Professional Documents
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Semester-I
(Leibnitzs rule, Partial Differentiation)
Problem 1: Find the th derivative of the following functions:
(a) tan (b) sin 4 cos 6 Ans: (a)(1) ( 1)! . sin
( ) ( )
(b) (10 + 10) (2 + tan 10)
Problem 2: If = ( log ), prove that = +( 1)! and hence show that
= ! {log +1+ + + + }
Problem 3: If = ( 1) , use Leibnitzs theorem to show that
(1 ) 2 + ( + 1) = 0.
Problem 4: If = sin( sin ), show that
(1 ) (2 + 1) +( ) = 0 and hence evaluate ( ) .
Problem 5: If cos = log , prove that + (2 + 1) +2 = 0.
Problem 6: If = [ ( 1)] ,
prove that (1 ) (2 + 1) +( ) = 0.
Problem 7:(a) If = establish the relation that = .
( ) /
(b) If = + + , show that . + . + = and +
+ = 0.
(c) If = ( ) + ( + ) , show that = 0.
(d) If = sin + tan , show that . + . = 0.
1
Problem 10: State and prove Eulers theorem for a homogeneous function ( , ) of degree
in two variables x and y. Also deduce that
(i) . + . = ( 1)
(ii) . + . = ( 1)
(iii) . + . +2 = ( 1)
Problem 11: Prove the following results:
u Result
( / ) . + . = 0.
+ . + . = sin 2
tan
+
+ . + . = tan
sin
+
+ . + . = tan
sin
+
+ . + . =3
log
+
x sin . + . +2 =0
. + . +2 =2
+
+ . + . + cot =0
cos
+
2
Tutorial-02, B.Tech Semester-I
(Expansions of functions of several variables and Curve Tracing)
Problem 1: Find the equation of the tangent plane and the normal to the surface
= 4(1 + + ) at (2,2,6) Ans: 4 + 4 3 = 2 ; = =
Problem 2: Expand e cos near the point (1, ) by Taylors theorem.
( )
Ans: 1 + ( 1) + ( 1) +
Problem 3: Obtain Taylors expansion of tan about (1,1) upto and including the second
degree terms. Hence compute (1.1,0.9).
Ans: tan = ( 1) + ( 1) + ( 1) ( 1) + and 0.7862
Problem 4: Expand x in powers of ( 1) and ( 1)upto the third degree terms.
Ans: x =1+( 1)+( 1)( 1) + ( 1) ( 1)+
Problem 5: Expand e sin in powers of and upto the third degree terms.
( )
Ans: + + !
+
Problem 6: Trace the following curves
1. a y = x ; Cubical parabola 2. = 4 (2 );
3. (2 ) = Cissoid 4. + =5
5. = Catenary 6. ( 1)=( + 1)
7. ( + 4 ) = 8 8. = (2 )
9. x + y = a or = = Astroid
10.. = ( ), = (1 ) Cycloid 11. = + , >
12. = (1 + ) Cardiod 13. = 3 Three leaves rose
14. = (1 ) Cardiod 15. = 2 Four leaves rose
16. = ( + ), = (1 + ) Cycloid 17. = (2 )
18. = + , < Limecon 19. = 2
20. (1 )=2 21.. (1 + )=2
22. 2 = Hyperbola 23.y = x Semi- cubical parabola
24. + = 1 or = = Hypocycloid
25. = ( 1)( 2)( 3) 26. = cos + , = sin t { Tractrix }
27. = ; = 28. = ; = 29. = , =
30. = ( + ), = (1 + ) Cycloid 31. = ( ), = (1 + ) Cycloid
32. = ( + ), = (1 ) Cycloid
3
Tutorial-3 B.Tech. Semester-I
(Double integrals and their applications)
1. Find the area of the loop of the curve + = . Also find the area bounded between the
curve and its asymptote. Ans: and .
2. Evaluate (x + y ) dxdy over the area A enclosed by the curves = 4 , + = 3, =
0 and = 2. Ans:
3. Evaluate the following double integrals
(i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) ( + ) (v)
4. Show that ( + ) = ( + )
5. Show that =
6. Show that =
{ }{ } { }{ }
7. Show that ( )
( )
, also find the values of two integrals.
Ans: . . = , . . = Give a conclusion on the basis of the results in Q. 4 to 7.
8. Evaluate ( ) over the region x + y 1. Ans:
9. Evaluate ( ) over the region A bounded by the curves = , = , and +
= . Ans:
10. Evaluate r ddr over the area of the circle = Ans:
11. Find by double integration the area lying inside the circle = and outside the
( )
parabola (1 + )= Ans:
(i) Ans:
(ii) ( , ) Ans: ( , )
(iii) ( , ) Ans: ( , ) + ( , )
(iv) ( , ) Ans: ( , ) + ( , )
4
(v) Ans: +
Ans:
;
5
6
Tutorial-05, B. Tech Sem-I
Jacobians
( , . , )
1. If = + + + , = + , = , = + show that ( , , ,)
=
5. If = ( ) , = ( ) , = ( ) , where = + + show
( , . )
that =( ) .
( , , )
( , . ) ( )( )( )( )
6. If = , = + + , = + + , show that ( , , )
= ( )
.
9. Prove that J =1
( , , )
10. If = , = + , = + + , Find Ans:
( , . ) ( )
11. If (0) = 0 and f (x) = , prove without using the method of integration, that ( )+ ( )
=f( ). {Hint: Let = ( ) + ( ) and = the ind J(u, v)}
7
Tutorial-6, B. Tech. Sem-I,
(Triple integrals and their application)
Problem 1: Evaluate the triple integrals Ans:
, , + + . Ans:
Problem 3: Evaluate the following triple integrals
(i) ( + + ) (ii)
(iii)
(iv) (v) ( + )
( )
Ans: (i) .(ii) (iii) ( ) (iv)8 (v)
determined by 0 , 0, 0 + . Ans:
Problem 5: Find the volume of the region bounded by the surface = , = and the
planes = , = . Ans:
Problem 6: Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the
( ) ( )
plane + + = . { Hint: } Ans:
( ) ( )
{ Hint: ( ) ( )
} Ans:
Problem 8: Find the mass of the tetrahedron bounded by the co-ordinate planes and the plane
8
Tutorial-07, B.Tech. Sem-I
(Matrices)
1 0 0
1. Find rank of 3 1 0 Ans: 3.
0 5 2
1 1 2
1 2 3 ( ) = 2.
2. Find the rank of the matrices (i) A= (ii) B= 1 2 3 Ans: (i)
3 1 2
0 1 1
(ii) ( ) = 2.
3. Each entry of a matrix is unity. Show that its rank is one.
4 2 3
4. Determine the rank of the matrix (i) = 8 4 6 Ans: ( )=1
2 1 3/2
1 5 4 1 1 1
5. If A= 0 3 2 , B= 2 2 2 , Find ( ), ( ), ( + ), ( ) and ( ).
2 3 10 3 3 3
Ans: ( ) = 2, ( ) = 1, ( ) = 1and , ( ) = 1
Hint: ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
6. Find the rank of the matrix = 1 1 2 1 Ans: ( )=
3 1 0 1
1 2 3 2
7. Find the rank of the matrix 2 3 5 1 Ans: =
1 3 4 5
3 2 0 1 7
0 2 2 1 5
8. Find the rank of the matrix Ans: = .
1 2 3 2 1
0 1 2 1 6
1
1 1 0
4
4 3 1
9. Determine the value of b if the rank of 3, where =
2 2 2
9 9 3
{Hint: After using Row transformations
1 1 1 0
~ 0 0 1 1
R 3R 0 0 +6 0
2 0 0 2
(1) If b=2, Then | | = 0 , ( ) = 3.
(2) If = 6 Then, number of non-zero rows is 3. Therefore ( ) = 3.
1 2 1 4
2 4 3 4
10. Reduce the matrix A to its Normal form when A= Hence, find the
1 2 3 4
1 2 6 7
rank of the matrix? Ans: 3.
1 1 1
11. Find non-singular matrices , so that is a normal form where = 1 1 1
3 1 1
Also find ( ) . Ans: 2
12. Find the rank of the followings matrices:
9
1 2 1 2
3 0 2 2
1 3 2 2
(i) . 3 (ii) 6 42 24 54 .2
2 4 3 4
21 21 0 15
3 7 4 6
2 2 0 6 2 2 0 6
4 2 0 2 4 2 0 2
(iii) .3 (iv) .3
1 1 0 3 1 1 0 3
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
0 4 12 8 9
1 2 5
(v) 0 2 6 2 5 : (vi) 4 1 6 .
0 1 3 6 4
6 3 4
0 8 24 3 1
1 2 3 4 1 1 2
(vii) 3 4 1 2 : (ix) 1 2 2 .3
4 3 1 2 2 2 3
3 2 5 7 12
(x) 1 1 2 3 5 .2
3 3 6 9 15
1
0
13. The rank of the diagonal matrix 1 is (a)2 , (b)1 , (c)4, (d*)3 .
0
4
0
14. If A is a non-zero column vector ( 1) then rank of (A)2, (B)n, (C)0, (d*)1 .
1 0
15.The rank of the matrix 0 1 is 2, for is equal to (a) Arbitrary (b*) 1, (c) 2,
1 0
(d)3.
2 0 0 1 2 3
16. If A= 0 2 0 and B= 0 1 3 , the value of |AB| is (a) 4, (b)8,(c*)16 ,(d)32
0 0 0 0 0 2
x+a b c d
a x+b c d
17. The determinate of is (a*) x (x + a + b + c + d),
a b x+c d
a b c x+d
(b)(x+a)(x+b)(x+c)(x+d),(c)x + ax + bx + cx + d (d) None of the above.
x x 1+x
18. If y y 1 + y =0, then =(a*) -1, (b)1, (c) 0, (d) 3
z z 1+z
19. If the system of equations + 4 + = 0, + 3 + = 0, + 2 + = 0 has a
non-trivial solution, then , , , are in (a) A.P, (b)G.P, (c*) H.P., (d) None of these.
1 log y log z
20. If , , , then log x 1 log z is (a) 1, (b*)0,(c)-1 ,(D) 2
log x log y 1
a x a a a a a
21. If b b x b =0, for = 1,2,3 then the value of b b b (a) -6,
c c c x c c c
(b*)6, (c) -4, (d) 4
10
1 2 3
22. If A= 1 3 4 then |AdjA| is (a) -4, (b*)4,(c)-2 ,(d)2
1 4 3
23. If A be a square matrix such that A,A , A are non-zero matrices but A is a zero
matrix.Then (I A) is (a) A+ A + A (b)I+A+ A (c) I+ A + A , (D*)I+A+ A + A
1 2 3
24. The rank of the matrix 2 4 7 is (a) 1, (b*)2, (c)3 ,(d) None of these.
3 6 10
25. If (A )=2 and (B )=3 then (AB)= (a) 5, (b)3,(c*)2 ,(d) 1
26. If the system of equations 3 + = 1, 2 + + = 2, + 2 = 1 has a
unique solution if = (a) any value, (b) , (c*) , (d)
27. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, which of the following is true
(a)( + ) = +2 + ,( )( + )( ) = ,( ) ( ) ( + ) =
,( ) ( + )( ) + ( ) ( + ) = 2 2
28. Prove that the eigen values of a triangular matrix are just diagonal elements of the matrix.
29. Prove that all the eigen values of a Hermitian matrix are real.
30. Find all the eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrices
3 1 4 1 1 3
(i) A= 0 2 6 . Ans: 2,3,5 ; 1 , 0 , 2 (UPTU SE 2002,04)
0 0 5 0 0 1
2 2 3 c c
(ii) B= 2 1 6 Ans: -3,-3,5 ; d , 2c , (Utt.TU 2006)
1 2 0 c
1 2 2
(iii)C= 0 2 1 . Ans: (UPTU 2006)
1 2 2
31. Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for the following matrices and hence find A
4 3 1 5 1 7
(i) A= 2 1 2 A = 4 3 10 (UPTU 2001)
1 2 1 3 5 2
2 1 1 3 1 1
(ii) A= 1 2 1 A = 1 3 1 (UPTU 2003,04,05)
1 1 2 1 1 3
1 2 2
32. A square matrix is defined by A= 1 2 1 , Is it diagonalizable ? If yes, reduce it
1 1 0
into diagonal form. Ans: Diag(1, 1,3)
cos sin cos n sin n
33. If A= , show that A = , where n
sin cos sin n cos n
1 0 0 0
1 1 3
1 1 0 0
34. Prove (i) 5 2 6 is a nilpotent matrix of index 3; (ii). is an
1 2 1 0
2 1 3
1 3 3 1
cos sin 1 1+
involutory matrix (iii) is an orthogonal matrix.; (iv) is
sin cos 1 1
a unitary matrix.
| |
35. Prove that if s an eigen value of a matrix A, then k , , , , are the eigen values
of kA, A , , , Adj A respectively.
11
36. If A has all entries 1 then rank of A is (a) 7; (b*) 1; (c) 5; (d) 0.
37. The rank of a matrix where < , can not be more than (a*) m; (b) n; (c) mn; (d)
None.
1 0 1
38. If R= 2 1 1 then top row of R is (a) [5 6 4]; (b*) [5 3 1]; (c)
2 3 2
[2 0 1]; (d) [2 1 1/2]
5 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2
39. If A= 0 3 0 then A is (a) 0 0 0 ; (b) 1 1 1 ; (c) 2 2 2 ;
2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 10 2 2
1/2 1/2 1/2
(d*) 1/2 1/2 1/2
0 0 1
40. Check the consistency for the following linear systems. If system is consistence find the
+ +2 + = 5 2 + 6 + 11 = 0 +2 = 3
2 +3 2 =2 6 + 20 6 = 3 3 +2 =1
4x1+5 +3 = 7, 6 18 + 1 = 0 2 2 +3 = 2
Ans: No solution Ans: No solution + = 1
Ans: = , = , =
+ + =6 2 +5 +3 = 1 7 + 2 + 3 = 16
2 +3 2 = 2 +2 + =2 2 + 11 + 5 = 25
5 + +2 =0 + + =0 + 3 + 4 = 13
Ans: = , = , = Ans: = , = ; = Ans: = , = , =
+ 3 2 = 0; 4 + 2 + + 3 = 0;
2 + 4 = 0; 6 + 3 + 4 + 7 = 0;
11 + 14 = 0 2 + + =0
Ans: = , = , Ans: = , = ,
= 2 , =
= ( ).
12
Tutorial-8, B.Tech Sem-I
(Vector Calculus)
Note: In this exercise bold face letters (say) F represents vector f and i,j,k represents unit vectors
,,k respectively.
Problem1: Evaluate the following (i) (r ) (ii) (r ( )) (iii) ((r ))(iv) grad Div( )
Ans: (i)6r , (ii)3r , (iii)2r , (iv)
Problem2:If A= 2yz i x y j + xz k , B= x i + yz j xy k and =2x yz , then find
(i) ( ) ; Ans:
(ii) ;
(iii) ( ) ;
(iv) ( ) ;
(v) ( )
Problem3: If A and B are differentiable vector functions, and are differentiable scalar
functions of position ( , , ), then prove the following results:
(i) ( + ) = +
(ii) ( )= ( ) +
(iii) ( )= ( ) +
(iv) ( ) = ( ) ( )
(v) ( ) =( ) +( ) + ( )+ ( )
(vi) ( ) =0
Problem4: Evaluate the grad. of log| | Ans:
Problem5: Show that is a vector perpendicular to the surface ( , , )= constt.
Problem6: Find the directional derivative of ( , , )=x yz + 4xz at (1, 2, 1) in the
direction 2 2 . Ans:37/3
Problem7:Prove that the vector A= 3y z i + 4x z j 3x y k is solenoidal.
Problem8: Prove following identities
(i) Div()=0
(ii) If A and B are irrotational then AB is solenoidal.
(iii) ( )=0
(iv) Div ( f g) = f g+f g
( )( )
(v) b(a ) = where a and b are constt. Vectors.
(vi) ( )=U
(vii) =
Problem9: (a) Prove that = ( + ) + (2 4) + (3 + 2) is a
conservative force field.
(b)Find the scalar potential for F. Ans: ( + 4 +2 + )
(c)Find the work done in moving an object in this field from (0,1, 1) to ( , 1,2).
Ans: 15+4
Problem10: Show that V=2xyz + ( +2 ) + is irrotational. Express V as gradient
of a scalar function .
( , )
Problem11: Evaluate ( , ) (10 x 2xy )dx 3x y dy along the path x 6xy = 4y
Ans: 60. {Hint: Use Exact
differential}
Problem12: Use Greens theorem to evaluate ( )dx + sinx cosy dy ,where
13
C + = . Ans: 0 .
Problem13: Verify Greens theorem in the plane for (xy + y ) dx + x dy ,where C is the
closed curve of the region bdd. by the line = and curve = x .
Problem14: Find the work done in moving a particle once around a circle C in the xy-plane, if
circle has center at the origin and radius 3, Force field is given by = (2 +
) + ( + ) + (3 2 + 4 ) Ans: 18
Problem15: State and prove Greens theorem.
Problem16: Prove that the area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
xdy ydx{Hint: Use Greens theorem }
Problem16: Find the constants a,b,c such that V= ( + 2 + ) + ( 3 ) + (4 +
+ 2 ) is irrotational. Express V as gradient of a scalar function .
Problem18: State Greens theorem and hence evaluate (cosy)dx + (x xsiny) dy ,where C
is the closed curve + = .
Problem19: Use Greens theorem to evaluate ( + )dx + ( x + y ) dy ,where C is the
square formed by the lines = 1, = 1.
Problem20: Use Stokes theorem to evaluate ( + 2 )dx + (x z) dy + (y z)dz ,where C
is the boundary of the with the vertices (2,0,0),(0,3,0),(0,0,6) oriented in the
anticlockwise direction.
Problem21: Verify Stokes theorem for F= x y k y j + xzi and S is the surface of the region
bounded by = 0, = 0, = 0,2 + + 2 = 8, which is not included in the xz-
plane .
Problem22: Evaluate ( ) n ds ,where F= y i + (x 2xz) j xy k and S is the
surface of the sphere + + = above the xy-plane.
Ans: Zero.
Problem23: Evaluate n ds ,where F= 4xz i y j + yz k and S is the surface of the
cube bounded by = 0, = 1, = 0, = 1, = 0, = 1.
Ans: .
Problem24: If F= (x + y 4)i + 3xy j + (2xz + z ) k ,evaluate ( ) n ds , and S
is the surface of the sphere + + = above the xy-plane.
Ans: 16
Problem25: Evaluate (y z i + x z j + x y k) n ds ,where S is the part of the surface of
the sphere + + = above xy-plane.
Problem26: If V is the volume enclosed by the surface S, Find the value of n ds
Ans: 3V
Problem27: State and prove Gauss Divergence theorm.
Problem28: Evaluate (ax i + by j + cz k) n ds ,where S is the surface of the sphere
+ + = . [P.U. 2004]
Problem29: Evaluate n ds ,where A= 18z i 12 j + 3y k and S is the part of the
plane 2 + 3 + 6 = 12 which is located in the first octant. Ans: 24
14
Problem30: Evaluate n ds ,where A= z i + x j 3y z k and S is the surface of the
cylinder + = included in the first octant between = 0 and = 5.
Ans: 90
Problem 31: Prove that (i) ds= ; (ii) ds= 5r dv
(iii) ( ) n ds =0 for any closed surface S.
Problem 32: Use divergence theorem to evaluate ds ,where A= 4x i 2y j + z k and
S is the surface of the cylinder + = bdd. between = 0 and = 3.
Problem 33: Verify Stokes theorem for F= (x + y ) i 2xy j taken around rectangle bdd. by
the lines = ; = 0, .
15
Tutorial1, B. Tech. Sem III, 24 July, 2016
1. Find the root of the equation ex = 3x lying in [0,1] correct to three decimal places using
Bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods.
2. Use the interval halving method to improve a root of the equation x4 + 2x3 x 1 = 0
lying in [0,1] correct to three decimal places.
