Zelndia. Alm disso, os nomes dados a cidades,
his writings was that of false attributions. It was not really anything castelos, conventos, colinas, rios etc. na geografia ficcional foram em
new (how many stories were attributed by alleged editors to letters sua maioria roubados desses e de outros pases na forma como apare-
sent to them or to manuscripts found in bottles or other places?), cem no livro de Froissart traduzido por Berners.
but Borges gave it a new treatment and scope and thus influenced Por fim, uma palavra sobre o uso de falsas atribuies no ro-
writers of fiction all over the world. He did it by ascribing whole texts, mance. Um dos recursos favoritos usados pelo autor argentino Jorge
references, or quotations to non-existing authors. Or, in his own Luis Borges em seus textos foi o das falsas atribuies. No era na
famous words, The writing of lengthy books, the stretching-out of an verdade nada de novo (quantos autores, fazendo-se passar por meros
idea in five hundred pages that might as well be verbally accounted for editores, atriburam a origem de suas histrias a cartas recebidas ou
in a couple of minutes, is an exacting, whimsical labor leading to no a manuscritos encontrados em garrafas ou sei l onde mais?), mas
worthwhile results. A better approach is to assume the pre-existence Borges deu-lhe novo tratamento e escopo e assim influenciou autores
of these books and bring forth a synthesis of its contents or a few de fico no mundo inteiro. O que ele fez foi atribuir textos inteiros,
comments on them. [] As for me, I have been led by good sense, referncias ou citaes a autores inexistentes. Citemos suas famosas
ineptitude, and laziness, to write notes on imaginary books. palavras: Que extravagncia trabalhosa e empobrecedora escrever
When I imagined the existence of this manuscript the livros enormes, esticar ao longo de quinhentas pginas uma idia per-
Middle English translation of La Vraye Cronicque de Mallemort feitamente cabvel em poucos minutos de exposio oral. Melhor que
I ignored Borges recommendation and, further than just making isso fingir que tais livros j existem e apresentar uma sntese, um
462 ] [ 463
out a commentar y on its origin and content on a few pages which comentrio. [] Mais sensato, mais inepto, mais indolente, preferi
would amount to Dr. Kathr yn Thornhams fake introduction I escrever notas sobre livros imaginrios.
wrote down the entire true chronicle as well. I am sure Borges Ao imaginar a existncia do Manuscrito Alfield contendo a
would have taken this novel of mine for a total waste of time and traduo de La Vraye Cronicque de Mallemort para o ingls mdio
labor. ignorei a recomendao de Borges e, alm de um mero comentrio,
Now this authors afterword is come to the noblesse oblige part, em poucas pginas, sobre sua origem e contedo, representado pela
wherein I am expected to acknowledge my debt to a few people whove falsa introduo da Dr. Kathryn Thornham, escrevi toda a verdadeira
contributed in getting this novel printed. A nice couple of New York crnica tambm. Tenho certeza de que Borges teria considerado este
neighbors of mine, Jerry Schneiderman and Lillian DePaula Lillian meu romance um total desperdcio de tempo e de esforo.
a Los Angeles-born Brazilian who happens to be a university professor Agora este posfcio autoral chega parte de noblesse oblige, em
in Vitria, Brazil have taken a great interest in my novel and got que me cabe reconhecer a dvida de gratido que tenho com algumas
it across to R. S. Neves, then resident writer at the Public Library pessoas que contriburam para que este romance fosse publicado. Um
of Esprito Santo. Neves, himself a Brazilian author with a keen flare simptico casal de vizinhos meus aqui em Nova York, Jerry Schnei-
for under-rated masterpieces, was enthralled by this unpublished derman e Lillian DePaula Lillian uma brasileira nascida em Los An-
American novel and did not hesitate to suggest what my neighbors geles que por acaso tambm professora universitria em Vitria, Es-
and I mostly hoped him to: namely, that he translate the novel into prito Santo, Brasil se interessaram por meu romance e fizeram-no
Portuguese for an eventual Brazilian edition. So at long last The Alfield chegar s mos de R. S. Neves, ento escritor residente da Biblioteca
Manuscript has deservedly found its straight, smooth way into print Pblica do Esprito Santo. Neves, escritor brasileiro com faro aguado
my only sine qua non condition for its coming out abroad having para subestimadas obras-primas, ficou deslumbrado com este roman-
been that the edition be bilingual by including the original English ce americano indito e no hesitou em sugerir o que meus vizinhos e
text alongside the Portuguese translation. I own Im excited at the way eu mais espervamos que fizesse: a saber, que ele prprio traduzisse
things turned out, and very proud of this bilingual edition. I can see o romance para o portugus com vistas a uma eventual edio brasi-
the publishing story of my book (for different reasons, and minus the leira. Assim at que enfim, O Manuscrito Alfield encontrou livre e de-
bilingual feature) as similar to that of Joyces Ulysses: was it not first sembaraado o caminho do prelo, como bem merecia e minha ni-
published in exile (so to speak) in Paris instead of in London or Dublin ca condio sine qua non para sua publicao no estrangeiro foi a de
or New York? fazer-se uma edio bilnge, reproduzindo-se o texto ingls original
lado a lado da traduo portuguesa. Confesso que estou empolgado
com a maneira como as coisas aconteceram, e muito orgulhoso desta
Alan Dorsey Stevenson edio bilnge. E no posso deixar de ver certa semelhana entre a
New York, NY.
