Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States

1 January 20161

Never Published, Never Registered Works2

TypeofWork CopyrightTerm Whatwasinthepublic
domainintheU.S.asof1
January20163

Unpublishedworks Lifeoftheauthor+70years Worksfromauthorswhodied

before1946

Unpublished 120yearsfromdateofcreation Workscreatedbefore1896

anonymousand

pseudonymous

works,andworks

madeforhire

(corporate

authorship)

Unpublishedworks 120yearsfromdateofcreation5 Workscreatedbefore18965

whenthedeathdate

oftheauthorisnot

known4

Works Registered or First Published in the U.S.

Dateof Conditions7 CopyrightTerm3
Publication6

Before1923 None None.Inthepublicdomaindue

tocopyrightexpiration

1923through1977 Publishedwithoutacopyrightnotice None.Inthepublicdomaindue

tofailuretocomplywithrequired

formalities

1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,andwithoutsubsequentregistrationwithin5years None.Inthepublicdomaindue

tofailuretocomplywithrequired

formalities

1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,butwithsubsequentregistrationwithin5years 70yearsafterthedeathof

 author.Ifaworkofcorporate

authorship,95yearsfrom

publicationor120yearsfrom

creation,whicheverexpiresfirst

1923through1963 Publishedwithnoticebutcopyrightwasnotrenewed8 None.Inthepublicdomaindue

tocopyrightexpiration

1923through1963 Publishedwithnoticeandthecopyrightwasrenewed8 95yearsafterpublicationdate

1964through1977 Publishedwithnotice 95yearsafterpublicationdate

1978to1March1989 Createdafter1977andpublishedwithnotice 70yearsafterthedeathof

author.Ifaworkofcorporate

authorship,95yearsfrom

publicationor120yearsfrom

creation,whicheverexpiresfirst

1978to1March1989 Createdbefore1978andfirstpublishedwithnoticeinthespecifiedperiod Thegreaterofthetermspecified

inthepreviousentryor31

December2047

From1March1989 Createdafter1977 70yearsafterthedeathof

through2002 author.Ifaworkofcorporate

authorship,95yearsfrom

publicationor120yearsfrom

creation,whicheverexpiresfirst

From1March1989 Createdbefore1978andfirstpublishedinthisperiod Thegreaterofthetermspecified

through2002 inthepreviousentryor31

December2047

After2002 None 70yearsafterthedeathof

author.Ifaworkofcorporate

authorship,95yearsfrom

publicationor120yearsfrom

creation,whicheverexpiresfirst

Anytime WorkspreparedbyanofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesGovernment None.Inthepublicdomainin

aspartofthatperson'sofficialduties.21 theUnitedStates(17U.S.C.

105)
 Works First Published Outside the U.S. by Foreign Nationals or U.S. Citizens
Living Abroad9
DateofPublication Conditions CopyrightTerminthe
UnitedStates

Before1923 None Inthepublicdomain(Butsee

firstspecialcasebelow)

WorksPublishedAbroadBefore197810
1923through1977 PublishedwithoutcompliancewithUSformalities,andinthepublicdomainin Inthepublicdomain

20
itssourcecountryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)

1923through1977 PublishedincompliancewithallUSformalities 95yearsafterpublicationdate

(i.e.,notice,renewal)11

1923through1977 Solelypublishedabroad,withoutcompliancewithUSformalitiesor 95yearsafterpublicationdate

republicationintheUS,andnotinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryas

of1January1996(butseespecialcases)

1923through1977 PublishedintheUSlessthan30daysafterpublicationabroad UsetheUSpublicationchartto

determineduration

1923through1977 PublishedintheUSmorethan30daysafterpublicationabroad,without 95yearsafterpublicationdate

compliancewithUSformalities,andnotinthepublicdomaininitshome

countryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)

WorksPublishedAbroadAfter1January1978

1January19781 Publishedwithoutcopyrightnotice,andinthepublicdomaininitssource Inthepublicdomain

March1989 20
countryasof1January1996(butseespecialcases)

1January19781 Publishedwithoutcopyrightnoticeinacountrythatisasignatorytothe 70yearsafterthedeathof

author,orifworkofcorporate
March1989 BerneConventionandisnotinthepublicdomaininitssourcecountryasof authorship,95yearsfrom
publication
20
1January1996(butseespecialcases)