3. For smallest positive root of the equation: x3 5x + 1 = 0 correct to 3 D places. Use the
I
methods Bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods.
ON
4. Find positive root of the equation: tan x + tanh x = 0 by using Bisection and Regula-Falsi
methods correct to 4 D places.
5. Solve the following system of equations up to 2D places by Gauss Seidel
i . 20x + y 2z = 17; 3x + 20y z = 18; 2x 3y + 20z = 25 with Initial root (0,0,0);
Ans: x = 1, y = 1, z = 1
ii . 10x + 2y + z = 9; x + 10y z = 22; 2x + 3y + 10z = 2 with Initial root (0,0,0).
Ans: x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
S
iii . 11x1 7x2 + x3 = 32; x1 + 5x2 2x3 = 18; 2x1 + 2x2 + 7x3 = 19; upto 1D places
with Initial root (5,5,5)
iv . x 2y + z = 8; x + y + 2z = 9; 3x y + z = 6 with Initial root (3,3,2); Ans: .......
6. Verify that each of the following equations has a root on the interval (0,1). Next, perform
K.
the bisection method to determine p3 , the third approximation to the location of the root
(a) ln(1 + x) cos x = 0
(b) x5 + 2x 1 = 0
(c) ex x = 0
(d) cos x x = 0
7. It was noted that the function f (x) = x3 + 2x2 3x 1 has a zero on the interval
R.
(3, 2) and another on the interval (-1,0). Approximate both of these zeroes to within
an absolute tolerance of 5 105 .
8. Approximate 3 13 to three decimal places by applying the bisection method to the equa-
tion x3 13 = 0.
9. Approximate 1/37 to five decimal places by applying the bisection method to the equation
1/x 37 = 0.
10. Consider the function g(x) = cos x.
(a) Graphically verify that this function has a unique fixed point on the real line.
(b) Can we prove that the fixed point is unique using the theorems of this section? Why
or why not?
1
11. Consider the function g(x) = 1 + x 18 x3 .
(a) Analytically verify that this function has a unique fixed point on the real line.
(b) Can we prove that the fixed point is unique using the theorems of this section? Why
or why not?
12. Each of the following equations has a root on the interval (0,1). Perform Newtons method
to determine p4 , the fourth approximation to the location of the root.
I
(a) ln(1 + x) cos x = 0
ON
(b) x5 + 2x 1 = 0
(c) ex x = 0
(d) cos x x = 0
13. The equation x3 + x2 3x 3 = 0 has a root on the interval (1,2), namely x = 3.
14. The equation x7 = 3 has a root on the interval (1,2), namely x = 7 3.
15. The equation 1/x 37 = 0 has a zero on the interval (0.01,0.1) namely x = 1/37.
S
16. Show that when Newtons method is applied to the equation x2 a = 0, the resulting
iteration function is g(x) = 12 (x + xa ).
17. Show that when Newtons method is applied to the equation 1/x a = 0, the resulting
iteration function is g(x) = x(2 ax).
K.
18. For each of the functions given below, use Newtons method to approximate all real roots.
Use an absolute tolerance of 106 as a stopping condition.
(a) f (x) = ex + x2 x 4
(b) f (x) = x3 x2 10x + 7
(c) f (x) = 1.05 1.04x + ln x
19. Each of the following equations has a root on the interval (0,1). Perform the secant
R.
2
1 2 3 4 10 4 2
1 1 5
2 3 , b3 = 3
5
(i) A =
1 1 1 2 , b1 = 3 , b2 = 3
1
1 1 1 5 4 4 8
1 0 2 0 3 1 3
1 4 3 6 6
, b3 = 8
12
(ii) A =
0 2 5 3 , b1 = 0 , b2 = 4
10
I
3 1 1 0 5 3 2
ON
2 7 5 14 4 3
(iii) A = 6 20 10 , b1 = 36 , b2 = 16 , b3 = 12
4 3 0 7 7 6
21. In Exercises 1-3, use the Gauss-Seidel method to solve the indicated linear system of
equations. Take x(0) = 0, and terminate iteration when ||x(k+1) x(0) || falls below
5 106 .
4x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 5
x1 + 8x2 + 2x3 + 3x4 = 23
1.
x1 + 2x2 5x3 = 9
S x1
4x1 x2
+ 2x3 + 4x4
= 2
= 4
2. x1 + 4x2 x3 = 4
x2 + 4x3 = 10
K.
7x1 + 3x2 + = 4
3x1 + 9x2 + x3 = 6
3. x2 + 3x3 x4 = 3
x3 + 10x4 4x5 = 7
4x4 + 6x5 = 2
22. Solve the following system of linear equations by Triangularization /Factorization or
Crouts method:
R.
3
Tutorial2, B. Tech. Sem III, 26 July, 2016
( Difference Operators and Interpolation)
1. Prove the following operator relations:
2
(i). E = 1 + = (1 5)1 , (ii) = + 2 ,
(iii). log f (x) = log(1 + f (x)
f (x)
)
(iv). [f (x)g(x)] = f (x)g(x) + g(x + h)f (x),
(v). 45 = 54 =q4 5 = 2 ,
I
2
(vi). = 21 2 + 1 + 4 , (vii). 3 y 1 = y2 3y1 + 3y0 y1 ,
2
ON
(viii). (fk gk ) = fk (gk ) + gk (fk ),
(ix). 2+
1+
= 2515
, (x). = ehD 1, (xi). = sinh(hD),
(xii). ehD = 1 5,
1
(xiii). f [x, y, z] = x + y + z, f = x3 , (xiv). f [a, b, c] = abc , f = a1 ,
n
(xv). f [a, b, c, ...(n symbols)...l] = 4n!hf (a)
n
2. Find for (h = 1)
2 3 42
(i). 42 (abex ), (ii). 4Exx3 , (iii). 4 tan1 (ax), (iv). 4n ( x1 ), (v). E
x3 ,
(vi). 4(x + cosx).
S x2
2 x
3. Prove that: ex = 4E ex . 4 E e
2 ex and
x2
f0 + xf1 + f
2! 2
+ ... = ex (f0 + x 4 f0 + 2!
4 f0 + ...)
4. Let Pn (x) = (x x0 )(x x1 )(x x2 ).......(x xn1 ), where xi = x0 + ih, i being integer;
n!
show that 4Pn = nhPn1 , hence show that 4r Pn = (nr)! hr Pnr , r = 1 (1) n 1, and
K.
n n
4 Pn = n!h .
5. Find the third divided difference with argument 2, 4, 9, 10 of the function f (x) = x3 2x.
6. Form a divided difference table for f (x) = x4 + 6x2 + x 2 for values of x = 3 (1) 3,
show that 5th order diferences are zero.
7. Given that f (0) = 8, f (1) = 68, and f (5) = 123 determine f (2); calculate the error also.
8. Tabulate sin x for x0 = 30 (2) 40 and interpolate sin 310 and sin 330 . Compare with exact
R.
values.
9. Tabulate ex for x = 1.7 (0.1) 2.2 and interpolate at x = 1.71, 2.15.
10. Find log10 1152.5 and log10 1161.3 using the following data:
x 1150 1155 1160 1165 1170 1175 1180
log10 (x) 3.06069 3.06258 3.06445 3.06632 3.06818 3.07003 3.07188
and error in the result.
11. Use Lagranges formula to interpolate the values of f (5) from
x 1 2 3 4 7
f (x) 2 4 8 16 128
How much it deviates from 25 .?
4
12. A third degree polynomial passes through the points (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 2). Find
the polynomial. Ans: 16 x3 12 x2 + 83 x 1
13. From the following data, find the number of students who obtained less than 45 marks:
Marks 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70 70 80
No. of students 31 42 51 35 31
Ans: approx. 48
I
14. Find the form of f (x), given that f (0) = 8, f (1) = 11, f (4) = 68 and f (5) = 123 also
determine f (2). Ans: x3 x2 + 3x + 8, 18
ON
15. Given that f (0) = 18, f (1) = 0 = f (3) = f (6), f (5) = 248 and f (9) = 13104 find the
form of f (x) assuming it to be a polynomial of degree 5th. {Hint: f (x) = (x 1)(x
3)(x 6)(x) , (x) is a polynomial of degree 2 with (0) = 1, (5) = 31, (9) = 91 }
Ans: x5 9x4 + 18x3 x2 + 9x 18
16. Find log10 301 using Newtons Divided difference interpolation formula from the data:
x 300 304 305 307
Ans: 2.4786
log10 (x) 2.4771 2.4829 2.4843 2.4871
17. The values of y = x are listed below:
x 4
S 6 7
y 2 2.449 2.646 3.162
10
R.
5
Tutorial3, B. Tech. Sem III, 22 August, 2016
(Numerical Differentiation, Integration and Differential Equations)
1. Find the gradient of the road at the initial point of the elevation above a datum line of
seven points of road which are given below:
x: 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800
y : 135 149 157 183 201 205 193
I
2. Find the first three derivatives of the function at x = 1.5 from the data
x: 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y : 3.375 7.0 13.625 24.0 38.875 59.0
ON
Ans: 4.75, 9.0, 6.0
3. The table given below reveals the velocity v of a body during the time t specified. Find
its acceleration at t = 1.1
t : 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
v : 43.1 47.7 52.1 56.4 60.8
Ans: 44.917
4. Derive Newton Cotes quadrature formula. Hence deduce (i) Trapezoidal rule, One third
Simpsons and 3/8 Simpsons rule of Numerical integrations. (ii) Calculate Truncation
S
error as well as Max. Global error in the rules.
R1 1
5. Evaluate 0 1+x 2 dx, with h = 0.2 (up to 3D) by using Trapezoidal rule of Numerical
integration. Hence find an approximate value of . Give your decision about the statement
Can we apply One third Simpsons and 3/8 Simpsons rule of Numerical integrations for
this problem
K.
Ans: 3.135, No
R1
6. Evaluate 0 ex dx by One third Simpsons correct to 5 D places with proper choice of h.
Ans: 1.71828
R6 1
7. Evaluate 0 1+x 2 dx, up to 3D by using Trapezoidal rule and Simpsons rules of Numerical
8. Construct the divided difference table for the following data set, and then write out the
Newton form of the interpolating polynomial.
x -1 0 1 2
y 3 -1 -3 1
9. Construct the divided difference table for the following data set, and then write out the
Newton form of the interpolating polynomial.
x -7 -5 -4 -1
y 10 5 2 10
10. Write out the Newton form of the interpolating polynomial for f (x) = sin x that passes
through the points (0, sin 0), (/4, sin /4), and (/2, sin /2).
6
11. Apply Picards Method with 4-iterations upto 4D places to find the values of y at x =
dy
0.1(0.3)0.3, given that dx = y x, y(0) = 2. Ans: 2.21, 2.42, 2.65
12. Apply Picards Method with 3-iterations to find the values of y at x = 0.1, 0.2, given that
dy
dx
= y 2 + x2 , y(0) = 0. Ans: 0.00033, 0.00267
13. By using Picards Method with 5-iterations, find y at x = 0.1, 0.2 upto 4D places from
dy
the differential equation dx = x + x2 y, y(0) = 1. Ans: 1.0053, 1.0227
I
14. Write out the Newton form of the interpolating polynomial for f (x) = ex that passes
through the points (1, e1 ), (0, e0 ), and (1, e1 ).
ON
15. Use RungeKutta method of fourth order to find a numerical solution at x = 0.5 for
dy
dx
= 12 (x y), y(0) = 1 taking h = 0.25.
dy
16. Solve the differential Equation dx = x+y +xy, y(0) = 1 by using Taylors series expansion
to get y at x = 0.1(0.1)0.5 (use terms up to x5 in the expansion ) by shifting the origin
for each value.
dy
17. Evaluate y upto 4D places for x = 0.1(0.1)0.5 by using Taylors series method for dx
=
x + y 2 , y(0) = 0 .
Sdy
18. Solve dx = x + y 2 , y(0) = 0 for x = 0.1(0.1)0.5 by using modified Eulers method correct
to 4D places.
dy
19. Solve dx = x + y + xy, y(0) = 1 by using modified Eulers method correct to 4D places to
obtain y at x = 0.1(0.1)0.5
K.
dy
20. Using RungeKutta fourth order method compute y at x = 0.2(0.2)0.6 for dx
= 1+
y 2 , y(0) = 0.9 correct to 3D places.
dy
21. Using fourth order RungeKutta method solve dx = xy, y(0) = 1 in the interval [0,0.6]
by taking h = 0.2 and compare the result with the values obtained from the exact solution.
dy
22. Using Taylors series method up to 5th terms to get y(1.1), y(1.2) for dx
= x2 +y 2 , y(1) = 2.
Ans 2.6384, 3.7080
dy
23. Find y at x = 0.2 by using Eulers method correct to 3D places to solve dx = xy 2 , y(0) =
R.
1 taking h = 0.1. What is the value if modified Eulers method is applied under same
conditions. Ans 0.8, 0.858
7
24. Review: Numerical Integration Formulae: are based on Polynomial Interpola-
tion
x x0 x1 x2 ... xn
f (x) f (x0 ) f (x1 ) f (x3 ) ... f (xn )
Types of Newton-Cotes Formulae:
I
1. Trapezoidal Rule (Two point formula)
ON
Z b
h
f (x)dx = [f (x0 ) + 2 (f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) f (xn1 )) + f (xn )]
a 2
(xi xi1 )3 00 h3 00
E CT (I) = f (i ) = f (i )
12 12
where i (xi1 , xi )).
Hence, the Max. error in composite rule (Global Error) is
S E CT
=
h3 X 00
n
f (i )
12 i=1
or
(b a)h2 00
K.
= f (),
12
where a < < b,
2. Simpsons 1/3 Rule (Three Point formula);
Then
Z b Z x2 Z x4 Z x2i Z x2n
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
R.
a x0 x2 x2i2 x2n2
h
= {f (x0 ) + 4 [f (x1 ) + f (x3 ) + f (x5 ) + + f (x2n1 )]+
3
+2 [f (x2 ) + f (x4 ) + f (x6 ) + + f (x2n2 )] + f (x2n )}
1
The Error in the Composite Simpsons 3
Rule i.e. error in the ith interval (x2i2 , x2i ) is
h5 (4)
E cs (I) =
f (i ), i (x2i2 , x2i )
90
Max. Error in composite Simpsons 1/3-rule is given by
h4 (4)
E CS = (b a) f (),
180
8
where [a, b]
3
3. Composite Simpsons 8
rule or (Four point formula);
ba 3
The [a, b] is divided into 3n equal subintervals. (h = 3n
.) and we apply 8
rule on each
of the n intervals [x3i3 , x3i ] for i = 1, 2, 3, , n.
Hence, Z b Z x3 Z x6 Z x3n =b
f (x)dx ' f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
I
a x0 =a x3 x3n3
3h
ON
[f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + 2f3 + 3f4 + 3f5 + 2f6 + 3f7 + + 3f3n1 + f3n ]
=
8
Remember:
f with suffices of multiple 3 are multiplied by 2. Others by 3, except the end points.
T. Error
3h5 (4)
Es = f (i ), i (x3i3 , x3i )
80
3h4 (4)
G. Error E s = 80
f () where [a, b]
S
K.
R.
9
Tutorial4, B. Tech. Sem III, 5 Sep., 2016
(Introduction of Complex numbers & Analytic functions)
1. Find the locus of z in each of the following relations: (i)|z 5| = 6, (ii)|z + 2i| 1,
(iii)Re(z + 2) = 1, (iv)|z i| = |z + i|, (v)|z + 3| + |z + 1| = 4, (vi)1 |z 3| 2, (vii)
|z + 3| |z + 1| = 1.
2. For which complex number following are true, justify in each (i)z = z, (ii)z = z 1 ,
I
(iii) z = z 1 , (iv)z = z
3. Define an analytic function at a point and in a domain.
ON
4. Prove that an analytic function of constant modulus is always constant.
5. Prove that Real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic.
6. Prove that an analytic function is always continuous but converse need not be true. Give
an example.
7. State and prove the necessary and sufficient condition for a function f (z) = u + iv to be
analytic.
8. Define an analytic function at a point. Illustrate such a function.
S
9. If f (z) = (z)2
z
,z 6= 0; f (0) = 0 then f (z) satisfies CauchyRiemann equations (CR) at
origin.
10. Using MilneThomson method construct an analytic function f (z) = u + iv for which
2u + 3v = 13(x2 y 2 ) + 2x + 3y.
K.
11. State and Prove CauchyRiemann equations in polar coordinate system.
p
12. Let f (x, y) = (|xy|), then (a) fx , fy do not exist at (0, 0); (b) fx (0, 0) = 1; (c) fy (0, 0) =
0; (d) f is differentiable at (0, 0). Ans: c
2
13. If function f (z) = zz , when z 6= 0, f (z) = 0 for z = 0, Then f (z) (a) satisfies C.R.
equations at z = 0; (b) is not continuous at z = 0; (c) is differentiable at z = 0; (d) is
analytic at z = 1 Ans: b
R.
2
14. Show that f (z) = (z)z , when z 6= 0, f (z) = 0 for z = 0, satisfies C.R. equations at z = 0;
but is not differentiable at z = 0.
15. The harmonic conjugate of u = x2 y 2 + xy is (a) x2 y 2 xy; (b) x2 + y 2 xy; (c)
1/2(x2 + y 2 ) + 2xy. (d) 2(x2 + y 2 ) + 1/2 Ans: c
16. f (z) = (|z|)2 is (a) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable; (b) continuous at
z = 0 but differentiable everywhere; (c) continuous nowhere; (d) none of these. Ans: d
x2 y 5 (x+iy)
17. Examine the nature of the function f (z) = x4 +y 10
; if z 6= 0 , otherwise 0, in a region
including the origin.
10
3 3
18. Prove that the function f (z) = u + iv, where f (z) = x (1+i)y
x2 +y 2
(1i)
; if z 6= 0 , otherwise
0
0 is continuous and that CauchyRiemann equations are satisfied at the origin, yet f (z)
does not exists there.
3
19. If f (z) = x xy(yix)
6 +y 2 ; if z 6= 0 and f (0) = 0, show that f (z)f (0)
z
0 as z 0 along any
radius vector but not as z 0 in any manner.
2
20. If f (z) = xyx2(x+iy)
+y 4
; if z 6= 0 and f (0) = 0, prove that f (z)f (0)
z
0 as z 0 along any
I
radius vector but not as z 0 in any manner.
21. The function f (z) = z is (a) analytic at z = 0, (b) differentiable only at z = 0;(c) satisfies
ON
C.R. equations everywhere; (d) nowhere analytic. Ans: d
22. Derive the C.R. equations for an analytic function f (r, ) = u(r, ) + i v(r, ) and deduce
that urr + 1r ur + r12 u = 0.
23. Find the point where the C.R. equations are satisfied for the function f (z) = xy 2 + ix2 y.
0
In which region f (z) exists?
24. f (z) = (|z|)2 is (a) continuous everywhere but nowhere differentiable except at 0; (b)
continuous at z = 0 but differentiable everywhere (c) continuous nowhere; (d) none of
S
these. Ans: a
25. Prove that the function f (z) = z|z| is nowhere analytic.
0
26. If f (z) is an analytic function such that Ref (z) = 3x2 4y 3y 2 and f (1 + i) = 0 then
f (z) is (a) z 3 + 6 2i, (b) z 3 + 2iz 2 + 6 2i, (c) z 3 + 2iz 2 2i, (d) z 3 + 2z 2 + 6 2i Ans:
K.
b
Hint: ux = 3x2 4y 3y 2 = 1 (x, y)(say), integrating partially w.r.t. y we get u =
x3 4xy 3xy 2 + g(y)
Therefore, uy = 4x 6xy + g 0 (y)
or uy = vx = 2 (x, y)(say) = 4x + 6xy g 0 (y)
Thus 1 (z, 0) = 3z 2 , 2 (z, 0) = 4z + g 0 (0)
Now, applying
R Milne Thomson we get
2
f (z) = (3z + i 4z)dz + constt.
or f (z) = z 3 + 2i z 2 + constt. and applying f (1 + i) = 0 implies Constt = 6 2i
R.