histria editorial do meu livro (por diferentes razes, e parte o fator
bilnge) e a de Ulisses, de Joyce: pois no foi Ulisses publicado pela
primeira vez no exlio (por assim dizer) em Paris em vez de Londres
ou Dublim ou Nova York?
464 ] [ 465
A SHORT NOTE BY THE TRANSLATOR BREVE NOTA DO TRADUTOR
Although The Alfield Manuscript may strike us first and foremost Embora O Manuscrito Alfield, de Alan Dorsey Stevenson, possa,
as a saga of thrilling adventure in a medieval setting, it is primarily primeira vista, dar-nos a impresso de ser uma saga de emocionan-
a language-centered novel wherein narrative language is granted tes aventuras em cenrio medieval, trata-se primordialmente de um
priority rights over plot. This status is a natural result of the authors romance de linguagem, no qual narrativa cabem os direitos de prio-
own purpose in writing the novel, namely, to recover Middle English ridade sobre a trama. Essa prioridade conseqncia natural do ob-
in literary fiction, jetivo que se props o prprio autor ao escrever o romance, a saber,
Roughly speaking Middle English is a hybrid medieval language recuperar em literatura o ingls mdio.
grown out of the linguistic merger between French and Anglo-Saxon Em termos gerais o ingls mdio uma lngua medieval h-
(or Old English) taking effect since the Norman conquest of England brida resultante da fuso lingstica do francs e do anglo-saxo (ou
in 1066. On the one hand, it is highly contaminated by French (and ingls antigo) que teve incio a partir da conquista da Inglaterra pelos
thus by Latin) grammar and lexicon; on the other hand, it lacks most normandos em 1066. Por um lado, o ingls mdio est bastante con-
of the vast repertory of phrasal verbs, slang and contractions, as well taminado pela gramtica e pelo vocabulrio do francs (e portanto do
as other idiomatic peculiarities, that make up the physiognomy of latim); por outro lado, falta-lhe boa parte do vasto repertrio de verbos
Modern English. frasais, gria e contraes, bem como outras peculiaridades idiomti-
The Alfield Manuscript was written as an authoritative imitation cas que compem a fisionomia do ingls moderno.
of 15th century Middle English and, more than that, as an authoritative The Alfield Manuscript foi escrito como uma imitao abalizada
imitation of a text translated into Middle English from a French do ingls mdio do sculo XV e, mais que isso, como uma imitao
original. abalizada de um texto traduzido de um original francs para o ingls
As a rule, translators at the time of Hatch the 1480s and also mdio.
of later times, like Lord Berners, had no awareness of the aesthetic De modo geral, os tradutores da poca de Hatch a dcada
possibilites of their work, inasmuch as most of them would deal de 1480 e at de pocas posteriores, como Lord Berners, no ti-
exclusively with prose texts, which were not at that time as highly nham conscincia do potencial esttico do seu trabalho, at porque
esteemed in the way of literature as works in verse were. Therefore, na maioria dos casos se atinham eles aos textos em prosa, a que no
they usually would make a physiological translation of the original, se dava ento tanto valor como literatura quanto aos textos em verso.
meaning merely to render the content of a text into another language: Assim, o que usualmente faziam era uma traduo digamos fisiolgica
they had no aesthetic but utilitarian purposes in their work: they did in do original, com a finalidade nica de passar a outra lngua o contedo
writing as simultaneous interpreters do orally nowadays. This should de um texto: no tinham preocupaes de ordem esttica mas utilit-
explain the great number of interferences we find in translations ria: faziam, por escrito, o que fazem hoje, oralmente, os intrpretes
of the period, and in Hatchs and Berners texts among them: such simultneos. Isso explica as inmeras interferncias encontradias
interferences happen when the original French text seems to lead the em tradues da poca, entre elas os textos de Hatch e de Berners:
English translator to absorb and adapt into English countless words, interferncias em que o tradutor ingls se deixa embair pelo francs
expressions, and syntactic constructions from the source text. original a ponto de absorver e adaptar ao ingls incontveis palavras,
expresses e construes sintticas do texto original.
