Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 388393

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Review

Effect of the superplasticizer type on the properties of the y ash

blended cement
E. Tkaczewska
Department of Building Materials Technology, Faculty of Materials Science & Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicz Ave. 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

h i g h l i g h t s

 Superplasticizer improves consistency of cement paste at lower water/cement ratio.

 The most water reduction is observed for polycarboxylate and polycarboxylate ether.
 Cement prepared using PC and PCE has higher hydration heat and initial setting time.
 Addition of PCE to cement mortar gives cement y ash Portland cement of class 52.5N.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In the paper the effect of the superplasticizer type on the properties of y ash blended cement in terms
Received 19 February 2014 of hydration heat, setting time and compressive strength was studied. The used admixtures were sul-
Received in revised form 13 June 2014 fonated melamine-formaldehyde condensate (SMF), sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate
Accepted 23 July 2014
(SNF), polycarboxylate (PC) and polycarboxylate ether (PCE). Control sample was Portland y ash cement
Available online 24 August 2014
CEM II/A-V 42.5R. Superplasticized Portland y ash cement mortars were prepared taking the values of
standard water of consistency with different addition of each type of superplasticizers used. Results
Keywords:
revealed that the decrease in water content required was 15% for SMF, 31% for SNF, 42% for PC and
Siliceous y ash
Blended cement
47% for PCE. Polycarboxylates were found to have to higher efciency in improving the hydration heat
Superplasticizer evolution, setting time and mechanical properties of cement than that of traditional superplasticizers
Hydration heat SMF and SNF. Addition to control y ash blended cement polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticizer
Setting time gives cement CEM II/A-V 52.5N.
Compressive strength 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2. Experimental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2.1. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
2.2. Experimental methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3.1. Microcalorimetric measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
3.2. Setting time analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
3.3. Compressive strength analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
4. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392

Tel./fax: +48 12 6172452.