27. The orthogonal trajectory of u = ex (x cos y y sin y) is (a) ex (cos y + x sin y) + c; (b)
ex x sin y + c ; (d) ex (y cos y + x sin y) + c. Ans: c
28. Find the locus of points in the plane satisfying the relation |z + 5|2 + |z 5|2 = 75. Ans:
circle
29. The function f (z) = z is (a) analytic at z = 0, (b) continuous at z = 0;(c) differentiable
only at z = 0; (d) analytic anywhere. Ans: b
30. If f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function and u v = (x y)(x2 + 4xy + y 2 ) then f (z) is
(a)z 3 + c, (b) iz 2 + ic, (c)iz 3 + , (d) z 3 ic, Ans: c
y
31. If f (z) = u + iv, is an analytic function of z and u v = cos x+sin xe
2 cos xey ey
; find f (z) if f (z)
subject to the condition f (/2) = 0. Ans: 1/2{1 cot(z/2)}
11
32. If f (z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) is an analytic function and u = r3 sin 3 then construct the
analytic function f (z).
2 sin 2x
33. If f (z) = u + iv, is analytic function of z and u + v = 2 cos 2x+e2y e2y
; find f (z) in terms
of z. Ans: 21 (1 + i) cot z + d
34. Choose the correct code for matching list A and B.
I
A (u is given) B (f (z) = u + iv is an analytic function)
p. x3 3xy 2 + 3x + 1 (i). sin z + ci
q. y 3 3x2 y (ii).z 3 + 3z + 1 + ci
ON
r. sin x cosh y (iii).i(z 3 + c)
i ii iii
(a) p r q
(b) r p q
(c) p q r Ans: b
x2 y2 x2 y2
35. if sin( + i) = x + iy prove that (a) cosh2
+ sinh2
= 1, (b) cos2
sin2
= 1.
S
36. Prove that (
2
+
2
x2 y 2
)|f (z)|2 = 4|f 0 (z)|2 for an analytic function f (z) = u + iv.
R.
12
Tutorial5, B. Tech. Sem III, 14 Sep., 2016
(Complex Integrations)
1. Define simply and multiply connected regions? State and prove Cauchys theorem for an
analytic function? Is it true for multiply connected regions?
2. State and prove Cauchy integral formula for nth derivative? Is it true for multiply con-
nected regions? If yes, give your explanation with necessary proofs.
I
3. If f (z) is analytic in a simply connected region D and a, z are two points in D, then
Rz
f (z)dz is independent of the path in D joining a and z.
ON
a
R (2,4)
4. Evaluate (0,3) z dz along (a) parabola x = 2t, y = t2 + 3, (b) a straight line joining (0, 3)
and (2, 4). Find whether both values are different, if yes, justify reason why it is so?
R
5. Evaluate C z dz from z = 0 to z = 4 + 2i along the curve C given by (i)z = t2 + it; (ii)
the line from z = 0 to z = 2i and then the line from z = 2i to z = 4 + 2i. Ans: (i) 10 8i3
; (ii)10 8i.
H 2
6. If F (a) = z +2z5 za
dz, where C is the ellipse (x/2)2 + (y/3)2 = 1. Find the value of
S
F (4.5). Ans: Zero
H 1
7. Evaluate za
C
dz, where C is any simple closed curve and z = a is (i) outside C; (ii)
C
inside C. Ans: (i) 0 ; (ii) 2i.
K.
H 1 +
8. Evaluate (za) n dz ; n 6= 1, n Z , where C is any simple closed curve and z = a is
C
inside C. Ans: Zero
9. Suppose f (z)
H is1 analytic
H inside and on a simple closed curve C and z = a is inside C.
1
Prove that za dz = za dz where C1 is a circle center at a and totally contained in
C C1
simple closed curve C.
H
10. Evaluate (z)2 dz ; where C is the circle (i)|z 1| = 1, (ii)|z| = 1 Ans: 4i, 0.
C
R.
H
11. Find zdz around (a) the circle |z 2| = 3, (b) the ellipse |z 3| + |z + 3| = 10, (c) the
C
square with vertices 0, 2, 2i and 2 + 2i. Ans: 18i, 40i, 8i
12. Suppose f (z) is integrable along a curve C having finite length
R l and there exists a positive
real number M such that |f (z)| M on C. Prove that | C f (z)dz| M l.
Remark: This result is helpful to evaluate the upper bound of an integral without
evaluating it.
13. WorkH out the following integrals around the contour prescribed against it
z 2 +sin z 2
(i) cos(z1)(z2) dz; C: |z| = 3. Ans: 4i.
CH
1
(ii) z2 +16 dz; C: |z| = 6. Ans: 0
C
13
e5z
H
(iii) z2i
dz; C: |z 2| + |z + 2| = 6. Ans: 2ie10i
C
1 ez
H
(iv) 2i z2
dz; C: |z| = 3. Ans: e2
C
sin z
H
(v) 2
z 1
dz;
C
I
H eiz
(vi) z2 4z+5 dz; C: |z 1 2i| = 2. Ans: ei
ON
CH
ez +cos z
(vii) (z5)(z+5i) dz; where C is the boundary of a triangle with vertices: 1, 1, 7/2i.
C
Ans: 2i(i5)
2 +25 (2 cos i sin i)
H sin 6z
(viii) z/6 dz; C: |z| = 2. Ans: i25
C
2
ez
R
(ix) Show that C z2 (z1i) dz = e2i ; where C consists of |z| = 2 anticlockwise and |z| = 1
clockwise.H
ez
1
(x) 2i (z+2)2
dz; Ans: e2
C:|z|=4
14. Evaluate
S
H
H
C
1
z 2 1
dz around z = i + 5eit . Ans: 0
H sinz
1. z+2i dz, C : |z| = 1.
C
sinz
H
2. z+2i
dz, C : |z + 3i| = 1.
C
H
3. ez dz, C : |z 3i| = 6.
C
1
H
4. z 2 +bz+1
dz, 0 < b < 1.
|z|=b
1
H
5. 1ez
dz.
|z|=3
14
1+i
R
6. z 3 dz, along y = x.
0
1
H
1. Evaluate z 3 z
dz, Ans: 0
|z|=3
z2
H
2. Evaluate z2
dz where C is the boundary of a triangle with vertices 1, 0 and 2i. Ans:
C
0
I
3. Evaluate
H z+ezthe following integrals around the contour prescribed against it
it
(i) (z+i) dz; C: z = 7e , 0 t 2. Ans: i.
ON
3
CH
1 3i
(ii) z3 (z2) 2 dz; C: |z 3| = 2, Ans: 8
.
C
H z+ez it
(iii) (z+i) 3 dz; C: z = 7e , 0 t 2. Ans: i.
CH
1
(iv) z3 (z2) 3 dz; C: |z 1| = 3, Ans: 0.
C
1 3z 4
H
(v) 2i (z6i)
dz. Ans: 3 64
H|z|=10 1
(vi) z 4 1
dz. Ans: 0.
(vii)
S
|z1|=5
H
|zi|=3/2
1
z 4 (z+i)
dz. Ans: 4i.
ez z 2
H
(viii) (z2)3
dz. Ans: 2i(2e4 1);
|z1|=3
H sin z
(ix) (z1)2
dz. Ans: 2i cos 1;
K.
|z|=2
cos z
H
(x) (z+3i)6
dz. Ans: 0;
|z+i|=3/2
3
H
(xi) z2 (z+i) 2 dz; C: |z| = 5, Ans: 0.
C H
ez
(xii) z 2 +a2
dz. Ans: 2i a
sin a;
|z|=2a
ez ia
dz. Ans: e a
H
(xiii) z 2 +a2
|zia|=a
z
(xiv) z+1e
H
dz; C: |z i| = 2, Ans: 0.
R.
z(z+3)
C
H
4. Evaluate (x2 + iy 2 )ds; C: |z| = 2 where s is the arc length. Ans: 8(1 + i)
C
15
Tutorial6, B. Tech. Sem III, 5 October, 2016
(Laurents Expansions)
1. State and prove Laurents series expansion of a function f (z).
2. Find Laurents series expansion about the indicated singularity for each of the following
functions. Name the singularity in each case and give the region of convergence of each
series.
e2z
I
(i). (z1) 3; z = 1
1 2 2 4 2(z1)
Ans: e2 [ (z1) 3 + (z1)2 + (z1) + 3 + 3
+ ........; z = 1 is a pole of order 3 and Series
ON
converges for all z 6= 1.
1
(ii). (z 3) sin (z+2) ; z = 2;
5 1 5 1
Ans: 1 z+2 6(z+2) 2 + 6(z+2)3 + 120(z+2)4 ........; z = 2 is an essential singularity and
1 2 1 (z3)
Ans: 9(z3) 2 27(z3) + 27 243 + ........; z = 3 is a pole of order 2 and Series converges
16
7. Find Taylors series expansion about the indicated points for each of the following func-
tions. Give the region of convergence of each series.
(i). ezz+1 ; z = 0;
(ii). zsin z
2 +4 ; z = 0
I
S ON
K.
R.
17
Tutorial7, B. Tech. Sem IV, 24 Feb, 2016
(Singularities and Residues)
1. Discuss the types of each singularity for the following functions:
1
(i). cos zsin z
; z = /4 is a simple pole.
cot z
(ii) . (za)2 ; z = a is a pole of order 2.
ez
(iii). z2 +1 ; z = i is a simple pole and z = is an essential singularity.
z
(iv). (z+1)(z+2) ; z = 1, 2 are simple poles.
I
ez
(v). sin z ; z = k, k I is a simple pole.
1
(vi). arcsin z ; z = 1/n, (n I+ ) simple pole and z = 0 an isolated essential singularity.
ON
(vii). arctan z; z = 1/n, (n I+ ) is simple pole and z = 0 isolated essential singularity.
(viii). zsinz
z3
; z = 0 is a removable singularity.
(ix). zz+1
2 2z ; z = 0, 2 are simple poles.
2
(x). (z1)z2 (z+2) ; z = 2 is a simple pole and z = 1 is a pole of order 2.
(i+2k)
(xi). z41+1 ; e 4, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 each is a simple pole.
iz
(xii). zze
2 +a2 ; z = ai are simple poles.
2z
(xiii). 1e
z3
; z = 0, a pole of order 2.
e2z
S
(xiv). 1+ez ;
e2z
(xv). 1e z;
zsinz
(xvi). z5 ;
z = i is a simple pole.
z = 0 is a simple pole.
z = 0 is a pole of order 2.
(xvii). z2 (e1z 1) ; z = 0 is a pole of order 3.
(xviii). sinh
z2
z
; z = 0 is a simple pole.
K.
(z +1)ez
2
(xix). (z1)3 (zi) ; z = 1 is a pole of order 3 and z = i is a removable singularity.
2. Examine the nature of singularity for the following functions and find its residue:
1
Hint: residue is defined as coefficient of (zz 0)
in Laurents series expansion of a function
f (z) about a point z0 . Thus,
1 dm1 m
residue for a pole of order m is (m1)! lim dz m1 ((z z0 ) f (z))
zz0
residue for a removable singularity=0.
1
residue for an essential singularity z0 can be find by finding coefficient of zz0
in its
R.
18
Tutorial9, B. Tech. Sem III, 22 October, 2016
(Bays rule)
1. Two third of the students in a class are girls and rest boys. If it is known that probability
of a boy getting first class is 0.25, that of a girl is 0.28. Find the probability that a student
chosen at random will get first class. Ans: ...
2. The chances that doctor will diagnose a disease X correctly is 60%. The chances that a
I
patient will die by his treatment after correct diagnosis is 40% and the chance of death
by wrong diagnosis is 70%. A patient of the doctor, who had disease X, died. What is
6
ON
the probability that his disease was diagnose correctly. Ans: 13
3. A manufacturing firm produces steel pipes in three plants with daily production volumes
of 500, 1000 & 2000 units respectively. According to past experience it is known that the
fraction of defective output produced by three plants are respectively 0.005, 0.008, 0.01.
What is the probability that a pipe is selected at random from a days output and found
to be defective? Ans: ...
4. In a university 4% of male students and 1% of female students are taller than 6 feet.
Further 60% of the students are female. Now, if a randomly selected student is taller
than 6 feet, what is the probability that the student is a female? Ans: ...
S
5. Two shipment of parts are received. The first shipment contained 1000 parts with 10%
defectives and the second shipment contains 1500 parts with 5% defectives. One shipment
is selected at random, two parts were tested at random and found to be good. Find the
probability that tested parts were selected from first shipment. Ans: ...
K.
6. A coin is tossed. If it turn up H, two balls will be drown from urn A, otherwise 2 balls will
be drawn from urn B. Urn A contains 3 Red and 5 Blue balls, Urn B contains 7 Red and
5 Blue balls. What is the probability that urn A is used, given that both balls are blue.
(Find in both cases, when balls were chosen with replacement and without replacement).
Ans: ...
7. There are 10 urns of which each of 3 contains 1W, 9B balls, each others 3 contains 9W,
1B balls and remaining 4 each contains 5W, 5B balls. One of the urn was selected at
R.
random and a ball was chosen from it. (i) what is the probability that it is white ball?
(ii) If ball is black, what is the chance that it comes out from the urn consisting 9W and
1B balls. Ans: ...
8. There are two bags A and B. A contains n white and 2 black balls and B contains 2 white
and n black balls. One of the two bags is selected at random and two balls are chosen
from it without replacement. If both the balls drawn are white and the probability that
the bag A was used to draw the ball is 67 , find out the value of n. Ans: n = 4.
19
Numerical Integration
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt x [a, b].
a
Z b
Observation: If f is nonnegative function, then f (x)dx is represent
a
the area under the curve f (x).
an antiderivative of f .
Recall
Interpolation.
x x0 x1 x2 ... xn
Rb
Replace f by pn(x) and evaluate a
pn(x)dx
That is,
Z b Z b n
Z bX
f (x)dx ' pn(x)dx = li(x)f (xi)dx
a a a i=0
n
X Z b
= f (xi) li(x)dx
i=0 a
Xn
= Aif (xi)
i=0
Rb
Where Ai = l (x)dx
a i
called weights.
polynomial P1(x).
Z b Z x1
f (x) P1(x)dx
a x0
Z b Z 1
h
f (x)dx (f (x0) + sf (x0))hds = [f (x0) + f (x1)]
a 0 2
OR
b
ba
Z
f (x)dx [f (a) + f (b)]
a 2
Error
T (b a)3 00
E = f (),
12
where a < < b
Remark: x0 = a and x1 = b.
Rb
To evaluate a
f (x)dx.
b
ba
Z
b+a
f (x) dx = [f (a) + 4f ( ) + f (b).]
a 6 2
Error
sh5f (4)()
E =
90
for some (a, b).
Z b
3h
f (x)dx ' [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3]
a 8
s 3h5 (4)
Error: E = f (), where a < < b.
80
1
R2 4
R2
Using Trapezoidal and Simpson 3 rules find 0
x dx and 0
sinxdx and
Note that if the integral [a, b] is large, then the error in the Trapezoidal
Idea
Error can be reduced by dividing the interval [a, b] into equal subinterval
ba
h= , xi = x0 + ih
n
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 12
Composite Rule
Z b Z xn n Z
X xi
f (x)dx = f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a x0 i=1 xi1
Z b
h
f (x)dx = [f (x0) + 2 (f (x1) + f (x2) f (xn1)) + f (xn)]
a 2
CT h2 00
E = (b a) f (), [a, b]
12
1, 2, 3, , n.
ba
Thus here h = 2n .
Then
Z b Z b=x2n
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a a=x0
Z x2 Z x4 Z x2i Z x2n
= f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
x0 x2 x2i2 x2n2
CS h4 (4)
E = (b a) f (),
180
where [a, b]
R1 1
Evaluate the integral 1
x2 exp(x)dx by composite Simpsons 3 rule
1
Solution: According to composite Simpsons 3 rule:
Z 1
h
x2 exp(x)dx = [f (x0) + 4f (x1) + 2f (x2) + 4f (x3) + 2f (x4)+
1 3
f (x4) = f (0) = 0
Z 1
x2 exp(x)dx ' 0.87965
1
00
13 max0<<1 |f ()|
.00001
12n2trap
For the composite Simpson 1/3 rule, we have
00
max |f ()| 3.5, max |f (4)()| 95
0<<1 0<<1
(Please verify )
Hence
ba 3
[a, b] is divided into 3n equal subintervals. (h = 3n . and we apply 8
Hence,
Z b Z x3 Z x6 Z x3n =b
f (x)dx ' f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
a x0 =a x3 x3n3
3h 3h
= [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3] + [f3 + 3f4 + 3f5 + f6]+
8 8
3h
+ + [f3n3 + 3f3n2 + 3f3n1 + f3n]
8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 22
3h
= [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + 2f3 + 3f4 + 3f5 + 2f6 + 3f7 + + 3f3n1 + f3n]
8
Remember:
3
Use composite simpsons 8 rule, find the velocity after 18 seconds, if a
a= 40 60 70 75 80 83 85 87 88 88
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9
3h
Sol: Velocity v = 8 [f0 +3f1 +3f2 +2f3 +3f4 +3f5 +2f6 +3f7 +3f8 +f9 ]=
3
4 [40+360+370+275+380+383+283+285+387+388+88]
= 1389 units.
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
Also, note that the weights Ais do not depend on the given function.
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + a2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
i.e., we want
Undetermined Parameters.
b2 a2
Taking f (x) = x we get 2 = A0 a + A1 b
ba
Solving the above two equations we get, A0 = A1 = 2 .
Z b
ba
Thus, f (x)dx = [f (a) + f (b)] + f 00()
a 2
b3 a3 ba 2
=( )(a + b2) + 2!
3 2
(ba)3
= = 12
Thus
b
ba (b a)3 00
Z
f (x)dx = [f (a) + f (b)] f ()
a 2 12
Working Method:
the formula.
of Undetermined Parameters
Start with:
Z x3
3h
f (x)dx = [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3] + f (4)()
x0 8
x53 x50 3h 4
= [x0 + 3x41 + 3x42 + x43] + 4!
5 8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 30
x53 x50 3h 4
4! = [x0] + 3(x0 + h)4 + 3(x0 + 2h)4 + (x0 + 3h)4
5 8
9 5
4! = h
10
That is,
3 5
= h
80
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 31
Therefore the error in the Simpsons rule is =
3 5 (4)
h f ()
80
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
Also, note that the weights Ais do not depend on the given function.
Hence, if the error is of the form E(I) = Const f (r+1)(). Then the
Ans: Using Gaussian Quadrature rule one can improve the accuracy.
Find x0, x1, A0, A1 and so that the following rule is exact for all
polynomials of degree 3.
Z 1
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + f (4)()
1
(There are 4 unknowns and hence we have chosen the 4-th derivative
A0 + A1 = 2
2
A0x20 + A1x21 = 3
A0x30 + A1x31 = 0
A0 = A1 = 1 x0 = 13 and x1 = 1 .
3
R1
Thus the integration rule is: 1
f (x)dx = f ( 13 ) + f ( 13 ) + f (4)().
2 2
= + 4!
5 9
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 35
1 8 1
= = ( )=
4! 45 135
Z 1
1 1 1 (4)
f (x)dx = f ( ) + f ( ) + f ().
1 3 3 135
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn),
Z b
provides the exact value of f (x)dx for f (x) = 1, x, x2, x2n+1.
a
Or What we want is that the quadrature rule is exact for all polynomials
of degree 2n + 1.
