83a0e183 8390e183a5e18394e1839de18391 PDF

sakiTxavi masala studentisaTvis
avtorebi:
g r ie r b u r o u s i
za za r u x a Z e
marine kvaWaZe
lel a g a f r in d a S v il i
levan izoria
saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fondis warmomadgenloba

saqarTveloSi
International Foundation for Electoral Systems
2011
This ourse reader was developed in the framework of the four-year civic education initiative
Increased Trust in the Electoral Process (ITEP), implemented by the International Foundation
for Electoral Systems (IFES).
The reader is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States
Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of
the authors and do not necessarily reect the views of the International Foundation for Elec-
toral Systems, USAID or the United States Government.
sakiTxavi masala SemuSavebulia saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fon-

dis mier proeqtis `ndobis gazrda saarCevno procesebisadmi~ (ITEP) far-
glebSi.
am sakiTxavi masalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxar-

daWeriT àmerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentos~, USAID-is meSveobiT. gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi ekuTvniT mxo-
lod avtorebs da SesaZloa, ar gamoxatavdes saarCevno sistemebis saer-
TaSoriso fondis, USAID-is an amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis
Sexedulebebs.
redaqtori: zviad miminoSvili,

ganaTlebis mecnierebaTa doqtori
dizaineri da damkabadonebeli: TinaTin berberaSvili

koreqtori: naTia osanaZe
2011 International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES). All rights reserved.
2011 IFES. yvela ufleba daculia.
ISBN 978-9941-0-3667-5
3
s ar C e vi
Sesavali ............................................................................................................................6
warsulis gakveTilebi .............................................................................................7
demokratiis principebi .........................................................................................12
demokratiuli moqalaqeoba ..................................................................................21
daskvna ..........................................................................................................................29
kari pirveli
saxelmwifo marTvis sistema
nawili pirveli. adamiani da sazogadoeba ....................................................31

Tavi 1.1. adamiani da sazogadoeba ........................................................................32
Tavi 1.2. bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali .................................................38
Tavi 1.3. xelisuflebis saWiroeba .......................................................................39
Tavi 1.4. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................42
nawili meore. xelisufleba ..................................................................................44

Tavi 2.1. ra aris xelisufleba? ............................................................................45
Tavi 2.2. ra aris xelisuflebis mizani? .............................................................46
Tavi 2.3. xelisuflebis mizani da mmarTvelobis formebi ...........................47
Tavi 2.4. konstituciuri mmarTveloba: xelisuflebis danawileba ..........50
Tavi 2.5. xelisufleba, moqalaqe da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi ..........51
nawili mesame. konstitucia ..................................................................................55

Tavi 3.1. konstituciis arsi da mokle istoria ...............................................56
Tavi 3.2. konstituciis Tvisebebi ........................................................................57
Tavi 3.3. konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi ..................................................63
Tavi 3.4. konstituciis saxeebi .............................................................................64
Tavi 3.5. konstitucionalizmis tradiciebi saqarTveloSi ........................66
Tavi 3.6. konstituciis funqciebi .......................................................................68
Tavi 3.7. saqarTvelos moqmedi 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitucia .........69
nawili meoTxe. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi ..............................72

Tavi 4.1. saxelmwifos forma cneba da Sinaarsi ............................................73
Tavi 4.2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma .......................................................73
Tavi 4.3. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli mowyoba
(saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba) ................................................................81
Tavi 4.4. saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos,
konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi ...........................................................83
Tavi 4.5. saxelmwifos kompetenciebis kategorizacia ..................................86
Tavi 4.6. suvereniteti ............................................................................................87
Tavi 4.7. saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis sxva formebi ..................................89
Tavi 4.8. politikuri reJimi ..................................................................................95
4
kari meore
adamianis uflebebi
nawili pirveli. adamianis uflebaTa arsi da buneba .............................103

Tavi 1.1. ra aris adamianis uflebebi? .................................................................104
nawili meore. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba ..........................117

Tavi 2.1. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba antikuri epoqa ............119
Tavi 2.2. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba Sua saukuneebi .............121
Tavi 2.3. burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli adamianis uflebaTa
ideis ganviTarebaSi ..................................................................................................123
Tavi 2.4. adamianis uflebaTa ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ............................124
Tavi 2.5. pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi ..............127
Tavi 2.6. adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia ......................................................136
Tavi 2.7. adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taoba~ samoqalaqo da
politikuri uflebebi ............................................................................................140
Tavi 2.8. politikuri uflebebi ...........................................................................158
Tavi 2.9. socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi ....................163
nawili mesame. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi ........................169

Tavi 3.1. ra meqanizmebi icavs adamianis uflebebs erovnul doneze? ......170
Tavi 3.2. rogor xdeba adamianis uflebaTa dacva saerTaSoriso
doneze? ........................................................................................................................177
Tavi 3.3. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros, anu universaluri,
sistema ..........................................................................................................................178
Tavi 3.4. rogor aris daculi adamianis uflebebi regionalur
doneze? ........................................................................................................................182
Tavi 3.5. saqarTvelo da evropis sabWo ..............................................................183
nawili meoTxe. calkeuli jgufebis uflebaTa dacva ..........................190

Tavi 4.1. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebi ...................191
Tavi 4.2. erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebebi ..........................194
Tavi 4.3. devnilTa uflebebi ................................................................................200
Tavi 4.4. bavSvis uflebebi ......................................................................................202
Tavi 4.5. genderuli Tanasworoba ........................................................................214
kari mesame
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
nawili pirveli. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

istoria da arsi ............................................................................................................219
nawili meore. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da demokratia .......................233
nawili mesame. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da arCevnebi .........................239
nawili meoTxe. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi:

warsuli gamocdileba da samomavlo gamowvevebi ...................................255
5
kari meoTxe
demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba
nawili pirveli. moqalaqis monawileoba sazogadoebrivi

amocanebis gadawyvetaSi ..........................................................................................275
Tavi 1.1. moqalaqis sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgebloba ..................................276
Tavi 1.2. samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi ...............................................277
Tavi 1.3. axali Taoba da samoqalaqo aqtiuroba ..............................................278
nawili meore. Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebis

tendenciebi .....................................................................................................................280
Tavi 2.1. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia .........................................................281
Tavi 2.2. warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis gamowvevebi ...............................282
Tavi 2.3. `kargi mmarTvelobis~ principi. cnebis warmoSoba da misi
Sinaarsi ........................................................................................................................284
Tavi 2.4. cnebis arsebiTi elementebi ..................................................................285
Tavi 2.5. cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba .........................................................286
Tavi 2.6. sajaro administraciis gamowvevebi. momsaxurebis
gaumjobeseba ..............................................................................................................287
Tavi 2.7. decentralizacia ....................................................................................289
Tavi 2.8. moqalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi jgufebis gaaqtiureba ................290
Tavi 2.9. pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis principi ...........................................292
nawili mesame. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis saxeebi

Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi .............................................................294
Tavi 3.1. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi da Sekrebebi ..............................................295
Tavi 3.2. momsaxurebis garantiebi .......................................................................297
Tavi 3.3. sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policia .........................................299
Tavi 3.3. erToblivi biujeti .................................................................................303
nawili meoTxe. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi .................................................................................................................305
Tavi 4.1. sajaro administraciis reforma ........................................................306
Tavi 4.2. samoqalaqo monawileoba da momsaxurebis saagentoebi ...............307
Tavi 4.3. municipaluri servisebis gaumjobeseba ...........................................311
Tavi 4.4. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba ....................................312
Tavi 4.5. studentebis Tanamonawileoba ............................................................314
daskvna ...............................................................................................................................316
sasargeblo bmulebi ..................................................................................................317
terminTa pirobiTi Semokleba ...........................................................................319
gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................320
internet-bmulebi .......................................................................................................323
6 Sesavali
Sesavali
àdamians demokratiuli azrovnebis unari bunebiTad rodi mosdgams.

masSi mometebulia egocentrizmi da eTnocentrizmi, rasac, rogorc sun-
Tqvas, aranairi daostateba ar sWirdeba. demokratia ki, Tavis mxriv, im-
gvar Cvevebsa da momzadebas gulisxmobs, wvrTnas rom saWiroebs, radgan
uamisod isini verc fexs moikideben da verc ganviTardebian~.1
rogori Cvevebi da ra kompetencia moeTxovebaT demokratiuli sazo-

gadoebis moqalaqeebs? aris Tu ara sagrZnobi gansxvaveba demokrati-
ul moqalaqeobasa da sxva saxis moqalaqeobas Soris? Tu moqalaqeni bu-
nebrivad ar eltvian demokratiul principebs, rogorRa ganviTardnen
ise, rom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi TviTdamkvidreba SeZlon?! aq
wamoWrilia iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebmac winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos
mimarTuleba gansazRvres. raki qarTuli sazogadoeba demokratiis-
ken svlas ganagrZobs, moqalaqeebsac axleburi codniT aRWurva, axali
unar-Cvevebisa da damokidebulebebis gamomuSaveba dasWirdebaT. am sa-
xelmZRvanelosa da misi Tanmxlebi saswavlo kursis mizania, daexmaros
universitetis studentebs, moemzadon demokratiuli saxelmwifos mo-
qalaqeobisaTvis, raTa maT xeli Seuwyon qarTul sazogadoebaSi demok-
ratiuli principebis ganxorcielebasa Tu danergvas, sazogadoebisa
Tu pirovnebis sakeTildReod isargeblon yvela im sikeTiT, romelic
Tan axlavs amgvar sistemas.
swavlulebi, zogadad Tanxmdebian, rom jansaRi demokratiis gan-

mtkicebis saqmeSi arsebiTi roli moqalaqeebs ekisrebaT. marTalia, sa-
xelisuflebo sistemis `ragvaroba~ qveynis xelisuflebis struqturi-
Ta da qmedebiT ganisazRvreba, magram moqalaqeebmac mniSvnelovani ro-
li unda Seasrulon am struqturis dakanonebaSi. demokratiul sazo-
gadoebaSi moqalaqeebs gadawyvetilebis misaRebad mouwodeben iseTi
RonisZiebebis gasatareblad, sazogadoebisa Tu pirovnebis dacvasa da
winsvlas rom emsaxureba.
1
Parker, W. (1996) Educating the Democratic Mind, p. 3.
7
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, ase vTqvaT, respubli-

kebs warmoagens. es gaxlavT arapirdapiri demokratiis sistema, sadac
saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi xalxi missave warmomadgenlebs demokrati-
ulad irCevs, raTa maT xalxis saxeliT marTon da iRvawon. am sistemis
farglebSi saxelmwifos yoveldRiur mmarTvelobaSi xalxi uSualod
ar aris CarTuli, Tumca sadave xelisuflebis Zalauflebisa mainc maT
xelSia. aqedan gamomdinare, moqalaqeebi arsebiT rols TamaSoben, rom-
lis Sesasrulebladac isini saTanadod unda aRiWurvon. amis efeqtia-
nad gansaxorcieleblad moqalaqeebma garkveuli demokratiuli prin-
cipebi unda aiTvison, saTanado unar-Cvevebi da demokratiis mxardasa-
Werad keTilganwyoba gamoimuSavon.
saxelmZRvanelo gaTvaliswinebulia studentTaTvis safuZvliani

codnis misawodeblad, raTa isini ukeT gaerkvnen saqarTveloSi sul
ufro da ufro gamyarebul demokratiul sistemaSi; aseve, imis gasaaz-
reblad, Tu ra rolis Sesruleba xelewifebaT da evalebaT moqalaqeebs
da, imavdroulad, ra uflebamosilebani eniWebaT maT. zogierTebisTvis
es axal ideebTan ziarebaa, zogs ki aRniSnuli informacia saSualebas
miscems, misTvis ukve nacnob sakiTxebs xelaxla gadaxedos, imisda miu-
xedavad, Tu rogor aqvs gaazrebuli demokratiuli moqalaqeobis prin-
cipebi dResdReobiT; es gaxlavT xangrZlivi da saimedo procesi, rad-
gan demokratia didi Tavisuflebis Sanssac gvaZlevs da didi pasuxis-
mgeblobis tvirTsac gvargunebs.
warsulis gakveTilebi
istorias bevri ram uswavlebia CvenTvis, Tu gavixsenebT mmarTvelo-
bis sakiTxisadmi sxvadasxvagvar midgomas an imas, Tu rogori gansxvave-
buli niSniT warimarTeboda demokratiuli idealebis ganviTareba Tu
SezRudva. qvemoT movitanT warsulidan amoqeqil ramdenime ambavs ise-
ve, rogorc ufro gviandel istoriul faqtebs. TiToeuli ambis wakiT-
xvisas SeCerdiT da dafiqrdiT wamoWril kiTxvebze; gaiazreT, ra gakve-
Tilis gamotana SegiZliaT demokratiis ganviTarebis sakiTxebTan da-
kavSirebiT. gaxsovdeT, zogjer Secdomebidanac imdensaves vswavlobT,
ramdensac im saqmidan, romlisTvisac Tavi warmatebiT gagvirTmevia.
8 Sesavali
ambavi I
axlad aRmoCenili miwebisaken, axalSenebSi xalxi jguf-jgufad mie-

marTeba, Sordeba sazogadoebas, romlis rigebSic aqamde ucxovria. Cve-
ul yofas mowyvetili, mSobliuri adgilebidan Sors, Tavs bevrad ufro
laRad grZnobs da Tavis yoveldRiur yofas Tavad gankargavs. adamia-
nebi qonebis mosaxveWad axali miwebisaken miiswrafian. oqros maZiebel-
Ta ambavs maT yuramdec miuRwevia. gamdidrebis wyurviliT Sepyrobili
uqonelni, mcire sagzliT, Soreul gzas dasdgomian. metwilad, `jen-
tlmenTa~ wridan arian da, sxvisi Sromis xarjze cxovrebas miCveulni,
mZime fizikur datvirTvas ver eguebian. maTi erTaderTi sazrunavi sim-
didris moxveWaa. daniSnulebis adgilas Casulni TavSesafars eZeben da
wyalTan axlos saxldebian, egaa, rom garSemo sul Waobiani adgilebia;
Tanac, irgvliv daavadebis gadamdebi uamravi koRo ireva! im aremareSi
mkvidri mosaxleobac cxovrobs. rogor fiqrobT, riT sazrdooben isi-
ni? warmoidgineT, ramdeni gaWirvebisa da siZnelis pirispir aRmoCnde-
bian! ra unda iRonon Tavis gasatanad?
xom warmogidgeniaT, ra dabrkolebebis gadalaxva mouwevdaT moa-

xalSeneebs! isini, faqtiurad, verafers xdebodnen. oqros ZiebaSi imden
dros xarjavdnen fuWad, rom saR azrs arafrad dagidevdnen: aRarc Ta-
vis gatanaze fiqrobdnen, aRarc saxlis aSenebasa da aRarc sarCos moma-
ragebaze, moaxloebuli civi zamTris TveebSi Tavi rom ramenairad ga-
moekvebaT. bevri maTgani dauZlurda da daavadmyofda, bevric, sakvebis
simwiris gamo, SimSiliT daixoca! TiTqmis naxevari gawyda moaxalSene-
obis pirvelive wlebSi. mkvidr mosaxleobasTan daZabuli urTierTo-
ba drodadro konfliqtSi gadaizrdeboda xolme, rac maT mSvidobian
cxovrebas safrTxes uqadda. SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara am yvelafris Ta-
vidan acileba?
zemoT aRwerili ambebi 1607 wels xdeboda, rodesac as oTxma ingli-

selma axalmosaxlem jeimsTaunis kolonia daaarsa, sadac amJamad vir-
jiniis Stati mdebareobs. dResdReobiT SeerTebuli Statebi 300 mili-
onze meti adamianis samSobloa da 200 weliwadze metia, respublikur
mmarTvelobaze dgas; da mainc, Tavdapirvelma britanulma koloni-
am TiTqmis ver gaamarTla. erT-erTi upirveles mizezTagani, rac avis
momaswavebeli iyo britaneli axalmoSeneebisaTvis, marTvis uunaroba
gaxldaT. amas garda, piradi interesebiT xelmZRvanelobam da piradu-
lis saerTo saqmeze maRla dayenebam axalmoSeenebs safrTxe Seuqmna.
1608 wlis Semodgomaze koloniis mmarTvelTa sabWos prezidentad

jon smiTi airCies. smiTma mkacri disciplinis politika gaatara, rac
9
yvelasgan koloniis Camosayalibeblad sasargeblo saqmianobas moiT-

xovda, `vinc ar muSaobs ar Wams~. im adreul xanebSi axalSenis gadar-
Cena smiTis Zlieri mmarTvelobis damsaxurebaa. jeimsTaunis gamocdi-
lebidan miRebuli gakveTilebis gaTvaliswineba yvelas egebis. pirvel
rigSi unda davfiqrdeT mmarTvelobis formaze anu xelmZRvanelobaze,
sazogadoebaSi pirovnebisaTvis dadgenili wesebis dacvasa da im Sede-
gebze, rac am wesebis ugulebelyofisas iCens Tavs.
filosofos jon lokis (John Locke, 1632-1704) ganmartebiT, sakuTari

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT realobas Tvali unda gavusworoT da mis
xarjze `sayovelTao Tanxmobas~ mivaRwioT. sayovelTao Tanxmoba imaSi
gamoixateba, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi Tanxmdebian erTmaneTTan, da-
nergon garkveuli wesebi, rac maT, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrebs, sike-
Tes uqadis. lokis mier SemoTavazebul sasargeblo wesebsa Tu kanonebs
miekuTvneba sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba.
lokis Teoriebze mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebul momdevno epi-

zodSi ufro mets SeityobT, gaigebT, rogori zemoqmedeba iqonies maT
mmarTvelobis dRevandel formebze. aba, hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs, ratom
girCevniaT uerTguloT im sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul kanonebs, ro-
melSic trialebT? albaT damerwmunebiT, rom `sayovelTao Tanxmobas~
(sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas) didi sikeTe moaqvs kacobriobisaTvis;
Tumca jeimsTaunis gamocdilebidan miRebuli kidev erTi gakveTili
gvidasturebs, rom sayovelTao Tanxmobas garkveuli naklic axasia-
Tebs. calkeulma pirebma gaacnobieres, rom maT, sazogadoebis usaf-
rTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad, pirovnuli survilebis garkveulwilad
miCqmalvac mouwevdaT. sayovelTao keTildReobis ganmtkicebis Tval-
sazrisiT Cven erTmaneTze varT damokidebuli da amitom iZulebuli
vxdebiT, xelisuflebis sasargeblod zog-zogierT upiratesobas Seve-
lioT. SesaZloa dagvebados kiTxva, ra upiratesobebi unda daTmon mo-
qalaqeebma nebiT Tu uneburad sayovelTao keTildReobis gansamtki-
ceblad? vnaxoT, ras gvaswavlis istoria am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
ambavi II
warmovidginoT Zveli CineTis epoqa qristeSobamde 221 weli. ukve

200 weliwadze metia, Cinelebi erTmaneTs ebrZvian, rac qveyanas xleCs
da yvelas gulistkivils, tanjvas ayenebs. xelisuflebis saTaveSi eq-
ceva imperatori cin Sixuangi, romelic qveyanas aerTianebs. misi mmar-
Tvelobis wlebSi (Zv.w. 259-210) CineTi aRorZindeba: viTardeba vaWro-
10 Sesavali
ba, mkvidrdeba saerTo ena da aigeba CineTis didi kedeli. rogor SeZ-
lo erTma kacma, bolo moeRo saukunovani omisaTvis, gaeerTianebina
da aeRorZinebina qveyana?! pasuxi cin Sixuangis mmarTvelobis stilSi
unda moviZioT. man sruli wesrigi daamyara imis wyalobiT, rom Ralat-
Si eWvmitanilebs, ganurCevlad yvelas, sikvdiliT sjida. mis samxedro
kampaniasa da Tavdasxmebs aTasobiT kacis sicocxle Seewira inteleq-
tualebi Tu sxva aTasi juris xalxi tanjvasa da katorRul SromaSi as-
rulebdnen sicocxles. cin Sixuangim mkacri cenzura daawesa da yvela
wigni, romlis dedaarsi xels uSlida damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisis ga-
batonebas, cecxls misca. urCi swavlulni cocxlad daamarxvina. im-
peratori samxedro Zalas iSveliebda mis mier gamocemuli kanonebis
xorcSesasxmelad da qveyanaSi sikvdiliT dasjis ulmobeli wes-Cveu-
lebis dasamkvidreblad. rogor fiqrobT, ra grZnobebs aRZravda xal-
xSi maTi mesveuri? Rirseulad emsaxura Tu ara imperatori cin Sixu-
angi Cinel xalxs? man xom bolo mouRo samoqalaqo oms da qveyana gan-
viTarebis gzaze daayena? iyo Tu ara aucilebeli amodena msxverplis
gaReba da Rirda Tu ara am fasad winsvla ufro ganviTarebuli sazo-
gadoebis Sesaqmnelad? amarTlebs Tu ara saboloo mizani im saSuale-
bebs, imperatorma rom gamoiyena CineTis gaerTianebisa da aRorZinebi-
saTvis?
zogierTebi SesaZloa Segvedavon da amtkicon, rom cin Sixuangis mi-

er gatarebuli RonisZiebebi aucilebeli iyo qveynis warmatebis uz-
runvelsayofad, magram im epoqis xalxi albaT sxvagvarad fiqrobda da
grZnobda. didgvarovnebic da glexebic erTnairad itanjebodnen misi
uRlis qveS da amitomac aujanydnen. Zveli welTaRricxvis 207 wels,
gaimperatorebidan meTxuTmete wlisTavze, cin Sixuangi taxtidan Ca-
moagdes; mis mmarTvelobas bolo moeRo. cinebis uZvelesi dinastiis
iseve, rogorc bevri diqtatoruli reJimis magaliTidan miRebuli
gakveTili is aris, rom, rodesac moqalaqis uflebebs laxaven, SeuZle-
belia xalxSi xelisuflebisadmi erTgulebis SenarCuneba. bolos da
bolos Cagruli xalxi janydeba. radgan yoveli calkeuli pirovnebis-
Tvis mniSvnelovania mTavarTaTvis xelisuflebis mindoba, moqmed xe-
lisuflebasac, Tavis mxriv, moqalaqis uflebebis dacva da ganmtkiceba
moeTxoveba. Tomas jefersonma (1743-1826), amerikis SeerTebuli State-
bis damoukideblobis deklaraciis avtorma, deklaraciaSi Cawera:
`CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is udavo WeSmariteba, rom yvela adamiani

dabadebulia, rogorc Tanaswori arseba, rom maT RvTis mier miniWebuli
aqvT garkveuli xelSeuvali uflebebi, rogoricaa: sicocxle, Tavisufle-
ba da bednierebisaken ltolva;
11
rom am uflebaTa gansamtkiceblad iqmnebian mTavrobebi, romlebic Ta-

vianT kanonier Zalauflebas Rebuloben maTive TanxmobiT, visac isini ga-
nageben;
rom Tu marTvis raime forma odesme am miznis Semlaxavi gaxdeba, xalxs

ufleba eZleva Secvalos an gaauqmos igi, da Seqmnas axali xelisufleba,
daafuZnos igi iseT principebze da iseTi ZalauflebiT aRWurvos, rogo-
ric, misi azriT, yvelaze xelsayreli iqneba misi usafrTxoebisa da bedni-
erebisaTvis~2.
Tomas jefersonis am sityvebis miRma is azri xom ar ikveTeba, rom

rodesac xalxi ukmayofiloa Tavisi xelisuflebisa, ufleba aqvs, gada-
ayenos mTavroba?! rasakvirvelia, ara. frTxilad moekideT am sakiTxs!
ùmniSvnelo da droebiTi~ siZneleebi arasakmarisi mizezia mTavrobis
gadasayeneblad. kerZo uflebebis, survilebisa da saWiroebebis da-
pirispireba `sayovelTao da zogad keTildReobasTan~ mudmivad Tavs
iCens demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. swored amitomaa, rom demokrati-
uli sistemis pirobebSi gamudmebiT mivmarTavT xelisuflebas, mxari
dagviWiros amgvari daZabulobis ganmuxtvis saqmeSi da daawesos qcevis
standartebi. Cven Cveulebriv vemorCilebiT amgvari standartebis da-
wesebas, radgan isini sazogadoebriv wesrigsa da usafrTxoebas uzrun-
velyofen.
sxvaTa da sxvaTa mizezTa gamo Cveni zogierTi upiratesobis xeli-