466 ] [ 467
Thus, when I made up my mind to translate Bennet Hatchs Assim, quando me propus a traduzir para o portugus o supos-
alleged text into Portuguese, I was aware that I would have not a to texto de Bennet Hatch, tinha cincia de que no traduziria um texto
typically English text to tackle with, but a clumsily translated English tpico em ingls mas um texto toscamente traduzido para o ingls e
text, and frenchified in many aspects. I certainly might endeavor to afrancesado em muitos pontos. Poderia, certamente, esforar-me para
upgrade the source text in literary terms. However, I rather chose elevar literariamente o texto original. Preferi, no entanto, buscar junto
to identify myself methodologically with the 15th century translator, ao tradutor do sculo XV, Hatch, a mesma identidade metodolgica
Hatch, as he did with the 14th century French author, Lelillois, in order que este estabeleceu com o autor francs do sculo XIV, Lelillois, o
to be able to reproduce in Portuguese, as mirror-like as possible, the que me permitiu reproduzir em portugus, o mais especularmente
frequent awkwardness of the English original. possvel, a fisionomia muitas vezes canhestra do original ingls.
The lexicon somewhat limited of my translation was one of the O vocabulrio de certa forma limitado de minha traduo foi
results of this attempt of mine at a mirror-like correspondence between um dos resultados da tentativa de alcanar uma correspondncia
the English and the Portuguese texts. Medieval prose writers would especular entre os textos ingls e portugus. O prosador medieval
make large use of formulae recurrently interspersed throughout the empregava grande nmero de frmulas que se repetiam ao longo do
text with but slight variations and, in this case, their language would texto com pequenas variaes e, nesses casos, a sua linguagem tor-
become repetitive and even predictable. Mr. Stevenson wisely saw to na-se repetitiva e at previsvel. O Sr. Stevenson teve a preocupao
it that Hatchs text be pregnant with such typical formulae. Now what de semear o texto de Hatch com muitas dessas frmulas tpicas. O
in authors of that time was merely a spontaneous itch, will become, que era, porm, nos autores da poca, um mero cacoete espontneo,
in a 20th century piece of literature to wit, The Alfield Manuscript torna-se, num texto literrio escrito no sculo XX como o caso de
, kind of by a Menardian touch, a literary technique purposefully O Manuscrito Alfield , num toque meio que menardiano, um recurso
adopted which in turn will come through in a translation abiding (as literrio adotado conscientemente que por sua vez ser reproduzido
does this one) by a criterion of mirror-like correspondence. A certain numa traduo (como esta) que obedea ao critrio de correspondn-
awkwardness and clumsiness resulting from the adoption of such a cia especular. Certos resultados estranhos e canhestros desse critrio
criterion may jeopardize the fluidness and elegance of the translated talvez impliquem ligeiro prejuzo para a fluidez e elegncia do texto
text, yet I endorsed them as conceptually compatible with what is traduzido, mas mesmo assim os endossei por serem compatveis com
to be regarded as a literary technique in this translational project. o que, neste projeto tradutrio, se pode considerar recurso literrio.
Likewise, such Middle English words as Mr. Stevenson felt to be Da mesma forma certas palavras do ingls mdio que o Sr. Stevenson
peculiar enough to harbor in Prof. Thornhams critical text resulted julgou curiosas o bastante para dar-lhes guarida no texto crtico da
in solutions like inumberveis for innumberable and artemtrica Prof. Thornham resultaram em solues como inumberveis para
for arsmetric. innumberable e artemtrica para arsmetric.