1January19781 PublishedwithcopyrightnoticebyanonUScitizeninacountrythatwas 70yearsafterthedeathof

partytotheUniversalCopyrightConvention(UCC) author,orifworkofcorporate
March1989 authorship,95yearsfrom
publication

After1March1989 PublishedinacountrythatisasignatorytotheBerneConvention 70yearsafterthedeathof

author,orifworkofcorporate
authorship,95yearsfrom
publication

After1March1989 PublishedinacountrywithwhichtheUnitedStatesdoesnothavecopyright Inthepublicdomain

 relationsunderatreaty

SpecialCases

1July1909through InAlaska,Arizona,California,Hawaii,Idaho,Montana,Nevada,Oregon, Treatasanunpublishedwork

1978 Washington,Guam,andtheNorthernMarianaIslandsONLY.Publishedina untilsuchdateasfirst

languageotherthanEnglish,andwithoutsubsequentrepublicationwitha UScompliantpublication

copyrightnotice12 occurred

Priorto27May1973 PublishedbyanationalofTurkmenistanorUzbekistanineithercountry19 Inthepublicdomain

After26May1973 PublishedbyanationalofTurkmenistanorUzbekistanineithercountry19 Maybeprotectedunderthe

UCC

Anytime CreatedbyaresidentofAfghanistan,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Iran,Iraq,orSan NotprotectedbyUScopyright

Marino,andpublishedinoneofthesecountries13 lawuntiltheybecomepartyto

bilateralorinternational

copyrightagreements

Anytime WorkswhosecopyrightwasonceownedoradministeredbytheAlien NotprotectedbyUScopyright

PropertyCustodian,andwhosecopyright,ifrestored,wouldasofJanuary1, law

1996,beownedbyagovernment14

Anytime Ifpublishedinoneofthefollowingcountries,the1January1996dategiven
aboveisreplacedbythedateofthecountry'smembershipintheBerne

ConventionortheWorldTradeOrganization,whicheverisearlier:

Andorra,Angola,Armenia,Bhutan,Cambodia,Comoros,Jordan,

DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,Laos,Malaysia,Micronesia,

Montenegro,Nepal,Oman,PapuaNewGuinea,Qatar,Samoa,Saudi

Arabia,SolomonIslands,Sudan,Syria,Tajikistan,Tonga,UnitedArab

Emirates,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vietnam,Yemen

Sound Recordings
(Note: The following information applies only to the sound recording itself, and not to any copyrights in underlying
compositions or texts.)

Dateof Conditions Whatwasinthepublic

Fixation/Publication domainintheU.S.asof1
January20163

UnpublishedSoundRecordings,DomesticandForeign
Priorto15Feb.1972 Indeterminate Subjecttostatecommonlaw

protection.Entersthepublic

domainon15Feb.2067

After15Feb.1972 Lifeoftheauthor+70years.Forunpublishedanonymousand Nothing.Thesoonestanything

pseudonymousworksandworksmadeforhire(corporateauthorship),120 entersthepublicdomainis15

yearsfromthedateoffixation Feb.2067

SoundRecordingsPublishedintheUnitedStates
Dateof Conditions Whatwasinthepublic
Fixation/Publication domainintheU.S.asof1
January20163

Fixedpriorto15Feb. None Subjecttostatestatutoryand/or

1972 commonlawprotection.Fully

entersthepublicdomainon15

Feb.2067

15Feb1972to1978 Publishedwithoutnotice(i.e, ,yearofpublication,andnameofcopyright Inthepublicdomain

owner)15

15Feb.1972to1978 Publishedwithnotice 95yearsfrompublication.2068

attheearliest

1978to1March1989 Publishedwithoutnotice,andwithoutsubsequentregistration Inthepublicdomain