suflebisaTvis `daTmobis~ cneba demokratiuli mmarTvelobisTvis
Zalze mniSvnelovania. radgan Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo-
ebi metwilad respublikebad gvevlinebian, moqalaqeebi TavianT war-
momadgenlebs im gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad irCeven, romlebic eleq-
toratis interesebis dacvasa da sazogadoebis zogadi mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebas Seuwyobs xels. rodesac Cven ar veTanxmebiT kurss, ro-
melsac sazogadoebis winaSe Cveni warmomadgenlebi warmoaCenen, ufle-
ba gvaqvs gamovxatoT Cveni neba da sakuTari interesebis dasacavad sxva
vinme avirCioT. amgvarad, Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis
mTavrobebs xalxis survilebisa da moTxovnebisadmi gulisxmieri damo-
kidebuleba evalebaT. Tumca, Tanamedrove demokratiuli qveynebis xe-
lisuflebisgan, mxolod amas ar moveliT. arsebobs `demokratiis prin-
cipebi~3, romlebic demokratiis ganviTarebis pirobebSi myof qveynebs
mimarTulebas aZlevs da afasebs, ramdenad warmatebulad viTardeba iq
demokratiuli procesebi. qveynebi, romlebic demokratiul refor-
2
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis deklaraciidan; demokratiis
klasikuri dokumentebi, Tbilisi (1994), gv. 35.
3
Democracy for All, Street Law, Inc. Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
12 Sesavali
mebs atareben, swored am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben. aqedan gamom-

dinare, qarTuli demokratiisaTvis mizanSewonili iqneba am principe-
bis mniSvnelovnebis gaTvaliswineba.
demokratiis principebi
ambavi III
1215 wlis inglisi Sua saukuneebis xana. gabatonebulia absolutu-

ri monarqiis sistema. ase rom, inglisis mefes sruli Zalaufleba up-
yria xelT da Tavs axvevs Tavis qveSevrdomebs. mxolod kaTolikuri
eklesia ewinaaRmdegeba TviTmpyrobelobas. eklesiis winaSe finansuri
davalianebis dasafaravad mefe mZime xarks akisrebs Tavis qveSevrdomT.
urC gadamxdelebs umkacres sasjels uweseben. gansakuTrebiT inglisis
maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebi baronebi da didgvarovnebi Se-
uSfoTebia mefis amgvar qmedebas, magram ra iRonon?! rogor ggoniaT,
ras igrZnobdnen didebulebi, amodena simdidres rom unda Seleodnen
mefis saameblad?! viTarebas kidev ufro is amZimebda, rom xarkis gada-
uxdelobis gamo mefis brZanebiT datusaRebulni sasjelisagan Tavis
daRwevas veRar axerxebdnen. amgvar pirobebSi vin ras gaxdeboda, Zle-
vamosili mefis winaSe?!
1215 wels ramdenime didebulma mefis winaaRmdeg piri Sekra; gaCaRda

samoqalaqo omi. didebulebma londoni rom daikaves, mefe maTTan Sex-
vedrasa da maTi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebas daTanxmda. rogor ggoni-
aT, ra sakiTxebi wamoWres didebulebma da ratom unda eRo yurad mefes
maTi esa Tu is moTxovna?
didebulebma mefe aiZules, xelmoweriT daedasturebina `Tavisuf-

lebis didi qartiis~ (magna karta, laT. Magna Carta Libertatum) saxeliT
cnobili dokumentis WeSmariteba. am dokumentis wyalobiT bevri iseTi
kanoni gamoikveTa, inglisSi urTierTobebis marTvas rom awesrigebda.
dadginda ramdenime umniSvnelovanesi wesi: 1. winaswari samarTlebrivi
gadawyvetilebis miuReblad pirovnebis dapatimrebis, gadasaxlebisa
da dasjis akrZalva; 2. mefes ekisreboda valdebuleba, parlamentisagan
gamoeTxova dabegvris nebarTva da 3. ecno parlamentis uflebamosile-
ba. `Tavisuflebis didi qartiis~ saboloo debulebis Tanaxmad gacxad-
da, rom mefis mxridan dokumentis pirobebis ugulebelyofis SemTxve-
vaSi didebulebs mis winaaRmdeg omis warmoebis ufleba eniWebodaT. es
13
debulebebi xels uwyobda pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis, kanonis uzenae-

sobis ganmtkicebis da xelisuflebiT borotad sargeblobaze kontro-
lis dawesebis demokratiuli principebis danergvas. rogorc uinston
CerCilma 1956 wels brZana: àrsebobs mefeze zeaRmatebuli kanoni,
romelic man ar unda daarRvios. kanonis uzenaesobis amgvar dadastu-
rebasa da zogadi xasiaTis qartiaSi mis warmoCinebas dasabami misca `Ta-
visuflebis didi qartiis~ Sesaqmnelad gaweulma Sromam. amiT da mxo-
lod amiT aixsneba xalxis mxridan misdami esoden mokrZalebuli damo-
kidebuleba~.
Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi xalxi angariSs sTxovs Tavis

xelisuflebas. es, sul mcire, imas niSnavs, rom xelisuflebam unda mi-
iRos gadawyvetilebebi da gamoxatos xalxis neba. kanonis uzenaeso-
bis principi demokratiuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
principia. es imas niSnavs, rom aravina dgas kanonze maRla, yvelam unda
daicvas igi da kanonze ZaladobisaTvis yvelas Tanabrad moekiTxos pa-
suxi. dabolos, didebulebma, romlebmac iZulebis wesiT daiTanxmes me-
fe, daTmobaze wasuliyo, SezRudes misi Zalaufleba da aiZules igi, in-
glisis parlamentTan eTanamSromla, kerZod ki, moepovebina parlamen-
tis Tanxmoba xelaxal dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT. rodesac mmarTveli
moxele pasuxismgebelia sxva ZalovanTa winaSe, misi Zalaufleba izRu-
deba da Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobac mcirdeba.
marTalia, `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ Tavdapirvelad mxolod me-13
saukunis inglisel didgvarovanTa uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofda,
saboloo jamSi igi rigiT adamianebsac miswvda; swored am dokumentis
safuZvelze damkvidrda is principebi, romelTac mogvianebiT amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi demokratiuli qveynebis Seqmna ganapiro-
bes.
ambavi IV
me-20 saukunis meore naxevaria. warmoidgineT, rom wlebis ganmavlo-

baSi mSobliur enaze iRebdiT ganaTlebas da am dros Tqveni xelisuf-
leba gicxadebT, rom yvela mniSvnelovani sagani sxva enaze xelisuf-
lebis mier òficialurad~ SemoRebul enaze unda SeiswavloT. gadis
ramdenime Tve da Tqven da Tqveni Tanatolebi siZneleebs awydebiT gi-
WirT axali enis srulyofilad aTviseba da klasidan klasSi gadasvla.
ganaTleba Tu ver miiReT, ras giqadiT momavali? valdebulia Tu ara
xelisufleba, daakmayofilos Tqveni moTxovnebi, Tundac rom mTavro-
baSi ar gyavdeT Tqveni warmomadgenlebi? ras upasuxebT amaze?
14 Sesavali
ai, ra daemarTaT 1976 wlis ivnisSi samxreT afrikis dasaxleba so-

uetoSi (Soweto) mcxovrebT. studentebi aparteidis saxeliT cnobili
sistemis garemocvaSi cxovrobdnen. am sistemaSi samxreT afrikis eko-
nomikuri, politikuri da socialuri Zalaufleba TeTrkaniani umci-
resobis xelT iyo. xorcieldeboda Savkaniani da feradkaniani (Sereu-
li rasis) moqalaqeebis daTrgunvis politika, isini ki mosaxleobis 70
procents warmoadgendnen. irRveoda uamravi adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebebi. TeTrkanianTa mmarTvelma xelisuflebam SemoiRo sastiki
kanonebi, romelTa wyalobiTac araTeTkanianTa samsaxurSi miReba iz-
Rudeboda. kanonmdeblebi maT uxarisxo ganaTlebis sistemas sTavazob-
dnen da TviTneburad awesebdnen imasac, Tu sad ecxovraT, emogzauraT
da emuSavaT Sav da feradkanianebs. axali kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac ga-
naTlebis miReba mxolod òficialur~ enaze iyo nebadarTuli, Sav da
feradkaniani mosaxleobis Cagvris kidev erTi xerxi gaxldaT. amjerad
studentebma usamarTloba veRar aitanes da protestis niSnad quCaSi
gamovidnen. am kanons 10 000-ze meti studenti aprotestebda, magram de-
monstracias didi dRe ar ewera. policiis mier gaxsnil cecxls 23 stu-
dentis sicocxle Seewira.
marTalia, parlamenti, romelmac amgvari kanonebi SemoiRo, arCeu-

li iyo, magram Tavad mmarTveloba `demokratiul~ sistemad ver CaiT-
vleboda, radgan demokratiis araerTi principi fexqveS iTeleboda.
umTavresad Sav da feradkanian moqalaqeTa uflebebi iTrguneboda.
adamianTa uflebebis dacvaSi adamianis sicocxlisa da Rirsebis dacva
da pativiscema igulisxmeba. ilaxeboda samxreTafrikeli xalxis gamo-
xatvis, monawileobis, TavSeyris, Tanasworobisa da ganaTlebis ufle-
bebi. es magaliTi, imavdroulad, demokratiul qveyanaSi Tanasworobis
principis ganxorcielebis aucileblobasac warmoaCens. Tanasworobis
amgvari gaazreba imas gulisxmobs, rom yvela calkeuli pirovneba, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis wevri, erTnairad faseulia da yvelas Tanabrad un-
da SeeZlos xelsayreli SesaZleblobis gamoyeneba Tu marTlmsajule-
bis aRsruleba. aravis daCagvra ar egebis miuxedavad rasisa, mrwamsisa,
eTnikuri warmomavlobisa, sqesisa Tu seqsulauri orientaciisa. kidev
erTi principi, romelsac am magaliTis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia Ca-
vuRrmavdeT, gaxlavT mosazreba ùflebaTa kanonproeqtis~, rogorc
demokratiis principis, Sesaxeb. uflebaTa kanonproeqti moicavs yvela
im uflebasa da Tavisuflebas, romliTac qveyanaSi mcxovrebi yoveli
calkeuli piri SeiZleba sargeblobdes. araerT demokratiul saxel-
mwifos aqvs SemuSavebuli uflebaTa kanonproeqti, romelsac saxel-
mwifo konstituciis nawilad miiCnevs da mTavrobisagan am uflebaTa
aRiarebas moiTxovs. samxreT afrikis aparteidul sistemaSi mcxovreb
15
aTasobiT Sav da feradkanians arasodes Rirsebia aseTi saimedo safa-

ri; ase rom, maTi uflebebis xelyofa `kanonierad~ miiCneoda amgvari
aparteiduli sistemis pirobebSi. sabednierod, 1994 wels aparteidis
sistema daiSala nawilobriv imis gamoc, rom samxreT afrikas souetos
xocva-Jletis Semdeg saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobam yuradReba mi-
apyro. amJamad Savi da feradkaniani mosaxleoba iseTive uflebebiT
sargeblobs, rogoriTac maTi megobari TeTrkaniani moqalaqeebi.
ambavi V
es ambebi arcTu Soreul warsulSi moxda. axla iq Tanamedrove, in-

dustriuli saxelmwifoa. xalxs am saxelmwifoSi maTi uflebebis xel-
yofisagan, Cveulebriv, kanoni icavs. amgvari midgomis gamomuSavebas
garkveuli dro dasWirda, radgan umciresobaTagan Semdgari jgufebi
kanoniT ganmtkicebul Tanabaruflebianobas moiTxovdnen. da mainc,
jer kidev arsebobs xalxis garkveuli jgufi, romelic misi gonebrivi
Tu fizikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, diskriminacias ganicdis.
isini unarSezRudul adamianTa kategorias miekuTvnebian da, mniSvne-
lovanwilad, izolirebuli arian sazogadoebisagan. ganaTlebis miRe-
bisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobas moklebul am adamianebs xeli ar mi-
uwvdebaT sazogadoebrivi Tavyrilobis adgilebze da xSirad awydebian
sacxovreblis sakiTxTan dakavSirebul siZneleebs. amgvari viTarebi-
dan gamomdinare, es pirebi ver sargebloben TavianTi im uflebebiT,
usafrTxoebis RonisZiebebiTa Tu SesaZleblobebiT, romlebiTac ima-
ve saxelmwifoSi sxva, qmedunariani moqalaqeebi sargebloben. ra unda
iRonon am pirebma TavianTi mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad? SeuZlia
Tu ara umciresobas, moiTxovos kanonebis imgvarad Secvla, rom sazo-
gadoebis umravlesobas aranairi ziani ar miadges? unda gaiTvaliswi-
nos Tu ara xelisuflebam maTi moTxovnebi?
es xdeboda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aseTi azri gaxldaT aq

gabatonebuli lamis mTeli istoriis manZilze, sanam bevri unarSez-
Ruduli adamiani, maTi megobrebi da ojaxis wevrebi gaiazrebdnen am
usamarTlobas da imas, rom demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ase aRar unda
gagrZelebuliyo. maT undodaT, mTavrobas iseTi kanonebi SemoeRo, rom
unarSezRudulTa diskriminacias bolo moReboda. am miznis misaRwevad
maT qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebis jgufebi Seqmnes, romlebic wlebis
manZilze iRvwodnen kanonis Sesacvlelad atarebdnen da eswrebodnen
saprotesto gamosvlebsa da Tavyrilobebs, krefdnen fuls, qmnidnen
kanonproeqtebs, saqmis viTarebas sazogadoebas acnobdnen, sakanon-
16 Sesavali
mdeblo organoebs warudgendnen faqtebs, kanonmdeblebTan molapara-

kebebs awarmoebdnen, farulad zemoqmedebdnen xelisuflebis moxele-
ebze da diskriminaciuli kanonebis gasauqmeblad sarCeli SehqondaT.4
qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebi iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi unarSezRuduli pirebi umciresobas warmoad-
gendnen; maT isic hqondaT gaazrebuli, rom sazogadoebis mxardaWera
uTuod unda moepovebinaT. arsebuli stereotipebisa da miTebis dasam-
sxvrevad saWiro iyo sazogadoebisa da politikosebis gaTviTcnobie-
reba imis Taobaze, Tu ras warmoadgendnen unarSezRuduli adamianebi.
qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebi metwilad im damkvidrebuli Tvalsaz-
risis aRmosafxvrelad iRvwodnen, romlis Tanaxmadac unarSezRuduli
adamianebi sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi veranair faseul wvlils ver Sei-
tanen.
brZolam unarSezRudul adamianTaTvis Tanabari uflebebis mosapo-

veblad nayofi gamoiRo gamoica araerTi kanoni. maT Soris erT-erTi
yvelaze mniSvnelovanTagani gaxldaT 1973 wlis federaluri `reabi-
litaciis aqti~. igi auqmebda im saagentoebsa da organizaciebs, rom-
lebic kvalificiur pirTa diskriminaciis xarjze da mxolod da mxo-
lod am pirTa unarSezRudulobis safuZvelze iTvisebdnen fulad
saxsrebs. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani kanoni iyo 1975 wels gamocemuli
àqti ganaTleba yvela unarSezRudul bavSvs~, romelic adgenda, rom
unarSezRudul bavSvebs ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba hqondaT. marTa-
lia, qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebs Zalze axarebdaT es cvlilebebi,
isini mainc darwmunebulni iyvnen imaSi, rom meti damcavi meqanizmebis
amoqmedeba iyo saWiro da amitom mTavrobisaTvis moTxovnebis wayene-
bas ganagrZobdnen. maTma mcdelobebma nayofi 1990 wels gamoiRo, rode-
sac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresma gamosca da prezidentma
jorj h.u. buSma xelis moweriT daadastura kanoni àqti SezRuduli
unaris mqone amerikelebi~. es umniSvnelovanesi sakanonmdeblo moR-
vaweoba unarSezRudul pirTa Tanabar pirobebSi Cayenebis sawindari
gaxldaT maTi dasaqmebisas (kerZo biznesisa da arakomerciuli saagen-
toebis CaTvliT), transportiT gadayvanisas, saxelmwifo Tu adgilob-
rivi samTavrobo saqmianobis warmarTvisas. imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom
kanoni kanonobs da unarSezRudul pirTa uflebebi ar irRveva, qmediT
RonisZiebaTa momxreebi bevrgan adgilobriv doneze ewevian TavianT
saqmianobas. erT-erTi maTgani, qaren demfsi (unarSezRuduli pirovne-
ba) Tavisi regionis mTavrobasTan TanamSromlobda da am mimarTulebiT
aSkara progress amCnevs. is amgvar ganmartebas iZleva:
4
Arlene Mayerson, The History of the ADA: A Movement Perspective (1992) ix.:
http://law.marquette.edu/s3/site/docs/psconference/history-of-ada.pdf.
17
`qalaqic Cven SemogvierTda da ager ukve xuTi welia Zal-Rones ar iSu-

rebs mdgomareobis gvarianad gasaumjobeseblad. amas isic mowmobs, rom
igi cdilobs 2005 wels SemuSavebuli gardamavali gegmis ùnarSezRu-
duli amerikelebis aqti~ (ADA) danergvas. magram bevri ram kidev gasake-
Tebelia, magaliTad, daqanebuli trotuarebi, bordiurebze gamokveTili
gasasvlelebi (maTTvis, vinc invalidis etls iyenebs) da sxva xelSemwyobi
saSualebebi~5.
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebasa da unarSezRuduli pirebis mdgoma-

reobis gaumjobesebas qaren demfsis msgavsma bevrma moqalaqem didi Za-
lisxmeva Sealia. ras vswavlobT axals maTgan, iseve rogorc am ambebis
gaanalizebidan, demokratiis Sesaxeb? aba, davfiqrdeT, axlaxan ganxi-
lul principTagan romel erTs viTvaliswinebT? magaliTad, vicavT Tu
ara Tanasworuflebianobis princips?! gasaTvaliswinebeli principebia
agreTve moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba, politikuri Semwynarebloba da
gamWvirvaloba. moqalaqeebma demokratiis asamoqmedeblad aqtiurad
unda iRvawon. rakiRa xmis micema, Tavisi arsiT, erT-erT yvelaze mniS-
vnelovan moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobad miiCneva, swored is aris er-
TaderTi saSualeba demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, romlis meSveobiTac
moqalaqeebs saboloo Sedegze zemoqmedeba SeuZliaT. saqmis arsSi CaR-
rmaveba da sakuTari damokidebulebis daufaravad gacxadeba, saqmiano-
bisaTvs xelis Sewyobis mizniT sxvadasxva gaerTianebebSi gawevrianeba,
peticiebze xelis mowera Tu politikosebisTvis werilebis gagzavna,
sazogadoebriv mitingebsa Tu Tavyrilobebze daswreba da TviT pro-
testis gamoTqma es yvelaferi sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gamosaxatavad
Tu demokratiul sazogadoebaSi dasamkvidreblad sagulisxmo saSua-
lebebia. swored amgvar qmedebaTa wyalobiT SemoiRes iseTi kanonebi,
romlebic unarSezRuduli pirebis sxvebTan Tanasworuflebianobas
uzrunvelyofs.
am epizodSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi politikuri Semwynareblobis

principi, romelsac aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. es imas niSnavs, rom
yvela pirovnebas, Tundac igi umciresobis Tvalsazriss iziarebdes,
Tavisi azris gamoxatva da Camoyalibeba Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos. am-
gvari uflebamosileba uyoymanod unda mieniWoT am jgufebs, rac imis
sawindari iqneba, rom maT kanoni daicavs maSinac ki, rodesac isini um-
ravlesobisaTvis miuRebel da mTavrobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTul Se-
xedulebebs gaiziareben. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi umciresobis xma
yurad unda iRon ùmravlesobis tiraniis~ Tavidan asacileblad ti-
5
Quote in Activists seek more from Americans with Disabilities Act available at http://www.metrow-
estdailynews.com/archive/x1078554340/Activists-seek-more-from-Americans-with-Disabilities-Act#
ixzz1RMz6XKA7.
18 Sesavali
raniisa, mxolod umravlesobis Tvalsazrisisa Tu interesebis gamo-

xatvasa da sazogadoebisaTvis warmoCenas rom gulisxmobs. unarSez-
Rudul pirTa qomagebs rom ver moexerxebinaT TavianiTi Tvalsazrisis
gamoxatva da Camoyalibeba, albaT aranairi cvlilebebi ar moxdeboda.
bevr amerikels ver gaeTavisebina unarSezRudul pirTa gasaWiri; amde-
nad, savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo, qmediT RonisZiebaTa momxreebs ver ga-
erTmiaT Tavi am saqmisaTvis da ver moexerxebinaT am sakiTxisadmi sazo-
gadoebisa da kanonmdebelTa yuradRebis mipyroba.
demokratiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani principia gamWvirvaloba,

rac imas gulisxmobs, rom moqalaqeebs xeli unda miuwvdebodeT gadaw-
yvetilebebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiuli informaciis mopovebaze, anu
imaze, Tu vin da ratom iRebs gadawyvetilebebs samTavrobo wreebSi.
araerT demokratiul saxelmwifoSi zogierTi gadawyvetileba mxolod
mas Semdeg miiReba, rac sazogadoeba SemoTavazebuli kanonebis Sesa-
xeb imsjelebs. amis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sazogadoebriv Tav-
yrilobebze daswrebisa Tu mTavrobis warmomadgenlebTan urTierTo-
bis damyarebis saSualebiT. xelisuflebisaTvis saqmis arsis gacnobis,
msgavs saSualebas unarSezRudul pirTa araerTi qomagi iyenebda, zogi
maTgani ki kongresis winaSec gamodioda. qaren demfsis msgavs gul-
Sematkivrebs mTavrobis qmedebaTa gamWvirvalobisa da sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis progresisaTvis Tvalyuris devneba xelewifebaT. TiToeu-
li am principis dacva sazogadoebis majiscemis guldasmiT mosmenis Se-
saZleblobas iZleva.
ambavi VI
erT mmarTvels prezidentis Tanamdeboba ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlo-

baSi ekava. Tavidan igi qveyanas Rirseulad emsaxureboda da qveynis
infrastruqturis gaumjobesebisa Tu ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis
Zal-Rones ar iSurebda. Tumca, xani rom gamoxda, TandaTanobiT, Sinau-
rebis ojaxis wevrebis Tu axloblebis sul ufro da ufro meti Zala-
uflebiT aRWurva iwyo. mis da masTan daaxloebuli pirebis xelSi qvey-
nis dovlaTis umetesi wili moeqca. didi biznesidan Semosuli mogebis
50% maT gankargulebaSi gadadioda maSin, rodesac qveynis mosaxleobis
didi umravlesoba siRatakeSi cxovrobda da ekonomikuri pirobebis
aranair gaumjobesebas ar eloda. prezidenti zedamxedvelobda saxel-
mwifo mediasac da mTavrobis kritikisaTvis mkacr sanqciebs awesebda.
ase rom, arCevnebi ki tardeboda, magram mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg, rea-
lurad, verc erTi namdvili opoziciuri kandidati verafers xdeboda.
19
qveynis 80-milioniani mosaxleobis 50 milioni ocdaaT wlamde axal-

gazrdebi iyvnen, romlebic samomavlod saimedos arafers elodnen da
verc adamianis uflebebis dacvis SesaZleblobas xedavdnen. maT, vinc
xmas aimaRlebda mTavrobis winaaRmdeg, atusaRebdnen an, ubralod, aq-
robdnen. kidev erTxel unda hkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, ras izamdiT, amgvar
viTarebaSi rom aRmoCeniliyaviT?
es egvipteSi xdeboda da aqaurma axalgazrdobam, Tavisi momavli-

sa da adamianis uflebebis dasacavad brZolis wamowyeba gadawyvita.
prezident hosni mubaraqis mmarTvelobis dros demokratiis araerTi
principi damaxinjda da gaukuRmarTda; maT Sorisaa perioduli, Tavi-
sufali da samarTliani arCevnebi, mravalpartiuli sistema da ekono-
mikuri Tavisufleba. periodul arCevnebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs imis
uzrunvelsayofad, rom politikurma liderebma angariSvaldebulad
igrZnon Tavi im xalxis winaSe, romelsac unda emsaxuron. Tavisufali
da samarTliani arCevnebis kidev erTi komponenti is gaxlavT, rom gar-
kveul sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebma yvela calkeulma pirma Tavisuflad
unda dauWiros mxari sazogadoebriv dawesebulebebs, ris wyalobiTac
SeZlebs mdidarTa Tu mmarTveli klasis zRvargadasulobas zRvari
daudos. demokratiuli idealebis gamosaxatavad, garda arCevnebisa,
mravalpartiuli sistemisaTvis esoden damaxasiaTebeli sapirispi-
ro Sexedulebebis warmoCenac aucilebelia. arCevnebi, romlis wylo-
biTac mravalgzis gaprezidentebuli hosni mubaraqi 30 wlis manZilze
marTavda egviptes, naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, rom marto moCvenebi-
Ti arCevnebis Catareba sulac ar niSnavs am principebis suliskveTebis
danergvas. mubaraqis mier dawesebuli kontroli presaze saSualebas
ar aZlevda opoziciur kandidatebs, xmamaRla gaekritikebinaT xeli-
sufleba da raime clilebebi ganexorcielebinaT. sxva kanonebic, ise-
ve, rogorc korufcia saxelisuflebo wreebSi, azris gamoxatvis Ta-
visuflebas zRudavda, Ria da `samarTliani~ arCevnebis Catarebas Se-
uZlebels xdida. aqedan gamomdinare, ar arsebobda mravalpartiuli
sistemis Camoyalibebis pirobebi. mxolod mravalpartiuli sistemis
pirobebSi SeuZlia xalxs moisminos gansxvavebuli azri da airCios sa-
surveli kandidati.
egviptis moqalaqeebi moklebulni iyvnen namdvil ekonomikur Tavi-

suflebasac. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis principi albaT yvelaze ufro
winaaRmdegobrivia, radgan igi imas gulisxmobs, rom demokratiis gan-
viTarebisTvis aucilebelia Taviseburi ekonomikuri sistema. Cveuleb-
riv, demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi, miaCniaT, rom xelisuflebam kerZo
sakuTreba garkveuli formiT unda dauSvas, rac sakuTrebis flobisa
20 Sesavali
da biznesis warmoebis uflebas gulisxmobs da imasac, rom adamians Ta-

visi saqmianobis damoukideblad arCeva unda SeeZlos. Tumca zRvari,
romelsac ama Tu im demokratiuli saxelmwifos xelisufleba ekono-
mikis regulirebis mizniT awesebs, sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. aqedan
gamomdinare, dasavleT evropis araerTi saxelmwifo xelisuflebas
saSualebas aZlevs, meti qmediTunarianoba gamoiCinos momsaxurebis
Tu saqonelwarmoebis mflobelobisa da gankargva-regulirebis saq-
meSi. magaliTisaTvis, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa SvedeTi, jandacvisa
da satransporto sistemis marTvis sadaveebi saxelmwifos xelSia, Se-
erTebuli Statebis msgavsi saxelmwifoebi ki ufro kerZo sakuTrebi-
saken ixrebian da ekonomikur saqmianobas Tavisufali bazris karnaxiT
warmarTaven. demokratiul qveynebSi xalxis neba-survilzea damokide-
buli im ekonomikuri modelis gansazRvra, romelic qveyanaSi arsebul
pirobebsa da saWiroebebs ukeT Seesatyviseba. da mainc, umravlesoba
albaT dagveTanxmeba, rom egvipteSi gabatonebuli sistema, romelic
xelisuflebas fufunebis uflebas aniWebda, moqalaqeebs ki metwilad
siRatakisaTvis wiravda, Zalze arademokratiuli gaxldaT, xolo xeli-
suflebis mier ekonomikis regulirebis rols mTlianad amaxinjebda.
bolos da bolos egviptis moqalaqeebi gamovidnen da mubaraqis gadad-
goma moiTxoves. demokratiis bolo principi aseve arCevnebis sakiTxs
Seexeba, oRond demokratiul sazogadoebaSi xalxmac da politikoseb-
mac demokratiulad Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegebi yovelgvari vneba-
TaRelvis gareSe unda cnon.
bolo epizodi, am sakiTxs naTels rom hfens, saTaves dasavleT afrika-