Syntax-wise I have preserved in Portuguese certain typical Em termos sintticos, mantive, pelo sabor literrio hoje pass-
traits of medieval discourse exhaling a literary savor liable to be vel de degustao, certos traos tpicos do discurso medieval, como,
cherished nowadays, the most recurring ones being the following: (a) para citar apenas os mais recorrentes: (a) anacolutos, isto , quebra
anacoluthia, that is, a break in grammatical sequence within a sentence; de seqncia gramatical numa frase; (b) repetio da conjuno in-
(b) a repetition of the conjunction that after a clausal interpolation tegrante que aps uma clusula interpolada na frase; (c) emprego
in a sentence; (c) the use of the conjunction that with an infinitive da conjuno integrante que seguida de clusula no infinitivo; (d)
clause; (d) adjectives in comparative and superlative degrees using adjetivos em graus comparativos e superlativos com more e most
468 ] [ 469
more and most plus suffixes, as in more nearer and the most mais sufixos, como more nearer e most fairest; (e) duplas e at
fairest; (e) double and even triple negatives; (f) a mixture of direct mesmo triplas negativas; (f) mistura de discursos diretos e indiretos;
and indirect speeches; (g) redundancies. (g) redundncias.
Some critical readers of my translation may regret that I did Alguns leitores crticos de minha traduo pode ser que lamen-
not go and attempt straightway to render the fake Middle English tem que eu no tenha tentado francamente traduzir o simulado ingls
text into an equally fake archaic Portuguese by submitting medieval mdio do original num igualmente simulado portugus arcaico, para
Portuguese sources to a process of pillage in similar lines as Mr. tanto submetendo fontes medievais portuguesas a uma pilhagem simi-
Stevenson submitted his English sources. Rather than do so, which lar quela a que Mr. Stevenson submeteu suas fontes inglesas. Em vez
well I might, I made this conscientious choice of trying to create a de fazer isso, como bem poderia, optei conscientemente pela tentativa
medieval-flavored Portuguese text by seeking direct inspiration in de criar um texto portugus de sabor medieval diretamente inspirado
the Middle English-based original. The result was a Portuguese text no original que tem por base o ingls mdio. O resultado foi um texto
that, though faintly evocative of medieval prose, did not go to such portugus que, embora levemente reminiscente da prosa medieval,
extremes of emulation as Mr. Stevenson sought and got in his novel. no chegou aos extremos de emulao que Mr. Stevenson tentou e
In fact, in his obsessive search for ensuring an apparent conseguiu em seu romance.
authenticity as regards the fictional manuscript in his story, Mr. Alis, em sua busca obsessiva no sentido de atribuir uma aparen-
Stevenson went as far as to reinstate one of the registered marks the te autenticidade ao manuscrito fictcio de sua histria, Mr. Stevenson
variable spelling of words common to all medieval writings, though chegou at mesmo a resgatar uma das marcas registradas de todos
restricted in his novel to proper and place names only. Thus readers will os textos medievais, a grafia varivel das palavras, restrita embora em
find in the English text of the novel the name Katherine, for example, seu romance aos nomes prprios de pessoas e lugares. Assim, o leitor
in a number of variant forms: Katerine, Katheryne, Katheryn, Katryn, encontrar no texto em ingls do romance o prenome Katherine, por
Caterine etc. In translating the novel into Portuguese, however, I exemplo, nas mais diversas formas: Katerine, Katheryne, Katheryn,
decided on ascribing to all proper names and most place names one Katryn, Caterine etc. Na traduo portuguesa, porm, tomei a deciso
standard form based on the form closest to Modern English. de padronizar todos os nomes prprios e a maioria dos topnimos
com base na forma inglesa que fosse mais prxima da atual.
470 ] [ 471
ANEXO:
FONTES DE
CONSULTA
FONTES DE CONSULTA
[ 475
do francs para o ingls no reinado de Henrique VI e editado, com ma forma, mas naturalmente em menor grau de consulta e aproveita-
introduo e notas, por Thomas Wright, pela primeira vez a partir de mento, fiz profcuas visitas ao igualmente gigantesco Dictionnaire du
sua nica cpia, o manuscrito Harl. 1764 do Museu Britnico, e da Moyen Franais, disponvel online graas ao esforo da Universidade
verso impressa feita por Caxton em 1484 (Londres: publicado para a de Nancy, Frana.