Z b
f (x)g(x)dx = 0.
a
If
Z b
w(x)f (x)g(x)dx = 0
a
for some function w(x) > 0, x [a, b] then we say that f and g are
and
Z b
w(x)fm(x)fn(x)dx 6= 0 if m = n
a
Theorem:
Rb
To evaluate a
f (x)dx
Rb Rb
1. Suppose we write the integral as a
f (x)dx = a
w(x)g(x)dx for some
and
Given any k. If we choose the points x0, x1, x2, , xk as the zeros of
Rb
the polynomial pk+1(x) and the coefficients Ai = a li(x)w(x)dx (i =
where
k
Y (x xj ) f (x
, g(x) =
(xi xj ) w(x)
j=0,j6=i
)
f (2k+2)() b
p2k+1(x)
Z
E(I) = w(x) 2 dx (1)
(2k + 2)! a k+1
[a, b] = [1, 1]
w(x) 1
1 dn 2 n
pn(x) = (x 1) for n = 0, 1, 2, . (Rodriguess Formula)
n!2n dxn
Then p0(x) = 1, p1(x) = x, p2(x) = 21 (3x2 1), .
Z 1
we know pm(x)pn(x)dx = 0 m 6= n and
1 Z
1
2
if m = n, then pm(x)pn(x)dx = .
1 2n + 1
Z b Z 1
The integral f (x)dx can be convert into g(t)dt
a 1
Choose
ba a+b
x= t+
2 2
Then
b 1
ba ba
Z Z
a+b
f (x)dx = f t+ dt
a 2 1 2 2
The case when we take only two points x0 and x1 in our integration
formula.
Let
Z 1
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + f (4)(), (1, 1).
1
1 1
p2(x) = 21 (3x2 1) = 0 = x =
3
, 3
1 1
Therefore as said in the above theorem we take x0 =
3
and x1 = 3
Here w(x) 1.
Thus
1 1
x x1
Z Z
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = 1. dx
1 1 x 0 x 1
Z 1
3 1
= (x )dx = 1
1 2 3
Z 1
1 1
f (x)dx ' f ( ) + f ( )
1 3 3
Error Term:
(4) 1
(3x2 1)2 f (4)() 8
Z
f () 1 (4)
E(I) = dx = = f ()
4! 1 9 24 45 135
q q
3 3
Z 1 (x + 5 )(x 5)
A1 = w(x) q q dx
3 3
1 (0 + 5 )(0 5)
Z 1
3 2 8
= (x )dx =
1 5 9
Error Term:
f (6)() 1 ( 25 x3 32 x)2
Z
E(I) = 5 2 dx
6! 1 (2)
(6) Z 1
f () 3
= (x3 x)2dx
6! 1 5
1
= f (6)().
15750
Thus the 3-point Gauss-Legendre quadrature formula takes the form:
Z 1
5 3 8 5 3
f (x)dx = f ( ) + f (0) + f ( ) + E(I)
1 9 5 9 9 5
Solution:
Z 1
x sin x 5 3 8 5 3
2
dx = f ( ) + f (0) + f ( )
1 1 + x 9 5 9 9 5
5 0.5417744 8 5 0.5417744
= [ ] + [0] + [ ] = 0.37623
9 0.599999 9 9 1.599999
Z b Z 1
The integral f (x)dx can be convert into g(u)du
a 1
Choose
ba a+b
x= u+
2 2
Then
b 1
ba ba
Z Z
a+b
f (x)dx = f u+ du
a 2 1 2 2
R2
Suppose we want to integrate 0
f (x)dx using 3-point Gauss-Legendre
formula
Let
Z 2
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + f (6)()
0
Then x = 0 = u = 1 and x = 2 = u = 1.
Z 1
g(u)du ' A0g(u0) + A1g(u1) + A2g(u2)
1
q q
Hence u0 = 35 , u1 = 0, u2 = 35
q
3
Therefore x0 = u0 + 1 = 1 5, x1 = u1 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 and x2 =
q
u2 + 1 = 1 + 35
[a, b] = [1, 1]
1
w(x) =
1x2
recursively defied as
Z 1
1
f (x) dx
1x 2
1
Z 1
f (x)
To evaluate dx
1x 2
1
1
Noted above: w(x) = .
1x2
We want to derive 2-point formula, and hence this is the case when
1 1
= x = ,
2 2
1
1
Z
f (x) 1
dx ' A0f ( ) + A1f ( )
1x 2 2 2
1
1 1
x x1
Z Z
1
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = ( )dx
1 1 1 x x0 x1
2
Z 1 Z 1
1 2x 1 1
= dx + dx
2 2 1 1 x 2 2 1 1 x 2
=0+ .
2
Z 1 Z 1
1 x x0
A1 = = w(x)l1(x)dx = ( )dx
2 1 1 1x 1 2 x x 0
q
1
Z 1
1 x + 2
= ( 2 )dx = .
1 1x 2 2
2
(4) b
p2(x)2
Z
f () 1
E(I) = dx
4! a 1x 2 4
f (4)()
= 3
2 4!
Roots of p3(x) = 0:
3 3 3
4x 3x = 0 = x = 0, 2 , 2
3 3
Thus x0 = 0 x1 = 2 and x2 = 2
1
3
Z
f (x) 3
dx ' A0f ( ) + A1f (0) + A2f ( )
1 1x 2 2 2
1 1
(x 0)(x 23 )
Z Z
1
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = dx
2
1 x ( 2 0)( 2 23 )
3 3
1 1
Z 1 2 3
(x 2 x)
= dx = .
1 1 x3 3
Thus,
1
3
Z
f (x) 3
dx ' [f ( ) + f (0) + f ( )].
1 1x 2 3 2 2
1
f (6)() (4x3 3x)2
Z
1
E(I) = 2
dx
6! 1 1x 2 4
1
f (6)() (16x6 24x4 + 9x2) f (6)()
Z
= dx = 5 .
16 6! 1 1x 2 2 6!
Solution:
1 x
3
Z
(1 + x)e 3
dx = [f ( )+f (0)+f ( )] = [0.7574258+1+3.24338]
1 1 x2 3 2 2 3
= 5.23683
[a, b] = (0, )
w(x) = ex
n
d
pn(x) = ex n (xnex) for n = 0, 1, 2, .
dx
weight function w(x) = ex.
p0(x) = 1
p1(x) = (x 1)
p2(x) = x2 4x + 2
f (4)()
Z
x 1
e f (x)dx = [(2+ 2)f ((2 2))+(2 2)f ((2+ 2))]+ .
0 4 6
Laguerre Rule.
R ex sin(2x)
Evaluate using 2-point Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. 0 1+x2
dx
sin(2x)
Solution: Here f (x) = 1+x2
ex sin(2x)
Z
1
dx ' [(2 + 2)f (2 2) + (2 2)f (2 + 2)]
0 1 + x2 4
1
' [3.4142 f (0.585786) + 0.585786 f (3.4142)]
4
= 0.5915
[a, b] = (, )
x2
w(x) = e
n
n x d 2
x2
pn(x) = (1) e (e ) for n = 0, 1, 2, .
dxn
x2
Since w(x) = e , therefore this orthogonal sequence of polynomials
Z
2
can be used to evaluate integrals of the form ex f (x)dx.
Example: P0(x) = 1,
P1(x) = 2x,
P2(x) = 4x2 2,
After computing A0, A1, A2, the three-point Gauss-Hermite Rule takes
the form:
f (6)() (8x2 12)2
Z
2
E(I) = ex dx
6! 82
(6)
f () 3 (6)
= = f ().
6! 4 960
1
Solution: Here f (x) = 1+x2
.
q q
I(f ) ' 6 [f ( 32 ) + 4 f (0) + f ( 32 )] = 54 .
Polynomials
Property: 1
Property: 3
Each pk (x) has has k distinct real zeros all lie in [a, b].
Problem: Given any n distinct points on X-Y plane say (xi, yi), i =
the sum of the squares of the distances of these points from the that
direction.
Given points are (1.3, .103), (.1, 1.099), (.2, .808), (1.3, 1.897). Use
Sol:
X X X X
n = 4, xi = .1 , x2i = 3.43 yi = 3.907, xiyi = 2.3839
y = .9601 + .6670x
Example: For points are (0, 1), (.25, 1.2840), (.50, 1.6487),
(.75, 2.1170), (1, 2.7183). Use method of least squares, fit quadratic
polynomial.
let f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2, then the corresponding normal equations are
.86468, a2 = .84316
y = cedx.
In this case, we have to take f (x) = aebx. Here, we have to solve system
of nonlinear equations.
OR
We can write
lnf (x) = lna + bx. Now using the method of straight line we can find
lnf (x).
For points are (1, 5.10), (1.25, 5.59), (1.50, 6.53), (1.75, 7.45), (2, 8.46).
Using the same procedure, which have been used in case of straight
line, we obtain
Hence,
Basic problems
known )
data.
interpolating polynomial.
Applications
f (c + h) f (c)
f 0(c) = lim , c (a, b).
h0 h
at x = c.
Derivative of a function at x = x0
h2 00
0
f (x0 + h) = f (x0) + hf (x0) + f ()
2
f (x0 + h) f (x0)
f 0(x0)
h
h
|ED (f )| max |f ()|
[a,b] 2
Example
Backward Formula
f (x0 + h) f (x0)
f 0(x0)
h
Central Formula
f (x0 + h) f (x0 h)
f 0(x0)
2h
polynomial
x x0 x1 x2 ... xn
where
x = x0 + sh
Similarly,
2
00 d pn
f (x) '
dx2
d dpn
( )
dx dx
d dpn ds
= ( )
dx ds dx
1 d dpn
= ( )
h dx ds
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 16
1 d2 p n 1
= ( 2 )
h ds h
1 d2 p n
= 2 2
h ds
Thus in general,
k
(k) 1 d pn
f (x) = k k
h ds
x 1 2 3 4
f (x) 2 5 7 10
x f (x) 2 3
1 2
2 5 -1
2 2
3 7 1
4 10
0 1 1
f (2) = 3 = 13/6
2 3
00 1 d2 p n 1 2 3
f (x) 2 2 = 2 f (x0) + (s 1) f (x0)
h ds h
f 00(2) = 1
Calculate f (4)(0.15)
Solution:
2 3 2
1 s s 2 s 3s + 2s 3
p5(x) = f (x0) + s4 f (x0) + 4 f (x0) + 4 f (x0)+
2 6
d4f dp45 1 4 1 5
' = [4 f (x 0 ) + (5s 10)4 f (x0)
dx4 dx4 h4 5
1 4
= 4 [4 f (x0) + (s 2)45f (x0)]
h
1 2
= [035 + (0.5 2)(0.4)] = 95.00 10
(0.1)4
0.1 0.425
0.050
-0.075 0.25
0.075 -0.05
0.050
function f .
X x0 x1 x2 ... xn
The problem is :
set of (n + 1) points,
Polynomial interpolation
Rational interpolation
Trigonometric interpolation
Exponential interpolation
X x0 x1 x2
Solution:
Similarly,
If we write
then
Pn
pn(x) = i=0 li (x)f (xi )
Pn
p(x) = i=0 li (x)f (xi )
Given x0, x1, x2, x3, , xn and f (x0), f (x1), , f (xn), we have:
p1(x) 1 x0, x1
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
Solution:
We calculate p3(x).
1 3
= (x 3x2 x + 3)
15
Similarly,
1 3
l1(x) = (x 2x2 5x + 6)
8
1 3
l2(x) = (x 7x 6)
12
1
l3(x) = (x3 + 2x2 x + 2)
40
Therefore,
1 3 1
p3(x) = 15{ (x 3x2 x + 3)} 4{ (x3 2x2 5x + 6)}
15 8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBSPU Jaunpur. 36
1 3
+0 + 20{ (x + 2x2 x + 2)}
40
= x3 x2 + x 1.
with this formula. However, this can be used in order to find the upper
bound of the error, i,e., we have a number in hand such that error should
polynomial.
in Newtons form.
f (x1) f (x0)
f [x0, x1] =
x1 x0
f (x2) f (x1)
f [x1, x2] =
x2 x1
.. ..
In general,
f (xi+1) f (xi)
f [xi, xi+1] =
xi+1 xi
.. ..
f (xn) f (xn1)
f [xn1, xn] =
xn xn1
x0 f [x0]
f [x0, x1]
f [x2, x3]
x3 f [x3]
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -3
The divided difference table:
2 1
1 0 2
10
3 20
f (xi) = pn(xi), i = 0, 1 n
We prove:
Ak = f [x0, x1, , xk ]
for all k = 0, 1, 2, , n.
pn(x) = f [x0]
x0 f [x0]
f [x0, x1]
f [x2, x3]
x3 f [x3]
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -3
The divided difference table:
2 1
1 0 2
10
3 20
= x3 x2 + x 1.
While forming the divided difference table, we look for the correct
division, and there is chance of mistake. Did you realize this?. Let
.. ..
.. ..
x -2 -1 0 1
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -7
The forward difference table:
4 23
0 0 16
20
1 20
f (x1) f (x0) 1
f [x0, x1] = = 4f (x0)
x1 x 0 h
xx0
Given x, let s = h .
Thus
n
X
= s(s 1)(s 2) (s k + 1)f [x0, x1, , xk ]
k=0
Where
s s(s 1) (s k + 1)
= .
k k!
Prepare the forward difference table for the following data. Using
f (0.1).
0 0.12
0.34
0.28 -0.06
0.16 0.26
0.30
0.8 1.2
x x0 0.1 0 1
s= = = .
h 0.2 2
1 1
( 1)
s s 1 s 1
= 1, = , =2 2 = .
0 1 2 2 1.2 8
1 1 3
s s(s 1)(s 3) 2 ( 2 )( 2) 1
= = = .
3 1.2.3 1.2.3 16
Therefore
s s s
p4(x0+sh) = f (x0)+s41f (x0)+ 42f (x0)+ 43f (x0)+ 44f (x0).
2 3 4
1 1 1 5
= 0.12 + (0.34) + (0.06) + (0.06) + (0.32) = 0.28125
2 8 16 128
Therefore,
We divide the given interval into small subintervals and on each small
We study:
Assume that the tabular points are equispaced with spacing h = xi+1
xi .
i h2 h 00
Error = max f ()
(a,b) 8
Therefore
M h2
E .
8
00
M = max f ()
(a,b)
ba
h=
n
What should be the minimum number of tabular points required for the
piecewise linear interpolation for f (x) = cos(x) on [0, ], such that error
Solution:
Here a = 0 and b =
ba
Then h = n = n
We know
M = max |f 00(x)| = 1
0x
h2M 1
106.
8 2
That is,
h2 4 106
h 2 103
Therefore
n= 103 = 1570.7
n 2
Therefore
ba
h= .
2n
smooth.
OR
n Dominant vs Submissive
Physical Contact:
n Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing,
pushing, or patting
n Reflect an element of intimacy or
the exchange
Proximity in white Anglo Saxon cultures:
n Intimate Space less than 18 inches
n Social/Consultative Space 4 - 12 ft
n Hesitate less
What Non-grammatical
signals would you use?
To frame what
n To frame what you you are saying
are saying: use:
n Tone of voice
n Speed
n Pitch
n bodily movements
quote or roll
eyes
What Non-grammatical
signals would you use?
To give feedback
n To provide use:
feedback to your n encouraging
audience when n head-nods
you are speaking n Smiles
n 'uh-huh' sounds etc
n more negative
n Frowns (making face)
n Expressions
n gaze
What Non-grammatical
signals would you use?
To synchronize
n To provide use:
synchronization so as n period of
to match style of adjustment of
speech with other non-verbal signals
party to enable
adjustment of
your styles
So What Does This Mean?
n Let me see!
n Authoritative
n Pondering
n Thinking
n Considering
So What Does This Mean?
n Can I help!
n Trust me!
n Youre in good
hands!
n Helping Hand
So What Does This Mean?
n I cant take it
anymore!
n It hurts so
much!
n Pain
So What Does This Mean?
n So what is
going on?
n I just want all
the facts!
n Suspicious
So What Does This Mean?
n What?
n So that is
what you
were thinking?
n Curious
So What Does This Mean?
n I challenge
you!
n Defensive
n Self-Protective
n Not innocent
So What Does This Mean?
n What do you
mean!
n I am not
going to do
this!
n Angry
So What Does This Mean?
n Wanna fight?
n Aggressive
So What Does This Mean?
n Oh boy, the
cameras are
on me now!
n Unhappy
n Disappointed
So What Does This Mean?
n I am so!
n I can do
everything
better than you!
n Confident
So What Does This Mean?
n Its not fair!
n I want it!
unhappy till I
get it!
So What Does This Mean?
n Oh Brother!
n Thoughtful
n Concentrating
So What Does This Mean?
n I dare you!
n Cold firmness
n Masking
feelings
So What Does This Mean?
n 1: Oh really must I
be here? Why do I
have to sit next to
her? Ive got it!
n 2: Worried. This guy
to my right is
strange.
n 3: Can I pull it off?
This is important to
my future!
So What Does This Mean?
n OH LORD!
n WHY?
n I cant take
this, it is too
much!
So What Does This Mean?
n This guy is
weird!
n Brush him off
and I am free!
n Leave me
alone!
So What Does This Mean?
n Yuck!
n Well this is
what she
deserves!
n Rejecting
So What Does This Mean?
n I will get
through this!
n Determined
n I will not
budge!
So What Does This Mean?
n 1: Im in
charge here!
n Dominating
n Threatening
n 2: Fearful
So What Does This Mean?
n Wow!
n Shocked
n Surprised
what you
want!
So What Does This Mean?
n Now just stop
that!
n Get out of
here!
n Defensive
n Oppositional
So What Does This Mean?
n So tell me
more!
n Open
n Accepting
n Welcoming
So What Does This Mean?
n Oh Yeah!
n Yummy!
n Pleasuring
n Enjoying
n Orally
passionate!
So What Does This Mean?
n So You want
what?
n Tense
n Suspicious
n Hesitant
So What Does This Mean?
n We girls do
have fun!
n We enjoy each
others
company!
n Rapport
n Sociable
So What Does This Mean?
n No! Leave me
alone!
n Oh stop it!
n Withdrawn
Queries?
Non-verbal communication
for interview effectiveness
DR . TA N UJ N A N DAN
MNNIT ALLAHABAD
Friday, September 30, 2016 DR. TANUJ NANDAN, MNNIT ALLAHABAD 2
Deciphering communication
Most of the communication that
takes place between individuals is
non-verbal.
Non-verbal communication
includes:
Tone of Voice
Facial Expressions
Movement
Appearance
Eye Contact
Gestures
Posture
Source: Hall, E.T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension, New York: Doubleday
If you are feeling anxious then your facial expression may lead you to
appear aloof, disapproving, or disinterested.
Your smile is one of the strongest tools you have in meeting new people.
Minimize = cT x (1a)
subject to
Ax = b , (1b)
x 0. (1c)
1
(ii) Introduce slack variables to turn inequality constraints into equality
constraints with nonnegative unknowns.
Any inequality of the form a1 x1 + + an xn c can be replaced by
a1 x1 + + an xn + s = c with s 0.
(iii) Replace variables which are not sign-constrained by differences.
Any real number x can be written as the difference of nonnegative
numbers x = u v with u, v 0.
Consider the following example.
Maximize z = x1 + 2 x2 + 3 x3 (2a)
subject to
x1 + x2 x3 = 1 , (2b)
2 x1 + x2 + 2 x3 5 , (2c)
x1 x2 4 , (2d)
x2 + x3 5 , (2e)
x1 0 , (2f)
x2 0 . (2g)
Written in standard form, the problem becomes
minimize = x1 2 x2 3 u + 3 v (3a)
subject to
x1 + x2 u + v = 1 , (3b)
2 x1 x2 2 u + 2 v + s 1 = 5 , (3c)
x1 x2 + s 2 = 4 , (3d)
x2 + u v + s 3 = 5 , (3e)
x1 , x2 , u, v, s1 , s2 , s3 0 . (3f)
2
x1 x2 u v s1 s2 s3
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 2 2 1 0 0 5
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 4
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 5
1 2 3 3 0 0 0 0
In the following steps, the variables will be divided into m basic variables
and n m non-basic variables. We will act on the tableau by the rules of
Gaussian elimination, where the pivots are always chosen from the columns
corresponding to the basic variables.
