Source Transformations

and
Thevenin and Norton
theorems

1
 Equivalent Sources

An ideal current source supplies the rated current to arbitrary load

connected to it.

An ideal voltage source supplies the rated voltage across arbitrary

load connected to it

+

A real current or voltage source does not have such capacity

2
 Real Source Models
i(t)

Rs +
+ The
vs(t) v(t)

Circuit

The Source

+
The
is(t) Rs v(t)
Circuit

3
 V-I characteristics
v (t ) = v s (t ) Rs i (t )
i(t)
vs(t)
+ v(t)
Rs
+ RL
v s (t )
vs(t) v(t)
Isc (t ) =
Rs

The Source
i (t )
i sc (t )Rs
i(t) i (t ) =
Rs + RL
(Rs + RL )i (t ) = i sc (t )Rs
+
Rs i (t ) + RL i (t ) = i sc (t )Rs
v(t) RL i (t ) = i sc (t )Rs Rs i (t )
V
i sc (t ) = s Rs RL
Rs V (t ) = Vs (t ) Rs i (t )

4
 Source Transformation

Rs

Vs + Isc Rs

Vs
Vs = Rs Isc Isc =
Rs
5
 Source Transformation (dependent source)

Rs

Vs + Isc Rs
-

Vs
Vs = Rs Isc Isc =
Rs
6
 Example

1k 1k

V1 + V0 1k + V2

Apply mesh analysis (or Superposition theorem) to show that

V1 + V2
V0 =
3

7
 Source Transformations
1k 1k

V1 + V0 1k +


V2

Apply Source transform

+
+
1k
V1 /1k V0 1k V2 /1k
1k
-

8
 Source Transformations

+ 1k 1k
1k
V1 /1k V0 V2 /1k

We can use current division

9
 Dependent source

2k 4k

+ 0.25Vx
6V + 2k +
Vx 18 V

-

2k
+kVx -
+ 4k
6 + 2k +
Vx 18 V
V
-
10
 Thevenins Theorem

M.L.Thevenin published this theorem in 1883.

Theorem : Any two-terminal active linear circuit may be replaced by a
voltage source VTH in series with equivalent resistance Req = RTH
VTH equals to the open circuit voltage between the nodes

RTH equals to resitance across the nodes when the

independent sources are turned off
Ex Find voltage Vab across terminal ab
5 4
a
25V 3A
20 24

b
11
 5 4
a
25V 3A
20 24

b
Replace by
Thevenins Equivalent Circuit
a
RTH
VTH +

Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

12
 VTh Open circuit voltage across ab

RTH - Equivalent Resistance as seen by the load after deactivating

all independent sources

1. Open Circuit ab

13
VTh VTh = v1

+
VTh

Applying nodal analysis,

v1 25 v1
+ =3
5 20 v Th = 32V
v1 = 32V
14
RTH=Req

Deactivate all independent sources

Voltage sources short circuit

Current sources Open circuit

R TH = 4 + 20 5 = 4 + 4 = 8
15
 Req = 8
a
+

VTh 24 Vab
=32V
b -

24
Vab = 32 = 24V
24 + 8

16
 RTH When the Circuit contains dependent sources also

Deactivate all independent sources only

Apply a test voltage source or a test current source to the Thevenin

terminals a,b

VTest
R TH =
ITest

17
Ex Find I applying Thevenins Theorem

VX VX
4000

18
Solution VTh

1. Open Circuit the 4k resistance

VTh

VTh VTh
4000

Applying nodal analysis,

VTh 4 VTh
=
2000 4000
or, 2VTh 8 = VTh
VTh = 8V 19
Req 1. Deactivate the independent sources

VX

VX VX
4000

20
1. Apply a test voltage VTest

I Test
VTest VTest
4000

Applying nodal analysis,

VTest (VTest I Test 3000 )

I Test + =
4000 2000

21
4000I Test + VTest = 2VTest 6000I Test

VTest = 10000I Test

VTest
= 10000 = 10k
I Test

Req = 10k

22
Thevenins Equivalent Circuit
Req = 10k

I
VTh 4k
=8V

8
I= = 0.571mA
10 + 4

23
 Nortons theorem
Apply Source Transformation to Thevenins
equivalent circuit
Req
a
a

VTH + Isc Req

b
b
VTH
VTH = Req Isc Isc =
Req
24
 Nortons Theorem

E.L.Norton published this theorem in 1926

Theorem : Any two -node linear active network may be replaced by a

current source Isc in parallel with the resistance RN
Isc equals to the short circuited current between the nodes
RN = RTH = Req
Ex ample: Find voltage Vab across terminal ab
5 4
a
25V 3A
20 24

25
 Nortons Equivalent Circuit

1. Short Circuit ab to find Isc

26
Applying nodal analysis,

v1 25 v1 v1
+ + =3
5 20 4
v1 = 16V
v1 16
I SC = = = 4A
4 4 27
Req

Deactivate all independent sources

Voltage sources short circuit

Current sources Open circuit

R eq = 4 + 20 5 = 4 + 4 = 8
28

+

Vab

Nortons Equivalent Circuit

8
Vab = 4 24 = 24V
8 + 24

29
 Thevenins Equivalent Circuit

By Source Transformation

Nortons Equivalent Circuit

Req = 8
a

VTh 24
=32V Source
b Transformation
Thevenins Equivalent Circuit Nortons Equivalent Circuit

VTh VTh
I SC = R eq =
R eq I SC
30