Sociedade de Textos Ingleses Antigos por Kegan Paul, Trench, Trb- Dentre as obras acadmicas que deram alguma contribuio
ner & Co., 1868 [edio revista, 1906]); Merlin: or The Early History no linguagem mas trama do romance, cabe citar aqui duas edies
of King Arthur: romance de cavalaria em prosa, editado por Henry B. de fontes primrias The Murder of Charles the Good, Count of Flan-
Wheatley, da Sociedade de Textos Ingleses Antigos, a partir de sua ders, de Galbert de Bruges, traduzido por James Bruce Ross (Nova
nica cpia, o manuscrito da Biblioteca Universitria de Cambridge York: Harper and Row, 1967), e o annimo A Parisian Journal 1405-
(Londres: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co.); A Chronicle of Melu- 1449, traduzido por Janet Shirley (Oxford University Press, 1968) ,
sine in olde Englishe, compyled by Ihon of Arras [John dArras], and e ainda A History of the Crusades, de Steven Runciman (Middlesex:
dedicated to the Duke of Berry and Auuergne, and translated (as yt Penguin, 1978, 3 vols.).
shoulde seeme) out of Frenche into Englishe, editado por A. K. Do- As nicas fontes que se pode garantir tenham sido consultadas
nald, da Sociedade de Textos Ingleses Antigos, a partir do manuscri- especificamente para o texto em portugus do romance foram as cr-
to Royal 18.B.2, da Biblioteca Britnica de Londres (Londres: Kegan nicas de Ferno Lopes: Crnica de Dom Fernando, edio crtica de
Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co., 1895); The Early English Versions of the Giuliano Macchi, Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1975; e Crnica del Rei
Gesta Romanorum, originalmente editadas por Sir Fredric Madden Dom Joo I de boa memria, Parte Primeira, edio de Anselmo Braan-
para o Clube Roxburghe, e agora reeditadas a partir dos manuscritos camp Freire, Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1973, e Parte Segunda, edi-
Harl. 7333 & Addit. 9066 do Museu Britnico e Kk. 1. 6 da Biblioteca o de William J. Entwistle, Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional, 1968. Mesmo
Universitria de Cambridge, com introduo, notas, glossrio, etc., assim as apropriaes foram feitas com parcimnia, no tendo sido
por Sidney J. H. Herrtage (Londres: publicado para a Sociedade de meu objetivo (diferente do que fizera no romance original) recriar a
Textos Ingleses Antigos por N. Trbner & Co., 1879); Ratis Raving, linguagem arcaica no texto portugus do romance bilnge.
and Other Moral and Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse, especialmente Embora s agora seja lanado seu primeiro volume, este ro-
Craft of Deyng e Wisdom of Solomon; e a pea annima Gammer Gur- mance j deu margem a uma pequena fortuna crtica. O processo de
tons Nedle. Todas essas fontes foram importadas do Corpus of Middle construo da obra em ingls foi objeto de estudo de Lillian DePaula
English Prose and Verse, organizado na internet pela Universidade de em sua tese de doutoramento, A inveno do original via traduo,
Michigan ( exceo de Gammer Gurtons Nedle, disponvel no acervo pseudotraduo e autotraduo, defendida na Universidade de So
virtual mantido pela Universidade da Pensilvnia). Paulo em 2002. Ela voltou ao assunto no ensaio A traduo da tradi-
No incio do trabalho de elaborao da verso bilnge defini- o como critrio de inventividade (Contexto 12, Vitria: UFES, 2006),
tiva do romance descobri o imenso Middle English Dictionary, posto em que exps e interpretou de forma inspirada e eficaz a natureza do
online disposio dos pesquisadores pela Universidade de Michi- projeto. No mesmo nmero da revista Paulo Roberto Sodr publicou
gan. A partir da, trabalhei o tempo todo com uma janela aberta para o ensaio A demanda do medievo de Reinaldo Santos Neves: Aponta-
o MED. Usei-o como fonte inestimvel no s para inserir citaes mentos sobre A crnica de Malemort, e, embora restrinja sua anlise
originais em notas de rodap, mas tambm para identificar centenas verso original em portugus, esclarece com acuidade e preciso as
de achados preciosos e para incorpor-los ao texto do romance, inter- diferenas paratextuais entre o texto de 1978 e o que dele se originou.
ferindo assim de modo efetivo na verso definitiva da obra. Da mes- ltimo, e menos importante, eu mesmo discorri sobre o romance em
476 ] [ 477
trs artigos acadmicos, mas posteriores mudanas de abordagem
estrutural da obra depreciaram-lhes o contedo, tornando-os apenas
peas histricas do desenvolvimento do projeto: Notas sobre uma fo-
lha de hera: A crnica de Malemort em ingls (Contexto 6, Vitria:
UFES, 1999); a adaptao desse texto para o ingls, Translation or
Whatever: The Anglicization of a Novel in Portuguese Set in the Mid-
dle Ages (Translation Perspectives, volume XI, Binghamton: Center
for Research in Translation, State University of New York, 2000); e
Abordagem hipertextual da Trilogia de Malemort: Ensaio de autocr-
tica (Contexto 12, Vitria: UFES, 2006).