Si mdebare qveynidan spilos Zvlis sanapirodan (axlandeli kot-d'ivua-
ri) iRebs. rodesac 2010 wlis noemberSi yofili prezidenti loran gbag-
bo (Laurent Gbagbo) alasane ouatarasTan (Alassane Ouattara) saprezidento
arCevnebSi damarcxda, man da misma mxardamWerebma Sedegebi ar aRiares
da gbagbom prezidentis Tanamdebobis datovebaze uari ganacxada. daiw-
yo didi vnebaTaRelva, ramac TveobiT gastana da aTasobiT adamianis da-
Saveba, sikvdili, ekonomikis CamoSla Tu socialuri areuloba gamoiwvia.
mRelvareba SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier yofili prezidentis gbagbos
damxobiT dasrulda. mTeli am ubedurebis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli
iqneboda, Tu ki demokratiis es bolo principi ar Seilaxeboda.
zemoT motanil epizodebSi aRwerilia is pirobebi da principebi, de-

mokratiasTan rom asocirdeba. msoflioSi drodadro ganviTarebuli
ambebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia imis gaazreba, Tu raoden didi
mniSvneloba aqvs mmarTvelobis stils demokratiis ganviTarebisa Tu
SezRudvis saqmeSi. `demokratiul principebSi~ dasaxul yvela ideals
21
samaradisod arc erTi saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs. kacobrioba axlac swav-

lobs; Tumca qveyanaSi demokratiis xarisxi Tavad am qveynis moqalaqe-
ebze didad aris damokidebuli.
am Tavis momdevno monakveTSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia imaze, Tu

ra unda icodnen moqalaqeebma, rogor unda imoqmedon efeqturad, ra
gziT miiRon monawileoba demokratiuli idealebis ganxorcielebis
procesSi da ragvarad Seitanon TavianTi wvlili sazogadoebis gajan-
saRebaSi.
1787 wels amerikis pirveli cameti Statis delegatebi erTmaneTs

Sexvdnen. maTi mizani TavianTi axlad Camoyalibebuli xelisuflebis
reformireba iyo. am sxdomaze daiwera amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia. es swored is dokumentia, romelic dRemde SeerTebu-
li Statebis yvelanairi saxis mmarTvelobis safuZvelTa safuZvlad
gvevlineba. da mainc, SeerTebul StatebSi erT ambavs xSirad ixseneben:
sxdomis dasrulebisas damfuZnebel mamaTagan benjamin franklini-
saTvis ukiTxavT, Tu rogori mmarTvelobis formaze SeTanxmdnen sxdo-
mis delegatebi. `respublikur mmarTvelobaze, Tuki SeinarCunebTo~6,
upasuxia franklins. modiT axla imas CavuRrmavdeT, Tu ra moeTxove-
baT moqalaqeebs saqarTveloSi jansaRi da mzardi demokratiis `Sesa-
narCuneblad~.
demokratiuli moqalaqeoba
`privilegirebuli moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi, CagrulTa interesebis
dasacavad da gasaviTareblad ar arian ganwyobili... nawilobriv es imis ga-
mo xdeba, rom maTi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba garkveulwilad sxvaTa
mudmiv Cagvrazea damokidebuli~.7
bolo TavSi aRwerili demokratiis principebi mtkicea mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveuli Zalebi aqtiurad iRvwian am principebis Se-
sanarCuneblad. ratom xdeba ase? wina TavSi mocemuli sxvadasxva sce-
narebi da zemoT mocemuli citata naTlad asaxavs, rom adamiani pirvel
rigSi sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebaze fiqrobs, maSinac ki, ro-
6
1787 wels franklinis gancxadeba Caiwera konstituciis erT-erTma xelmomwerma
jeims makhenrim.
7
iris marion iangi (Iris Marion Young), `mmarTvelobis formebi da jgufuri gansxvave-
bebi: universaluri moqalaqeobis idealis kritika~, in beineri (In Beiner, R.) (redaq-
tori) moqalaqeobis Teoretizireba, olbani, niu-iurki: niu-iorkis saxelmwifo
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995, gv. 189.
22 Sesavali
desac es sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis xarjze xdeba. Tu xelisufalni Se-

uzRudav Zalauflebas floben, maTi korumpirebuloba gardauvalia.
mecxramete saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawe ingliseli istorikosis
da politikosis lord eqtonis (John Dalberg-Acton) xSirad citirebadi
fraza `yvelanairi Zalaufleba midrekilia korufciisken, xolo abso-
luturi Zalaufleba absoluturad korumpirebulia~, iseve aqtualu-
ria dRes, rogorc saukuneebis win. imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT Tu ram-
denad sazianoa ukontrolo Zalaufleba, sakmarisia samxreT afrikis
aparteidis, imperator cin Sixuangisa da egviptis prezidentis muba-
raqis magaliTebis gaxseneba. maS ra meTodebiT SeuZlia sazogadoebas
mTavrobis arsebobas, realur saWiroebebs, sakuTari interesebis gan-
xorcielebis SesaZleblobebs, antikorufciul qmedebebsa da moce-
muli Sesavlis pirvel TavSi aRweril demokratiul principebs Soris
wonasworoba SeinarCunos? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi xelisuflebis struq-
turis tipSi da mis mier SesaZlo darRvevebis monitoringSia. mocemul
TavSi aRwerilia am procesSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis monawileobis
aucilebloba.
demokratiis respublikur formaciaSi xalxis interesebi yvelaze

ukeT maSin warmoCndeba, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sajaro mo-
xeleTa arCevnebsa da maTi saqmianobis monitoringSi, zogadad sajaro
politikis formireba aqtiurad monawileobs. rogorc ki sazogado-
eba am procesebs CamoSordeba, sistemis gamWvirvalobisa da balansis
amosavali werili qreba da sajaro moxeleebi amomrCevelTa mxridan da-
wesebul SezRudvebs angariSs aRar uweven. aman, Tavis mxriv politiko-
sebis da saxelisuflebo biurokratiis mxridan SesaZloa sazogado in-
teresebis kerZoze Sewirva gamoiwvios da sazogadoebis garkveuli na-
wilis uflebebis darRvevamdec migviyvanos. rogorc winamdebare Tavis
dasawyisSi SevniSneT Zalauflebis mqone pirTa interesebSi SesaZloa
masis interesebis dacva arc Sediodes, amitomac TviTadvokatireba Ta-
vadve unda SeZlos.
am rolis Sesasruleblad moqalaqeebs garkveuli codna, unarebi

da midgoma sWirdebaT. informacia demokratiis principebis Sesaxeb
garkveulwilad SesavalSive iyo mocemuli, Tumca bevrad metis cod-
naa saWiro xelisuflebis rolis, saqarTveloSi moqmedi mmarTvelobis
sistemis, saqarTvelos konstituciis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mona-
wileobis sxvadasxva meTodebis, xelisuflebisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxebac. am naSromSi yuradReba swored
zemoxsenebul sakiTxebs daeTmoba. pirvel karSi `saxelmwifo marTvis
sistema~ aRwerili filosofiuri TvalTaxedva demokratiuli sazo-
23
gadoebebis ganviTarebaze da mokle istoria, mmarTvelobis sxvadas-

xvagvari sistemebis mimoxilvasTan erTad. am ZiriTadi informaciis
Semdeg ganixileba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis istoria da demokratiis
ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, raTa warmodgena Seiqmnas saqarTvelos wi-
naSe arsebuli ganviTarebis unikaluri gamowvevebisa da realobis Se-
saxeb, globaluri gamocdilebis fonze. imisaTvis, rom moqalaqem xe-
lisufals angariSvaldebuleba Seaxsenos, is xelisuflebis TiToeu-
li Stos uflebamosilebaSi da mis SigniT arsebul rolebsa da moqmed
struqturebSi kargad unda erkveodes. mTavrobis struqturis praq-
tikuli codna saWiroa sajaro politikis SemuSavebis procesSi samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebis efeqturi monawileobis uzrunvelyofisTvisac.
SeZleben ki moqalaqeebi gavlena moaxdinon politikis Camoyalibebaze,
an eqnebaT maT motivacia am mimarTulebiT moqmedebisa, Tu ar ecodi-
nebaT mTavrobis romel struqturebs, departamentebs unda mimarTon
konkretul SemTxvevebSi? swored amis gamo, pirvel karSi aRwerilia sa-
qarTvelos mTavrobis da saqarTvelos konstituciis ZiriTadi kompo-
nentebi, romelTa codna sasargebloa demokratiis ganviTarebaSi Tqve-
ni wvlilis gazrdisaTvis.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, respublikuri wyobis demokratiis mqone qvey-

nis mTavrobas xalxis winaSe specifikuri valdebulebebi gaaCnia, ro-
goricaa: usafrTxoeba, daculoba da adamianis uflebaTa dacva. ra ro-
li SeiZleba iTamaSon Cveulebrivma moqalaqeebma mTavrobis mxridan
mocemuli funqciebis Sesrulebisas? meore, mesame da meoTxe karebSi
mocemulia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli umniSvnelovanesi informacia.
meore karSi, saTauriT àdamianis uflebebi~ Tqven SeityobT, Tu ra uf-
lebebi aqvs yovel adamians, da aseve am uflebebis warmoSobis, dacvis,
ganviTarebis procesis Sesaxeb. TiToeulma maTganma unda icodes saku-
Tari uflebebi da sxvaTa uflebebi imisaTvis, rom maTi pativiscema da
dacva SeZlos. am karSi ganxiluli iqneba iseTi mniSvnelovani Temebi,
rogoricaa: saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba da struqturebi, romelTac
adamianis uflebebis darRvevisas unda mivmarToT. mesame karis saTau-
ria `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~. demokratiuli sazogadoebis wevrebs
ufleba aqvT miznebis dasadgenad saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sajaro po-
litikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da xelisuflebis mxridan angariS-
valdebulebis mosaTxovad organizebulad iTanamSromlon. yovelive
es sazogadoebaSi `samoqalaqo sazogadoebad~ cnobili seqtoris meS-
veobiT xorcieldeba. xelisuflebis angariSvaldebulebis moTxovnasa
da cvlilebaTa advokatirebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba sakmaod Zli-
er instruments warmoadgens. am karSi Tqven gaecnobiT samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis istorias, da mis, rogorc mTavrobis sapirwone Zalis mniS-
24 Sesavali
vnelobas. aseve miiRebT informacias dRevandel saqarTveloSi samoqa-

laqo sazogadoebis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb. yvela karSi miiRebT informa-
cias adamianis uflebebis da maTi dacvis saSualebebis Sesaxeb.
meoTxe karSi saTauriT `demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba~,

Tqven demokratiul sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo monawileobasTan dakav-
Sirebul uflebebs da pasuxismgeblobebs gaecnobiT. ganxiluli iqneba
ukanasknel xanebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare mravali reforma. yurad-
Reba gamaxvildeba reformaTa gavlenasa da am procesebSi moqalaqeTa
rolze. visaubrebT sazogadoebis gasaumjobeseblad saWiro RonisZi-
ebebsa da demokratiis idealebis ganviTarebaSi saxelmwifo mmarTve-
lobasTan Tanamonawileobaze, aseve, im qmedebebze, romelTa ganxor-
cielebac moqalaqeebs xelisuflebisgan damoukideblad an masTan Ta-
namSromlobiT SeuZliaT. am TavSi ganxiluli magaliTebi dagexmarebaT
ukeTesad gaigoT, Tu rogor SegiZliaT ufro metad iaqtiuroT sazoga-
doebaSi da socialuri mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad sakiTxebTan dakav-
SirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gavlena iqonioT.
aRniSnul oTx karSi warmodgenili informacia mniSvnelovania imi-

saTvis, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi demokratiis sistema, saxelmwifo pa-
suxismgebloba, da moqalaqeTa roli demokratiuli procesebis dacvi-
sa da advokatirebis saqmeSi ukeTesad vicodeT. Tumca, mxolod codnis
miReba sakmarisi ar aris. demokratiis sakiTxebze momuSave mecnierebi
Tvlian: imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam namdvilad Seqmnas da SeinarCunos
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma moqalaqeebs garkveuli unarebi
esaWiroebaT, Sesabamisad, upiratesoba `demokratiis kulturas~ unda
mieniWos. warmatebuli demokratia mxolod informirebuli da aqtiuri
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis CarTulobas iTxovs. amerikeli politolo-
gis robert dalis (Robert Dahl) azriT efeqturi demokratiis aucile-
beli piroba moqalaqeebis `saganmanaTleblo codniT~8 aRWurvaa. dali
gvixsnis, rom saganmanaTleblo codnis misaRebad moqalaqeebs unda
SeeZloT informaciis mopoveba da unda hqondeT sakuTari azris gamo-
xatvis da alternatiuli poziciebis mosmenis unari saboloo gadaw-
yvetilebebis miRebamde. Tumca informaciul epoqaSi, romelSic Cven
vcxovrobT, informaciaze mxolod swrafi xelmisawvdomoba ar kmara.
adamianebs informaciis obieqturobis Sefasebis da SesaZlo damaxin-
jebis prognozirebis unaric unda gaaCndeT, raTa obieqturi daskvne-
bis gamotana SeZlon. aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac Cven demokratiul
sazogadoebaSi moqalaqeTaTvis saWiro unarebze vsaubrobT, vgulis-
8
robert a. dali, `demokratiis Sesaxeb~, niu heiveni, ielis universitetis gamom-
cemloba, 1998, gv. 37.
25
xmobT maT SesaZleblobas, moiZion informacia sxvadasxva wyaroebidan,

awarmoon informaciis kritikuli analizi, ganixilon sakiTxebi sxveb-
Tan komunikaciaSi, mousminon sxvadasxva azrs da miiRon kompromisuli
gadawyvetileba (cxrili 1.1.).
iseT demokratiul qveynebSi, sadac moqalaqeebs zemoT naxsenebi una-

rebi ar gaaCniaT, gadawyvetilebebs im garemoSi Rebuloben, romelic
asaxavs umravlesobis azrs, magram SesaZloa sazogadoebisTvis mavne-
beli iyos. magaliTad, warmoidgineT: erT TemSi mcxovrebi ramdenime
fermeri amCnevs, rom maTi naTesebi swrafad avaddeba. mecnierTa jgufi
amtkicebs, rom daavadebis gamomwvevia haeriT gavrcelebadi soko. uf-
ro metic, mecnierebi acxadeben, rom soko pesticidebze ar reagirebs,
amitom sokovani daavadebis salikvidaciod garSemo perimetrze mdeba-
re mTeli naTesebi unda ganadgurdes. miRebuli rekomendaciebidan da
sokos sagangaSo siswrafiT gavrcelebis gamo adgilobrivi mcxovreb-
lebi sTxoven xelisuflebas, swrafad imoqmedos da daavadebuli naTe-
sebi dauyovnebliv gaanadguros. Tumca, ra iqneboda Tuki sakiTxis me-
tad Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCndeboda, rom `mecnierTa~ am jgufis meTo-
debi da maT mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi tradiciuli mecnierebis CarCo-
Si ver jdeba? iqneb arsebobs sxva, safuZvliani samecniero informacia,
romelic zemoT aRweril daskvnebs ewinaaRmdegeba da ambobs, rom soko
haeriT ar vrceldeba, aramed is gadaaqvs mxolod erTgvar mwers, rom-
lis ganadgurebac advilad SeiZleba pesticidiT. moqalaqeebi, romel-
Tac aqvT sxvadasxva wyaroebidan informaciis moZiebis, misi kritikuli
gaanalizebis da sxvebTan TanamSromlobis unari, unda moemzadon raci-
onaluri, informaciaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. ase-
Ti moqalaqeebi TemisTvis sasikeTo qmedebebs ganaxorcieleben.
26 Sesavali
crili 1.1. demokratiuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

monawileobisaTvis aucilebeli unarebi9
1. kritikulad azrovnebis unari
informirebulobasa da pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebe-

2.
bis miRebis unari
3. informaciis analizis unari
4. informaciis Sefasebis unari
5. sakiTxebis ganxilvis da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebis unari
mikerZoebis, Tvalsazrisis da konteqstis amocnobis, informaciis wyaros

6.
sandoobis Sefasebis unari
7. mimdinare sakiTxebis Seswavlis da moxsenebiT wardgomis unari
8. informaciaze dafuZnebuli SekiTxvebis formulirebis unari
9. informaciis mosaZieblad efeqturi strategiebis gamoyenebis unari
informaciis werilobiTi, grafikuli da verbaluri formiT Sejamebis

10.
unari
11. sxvebTan TanamSromlobiT miznis miRwevis unari
12. liderisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebi
13. problemis gadawyvetis unari
14. efeqturi da racionaluri argumentis moyvanis unari
cxrilSi 1.1 CamoTvlili sxva unarebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli prob-

lemebis mosagvareblad moqalaqeTa saerTo miznebis miRwevisTvis Ta-
namSromlobis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
demokratiis pirobebSi pirovnebebs sxvebTan erTad gaerTianebebis
Camoyalibebis SesaZlebloba unda gaaCndeT. aseTi gaerTianebebi moqa-
9
cxrilSi 1.1-Si CamoTvlili unarebi efuZneba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis a.S.S.-Si
aprobirebul saxelmZRvaneloebsa da Sefasebis meTodebs: `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
erovnuli standartebi~; `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis progresis erovnuli Sefaseba~
(NAEP); `socialuri mecnierebis erovnuli sabWos standartebi samoqalaqo gana-
Tlebis sakiTxebSi~.
27
laqeebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, saerTo miznebis misaRwevad jgufuri

resursebi gamoiyenon. Tumca, sxva moqalaqeebTan, organizaciebTan da
xelisuflebasTan warmatebuli interaqciisTvis damatebiTi unarebic
saWiroa, gansakuTrebiT komunikaciis mxriv. demokratiul moqalaqe-
obasTan asocirebuli unarebis mniSvnelobis gamo, mocemul naSromSi
warmodgenili saswavlo kursi iTxovs Tqvens aqtiur monawileobas. au-
ditoriaSi saqmianobiT, davalebebis SesrulebiT da proeqtebze muSao-
biT Tqven bevri mniSvnelovani unaris ganviTareba SegeZlebaT. es pro-
cesi naSromis kiTxvisTanave iwyeba. magaliTad, rodesac saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb pirvel TavSi mocemul in-
formacias gaecnobiT, yoveli sistemis dadebiTsa da uaryofiTzec da-
fiqrdiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesaxeb sakiTxavSi daukvirdiT,
demokratiis romel principebs amoicnobT da aris Tu ara iseTi elemen-
tebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, gaZlierebas moiTxovs. yovel TavSi war-
modgenili informaciis kritikulad aRqmis gziT igrZnobT, rom Tqven
demokratiuli sazogadoebis partniori xarT da ganiviTarebT iseT go-
nebriv unarebs, romlebic demokratiul moqalaqeobasTan asocirdeba.
gaxsovdeT, rom demokratiuli qveynis Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis pasu-
xismgeblobaa, xelisuflebas angariSvaldebulebas sTxovdes da sazo-
gadoebis keTildReobis gaumjobesebis procesSi aqtiurad monawile-
obdes. meoTxe karSi ixilavT magaliTebs, Tu rogor axorcieleben am
yvelafers saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebi. Tanmxlebi sas-
wavlo kursis farglebSi miRebuli davalebebis SesrulebiT Tqven ase-
ve SeiZenT aqtiuri samoqalaqo CarTulobis gamocdilebas.
mTavari, rac unda gaviazroT, aris is, rom demokratiis ganviTarebi-

saTvis mxolod mmarTvelobis demokratiuli sistemis formireba ar aris
sakmarisi. rogorc egvipteSi prezident mubaraqis àrCevnebi~ garCevis
dros ganvixileT, demokratia bevrad mets niSnavs, vidre adamianebisaTvis
mxolod xmis micemis uflebis qonaa (iseve, rogorc demokratiuli moqa-
laqeoba bevrad metia, vidre ubralod arCevnebSi xmis micema). meoce sau-
kuneSi moRvawe mecnierebi ambobdnen, rom socialuri, ekonomikuri, an po-
litikuri krizisis dros demokratiuli institutebis CamoSlis safrTxe
ufro realuri im qveynebSia, sadac `demokratiis kultura~ Zlierad ar
aris ganviTarebuli. demokratiul qveynebs meti Sansi aqvT, gadaurCnen
kriziss, Tuki daculi iqneba iseTi demokratiuli idealebi rogoricaa:
kanonis uzenaesoba;
adamianis uflebaTa dacva;
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs So-
ris Tanasworoba;
uzrunvelyofilia xelisuflebis gamWvirvaloba.
28 Sesavali
cxrilSi 1.2 aRwerilia jansaR demokratiasTan asocirebuli ganwyo-

bebi. mocemuli CamonaTvalis gacnobisas, da rac ukve iswavleT imaze
dayrdnobiT dausviT Tqvens Tavs kiTxva: marTlac mniSnelovania Tu
ara TiToeuli ganwyoba-damokidebuleba demokratiis SenarCunebisaT-
vis? Semdeg dafiqrdiT, imaze: romeli ganwyoba gaxasiaTebT Tqven amJa-
mad? am Sexedulebebidan zogierTi SesaZloa advilad aiTvisoT, magram
zogierTic gamocdilebis da axali codnis SeZenis Sedegad gangiviTar-
debaT. mocemuli kursis mizania dagexmaroT demokratiuli idealebis,
rogorc saqarTveloSi jansaRi demokratiisaTvis mniSvnelovani faq-
torebis, gamokvlevis da gaTavisebis procesSi.
cxrili 1.2. demokratiul moqalaqeobasTan