E-mail address: tkaczews@agh.edu.pl

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.096
0950-0618/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 E. Tkaczewska / Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 388393
1. Introduction
Fly ash is a waste residue that is released from coal combustion
process in electric power stations. ASTM C618 [1] denes two clas-
ses of y ashes for their use in concrete, class F and class C. Class F
is a pozzolanic y ash normally produced from burning anthracite
and bituminous coals and will have minimum SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3
of 70 wt%. Class C is a pozzolanic and cementitious y ash derived
from burning lignite or subbituminous coal and will have mini-
mum SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 of 50 wt%.
It is generally recognized that the incorporation of y ashes as
the partial replacement for Portland clinker in cement is effective
means for improving the properties of cement. Due to its pozzola-
nic properties ashes react with Ca(OH)2 during hydration reaction
and form calcium silicate hydrate. This can reduce the size of pores
of crystalline hydration products, make the microstructure of
cement paste more compact and consequently improve compres-
sive strength and durability of cement [211]. Because pozzolanic
reaction is slow in early stage of curing, at the beginning the
strength of y ash cement is lower than that of Portland cement.
Over time, after about 90 days and later, the y ashes start to react
with Ca(OH)2 and increase strength of producing additional, densi-
fying CSH. Use of y ashes improves durability of cement
through the pore renement and reduction in content of portlan-
dite in cement. One of the most important aspects of durability
of y ash cement is resistance to sulphate attack. Incorporation
to cement ne fractions of ashes, <32 lm or even <16 lm, gives
fast rate of cement strength gain at early ages [1117] and
increases durability of cement more than original y ashes [18,19].
Literature reports that y ashes improve cement workability
and lower water demand. Mostly spherical and smoother surface
particles of ashes can readily roll over cement particles, reducing
inter-particulate friction and raising paste uidity [2022]. Fly
ashes of neness category S according to PN-EN 450-1 [23]
improve consistency of mix at lower water-cement ratio [2427].
Category S y ashes provides the effective reduction of water
demand, by at least 5 wt%. Reduction in water required together
with pozzolanic reactivity of ashes leads to better mechanical
properties of y ash cement.
Authors [2833] study the effect of superplasticizer admixtures
on y ash cement paste rheology. Results show that introduction of
y ashes to cement requires using of water reducers in order to
obtain cement paste with constant workability without having to
increase in water requirement. Amount of superplasticizer
depends highly on replacement proportion of Portland cement
with ashes and to much less extent on nature of addition.
In this paper, the inuence of superplasticizer type on rheolog-
ical properties and hydration process of Portland y ash cement
CEM II/A-V 42.5R is investigated. Superplasticizer is used to reduce
water in cement mortar while maintaining a constant workability.
Table 1
Chemical composition of sample CEM II.
Chemical component Content (wt%)
Loss on ignition 3.3
SiO2 26.5
Al2O3 5.0
Fe2O3 2.5
CaO 56.5
MgO 1.4
Na2O 0.41
K2O 1.09
Na2Oe 1.13
SO3 3.2
TiO2 0.1
CaOfree 1.6
Blaines surface (m2/kg) 460
389
Water to cement (w/c) ratio is held constant at 0.5 for all mixes.
The following parameters are tested: heat hydration, setting time,
compressive strength and microstructure. Results show that poly-
carboxylate-based superplasticizers give the greater water reduc-
tion at the same consistency of mortar, which leads to shorten
setting time and increase of early and 28 d strength. In the opposite
to the previous research, with relative low dosage water reducers
PC and PCE allow to obtain Portland y ash cement CEM II/A-V
42.5R or 52.5N according to PN-EN 197-1 [34].
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
Portland y ash cement CEM II/A-V 42.5R (namely as CEM II) is used as control