APPENDIX
FOR READERS
OF ENGLISH
478 ]
[Dedication]
[ 481
AUTHORS
PREFACE
[ 483
Chronicle as a research project approved by the Department book): innovative, as I see it, because of the very simple fact that
of Literature at the Federal University of Esprito Santo (UFES). its bilingual rgime is established and sustained as an inner, not a
Its primary criterion was the same having ruled the project in marginal component of the fictional plot of the novel.
Portuguese: to embed into the novel nothing less, nothing more, than Editorial-wise, this format brought about a few practical
lexical, syntactical, and narrative elements duly warranted by English difficulties. In order to preserve in its integrity the concept of a bilingual
medieval sources. (Readers are here advised not to be surprised at novel as opposed to a bilingual book, the bilingual territory should
such odd incidences recurring in the English text and, whenever be restricted to the fictional texts alone, namely, the prefatory note
possible, reproduced in the Portuguese translation, as anacoluthia, by the secretary of the Trentonian Society of Friends of the Middle
redundancies, double and triple negatives, adjectives in comparative Ages, Prof. Kathryn Thornhams introduction as critical editor of the
and superlative degrees using more and most plus suffixes, and manuscript, the North-American authors afterword, the Brazilian
the like: that is the way medieval European authors actually wrote translators note, and, obviously, the would-be-Middle-English text
their prose.) plus footnotes; whereas the true authors preface and any further
However, if An Ivy Leaf is The Chronicle of Malemort in a information in title pages, credits pages, dedication, book flaps, back
resurrected Old English, on the other hand it is also another book: cover, should not be available except in Portuguese, the official
more mature, more complex, more ambitious, and far more enlarged: language of the novel. Nonetheless, as I considered the possibility of
it comprises both a text nearly four times as long as that of the original readers of English eventually getting interested in reading this novel,
novel and a counterfeit paratextual apparatus designed to support the I thought it would be unfair to withhold all this information from them.
framework of false attributions. So, the novel completed, I was not Then, on their behalf, an Appendix with the most significant of these
long in realizing that the next logical move should be to reinstate into texts reproduced in English was added at the end of the book. By the
Portuguese this new version of A crnica de Malemort. The first of way, I must apologize to these readers for the un-Englishness of these
many versions of this text in Portuguese was finished in 2005. English texts, not at all like they should read had such native speakers
In the ensuing years the project as a whole was often put down of English as Alan Dorsey Stevenson and Kathryn Thornham actually
in favor of other, easier ones three novels and a book of short-stories. written them.
In between these projects I found time to resume that work ever in Now here we have this first volume of the An Ivy Leaf trilogy
progress and to complete two Portuguese versions for submission printed, and, as it could not be otherwise, being released with the
to my publishers at the time. To submit the entire bilingual project imprint of those public institutions sponsoring this writer-in-residence
would have been totally senseless: I knew beforehand none of the project of which this bilingual novel is the most consistent and
more commercial publishers would take a chance on it. consequential outcome. Fifteen years are now past since the first
Everything changed in 2009. This year in May I honorably tentative, hesitant steps were taken towards beginning research work
became writer-in-residence at the Public Library of Esprito Santo, for the novel. In fact, I was lucky to have a number of people helping,
by means of an agreement between the State Secretariat for Culture trying to help, or simply encouraging me both before and during
and the Graduate Program in Literature at UFES (of which I have the project development. Let me name them all here in token of my
been a staff member since 1970). My assignments in that capacity gratitude: Dr. Lillian DePaula, from UFES, who convinced me during
including developing a work of long fiction, I chose in this case to our early discussions together that the project was feasible; Dr. Marilyn
undertake the complete final version of A folha de hera in the twofold, Gaddis Rose, from the State University of New York at Binghamton,
torrential, innovative format of a bilingual novel (not a mere bilingual editor of the journal Translation Perspectives, wherein an essay of
484 ] [ 485
mine dealing with the project was published (n. XI, 2000); Mr. Robert me to become a writer-in-residence there; and, at the State Secretariat
Patterson, M.A. in English, from Ithaca, NY, Dr. Paolo Spedicato, for Culture, to its Sub-Secretary, Erlon Jos Paschoal, to its present
then a visiting professor at UFES, Mr. Rodger Friedman, owner of Secretary, Jos Paulo Viosi, and, most specially, to the former
Rare Book Studio, New York, and Dr. Gran Kjellmer, from Gteborg Secretary, Dayse Maria Oslegher Lemos, to whom I owe heart-felted
University, Sweden, who all of them had access to sample passages of thanks both for the friendliness and for the kindness she has always
the work in progress and gave me a welcome, timely encouragement; shown me. Without the confidence they all have given to the project,
Mr. Gregory Grossmeier, from the University of Michigan Library, A folha de hera: romance bilnge might remain unpublished for a long
who briefed me very kindly when I e-mailed him for information on time yet or maybe forever.