Before proceeding, we need to choose an initial set of basic variables
which corresponds to a point in the feasible region of the linear program-
ming problem. Such a choice may be non-obvious, but we shall defer this
discussion for now. In our example, x1 and s1 , . . . , s3 shall be chosen as the
initial basic variables, indicated by gray columns in the tableau above.
3
selection rules for the basic variables will guarantee that an initially feasible
tableau will remain feasible throughout the process.
(i) The entering variable shall correspond to the column which has the
most negative entry in the cost function row. If all cost function
coefficients are non-negative, the cost cannot be lowered and we have
reached an optimum. The algorithm then terminates.
(ii) Once the entering variable is determined, the leaving variable shall be
chosen as follows. Compute for each row the ratio of its right hand
coefficient to the corresponding coefficient in the entering variable col-
umn. Select the row with the smallest finite positive ratio. The leaving
variable is then determined by the column which currently owns the
pivot in this row. If all coefficients in the entering variable column
are non-positive, the cost can be lowered indefinitely, i.e., the linear
programming problem does not have a finite solution. The algorithm
then also terminates.
4
x1 x2 u v s1 s2 s3
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 4
0 3 0 0 1 0 0 3
0 2 1 1 0 1 0 3
0 3 0 0 0 1 1 2
0 9 0 0 0 4 0 13
At this point, the new entering variable is x2 corresponding to the only
negative entry in the last row, the leaving variable is s3 . After Gaussian
elimination, we find
x1 x2 u v s1 s2 s3
2 1 14
1 0 0 0 0 3 3 3
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 5
1 2 13
0 0 1 1 0 3 3 3
0 1 0 0 0 31 1
3
2
3
0 0 0 0 0 1 3 19
Since there is no more negative entry in the last row, the cost cannot be low-
ered by choosing a different set of basic variables; the termination condition
applies.
2 Initialization
For some problem it is not obvious which set of variables form a feasible
initial set of basic variables. For large problems, a trial-and-error approach
5
n
is prohibitively expensive due the rapid growth of m , the number of possi-
bilities to choose m basic variables out of a total of n variables, as m and n
become large. This problem can be overcome by adding a set of m artificial
variables which form a trivial set of basic variables and which are penalized
by a large coefficients in the objective function. This penalty will cause
the artificial variables to become nonbasic as the algorithm proceeds.
We explain the method by example. For the problem
minimize z = x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 (4a)
subject to
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 + x4 = 5 , (4b)
x1 + x2 + x3 x4 = 5 , (4c)
x1 + 2 x2 + 2 x3 x4 = 6 , (4d)
x 0, (4e)
we set up a simplex tableau with three artificial variables which are initially
basic:
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3 x4
1 0 0 1 1 2 1 5
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 5
0 0 1 1 2 2 1 6
1 2 2 0 0
We proceed as before by first eliminating the nonzero entries below the
pivots:
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3 x4
1 0 0 1 1 2 1 5
0 1 0 1 1 1 1 5
0 0 1 1 2 2 1 6
0 0 0 1 3 2 4 2 5 16
Since, for large, 2 5 is the most negative coefficient in the objective
function row, x3 will be entering and, since 52 < 62 < 51 , a1 will be leaving.
The Gaussian elimination step then yields
6
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3 x4
1 1 1 1 5
2 0 0 2 2
1 2 2
1
12 1 0 1
2 2
0 32 5
2
1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1
1 + 52 0 0 12 1 32 0 1 + 72 5 72
Now x2 is entering, a3 is leaving, and we obtain
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3 x4
1
1 0 12 2
0 1 3
2 2
1
0 1 12 2
0 0 12 2
1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1
0 1 + 23 12 0 0 1 + 12 6 2
The new entering variable is x1 while the criterion for the leaving variable
is tied between a2 and x3 . Since we want the artificial variable to become
nonbasic, we take a2 to be leaving. (Choosing x3 as the leaving variable
would lead us to the same solution, albeit after a few extra steps.) We
obtain
a1 a2 a3 x1 x2 x3 x4
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0
0 2 1 1 0 0 1 4
1 0 1 0 1 0 2 1
1 + 0 0 0 1 6
The termination condition is now satisfied, and we see that the solution is
z = 6 with x1 = 4, x2 = 1, x3 = 0, x4 = 0.
We close with two remarks.
In the final tableau, the penalty parameter can only appear in arti-
ficial variable columns.
7
3 Duality
The concept of duality is best motivated by an example. Consider the
following transportation problem. Some good is available at location A at
no cost and may be transported to locations B, C, and D according to the
following directed graph:
4 B
1
4
!
A 3
= D
5
2
*
C
minimize c1 x1 + + c5 x5 (5a)
subject to
x1 x3 x4 = bB , (5b)
x2 + x3 x5 = bC , (5c)
x4 + x5 = bD . (5d)
The three equality constraints state that nothing gets lost at nodes B, C,
and D except what is sold.
There is, however, a second, seemingly equivalent way of characterizing
efficiency of transportation. Instead of looking at minimizing the cost of
transportation, we seek to maximize the income from selling the good. Let-
ting y denote the unit price of the good at node = A, . . . , D with yA = 0
by assumption, the associated linear programming problem is the following:
maximize yB bB + yC bC + yD bD (6a)
8
subject to
yB yA c1 , (6b)
yC yA c2 , (6c)
yC yB c3 , (6d)
yD yB c4 , (6e)
yD yC c5 . (6f)
x5 yD 0 0 0 1 1
minimize cT x (8a)
subject to Ax = b, x 0 . (8b)
maximize y T b (9a)
subject to y T A cT . (9b)
We shall prove in the following that the minimal cost and the maximal
income coincide, i.e., that the two problems are equivalent.
Let us first remark this problem is easily solved without the simplex al-
gorithm: clearly, we should transport all goods sold at a particular location
through the cheapest channel to that location. Thus, we might perform a
simple search for the cheapest channel, something which can be done effi-
ciently by combinatorial algorithms such as Dijkstras algorithm [2]. The ad-
vantage of the linear programming perspective is that additional constraints
such as channel capacity limits can be easily added. For the purpose of
9
understanding the relationship between the primal and the dual problem,
and for understanding the significance of the dual formulation, the simple
present setting is entirely adequate.
The unknowns x in the primal formulation of the problem not only iden-
tify the vertex of the feasible region at which the optimum is reached, but
they also act as sensitivity parameters with regard to small changes in the
cost coefficients c. Indeed, when the linear programming problem is nonde-
generate, i.e. has a unique optimal solution, changing the cost coefficients
from c to c + c with |c| sufficiently small will not make the optimal
vertex jump to another corner of the feasible region, as the cost depends
continuously on c. Thus, the corresponding change in cost is cT x. If xi
is nonbasic, the cost will not react at all to small changes in ci , whereas if
xi is large, then the cost will be sensitive to changes in ci . This informa-
tion is often important because it gives an indication where to best spend
resources if the parameters of the problemin the example above, the cost
of transportationare to be improved.
Likewise, the solution vector y to the dual problem provides the sensi-
tivity of the total income to small changes in b. Here, b is representing the
number of sales at the various vertices of the network; if the channels were
capacity constrained, the channel limits were also represented as components
of b. Thus, the dual problem is providing the answer to the question if I
were to invest in raising sales, where should I direct this INVESTMENT to
achieve the maximum increase in income?
The following theorems provide a mathematically precise statement on
the equivalence of primal and dual problem.
Theorem 1 (Weak duality). Assume that x is a feasible vector for the
primal problem (8) and y is a feasible vector for the dual problem (9). Then
(i) y T b cT x;
(ii) if (i) holds with equality, then x and y are optimal for their respective
linear programming problems;
(iii) the primal problem does not have a finite minimum if and only if the
feasible region of the dual problem is empty; vice versa, the dual prob-
lem does not have a finite maximum if and only if the feasible region
of the primal problem is empty.
The proof is simple and shall be left as an exercise.
To proceed, we say that x is a basic feasible solution of Ax = b, x 0
if it has at most m nonzero components. We say that it is nondegenerate if
10
it has exactly m nonzero components. If, the the course of performing the
simplex algorithm, we hit a degenerate basic feasible solution, it is possible
that the objective function row in the simplex tableau contains negative
coefficients, yet the cost cannot be lowered because the corresponding basic
variable is already zero. This can lead to cycling and thus non-termination
of the algorithm. We shall not consider the degenerate case further.
When x is a nondegenerate solution to the primal problem (8), i.e., x is
nondegenerate basic feasible and also optimal, then we can be assured that
the simplex method terminates with all coefficients in the objective function
row nonnegative. (If they were not, we could immediately perform at least
one more step of the algorithm with strict decrease in the cost.) In this
situation, we have the following stronger form of the duality theorem.
The last row represents the objective function coefficients and z denotes
the optimal value of the objective function. We note that the termination
condition of the simplex algorithm reads r 0. We now partition the initial
matrix A and the coefficients of the objective function c into their basic and
nonbasic components, writing
!
cB
A= B N and c= . (12)
cN
Finally, it can be shown that the elementary row operations used in the
Gaussian elimination steps of the simplex algorithm can be written as mul-
tiplication by a matrix from the left, which we also partition into components
11
compatible with the block matrix structure of (11), so that the transforma-
tion from the initial to the final tableau can be written as
! ! !
M v B N b M B + vcTB M N + vcTN Mb
= . (13)
uT cTB cTN 0 uT B + cTB uT N + cTN
T
u b
We now compare the right hand side of (13) with (11) to determine the
coefficients of the left hand matrix. First, we note that in the simplex
algorithm, none of the Gaussian elimination steps on the equality constraints
depend on the objective function coefficients (other than the path taken from
initial to final tableau, which is not at issue here). This immediately implies
that v = 0. Second, we observe that nowhere in the simplex algorithm do
we ever rescale the objective function row. This immediately implies that
= 1. This leaves us with the following set of matrix equalities:
MB = I , (14a)
M b = xB , (14b)
uT B + cTB = 0 , (14c)
T
u N+ cTN = r. (14d)
y T = cTB B 1 (15)
12
References
[1] G.B. Dantzig, M.N. Thapa, Linear Programming, Springer, New York,
1997.
[3] D. Gale, Linear Programming and the simplex method, Notices of the
AMS 54 (2007), 364369.
http://www.ams.org/notices/200703/fea-gale.pdf
13
The Basic Problem
function f .
X x0 x1 x2 ... xn
The problem is :
set of (n + 1) points,
Polynomial interpolation
Rational interpolation
Trigonometric interpolation
Exponential interpolation
X x0 x1 x2
Solution:
Similarly,
If we write
then
Pn
pn(x) = i=0 li (x)f (xi )
Pn
p(x) = i=0 li (x)f (xi )
Given x0, x1, x2, x3, , xn and f (x0), f (x1), , f (xn), we have:
p1(x) 1 x0, x1
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
Solution:
We calculate p3(x).
1 3
= (x 3x2 x + 3)
15
Similarly,
1 3
l1(x) = (x 2x2 5x + 6)
8
1 3
l2(x) = (x 7x 6)
12
1
l3(x) = (x3 + 2x2 x + 2)
40
Therefore,
1 3 1
p3(x) = 15{ (x 3x2 x + 3)} 4{ (x3 2x2 5x + 6)}
15 8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 13
1 3
+0 + 20{ (x + 2x2 x + 2)}
40
= x3 x2 + x 1.
polynomial.
in Newtons form.
f (x1) f (x0)
f [x0, x1] =
x1 x0
f (x2) f (x1)
f [x1, x2] =
x2 x1
.. ..
In general,
f (xi+1) f (xi)
f [xi, xi+1] =
xi+1 xi
.. ..
f (xn) f (xn1)
f [xn1, xn] =
xn xn1
x0 f [x0]
f [x0, x1]
f [x2, x3]
x3 f [x3]
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -3
The divided difference table:
2 1
1 0 2
10
3 20
and
is the polynomial:
pn(x) = A0 +A1(xx0)+A2(xx0)(xx1)+A3(xx0)(xx1)(xx2)+
We prove:
Ak = f [x0, x1, , xk ]
for all k = 0, 1, 2, , n.
pn(x) = f [x0]
x0 f [x0]
f [x0, x1]
f [x2, x3]
x3 f [x3]
x -2 -1 1 3
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -3
The divided difference table:
2 1
1 0 2
10
3 20
= x3 x2 + x 1.
x -2 -1 0 1
f (x) -15 -4 0 20
-2 -15
11
-1 -4 -7
The forward difference table:
4 23
0 0 16
20
1 20
.. ..
.. ..
f (x1) f (x0) 1
f [x0, x1] = = 4f (x0)
x1 x 0 h
1 4f (x1) 4f (x0) 1
= [ ] = 2 42f (x0)
2h h 2h
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 35
In general,
1 k
f [x0, x1, , xk ] = 4 f (x0).
k! hk
xx0
Given x, let s = h .
Thus
n
X
= s(s 1)(s 2) (s k + 1)f [x0, x1, , xk ]
k=0
Where
s s(s 1) (s k + 1)
= .
k k!
(n+1) f (n+1)()
= s(s 1)(s 2) (s n) h
(n + 1)!
s
= hn+1 f (n+1)()
n+1
Prepare the forward difference table for the following data. Using
f (0.1).
0 0.12
0.34
0.28 -0.06
0.16 0.26
0.30
0.8 1.2
x x0 0.1 0 1
s= = = .
h 0.2 2
1 1
( 1)
s s 1 s 1
= 1, = , =2 2 = .
0 1 2 2 1.2 8
1 1 3
s s(s 1)(s 3) 2 ( 2 )( 2) 1
= = = .
3 1.2.3 1.2.3 16
Therefore
s s s
p4(x0+sh) = f (x0)+s41f (x0)+ 42f (x0)+ 43f (x0)+ 44f (x0).
2 3 4
1 1 1 5
= 0.12 + (0.34) + (0.06) + (0.06) + (0.32) = 0.28125
2 8 16 128
OR
Z x
F (x) = f (t)dt x [a, b].
a
Z b
Observation: If f is nonnegative function, then f (x)dx is represent
a
the area under the curve f (x).
an antiderivative of f .
Recall
Interpolation.
x x0 x1 x2 ... xn
Rb
Replace f by pn(x) and evaluate a
pn(x)dx
That is,
Z b Z b n
Z bX
f (x)dx ' pn(x)dx = li(x)f (xi)dx
a a a i=0
n
X Z b
= f (xi) li(x)dx
i=0 a
Xn
= Aif (xi)
i=0
Rb
Where Ai = l (x)dx
a i
called weights.
polynomial P1(x).
Z b Z x1
f (x) P1(x)dx
a x0
Z b Z 1
h
f (x)dx (f (x0) + sf (x0))hds = [f (x0) + f (x1)]
a 0 2
OR
b
ba
Z
f (x)dx [f (a) + f (b)]
a 2
Error
T (b a)3 00
E = f (),
12
where a < < b
Remark: x0 = a and x1 = b.
Rb
To evaluate a
f (x)dx.
Now
s(s 1) 2
p2(x) = p2(x0 + sh) = f (x0) + s41f (x0) + 4 f (x0)
2
xx0 xa ba
Where s = h = h and h = 2 .
Z b Z b
s
f (x)dx ' I (f ) = p2(x)dx
a a
2
s(s 1) 2
Z
1
= [f (x0) + s4 f (x0) + 4 f (x0)]h.ds
0 2
h
= [f (x0) + 4f (x1) + f (x2)]
3
ba b+a
= [f (a) + 4f ( ) + f (b).]
6 2
Error
s h5f (4)()
E =
90
for some (a, b).
Thus
b b
s(s 1) 2 s(s 1)(s 2) 3
Z Z
1
f (x)dx ' [f (x0)+s4 f (x0)+ 4 f (x0)+ 4 f (x0)]dx
a a 2 3!
xx0
Where s = h and dx = hds. Also x = a = s = 0 and x = b =
s = 3.
b 3
s2 s 2 s3 3s2 + 2s 3
Z Z
1
f (x)dx ' [f (x0)+s4 f (x0)+ 4 f (x0)+ 4 f (x0)]dx
a 0 2 3!
9 1 9 1 81
= h[3f0+ (f1f0)+ (9 )(f22f1+f0)+ ( 27+9)(f33f2+3f1f0)]
2 2 2 6 4
3h
= [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3]
8
Thus we get:
Z b
3h
f (x)dx ' [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3]
a 8
3h5 (4)
s
Error: E = f (), where a < < b.
80
1
R2 4
R2
Using Trapezoidal and Simpson 3 rules find 0
x dx and 0
sinxdx and
Note that if the integral [a, b] is large, then the error in the Trapezoidal
Idea
Error can be reduced by dividing the interval [a, b] into equal subinterval
ba
h= , xi = x0 + ih
n
Composite Rule
Z b Z xn n Z
X xi
f (x)dx = f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a x0 i=1 xi1
Now apply Trapezoidal rule on each [xi1, xi], we have
Z b
h
f (x)dx = [f (x0) + 2 (f (x1) + f (x2) f (xn1)) + f (xn)]
a 2
3 00 3 00
(x i x i1 ) h
E CT (I) = f (i) = f (i)
12 12
n
h3 X 00
E CT = f (i)
12 i=1
CT h2 00
E = (b a) f (), [a, b]
12
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 62
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 63
1
The Composite Simpsons 3 Rule
1, 2, 3, , n.
ba
Thus here h = 2n .
Then
Z b Z b=x2n
f (x)dx = f (x)dx
a a=x0
Z x2 Z x4 Z x2i Z x2n
= f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
x0 x2 x2i2 x2n2
cs h5 (4)
E (I) = f (i), i (x2i2, x2i)
90
Using Intermediate value theorem, the error in composite Simpsons
rule is given by
CS h4 (4)
E = (b a) f (),
180
where [a, b]
R1 1
Evaluate the integral 1
x2 exp(x)dx by composite Simpsons 3 rule
1
Solution: According to composite Simpsons 3 rule:
Z 1
h
x2 exp(x)dx = [f (x0) + 4f (x1) + 2f (x2) + 4f (x3) + 2f (x4)+
1 3
f (x4) = f (0) = 0
Z 1
x2 exp(x)dx ' 0.87965
1
00
13 max0<<1 |f ()|
.00001
12n2trap
For the composite Simpson 1/3 rule, we have
00
max |f ()| 3.5, max |f (4)()| 95
0<<1 0<<1
(Please verify )
Hence
ba 3
[a, b] is divided into 3n equal subintervals. (h = 3n . and we apply 8
Hence,
Z b Z x3 Z x6 Z x3n =b
f (x)dx ' f (x)dx + f (x)dx + + f (x)dx
a x0 =a x3 x3n3
3h 3h
= [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3] + [f3 + 3f4 + 3f5 + f6]+
8 8
3h
+ + [f3n3 + 3f3n2 + 3f3n1 + f3n]
8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 72
3h
= [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + 2f3 + 3f4 + 3f5 + 2f6 + 3f7 + + 3f3n1 + f3n]
8
Remember:
3
Use composite simpsons 8 rule, find the velocity after 18 seconds, if a
a= 40 60 70 75 80 83 85 87 88 88
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9
3h
Sol: Velocity v = 8 [f0 +3f1 +3f2 +2f3 +3f4 +3f5 +2f6 +3f7 +3f8 +f9 ]=
3
4 [40+360+370+275+380+383+283+285+387+388+88]
= 1389 units.
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
Also, note that the weights Ais do not depend on the given function.
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + a2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
i.e., we want
Undetermined Parameters.
b2 a2
Taking f (x) = x we get 2 = A0 a + A1 b
ba
Solving the above two equations we get, A0 = A1 = 2 .
Z b
ba
Thus, f (x)dx = [f (a) + f (b)] + f 00()
a 2
b3 a3 ba 2
=( )(a + b2) + 2!
3 2
(ba)3
= = 12
Thus
b
ba (b a)3 00
Z
f (x)dx = [f (a) + f (b)] f ()
a 2 12
Working Method:
the formula.
of Undetermined Parameters
Start with:
Z x3
3h
f (x)dx = [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3] + f (4)()
x0 8
x53 x50 3h 4
= [x0 + 3x41 + 3x42 + x43] + 4!