sample. Its chemical composition is shown in Table 1. Its phase composition by
XRD-Rietveld is: C3S-61.3 wt%, C2S-15.7 wt%, C3A-8.6 wt% and C4AF-7.3 wt%.
The used superplasticizers are: sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensate
(SMF), sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate (SNF), polycarboxylate
(PC) and polycarboxylate ether (PCE).
Superplasticizers are used to reduce water in cement mortar CEM II-A/V 42.5R
while maintaining a constant workability as compared with Portland cement CEM I
42.5R (CEM I). Consistency of mortars CEM I and CEM II is examined using ow test
according to PN-EN 1015-3 [35]. Flow diameter of CEM I is 185 mm, whereas that of
CEM II reaches 153 mm. In order to increase ow of CEM II, without increasing of
w/c ratio, superplasticizer is added to mix. Dosage of each admixture is given in
Table 2.
Results of superplasticizer effectiveness in plasticizing cement paste are pre-
sented in Table 3. Effectiveness of each superplasticizer is assessed using the w/c
ratio of standard water of cement paste consistency with optimum addition of
superplasticizer. Test conrms that polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers are
the most effective water reducers. With relative low dosage (1.51.8 wt%), these
admixtures give the highest water reduction. Decrease in water demand of CEM
II-PC and CEM II-PCE is respectively 42% and 47% as compared to CEM II. Due to
much smaller numbers of ionic groups (weaker polyelectrolytes) and spatial struc-
ture related to presence of side chains, PC and PCE prevent cement grains closer to
each other [3638]. Improvement of mortar uidity in presence of polycarboxylate
admixtures is resulted from the electrostatic repulsion of electric charges, which
appear on the surfaces of cement particles due to the superplasticizer adsorption,
as well as from the steric hindrance effect following from the presence of long side
chains in plasticizers structure [39,40]. Effectiveness of other superplasticizers is
less. Using 2.0 wt% of SMF or SNF to prepare cement paste of normal consistency,
the amount of water decreases by 15% for CEM II-SMF and 31% for CEM II-SNF.
2.2. Experimental methods
Cement pastes for microcalorimetric measurements are prepared by mixing
water and cement for several minutes. The w/c ratio in all samples is constant,
0.5. Superplasticizers are added to reaction system together with water. Addition
of superplasticizer is as follows: SMF-0.57 wt%, SNF-0.33 wt%, PC-0.22 wt% and
PCE-0.22 wt%. Hydration of cement pastes takes place in differential microcalorim-
eter at 25 C for 72 h.
Measurements of initial setting time is made on cement mortars using Vicat
needle apparatus in accordance with PN-EN 4802 [41]. Mortars are prepared with
constant w/c ratio, 0.5. Superplasticizers are added to reaction system with water,
and their dosage is the same as in sample for microcalorimetric measurements.
After mixing the mortar is placed in Vicat mould and then Vicat needle is brought
into contact with top surface of sample and released. Initial setting time is deter-
mined when distance of Vicat needle penetrated into sample is less than 5 mm to
moulds base.
Compressive strengths are determined on standard mortars (450 g cement,
1350 g standard sand, w/c = 0.5) according to PN-EN 196-1 [42]. Superplasticizers
are added together with water, and their content is the same as in microcalorimet-
ric measurements. For each mortar, 3 prism specimens having 40  40  160 mm
dimensions are prepared. Specimens are stored for 24 h in closed box, which is
lled with water to obtain high humidity. After 24 h the samples are dismantled
from the form and stored under water. At the required age of 2, 7, 28, 90 and
180 days, the specimens are taken from their wet storage, broken in exure into
two halves and then each half is tested for compressive strength.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Microcalorimetric measurements
Cement hydration is a strongly exothermal reaction, which
takes place in a number of stages [43]: (I) rapid initial processes
390 E. Tkaczewska / Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 388393