asocirebuli ganwyobebi10
1. pirovnebis, rogorc moqalaqis mier pirovnuli, politikuri da ekonomi-

kuri pasuxismgeblobis aRebis saWiroebis aRiareba
2. individualuri Rirebulebebis da adamianis Rirsebis pativiscema
3. xelisuflebisadmi pativiscema da ndoba; kanonis uzenaesobis pativiscema
4. gansxvavebuli azris da cxovrebis wesisadmi tolerantuloba
5. sakuTar sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis moxdenaze zegavlenis SesaZleblo-

bis mniSnvelobis SegrZneba
6. demokratiuli qveynis jansaRi funqcionirebis sakiTxSi samoqalaqo pasu-

xismgeblobis SegrZneba da samoqalaqo aqtivobebSi informirebuli, gaaz-
rebuli da efeqturi monawileoba
10
cxrilSi 1.2 CamoTvlili ganwyobebi efuZneba samoqalaqo ganaTlebis a.S.S.-Si
aprobirebul saxelmZRvaneloebsa da Sefasebis meTodebs: `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis
erovnuli standartebi~; `samoqalaqo ganaTlebis progresis erovnuli Sefaseba~
(NAEP); `socialuri mecnierebis erovnuli sabWos standartebi samoqalaqo gana-
Tlebis sakiTxebSi~.
29
daskvna
TiTqmis aTi wlis win saqarTvelos moqalaqeebma, samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebam da politikuri wreebis warmomadgenlebma miiRes Segnebuli ga-
dawyvetileba daecvaT maTi yvelaze fundamenturi demokratiuli uf-
lebebi da qveynis demokratiuli ganviTarebis traeqtoria SeecvalaT.
axla ki, Tqveni Taobis amocanaa, miiRos es gamowveva da ganaviTaros de-
mokratiuli sazogadoeba, ise, rom is kidev ufro ayvavdes. mocemuli
naSromis mizania mogceT is codna, romelic saqarTvelos sazogadoeba-
Si demokratiuli moqalaqis statusiT efeqturad monawileobisaTvis
dagWirdebaT. Tumca, es ar aris pasiuri qmedeba. mogiwevT mTeli Tqveni
gonebiT da guliT CaerToT procesSi da gaiazroT, Tu ramdenad mniS-
vnelovan rols asrulebT saqarTvelos demokratiis xarisxis gaumjo-
besebasa da SenarCunebaSi.
kari pirveli
saxelmwifo
marTvis sistema
am karSi mocemulia zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba da Sexeduleba

sazogadoebisa da adamianis Sesaxeb, warmodgenilia socialuri
daniSnulebis gaazrebisaTvis saWiro mimarTulebebi, SevexebiT
mosazrebebs bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, mis problemebs da
maTi gadawyvetis lokiseul gzas sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
ganxilvis fonze. es dagexmarebaT gaizroT, ra gavlena moaxdina
am Sexedulebebma Tanamedrove saxelmwifos organizebaSi,
ra mTavari Rirebulebebia xelisuflebis da pirovnebis ur-
TierTobaSi, rogor da ris safuZvelze unda xdebodes am ur-
TierTobebis regulireba?
karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakvanZo

sakiTxebze rogoricaa:
adamiani da sazogadoeba;
bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali;
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba;
xelisufleba da misi saWiroeba;
samarTali, zneoba, morali, adaTi;
Rirebulebebi Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, wesrigi.
saxelmwifo marTvis sistema 31
nawili pirveli
adamiani da sazogadoeba
pirveli karis pirveli nawili adamians saxelmwifoebrivi da politi-

kuri rakursiT warmoaCens. ganvixilavT Tavisuflebisa da pasuxis-
mgeblobis sistemas, romelmac adamiani moqalaqed aqcia. Tvals gava-
devnebT azrovnebis ganviTarebis im mimarTulebas, romelmac moqalaqe
saxelmwifos mSeneblis rangSi aiyvana. gaviazrebT, Tu ra dakarga da
ra SeiZina adamianma moqalaqeobiT. vimsjelebT xelisuflebis val-
debulebebsa da misiaze, romelic mas Tavad sazogadoebam daakisra.
gavaanalizebT xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobas, rogorc Tavisuf-
lebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis dambalanseblisas. nawilis dasas-
ruls SeZlebT upasuxoT Semdegi saxis kiTxvebs:
rogoria adamiani, rogorc socialuri arseba?

ra miznebi da interesebi amoZravebs adamians?
rogoria Tanamedrove sazogadoeba da ra Rirebulebebi aqvs mas?
ra moxdeba, Tu adamiani sazogadoebisgan mowonebul Rirebulebebs
ganudgeba?
vis da rogor ekisreba pasuxismgebloba adamianebis usafrTxo da
mSvidobian Tanaarsebobaze saxelmwifoSi?
rogoria adamianis / moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebebi?
ra aris samarTali?
ra normebi aregulirebs sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs?
SeiZleba Tu ara arsebobdes saxelmwifo, xelisuflebisa da kanonebis
gareSe?
ras niSnavs `bunebiTi mdgomareoba~?
nacvalgebisa da wonasworobis rogori sistemaa `sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba~?
32 kari pirveli
Tavi 1.1
adamiani da sazogadoeba
`rogorc ki adamianebi sazogadoebaSi moeqcevian, isini kargaven Ta-

vianTi sisustis grZnobas~.1 es sityvebi samarTlis did filosofoss
Sarl lui monteskies ekuTvnis. is, samarTlis filosofiis sxva mkvle-
varni Tu maTi Semdgomi interpretatorebi karga xani cdilobdnen ada-
miani warmoeCinaT, rogorc sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos mTavari su-
bieqti da Rirebuleba. monteskies zemoT motanili citata mianiSnebs
adamianur bunebaze, razedac dafuZnebulia adamianebis sazogadoebad
da saxelmwifod cxovrebis filosofia.
adamiani sazogadoebis ganZia. misi samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis sa-

fuZvlebi da maTi ganxorcieleba qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi konstitu-
ciaSia garantirebuli. adamianisa da moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statu-
sis konstituciaSi gansazRvra, anu uflebebisa da movaleobebis gamoc-
xadeba misi, rogorc biosocialuri arsebis, saerTo sazogadoebrivi
statusis nawilia. sazogadoebaSi adamianis mdgomareoba samarTlebri-
vis garda, sxva mravali socialuri normiTac ganisazRvreba.
adamiani fsiqofiziologiuri arsebacaa, pirovnebac da moqalaqec,

ris gamoc igi sazogadoebriv urTierTobebsa Tu politikur cxovreba-
Si monawileobs da Sesabamisi uflebebi, Tavisuflebebi da movaleobebi
gaaCnia.
adamianebi, sakuTari miznebisa da interesebis realizaciisTvis in-

dividualuri nebis gaerTianebis aucileblobas grZnoben, ris misaRwe-
vadac TanamSromloba gardauvalia.
adamianis miznebi, interesebi da amocanebi misi cnobieri mimarTe-

bebia garesamyaros faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi, Sesabamisad, adamians
sWirdeba ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed socialuri kvlavwarmoeba
(reproduqcia). amitom sociumi da adamianTa sazogadoeba aris ìndivi-
dualur ZalTa SeerTeba TanaarsebobisaTvis sabrZolvelad da saerTo
moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad~.2
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ukiduresad rTuli socialuri movlenaa,

rogorc struqturuli, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT. dRevandeli
urbanizebuli sazogadoeba sruliad gansxvavebuli fenebisa Tu dain-
1
monteskie, S.-l., kanonTa goni, Tbilisi, 1994, gv. 34.
2
wereTeli, m., eri da kacobrioba, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 39.
teresebuli jgufebisagan Sedgeba, romlebsac Tavadac gansxvavebuli

miznebi da amocanebi gaaCniaT. logikuria, rom iq, sadac gansxvavebuli
miznebi da amocanebia, adamianebma maTi gadaWris gansxvavebuli xerxebi
da meqanizmebi eZion.
es garemoeba naTlad miuTiTebs, rom sazogadoeba adamianTa meqa-

nikuri erTobis jami ar aris. sazogadoebis, rogorc socialuri mov-
lenis da misi mdgradobis mTavari maxasiaTebelia saerTo interesebis
mqone adamianebis erToba. am erTobaSi individualobis mqone adamiane-
bi erTmaneTTan kavSirs zneobriv kategoriad qceuli sazogadoebrivi
SegnebiT amyareben. mixako wereTelma Tavis naSromSi èri da kacobri-
oba~ es ase gamoxata: `... Tavis Tavisadmi yofaqceva maSin xdeba saerTo,
zneobriv movlenad ... roca individs aqvs garkveuli Segneba Tavisi in-
dividualobisa, Tavisi gansxvavebisa da msgavsebisa sxva individebTan,
Tavisi movaleobisa Tavis axlo megobrebisa da naTesavebisa, an dawese-
bulebis winaSe, vinaidan mas mxolod am SedarebiTi analiziT SeuZlia
naTlad warmoidginos Tavisi valdebulebamosili zneobrivi `me~ da
daayenos igi gansazRvrul damokidebulebaSi sxva `me~-ebTan. es ki gu-
lisxmobs mowesrigebul cxovrebas, sazogadoebas, romelSic adamiane-
bi gansazRvrul wesebs emorCilebian. erTi umniSvnelovanesi nawili am
wesTa ki aris TviT saerTo zneobrivi wesi, romelic awesrigebs uzenae-
sad adamianTa saerTo cxovrebas~.3
sabolood sazogadoeba SesaZlebelia ase ganvmartoT: igi àris or-

ganizmi, anu superorganizmi, Semdgari miznis dasaxvis niWis mqone ada-
mianebisagan, romelTa garegnulad mowesrigebuli saerTo moqmedeba
akmayofilebs am organizmis yvela moTxovnilebas im specialur orga-
noTa saSualebiT, romelnic aqvs yovel superorganizms gansazRvrul
funqciaTa aRsasruleblad~.4
adamianTa sazogadoebriv erTobas maTi interesebisa da amocanebis

Sesasruleblad ganamtkiceben saerTo Rirebulebebi. maTi wyalobiT
adamianebi urTierToben da inarCuneben erTobas. Rirebuleba Sefase-
biTi damokidebulebaa, raime azri kargis, cudis, sasurvelis, arasa-
survelis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebaSi Rirebulebebis mTeli sistema moqme-
debs da faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi qmnis erTgvar gabatonebul Sexe-
dulebebs. es ukanaskneli da, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebebic yvela adami-
anisaTvis erTnairad misaRebi ar aris. adamiani, rogorc aseTi, Rrmad
individualisti da egoisti arsebaa da sazogadoebas yovelTvis hyavs
wevrebi, romlebisTvisac saerTo Rirebulebebi misaRebi ar aris. SeiZ-
3
wereTeli, m., eri da kacobrioba, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1990, gv. 47.
4
ibid.: gv. 64.
34 kari pirveli
leba saerTo Rirebulebebis farglebSi moqmedi adamianic ki romelime

konkretuli Rirebulebis pirispir an/da winaaRmdeg aRmoCndes. saqmes
kidev ufro arTulebs is, rom sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis dros
Cven vdgebiT ara mxolod adamianis an adamianTa jgufebis Rirebulebe-
bis pirispir, aramed, zogjer, Tavad sazogadoebaSi dadgenili saval-
debulo wesebis pirispirac ki.
nino toronjaZe qarTul-amerikuli univer-

sitetis kancleri da erT-erTi warmatebuli
adamiania. misi wliuri Semosavlis Sesabamisad
igi yoveli wlis 1 maisis dRis bolomde avsebs
deklaracias, warudgens mas Semosavlebis samsa-
xurs da ixdis gadasaxads saxelmwifo biujetSi
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Se-
sabamisad. qalbatoni nino toronjaZe keTilsin-
disieri gadamxdelia.
sur. nino toronjaZe, qau-s kancleri
erTi wuTiT warmoidgineT, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba gada-

saxadebis gadaxdis valdebulebas ar iTvaliswinebdes. albaT, am Sem-
TxvevaSi aucileblad aRmoCndebodnen adamianebi, romlebic mTeli
rigi gadasaxadebis gadaxdaze uars ityodnen. amdenad, swored kanoni
ganapirobebs im mdgomareobas, roca saqarTvelos milionobiT moqala-
qe gadasaxadebs dadgenili wesiT ixdis. moqalaqeTa am moqmedebas kano-
nis arseboba uzrunvelyofs. uamisod ver Seivseba saxelmwifo biujeti,
romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia: socialuri da sxva programebis ganxorci-
eleba, sazogadoebis mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba, Tanamedrove sazoga-
doebis gansxvavebuli miznebis da interesebis saerTo sazogadoebriv,
saxelmwifoebriv interesebad akumulireba. es ki saxelmwifos arsebo-
bas, mis funqcionirebas da dinamiur ganviTarebas ganapirobebs.
yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis sadarajod da mis uzrunvelsayofad

mowodebulia xelisufleba. sazogadoebrivi wesrigis misaRwevad mis
uSualo valdebulebas mmarTvelobiTi saqmianoba wamoadgens (maT So-
ris yoveldRiuri operatiuli marTvis CaTvliT), Tanac ise, rom ada-
mianebma Tavi Rirseulad da daculad igrZnon. es ukanaskneli Tavad
sazogadoebis mier xelisuflebis winaSe dasaxuli umniSvnelovanesi
mizania. amdenad, xelisufleba, anu mmarTvelebi angariSvaldebulni

arian amave sazogadoebis winaSe.
sazogadoeba, Tavis mxriv, uflebamosilia, mmarTvelebs maT moqme-

debaze pasuxi mosTxovos. moTxovnis safuZvels da mis imperatiulobas
is garemoeba ganapirobebs, rom sazogadoebis wevrebi saxelmwifosTan
da xelisuflebasTan samarTlebriv-politikur urTierTobaSi imyo-
febian. maT Soris aseTi kanonismieri samarTlebrivi kavSiri moqalaqe-
obis instituts warmoSobs, rac mocemul saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSi
srulad uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da mo-
valeobebis realizebas. amdenad, adamians, romelic aseT kavSirSi im-
yofeba saxelmwifosTan, anu moqalaqes, ufleba aqvs xelisuflebas mis
qmedebebze pasuxi srulad da imperatiuli formiT mosTxovos. qvemoT
ufro detalurad gveqneba saubari xelisuflebis mizansa da daniSnu-
lebaze, aseve moqalaqeobis institutze da sxva.
naTeli xdeba, rom xelisufleba valdebulia, Cveni usafrTxo da

mSvidobiani TanaarsebobisaTvis, Sesabamisi kanonebi Seqmnas. Tumca
mkveTrad unda gavusvaT xazi im garemoebas, rom Tanamedrove adamiani-
saTvis sruliad ar aris sakmarisi da xelisuflebis mizanic ver iqne-
ba mxolod im kanonebis Seqmna, romlebic oden usafrTxo arsebobazea
orientirebuli. maqsimaluri wesrigis damyarebiT aseTi realobis Seq-
mna xelisuflebas advilad SeuZlia.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mmarTvelis, xelisuflebis, mizania ise-

Ti kanonebis Seqmna, romelic usafrTxoebasTan erTad Cvens Rirsebasa
da keTildReobasac uzrunvelyofs. gamodis, rom xelisuflebam wes-
rigi Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis Rirebulebebs Soris balansis
SenarCunebiT unda uzrunvelyos. unda izrunos imgvari kanonmdeblobis
Seqmnaze, rac Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis SesaZlo realo-
baTa Soris gonivrul Tanafardobas daicavs. aqve isic unda aRvniSnoT,
rom am Rirebulebebs Soris sruli Tanafardobis damyareba Tanamedrove
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis, xelisuflebis, adamianisa da moqalaqis
urTierTobis erT-erTi mwvave dilemaa. adamianis, moqalaqisa da xeli-
suflebis urTierTmimarTebis Sefaseba mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli
amgvari kanonebis arsebobasa da maT realur Sesrulebaze. dasaxelebul
RirebulebaTa Soris Tanafardobis miRwevaSi mTavari roli Tavad ada-
mians, moqalaqes ekuTvnis. rogorc kargi kanonebis miReba, ise xelisuf-
lebis mxridan maTi dacva moqalaqis aqtiurobazea damokidebuli.
zogadad, kanoni qcevis is wesia, romelic Sesasruleblad yvelasTvis

savaldebuloa imisda miuxedavad, Tu rogori damokidebuleba aqvs ama
36 kari pirveli
Tu im individs Tavad am wesis mimarT. wesebis, anu kanonebis erToblio-

ba samarTals qmnis.
samarTali esaa qcevis wesebis erToblioba, romelic sazogadoeb-

rivi urTierTobebis samarTlebriv mowesrigebas emsaxureba.
samarTlis norma, rogorc socialuri normebis saxesxvaoba `Seicavs

debulebas, romelic gansazRvravs piris moqmedebas an moqmedebisagan
Tavis Sekavebas an minimum am debulebis nawilebs (magaliTad, sakanon-
mdeblo definiciebs) an zogadi an individualuri qcevis valdebule-
bebis warmoSobis an Secvlis pirobebs~.5
samarTali, ise rogorc sxva socialuri normebi, magaliTad zneo-

ba, morali, adaTi adamianTa urTierTobebs aregulirebs, magram sxva
socialur normaTa Soris samarTali mainc gansxvavebuli socialuri
normaa. samarTlis normebs xelisufleba adgens an sanqciad awesebs.
vxedavT, rom samarTlis normis warmoSobis ori gza arsebobs:
I. dadgena, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom qcevis wesi, norma manamde ar iyo
cnobili da sazogadoebaSic ar moqmedebda. igi Seiqmna da dadginda sa-
xelmwifos mier, rogorc garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis ma-
regulirebeli, savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli qcevis wesi samarTlis
norma.
II. sanqcionireba samarTlis normis miRebis is gzaa, roca qcevis wesi
manamdec iyo cnobili, manamdec moqmedebda sazogadoebaSi (magaliTad
moralis an zneobrivi normis saxiT), magram savaldebulo xasiaTi ar
hqonda da verc eqneboda. Tu garkveuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis
regulirebisaTvis kanonmdebeli CaTvlis, rom amgvari normis gamoye-
neba sasurveli iqneba, maSin am normas sanqcionirebas miscems, kanonad
aqcevs da mis moqmedebas zogadsavaldebulo xasiaTs mianiWebs.
dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi samarTlis normebis, kanonebis wyaro sa-

xelmwifo da xelisuflebaa. es ukanaskneli samarTlis normebis, kano-
nebis umniSvnelovanesi da yvelaze xSiri wyaroa, magram ara erTaderTi.
kanonis wyaro SesaZlebelia iyos TviT xalxic. magaliTad, roca xalxi
uSualod, anu referendumis gziT miiRebs ama Tu im kanons. aqve unda
aRvniSnoT, rom aris gamonaklisebic, roca konkretuli qveynis kanon-
mdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs an ar uSvebs kanonis miRebis am gzas. maga-
liTad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad dauSvebelia kanonis
miReba referendumis gziT.
5
rainhold cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tbilisi, 2009, gv. 47.
samarTlis normebis erToblioba qmnis samarTals, romelic xasiaT-

deba normatulobiT, formaluri gansazRvrulobiT, sistemurobiT da
maTi Sesruleba saxelmwifoebrivi moqmedebiT uzrunveliyofa. samar-
Tali xasiaTdeba iZulebiT, es niSani samarTlisa unda warmovidginoT,
rogorc garantia saxelmwifos mxridan. samarTali adamianis inteleq-
tualuri aqtivobis Sedegia. samarTlis normis Sesabamisad adamianebi
raRac moqmedebis ganxorcielebis an misgan TavSekavebis mniSvnelobas
acnobiereben. Tumca Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom SesaZlebelia aRmoCndnen
pirebi, romlebic samarTlis normis moTxovnisagan Tavs Seikaveben.
swored amitom dgas yoveli samarTlis ukan saxelmwifo, romelic mis
Sesrulebas uzrunvelyofs. samarTals aseve axasiaTebs formaluri
gansazRvruloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom igi aucileblad werilobiTi
formiTaa Camoyalibebuli da winaswar dadgenil formatSi gadmoice-
ma. samarTali rTuli, sistemuri movlenaa, romelic sxvadasxva sak-
lasifikacio niSnis mixedviT erTian erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemas
qmnis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTlis normebi ar aris mxolod
erTaderTi saxe normebisa, romlebsac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobe-
bis regulireba efuZneba. sxva aseTi normebi SeiZleba iyos moraluri
da zneobrivi normebi.
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis regulirebaSi garkveuli adgili

uWiravs adaTobriv normebs. amasTan, arsebobs iseTi wesebi, romlebic
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis calkeul sferoebs aregulirebs da
maTi moqmedeba damokidebulia ara valdebulebaze, ara sanqciis dawe-
sebaze, aramed, Tundac, sazogadoebriv azrze. aseTi wesebia: moda, Cac-
mis stili, wveulebebze, sxvadasxva xasiaTis Sexvedrebze moqcevis we-
sebi da a.S.
sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mowesrigebis, misi

dinamiuri da harmoniuli ganviTarebisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani ma-
inc, samarTlebrivi normebia, razec zemoT visaubreT.
sazogadoebis samarTliT mowesrigebulobis aucileblobis, sazo-

gadoebaSi im avtoritetis, vinc SesaZlebelia adgendes TamaSis wesebs,
xelisuflebis mniSvnelobis da daniSnulebis naTlad warmosadgenad,
urigo ar iqneboda gadagvexeda kargad gakvaluli gzisTvis, romelic
kacobriobam lokidan moyolebuli, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sa-
xelmwifos `damfuZnebel mamebamde~ ganvlo.
amerikelebma tipurad axali, demokratiuli, Tavisufali saxelmwi-

fos Sesaqmnelad Zalze efeqturad gamoiyenes codnis is maragi, rome-
lic lokis da sxva ganmanaTleblebis moRvaweobis wyalobiT Seiqmna.
38 kari pirveli
WeSmaritad demokratiuli Rirebulebebis mmarTvelobaSi dasamkvid-

reblad damfuZnebelma mamebma jon lokis (John Locke, 1632-1704) `bune-
biTi samarTlis~ (Natural Law) saxelwodebiT cnobili Teoria gamoiye-
nes. Tavis droze lokis, mogvianebiT ki damfuZnebeli mamebis winaSe
erTi da igive kiTxvebi idga: gvWirdeba Tu ara xelisufleba? rogori
xelisufleba gvWirdeba? rogor movawyoT xelisufleba? ra aris xe-
lisuflebis mTavari daniSnuleba? ra aZlevs xelisuflebas imis uf-
lebas, rom sxvebisTvis TamaSis wesebi daadginos, anu marTos? cxadia,
rom es maradiuli kiTxvebia. Tvali gadavavloT Tundac Cveni da ara
mxolod Cveni saxelmwifos ganviTarebis uaxles istorias da advilad
davrwmundebiT es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec mudam unda fiqrobdes
adamini.
Tavi 1.2
bunebiTi mdgomareoba da samarTali
bunebiTi mdgomareobisa da samarTlis filosofia iseTi saxelmwi-

fos arsebobis warmodgenas emyareba, sadac xelisufleba da xelisuf-
lebis mier Seqmnili kanonebi ar arsebobs. jon lokis mixedviT, kanone-
bi bunebiT mdgomareobaSic arsebobs, razedac igi ambobda: `bunebiTi
mdgomareobis samarTavad arsebobs bunebiTi kanoni, romelic yvela-
saTvis savaldebuloa, xolo goneba, romelic igive kanonia, aswavlis
yvela adamians, vinc mas yurs aTxovebs, rom raki yoveli kaci Tavisu-
fali da Tanasworia, aravis aqvs ufleba xelyos sxvisi sicocxle, jan-
mrTeloba, Tavisufleba an sakuTreba, radgan yoveli kaci erTi yovlad
Zlieri da usasrulod brZeni Semoqmedis Seqmnilia~.6 aq iCens Tavs ram-
denime problema, rac damaxasiaTebeli iqneboda bunebiTi mdgomareo-
bisTvis. da mainc, raSi mdgomareobs is?
pirvel yovlisa, problema Tavad adamianSia. es ukanaskneli Rrmad

individualisti da egoisti arsebaa. am TvisebebiTve CarTuli sociumis
cxovrebaSi, is qmnis mTlian sazogadoebas. Tu davuSvebT, rom bunebiT
mdgomareobaSi xelisufleba ar arsebobs da adamiani Tavisi bunebiTi
uflebebis gamo moqmedebaSi Tavisufalia, maSin Zneli warmosadgeni
ar aris, rom `bunebiTi kanonebis~ raobaze SeTanxmebis miRweva sakmaod
6
Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi, t. I, i. WavWavaZis sax. un-tis gam-ba, Tb., 2006,
gv. 270.
garTuldeba. sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba TiToeulis ufleba? sad ga-