quoting from the Middle English Dictionary Online in my footnotes
where, by the way, I indulged in a necessary anachronism, since
the printed version of the Dictionary first began to come out in 1952, Reinaldo Santos Neves
Writer-in-Residence,
the very year of Kathryn Thornhams death; Mr. Jerry Schneiderman, Public Library of Esprito Santo
from New York, who promptly agreed to make a cameo appearance in
the novel as a close friend of the North-American author Alan Dorsey
Stevenson; and Prof. Junia Claudia Zaidan, from UFES, who found
time in her strict schedule as a Ph. D. student in Campinas, So Paulo,
to do a critical reading of this first volume of the novel and to give
technical advice regarding footnotes with a linguistic content; and,
furthermore, those people that took this project of fiction seriously
when I had nothing to show them but a project of fiction, and tried to
help: Dr. Euzi Moraes, from Vitria, Brazil; Cecilia Schiffini, from the
British Councils agency in Rio de Janeiro; Dr. David G. Frier, now at
the University of Leeds, UK, who went as far as to read the original
novel in Portuguese; and Dr. A. D. Lehmann, from the Centre of Latin-
American Studies, University of Cambridge, UK, who offered me an
opportunity (which I was not then in a condition to grab) to do work
on my project at that University as an associate researcher.
Lastly, I wish to offer my very special acknowledgments to
them who took part in this initiative aiming not only at the publication
of the novel but also at its publication in a bilingual format. At UFES
I am deeply indebted to Drs. Wilberth Salgueiro and Paulo Roberto
Sodr, currently coordinator and sub-coordinator of the Graduate
Program in Literature; at the Public Library, to all the technical staff,
most particularly special advisor Srgio Blank and its director, Dr. Rita
de Cssia Maia e Silva Costa: on inviting me to join in the institutional
effort for a cultural policy, she started the process that presently led
486 ] [ 487
SOURCES
CONSULTED
The major source for writing the English text of this bilingual
novel was the 1523-25 English translation of Froissarts chronicles
(The Chronicle of Froissart, translated out of French by Sir John
Bourchier, Lord Berners, with an introduction by William Paton Ker,
6 volumes, New York: AMS Press, 1967). Other printed sources were
Paston Letters, a collection of family documents from the 15th century
(selected and edited by John Warrington, London/New York: Dent/
Dutton, 1966); Medieval English Lyrics: A Critical Anthology, by R.
T. Davies (London: Faber & Faber, 1968); Polychronicon Ranulphi
Higden Monachi Cestrensis; together with the English Translations of
John Trevisa and of an Unknown Writer of the Fifteenth Century, of
which I consulted only the first volume, kindly lent me in a country-to-
country mode by the librarians of the State University of New York at
Binghamton; and A Middle English Dictionary containing words used
by English writers from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, by F. H.
Stratmann (Oxford University Press, 1994).
Listed among sources available on the web are Thomas
Malorys Le Morte Darthur (The noble and ioyous book entytled Le
Morte dArthur notwythstondyng it treateth of the byrth / lyf / and
actes of the sayd Kyng Arthur / of his noble knyghtes of the Rounde
Table / theyr meruayllous enquestes and aduentures / thachyeuyng
of the Sangreal / & in thende the dolorous deth & departing out of thys
world of them al / whyche book was reduced in to Englysshe by Syr
Thomas Malory Knyght), edited from Caxtons 15th Century edition
by H. Oskar Sommer (London: David Nutt, 1889); Alphabet of Tales:
an English 15th century translation of the Alphabetum narrationum
[ 489
formerly attributed to Etienne de Besanon but apparently not I worked on the novel with a window permanently open into MED.