Table 2 microcalorimetric curve. It correlates to hydration of Portland

Amount of superplasticizers in cement mortar CEM II. cement clinker and creation of products such as CSH, CAH
Cement Water reducer Superplasticizer and Ca(OH)2 (so-called preinduction period). After that follows
sample content (wt%) period of rest, the hydration heat release is relatively small, but
CEM II-SMF Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde 0.57 still measurable. The pH and Ca2+ ion content that had rapidly
condensate increased during mixing period slows down dissolution of clinker
CEM II-SNF Sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde 0.33 phase. During this period, the solution becomes saturated in Ca2+
condensate
CEM II-PC Polycarboxylate 0.22
ion, but Ca(OH)2 does not precipitate, most probably because of
CEM II-PCE Polycarboxylate ether 0.22 its slow germination rate in comparison with that of competing
CSH. For CEM II the induction period lasts 1 h, from 1.5 to
2.5 h after of hydration. For superplasticized y ash cements the
induction period starts after 2 or 2.5 h and its length is shorter as
Table 3
Amount of water necessary for standard consistency of cement paste CEM II at
compared with CEM II, up to about 30 min for mixes CEM II-PC
optimum addition of superplasticizers. and CEM II-PCE (Fig. 1), which is consequence of high-range water
reduction. Next step or initial setting period is characterized by
Cement sample Water reducer Amount of Coefcient of
content (wt%) water (g) effectiveness
sudden activation of hydration triggered by precipitation of lime
when there is almost no more silicate in aqueous phase. Dissolu-
CEM II 225 1.00
tion of all Portland cement phases is accelerated by sudden con-
CEM II-SMF 2.0 190 0.84
CEM II-SNF 2.0 155 0.69 sumption of Ca2+ and OH ions. Heat evolution starts to increase,
CEM II-PC 1.5 130 0.58 slowly at rst (endothermic Ca(OH)2 precipitation), but more rap-
CEM II-PCE 1.8 120 0.53 idly at later stage. Hydrated silicate and aluminate phases start to
create some interparticle bonding, resulting in progressive stiffen-
ing of paste. Addition of superplasticizer slightly retards setting
and hydration processes, which in turn causes longer delaying.
For CEM II and CEM II-PCE the second heat ow maximum appears
at 9.5 h and reaches respectively 7.8 and 7.6 J/g h. For CEM II-SMF
and CEM II-SNF this peak occurs respectively at 10 and 11 h and its
value is very comparable, respectively 6.9 and 7.3 J/g h. CEM II-PC
gives main maximum between 9.5 and 10 h, and its value is 7.5 J/
g h. Because of there is less calcium sulphate than amount neces-
sary to react with aluminate phase, the SO24 ions are generally
consumed to form ettringite. During fourth step or hardening per-
iod ettringite converts to monosulphate. This reaction generates
heat and accelerates hydration of silicate phases. Finally, the
cement grains are covered by layer of hydrates that becomes
thicker, so that hydration is slowed down. Addition of superplast-
icizer causes greater retarding effect and generally summarized
heat becomes lower.
Fig. 1. Calorimetric curves of y ash blended cement pastes. As shown in Table 4, the hydration heat of CEM II is 136 J/g at
24 h, 195 J/g at 41 h and 215 J/g at 72 h. Polycarboxylate-based
superplasticizers decrease heat by a few percent in relative to con-
Table 4 trol paste. Heat values of CEM II-PC and CEM II-PCE are in sequence
Hydration heat of y ash blended cement pastes.
127 and 131 J/g at 24 h, 185 and 193 J/g at 41 h and 202 and 215 J/g
Cement sample Water reducer content (wt%) Total hydration heat value at 72 h. As compared to CEM II, the difference of heat decreases
(J/g) respectively to 7% and 4% at 24 h, 5% and 2% at 41 h and 2% and
24 h 41 h 72 h zero at 72 h. Admixture SMF and SNF regarding cement hydration
CEM II 136 195 215 differ more than PC and PCE, but still show the same effect on rate
CEM II-SMF 0.57 116 167 182 of heat evolution. For CEM II-SMF and CEM II-SNF heat value
CEM II-SNF 0.33 120 173 190 changes to greater extent, 116120 J/g at 24 h, 167173 J/g at
CEM II-PC 0.22 127 185 210 41 h and 182190 J/g at 72 h. Despite this, it is evident that superp-
CEM II-PCE 0.22 131 193 215
lasticizers SMF and SNF have not negative impact on cement
hydration, because of drop of heat is lower than that resulting from
the dilution effect.
(dissolution of ions and initial hydration) the rst 15 min; (II)
induction period (formation of ettringite) next 2 h; (III) accelera- 3.2. Setting time analysis
tion period (Initiation of silicate hydration) next 12 h; (IV) retar-
dation period (depletion of sulphate) next 20 h; (V) long-term Results of initial setting times of y ash cements are given in
reactions. Sets of microcalorimetric curves of cement pastes, where Table 5. CEM II starts to set after 252 min from the addition of
dQ/dt (J/g h) is the heat production rate, are presented in Fig. 1. water to cement. CEM II-PCE and CEM II-PC show less retardation
Total heat release values after 24, 41 and 72 h are given in of initial setting time, which in turn explains lack or little length-
Table 4. ening of induction period observed in microcalorimetric curves of
Addition of superplasticizers to y ash cement does not change these samples (Fig. 1). Initial setting time of CEM II-PCE and CEM
hydration mechanism, the shape of curves remains the same, but II-PC is respectively 266 and 275 min, which means that is pro-
they affect the appearance of maximum and minimum on curves longed respectively by 5% and 9% in comparison to CEM II. Authors
and their intensity. In the earliest period of hydration, as soon as [44,45] show that polycarboxylate superplasticizers form complex
15 min after start of reaction, the rst maximum is occurred on with Ca2+ ions liberated on surface of CSH gel or Ca(OH)2
 E. Tkaczewska / Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 388393 391