1978to1March1989 Publishedwithnotice 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or

ifworkofcorporateauthorship,

theshorterof95yearsfrom

publication,or120yearsfrom

creation.2049attheearliest

After1March1989 None 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or

ifworkofcorporateauthorship,

theshorterof95yearsfrom

publication,or120yearsfrom

creation.2049attheearliest

SoundRecordingsPublishedOutsidetheUnitedStates
Priorto1923 None Subjecttostatestatutoryand/or

commonlawprotection.Fully

entersthepublicdomainon15

Feb.2067

1923to1March1989 Inthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996ortherewasUS Subjecttostatecommonlaw

publicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(butseespecialcases) protection.Entersthepublic

domainon15Feb.2067

1923to15Feb.1972 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast Enterspublicdomainon15Feb.

oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and 2067

therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but

seespecialcases)

15Feb.1972to1978 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast 95yearsfromdateof

oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and publication.2068attheearliest

therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but

seespecialcases)

1978to1March1989 Notinthepublicdomaininitshomecountryasof1Jan.1996.Atleast 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or

oneauthoroftheworkwasnotaUScitizenorwaslivingabroad,and ifworkofcorporateauthorship,

therewasnoUSpublicationwithin30daysoftheforeignpublication(but theshorterof95yearsfrom

seespecialcases) publication,or120yearsfrom

creation

After1March1989 None 70yearsafterdeathofauthor,or

ifworkofcorporateauthorship,

theshorterof95yearsfrom

publication,or120yearsfrom

creation

SpecialCases

Fixedatanytime CreatedbyaresidentofAfghanistan,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Iran,Iraq,orSan NotprotectedbyUScopyright

Marino,andpublishedinoneofthesecountries13 lawbecausetheyarenotpartyto

internationalcopyright

agreements

Fixedpriorto1996 WorkswhosecopyrightwasonceownedoradministeredbytheAlien NotprotectedbyUScopyright

PropertyCustodian,andwhosecopyright,ifrestored,wouldasof1 law

January1996 beownedbyagovernment14
 Fixedatanytime Iffixedorsolelypublishedinoneofthefollowingcountries,the1January
1996dategivenaboveisreplacedbythedateofthecountry's

membershipintheBerneConventionortheWorldTradeOrganization,

whicheverisearlier:

Algeria,Andorra,Angola,Armenia,Bhutan,Cambodia,Comoros,Jersey,

Jordan,DemocraticPeople'sRepublicofKorea,Laos,Malaysia,

Micronesia,Montenegro,Nepal,Oman,PapuaNewGuinea,Qatar,

Samoa,SaudiArabia,SolomonIslands,Sudan,Syria,Tajikistan,Tonga,

UnitedArabEmirates,Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vietnam,Yemen

Architectural Works16
(Note: Architectural plans and drawings may also be protected as textual/graphics works)

Dateof DateofConstruction CopyrightStatus

Design

Priorto1 Notconstructedby31Dec. Protectedonlyasplansordrawings

Dec.1990 2002

Priorto1 Constructedby1Dec.1990 Protectedonlyasplansordrawings

Dec.1990

Priorto1 Constructedbetween30Nov. Buildingisprotectedfor70yearsafterdeathofauthor,orifworkofcorporateauthorship,

Dec.1990 1990and31Dec.2002 theshorterof95yearsfrompublication,or120yearsfromcreation17

From1 Immaterial Buildingisprotectedfor70yearsafterdeathofauthor,orifworkofcorporateauthorship,

Dec.1990 theshorterof95yearsfrompublication,or120yearsfromcreation17

Notes

1.ThischartwasfirstpublishedinPeterB.Hirtle,"RecentChangesToTheCopyrightLaw:CopyrightTermExtension,"ArchivalOutlook,

January/February1999.Thisversioniscurrentasof1January2016.Themostrecentversionisfoundat

http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm.Forsomeexplanationonhowtousethechartandcomplicationshiddeninit,see

PeterB.Hirtle,"Whenis1923GoingtoArriveandOtherComplicationsoftheU.S.PublicDomain,"Searcher(Sept2012).