composed until some years after his death in 1294, more probably I used it as an invaluable source not only for inserting original
by Arnoldus de Lige, and edited from MS. Add. 25719 of the British quotations in footnotes but also for identifying hundreds of precious
Museum by Mary Macleod Banks (London: published for the findings and appropriating them into the text of the novel, thus
Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co., effectively interfering in the definitive version of the work. Likewise,
1904, 1905); Book of the Knight of La Tour-Landry: compiled for the although naturally in a lesser degree of consultation and appropriation,
instruction of his daughters: translated from the original French into I paid profitable visits to the equally gigantic Dictionnaire du Moyen
English in the reign of Henry VI and edited for the first time from the Franais, available online thanks to an effort from the University of
unique manuscript in the British Museum, Harl. 1764, and Caxtons Nancy, France.
print, A. D. 1484, with an introduction and notes by Thomas Wright Among academic works contributing not to the language but
(London: published for the Early English Text Society by Kegan Paul, to the plot of the novel, two editions of primary sources deserve
Trench, Trbner & Co., 1868 [revised edition, 1906]); Merlin: or The mention here Galbert of Brugess The Murder of Charles the Good,
Early History of King Arthur: a prose romance, edited by Henry B. Count of Flanders, translated by James Bruce Ross (New York: Harper
Wheatley, Early English Text Society, derived from the unique MS. and Row, 1967), and the anonymous A Parisian Journal 1405-1449,
in The University Library, Cambridge (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, translated by Janet Shirley (Oxford University Press, 1968) , and also
Trbner & Co.); A Chronicle of Melusine in olde Englishe, compyled A History of the Crusades, by Steven Runciman (Middlesex: Penguin,
by Ihon of Arras [John dArras], and dedicated to the Duke of Berry 1978, 3 vols.).
and Auuergne, and translated (as yt shoulde seeme) out of Frenche The only sources that may be acknowledged as having been
into Englishe, edited by A. K. Donald, Early English Text Society, consulted specifically for the Portuguese text of the novel are Ferno
derived from MS. London, British Library, Royal 18.B.2 (London: Lopess chronicles: Crnica de Dom Fernando, a critical edition by
Kegan Paul, Trench, Trbner & Co., 1895); The Early English Versions Giuliano Macchi, Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1975; and Crnica
of the Gesta Romanorum, formerly edited by Sir Fredric Madden for del Rei Dom Joo I de boa memria, First Part, edited by Anselmo
the Roxburghe Club, and now re-edited from the MSS. in the British Braancamp Freire, Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1973, and Second
Museum (Harl. 7333 & Addit. 9066) and the University Library, Part, edited by William J. Entwistle, Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1968.
Cambridge (Kk. 1. 6), with Introduction, Notes, Glossary, &c., by Anyway, appropriations were meager, my purpose not having been (as
Sidney J. H. Herrtage (London: published for the Early English Text it was done in the novel original) to reproduce the archaic language in
Society by N. Trbner & Co., 1879); Ratis Raving, and Other Moral the Portuguese text of the bilingual novel.
and Religious Pieces in Prose and Verse, specially Craft of Deyng e Although its first volume is only being released now, this novel
Wisdom of Solomon; and the anonymous play Gammer Gurtons Nedle. has given rise to a small number of critical studies. The English
All these sources were downloaded from the Corpus of Middle English compositional technique was the subject matter of Lillian DePaulas
Prose and Verse, uploaded by the University of Michigan (the only doctoral thesis, The invention of the original via translation, pseudo-
exception being Gammer Gurtons Nedle, available in the corpus under translation, and self-translation, approved by the University of So
the responsibility of the University of Pennsylvania). Paulo in 2002. She resumed the subject again in her essay Translation
While beginning work on the final bilingual version of the of tradition as a criterion for originality (Contexto 12, Vitria: UFES,
novel I found out the huge Middle English Dictionary, a University 2006). In the same issue of this journal Paulo Roberto Sodr published
of Michigan initiative available to researchers online. From then on, his essay Reinaldo Santos Nevess Quest for the Middle Ages: Notes
490 ] [ 491
on The Chronicle of Malemort. Last, and least, I expatiated on the novel
myself in three academic articles, but later changes in the structural
approach to the work have depreciated their content and converted
them into mere historical pieces of project development: Notes on
an ivy leaf: The Chronicle of Malemort in English (Contexto 6, Vitria:
UFES, 1999); an adaptation of this text into English, Translation or
Whatever: The Anglicization of a Novel in Portuguese Set in the Middle
Ages (Translation Perspectives, volume XI, Binghamton: Center for
Research in Translation, State University of New York, 2000); and
A hipertextual approach to the Malemort Trilogy: An essay in self-
criticism (Contexto 12, Vitria: UFES, 2006).
492 ]