Table 5 for mortars with polycarboxylate superplasticizers [47]. The 2 d

Initial setting time of y ash blended cement pastes.
Cement sample Water reducer Initial setting time
content (wt%) value (min)
CEM II 252
CEM II-SMF 0.57 292
CEM II-SNF 0.33 286
CEM II-PC 0.22 275
CEM II-PCE 0.22 266
crystals, and interweaved net structure consists of ion bonded
large molecular system bridged by means of Ca(OH)2. So, in the
presence of PC and PCE, it appears that only a few number of
Ca2+ ions go into solution and consequently solution does not
become supersaturated with respect to Ca(OH)2. In consequence
the polycarboxylate superplasticizers inhibit, leading to retard of
cement paste setting time [46,47]. In presence of superplasticizers
SMF and SNF, the initial setting time of mortars is more prolonged,
respectively to 292 and 286 min, as these admixtures appear to be
less effective than that based on polycarboxylates PC and PCE. In
comparison to CEM II, the retardation of setting time of CEM
II-SMF and CEM II-SNF is respectively 16% and 13% (Table 5).
3.3. Compressive strength analysis
Results of compressive strength measurements are summarized
in Table 6. As it could be expected, the addition of superplasticizer,
at the dosage used, inducts modication in strength values. All
superplasticized y ash cements show greater growth of strength
with time than CEM II, without any retarding effect on early
strength. This is mainly due to the decrease of mixing water, which
leads to decrease of total porosity that affects positively the com-
pressive strength of cement mortars.
As it is shown in Table 6, the compressive strength of CEM II
reaches 22.2 MPa at 2 day, 31.9 MPa at 7 day, 42.9 MPa at 28 days,
58.1 MPa at 90 days and 63.8 MPa at 180 days. Presence of superp-
lasticizers seems to positive affect the strength of mortar, espe-
cially at 2 and 7 day. The paper [48] shows that at early stage of
hydration the mortars with admixtures have the same amounts
of hydration products (CSH, Ca(OH)2) as control sample, so their
mechanical behaviour appears to be more closely related to
decrease in microporosity of cement pastes (decrease in water
requirement) and, very likely, to a better distribution of different
component. Authors [4951] conrm that the use of superplasti-
cizer improves compressive strength of y ash cement paste,
which value can be similar to that of control sample at 28 days,
whereas at 90 and 360 days the strength of superplasticized y
ash cement can be a few percentage higher than control. Of course,
the rate of increase in compressive strength of superplasticized y
ash cement depends on the percentage of y ashes in the binder
and the effective action of superplasticizer in reducing of w/c ratio
[51]. It is claimed that the use of superplasticizer with y ash
cement may enhanced pozzolanic activity of ash [49]. The most
increase in early compressive strength development are observed
strength of CEM II-PCE and CEM II-PC achieves respectively 24.2
and 25.1 MPa, what means that is respectively by about 13% and
9% higher as compared to CEM II. The 7 d strength of these mixes
is much greater than that of CEM II, reaches respectively 38.4
and 36.5 MPa, giving difference respectively 20% and 14%. With
time of hydration the increase in strength of CEM II-PC and CEM
II-PCE is not as signicant. At 28 days the strength of CEM II-PCE
is 52.4 MPa and that of CEM II-PC 49.8 MPa, which means that
is respectively by 22% and 16% higher in respect to control mortar.
Addition of superplasticizers SMF and SNF gives similar increase in
compressive strength of mortar, but difference is only a few per-
cent, not more than 8%. After a longer period of time the compres-
sive strength development is still denoted, but rate of strength gain
is reduced with time. At 180 days the strength of CEM II-PCE and
CEM II-PC is respectively 72.2 and 68.7 MPa, giving difference
respectively 13% and 8% as compared to CEM II. CEM II-SMF and
CEM II-SNF represent respectively about 3% and 5% increase in
180d strength in respect to CEM II.
Addition to cement admixture based on polycarboxylate ether
in amount of 0.22 wt% (without changing of w/c ratio in compari-
son to CEM I) gives cement CEM II/A-V of class 52.5N, so higher
class than commercial cement CEM II/A-V 42.5R (Blaine surface
of 460 m2/kg). In presence of other superplasticizers the y ash
cement reveals better mechanical properties in comparison to con-
trol sample, but increase in compressive strength value is not as
signicant as in the case of polycarboxylate ether. Addition of sul-
fonated melamine-formaldehyde condensate (dosage of 0.57 wt%)
and sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate (dosage of
0.33 wt%) gives cement CEM II/A-V 42.5R. In the paper [52], the
authors point that compressive strength of superplasticized y
ash cement is improved by dosage of superplasticizer after 28 days,
but only if optimum amount of admixture is 1.0 wt%. In our test,
the dosage of each superplasticizer is much lower than 1.0%, what
could be the cause of the small difference in results obtained for
mixes. If the dosage levels are lower than the optimum dosage,
only increase in admixture dosage might help to enhance the
cement mortar compressive strength [52].
4. Conclusions
1. New generation superplasticizers from the group of polycar-
boxylate (PC) and polycarboxylate ether (PCE) give the most
water reduction, at unchanged workability of cement CEM II/
A-V 42.5R in comparison to that of CEM I 42.5R.
2. In presence of polycarboxylate superplasticizers, decrease in
water content required to obtain cement paste of standard con-
sistency is 42% for PC and 47% for PCE as compared to control
sample CEM II/A-V 42.5R.
3. Using traditional superplasticizers such as sulfonated mela-
mine-formaldehyde condensate (SMF) and sulfonated naphtha-
lene-formaldehyde condensate (SNF) to prepare cement paste
of standard consistency, the amount of water required is
reduced respectively by 15% and 31%.

Table 6
Compressive strength of y ash blended cement mortars.

Cement sample Water reducer content (wt%) Compressive strength value (MPa)
2d 7d 28 d 90 d 180 d
CEM II 22.2 31.9 42.9 58.1 63.8
CEM II-SMF 0.57 23.1 34.0 46.0 61.1 65.8
CEM II-SNF 0.33 23.6 34.3 46.3 61.6 66.8
CEM II-PC 0.22 24.2 36.5 49.8 63.1 68.7
CEM II-PCE 0.22 25.1 38.4 52.4 65.7 72.2
392 E. Tkaczewska / Construction and Building Materials 70 (2014) 388393
4. Hydration heat of y ash blended cement with superplasticizers
PC and PCE is lower only by a few percent, not more than 8% at
24 h and 2% at 72 h, in relative to control cement. Superplasti-
cizers SMF and SNF cause greater decrease in heat values,
respectively by 15% and 11%.
5. Initial setting time of control cement CEM II/A-V 42.5R is
252 min, whereas that of cement with addition of PCE and PC
respectively 266 and 275 min (prolongation respectively by
5% and 9%) and cement with addition of SMF and SNF respec-
tively 292 and 286 min (prolongation respectively by 16% and
13%).
6. Addition to control y ash blended cement polycarboxylate
ether-based superplasticizer gives cement CEM II/A-V 52.5N.
In presence of other superplasticizers the y ash blended
cement also improves mechanical properties, but increase in
compressive strength value is not as signicant.
Acknowledgement
The paper is nanced by the Polish State Committee for
Scientic Research, Project No. N N506 299139.
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