ThechartisbasedinpartonLauraN.Gasaway'schart,"WhenWorksPassIntothePublicDomain,"at<http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/publicd.htm>,

andsimilarchartsfoundinMarieC.Malaro,ALegalPrimerOnManagingMuseumCollections(Washington,D.C.:SmithsonianInstitutionPress,

1998):155156.AusefulcopyrightdurationchartbyMaryMinow,organizedbyyear,isfoundat

<http://www.librarylaw.com/DigitizationTable.htm>.A"flowchart"forcopyrightdurationisfoundat<http://sunsteinlaw.com/practices/copyright

portfoliodevelopment/copyrightpointers/copyrightflowchart/>,andatreeviewchartoncopyrightisat<http://chart.copyrightdata.com>.Several
 U.S.copyrightdurationcalculatorsareavailableonline,includingthePublicDomainSherpa(http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/calculator.html)

andtheDurationator(inbetaathttp://www.durationator.com/).Europeanaspublicdomaincalculatorsfor30differentcountriesoutsideoftheU.S.

(athttp://www.outofcopyright.eu/).TheOpenKnowledgeFoundationhasbeenencouragingthedevelopmentofpublicdomaincalculatorsformany

countries:seehttp://publicdomain.okfn.org/calculators/.SeealsoLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice.Circular15a,DurationofCopyright:

ProvisionsoftheLawDealingwiththeLengthofCopyrightProtection(Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,2004)

<http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.pdf>.FurtherinformationoncopyrightdurationisfoundinChapter3,"DurationandOwnershipofCopyright,"

inCopyrightandCulturalInstitutions:GuidelinesforDigitizationforU.S.Libraries,Archives,andMuseums,byPeterB.Hirtle,EmilyHudson,and

AndrewT.Kenyon(Ithaca,NY:CornellUniversityLibrary,2009)availableforpurchaseathttp://bookstore.library.cornell.edu/andasafree

downloadathttp://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/14142.

2.Treatunpublishedworksregisteredforcopyrightpriorto1978asiftheyhadbeenpublishedintheUS(thoughnotethattheonlyformalitythat

appliedwastherequirementtorenewcopyrightafter28years).Unpublishedworksregisteredforcopyrightsince1978canbeconsideredasifthey

werean"Unpublished,UnregisteredWork."

3.Alltermsofcopyrightrunthroughtheendofthecalendaryearinwhichtheywouldotherwiseexpire,soaworkentersthepublicdomainonthefirst

oftheyearfollowingtheexpirationofitscopyrightterm.Forexample,abookpublishedon15March1923willenterthepublicdomainon1January

2019,not16March2018(1923+95=2018).

4.Unpublishedworkswhenthedeathdateoftheauthorisnotknownmaystillbecopyrightedafter120years,butcertificationfromtheCopyright

Officethatithasnorecordtoindicatewhetherthepersonislivingordiedlessthan70yearsbeforeisacompletedefensetoanyactionfor

infringement.See17U.S.C.302(e).

5.Presumptionastotheauthor'sdeathrequiresacertifiedreportfromtheCopyrightOfficethatitsrecordsdisclosenothingtoindicatethattheauthor

oftheworkislivingordiedlessthanseventyyearsbefore.

6."Publication"wasnotexplicitlydefinedintheCopyrightLawbefore1976,butthe1909Actindirectlyindicatedthatpublicationwaswhencopiesof

thefirstauthorizededitionwereplacedonsale,sold,orpubliclydistributedbytheproprietorofthecopyrightorunderhisauthority.

7.Notallpublishedworksarecopyrighted.WorkspreparedbyanofficeroremployeeoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentaspartofthatperson'sofficial

dutiesreceivenocopyrightprotectionintheUS.Formuchofthetwentiethcentury,certainformalitieshadtobefollowedtosecurecopyright

protection.Forexample,somebookshadtobeprintedintheUnitedStatestoreceivecopyrightprotection,andfailuretodepositcopiesofworks

withtheRegisterofCopyrightcouldresultinthelossofcopyright.Therequirementsthatcopiesincludeaformalnoticeofcopyrightandthatthe

copyrightberenewedaftertwentyeightyearswerethemostcommonconditions,andarespecifiedinthechart.