5 8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 80
x53 x50 3h 4
4! = [x0] + 3(x0 + h)4 + 3(x0 + 2h)4 + (x0 + 3h)4
5 8
9 5
4! = h
10
That is,
3 5
= h
80
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 81
Therefore the error in the Simpsons rule is =
3 5 (4)
h f ()
80
Find A0, x1, A2 so that the following rule is exact for all polynomials of
Z 2
4
f (x)dx = A0f (0) + f (x1) + A2f (2) + E(I)
0 3
(Note here that, we have chosen the error to be i terms of the third
8
Taking f (x) = 1 we get: 3 = 43 x21 + 4A2
1
On solving these equations we get: x1 = 1, A0 = 3 = A2
Z 2
1
f (x)dx = [f (0) + 4f (1) + f (2)] + f 000()
0 3
of degree 3.
E(I) = f (4)()
Z 2
4
f (x)dx = A0f (0) + f (x1) + A2f (2) + f (4)()
0 3
32
Now take f (x) = x4 we get 5 = 13 [0 + 4 + 24] + 4!
1
= = .
90
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 85
1 (4)
Hence the error term is: 90 f ()
Z 2
1 1
f (x)dx = [f (0) + 4f (1) + f (2)] + f (4)()
0 3 90
of Undetermined Parameters
Start with:
Z x3
3h
f (x)dx = [f0 + 3f1 + 3f2 + f3] + f (4)()
x0 8
x53 x50 3h 4
= [x0 + 3x41 + 3x42 + x43] + 4!
5 8
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 87
x53 x50 3h 4
4! = [x0] + 3(x0 + h)4 + 3(x0 + 2h)4 + (x0 + 3h)4
5 8
(x0 + 3h)5 x50 3h 4
= [x0] + 3(x0 + h)4 + 3(x0 + 2h)4 + (x0 + 3h)4
5 8
243 5
Without loss of generality, we can take: x0 = 0. We have: 4! = 5 h
3h5
8 [0 + 3 + 3 16 + 81]
Thus
9 5
4! = h
10
That is,
3 5
= h
80
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 88
Therefore the error in the Simpsons rule is =
3 5 (4)
h f ()
80
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn)
Also, note that the weights Ais do not depend on the given function.
Hence, if the error is of the form E(I) = Const f (r+1)(). Then the
Ans: Using Gaussian Quadrature rule one can improve the accuracy.
Find x0, x1, A0, A1 and so that the following rule is exact for all
polynomials of degree 3.
Z 1
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + f (4)()
1
(There are 4 unknowns and hence we have chosen the 4-th derivative
A0 + A1 = 2
2
A0x20 + A1x21 = 3
A0x30 + A1x31 = 0
A0 = A1 = 1 x0 = 13 and x1 = 1 .
3
R1
Thus the integration rule is: 1
f (x)dx = f ( 13 ) + f ( 13 ) + f (4)().
2 2
= + 4!
5 9
Dr. Raj Kumar, VBS PU Jaunpur. 92
1 8 1
= = ( )=
4! 45 135
Z 1
1 1 1 (4)
f (x)dx = f ( ) + f ( ) + f ().
1 3 3 135
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + + Anf (xn),
Z b
provides the exact value of f (x)dx for f (x) = 1, x, x2, x2n+1.
a
Or What we want is that the quadrature rule is exact for all polynomials
of degree 2n + 1.
Z b
f (x)g(x)dx = 0.
a
If
Z b
w(x)f (x)g(x)dx = 0
a
for some function w(x) > 0, x [a, b] then we say that f and g are
and
Z b
w(x)fm(x)fn(x)dx 6= 0 if m = n
a
Theorem:
Rb
To evaluate a
f (x)dx
Rb Rb
1. Suppose we write the integral as a
f (x)dx = a
w(x)g(x)dx for some
and
Given any k. If we choose the points x0, x1, x2, , xk as the zeros of
Rb
the polynomial pk+1(x) and the coefficients Ai = a li(x)w(x)dx (i =
where
k
Y (x xj ) f (x
, g(x) =
(xi xj ) w(x)
j=0,j6=i
)
f (2k+2)() b
p2k+1(x)
Z
E(I) = w(x) 2 dx (1)
(2k + 2)! a k+1
[a, b] = [1, 1]
w(x) 1
1 dn 2 n
pn(x) = (x 1) for n = 0, 1, 2, . (Rodriguess Formula)
n!2n dxn
Then p0(x) = 1, p1(x) = x, p2(x) = 21 (3x2 1), .
Z 1
we know pm(x)pn(x)dx = 0 m 6= n and
1 Z
1
2
if m = n, then pm(x)pn(x)dx = .
1 2n + 1
Z b Z 1
The integral f (x)dx can be convert into g(t)dt
a 1
Choose
ba a+b
x= t+
2 2
Then
b 1
ba ba
Z Z
a+b
f (x)dx = f t+ dt
a 2 1 2 2
The case when we take only two points x0 and x1 in our integration
formula.
Let
Z 1
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + f (4)(), (1, 1).
1
1 1
p2(x) = 21 (3x2 1) = 0 = x =
3
, 3
1 1
Therefore as said in the above theorem we take x0 =
3
and x1 = 3
Here w(x) 1.
Thus
1 1
x x1
Z Z
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = 1. dx
1 1 x 0 x 1
Z 1
3 1
= (x )dx = 1
1 2 3
Z 1
1 1
f (x)dx ' f ( ) + f ( )
1 3 3
Error Term:
(4) 1
(3x2 1)2 f (4)() 8
Z
f () 1 (4)
E(I) = dx = = f ()
4! 1 9 24 45 135
q q
3 3
Z 1 (x + 5 )(x 5)
A1 = w(x) q q dx
3 3
1 (0 + 5 )(0 5)
Z 1
3 2 8
= (x )dx =
1 5 9
Error Term:
f (6)() 1 ( 25 x3 32 x)2
Z
E(I) = 5 2 dx
6! 1 (2)
(6) Z 1
f () 3
= (x3 x)2dx
6! 1 5
1
= f (6)().
15750
Thus the 3-point Gauss-Legendre quadrature formula takes the form:
Z 1
5 3 8 5 3
f (x)dx = f ( ) + f (0) + f ( ) + E(I)
1 9 5 9 9 5
Solution:
Z 1
x sin x 5 3 8 5 3
2
dx = f ( ) + f (0) + f ( )
1 1 + x 9 5 9 9 5
5 0.5417744 8 5 0.5417744
= [ ] + [0] + [ ] = 0.37623
9 0.599999 9 9 1.599999
Z b Z 1
The integral f (x)dx can be convert into g(u)du
a 1
Choose
ba a+b
x= u+
2 2
Then
b 1
ba ba
Z Z
a+b
f (x)dx = f u+ du
a 2 1 2 2
R2
Suppose we want to integrate 0
f (x)dx using 3-point Gauss-Legendre
formula
Let
Z 2
f (x)dx = A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + f (6)()
0
Then x = 0 = u = 1 and x = 2 = u = 1.
Z 1
g(u)du ' A0g(u0) + A1g(u1) + A2g(u2)
1
q q
Hence u0 = 35 , u1 = 0, u2 = 35
q
3
Therefore x0 = u0 + 1 = 1 5, x1 = u1 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 and x2 =
q
u2 + 1 = 1 + 35
Theorem:
Rb
To evaluate a
f (x)dx
Rb Rb
1. Suppose we write the integral as a
f (x)dx = a
w(x)g(x)dx for some
and
Given any k. If we choose the points x0, x1, x2, , xk as the zeros of
Rb
the polynomial pk+1(x) and the coefficients Ai = a li(x)w(x)dx (i =
where
k
Y (x xj ) f (x)
li(x) = , g(x) =
(xi xj ) w(x)
j=0,j6=i
)
f (2k+2)() b
p2k+1(x)
Z
E(I) = w(x) 2 dx (2)
(2k + 2)! a k+1
Property:
Each pk (x) has has k distinct real zeros all lie in [a, b].
[a, b] = [1, 1]
1
w(x) =
1x2
recursively defied as
Z 1
1
f (x) dx
1x 2
1
Z 1
f (x)
To evaluate dx
1x 2
1
1
Noted above: w(x) = .
1x2
We want to derive 2-point formula, and hence this is the case when
1 1
= x = ,
2 2
1
1
Z
f (x) 1
dx ' A0f ( ) + A1f ( )
1x 2 2 2
1
1 1
x x1
Z Z
1
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = ( )dx
1 1 1 x x0 x1
2
Z 1 Z 1
1 2x 1 1
= dx + dx
2 2 1 1 x 2 2 1 1 x 2
=0+ .
2
Z 1 Z 1
1 x x0
A1 = = w(x)l1(x)dx = ( )dx
2 1 1 1x 1 2 x x 0
q
1
Z 1
1 x + 2
= ( 2 )dx = .
1 1x 2 2
2
(4) b
p2(x)2
Z
f () 1
E(I) = dx
4! a 1x 2 4
f (4)()
= 3
2 4!
Roots of p3(x) = 0:
3 3 3
4x 3x = 0 = x = 0, 2 , 2
3 3
Thus x0 = 0 x1 = 2 and x2 = 2
1
3
Z
f (x) 3
dx ' A0f ( ) + A1f (0) + A2f ( )
1 1x 2 2 2
1 1
(x 0)(x 23 )
Z Z
1
A0 = w(x)l0(x)dx = dx
2
1 x ( 2 0)( 2 23 )
3 3
1 1
Z 1 2 3
(x 2 x)
= dx = .
1 1 x3 3
Thus,
1
3
Z
f (x) 3
dx ' [f ( ) + f (0) + f ( )].
1 1x 2 3 2 2
1
f (6)() (4x3 3x)2
Z
1
E(I) = 2
dx
6! 1 1x 2 4
1
f (6)() (16x6 24x4 + 9x2) f (6)()
Z
= dx = 5 .
16 6! 1 1x 2 2 6!
Solution:
1 x
3
Z
(1 + x)e 3
dx = [f ( )+f (0)+f ( )] = [0.7574258+1+3.24338]
1 1 x2 3 2 2 3
= 5.23683
[a, b] = (0, )
w(x) = ex
n
d
pn(x) = ex n (xnex) for n = 0, 1, 2, .
dx
weight function w(x) = ex.
p0(x) = 1
p1(x) = (x 1)
p2(x) = x2 4x + 2
f (4)()
Z
x 1
e f (x)dx = [(2+ 2)f ((2 2))+(2 2)f ((2+ 2))]+ .
0 4 6
Laguerre Rule.
R ex sin(2x)
Evaluate using 2-point Gauss-Laguerre quadrature. 0 1+x2
dx
sin(2x)
Solution: Here f (x) = 1+x2
ex sin(2x)
Z
1
dx ' [(2 + 2)f (2 2) + (2 2)f (2 + 2)]
0 1 + x2 4
1
' [3.4142 f (0.585786) + 0.585786 f (3.4142)]
4
= 0.5915
[a, b] = (, )
x2
w(x) = e
n
n x d 2
x2
pn(x) = (1) e (e ) for n = 0, 1, 2, .
dxn
x2
Since w(x) = e , therefore this orthogonal sequence of polynomials
Z
2
can be used to evaluate integrals of the form ex f (x)dx.
Example: P0(x) = 1,
P1(x) = 2x,
P2(x) = 4x2 2,
After computing A0, A1, A2, the three-point Gauss-Hermite Rule takes
the form:
f (6)() (8x2 12)2
Z
2
E(I) = ex dx
6! 82
(6)
f () 3 (6)
= = f ().
6! 4 960
1
Solution: Here f (x) = 1+x2
.
q q
I(f ) ' 6 [f ( 32 ) + 4 f (0) + f ( 32 )] = 54 .
Polynomials
Property: 1
Property: 3
Each pk (x) has has k distinct real zeros all lie in [a, b].
Methods.
Rb
To evaluate I(f ) = a
w(x)f (x)dx Where w > 0.
I(f ) ' A0f (x0) + A1f (x1) + A2f (x2) + Ak f (xk ) (3)
This gives:
Z b
I(f ) = I(pk ) + f [x0, x1, xk , x]k (x)w(x)dx
a
then
Z b
I(pk ) = pk (x)w(x)dx
a
Hence
Rb
where Ai = l (x)w(x)dx
a i
for i = 0, 1, 2, , k.]
Rb
I(f ) I(pk ) = a
f [x0, x1, xk , x]k (x)w(x)dx
Rb
Suppose that: a
k (x)w(x)dx = 0
choice of xk+1.
Rb
Again, suppose a
k+1(x)w(x)dx = 0.
Rb
I(f ) I(pk ) = a
f [x0, x1, xk , xk+1, xk+2, x]k+2(x)w(x)dx for any
choice of xk+2.
Rb
(x)(x x ) (x x )w(x)dx = 0
k k+1 k+1+i
a
(4)
f or i = 0, 1, 2, m 1
Rb
I(f ) I(pk ) = a
f [x0, x1, xk , xk+1, xk+m+1, x]k+m+1(x)w(x)dx
(5)
Rb
pk+1(x)q(x)w(x)dx = 0
a
(6)
f or all polynomials of degree k
Again, by Property-3
we can write
(a, b).
and xk+1, xk+2, xk+3, x2k+1 be arbitrary points in (a, b), then (4) and
Therefore,
Rb
I(f ) I(pk ) = a
f [x0, x1, xk , xk+1, x2k+1, x]2k+1(x)w(x)dx
(7)
Then
= (x 0)(x 1) (x k ) (x 0)(x 1) (x k )
2
pk+1(x)
=
k+1
so that 2k+1(x) is of same sign (in fact, nonnegative) on (a, b).
3. Show that the feasible solution (1, 0, 1) and z = 6 to the system of equation x1 + x2 + x3 = 2,
x1 x2 + x3 = 2, xi s 0 which minimize Z = 2x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 is not basic.
1
Tutorial II, B. Tech. Sem VII
(Formulation of LPP)
1. A company produces 3 products each product has to pass through 3 different operations. The
time taken in each operation is given in the following table. Formulate the problem as an LPP to
1 1 0 1 480
2 0 3 2 500
3 2 4 0 360
Profit per unit 4 3 6
2. Suppose in problem 6 that the manager decides to utilize full capacity of operation 2.
Hint: Let x1 , x2 and x3 be the number of units of 3 products Then Max Z = 4x1 + 3x2 + 6x3 s.t.
x1 + x3 480, 3x2 + 2x3 = 500, 2x1 + 4x2 360, x0i s 0 and integers.
2
Excess production can be stored at a cost of Rs. 6 per item per week. Formulate the problem to
determine the production schedule that minimizes the total cost.
6. A coal company produces coal of two grades I and II, the profit being 4 and 3 units (hundred of
rupees) per ton respectively. The cutting machine, the screens and the washing plant can operate
not more than 12, 10 and 8 hours per day. The grade I needs 3, 3, and 4 hours per ton while grade
II, 4, 3 and 2 hours per ton in these processes. It is necessary to produce one ton of coal daily.
Maximize the profit.
Hint: Let x1 and x2 be the number of units of first and second grades then Max Z = 4x1 + 3x2
s.t. 3x1 + 4x2 12, 3x1 + 3x2 10, 4x1 + 2x2 8, x1 , x2 0 and integers.
7. (STAFF ROBLEM): A transport company has the following minimum daily requirement of
drivers: Drivers report at the beginning of each period and work for 8 consecutive hours. The
1 5 AM9 AM 50
2 9 AM1 PM 65
3 1 PM5 PM 40
4 5 PM9 PM 70
5 9 PM1 AM 30
6 1 AM5 AM 10
company wants to determine the minimum number of drivers to employ so that there will be
sufficient number of drivers available for each period. Formulate the problem.
Hint: Let x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6 be the number of drivers at the beginning of periods 1, 2, ....6
respectively. Then Max Z = x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 s.t. x1 + x2 65, x2 + x3 40, x3 + x4 70,
x4 + x5 30, x5 + x6 10, x6 + x1 50, x0i s 0 and integers.
8. (INSPECTION PROBLEM): A company has two grades of inspectors, I and II, who are to be
assigned for a quality control inspection of an item it produces.
It is required that at least 3200 pieces be inspected per 8 hrs. day. Determine the optimal assignment
of inspectors which will minimize the total cost of inspection.
9. A dairy manager decides that each cow should get at least 15, 20 and 24 units of nutrients A, B
and C respectively. The contents of nutrients A, B and C respectively are 1, 2, 3 units per Kg. In
the feed of variety Two contents of nutrients are 3, 2, 2 units per Kg. respectively. The costs of
two varieties are respectively Rs. 2 and Rs 3. per kg. How much of feed of each variety should be
purchased to feed a cow at a minimum cost.
Hint: Let x1 and x2 be the number of units of first and second varieties then Min Z = 2x1 + 3x2
s.t. x1 + 3x2 15, 2x1 + 2x2 20, 3x1 + 2x2 24, x1 , x2 0.
10. A cold drink company has two bottling plants located at two places G and J. Each plant produces
three brands of cold drink namely A, B and C in amounts 1500, 300, 2000 and 1500, 1000, 5000
3
bottles per day respectively. It is estimated that during July, there will be a demand of 20,000
bottles of A, 40,000 of B and 44,000 of C. The operating cost per day for plants G and J are 600
and 400 units of Rupees. Find how many days each plant will be run in July so as to minimize the
production cost while meeting the demand? Formulate the LPP and solve graphically.
4
Tutorial 3, B. Tech. Sem VII
Simplex, BigM & Two phase methods, Subject teacher: Dr. Raj Kumar
5
(b): Max Z = x1 + x2 , s.t. x1 + 2x2 2000; x1 + x2 1500, x2 600, x1 , x2 0
(c): Max Z = 3x1 + 2x2 + 5x3 , s.t. x1 + 2x2 + x3 430; 3x1 + 2x2 460, x1 + 4x2 420, x1 ,
x2 0
(d) Max Z = x1 + 2x2 , s.t. x1 + x2 1; x1 + 2x2 4, x1 , x2 0
(e): Min Z = x2 3x3 + 2x5 , s.t. 3x2 x3 + 2x5 7, 2x2 + 4x3 12, 4x2 + 3x3 + 8x5 10,
x2 , x3 , x5 0
(f) Min f = 8x1 5x2 , s.t. x1 + x2 1, x1 x2 1, 3x1 + 2x2 6 and x1 1, x2 1
(g): Max Z = 5x1 + 2x2 s.t. x1 + x2 1, x1 x2 1; and x1 , x2 0
(h) Min f = 8x1 5x2 , s.t. x1 + x2 1, x1 x2 1, 3x1 + 2x2 6 and x1 , x2 1
(i): Max Z = 3x1 + 2x2 , s.t. x1 + x2 3; 2x1 + x2 5, x1 , x2 0
(j): Max Z = 3x1 + 2x2 , s.t. 2x1 + x2 10; x1 + 3x2 6, x1 + x2 21, x1 , x2 0
Ans: (a). x1 = 1000, x2 = 500, z = 5500; (b). Alternative optimal solution exists one solution is
x1 = 1000, x2 = 500; Max z = 1500; (c). x1 = 0, x2 = 100; Max Z = 1350; (d). Optimal solution
is max Z = 4 but Sf is unbounded: (e). x2 = 4, x3 = 5, x5 = 0, Min Z = 11, (f). x1 = 1,
x2 = 23 ; Min f = 21 : (g). Unbounded Solution; (h) x1 = 1, x2 = 32 ; Min f = 21 ; (i). x1 = 2, x2 = 1;
Max Z = 8; (j). x1 = 24 2 76
5 , x2 = 5 ; Max Z = 5 ;
6
B.Tech Sem VII, Tutorial 4
(Duality Theory and Sensitivity Analysis) -----Dr. Raj Kumar Soni
1. Write the dual of the following Linear Programming Problem (LPP).
(a) Max Z x1 2 x2 4 x3 3x4 ,
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0.