dis adamianis Tavisufali moqmedebis zRvari? umarTav (bunebiTad Ta-
visufal) garemoSi amgvari kiTxvebi SesaZloa sabedisweroc gamxdari-
yo. adamians bunebiT mdgomareobaSic aqvs iseTi fundamenturi ufle-
bebi, rogoricaa sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, keTildReobis ufleba, im
martivi mizezis gamo, rom igi adamianad daibada da es uflebebi RvTis-
gan SobisTanave upirobod eboZa. bunebiT mdgomareobaSi am uflebebis
dakargvis albaToba Zalze didia. adamianuri bunebidan gamomdinare,
yovelTvis gamoCndebian iseTni, vinc iolad gascdebian sakuTari Ta-
visuflebis farglebs da sxvaTa bunebiTi uflebebis SezRudvas Seec-
debian. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, bunebiT mdgomareobaSi xelisufleba
da mmarTveloba ar arsebobs. amitom adamianebs sakuTari bunebiTi uf-
lebebis dacva Tavad uwevT. Zneli warmosadgeni ar aris, rom bunebiT
mdgomareobaSi adamianTa mSvidobiani Tanacxovreba da maTi universa-
luri uflebebi didi riskis qveSaa.
Tavi 1.3
xelisuflebis saWiroeba
mas Semdeg, rac Cven bunebiTi mdgomareobisa da kanonebis proble-

mebs gavecaniT, logikurad ismis sazogadoebaSi iseTi `kanonieri av-
toritetis~ aucileblobis sakiTxi, romelic SeZlebs swored bunebi-
Ti mdgomareobis mTavari problemebis mogvarebas. swored aseTi kano-
nismieri avtoriteti gaxlavT xelisufleba, romelsac Seswevs unari,
Seqmnas iseTi kanonebi, romelTa farglebSi sazogadoebaSi da saxel-
mwifoSi adamianTa mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba, adamianis usafrTxo da
Rirseuli cxovreba SesaZlebeli iqneba. modiT nu viCqarebT da vidre
xelisuflebis Seqmnisa da arsebobis aucileblobaze daskvnas gavake-
TebT, bunebiTi mdgomareobis problema da masSi bunebiTi uflebebis
dacvis garantiebis ararseboba kidev erTxel gavixsenoT. udavoa, rom
yvela adamians aqvs, magaliTad, sicocxlis fundamenturi ufleba, mag-
ram Tu am uflebis realizaciis SesaZleblobebs bunebiT mdgomareo-
baSi warmovidgenT, maSin igi yovelTvis xelyofis riskis qveS dadgeba.
obieqturad es aunazRaurebadi uflebaa da misi warTmeva aravis ar un-
da xelewifebodes. swored amitom, dRes demokratiulobaze pretenzi-
is mqone saxelmwifoebSi, sikvdiliT dasjis Tu misi akrZalvis sakiTxi
konstituciurad ganisazRvreba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra simZimis das-
40 kari pirveli
jadi qmedeba Caidina adamianma. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis

me-15 muxlSi aRniSnulia:
1. sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni.
2. sikvdiliT dasja akrZalulia.
bunebiTi mdgomareobis pirobebSi ar iqneboda xelisufleba, Sesa-
bamisad, arc iseTi avtoriteti, vinc SeZlebda iseTi kanonebis dadge-
nas, romlebic erTi mxriv sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc adamianis fun-
damentur uflebas aRiarebda, da meore mxriv adamianTa Tavisufali
moqmedebis farglebs daadgenda am da sxva uflebebTan mimarTebaSi.
xelisuflebis saWiroebis, adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis dacvis,
adamianis usafrTxo da Rirseuli arsebobis da xelisuflebis daniSnu-
lebis Sesaxeb ideebi SesaniSnavadaa gamoxatuli amerikis damoukideb-
lobis deklaraciaSi, sadac naTqvamia:
`CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is WeSmaritebani, rom yvela adamiani Seq-
mnilia Tanasworad, rom arsTa gamrigem maT uboZa garkveuli xelSeuvali
uflebani, rom maT Sorisaa sicocxle, Tavisufleba da bednierebisaken
swrafva, ...rom am uflebaTa dasacavad adamianebi qmnian xelisuflebas,
romelic Tavis marTlzomier uflebamosilebas maTganve iRebs maTive
TanxmobiT, rom ukeTu mmarTvelobis romelime forma xelyofs am miznebs,
xalxis uflebaa Secvalos an gaauqmos arsebuli mmarTveloba da daamya-
ros axali xelisufleba...~
aSS damoukideblobis deklaracia
zemoT ukve mivuTiTeT, rom sazogadoebis, misi mdgradobis mTavari

maxasiaTebeli da ganmapirobebeli adamianTa socialuri erTobis gan-
cdaa. aq albaT upriani iqneboda dagvesva kiTxva: ra aiZulebs adamians,
rogorc Rrmad individualist arsebas, ifiqros Tavisi gaTiToebuli
nebis sxvebTan gaerTianebaze? am kiTxvazec, pasuxs nawilobriv, bune-
biTi mdgomareobisa da samarTlis problemebi iZleva. roca adamiani am
problemebs acnobierebs, roca yovel konkretul warmosaxvaSi an re-
alobaSi misi sicocxle, Tavisufleba, sakuTreba da bednierebisaken
swrafva safrTxis qveS dgeba, adamiani maT gadasarCenad iwyebs fiqrs. ra
SeuZlia am dros adamians, rogorc individs? pasuxi martivia: mxolod
gamudmebuli da ugarantio brZola usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis, rac yo-
velTvis efeqturi SeiZleba ver aRmoCndes. swored aq adamianebi Tavi-
anTi gaTiToebuli nebis gaerTianebis aucileblobis da maTi saerTo da
individualuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxis gadawyvetis winaSe dgebian.
rasakvirvelia, yovelive aRniSnuli naTlad miuTiTebs, rom arc in-

dividualuri da arc koleqtiuri brZola am sakiTxis mosagvareblad ar
gamodgeba. am SemTxvevaSi adamianebi da maTi erTobebi gamudmebul da

dausrulebel brZolaSi Caebmebodnen. aseT viTarebaSi ki bednierebis-
ken gamudmebuli swrafvis SesaZlebloba sadRa eqnebodaT? usafrTxo
da Rirseuli arsebobac, ra Tqma unda, SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda. yovelive
aRniSnuls Cveni mTavari kiTxvis ra saWiroa xelisufleba? pasux-
Tanac mivyavarT. roca viciT, rom sazogadoeba rogorc aseTi, rogorc
erTi mTliani, misi wevrebis bunebiTi uflebebis dasacavad ar gamodge-
ba, bunebrivad dgeba sxva tipis instanciis aucileblobis sakiTxi. igi
winaswar SeTanxmebuli, winaswar mocemuli uflebis safuZvelze aRi-
Wurveboda ZaliTa da avtoritetiT, romlis farglebSic TamaSis gar-
kveul wesebs daadgenda. es wesebi ki, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis mdgra-
dobas, mis dinamiur da mSvidobian gavniTarebas uzrunvelyofda. is
SeZlebda kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis gonivrul da mizanSe-
wonil urTierTSexamebas. amasTan, amgvar instancias aRniSnuli amoca-
nebis Sesasruleblad kanonismieri Zala da avtoriteti eqneboda, raTa,
erTi mxriv, wesebi daedgina, xolo meore mxriv, sazogadoebis TiToe-
uli wevris mxridan am wesebis Sesruleba uzrunveleyo. mivediT iseTi
avtoritetis daSvebis aucileblobamde, romelic calkeuli adamianis
Tu adamianTa erTobebis gansxvavebul, xSirad radikalurad dapiris-
pirebul interesebs erT sazogadoebriv, saxelmwifoebriv miznad gar-
daqmnis da harmoniulad warmarTavs erTi mimarTulebiT.
aRniSnuli mimarTuleba sazogadoebisa da misi politikuri insti-

tutis saxelmwifos Senaxvisa da ganviTarebis funqciis realize-
baa. amitomac, sazogadoebam sakuTari usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa,
magaliTad, wesrigis dacva, saxelmwifos miando. am funqciis saxelmwi-
fosTvis gadacema mas xelisuflebis yoveldRiuri operatiuli saqmia-
nobis valdebulebad aqcevs. amisaTvis saxelmwifos specialuri orga-
noebi da samsaxurebi, sxvadasxva saSualebebi da SesaZleblobebi gaaC-
nia. aRniSnul funqcias saxelmwifo policiis meSveobiT axorcielebs,
romlis mTavar saqmes, kanoniT misTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebebis
farglebSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, danaSaulis prevencia da
misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, efeqturi reagireba warmoadgens.
magaliTad, wesrigis iseTi martivi elementi, rogoricaa sagzao moZ-

raobis wesebis dacva. vTqvaT, rom ar yofiliyo sapatrulo policia,
rogori iqneboda am wesebis darRvevis statistika Tavisi savalalo
Tanmdevi SedegebiT da ramdeni darRvevis faqti darCeboda reagire-
bis gareSe? xolo Tu TiToeuli darRvevisas sakuTar Tavs warmovid-
genT, martivad SevamCnevT, Tu rogori daucveli da safrTxis Semcve-
li iqneboda CvenTvis yoveli gadaadgileba. sabolood, SesaZlebelia
42 kari pirveli
vTqvaT, rom adamianebi obieqturad mividnen daskvnamde: aucilebelia

garkveuli Zala da avtoriteti (anu xelisufleba), romelic sazoga-
doebis marTvas ganaxorcielebs, xolo Tavad adamianebi, maT mierve ne-
bayoflobiT daTmobili uflebebis xarjze marTulebis rolSi aRmoC-
ndebian. uflebebi, romlebsac adamianebi daTmoben maTive interesebis,
usafrTxo da mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelsayofad gaRebuli
sanacvlo iqneba. am sakiTxis gadawyvetis saukeTeso cda iyo lokis sa-
zogadoebrivi xelSekruleba.
Tavi 1.4
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba
lokisaTvis bunebiTi mdgomareobis problemebis gadaWris saukeTe-

so gza sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba gaxldaT. misi arsi SemdgomSia:
sakuTari bunebiTi uflebebis dasacavad saWiroa maTi nawilis daTmo-
ba da erTi avtoritetisaTvis gadacema. xelisufleba, daTmobili uf-
lebebis xarjze, Tavad aRiWurveba da adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da-
icavs.
Tavdapirvelad, lokis SexedulebiT, sazogadoeba SeTanxmda, rom

SeeqmnaT avtoriteti, anu xelisufleba. Semdeg xelisuflebas piroba
wauyenes: mas unda emarTa da maTive usafrTxoeba daecva. SeTanxmeba xe-
lisuflebis legitimacias moiTxovda, raTa mas emarTa, sazogadoebis
yvela wevrisaTvis savaldebulo TamaSis wesebi daedgina, es wesebi/ka-
nonebi daecva da aResrulebina. pirobisamebr, adamianebma garkveuli
uflebebi nebayoflobiT daTmes, risi wyalobiTac xelisuflebam sa-
zogadoebis marTva SeZlo.
xelisufleba xelisuflobs mxolod imitom, rom marTvis ufleba-

mosileba Tavad sazogadoebisagan aqvs gadacemuli. amis safuZvels sa-
zogadoebis mier daTmobili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi Seadgens. isev
axal kiTxvas mivadeqiT: ra aris xelisufleba da ra warmoadgens mis
mTavar mizans?
sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom xal-

xis, sazogadoebis neba da erTianobis socialuri gancda yvelaze mniS-
vnelovania. es adamianis socialuri cxovrebis istoriam mravalgzis
daadastura. konkretuli magaliTis saxiT gamodgeboda `meiflaueris
SeTanxmeba~7 (Mayower Compact, 21.11.1620) axali inglisis8 moaxalSene-

ebis mier Sedgenili dokumenti, sadac xelmomwerebi SeTanxmdenen, rom
axali koloniebi inglisis kanonebisagan Tavisufali unda yofiliyo.
maT TviTon unda SeeqmnaT TavianTi mmarTveloba. arsebiTad, am doku-
mentma Seuwyo xeli amerikelebis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas. mra-
vali amerikeli istorikosi, da maTTan erTad aSS-is rigiT me-2 prezi-
denti jon adamsi (1797-1801), am dokuments ganixilavda, rogorc ameri-
kis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis safuZvels.
7
meiflaueri is ialqniani xomaldi iyo, romelmac ingliseli piligrimebi 1620 wels
keip-kodSi, plimuTis sanapiroze Caiyvana. meiflaueri aSS-is adreuli evropuli
kolonizaciis simboloa. amerikelebis fesvebi meiflauerTa axalSenTan plim-
uTis koloniasTan (zogadad ki axal inglisTan) aris dakavSirebuli.
8
axali inglisi aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTi regioni. qalaqi bostoni. Statebi:
koneqtikuti, meini, masaCusetsi, niu-hemfSiri, rod-ailendi, vermonti.
44 kari pirveli
nawili meore
xelisufleba
am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT iseT sakvanZo sakiTxebs, rogoricaa xe-

lisuflebis arsi da daniSnuleba. gaecnobiT, Tu rogor unda marTav-
des xelisufleba da risi ufleba aqvT am dros moqalaqeebs, ra aris is
mTavari Rirebulebebi, romlebsac xelisuflebisa da adamianis/moqa-
laqis urTierToba efuZneba. Sesabamisad, nawilis dasasruls SeZlebT
imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze rogoricaa:
ra aris xelisufleba;
rogori unda iyos xelisufleba;
ra aris xelisuflebis mTavari mizani;
xelisufleba, moqalaqe da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi;
konstituciuri mmarTveloba;
xelisuflebis danawileba konstituciur mmarTvelobaSi.
Tavi 2.1
ra aris xelisufleba?
saxelmwifo xelisufleba es aris Zalis kanonieri gamoyeneba, Zala/

avtoriteti. mas mravalferovnebaTa harmonizaciis unari Seswevs. es
niSnavs, rom sazogadoeba araerTgvarovani da mudmivad ganviTarebadia.
is gansxvavebuli miznebisa da interesebis mqone calkeuli sazo-
gadoebebisgan Sedgeba. sakuTari miznebisa da interesebis gansaxor-
cieleblad TiToeul maTgans gansxvavebuli pirobebi, xerxebi da sa-
Sualebebi gaaCnia. saxelmwifos misia swored isaa, rom es gansxvavebebi
logikurad gaamTlianos, erTian CarCoSi moaqcios, erT kalapotSi Se-
kribos, uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis Senaxvisa da SenarCunebis funqcia.
xelisufleba socialuri Sinaarsis movlenaa, Tumca Taviseburi socia-
luri datvirTva gaaCnia. am Taviseburebas Tavad xelisuflebis norma-
tiuli da politikuri xasiaTi qmnis.
xelisufleba politikuria imdenad, ramdenadac is saxelmwifo po-

litikis ganxorcielebis saSualebaa. àm saqmeSi xelisufleba qveynis
`gonia~ da igi saxelmwifos arsebobas axangrZlivebs~.9 saxelmwifosa da
xelisuflebas xSirad erT konteqstSi moixsenieben, Tumca es cnebebi
identuri ar aris. Cveni mizania vaCvenoT xelisuflebis da adamianis,
xelisuflebis da sazogadoebis urTierTkavSiri, xelisuflebis gan-
xorcielebaSi adamianisa da moqalaqis monawileobis formebi. amitom,
sasurveli iqneba `saxelmwifosa~ da `xelisuflebas~ Soris ZiriTadi
gamyofi xazis moZebna. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis mTavar sakiTxs xeli-
suflebis organizaciis Tema warmoadgens.
aRniSnul gansxvavebaze marTebulad miuTiTebs endriu heivudi, ro-

melic mas konstituciur mmarTvelobas ukavSirebs. ase gamoikveTeba xe-
lisuflebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis, misi kanoniTa da adamianis
uflebebiT SezRudvis sakiTxi. gamijvnis Sesaxeb heivudi ambobs: `gan-
sxvaveba uSualod ukavSirdeba SezRuduli da konstituciuri mmarTve-
lobis ideas. mokled, saxelisuflo Zalaufleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
moiTokeba, Tuki arsebuli xelisufleba saxelmwifoSi dausazRvravi da
SeuzRudavi mmarTvelobis damyarebas ver SeZlebs~.10
xelisufleba saxelmwifos is Semadgeneli nawilia, romelsac norma-

tiuli da politikuri xasiaTi gaaCnia. `saxelmwifo Teoriulad mainc
9
heivudi, e., politika, saqarTvelos universiteti, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 130.
10
ibid.: gv. 136.
46 kari pirveli
sazogadoebis mudmiv interesebs gamoxatavs: anu saerTo, sayovelTao ne-

bas~,11 xolo xelisufleba, rogorc politikuri Sinaarsis movlena da sa-
xelmwifos Semadgeneli nawili ìmaT momxreTa simpaTiebs, vinc amJamad
imyofeba qveynis saTaveSi~.12
aRniSnuli kidev ufro mkafiod usvams xazs xelisuflebis daniSnu-

lebis Sesaxeb sakiTxs. TvalsaCino xdeba adamianisa da xelisuflebis ur-
TierTobis sakiTxebi, xelisuflebis kanoniT da adamianis uflebebiT
SezRudvis aucileblobis sakiTxi, rac, pirvel yovlisa, konstituciur
doneze formdeba da konstituciuri mmarTvelobis saxes Rebulobs. am
TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia pirdapir acxadebs xe-
lisuflebis SezRudulobas adamianis uflebebiT. kerZod, saqarTvelos
konstituciis zogadi debulebebis me-7 muxlSi aRniSnulia:
`saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebeb-

sa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs,
xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudulni arian am
uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT~.13
konstituciur mmarTvelobaze ufro konkretulad qvemoT visaubrebT.
Tavi 2.2
ra aris xelisuflebis mizani?
roca amerikis konstituciis Semqmnelebi konstitucias SeimuSaveb-

dnen, maT srulad gaiziares bunebiTi uflebebis filosofosTa Sexe-
dulebebi imis Taobaze, rom xelisuflebis mTavari daniSnuleba ada-
mianis bunebiTi uflebebis dacvaa. vfiqrobT, am WeSmaritebis aRiareba
`damfuZnebelma mamebma~ SesaniSnavad gamoxates kidec aSS konstituci-
is preambulaSi, sadac naTqvamia:
`Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, im mizniT, rom SevqmnaT ufro srul-

yofili kavSiri, davamkvidroT marTlmsajuleba, davamyaroT saSinao
mSvidoba, uzrunvelvyoT saerTo Tavdacva, xeli SevuwyoT sayovelTao
keTildReobas da SevunarCunoT Cvens Tavsa da Cvens STamomavlobas mad-
11
heivudi, e., politika, saqarTvelos universiteti, saqarTvelos macne, Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 16.
12
ibid.: gv.18.
13
saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tb., 2010, gv. 19.
li Tavisuflebisa, vadgenT da vafuZnebT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis

winamdebare konstitucias~.14
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis preambulaSi gamokveTilia is

miznebi da amocanebi, risTvisac qarTvelma xalxma konstitucia miiRo.
masSi gamocxadebuli swored es miznebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xeli-
suflebisaTvis savaldebulo saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens:
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa daamkvidron demok-
ratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, soci-
aluri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod
aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganamtkicon saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba ... saqveynod
acxadeben am konstitucias.~
Cven ukve viciT xelisuflebis arsi da misi daniSnuleba, Tumca mTa-

vari dilema jerac ar gadagviwyvetia. ZiriTadi problema ara xeli-
suflebis saWiroebis gaazreba, aramed imis gadawyvetaa, Tu rogori xe-
lisufleba gvWirdeba da rogor avagoT iseTi xelisufleba, rogoric
gvWirdeba.
Tavi 2.3
xelisuflebis mizani da
mmarTvelobis formebi
qairoSi tahriris moedanze Sekrebili xalxi didi sixaruliT Sex-

vda informacias egviptis prezidentis hosni mubaraqis gadadgomis
Taobaze. egviptis prezidenti Zlieri antisaxelisuflo saprotesto
aqciebis Sedegad 2011 wlis 11 Tebervals gadadga da Zalaufleba ar-
mias gadasca. egvipteSi da saerTod arabul samyaroSi ganviTarebuli
politikuri, samTavrobo krizisebi, vfiqrobT, naTlad miuTiTeben
imaze, rom xelisuflebis mizani ucvleli rCeba mmarTvelobis nebis-
mieri formis dros. sanam Zalauflebis wyaro xalxia, xelisuflebis
pasuxisgebis sakiTxis dasma missave qmedebebze, sazogadoebis xel-
Seuval uflebad rCeba. rogori represiuli da arademokratiulic
ar unda iyos mmarTveloba, moqalaqes da sazogadoebas am xelSeuval
14
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, mTargmnelebi: kobalaZe, a., baramiZe,
s., redaqtori: ugrexeliZe, m., Tb., 1993, gv. 9.
48 kari pirveli
uflebas veravin ver wahgvris. sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs Seaxsenos xe-

lisuflebas, Tundac revoluciis gziT, misi zemoT naxsenebi uflebis
xelSeuvaloba. zogjer mTavaria ara mmarTvelobis forma, aramed mis
SigniT xelisuflebis imdagvari organizeba, rom adamianis/moqala-
qis mimarT misi TviTneboba gamoiricxos. arada xelisufleba swored
aqeTkenaa midrekili: `mTeli istoriis manZilze, xelisufleba umetes-
wilad arTmevda xalxs maT uflebebs, vidre icavda~.15 aseTi nebisa da
SesaZleblobebis arsebobisas igi amas Seecdeba mmarTvelobis nebismi-
eri formis dros.
gavixsenoT safrangeTis mefis lui XIV (1644-1715) mmarTveloba. man

Zalauflebis maqsimaluri koncentracia moaxerxa. swored misi mmar-
Tvelobis dros imdroindeli safrangeTis Zlieri fenebis gaerTiane-
bam generalurma Statebma arseboba Sewyvita, ramac mefe erTpirov-
nul da SeuzRudav mmarTvelad aqcia. lui XIV-s miaweren gamoTqmas: `sa-
xelmwifo es me var~.
Cveni mizania mxolod zogadad vupasuxoT problemas, rac iseTi

xelisuflebis organizebis Ziebas gulisxmobs, romelsac yvelaze
ukeT SeuZlia Tavisi ZiriTadi miznis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
dacva. am rTuli amocanis gadawyvetisas, mniSvnelovania mmarTvelo-
bis Sesabamisi efeqturi formis moZebna. swored amitom `damfuZne-
beli mamebi~ bunebiT uflebebTan erTad istoriiTac dainteresdnen
da yuradReba respublikuri romis mmarTvelobis epoqaze SeaCeres.
amerikelebi dainteresdnen romis respublikis mmarTvelobiT, roca
xelisuflebis mizani saerTo keTildReobisaTvis xelis Sewyoba da
misi dacva iyo. xelisuflebis am mizans da romis saxelmwifos zeobas
samoqalaqo Rirsebis mqone romaelebi ganapirobebdnen. Sesabamisad,
`damfuZnebelma mamebma~ brZanes, rom: àmerikelTa umravlesoba ima-
ve Rirsebisaa, rogoric iyvnen romis moqalaqeebi. maTi azriT, aseTi
Rirseba amerikelTa ideur-qristianuli memkvidreobiT aixsneba. mo-
qalaqeebi, romlebsac sayovelTao keTildReobis gulwrfeli inte-
resi hqondaT, unda moqceuliyvnen ise, rogorc es karg respublikel
moqalaqes SeSvenis~.16
aRniSnuli midgomebiT amerikelebma saukeTesod upasuxes kiTxvas