8.A1961CopyrightOfficestudyfoundthatfewerthan15%ofallregisteredcopyrightswererenewed.Forbooks,thefigurewasevenlower:7%.See

BarbaraRinger,"StudyNo.31:RenewalofCopyright"(1960),reprintedinLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice.Copyrightlawrevision:Studies

preparedfortheSubcommitteeonPatents,Trademarks,andCopyrightsoftheCommitteeontheJudiciary,UnitedStatesSenate,Eightysixth

Congress,first[second]session.(Washington:U.S.Govt.Print.Off,1961),p.220.Agoodguidetoinvestigatingthecopyrightandrenewalstatus

ofpublishedworkisSamuelDemasandJennieL.Brogdon,"DeterminingCopyrightStatusforPreservationandAccess:DefiningReasonable

Effort,"LibraryResourcesandTechnicalServices41:4(October,1997):323334.SeealsoLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,Howtoinvestigate

thecopyrightstatusofawork.Circular22.[Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,CopyrightOffice,2004].TheOnlineBooksPageFAQ,

especially"HowCanITellWhetheraBookCanGoOnline?"and"HowCanITellWhetheraCopyrightWasRenewed?",isalsoveryhelpful.

9.ThefollowingsectiononforeignpublicationsdrawsextensivelyonStephenFishman,ThePublicDomain:HowtoFindCopyrightfreeWritings,

Music,Art&More.(Berkeley:Nolo.com,2012).ItappliestoworksfirstpublishedabroadandnotsubsequentlypublishedintheUSwithin30days

oftheoriginalforeignpublication.WorksthatweresimultaneouslypublishedabroadandintheUSaretreatedasiftheyareAmericanpublications.

10.Foreignworkspublishedafter1923arelikelytobestillundercopyrightintheUSbecauseoftheUruguayRoundAgreementsAct(URAA)modifying
 theGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).TheURAArestoredcopyrightinforeignworksthatasof1January1996hadfallenintothe

publicdomainintheUSbecauseofafailuretocomplywithUSformalities.OneoftheauthorsoftheworkhadtobeanonUScitizenorresident,

theworkcouldnothavebeenpublishedintheUSwithin30daysafteritspublicationabroad,andtheworkneededtostillbeincopyrightinthe

countryofpublication.SuchworkshaveacopyrighttermequivalenttothatofanAmericanworkthathadfollowedalloftheformalities.Formore

information,seeLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,HighlightsofCopyrightAmendmentsContainedintheUruguayRoundAgreementsAct

(URAA).Circular38b.[Washington,D.C.:LibraryofCongress,CopyrightOffice,2004].

11.USformalitiesincludetherequirementthataformalnoticeofcopyrightbeincludedintheworkregistration,renewal,anddepositofcopiesinthe

CopyrightOfficeandthemanufactureoftheworkintheUS.

12.ThedifferingdatesisaproductofthequestionofcontroversialTwinBooksv.WaltDisneyCo.decisionbythe9thCircuitCourtofAppealsin1996.

ThequestionatissueisthecopyrightstatusofaworkonlypublishedinaforeignlanguageoutsideoftheUnitedStatesandwithoutacopyright

notice.IthadlongbeenassumedthatfailuretocomplywithUSformalitiesplacedtheseworksinthepublicdomainintheUSand,assuch,were

subjecttocopyrightrestorationunderURAA(seenote10).ThecourtinTwinBooks,however,concluded"publicationwithoutacopyrightnoticeina

foreigncountrydidnotputtheworkinthepublicdomainintheUnitedStates."Accordingtothecourt,theseforeignpublicationswereineffect

"unpublished"intheUS,andhencehavethesamecopyrighttermasunpublishedworks.ThedecisionhasbeenharshlycriticizedinNimmeron

Copyright,theleadingtreatiseoncopyright,asbeingincompatiblewithpreviousdecisionsandtheintentofCongresswhenitrestoredforeign

copyrights.TheCopyrightOfficeaswellignorestheTwinBooksdecisioninitscircularonrestoredcopyrights.Nevertheless,thedecisionis

currentlyapplicableinallofthe9thJudicialCircuit(Alaska,Arizona,California,Hawaii,Idaho,Montana,Nevada,Oregon,Washington,andGuam

andtheNorthernMarianaIslands),anditmayapplyintherestofthecountry.

13.SeeLibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,InternationalCopyrightRelationsoftheUnitedStates.Circular38a.[Washington,D.C.:Libraryof

Congress,CopyrightOffice,2011].

