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AGR-101 Basics of Agriculture 2(1-1)

Dr. Tasneem Khaliq


Agro-climatology Lab.,
Department of Agronomy

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Agriculture, history, importance and Agriculture


branches
It is derived from two Latin words
Ager or agri mean soil/field
Culture mean cultivation

Agriculture is an applied science which


encompasses all aspects of crop production
including horticulture, livestock rearing, fisheries,
forestry etc.
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Definition As a Science
Agriculture utilizes all technologies developed on
Agriculture is an art, science, as well as business scientific principles such as crop breeding,
concerned with cultivation of the soil for growing of production techniques, crop protection, economics
crops and rearing of animals to provide food, wool, etc. to maximize the yield and profit.
and other products.
As an Art
Agriculture embrace knowledge to perform the
operations of the farm in a skillful manner, but does
not necessarily include an understanding of the
principles underlying the farm practices.
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As a business SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF


AGRICULTURE
Agriculture production is bound to consumption
Provision of basic necessities of life (food, cloth and
from producer to end user.
shelter)
16% contribution to the gross domestic product
It aims at maximum net return through the (GDP)
management of land, labour, water and capital and Provides livelihood support to about two-thirds of
employing the knowledge of various sciences for country's population.
production of food, feed, fiber and fuel.
Provides employment to 58% of country's work
force and is the single largest private sector
occupation.
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SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE OF Contd.
AGRICULTURE
15% of the total export earnings e.g textiles, silk,
Provision of basic necessities of life (food, cloth sugar, rice, flour mills, milk products.
and shelter)
16% contribution to the gross domestic product The agriculture sector acts as a wall in
(GDP) maintaining food security and in the process
Provides livelihood support to about two-thirds of national security as well.
country's population.
Provides employment to 58% of country's work It has important role in improving the overall
force and is the single largest private sector economic conditions, health and nutrition of the
occupation. rural masses.
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Agriculture
BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE
1. Agronomy
Crop Forestry Agricultural Animal 2. Horticulture
Husbandry Husbandry 3. Forestry
Engineering
4. Animal husbandry
1. Agronomy 1. Poultry 5. Fishery science
science
2. P. Breeding 6. Agricultural
2. Fishery Engineering
3. Soil science science
4. Horticulture 7. Home science
3. Livestock
5. Entomology manageme
nt
6. P. Pathology
4. Dairy
7. Bio- science11
chemistry 12

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Animal husbandry
Agronomy
Deals with agricultural practice of breeding and raising
Deals with the production of various crops which includes food livestock in order to provide food for humans and to provide
crops, fodder crops, fibre crops, sugar, oilseeds, etc. The aim is power (draught).
to have better food production and how to control the
diseases.
Fishery science
Deals with practice of breeding and rearing fishes including
Horticulture
marine and inland fishes, shrimps, prawns etc. in order to
Deals with the production of fruits, vegetables, flowers, provide food, feed and manure.
ornamental plants, spices, condiments and beverages.
Agricultural Engineering
Forestry
Deals with farm machinery for field preparation, inter-
Deals with production of large scale cultivation of perennial cultivation, harvesting and post harvest processing including
trees for supplying wood, timber, rubber, etc. and also raw soil and water conservation engineering and bio-energy.
materials for industries.

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Evolution of man and Agriculture


Home Science
Deals with application and utilization of agricultural produces
in a better manner in order to provide nutritional security, There are different stages in development of
including value addition and food preparation. agriculture, which is oriented with human
civilization. These are
Hunting
Pastoral
Crop culture
Trade (stages of human civilization)

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Hunting
It was the primary source of food in old days. It is the important
occupation and it existed for a very long period. Period and events
Pastoral
Human obtained food through domestication of animals, e.g. cow,
Earlier than 10000 BC Hunting & gathering
buffalo, dogs, horse, etc.

Crop culture
7500 BC Cultivation of crops- Wheat & Barley
Living near the river bed, they had enough water for their animals and
domesticated crops and started cultivation.
3400 BC Wheel was invented
Trade
When they started producing more than their requirement the excess
was exchanged, this was the basis for trade.
3000 BC Bronze used for making tools

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2900 BC Plough was invented, irrigated farming started

2300 BC Cultivation of chickpea, cotton, mustard


1000 BC Use of iron plough
2200 BC Cultivation of rice
1500 AD Cultivation of orange, brinjal,
1500 BC Cultivation of sugarcane pomegranate

1400 BC Use of iron


1600 AD Introduction of several crops to India
i.e. potato, tapioca, tomato, chillies

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Agronomy Principles of crop production
Combination of two Greek words 1. Improved cultural practice
Agros mean field 2. Pure and good quality seed (approved
Nomos mean to manage varieties)
3. Timely application of manure in correct
amount
Branch of agriculture deals with principles and 4. Irrigation application at right time and right
practices of crop production and soil amount
management" 5. Adequate plant protection measures

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Practices of crop production


Way to perform particular farm operation
Leveling of soil/land
Ploughing

Removal of harmful/unwanted vegetation


Digging of water channels and their cleaning
Soil is defined as the top layer of the earth's
crust. It is formed by mineral particles, organic
matter, water, air and living organisms

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THANKS

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