`rogor xelisuflebas SeuZlia yvelaze ukeT daicvas adamianis ufle-
bebi?~ amerikelebisaTvis aseTi xelisuflebis da mmarTvelobis forma
respulikuri mmarTveloba aRmoCnda.
15
aSS konstitucia anu kompromisis xelovneba, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv.11.
16
ibid.: gv. 16.
rogorc Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis da sazogadoebebis konstitu-

ciur-samarTlebrivi praqtika aCvenebs, erTi SexedviT mmarTvelobis
iseT demokratiul formaSic, rogoricaa respublikuri mmarTvelo-
ba, SesaZlebelia xelisufleba borotad iqnes gamoyenebuli da pir-
vel rigSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis winaaRmdeg. amas kargad aCvenebs era-
yis magaliTi. maSin roca erayi respublikas warmoadgens da mainc aqvs
adgili xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas, sakuTar moqalaqeebze
TviTnebobas. swored amis gamo iyo, rom erayelebma, bolos da bolos,
is ufleba gamoiyenes, romelic amerikelebma damoukideblobis dekla-
raciaSi savsebiT samarTlianad asaxes: ùkeTu mmarTvelobis romelime
forma xelyofs am miznebs, xalxis uflebaa Secvalos an gaauqmos arse-
buli mmarTveloba da daamyaros axali xelisufleba...~.17 aseT SemTxve-
vaSi xalxs revoluciis ufleba aqvs. meore mxriv, respublikuri mmar-
Tvelobis paralelurad, rac saxelmwifoTa udidesma umravlesobam
airCia sakuTari saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis samarTavad, arsebobs
mmarTvelobis sxva formebi, magaliTad, monarqia. magram Tanamedrove
monarqiebis xelisuflebis mmarTvelobis xerxebisa da meTodebis Seda-
reba mubaraqis egviptis msgavs respublikasTan, rasakvirvelia, SeuZ-
lebelicaa da gaumarTlebelic.
rogorc zemoT aRniSnulidan Cans, yoveli sazogadoebis mTavari saz-

runavia sakuTari mmarTvelobis misaRebi forma Tavad airCios, da rac
mTavaria, am formis farglebSi xelisuflebis iseTi organizeba gana-
xorcielos, xelisuflebis iseTi SezRudva moaxerxos, rom adamianebis
mimarT misi TviTneboba yovelnairad alagmos. ara aqvs mniSvneloba kon-
stituciuri monarqiaa Tu saprezidento respublika, ara aqvs mniSvne-
loba mmarTveloba erTpirovnulia Tu koleqtiuri; mTavaria, rom igi
kanons emorCilebodes da misi moqmedeba kanoniT iyos reglamentirebu-
li. amasTan, marTvis ganxorcielebisas, xelisufleba mkacrad unda icav-
des kanoniT SezRudvis princips.
kanoniT SezRuduli Zalauflebis kargi magaliTia inglisuri demok-

ratiis istoriidan `Tavisuflebis didi qartia~ (magna karta, laT. Magna
Carta Libertatum). 1215 wels am dokumentiT mefis xelisufleba qvemoT
CamoTvlili reglamentaciis pirobebSi aRmoCnda, kerZod:
1. eklesia ganTavisuflda mefis kontrolisagan;
2. sasamarTloebs mieniWaT damoukidebloba;
3. aRiares miwis mesakuTreTa ufleba, romlis mixedviTac miwa mem-
kvidreobiT ufros vaJs gadaecema;
17
aSS damoukideblobis deklaracia, Tb., 2001, gv. 9.
50 kari pirveli
4. gamocxadda gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba;

5. aikrZala sanqciis gareSe sakuTari saxlebis Cxreka.
am pirobebis sakanonmdeblo gaformeba iyo reaqcia 1215 wels mefe

jon (ioane) umiwawylos mcdelobaze, gaeuqmebina zogierTi is uflebamo-
sileba, romliTac manamde Tavadaznauroba sargeblobda.
istoriam aCvena im safrTxis realoba, romelic cnobilma amerikel-

ma saxelmwifo moRvawem, aSS konstituciis Tanaavtorma da xelmomwer-
ma aleqsandre hamiltonma (Alexander Hamilton, 1757-1804) ase gamoxata:
`gadaeciT mTeli Zalaufleba umravlesobas da isini daCagraven umci-
resobas, mieciT mTeli Zalaufleba umciresobas da isini daCagraven
umravlesobas~.18 am riskis minimumamde dayvanis gzaa konstituciuri
mmarTveloba.
konstituciuri mmarTveloba gulisxmobs qveynis ZiriTadi poli-

tikuri da samarTlebrivi dokumentis, konstituciis, mixedviT xe-
lisuflebis imgvar organizebas, roca xelisufleba SezRudulia
konstituciiT da dadgenili wesebiT, moqmedebs `TamaSis~ mxolod im
wesebiT, razedac sazogadoeba ukve SeTanxmda da risTvisac konstitu-
cia gamoacxada.
Tavi 2.4
konstituciuri mmarTveloba:
xelisuflebis danawileba
amerikelebma TavianTi konstituciis Seqmnisas xelisuflebis bo-

rotad gamoyenebis safrTxis aRsakveTad Zalze efeqturi meqanizmi
moifiqres, romelic, Tavis droze, Jan bodenis (Jean Bodin, 1530-1596) da
Semdeg Sarl lui monteskies (Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brde et
de Montesquieu, 1689-1755) SemoqmedebaSi SemuSavda da dRes Tanamedrove
konstitucionalizmis umTavres principad iqca. esaa xelisuflebis
ganawilebisa da kontrolis gawonasworebis meqanizmi. am sistemaSi xe-
lisuflebis organizeba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis sam saxelisuflo
ganStoebas Soris gadanawilebas. konstituciebi aRiareben xelisuf-
18
hamiltoni, a., federalisturi werilebi, federalisti #69, niu-iurkis Statis
xalxs, 1788 weli 14 marti.
lebis samwverovani danawilebis princips, sadac funqciebi sakanon-

mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa Sorisaa gayo-
fili.
xelisuflebis organizebis imave princips aRiarebs saqarTvelos

moqmedi konstitucia, sadac xelisuflebaTa Stoebs calke, Sesabamisi
Tavebi aqvs daTmobili, romlebSic gansazRvrulia TiToeulis ufle-
bamosilebani.
xelisuflebis danawilebis principiT, TiToeuli ganStoebis mier

Tavisi uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis procesSi urTierTkontro-
lisa da Sekavebis meqanizmi moqmedebs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT, arc
erT saxelisuflo ganStoebas sxva xelisuflebis funqciebis miTvise-
bis ufleba da SesaZlebloba ara aqvs.
àravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipovos xelisufleba.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis prin-
cipze dayrdnobiT~.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 5
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba erTiania da

TiToeuli saxelisuflo ganStoeba, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo meqa-
nizmis Semadgeneli nawilebi, mWidrod TanamSromloben da urTierTze-
moqmedeben.
Tavi 2.5
xelisufleba, moqalaqe da
demokratiuli Rirebulebebi
saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi warmodgenilia xelisuflebisa da adami-

anis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi. xazgasmulia piris samarTlebrivi
statusis mniSvneloba, raSic uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da movale-
obebis sruli moculoba igulisxmeba. es garemoeba, adamiansa da xeli-
suflebas Soris urTierTsanacvlo pasuxismgeblobas zrdis. Tqven ga-
ecnobiT moqalaqeobis instituts, rogorc mocemul saxelmwifosTan
piris politikur-samarTlebrivi kavSiris saSualebas, SexvdebiT Tavi-
suflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis Rirebulebebs da imsjelebT maT
Soris Tanafardobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
52 kari pirveli
adamianis samarTlebrivi statusis realoba srulebiTac ar amoiwu-

reba misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebisa da movaleobebis sakanonmdeblo
reglamentaciiT. am statusis, anu misi mdgomareobis realoba damoki-
debulia Tavad adamianis, rogorc aqtiuri pirovnebisa da moqalaqis
poziciaze, izrunos deklarirebuli uflebebisa da demokratiuli fa-
seulobebis cxovrebaSi realurad ganxorcielebisaTvis. igi gamudme-
biT unda fxizlobdes xelisuflebis mier misi ZiriTadi miznis Sesru-
lebisas.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom xelisuflebis umTavresi daniSnuleba adamia-

nis sicocxlis da sakuTrebis dacvaa. Tumca, unda davsZinoT, rom xeli-
suflebis es mizani mis Tanamedrove daniSnulebas veRar gansazRvravs.
aRniSnuli mizani xelisuflebis warmoSobis, misi Tavdapirveli daniS-
nulebisa da Taobisaa. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adamianisaTvis sru-
liad ar aris sakmarisi misi ubralod arsebobis uzrunvelyofa, Sesa-
bamisad, Tanamedrove xelisuflebis sazrunavia adamianis ara ubralod
arsebobis, aramed pirobebis Seqmna misi Rirseuli arsebobisaTvis.
zemoxsenebuli miznis realizaciisTvis mniSvnelovania xelisufle-

bis mier im Rirebulebebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia, romlebic
sazogadoebis Tu saxelmwifos marTvis dros, saboloo jamSi, xelisuf-
lebis samoqmedo xerxebisa da meTodebis saxes Rebulobs. Tanamedrove
xelisuflebisaTvis, demokratiulobis TvalsazrisiT, mTavar dile-
mebs swored faseulobebis aRiareba, maTi sakanonmdeblo gaformeba da
praqtikuli realizeba warmoSobs.
aqve ikveTeba dilema, romlebic xelisuflebisa da adamianis, xeli-

suflebisa da moqalaqis urTierTobisas iCens Tavs. `kacobriobis mTe-
li istoriis manZilze xelisufleba or mTavar mizans emsaxureboda
wesrigis dacvas (sicocxlis SenarCuneba da qonebis dacva) da sazo-
gadoebrivi sikeTis dacvas. mogvianebiT zogierTma xelisuflebam daa-
mata mesame mizanic Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofa~.19
xelisuflebis mTavar dilemas TiToeul am faseulobaTa Soris ba-

lansi qmnis. swored es ukanasknelia mniSvnelovani sazomi xelisuf-
lebis demokratiulobisa. dilema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sajaro po-
litikis ganxorcielebis procesSi am faseulobaTa Soris konfliqti
arsebobs. es konfliqti yovel konkretul istoriul momentSi ise ga-
moiyureba, rogor arCevansac akeTebs xelisufleba, anu is, Tu romeli
faseuloba romel faseulobaze dominirebs: `...rodesac saWiro xdeba
19
qeneT jenda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia aSS xelisu-
fleba da politikuri procesi, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 2.
arCevanis gakeTeba Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobas Soris, amerikelebi

upiratesobas Tavisuflebas Tanasworobis xarjze ufro xSirad aniWe-
ben, vidre sxva qveynis mcxovrebni. amis sapirispirod, TanasworobisaT-
vis upiratesobis miniWeba TavisuflebasTan SedarebiT gansakuTrebiT
Zlier iyo gamoxatuli yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelic tradiciu-
lad uzrunvelyofda Tavis moqalaqeebs samedicino momsaxurebiT, iafi
sacxovrebliTa da sxva sazogadoebrivi sikeTeebiT~.20
am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven mivaniSneT, rom samarTlebrivi mdgomareo-

bis sisrule damokidebulia moqalaqeobaze. moqalaqis samarTlebrivi
mdgomareoba (misi uflebebis, Tavisuflebebis da movaleobebis erTob-
lioba), ufro sruladaa mocemuli saxelmwifos konstituciaSi, vidre
aramoqalaqeebisa, ucxoeli moqalaqeebisa da moqalaqeobis armqone pi-
rebisa. es garemoeba pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris kavSiris formi-
dan da Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs. moqalaqeobis SemTxvevaSi es kavSi-
ri srulia da saxelmwifosTan piris samarTlebriv da politikur kav-
Sirs gulisxmobs. saqarTvelos 1993 wlis 25 martis moqalaqeobis Sesa-
xeb organuli kanonis Sesabamisad:
`moqalaqeoba niSnavs piris politikur-samarTlebriv kavSirs saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifosTan, rac gamoixateba urTierTsanacvlo ufleba-mo-
valeobaTa erTianobiT, emyareba adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemas, misi uf-
lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRiarebas~.21
aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom moqalaqeobis miRebis sakiTxSi saqarTvelos

kanonmdebloba gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. saqar-
Tvelos konstitucia awesebs moqalaqeobis miRebis rogorc dabadebis,
ise naturalizaciis princips. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb or-
ganuli kanonis me-10 muxlis mixedviT:
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopoveba xdeba:

a) dabadebiT;
b) saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miRebiT (naturalizaciiT);
g) saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da am kanoniT gaTva-
liswinebuli sxva SemTxvevebiT~.22
konstitucia aRiarebs rogorc `sisxlis princips~, ise `niadagis

princips~. `sisxlis principi~ gulisxmobs, roca bavSvis moqalaqeoba
20
qeneT jenda, jefri m. beri, jeri goldmeni, amerikuli demokratia aSS xelisu-
fleba da politikuri procesi, `jisiai~, Tbilisi, 1995, gv. 13.
21
1993 wlis 25 martis saqarTvelos organuli kanoni saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb, http://www.parliament.ge.
22
ibid.
54 kari pirveli
ganisazRvreba dabadebis adgilis miuxedavad. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvis

moqalaqeobis sakiTxi dakavSirebulia mSoblebis moqalaqeobasTan. `ni-
adagis principi~ piriqiT, ar aris dakavSirebuli mSoblebis moqala-
qeobasTan da gulisxmobs moqalaqeobis miRebas dabadebis adgilis mi-
xedviT.
saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebiT, saqarTvelos moqala-

qeoba SesaZlebelia mieniWos ucxo saxelmwifos moqalaqesac Tu mas
saqarTvelosa da kacobriobis winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsaxure-
ba Tavisi samecniero, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT, an aqvs profesia da
kvalifikacia, romliTac dainteresebulia saqarTvelo, an Tu misi mo-
qalaqed miReba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifo interesebidan.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sakanonmdeblo reglamentaciis is de-

bulebebi, romlebic xazs usvams saxelmwifosa da piris kavSiris Senar-
Cunebas piris adgilsamyofelis miuxedavad.
konstituciis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo kisrulobs val-

debulebas gauwios mfarveloba Tavis moqalaqeebs miuxedavad maTi ad-
gilsamyofelisa.
dauSvebelia saqarTvelos moqalaqis saqarTvelodan gaZeveba an uc-

xo saxelmwifosaTvis gadacema.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis da Sewyvetis sakiTxebi deta-

luradaa regulirebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb organuli
kanoniT.
nawili mesame
konstitucia
saxelmZRvanelos es nawili iZleva codnas Cveni saxelmwifos uzena-

esi, ZiriTadi kanonis konstituciis Sesaxeb. aq aris mcdeloba gaviaz-
roT daniSnuleba, misi funqciebi, adgili erovnul-samarTlebriv sis-
temaSi. am nawilis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT:
konstituciis arsisa da misi istoriis Sesaxeb;

konstituciis iseT Tvisebebze, rogoricaa: uzenaesoba, fuZem-
debluri buneba; legitimuroba, pirdapiri moqmedeba; stabilu-
roba;
konstituciis iuridiul, politikur, socialur, ideologiur
funqciebze;
konstituciis iseT sakiTxebze, Tu ra aris: dawerili da dauwere-
li konstitucia, moqnili da myari konstitucia; mudmivi da dro-
ebiTi, monarqiuli da respublikuri konstituciebi.
SeZlebT ikamaToT konstitucionalizmis tradiciebze da isto-
riaze saqarTveloSi;
SeZlebT saqarTvelos moqmedi, 1995 wlis konstituciis zogad da-
xasiaTebas.
56 kari pirveli
Tavi 3.1
konstituciis arsi da mokle istoria
konstitucia umniSvnelovanesi samarTlebrivi da politikuri xasi-

aTis dokumentia, romelic saxelmwifoSi socialuri da politikuri
SeTanxmebis umTavres normatiul aqts warmoadgens. swored konstitu-
ciuri reglamentacia da Tanxmoba ganapirobebs faseulobaTa iseT ba-
lanss, sadac SesaZlebelia adamianisa da moqalaqis usafrTxo da Rir-
seuli arseboba, adamianis ufleba-TavisuflebaTa uzrunvelyofa.
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da wesrigis demokratiuli konstitu-

ciuri Tanafardoba qmnis iseT mmarTvelobas, sadac uzrunvelyofilia
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, am ukanaskneliT xelisufleba
SezRudulia, rac pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi xelisuflebis TviTnebo-
bas gamoricxavs. swored amitom konstitucia qveynis uzenaesi kanonia,
romelic ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens rogorc adamianis/
moqalaqisaTvis, ise nebismieri demokratiuli xelisuflebisaTvis.
cneba konstitucia laTinuridan `konstitucio~ (constitutio) mom-

dinareobs da dawesebas, dadgenas, agebulebas niSnavs. Tavad termins
Rrma istoriuli warmomavloba aqvs, Tumca Tanamedrove mniSvneloba
man mxolod meCvidmete saukuneSi SeiZina, roca `bunebiTi skolis~ war-
momadgenelma Tomas hobsma (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679) igi `saxelmwifos
ZiriTad kanonad moixsenia~. ufro adre konstituciad iwodeboda maga-
liTad, romis imperatorebis mier gamocemuli aqtebis calkeuli saxe-
oba. aseve aqti feodalTa privilegiebis Sesaxeb Sua saukuneebSi.
konstitucias, rogorc Tanamedrove demokratiis umniSvnelovanes

instituts, win uZRoda konstituciuri mniSvnelobis aqtebi, rogoric
iyo 1628 wels inglisSi miRebuli `peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb~,23 aseve
inglisSi 1647 wels Seqmnili `saxalxo Tanxmobis proeqti~. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tavidan konstituciuri mniSvnelobis aqtebi evropaSi iqna
SemuSavebuli, Tanamedrove mniSvnelobis pirveli klasikuri konsti-
tucia mainc okeanis gaRma, 1787 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi mii-
Res. mas Semdeg konstitucionalizmis talRa kvlav evropas daubrunda
da imave saukunis bolos, 1791 wels, konstituciebi miRebul iqna polo-
neTSi (3 maisi) da safrangeTSi (3 seqtemberi). Semdeg evropis yvela sa-
xelmwifom sakuTari konstitucia SeimuSava.
23
Petition of Right, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Right.
sazogadoebebisa da erovnuli saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebis Sesabami-

sad konstituciis, rogorc iuridiuli da politikuri dokumentis, saxe
da Sinaarsi, misi roli da daniSnuleba TandaTanobiT ixveweboda.
Tavi 3.2
konstituciis Tvisebebi
konstitucia, rogorc umniSvnelovanesi, qveynis normatiuli aqte-

bis ierarqiaSi pirvel adgilze mdgomi aqti, xasiaTdeba rigi Tavisebu-
rebebiT. es Taviseburebebi gansazRvraven misi, rogorc qveynis Ziri-
Tadi kanonis Taviseburebebs da xazs usvamen konstituciis, rogorc
mniSvnelovani samarTlebriv-politikuri xasiaTis dokumentis mniS-
vnelobas sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis, TiToeuli moqalaqisa
Tu maTi gaerTianebebisaTvis. am TavSi konstituciis zogierT arsebiT
Tvisebas gamovyofT, romlebic erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemaSi mis
rols warmoaCens.
konstituciis fuZemdebluri buneba
konstituciis fuZemdebluri buneba gulisxmobs im garemoebas, rom

konstitucia, rogorc wesi, xalxis mier an xalxis saxeliT miiReba. Se-
sabamisad, konstituciis fuZemdeblurobas uzrunvelyofs Tanamed-
rove konstituciebSi saxalxo da saxelmwifo suverenitetis erTmniS-
vnelovani buneba. konstituciis fuZemdeblur bunebas uzrunvelyofs
misi Seqmnisa da miRebis uflebis mqone subieqtebis gansakuTrebuloba
da pirveladoba, ris gamoc sxva samarTlebrivi aqtebi Tu debulebebi
ar SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes konstitucias.
da bolos, konstituciis fuZemdebluri xasiaTi pirdapir kavSir-

Sia axali saxelmwifos warmoSobasTan, mis mier arCeuli sazogadoeb-
riv-politikuri wyobis iuridiul gaformebasTan. Sesabamisad, axali
saxelmwifos warmoSobis an saxelmwifoSi sazogadoebrivi wyobis Zi-
reuli cvlilebebi pirvel rigSi konstituciaSi aisaxeba. swored kon-
stituciaa is samarTlebrivi dokumenti, sadac umniSvnelovanesi sa-
zogadoebriv-politikuri urTierTobebi da SeTanxmebebi airekleba,
romlebic, saboloo jamSi, mocemuli sazogadoebis realur yofas ga-
nasaxiereben.
58 kari pirveli
konstituciis uzenaesoba
2008 weli. saqarTvelos parlamentis win Sekrebili xalxi inaugura-

ciis ceremoniis dawyebas elodeba. mas Semdeg, rac specialurad mowyo-
bil scenaze axlad arCeuli prezidenti mixeil saakaSvili sapreziden-
to ficis dasadebad gamovida, gaisma deklamatoris xma: `saqarTvelos
konstitucia~, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdo-
marem giorgi papuaSvilma tribunaze saqarTvelos konstitucia dado
da masze xelis dadebiT prezidenti saprezidento fics warmoTqvams.
prezidentis fici konstituciis Semadgeneli nawilia. erovnul-samar-
Tlebriv sivrceSi, swored, konstituciaa is uzenaesi dokumenti, ro-
melzedac xelis dadebiT saxelmwifos prezidentma erisa da sazogado-
ebis winaSe erTgulebis fici dado.
konstituciaa dokumenti, romelic qveyanaSi xelisuflebis organi-

zaciis sakiTxs gansazRvravs. Sesabamisad, yvela saxelisuflo rgolis:
prezidentis, parlamentis, mTavrobis, sasamarTlos uflebamosile-
ba da valdebulebebi konstituciaSia reglamentirebuli. erovnul-
samarTlebriv sistemaSi konstituciis mniSvnelobas gansakuTrebulad
usvams xazs misi uzenaesoba.
konstituciis uzenaesobaSi igulisxmeba, misi, rogorc ZiriTadi

kanonis umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala erovnul-samarTlebrivi sistemis
yvela normatiul aqtTan SedarebiT. erTi mxriv, es gulisxmobs, rom
konstitucia aris samarTlebrivi wyaro samoqalaqo, sisxlis, adminis-
traciuli da sxva nebismieri kanonmdeblobisaTvis. meore mxriv, es uze-
naesoba gamoixateba imaSi, rom kanonebis miRebis uflebamosileba mxo-
lod konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul saxelmwifo organoebs gaaCniaT.
konstitucia awesebs movaleobas, romliTac saxelmwifo organoe-

bi, Tanamdebobis pirebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi
moqmedeben. zogjer konstituciebi mis uzenaesobaze pirdapir miuTi-
Teben. konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofas da misi dacvis fun-
qcias emsaxureba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic
axorcielebs saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobis, konstituciuri
kanonierebis da adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis dacvas.24
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros struqturuli qvedanayofis, konsti-

tuciuri usafrTxoebis departamentis ZiriTadi amocanaa: saxelmwi-
fos dasustebis mizniT, saxelmwifo an sxva dawesebulebaTa normalu-
24
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 83.
ri funqcionirebisaTvis xelis SemSleli garemoebebis, ucxoeTis spec-

samsaxurebis interesebis gamovlena-aRkveTa da neitralizeba, qveynis
politikuri da ekonomikuri safrTxis prognozireba, am mizniT infor-
maciis mopoveba da analitikuri damuSaveba, specsamsaxurebis saqmiano-
bis formebiTa da meTodebiT, kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT saxel-
mwifos konstituciuri sistemisa da xelisuflebis arakonstituciu-
ri, Zaladobrivi gziT Secvlisagan dacvis uzrunvelyofa;
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebis, maT Soris samo-

xeleo, korufciuli da eqstremizmis niSnebis matarebel danaSaulTa
gamovlena da aRkveTa;
mis kompetencias mikuTvnebul saqmeebze, sisxlis samarTlis sapro-

ceso kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul far-
glebSi winaswari gamoZieba da sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna;
departamenti agreTve axorcielebs saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisaTvis

gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone dawesebulebebSi daniSnuli uSiS-
roebis sakiTxTa oficrebis saqmianobis koordinaciasa da kontrols,
maT mier mowodebuli informaciis analitikur damuSavebas.
konstituciis stabiluroba
konstituciis stabiluroba misi umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebaa, rac

ganapirobebs mis adgils erovnul-samarTlebriv sistemaSi. konstitu-
ciis stabiluroba uzrunvelyofilia Tavad konstituciaSi reglamen-
tirebuli normebis realuri socialuri safuZvlebiT da maTi ZiebiT,
konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis gansakuTrebuli wesis arsebobiT.
konstituciis stabiluroba Tavis TavSi moicavs konstituciuri

principebisa da debulebebis iseTi sistemis arsebobas, romlis Zali-
Tac, politikuri socializaciis Sedegad xelisuflebaSi mosul axal
politikur Zalas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos
am sistemaze da, Sesabamisad, Secvalos konstitucia Tavisi Sexedule-
bisamebr. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelisuflebam ki ar unda moirgos
konstitucia, Tavad xelisufleba unda moergos konstitucias. xeli-
sufleba valdebulia, Seeguos da daemorCilos konstituciiT ganmtki-
cebul pirobebs.
es sulac ar niSnavs upirobo stabilurobas, ramdenadac yoveli sa-

marTlebrivi norma da maT Soris konstituciuri normac socialuri
60 kari pirveli
normis saxesxvaobas warmoadgens. maT safuZvels, bunebrivia, realuri