(b) Minimise Z x1 x2 x3
S. t.: x1 x 2 x3 2, x1 x2 x3 1, 2 x1 x2 x3 2, x1 0, x2 0.
and using duality theory show that maximum Z can not exceed one.
3. Show by inspection that the dual of the Max Z 2 x1 3 x2 5 x3 ,
Min Z = 13.5}
5. The following table gives the amounts of two vitamins V1 and V2 present in each unit
of two foods f1 and f2, their minimum daily requirement and cost of each food per unit:
food
Vitamin f1 f2 Minimum daily requirement
V1 2 4 40 units
V2 3 2 50 units
Cost per unit of 3 2.5
food
The problem is to determine the quantities of the two foods f1 and f2 so that the minimum
daily requirement of two vitamins for a person at a minimum cost, assuming that an
intake of vitamins more than the prescribed minimum is not harmful for health. Make the
mathematical modal and write its dual problem. Solve the dual and use it to find the
solution of the diet problem. {Ans 15, 5/2}
7
6. Use dual complex method to solve the following:
(i) Minimise Z 34 x1 6 x 2 18 x3
x1 x 2 7, x1 2 x2 10, x 2 3, x1 , x 2 , 0
{Ans. Max Z = -18; (4, 3)}
Introducing x4 and x5 as slack variables, Simplex method yields the following optimal
set of equations:
Z 2 x3 5 x 4 100 , x1 x 2 3 x3 x4 20 ,
16 x1 2 x3 4 x4 x5 10
Use sensitivity analysis to investigate the following:
(a) Change the R.H.S. to (b1, b2) = (10, 100).
(b) Change the coefficient of x3 in the objective function as c3 = 8.
(c) Change the coefficient of x1 to (c1, a11, a21) = (-2, 0, 5)
9. Given the LPP: Maximize Z x1 2 x 2 x3 subject to the constraints
3x1 x 2 x3 10, x1 4 x 2 x3 6, x 2 x3 4, x1 , x 2 , x3 0 .
Determine the optimal solution. {Ans: (0, 3/2, 0), max Z= -3}
8
10. In the problem 10 of Exercise II determine the effect of following changes of the
optimal solution:
(a) Profit on second product reduces from 12 to10.
(b) All the three machines are available for 1500 hrs.
11. Find the optimal solution to the LPP: Minimise Z x1 2 x2 x3
9
B. Tech Sem VII Tutorial 5
II 82 35 21 81 19
III 99 31 71 63 16
Ore required 7 14 21 16
Ans: I1 = 7, I4 = 6, II3 = 19, III2 = 14, III3 = 2, Minimum cost
= 1235.
2. In a flood relief operation, there are four bases of operations Bi from where air
crafts can take relief materials to three targets Ti. Because of the difference in air
crafts, range to target and flying altitudes, the relief material (in tons) per aircraft
from any base that can be delivered to any target differs according to following
table:
T1 T2 T3
B1 8 6 5
B2 6 6 6
B3 10 8 4
B4 8 6 4
The daily sortie capacity of each of the four bases is 150 sorties per day and the
daily requirement of sorties on each target is 200. Find the allocation of sorties
that maximizes the total tonnage over all the targets.
Ans: 11 = 100, 13 = 50, 23 = 150, 31 = 100, 32 = 50, 42 =
150, Maximum tonnage = 4250.
3. Solve the following transportation problem for minimum transportation cost
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 Availability
O1 20 19 14 21 16 40
10
O2 15 20 13 19 16 60
O3 18 15 18 20 --- 70
Requirement 30 40 50 40 60
Where a dash indicates that it is not possible to transport goods from origin O3 to
destination D5.
Ans: 15 = 40, 23 = 50, 25 = 10, 31 = 30, 32 = 40,
Minimum cost = 2590.
4. A company has four plants producing the same product. Product cost differs from
one plant to another as do the cost of raw materials. There are five regional
warehouses. Sales price at each is different. The sales and production are given in
the following table:
Plant 1 2 3 4 Sales Maximum
Production Cost 15 18 14 13 Price Sales
Raw material Cost 10 9 12 8
Warehouses Transportation Cost
1 3 9 5 4 34 80
2 1 7 4 5 32 110
3 5 8 3 6 31 150
4 7 3 8 2 31 100
5 4 5 6 7 31 150
Capacity 150 200 175 100
Determine the transportation schedule which maximizes the over all profit.
Ans: (Maximum Profit = Rs. 1955)
5. A steel company has three open hearth furnaces and five rolling mills, shipping
cost of steel from furnaces to rolling mills are shown in the following table:
Mills M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 Capacities
Furnaces (in quintal)
F1 4 2 3 2 6 8
F2 5 4 5 2 1 12
F3 6 5 4 7 3 14
Requirement 4 4 6 8 8
(in quintal)
11
D1 D2 D3 Availability
O1 4 5 2 30
O2 4 1 3 40
O3 3 6 2 20
(Ans. 300)
O4 2 3 7 60
Demands 40 50 60
7. There are five persons and five jobs. The cost of performing different jobs by
different persons are given in the following table:
Jobs 1 2 3 4 5
Column
1 5 3 4 7 1
2 2 3 7 6 5
3 4 1 5 2 4
4 6 8 1 2 3
5 4 2 5 7 1
Find an assignment for minimum cost? Ans: (2, 1), (5, 2), (4, 3), (3, 4), (1, 5).
8. A Department head has four tasks to be performed and three subordinates. The
subordinates differ in efficiency. The estimates of the time, each subordinate
would take to perform each task, is given below. How should be allocated to task,
not more than one to each person so as to minimize the total man hour. Which job
is left incomplete at the expiry of this period?
Men
I II III
A 9 26 15
B 13 27 6 Ans: IA, IIIB, IIC,
C 35 20 15 Total Time =35 ; Job D.
D 18 30 20
12
9. There are four sales representatives and four territories. Due to their different
abilities, the yearly sales expected to be carried out by each representative in the
different territories are as follows:
Territories
I II III IV
Salesman
A 42 35 28 21
B 30 25 20 15
C 30 25 20 15
D 24 20 16 12
Find the optimum assignment so as to maximize sales. What happens if salesman
D can not be assigned to territory IV.
(i) AI, BIII, CII, DIV, or (ii) AI, BII, CIII, DIV,
13
B. Tech Sem VII Tutorial-6
SEQUENCING Dr. R. K. Soni
1. A book binder has one printing press, one binding machine and the manuscripts of
a number of different books. The times required to perform the printing and
binding for each book are as follows:
Books 1 2 3 4 5 6
Printing 30 120 50 20 90 110
Binding 80 100 90 60 30 10
Determine the optimal sequence and total elapsed time. Ans: Time---430 Hours.
2. Find the sequence that minimizes the total elapsed time required to complete the
following jobs.
Job No 1 2 3 4 5 6
Machine A 4 8 3 6 7 5
Machine B 6 3 7 2 8 4 Ans: Time---35 Hours
3. Determine the optimal sequence for the five jobs, each of which must go through
the machines A, B and C in the order ABC:
Processing Time (In Hours)
Job No 1 2 3 4 5
Machine A 5 7 6 9 5
Machine B 2 1 4 5 3
Machine C 3 7 5 6 7 Ans: Time---40 Hours.
4. Determine the sequence maximizing the total time required to complete the
following tasks on three machines I, II and III without passing:
Tasks A B C D E F G
Machine
I 3 8 7 4 9 8 7
II 4 3 2 5 1 4 3
III 6 7 5 11 5 6 12 Ans: Time---59 Hours.
5. Solve the following sequencing problem giving the total elapsed time and ideal
times on different machines.
(i)
Jobs 1 2 3 4 5
M1 1 2 5 4 1
M2 2 3 6 7 1 Ans: Sequencing [1, 5, 2, 3, 4]
M3 1 6 3 8 5
M4 10 15 12 9 11
(ii)
Jobs A B C D E
M1 10 12 8 15 16
M2 3 2 4 1 5 Ans: Sequencing [C, A, E, D, B],
M3 5 6 7 4 3 76 Hours
M4 14 7 12 8 10
14
B. Tech Sem VII Tutorial 7 (Theory of Games)
2. Find the range for the values for p and q that will render the entry (2, 2) a saddle
point in each of the following games.
B B
(a) 1 q 6 (b) 2 4 5
A p 5 10 A 10 7 q
6 2 3 4 p 6
3. Indicate whether the values of the following games are greater than, less than or
equal to zero.
B B
(a) 1 9 6 0 (b) 3 7 -1 3
A 2 3 8 4 A 4 8 0 -6
-5 -2 10 -3 6 -9 -2 4
7 4 -2 -5
B B
(c) -1 9 6 8 (d) 3 6 1
A -2 10 4 6 A 5 2 3
5 3 0 7 4 2 -5
7 -2 8 4
15
6. Solve the game of question 4 by linear programming.
8. Use the relation of dominance to solve the rectangular game whose pay-off matrix
to A is as follows:
B B
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4
(a) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 (b)
2 4 2 0 2 1 1 1 3 2 4 0
A 3 4 3 1 3 2 2 A 2 3 4 2 4
4 4 3 7 -5 1 2 3 4 2 4 0
5 4 3 4 -1 2 2 4 0 4 0 8
6 4 3 3 -2 2 2
9. A and B take out one or two matches and guess how many matches opponent has
taken. If one of the player guess correctly then the looser has to pay him as many
rupees as the sum of the number held by both players. Otherwise the pay-off is
zero. Write down the pay-off matrix and obtain the optimal strategies for both
players.
10. Colonel A and his enemy B are trying to take over two strategic locations. The
regiments available for A and his enemy B are 2 and 3 respectively. Both sides
will distribute their regiments between the two locations. Let n1 and n2 be the
number of regiments allocated by A to locations 1 and 2 respectively. Also let m1
and m2 be his enemy allocation to the respective locations. The pay-off matrix of
A is computed as follows. If n1 > m1, he receives m1+1 and if n2 > m2 he receives
m2+1. On the other hand, if n1 < m1 he looses n1+1 and if n2 < m2 he looses n2+1.
Finally, if the numbers of regiments from both sides are the same, each side gets
zero. Formulate the problem as a two person zero-sum game and then solve by
linear programming.
16
B. Tech Sem VII Tutorial 8 (Queuing Problem)
2. An oil refinery receives crude at an average rate of one tanker per day. The unloading
facility handles on an average 2 tankers per day. With usual assumption of Poisson
arrival and exponential service times. Determine
(i) Average number of customers on the system
(ii) Average time spent by the tanker in the system.
3. A supermarket has two girls singing up sales at the counter. If the service time for each
customer is exponential with mean 4 minutes and if people arrive in a Poisson fashion
at the rate of 10 per hour. Then find
(i) What is the probability of having to wait for service?
(ii) What is expected percentage of time, each girl is ideal?
6. An insurance company has three claim adjusters people with claim against the company
are found to arrive in a Poisson fashion at an average rate of 20 per 8 hour day. The
amount of time spent needed for an adjuster with a claimant is found to have an
exponential distribution with mean service time 40 minutes. Claimants are processed in
order of their appearance. How many hours a week can an adjuster expects to spend
with claimant?
17
Speaking Correctly
Spoken : Phonetics
Written : Grammar
Spoken English
Phonology of English
44 Speech Sounds
Organs of Speech
Classification of Speech Sounds
Organs of Speech
The Muscles of the chest, the lungs and the wind pipe
Pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism
Trachea, Larynx : The vocal cords.
Vocal Cords Drawn Wide Apart, Vocal Cords Held
Loosely Together, Vocal Cords held Tightly Together.
The Pharynx, The Lips, The Teeth, The Teeth Ridge, The
Hard Palate, The Soft, Palate, The Uvula, The Tongue,
Active and Passive Articulator
The Organs of Speech
In the production of vowel sounds there is, in the
pharynx and the mouth, no obstruction and no narrowing
of a degree that would cause audible friction . In this way
vowels are essentially a tone or a hum issuing from
Glottis , with the vocal cords normally vibrating.
Consonants are described in terms of their place of
articulation, manner of articulation and whether the vocal
cords are vibrating or not. In this way they can be
Bilabial, Labio-dental, Dental, Alveolar, Post-Alveolar,
Retroflex, Palato-alveolar, palatal, Velar, Uvular, Glottal.
In accordance to manner of articulation they can be
Plosives, Afffricate, Nasal, Roll, Tap, flap, lateral,
Fricatives, Frictionless continuant,semi-vowel.
Phonetic Transcription
No one to one correspondence between spelling and sound.
A letter of alphabet may stand for different sounds or combinations of
sounds, in different words, and conversely, a given sound may be
represented by different letters, or combination of letters, in different words.
An example for the first type is the letter u in the words cut, put, rude,
minute, bury and university. An example of second type may be the k-
sound represented differently in different words : by the letter k in Kit, ck in
rock, c in cut, cc in acclaim, ch in chemistry and qu in queen.
To understand the correct pronunciation of words there arose the need of
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), devised by the International Phonetic
Association.
Phonetic transcription is useful to represent the pronunciation of the word,
or a longer sequence, unambiguosly.for ex. Take the word Tortoise and
the transcription given is
It is helpful in comparing different varieties of same language. Thus the
English words last, fast and class are transcribed as
Words with transcription
Sell /sel/ See /si / Set /set/ Sat /st/ Pot /p t/
Sack /sk/ Pat /pt/ Tea /ti / Deaf /def/ Death /de/
(Pure Vowels/Monophthongs)
initially medially finally
1. /i:/ east sheet key
2. /I/ it hit duty
3. /e / end send
4. // and sand
5. /a:/ art heart car
6. / / ox fox
Vowel sounds of English
(continued)
initially medially finally
7. / :/ all ball saw
8. /U/ put
9. /u:/ ooze choose chew
10.// up cup
11./:/ earn learn stir
12. // ago police maker
Vowel sounds of English (continued)
Diphthongs
High
Mid
Low
Length
As you may have seen, there are two types of /i/ sound in English
placed in two different positions. However for the purpose of
description, what is relevant is not the difference of position but that of
the perceived length of the vowel. Thus it is said that /i:/ is a long vowel
and /I/ is a short one. The same is valid for /u:/ - / /, / :/ - //, / :/ - / /.
Phonologically, one can establish the rule such as only long vowels may
be the last sound of a syllable, whereas short vowels are always
followed by at least a consonant. If we take away the final /t/ from court,
/k :/ is a possible syllable (core) whereas /k / could not possibly occur.
(Exceptions from this are the three short vowels that occur in
completely unstressed syllables, /sItI/, /Int /, /swet/ [city, into,
sweater]).
Rounding
Vowels may also be different from each other with respect to rounding. If
you compare /i:/ in /t i:z]/(cheese) with /u:/ in /t u:z/ (choose), you will see
that not only is /i:/ a front vowel and /u:/ a back vowel, but /i:/ is also
unrounded where /u:/ is rounded. When pronouncing /u:/ your lips are
rounded, but when pronouncing /i:/ the corners of the mouth are much
further apart.
/i/ /u:/
Close
Lip-rounding
/e/ /:/
Lips
Spread Open
/ / Lip-rounding
// Neutrally
/a:/
Open
Words Number of syllables
1. receive ( )
2. dictionary ( )
3.understanding ( )
4.because ( )
5.considered ( )
6.mispronounced ( )
7.correct ( )
8.important ( )
Decide how many syllables there are in each
sentence.
. . ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
( )= [ + ]
! .( ) . . ( )( )
( )!
Or ( ) = [ / ]
( ) where =
! ! !
Ans: ( )+ ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ( )
6
(iii)( + ) =
{Hint: differentiating (i) relation w. r. t. x and then use (ii) }
(iv)( + ) = {Hint: subtracting (ii) relation from (iii) }
(v) ( ) = {Hint: use (ii) and (iv) }
(vi) ( ) = ( + )( ) {Hint: use (i) and (v) }
7
Tutorial- 5 B. Tech. Math-II (Laplace Transforms)
Dr. Raj Kumar Soni
8
Answers:
9
TUTORIAL-6 Mathematics-II (Fourier Series)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
VBS Purvanchal University Jaunpur
Dr. Raj Kumar
e ax
Preamble: (i). eax sin bx dx (a sin bx b cos bx) c
a2 b2
ax
(ii) eax cos bx dx 2e 2 (a cos bx b sin bx) c
a b
(iii) u v dx uv1 u ' v2 u '' v3 u ''' v4 ..., u, v are functions of x and dashes denote
differentiation and suffixes denote integration with respect to x
(iv) Fourier series for f ( x) in c x c 2 is f ( x) a0 an cos nx bn sin nx , where
2 n 1 n 1
c 2 c 2 c 2
1 1 1
a0 f ( x) dx , an f ( x ) cos nx dx , bn f ( x) sin nx dx
c
c
c
a0 n x n x
(v) Fourier series for f ( x) in c x c 2l is f ( x) an cos bn sin , where
2 n 1 l n 1 l
c 2l c 2l c 2l
1 1 n x 1 n x
a0 f ( x) dx , an f ( x ) cos dx , bn f ( x) sin dx
l c
l c
l l c
l
a0 n x
(vi) The half range cosine series in 0 xl is f ( x) an cos where
2 n 1 l
n x
l l
2 2
f ( x ) dx , dx , and the half range sine series in is
l 0 l 0
a0 an f ( x) cos 0 xl
l
n x 2
l
n x
f ( x) bn sin where bn f ( x) sin dx
n 1 l l 0 l
1
Q.1 Express f ( x) ( x) in a Fourier series in the interval 0 x 2 .
2
1 1 1
sin nx
Deduce that 1 .... Ans: f ( x)
4 3 5 7 n 1 n
Q.2 Find the
Fourier series to represent the function
f ( x ) | sin x |, x .
2 4 cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 2nx
Ans: | sin x | ...., 2 ...
3 15 4n 1
Q.3 Express f ( x ) | x | , x , as a Fourier series. Hence show
1 1 1 2
that .......................... .
12 32 52 8
4 cos3x cos5 x
Ans: | x | cos x 2 2 ...
2 3 5
Q.4 Find the Fourier series for function f ( x) x x 2 ; x , Hence
2 1 1
show that 1 .........
6 22 32
2
cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x sin x sin 2 x sin 3x
Ans: f ( x) 4 2
2 ... 2 ..
3 1 22 3 1 2 3
Q.5 Expand the function f ( x ) x sin x as a Fourier series in the interval
x .
10
1 cos 2 x cos 3x cos 4 x
Ans: x sin x 1 cos x 2 2 2 2 ...
2 2 1 3 1 4 1
k x 0
Q.6 Find the Fourier series to represent the function f ( x)
k 0 x
1 1 1
. Also deduce that 1 ......... Ans: f ( x) 4k sin x sin 3x sin 5x ...
4 3 5 7 3 5
x , x 0
Q.7 Find the Fourier series of f ( x) which is assumed to
x, 0 x
be periodic with period 2 . Ans: f ( x) 4 cos2 x cos23x ... 4 sin x sin 3x ...
2 1 3 1 3
x 0 x 1
Q.8 Obtain Fourier series for function f ( x)
(2 x) 1 x 2
Ans: 4 cos2 x cos 32 x cos52 x ...
2 1 3 5
Q.9 Find the Fourier series to represent f ( x) x 2 2, 2 x 2.
Ans: x 2 2 2 162 cos x 1 cos x 1 cos 3 x ...
3 2 4 9 2
Q.10 Obtain the half range sine series for f ( x) e x , 0 x 1.
n[1 e( 1) n
Ans: e 2
x
sin n x
n 1 1 n
2 2
11
Tutorial 7 (PDEs) B. Tech. II Semester-2015
MATHEMATICS-II
Q.1 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constants from the following
2 2 2
(a) x y z 1 , (b) ( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 z 2 c 2 , (c) z ( x 2 a )( y 2 b) .
a2 b2 c2
Q.2 Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary functions from the following
ny
(a) z e f ( x y ) , (b) z f ( x ay ) g ( x ay ) , (c) z f ( x iy ) F ( x iy ) ,
(d) f ( x y z , x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 0 .