14.See63Fed.Reg.19,287(1998),LibraryofCongressCopyrightOffice,CopyrightRestorationofWorksinAccordanceWiththeUruguayRound

AgreementsActListIdentifyingCopyrightsRestoredUndertheUruguayRoundAgreementsActforWhichNoticesofIntentToEnforceRestored

CopyrightsWereFiledintheCopyrightOffice.

15.CopyrightnoticerequirementsforsoundrecordingsarespelledoutintheCopyrightOffice'sCircular3,"CopyrightNotice,"availableat

http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ03.pdf.Hereistheexacttext:

Thecopyrightnoticeforphonorecordsembodyingasoundrecordingisdifferentfromthatforotherworks.Soundrecordingsaredefinedas"works

thatresultfromthefixationofaseriesofmusical,spokenorothersounds,butnotincludingthesoundsaccompanyingamotionpictureorother

audiovisualwork."Copyrightinasoundrecordingprotectstheparticularseriesofsoundsfixedintherecordingagainstunauthorizedreproduction,

revision,anddistribution.Thiscopyrightisdistinctfromcopyrightofthemusical,literary,ordramaticworkthatmayberecordedonthephonorecord.

Phonorecordsmayberecords(suchasLPsand45s),audiotapes,cassettes,ordisks.Thenoticeshouldcontainthefollowingthreeelements

appearingtogetheronthephonorecord:

1.Thesymbol and

2.Theyearoffirstpublicationofthesoundrecordingand

3.Thenameoftheownerofcopyrightinthesoundrecording,oranabbreviationbywhichthenamecanberecognized,oragenerally

knownalternativedesignationoftheowner.Iftheproducerofthesoundrecordingisnamedonthephonorecordlabelorcontainerandif

noothernameappearsinconjunctionwiththenotice,theproducer'snameshallbeconsideredapartofthenotice.

4.Example: 2004X.Y.Z.Records,Inc.

16.Architecturalworksaredefinedas"thedesignofabuildingasembodiedinanytangiblemediumofexpression,includingabuilding,architectural

plans,ordrawings.Theworkincludestheoverallformaswellasthearrangementandcompositionofspacesandelementsinthedesign,butdoes
 notincludeindividualstandardfeatures."ArchitecturalworkswereexpresslyincludedincopyrightbyTitleVIIofPub.L.101650.

17.Whatconstitutes"publication"ofabuildingisaveryinterestingquestion.AstheCopyrightOfficehasnoted,"Aworkisconsideredpublishedwhen

underlyingcopiesofthebuildingdesignaredistributedormadeavailablepublicbysaleorothertransferofownership,orbyrental.Constructionofa

buildingdoesnotitselfconstitutepublicationregistration,unlessmultiplecopiesareconstructed."SeeitsCircular41,"CopyrightClaimsin

ArchitecturalWorks,"availableathttp://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ41.pdf.

19.TurkmenistanandUzbekistanmayhaveinheritedUCCobligationsandprotectionsfromtheUSSR,whichjoinedtheUCCon27May1973.See

PeterB.Maggs,"PostSovietLaw:TheCaseofIntellectualPropertyLaw,"TheHarrimanInstituteForum5,no.3(November1991).Theyhavenot

asyet,however,fileda"NotificationofSuccession"withtheUCC.Seehttp://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php

URL_ID=1814&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.htmlforsignatoriestothetwoUCCtreaties.

20.Ifthesourcecountry'sfirstadheredtoeithertheBerneTreatyortheWTOafter1January1996,thentherelevantdateistheearliestdateof

membership.Dateofmembershipistrackedathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_parties_to_international_copyright_agreements

21.Contractorsandgranteesarenotconsideredgovernmentempoyees.Generalytheycreateworkswithcopyright(thoughthegovernmentmayown

thatcopyright).SeeCENDIFrequentlyaskedQuestionsaboutCopyright:IssuesAffectingtheU.S.Government.ThepublicdomainstatusofU.S.

governmentworksappliesonlyintheU.S.

20042016PeterB.Hirtle.Lastupdated3January,2016.UseofthischartisgovernedbytheCreativeCommons
Attribution3.0License.

CornellCopyrightInformationCenter<http://www.copyright.cornell.edu/>