socialuri sayrdeni unda gaaCndes. amitom, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
pirobebis cvalebadoba TavisTavad moiTxovs konstituciuri normebis
SesabamisobaSi moyvanas, rac aucilebelia maTi realizaciisaTvis.
konstituciaSi cvlilebebis da damatebebis Setana Tavad konsti-

tuciiTve regulirdeba da masSivea reglamentirebuli. es meqanizmi ki
konstituciis stabilurobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa.
konstituciebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian. Teoriulad ganasxva-

veben `moqnil~ da `myar~ konstituciebs.
`moqnilia~ konstitucia, romelic iTvaliswinebs cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis Setanis martiv meqanizms. magaliTad, gfr-is ZiriTadi ka-
noni, sadac cvlilebebisa da damatebebis iseTive wesia gaTvaliswine-
buli, rogoric mimdinare kanonebisaTvis.
`myari~ konstituciebi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis ufro rTul me-

qanizmebs iTvaliswineben. sirTule yoveli konkretuli qveynis kanon-
mdebelzea damokidebuli. magaliTad, `myar~ konstituciaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneba saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis gadasinjvis proceduras iTvaliswinebs

saqarTvelos konstituciis 102-e muxli. am muxlis mixedviT saqarTve-
los konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanon-
proeqti waredgineba saqarTvelos parlaments. amasTan, parlamentSi
kanonproeqtis Setana avtomaturad ar niSnavs parlamentis mier mis
ganxilvas. kanonproeqtis ganxilvis SesaZlebloba parlaments mxolod
mas Semdeg miecema, roca igi wardgenil kanonproeqts sayovelTao-sa-
xalxo ganxilvisaTvis gamoitans. kanonproeqtis gamoqveynebidan mxo-
lod erTi Tvis Semdeg eniWeba parlaments misi ganxilvis dawyebis uf-
leba.
2010 wels saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda,

romlebic konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis sakiT-
xsac Seexo. Secvlili konstitucia 2013 wlis oqtomberSi, morigi sap-
rezidento arCevnebis Semdeg, axlad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis
dadebis momentidan, amoqmeddeba. kerZod, konstituciis 102-e muxlis
me-3 punqtSi Caiwera: `konstituciis gadasinjvis proeqti miRebulad
CaiTvleba, Tu mas saqarTvelos parlamentis or Tanmimdevrul sesiaze,
sul cota, sami Tvis intervaliT, mxars dauWers saqarTvelos parla-
mentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamedisa~.
rogorc am muxlis amonarididan Cans, konstituciis gadasinjvis Se-

saxeb kanonproeqtis miRebisaTvis parlamentis wevrTa xmebis sakmaod
didi raodenobaa saWiro. garda amisa, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs misi
gadasinjvis inicirebas xalxis mier. 102-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Se-
sabamisad konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis kanonpro-
eqtis Setanis ufleba, sxva subieqtebis garda, aqvs aranakleb 200 000
amomrCevels, maSin roca Cveulebriv kanonebTan mimarTebiT aseTive
ufleba 30 000 amomrCevelsac aqcs.
konstituciis legitimuroba
konstituciis legitimuroba gulisxmobs konstituciis SemuSave-

bas da miRebas kanonis srul moTxovnaTa dacviT. es moTxovnebi, ro-
gorc wesi, Tavad konstituciaSivea reglamentirebuli. konstitucia,
romelic miRebulia Zaladobis raime formiT, kanonis moTxovnaTa sa-
winaaRmdegod an darRveviT, bunebrivia, legitimurad ver CaiTvleba.
konstituciis legitimurobis arsebiTi ganmsazRvrelia saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis neba. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula-
Si aRniSnulia:
`Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa davamkvidroT

sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo... RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT am kon-
stitucias~.
konstituciis pirdapiri moqmedeba
konstitucia, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni, qveynis moqmedi ka-

nonmdeblobis safuZvels warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, xSirad
dgeba konstituciis da moqmedi sakanonmdeblo normebis dabalansebis,
konstituciuri normebis sakanonmdeblo normebze ukugavlenis sakiT-
xebi. aseT viTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba konstitu-
ciis, rogorc uSualo moqmedebis aqtis sakiTxs.
konstitucis uSualo moqmedebis sakiTxi `Zalze specifikuri kon-

stituciuri normebis, specifikuri moqmedebis sakiTxs moicavs. Ziri-
Tadad es aris saerTo normebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organizaciis safuZvlebis regulireba. Sinaarsobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, pirdapiri moqmedeba metwilad SemzRudav konstituci-
62 kari pirveli
ur normebze vrceldeba. amitom mTavari is aris, rom swored konsti-

tuciasTan SesabamisobiT miRebulma kanonmdeblobam uzrunvelyos
rogorc konstituciuri, ise konkretuli samarTlebrivi normebis re-
aluri moqmedeba~.25
zogierTi qveynis konstitucia araTu calkeul specifikur konsti-

tuciur normebs, mTlianad konstitucias aRiarebs pirdapiri moqmede-
bis aqtad. magaliTad, Cveni erT-erTi uaxloesi mezobeli saxelmwifos,
somxeTis respublikis, konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirvel nawilSi aR-
niSnulia: `respublikis konstitucias aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli Za-
la da misi normebi uSualod moqmedebs~.
arsebobs konstituciuri normebi, romelTa amoqmedeba Sesamabisi

samarTlebrivi aqtis arsebobas ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
konstituciis me-4 muxlis me-4 punqtis amoqmedebisaTvis aucilebelia
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis gamocema, radgan konstituciis aRniS-
nuli norma ambobs, rom: `palatebis Semadgenlobas, uflebamosile-
basa da arCevis wess gansazRvravs organuli kanoni~.
arseboben konstituciuri normebi, romelTa moqmedeba, socialuri

daTqmis gareSec, pirdapiri moqmedebisaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis
21-e muxlis pirveli nawili ambobs: `sakuTreba da memkvidreobis uf-
leba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia. dauSvebelia sakuTrebis,
misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT miRebis sayovelTao uf-
lebis gauqmeba~.
konstituciis pirdapiri (uSualo) moqmedebis sakiTxi gansakuTre-

biT aqtualuria sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcielebis dros,
radgan sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, rogorc erT-erTi instituciuri
garantia, konstituciis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. igi ìRebs gadawyve-
tilebebs konstituciasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, kanonis,
prezidentis, mTavrobis, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da
aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa
normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxze~.
25
melqaZe, o., konstitucionalizmi, Teoriis sakiTxebi, baTumis un-tis gam-ba da st.,
2003, gv. 81.
Tavi 3.3
konstituciis ZiriTadi principebi
konstituciis moqmedeba, konstituciur sferos mikuTvnebuli sa-

zogadoebis umniSvnelovanesi urTierTobebis regulireba, damokide-
bulia im fundamentur principebze, romlebic ganzogadebuli saxiT
mocemulia konstituciaSi.
konstituciis umniSvnelovanesi fundamenturi principia demokra-

tiulobis principi. konstituciis demokratiuloba niSnavs, rom igi
aRiarebs da amkvidrebs garkveul Rirebulebebs, romelTa safuZvelzec
xelisufleba funqcionirebs.
ès Rirebulebebia: Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da miukerZoebeli kanoni-

eri marTlmsajuleba. konstituciuri demokratia unda akmayofilebdes sam
konkretul, xSirad konfliqtur moTxovnas. pirveli isaa, rom raki demokra-
tiulia, igi mgrZnobiare unda iyos xalxis mimarT. meore raki igi imarTeba
gansazRvruli wesebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad, SezRudulia dasaxu-
li miznebis ganxorcielebasa da im gzebis gamoyenebaSi, romlebiTac am miz-
nebis ganxorcielebas eswrafvian. bolos, rogorc yvela mTavroba, konsti-
tuciuri demokratia ar SeiZleba xangrZlivi iyos an didxans SemorCes sazo-
gadoebas, Tu efeqtianad ver uzrunvelyofs kanonsa da wesrigs, kompleqsu-
ri araa ekonomikis marTvasa da gare safrTxeTagan dacvaSi (aq igulisxmeba
ara marto ucxo qveynis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoseva an SemoWra, aramed
organizebuli danaSauli, bunebrivi katastrofebi da terorizmi)~.26
xelisuflebis danawileba
xelisuflebis danawileba konstituciis umniSvnelovanesi princi-

pia, radgan mis generalur xazs swored xelisuflebis organizeba war-
moadgens. xelisuflebis demokratiuli instituciebisTvis am prin-
cipis konstituciur reglamentirebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba. aRniSnul princips saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia zogadi
debulebebis me-5 muxlSi aRiarebs. es niSnavs: xelisufleba ise unda
aigos, rom misma erTma Stom sxva ganStoebis gadafarva ar gamoiwvios,
misi uflebebi ar miiTvisos. xelisuflebis organizebis am principis
26
magStadti, Tomas m., gavigoT politika: ideebi, institutebi da problemebi,
Targmani: arCil abaSiZe, giorgi gvalia, elene nodia; red.: gia nodia, daviT afra-
siZe, ilias saxelmw. un-tis gam-ba, Tbilisi, 2010. gv. 69.
64 kari pirveli
konstituciuri reglamentacia erTi-erTi safrTxisgan Tavis aride-

bis garantad warmogvidgeba. misi meoxebiT aRikveTeba xelisuflebis
TviTneboba adamianis/moqalaqis mimarT.
Tavi 3.4
konstituciis saxeebi
konstituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtika da sxvadasxva saxelmwifoe-

bis konstituciebis SedarebiToba gviCvenebs, rom ama Tu im saxelmwi-
foSi sxvadasxva istoriul sinamdvileSi moqmedi konstituciebi mrava-
li niSniT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. ise rogorc nebismieri klasi-
fikacia, konstituciebis klasifikaciac pirobiTia. es pirobiToba gu-
lisxmobs imasac, rom msgavsi an gansxvavebuli klasifikacia SesaZloa
Tqvenc uamravi SegxvdeT.
dawerili da dauwereli konstitucia
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da gavrcelebuli saklasifikacio niSania

konstituciaTa dayofa gamoxatvis formis mixedviT. am niSnis Sesabami-
sad ganasxvaveben `daweril~ da `dauwerel~ konstituciebs. `daweri-
li~ konstitucia gulisxmobs erTian, sistematizirebul normatiul
aqts, romelic miRebulia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi orga-
nos mier an referendumis gziT. `dauwereli~ konstitucia gulisxmo-
bs arasistematizirebul konstitucias, anu Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebi regulirdeba sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, kon-
stituciuri CveulebebiT da precedentebiT. am normebis erTianoba ar
aris sistematizirebuli da aRiarebuli erTian sakanonmdeblo aqtad.
aseTi konstituciiT sargeblobs inglisi, axali zelandia, israeli.
mudmivi da droebiTi konstituciebi
moqmedebis vadis mixedviT ganasxvaveben `mudmiv~ da `droebiT~ kon-

stituciebs. konstituciis mudmivoba srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom
misi Secvla an masSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana ar SeiZleba.
konstitucia samarTlebrivi normebis erTobliobaa, samarTlebrivi

norma ki socialuri normis saxesxvaoba. Sesabamisad, konstitucia is
samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romelic realur socialur-politikur

viTarebas asaxavs, efuZneba da aregulirebs. amitomac, am viTarebis
cvlilebebi adekvaturad aisaxeba konstituciaze.
konstituciis mudmivoba am saklasifikacio niSnis mixedviT gulis-

xobs, rom masSi ar aris miTiTebuli raime TariRi, faqti an movlena, ro-
melTa dadgoma konstituciis Secvlas an misi moqmedebis SeCerebas an
Sewyvetas gamoiwvevda.
konstituciis droebiToba ki, piriqiT, masSi aseT gansazRvrebebs

gulisxmobs. droebiTi konstituciis miReba sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv
da politikur garemoebebzea damokidebuli.
konstituciis, rogorc qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis miReba, rTuli

da xangrZlivi procesia. Tu qveyanaSi sazogadoebriv-politikuri
movlenebi Seicvala, ramac, Tavis mxriv, dRis wesrigSi axali konsti-
tuciis miRebis sakiTxi daayena, maSin garkveuli vadebis gansazRvra
gardauvalia. amasTan, qveyanaSi konstituciuri vakuumis arseboba da-
uSvebelia. saxelmwifoSi konstituciur regulirebas daqvemdebarebu-
li sakiTxebis TviTdinebaze datoveba savalalo Sedegebs iwvevs. aseT
viTarebaSi droebiTi konstituciis miRebaa rekomendebuli.
mmarTvelobis formis Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben `monarqiul~ da

`respublikur~ konstituciebs.
`monarqiulia~ konstitucia, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifos me-

Tauria monarqi (mefe an dedofali), da saxelmwifo xelisufleba misi
saxeliT xorcieldeba. àm gziT xelisufleba gaerTianebul samefoSi
dReisaTvis ekuTvnis parlaments da mTavrobas, xolo dedofali rCeba
saxelmwifos meTaurad~.27
monarqiulisagan gansxvavebiT, `respublikuri~ konstitucia saxel-

mwifos meTaurad garkveuli vadiT arCeul prezidents aRiarebs. xolo
erTiani xelisufleba misi danawilebis princips efuZneba.
sazogadoebriv urTierTobebTan Sesabamisobis mixedviT gamoyofen

ìuridiul~ da `faqtobriv~ konstituciebs; miRebis wesis mixedviT:
parlamentis mier, referendumis gziT miRebul an oqtroirebul28
konstituciebs da ase Semdeg. referendumis gziTaa miRebuli konsti-
27
Chris Taylor, Constitutional and Administrative Law, 2008, pg. 4.
28
oqtroirebuli konstitucia (frang.: octroyer Cuqeba) konstitucia, romelsac
gamoscems saxelmwifos meTauri warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis (parlamenti da
sxv.) monawileobis gareSe.
66 kari pirveli
tucia, romelsac xalxi uSualo demokratiis formiT, sayovelTao-sa-

xalxo kenWisyriT miiRebs.
oqtroireba niSnavs konstituciis boZebas. ganasxvaveben ori saxis

oqtroirebas: `saSinaos~ da `sagareos~.
saSinao oqtroirebis dros monarqi konstitucias erTpirovnulad

SeimuSavebs, Rebulobs da mas sakuTar xalxs sTavazobs. aseTi saxis iyo
magaliTad, napoleonis damxobis Semdeg miRebuli safrangeTis 1814
wlis konstitucia.
sagareo oqtroireba konstituciis boZebis iseTi saxea, roca yo-

fil kolonias konstitucias yofili metropolia sTavazobs. indoeTis
konstitucia am gziT orjer iqna SemuSavebuli da miRebuli. orive Se-
Tavazeba erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis gaaqtiurebas daem-
Txva (1919 da 1935 wlebi). orive SemoTavazebuli konstitucia inglisis
parlamentma daamtkica da monarqma beWedi dausva.
Tavi 3.5
konstitucionalizmis
tradiciebi saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis tradiciebze saubrisas amosa-

vali saqarTvelos istoriaa. esaa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi da-
moukideblobis aRdgenisa da dacvisTvis brZolis istoria. swored am
istoriuli bedukuRmarTobis gamoa, rom iseTi maRali samarTlebri-
vi kulturis qveyanaSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, konstitucionalizmis
Tavfurclad mxolod meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris, konkretulad
1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis, saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia iT-
vleba.
msoflio konstitucionalizmis istoriaze msjelobisas mxolod im

konstituciur aqtebs ki ar vgulisxmobT, romlebic mxolod dRevan-
deli gagebiT gamoxataven konstituciis arss, aramed mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs ufro adreuli aqtebic, romlebic zemoT ukve vaxseneT. metic,
aristoteles Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebobs Zi-
riTadi da araZiriTadi kanonebi, samarTlis istorikosebma konstitu-
ciur Sexedulebad gaiges da warmogvidgines.
amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT saqarTvelos konstituciona-

lizmis istoriac. radgan obieqturi realobaa, rom qarTuli konsti-
tucionalizmis Tavfurceli 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciaa,
erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis
istoria da qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebis istoria. 1921 wlis
konstitucia qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebisa da kulturis is-
torias namdvilad ar asaxavs.
qarTuli konstituciuri azrovnebis istoria gaerTianebuli qar-

Tuli saxelmwifos Seqmnidan iwyeba. am periodidan saxelmwifos mar-
Tva-gamgeobis amsaxveli samarTlebrivi dokumentebi ukve gvaqvs. am
periodamde saxelmwifoebrivi weswyobilebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebs,
marTalia arasamarTlebrivi, magram ufro adrindeli dokumentebi Se-
icavs: saero da saeklesio xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli sigel-guj-
rebi, boZebis sigelebi da sxva.
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoSobis Semdeg miRebuli konsti-

tuciuri mniSvnelobis klasikuri aqtia `xelmwifis karis garigeba~. mis
konstituciur mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom: igi naTlad
gamoxatavda mefis Zlieri xelisuflebis ideologias, masSi mocemuli
iyo centraluri xelisuflebis daxasiaTeba, sasaxlis karis etiketi da
a. S. Cvenamde moRweuli am dokumentis teqsti XIV saukunes ganekuTvne-
ba. istorikosma eqvTime TayaiSvilma aRniSnuli aqti giorgi brwyinva-
lis mefobis (1314-1346) periods miakuTvna. `xelmwifis karis garige-
bis~ Taobaze cnobili mecnieri iv. surgulaZe aRniSnavda: ìs faqti,
rom saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis sakiTxze amgvari xasiaTis naSromebi
iwereboda, TavisTavad... maCvenebelia, rom iuridiuli azrovneba maSin-
del saqarTveloSi maRal doneze mdgara~.29
konstitucionalizmis TvalsazrisiT aseve Zalze sayuradRebo iyo

`wesi da gangebai mefeTa kurTxevisa~, radgan masSi gansazRvruli iyo sa-
mefo xelisuflebis, misi aparatis, samefo darbazis funqcionirebis wesi.
qarTuli konstitucionalizmis daxasiaTebaSi mniSvnelovani adgi-

li uWiravs yuTlu-arslanis dass. igi, saqarTveloSi parlamentarizmis
ideis warmoSobas ukavSirdeba. Tumca unda aRvniSnoT, rom am ukanaskne-
lis Sesaxeb qarTul istoriul mecnierebaSi erTiani azri ar aris.
qarTuli konstitucionalizmis istoriis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, roca vax-
tang VI-m `dasturlamali~ miiRo. am aqtis dasaxasiaTeblad mxolod iv.
29
surgulaZe, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 69.
68 kari pirveli
javaxiSvilis sityvebs moviSveliebT: `dasturlamali~-s SeqmniT vax-

tang meeqvsem marTlmsajuleba da marTva-gamgeoba kvlav erTmaneTisa-
gan gansazRvra da saxelmwifo samarTalsac mtkice safuZveli daudo:
amieriTgan saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis garkveuli wesi iyo damyare-
buli da misi ryeva da darRveva ase ioli aRar iqneboda~.30
qarTuli konstitucionalizmis dasaxasiaTeblad, aseve, mniSvnelo-

vania 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa Sexedulebebi, 60-ianelTa samarTlebriv-
politikuri warmodgenebi da yvela is ideebi, romelic ruseTis impe-
riis dampyrobluri politikis viTarebaSi aRmocendeboda qarTuli
saxelmwifos gadasarCenad.
Tavi 3.6
konstituciis funqciebi
konstitucia, qveynis sazogadoebrivi weswyobilebisa da politikis

sferoSi aRmocenebuli urTierTobebis regulirebis TaviseburebebiT
da mravalmxrivi funqciuri daniSnulebiT gamoirCeva. konstitucias-
Tan, rogorc ZiriTad kanonTan, mimarTebaSi upiratesad gamoyofen mis
iuridiul funqcias. konstituciis iuridiul funqciaSi Sesabamisi
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis reglamentireba, am urTierTobebis
samarTlebrivi regulireba igulisxmeba.
dRes ukve xSirad saubroben imaze, rom konstitucia marto norma-

tiuli dokumenti ar aris. igi samarTlianadaa aRiarebuli, rogorc
saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi politikuri dokumenti. amdenad, Se-
saZlebelia konstituciis politikuri funqciac gamovyoT. qveyanaSi
arsebuli politikuri Zalebis Tanafardobis konstituciuri asaxva,
mocemul instituciaTa Soris Tanafardobis dadgena, maT Soris poli-
tikuri TamaSis wesebze SeTanxmeba da misi samarTlebrivi gaformeba am
funqciis Sesabamisad xdeba. arsebuli politikuri Zalebis Tavisufali
funqcionireba da politikuri socializaciis procesSi Tanaswori mo-
nawileobis SesaZlebloba garantirebulia konstituciuri normebiT,
xolo detalurad saarCevno kanonmdeblobaSi aris gawerili.
konstitucia saxelmwifoSi ideologiur funqciasac asrulebs. es,

moqalaqeebisa da adamianTa gaerTianebebis mier, konstituciis avtori-
30
javaxiSvili, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria; http://lib.ge/bodytext.php?6708.
tetis aRiarebas uzrunvelyofs. konstituciis ideologiuri funqcia

samarTlebriv-politikur kulturasac ukavSirdeba da mis daxvewa-ganvi-
Tarebas uwyobs xels, sxvadasxva demokratiuli Rirebulebebisadmi ada-
mianis liberalur damokidebulebas aZlierebs. misi saSualebiT konsti-
tucia zogadsakacobrio da erovnuli kulturis nawilad warmoCindeba.
Tavi 3.7
saqarTvelos moqmedi
1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstitucia
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia Sedgeba 1995 wels miRebuli teq-

stisagan, masSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiTa da damatebebiT, e.w. mi-
erTebuli nawilisagan 2004 wlis 1 ivlisis saqarTvelos konstituci-
uri kanoni àWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~.
saqarTvelos konstitucia Tavisi iuridiuli bunebiT umaRlesi

iuridiuli Zalis aqtia. saxelmwifoSi moqmedi yvela sxva samarTleb-
rivi aqti konstitucias unda Seesabamebodes an misgan gamomdinareob-
des. konstituciis uzenaesoba Tavad konstituciaSivea aRiarebuli:
saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil far-

glebSi~.
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 5.1
`saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva

samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias~.
`konstituciis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg moqmedebs mxolod is samarTleb-

rivi aqti an aqtis nawili, romelic konstitucias ar ewinaaRmdegeba~.
moqmedi konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelsayofad konstitucia

uflebebTan erTad, yvela fizikuri da iuridiuli pirisaTvis, garkve-
ul valdebulebebs awesebs. es moTxovnebi vrceldeba rogorc saqar-
Tvelos, ise ucxoel moqalaqeebzec:
`saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia asrulebdes saqar-