(c) x ( y 2 z ) p y ( x 2 z ) q z ( x 2 y 2 ) ,
u u u
(f) p 3q 5 z tan ( y 3 x ) , (g) x y z xyz .
x y z
Q.4 Obtain the complete solution of the following PDEs by using standard form I, II, III, IV
(e) z xp yq p 2 q 2 , (f) ( p q )( xp yq ) 1 .
Q.7 Find the equation of the surface satisfying t 6 x 3 y and containing the two lines
y 0, z 0, y 1, z 1 .
12
Answer:
2 2
z z 2z z z 2z
Q1. (a) z x zx 0 and z y zy 0 ,
x x x 2 y y y 2
2z 2 2z 2z 2z
Q2. (a) p q nz , (b) a , (c) 0,
y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2
(d) ( y z ) p ( x z ) q x y .
(d) ( x 2 y 2 z 2 , y 2 2 yz z 2 ) 0 , (e) ( x 2 y 2 , yz y 2 ) 0 ,
y
(f) [ y 3 x, e 5 x {5 z tan ( y 3 x )}] 0 , (g) ( x , , xyz 3u ) 0 .
y z
ay
Q4. (a) z ax c, (b) z cx a y b , where b 1 a 2 ,
(a 1)
(ax y ) 2
Q5. (a) 2 z ax 1 y b , (b) az b , (c) z 2 a 2 y 2 ( ax b) 2
a 2
Q6. ( x y 2 z , x 2 yz ) 0 , z (1 y ) x y 2 x 2 1
Q7. z x 3 y 3 y (1 x 3 ) .
13
Tutorial 8 (PDEs) B. Tech. II Semester-2015
MATHEMATICS-II
2z 2z 4z 4z 4z 4z 4z 4z
(a) 0 , (b) 2 2 0 , (c) 0 ,
x 2 y 2 x 4 x 3y xy 3 y 4 x 4 y 4
2z 2z 2
(a) a2 x , (b) ( D 2 6 DD ' 9 D' ) z 12 x 2 36 xy ,
x 2 y 2
2z 2z
(c) cos mx sin ny , (d) 4r 4 s t 16 log( x 2 y ) ,
x 2 y 2
2 2 x 2y
(e) ( D 2 DD ' 2 D' ) z ( y 1)e x , (f) ( D 2 2 DD ' D' ) z e x3 ,
y
(g) ( D 2 DD ' D' 1) z cos ( x 2 y ) e .
2u 2u u 2u 2u 2u
(a) 0 ,(b) c2 , (c) c2 ,
x 2 y 2 t x 2 t 2 x 2
2 2 2
(d) (1 x 2 ) z 2 xy z (1 y 2 ) z x z 3 x 2 y z 2 z 0 .
x 2 xy y 2 x y
2u u u u
(a) 0 ,(b) 3 2 0 , where u ( x, 0) 4e x
x 2 y x y
2u 2u u 2u
(c) c2 , (d) c2 .
t 2 x 2 t x 2
14
u 2
2 u
Q.5 Solve the heat equation c , where u (0, t ) 0 , u (l , t ) 0 t 0 ,
t x 2
A, when 0 x l
u ( x , 0) { 2 .
l
0, when x l
2
Q.6 Find the temperature distribution u ( x, t ) in a thin rod of length l , if the initial temperature
through the rod is f (x ) the ends x 0 and x l , of the rod are insulated.
u 2 u
Q.7 Solve the heat equation , with the boundary conditions u ( x, 0) 3 sin x ,
t x 2
u (0, t ) 0 and u (1, t ) 0 where 0 x 1 , t 0 .
2u 2u
Q.8 Solve 0 , for 0 x , 0 y , u ( x, 0) x 2 , u ( x, ) 0 ,
x 2 y 2
u (0, y ) u ( , y ) 0 .
x x
(b) z ( y x) ( y x) x ( y x) x 2 ( y x) ,
1 2 3 4
(c) z ( y x ) ( y x ) ( y ix ) ( y ix ) , (d) z e x ( y ) e x ( y x) ,
1 2 3 4 1 2
h( x (h / 2) y )
(e) z Ae , where A and h are arbitrary constant.
3
Q2. (a) z ( y ax) ( y ax) x ,
1 2 6
(b) z ( y 3 x) x ( y 3x) 10 x 4 6 x 3 y ,
1 2
cos mx sin ny
(c) z ( y ix) ( y ix) ,
1 2
m2 n2
x 2y x5
(f) z ( y x ) x ( y x ) e ,
1 2 20
1
(g) z e x ( y ) e x ( y x )
y
sin( x 2 y ) xe ,
1 2 2
15
Q3. (a) Elliptic, (b) Parabolic, (c) Hyperbolic (d) if x 2 y 2 1; Hyperbolic, x 2 y 2 1; Parabolic,
x 2 y 2 1; Elliptic
1 (2 x 3 y )
Q4. (a) u ( x , y ) ( Ae k x k x 2 ky , (b) u ( x , y ) 4 e 2
Be )e
2
n c
t
4 A 1 2 n l
Q5. u ( x, t ) sin e sin nx
n 1 n 4 l
2
n c l
A t 2
Q6. u ( x , t )
2
0 A
n
e
l
cos n x
l
, where A
0
l f ( x ) dx ,
n 1 0
l
2 n x dx ,
A
n
l f ( x ) cos
0
l
2 2
Q7. u ( x , t ) 3 e n t sin n x
n 1
16
Tutorial I, B.Tech. Sem II
Differential Equations
1. Define the terms with one example supporting to each: (a) Order and Degree of a differential equation.(b)
Linear, and nonlinear differential equation.
dy d2 y h dy 2 i 32
2. Find the Order and Degree of (i) y = x + k , (ii) k 2 = 1+ (iii) x2 (d2 y/dx2 )3 +
dx dy dx dx
dx
y(dy/dx)4 + y 4 = 0 ;
3. Find the differential equation of the circles passing through the origin and having their centres on the
I
xaxis. Ans: 2xyy 0 = y 2 x2
4. Find the differential equation corresponding to (i) y = ae3x + bex . (ii) x = a sin(wt + b). (iii) y =
ON
Aex + Bex + C.
d2 y dy dy
5. Show that Ax2 + By 2 = 1 is the solution of x{y + ( )2 } = y .
dx2 dx dx
6. Determine the differential equation whose set of independent solution is {ex , xex , x2 ex }. Ans: y 000 3y 00 +
3y 0 y = 0
7. Formulate the differential equation for y = c(x c)2 Ans: y 03 = 4y(xy 0 2y)
8. Which of the following set of functions are L.I. (a). {ex , xex , sinh x}. (b). {1 + x, 1 + 2x, x2 }, (c).
{sin 3x, sin x, sin3 x}, Ans: (a), (b)
S
9. Solve (i)
dy
dx
1+y 2
= 1+x 2 , Ans: y x = c(1 + xy) ; (ii)
dy
dx
x(2 log x+1)
= sin 2
y+y cos y , Ans: y sin y = x log x + c;
dy
(iii) xy = y + 2, where y(1) = 1,Ans: ey = 9e x(y + 2)2
dx
dy
(iv) = cos(x + y), Ans: x + arcsin(x + y) + cot(x + y) + c = 0
K.
dx
p p
(v) y( 1 x2 )dy + x( 1 y 2 )dx = 0. Ans: 1 x2 + 1 y 2 + c = 0
dy 3 3
(vi) = ex+y + x2 ex +y , Ans: ex + ey + 13 ex + c = 0
dx
(vii) y 0 sin x = y log y, y = 1 when x = /2. Ans: y = 1
dy 2
(viii) = xy + x + y + 1. Ans: log(y + 1) = (x+1) 2 + c.
dx
dy
(ix) tan y = sin(x + y) + sin(x y). Ans: sec y + 2 cos x + c = 0.
dx
dy 2
(x) = x+2y3 (v-separable).
R.
dx
2 2
(xi) (x y )dx + 2xydy = 0. (Homogeneous).
dy
(xii) x = y(log y log x + 1). (Homogeneous).
dx
(xiii) ye (x/y) dx = (xe(x/y) + y)dy. (Homogeneous).
dy
10. Integrate (1 + x2 ) + 2xy 4x2 = 0 and obtain the cubic curve satisfying this equation and passing
dx
through origin.
dy
11. Solve (i) x2 y x3 = y 4 cos x Ans: x3 y 3 = c + 3 sin x.
dx
(ii) y(2xy + ex )dx ex dy = 0, Ans: ex = y(c x)y
(iii) ydx xdy + (1 + x2 )dx + x2 sin ydy = 0, (By Ispection ) Ans: x2 y 1 x cos y = cx
2
(iv) (xy 2 + 2x2 y 3 )dx + (x2 y x3 y 2 )dy = 0, Ans: log( xy ) xy
1
=c
(v) (xy + y)dx + 2(x y + x + y )dy = 0, Ans: 3x y + 6xy + 2y 6 = c
3 2 2 4 2 4 2
3 3
(vi) (y 2 + 2x2 y)dx + (2x3 xy)dy = 0, Ans: 4x1/2 y 1/2 32 x 2 y 2 = c
q 2 2 2
a x y
(vii) xdx+ydy
xdyydx = x2 +y 2
, (Change into polar)Ans: y(1 + x2 ) = tan1 x 4
di
13. Solve the equation L + R i = E0 sin t, where L R and E0 are constants and discuss the case when t
dt
increases indefinitely.
14. A resistance of 100 ohms, an inductance of 0.5 Henry are connected in series with a battery of 20 volts.
Find the current in the circuit as a function of time.
dx y
15. Solve (i) = x+ xy . (Homogeneous )
dy
dr
I
(ii) r sin cos = r2 , Ans: 1 = r(c cos + sin );
d
(iii)dr + (2r cot + sin 2)d = 0.
ON
dx
(iv) y log y + x = log y.
dy
dy
(v) x log x + y = 2 log x.
dx
dy 2 2
(vi) + xy = y 2 ex /2 sin x.Ans: ex /2 = (c + cos x)y;
dx
(vii) [y(1 + 1/x) + cos y]dx + [x + log x x sin y]dy = 0.Ans: y(x + log x) + x cos y = c;
1
(viii) y(x2 y 2 + xy + 1)dx + (x2 y 2 xy + 1)xdy = 0. Ans: xy log(x/y) xy = c;
1
(ix) (1 + xy)ydx + (1 xy)xdy = 0. Ans: log(x/y) = c + xy ;
x3
(x) x2 ydx (x3 + y 3 )dy = 0. Ans: y = c e 3y3 .
S
(xi) (y + 31 y 3 + 21 x2 )dx + 14 (x + xy 2 )dy = 0. Ans: 3x4 y + x4 y 3 + x6 = c.
K.
R.
Tutorial II, B.Tech. Sem II
Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients
I
3. (D2 2kD + k 2 ) y = ekx ;
Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x)ekx + (x2 /2) ekx
ON
d3 y 2
4. dx3
+ 2 ddx2y + 4 dx
dy
+ 8 y = x, Ans: y = c1 e2x + c2 cos (2 x + c3 ) + 1
16 (2x 1)
5. (D3 5D2 + 7D 3) y = e2x cos hx; Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x) ex + c3 e2x (1/8)x2 ex + (1/8)x e3x
6. (D3 + D2 D 1) y = cos 2x; Ans: y = c1 ex + (c2 + c3 x) ex (1/25)(2 sin 2x + cos 2x)
7. (D4 1) y = sin 2x; Ans: y = c1 ex + c2 ex + c3 cos x + c4 sin x + (1/15) sin 2x
8. (D2 4) y = cos2 x; Ans: y = c1 e2x + c2 e2x (1/16)(2 + cos 2x)
9. (D3 + 8) y = x4 + 2 x + 1; Ans: y = c1 e2x + ex ( c2 cos x 3 + c3 sin x 3 ) + (1/8)(x4 x + 1)
S
10. (D4 2D3 + 5D2 8D + 4) y = x2 ;
Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x) ex + c3 cos 2x + c4 sin 2x + (1/4)(x2 + 4x + 11/2)
11. (D2 1) y = cos hx cos x; Ans: y = c1 ex + c2 ex + (2/5) sin hx sin x (1/5) cos hx cos x
12. (D3 + 1) y = e2x sin x + ex/2 sin(x 3/2);
Ans: y = c1 ex + ex/2 [c2 cos (x 3/2) + c3 sin (x 3/2)] (x/6) ex/2 [sin (x 3/2) + 3 cos (x 3/2)]
K.
13. (D2 4D + 4) y = 8 x2 e2x sin 2x; Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x)e2x + e2x (3 sin 2x 2x2 sin 2x 4x cos 2x)
14. (D4 + 2D3 3D2 ) y = 3 e2x + 4 sin x;
Ans: y = c1 + c2 x + c3 ex + c4 e3 x + (3/20) e2x + (2/5)(2 sin x + cos x)
d4 y 2
15. dx4
+ ddx2y + y = a x2 + b ex sin 2x;
Ans: y = c1 ex/2 cos (x 3/2+c2 )+c3 ex/2 cos (x 3/2+c4 )+a x2 2a(1/481) b ex [9 sin 2x+20 cos 2x]
d2 y
16. dx2
y = 1, y (0) = 0 and y () f inite; Ans: y = ex 1
R.
d2 y dy
17. dx2
+ 2 dx + 10 y + 37 sin 3x = 0, y(0) = 3 and dy/dx = 0 at 0; Find y at /2 Ans: y = 1
d2 x
18. + 4x = a sin t cos t; Ans: x = c1 cos 2t + c2 sin 2t 81 at cos 2t
dt2
e3x
19. (D2 2D + 1) y = x2 e3x ; Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x) ex + 4 (x
3 2x + 32 )
Tutorial III, B.Tech. Sem II
Linear Differential Equations of II order with variable coefficients, Simultaneous DEs
I
d y2 dy 1
(v) Solve (1 x2 ) dx 2
2 4x dx (1 + x )y = x, Ans: y = (c cos x
1x2 1
+ c2 sin x + x).
2. (i) Solve (1 + x2 )2 y2 + 2x(1 + x2 )y1 + 4y = 0, Ans: (1 + x2 ) y =c1 (1 x2 ) + 2c x.
ON
2
00 3 5
(ii) Solve cos x y + sin x y1 2 cos x y = 2 cos x, Ans: y = c1 e 2 sin x + c2 e 2 sin x + sin2 x.
2 d2 y dy
(iii) Solve (1 + x) dx2 + (1 + x) dx + y = 4 cos log(1 + x),
Ans: y = c1 cos log(1 + x) + c2 sin log(1 + x) + 2 log(1 + x) sin log(1 + x).
(iv) Solve y 00 + (3 sin x cot x) y 0 + 2 sin2 x y = e cos x sin2 x, Ans: y = c1 ecos x + c2 e2 cos x + 61 e cos x .
3 2/3
(v) Solve y 00 + 11 y 0 + ( 11 14 x62 ) y = 0, Ans: y = (c1 x3 + c2 x2 )e 4 x .
x3 4x 3 6x 3
3. Solve by using method of variation of parameter
(i) y2 + n2 y = sec nx, Ans: y = c1 sin x + c2 cos nx + ( nx ) sin nx + ( n12 ) cos nx log cos nx.
d2 y dy
(ii) dx2
2 dx = ex sin x, Ans: y = c1 + c2 e2x 1/2ex sin x.
S
(iii) x2 dx
2
d y dy 2 x 1 x 1 x
2 + x dx y = x e , Ans: y = c1 x + c2 x + e x e .
(iv) (1 x) dx
2
d y dy 2 x
2 + x dx y = (1 x) , Ans: y = c1 x + c2 e (x
2 + x + 1).
2
d y dy 1 x x 1 x
(v) dx 2 2 dx + y = x3 e , Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x)e 2x e .
dy dy
4. Solve (i) dx t dx
dt + 2 dt 2x + 2y = 3e , 3 dt + dt + 2x + y = 4e
2t
K.
1 2t
Ans: x = 2 e 11 e + c1 e3 t (6/5)t 15 t
, y = 22 e 8 c1 e(6/5)t + c2 et .
d d
(ii) ( dt + 2)x + 3y = 0, 3x + ( dt + 2)y = 2e3t
t
Ans: x = c1 e c2 e 5t 8 e , y = c1 et + c2 e5t + 85 e3t .
3 3t
2
(iii) t2 ddt2x + t dx 2 d2 y dy
dt + 2y = 0, t dt2 + t dt 2x = 0
Ans: x = t (c1 cos log t + c2 sin log t) + t1 (c3 cos log t + c4 sin log t),
y = t (c1 sin log t c2 cos log t) + t1 (c3 sin log t + c4 cos log t).
dy
(iv) dx
dt = ny mz, dt = lz nx, and dt = mx ly
dz
Ans: x + y + z = c1 ,lx + my + nz 2 = c2 , lx + my + nz = c3 .
2 2 2 2 2
R.
Tutorial III, B.Tech. Sem II
Linear Differential Equations of II order with variable coefficients, Simultaneous DEs
I
d y2 dy 1
(v) Solve (1 x2 ) dx 2
2 4x dx (1 + x )y = x, Ans: y = (c cos x
1x2 1
+ c2 sin x + x).
2. (i) Solve (1 + x2 )2 y2 + 2x(1 + x2 )y1 + 4y = 0, Ans: (1 + x2 ) y =c1 (1 x2 ) + 2c x.
ON
2
00 3 5
(ii) Solve cos x y + sin x y1 2 cos x y = 2 cos x, Ans: y = c1 e 2 sin x + c2 e 2 sin x + sin2 x.
2 d2 y dy
(iii) Solve (1 + x) dx2 + (1 + x) dx + y = 4 cos log(1 + x),
Ans: y = c1 cos log(1 + x) + c2 sin log(1 + x) + 2 log(1 + x) sin log(1 + x).
(iv) Solve y 00 + (3 sin x cot x) y 0 + 2 sin2 x y = e cos x sin2 x, Ans: y = c1 ecos x + c2 e2 cos x + 61 e cos x .
3 2/3
(v) Solve y 00 + 11 y 0 + ( 11 14 x62 ) y = 0, Ans: y = (c1 x3 + c2 x2 )e 4 x .
x3 4x 3 6x 3
3. Solve by using method of variation of parameter
(i) y2 + n2 y = sec nx, Ans: y = c1 sin x + c2 cos nx + ( nx ) sin nx + ( n12 ) cos nx log cos nx.
d2 y dy
(ii) dx2
2 dx = ex sin x, Ans: y = c1 + c2 e2x 1/2ex sin x.
S
(iii) x2 dx
2
d y dy 2 x 1 x 1 x
2 + x dx y = x e , Ans: y = c1 x + c2 x + e x e .
(iv) (1 x) dx
2
d y dy 2 x
2 + x dx y = (1 x) , Ans: y = c1 x + c2 e (x
2 + x + 1).
2
d y dy 1 x x 1 x
(v) dx 2 2 dx + y = x3 e , Ans: y = (c1 + c2 x)e 2x e .
dy dy
4. Solve (i) dx t dx
dt + 2 dt 2x + 2y = 3e , 3 dt + dt + 2x + y = 4e
2t
K.
1 2t
Ans: x = 2 e 11 e + c1 e3 t (6/5)t 15 t
, y = 22 e 8 c1 e(6/5)t + c2 et .
d d
(ii) ( dt + 2)x + 3y = 0, 3x + ( dt + 2)y = 2e3t
t
Ans: x = c1 e c2 e 5t 8 e , y = c1 et + c2 e5t + 85 e3t .
3 3t
2
(iii) t2 ddt2x + t dx 2 d2 y dy
dt + 2y = 0, t dt2 + t dt 2x = 0
Ans: x = t (c1 cos log t + c2 sin log t) + t1 (c3 cos log t + c4 sin log t),
y = t (c1 sin log t c2 cos log t) + t1 (c3 sin log t + c4 cos log t).
dy
(iv) dx
dt = ny mz, dt = lz nx, and dt = mx ly
dz
Ans: x + y + z = c1 ,lx + my + nz 2 = c2 , lx + my + nz = c3 .
2 2 2 2 2
R.