Tvelos konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs~.
70 kari pirveli
saxelmwifo moxeleebs da Tanamdebobis pirebs konstituciis dacvis

valdebuleba akisriaT. konstituciis darRveva saqarTvelos prezi-
dentis, mTavrobis wevrebis, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, ge-
neraluri prokuroris, kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomaris da erovnu-
li bankis sabWos wevrebis pasuxismgeblobis, impiCmentis wesiT sakiTxis
dasmis erT-erTi safuZvelia.
konstitucia, rogorc mniSvnelovani politikuri

dokumenti
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis politikuri buneba imaSi gamo-

ixateba, rom igi aRiarebs politikur pluralizms, awesebs da uzrun-
velyofs politikuri saqmianobis Tavisuflebas, adgens CarCoebs aseTi
saqmianobisaTvis, aRiarebs konstituciis uzenaesobas.
konstitucia politikuri socializaciis procesSi yvela politi-

kur Zalas Tanabar SesaZleblobas aniWebs. amasTan, moqmedi konstitu-
ciiT akrZalulia iseTi politikuri gaerTianebis Seqmna da saqmianoba,
romlis mizania:
saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobis damxoba;
Zaladobis gziT qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa;
teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva;
omis an Zaladobis propaganda;
erovnuli, kuTxuri, religiuri an socialuri SuRlis gaRviveba.
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia politikur pluralizms da Ta-

visuflebas uzrunvelyofs, Tumca, imavdroulad, mas kanonismieri go-
nivruli farglebiT zRudavs. magaliTad, saqarTvelos konstituciis
26-e muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs ufleba
aqvT organuli kanonis Sesabamisad Seqmnan politikuri partia, sxva ga-
erTianeba da monawileoba miiRon mis saqmianobaSi~. Tumca zemoT ukve
naxsenebi safuZvlebis arsebobisas, SesaZlebelia, moqalaqeebs uari
eTqvaT am uflebis gamoyenebaze.
saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis bolo oci wlis manZilze politiku-

ri gaerTianebis registraciaze uaryofiTi gadawyvetilebis ori Sem-
Txveva fiqsirdeba.
2001 wels registraciaze uari eTqva organizacia `mxedrions~ (`pat-

riotTa kavSiri~), romelic jer kidev 1989 wels samxedro organizaciad
dafuZnda. `mxedrionma~ saqarTvelos 1992 wlis saxelmwifo gadatria-
lebaSi mTavari roli iTamaSa. Semdegac, damxobili xelisuflebis war-

momadgenelTa devna-Seviwroebasa da momxreTa saprotesto moZraobis
CaxSobaSi aqtiurad monawileobda. 1995 wels misi saqmianoba aikrZala.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom organizacia Tavdapirvelad patriotuli miz-
nebiT Seiqmna da masSi demokratiuli idealebisaTvis mebrZolma bevrma
adamianma moiyara Tavi. saqarTveloSi vizitis dros misi sapatio wevri
aSS saxelmwifo mdivani jeims beikeric ki gaxda.
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia pasuxs scems mTavar kiTxvas, Tu

vis ekuTvnis saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba. konstituciis
mixedviT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi da Sesabamisad xeli-
suflebac mas ekuTnis.
`saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi. saxelmwifo

xelisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi~.
politikuri xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi xalxis monawileo-

bis formebs konstitucia awesebs, maT Soris pirdapiri demokratiis
CaTvliT, roca moqalaqeebi ara gaSualebulad, parlamentis mier, ara-
med uSualod, Tavadve wyveten mniSvnelovan politikur, saxelmwifo-
ebriv da sazogadoebriv sakiTxebs. uSualo demokratiis formebad un-
da davasaxeloT arCevnebi da referendumi.
72 kari pirveli
nawili meoTxe
saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis formebi
meoTxe nawilSi ganvixilavT mmarTvelobis ZiriTad formebs, aseve

mmarTvelobis calkeul formebs. vimsjelebT saxelmwifoTa kavSire-
bis Tanamedrove formebze. warmovadgenT saqarTvelos, rogorc erTi-
ani saxelmwifos, zogadsamarTlebriv daxasiaTebas. gavecnobiT infor-
macias mmarTvelobis xerxebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. davaxasiaTebT
saqarTvelos konstituciur-samarTlebriv statuss. warmovaCenT sa-
qarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi suverenitetis arssa da Taviseburebebs.
ganvixilavT demokratias, rogorc politikuri reJimis safuZvels.
am nawilis Seswavlis Semdeg Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxeb-

ze, rogoricaa:
ra aris saxelmwifos cneba da Sinaarsi;

ras niSnavs monarqiuli mmarTveloba da rogoria misi saxeebi;
ra Tavisebureba da saxeebi gaaCnia respublikur mmarTvelobas;
ra aris xelisuflebis teritoriuli mowyoba;
rogoria federaciuli saxelmwifo;
ras niSnavs unitaruli saxelmwifo;
ra Sereuli formebi gvxvdeba respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros;
ratom iqmnebian saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobebi: konfederacia,
evrokavSiri, dsT da ra formiT urTierToben isini;
ras warmoadgens politikuri reJimi da misi romeli kategoriebi
SeiZleba arsebobdes;
ratomaa aqtualuri mmarTvelobis formis Teoriuli da praqti-
kuli mniSvneloba Cveni qveynisaTvis.
Tavi 4.1
saxelmwifos forma cneba da Sinaarsi
konstituciur-samarTlebriv Teoriasa da praqtikaSi saxelmwifos

formis sakiTxi erT-erTi startegiuli mniSvnelobisaa. saxelmwifos
formis kvleva saTaves Soreuli warsulidan iRebs. masze jer kidev
platoni da aristotele msjelobdnen, antikuri periodis iuristebi
kamaTobdnen. saxelmwifos formis sakiTxebs dResac didi mondomebiT
ikvleven.
Tavisi SinaarsiT saxelmwifos forma, esaa saxelmwifos im Sinagani

niSnebis erToblioba, romelic aCvenebs, Tu rogoraa mocemul saxel-
mwifoSi xelisufleba mowyobili, vis ekuTvnis igi. rogor, romeli or-
ganoebis da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba saxelmwifo xeli-
sufleba. es sakiTxi Cveni saxelmwifosaTvisac sagulisxmoa.
ar iqneba gadaWarbebuli Tu vityviT, rom CvenSi xelisuflebis mow-

yobis sakiTxs saxelmwifosTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. amas gvi-
dasturebs saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da afxazeTis separatistuli
reJimis konfliqti, saqarTvelos moqmed konstituciaSi saxelmwifos
teritoriuli mowyobis Riad darCenili sakiTxi. problemaTa mogva-
rebis erT-erT pirobad saxelmwifos mowyobis sakiTxi miiCneoda. dRes
gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT saxelmwifo formis cneba sami urTierTda-
kavSirebuli movlenis sinTezss moicavs, esenia:
1. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma;

2. xelisuflebis teritoriuli organizaciis forma;
3. politikuri reJimi.31
Tavi 4.2
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis forma
mmarTvelobis forma saxelmwifos umaRlesi xelisuflebis formi-

rebis wessa da mis struqturas gulisxmobs. istoriulad, mmarTvelo-
bis formas sazogadoebis Sesabamisi socialuri da politikuri Zalebis
31
ruxaZe, z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, baTumi, 1999
74 kari pirveli
urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTdapirispireba gansazRvravda.

aqedan gamomdinare, mocemuli sakiTxis praqtikul-politikuri mniS-
vneloba zogadad, da Cveni sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosaTvis konkre-
tulad, friad aqtualuria. Sinaarsobrivad, mmarTvelobis forma, esaa
saxelmwifos im Sinagani niSnebis erToblioba, romlebic aCvenebs, Tu
rogoraa mocemul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba mowyobili; vis ekuTvnis
igi; rogor, romeli organoebiT da ra meTodebis gamoyenebiT xorci-
eldeba.
mmarTvelobis formis, anu xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis for-

mirebis da maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi pasuxobs kiTxvebze:
ramdenad eyrdnoba xelisuflebis mowyoba, zemoT ukve mraval-

gzis xsenebul, xelisuflebis ganawilebis princips?
rogoria xelisuflebisa da mosaxleobis urTierTmimarTeba?
mosaxleobis mier xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis ra da ra forme-
bi arsebobs?
rogoria xelisuflebis organoebis Seqmnis wesi, maTi uflebamo-
silebis xangrZlivoba?
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formis mixedviT ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben

monarqiasa da respublikas.
monarqiuli mmarTveloba
monarqiulia mmarTvelobis iseTi forma, sadac umaRlesi saxelmwi-

fo xelisufleba erT pirs, monarqs, ekuTvnis, romelic Tavisi nebis Se-
sabamisad warmarTavs xelisuflebas.32 monarqis neba saxelmwifoSi uze-
naesia. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo meqanizmSi monarqis rolisa da
misi saxelmwifosadmi damokidebulebis konstruqciebi sxvadasxva epo-
qaSi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba. monarqis istoriuli statusi Tana-
medrove monarqebis mdgomareobisgan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. monarqis
pozicia dRevandel saxelmwifo meqanizmSi sxvagvaria. amis mTavari mi-
zezi Tanamedrove monarqiuli xelisuflebis wyaro, misi uflebamosi-
lebebis arsenali da saxelmwifo meqanizmSi monarqis roli da adgilia.
monarqiaTa arsebuli modelebis farglebSi sxvadasxva epoqebSi misi

nairgvari saxe Camoyalibda:
32
Civil enciklopediuri leqsikoni, monarqia; http://www.nplg.gov.ge.
1. absoluturi, anu SeuzRudavi monarqia;

2. arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi monarqia;
3. SezRuduli (konstituciuri) monarqia.
absoluturi monarqia
absoluturi monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTeli xelisuflebis

Tavmoyra erTi piris monarqis xelSi. monarqi TviTon gamoscems kano-
nebs, uflebamosilia ganaxorcielos es kanonebi, anu uSualod aRasru-
los administraciuli mmarTveloba, daniSnos mTavroba. monarqi aris
umaRlesi msajuli. aRniSnuli uflebamosilebebiT monarqi upirobod
sargeblobs. misi xelisufleba aravisgan da arafriT ar aris SezRudu-
li. absolutur monarqiaSi mis xelisuflebas zogjer is garemoebac
aZlierebs, rom igi, imavdroulad, umaRlesi sasuliero piricaa. mmar-
Tvelobis am formas saxelmwifoTa Camoyalibebis sawyis etapze vxvde-
biT. aseve, man farTod moikida fexi Sua saukuneebis saxelmwifoTa xe-
lisuflebis mowyobaSic. am tipis monarqiis klasikuri magaliTi, lui
XIV da safrangeTSi misi zeobis periodi, zemoT vaxseneT. aseTi monarqia
iSviaTad, magram mainc dResac arsebobs (magaliTad, saudis arabeTsa da
omanSi).
arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi monarqia
monarqia SeiZleba iyos memkvidreobiTi da arCeviTi. memkvidreobi-

Ti monarqiis dros monarqs, taxtis memkvidreobis konstituciiT gaT-
valiswinebuli wesiT, gansazRvruli samefo ojaxidan an dinastiidan
iwveven. arCeviT monarqias ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca taxtis gadacema
erTi pirisagan meoreze arCevnebis, rogorc gansazRvruli iuridiuli
aqtis, safuZvelze xdeba. Tanamedrove arCeviTi monarqiis magaliTad
gamodgeba malaizia, sadac monarqis saxelisuflo vada 5 wlis vadiT
ganisazRvreba. monarqs federaciis wevri monarqiuli Statebis warmo-
madgenlebi irCeven.
SezRuduli monarqia
SezRuduli monarqia mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, romelSic monar-

qis xelisufleba iseTi arCeviTi organoebis mieraa SezRuduli, ro-
76 kari pirveli
melTa azrsa da interesebsac man angariSi unda gauwios. SezRuduli

monarqia, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime saxed iyofa: wodebriv-warmomadgen-
lobiTad da konstituciurad.
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqia
wodebriv-warmomadgenlobiTi monarqiis dros monarqis xelisufleba

privilegirebuli wodebis an am wodebis warmomadgenelTa mier izRudeba.
konstituciuri monarqia
konstituciuri monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monarqis uf-

lebebis kanonmdeblobiT SezRudva rogorc sakanonmdeblo, ise aR-
masrulebel doneze. mmarTvelobis am formas, aseve xelisuflebaTa
mkveTri gamijvnac axasiaTebs. marTalia, monarqi niSnavs mTavrobas,
magram es ukanaskneli pasuxs mxolod parlamentis winaSe agebs. monar-
qis aqtebis mimarT gamoiyeneba kontrasignaciis33 instituti, e.i. mo-
narqis aqtebi asruldeba mxolod Sesabamisi ministris mier vizirebis
SemTxvevaSi.
sasamarTlo xelisufleba mTlianad damoukidebelia. es rasakvirve-

lia, ar niSnavs imas, rom monarqi mxolod dekoratiuli figuraa saxel-
mwifoSi. amas naTlad adasturebs iv. surgulaZis mosazreba, romlis mi-
xedviT, `monarqis Tanxmobis gareSe SeuZlebelia raime cvlileba Sevi-
des saxelmwifos konstituciur wyobilebaSi. es momenti aucileblad
igulisxmeba monarqis cnebaSi, vinaidan iq, sadac saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
kanoni Seicvala monarqis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar arsebobs monarqia~.34 mo-
narqi warmoadgens eris, saxelmwifos simbolos.
Tanamdrove monarqiebi konstituciuria. imisda mixedviT, ra xaris-

xiTaa SezRuduli monarqis xelisufleba, ukanasknels kidev yofen:
dualistur da saparlamento monarqiebad. dualisturi monarqiis
dros monarqis xelisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom konstituciiTaa
SezRuduli, demokratiuli institutebis sisustis gamo, realur Za-
lauflebas mainc Tavad inarCunebs. am tipis Tanamedrove monarqiebs
33
kontrasignatura da kontrasignacia (laT. contra winaaRmdeg da signo aRvniSnav)
ministris xelmowera im aqtze, romelic gamosulia saxelmwifos meTauris xelidan;
niSnavs, rom ministrs, mocemuli aqtis gamo, iuridiuli da politikuri pasuxismge-
bloba ekisreba.
34
surgulaZe, iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoriis wyaroebi, Tbilisi, 1984, gv. 143.
warmoadgenen: iordania, tailandi, malaizia, nepali. saparlameto mo-

narqiebSi piriqiT monarqis saxelisuflo roli nominaluria. mTav-
roba pasuxismgebelia mxolod parlamentis winaSe.
respublikuri mmarTveloba
respublika mmarTvelobis iseTi formaa, romlis drosac saxelmwi-

fo xelisuflebis organoebs garkveuli vadiT irCeven. respublikis
dros saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, monarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, kolegi-
ur xasiaTs atarebs. amgvari mmarTvelobis dros gadawyvetileba, Cve-
ulebriv, winaswar gansazRvruli proceduris Sesabamisad, kenWisyris
gziT miiReba. es ukanaskneli legitimurad iTvleba maSin, Tu kanoniT
dadgenili umravlesoba dauWers mxars. respublikaSi saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebis wyaro xalxia. es ukanaskneli xelisuflebas saxelmwifos
saerTo keTildReobis miRwevisaTvis saWiro marTvis mandats gadas-
cems.
respublikuri mmarTveloba efuZneba xelisuflebis ganawilebis

princips da ZiriTadad ganasxvavebs sam damoukidebel Stos: sakanon-
mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas. amasTan, de-
mokratiuli respublikuri mmarTvelobis dros xelisuflebis gana-
wilebis farglebSi ùrTierTgawonasworebisa da kontrolis~ sistema
moqmedebs. xelisuflebis TiToeuli Sto Tavis saqmianobaSi damouki-
debelia, magram maTi funqcionireba urTierTzemoqmedebasa da Tanam-
Sromlobas efuZneba. arc erT maTgans ufleba da SesaZlebloba ara aqvs
Caerios an miiTvisos meoris ufleba.
saxelmwofoTa ganviTarebis istoria da konstituciur-samarTleb-

rivi praqtika respublikuri mmarTvelobis formas, Tavis mxriv, kidev
ramdenime saxed ganixilavs.
saparlamento respublika saxelisuflo marTva-gamgeobaSi parla-

mentis upiratesobiT xasiaTdeba. mmarTvelobis am formisas parlamen-
tis uzenaesoba gamoxatvas poulobs saparlamento respublikis iseT
mTavar TaviseburebaSi, rogoricaa mTavrobis formirebis saparlamen-
to wesi da mis winaSe mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgebloba. amasTan,
unda aRiniSnos mTavrobis solidaruli pasuxismgebloba, roca mTav-
robis erTi wevris, gansakuTrebiT misi Tavmjdomarisadmi, undobloba
mTeli mTavrobis gadadgomas gamoiwvevs. mTavrobis formireba xdeba im
partiaTa mier, romlebmac arCevnebis Sedegad mandatebis umravleso-
ba moipoves parlamentSi. mmarTvelobis aseTi formis dros arsebobs
78 kari pirveli
premier-ministris Tanamdeboba, romelsac irCevs an niSnavs parlamen-

ti. miuxedavad imisa, rom prezidenti, formalurad, farTo uflebamo-
silebiTaa aRWurvili, misi roli mTavrobis formirebaSi nominaluria.
prezidentis aqtebi iuridiul Zalas, rogorc wesi, iZenen mxolod mas
Semdeg, rac mas parlamenti an mTavroba daeTanxmeba. prezidentis aR-
niSnul aqtebze pasuxismgeblobac am ukanasknelT ekisrebaT.
saprezidento respublika ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli niSani saxel-

mwifo meqanizmSi prezidentis wamyvani rolia. am ukanasknelis Sesaba-
misad, prezidents saxelmwifo meqanizmSi wamyvani adgili uWiravs da
igi saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs erTdro-
ulad warmoadgens. saprezidento respublikaSi moqmedebs preziden-
tis arCevisa da mTavrobis formirebis arasaparlamento wesi, romlis
Sesabamisad, prezidenti qveynis mosaxleobis mier sayovelTao saxal-
xo arCevnebis gziT airCeva. mTavrobas, xSirad parlamentis TanxmobiT,
prezidenti qmnis.
zogjer SesaZlebelia da praqtikaSi xSirad arsebobs kidec, roca sap-

rezidento mmarTvelobisas prezidentis xelSi Zalauflebis maqsima-
luri koncentracia xdeba, rac am mmarTvelobis kritikosebs saSualebas
aZlevs igi monarqias Seadaros. erTi piris xelSi Zalauflebis koncen-
traciis momxreebi sakuTari Sexedulebebis sasargeblod xelisuflebis
operatiulobisa da ekonomiurobis argumentebs ixmoben. maTi azriT au-
cilebelia, rom marTva demokratiul meTodebs efuZnebodes. am SemTxve-
vaSi, prezidentisa da monarqis Sedareba gaumarTlebeli iqneboda.
swored amgvar viTarebaze miuTiTebda aleqsandre hamiltoni, roca

aRniSnavda: `Cven yuradRebas, uwinares yovlisa, is garemoeba ipyrobs,
rom aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, mcire gamonaklisis garda erTi pi-
rovnebis xelSi eqceva. magram Znelad rom es viTareba ramenairi Seda-
rebis safuZveli gaxdes. saqme is aris, rom Tu am mxriv raime msgavseba
arsebobs SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentsa da didi britaneTis mefes
Soris, maSin aseve SegviZlia vilaparakoT TurqeTis sulTanTan, Ta-
TarTa xanTan, romis mmarTvelsa Tu niu-iorkis Statis gubernatorTan
msgavsebis Taobaze~.35
Tu saprezidento mmarTveloba xelisuflebis mowyobis demokrati-

ul principebs ar iziarebs, demokratiul midgomas gamoricxavs, maSin
saqme arademokratiul mmarTvelobasTan gvqonia da msgavsi Sedarebac
sruliad dasaSvebia.
35
hamiltoni, a., federalisturi werilebi, federalisti #69, niu-iorkis Statis
xalxs, 1788 weli 14 marti.
bolo periodis specialur literaturaSi aseTi mmarTveloba aRi-

niSna `supersaprezidento respublikis~ saxelwodebiT. supersaprezi-
dentod Tavidan laTinuri amerikis qveynebi iwodebodnen, Tumca bolo
periodSi is damaxasiaTebeli gaxda bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis ev-
raziis kontinentzec.
supersaprezidento mmarTvelobis klasikuri magaliTia ruseTi,

gansakuTrebiT vladimer putinis mmarTvelobis (2000-2008) periodSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom misi winamorbedi prezidenti Zalauflebis nak-
lebobas namdvilad ar uCioda, putinma mas aSkarad ajoba da mmarTve-
lobis axali modelic ki Seqmna, romlis Taviseburebaa, Tundac forma-
lurad arsebuli koleqtiuri mmarTvelobis minimumamde dayvana. puti-
nis saprezidento mmarTveloba ori magistraluri xaziT ganviTarda:
Zalauflebis Tavmoyra erTi adamianis xelSi da saxelmwifo mmarTve-
lobaSi specsamsaxurebis aqtiuri monawileoba.
ruseTis parlamenti, praqtikulad, èrTiani ruseTis~ partiis um-

ravlesobas warmoadgens, romelic prezidentis gavlenis qveS moeqca
da sakuTar daniSnulebad xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebis mxolod
formaluri mxardaWera aqcia. 2005 wlis 25 noembers ruseTis dumam
340 deputatis mxardaWeriT miiRo gadawyvetileba, romliTac sakanon-
mdeblo organos aekrZala prezidentis, sasamarTlos da sagangebo or-
ganoebis saqmianobis Semswavleli komisiebis Seqmna.36
sapirispirod, aSS prezidentma barak obamam Tavis kabinetSi respub-

likuri partiis wevrebi daniSna, Tumca amas gavlena ar mouxdenia imaze,
rom kongresis respublikel warmomadgenlebs prezidentis winadadebe-
bisaTvis mxari ar daeWiraT.
modiT, putinis prezidentobis dasawyisis es magaliTi obamas prezi-

dentobis `Taflobis Tves~ SevadaroT.
mweral meTiu stivensonis TqmiT, obamas prezidentobis `Taflobis

Tve~ mZime hqonda, radganac reformebis gatarebasTan dakavSirebiT
kongresSi respublikelebis winaaRmdegobas waawyda. prezidentma Ta-
vis kabinetSi respublikelebic daniSna, magram kongresis respubli-
keli wevrebi Sors arian im azrisgan, rom òbamamanias~ daemorCilon,
radgan Tavisi saarCevno momavlis, prezidentis sagareo da ekonomiku-
ri politikis marcxze ageben pasuxs. respublikuri partiis arc erTma
warmomadgenelma xma ar misca demokratebis mier SemuSavebul gegmebs
kreditebis gamoyofaze, aseve ekonomikis gadarCenis gegmas. rac Seexe-
36
girs.org.ge/425.
80 kari pirveli
ba prezident obamas erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebebs: `zogierTi res-

publikelis azriT, rodesac prezidentma guantanamos cixis daxurva-
ze calmxrivi gadawyvetileba miiRo, surda es mas Tu ara, Tavis Tavze
aiRo pasuxismgebloba imaze, rom msoflioSi teroristTa Tavdasxmebi
aRar iqneboda. magram Tuki axlo momavalSi sadme avtomobili afeT-
qdeba, gnebavT alJiris bazarSi an sadme sxvagan, cxadia obamas poli-
tikuri mtrebi am Zaladobriv qmedebas guantanamos an sazRvargareT
mdebare sxva banakebidan ganTavisuflebul yofil patimrebs daabra-
leben~.37
respublikuri mmarTvelobis Sereuli forma

mmarTvelobis CamoTvlili formebi, praqtikuli ganxorcielebis
dros, mravali samarTlebrivi da politikuri xasiaTis problemas war-
moSobs, rac xSirad ama Tu im konkretuli mmarTvelobis sistemis av-
kargianobis Sesaxeb politikosebis Tu specialistebis davis sagnad
iqceva. saqme isaa, rom mmarTvelobis zemoT xsenebul formebs aqvT Ta-
vianTi rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi, riskis Semcveli faqtorebi.
mmarTvelobis Sereuli formebis aucilebloba saparlamento da sap-
rezidento formebis naklovani mxareebis aRmofxvris mcdelobas ukav-
Sirdeba.
mmarTvelobis Sereuli formebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc

saprezidento, ise saparlamento mmarTvelobis niSnebi: prezidenti
niSnavs mTavrobas, amasTan, prezidentis mier daniSnuli mTavroba pa-
suxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe, prezidents aqvs ufleba vadaze ad-
re daiTxovos parlamenti. amgvari hibriduli modelebis Seqmnis mTa-
vari daniSnulebaa: saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis stabilurobis uzrun-
velyofa, politikuri da samTavrobo krizisebis Semcireba an Tavidan
acileba, saxelmwifo meqanizmis koordinirebuli funqcionireba. kon-
stituciur-samarTlebrivi praqtikis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gamovyoT
Sereuli mmarTvelobis Semdegi formebi: saprezidento-saparlamento,
saparlamento-saprezidento, naxevradsaprezidento.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom mmarTvelobis Sereuli formiT saprezi-

dento da saparlamento mmarTvelobis naklovanebebisgan srulebiT
Tavdaxsnis mizans dRemde veravin miaRwia.
37
tabataZe, q., foladaSvili, T., ra moswons da ra ar moswons ruseTs obamas politi-
kis zustad erTi Tvis Tavze, mediaclubgeo.wordpress.com/2009/02/20/
Tavi 4.3
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis teritoriuli
mowyoba (saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba)
cnebaSi saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyoba, igulisxmeba saxelmwi-

fo xelisuflebis teritoriul-administraciuli organizeba, saxel-
mwifos Semadgenel nawilebs, centralur da adgilobriv organoebs So-
ris urTierToba. Cveulebriv, saxelmwifos teritoria dayofilia na-
wilebad, romlebic saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobis geografiul
safuZvels qmnian. amasTan, TiToeul teritoriul erTeulSi, erTian
saxelmwifo xelisuflebasTan erTad, Sesabamis teritoriaze Sesabami-
si erTeulis xelisufleba moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis te-
ritoriul erTeulebs SeiZleba xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis umaR-
lesi organoebi, sakuTari konstitucia, kanonmdebloba da a.S. hqondeT.
aseTi teritoriuli erTeulebi saxelmwifo warmonaqmns emsgavsebian
da maRali xarisxis TviTmmarTvelobiT sargebloben. sxva SemTxvevaSi
ki qveynis mxolod iseT administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls warmo-
adgenen, romelsac saxelmwifoebriobis raime niSani ar axasiaTebs. yve-
la erTeuli Tanabar iuridiul statuss flobs, xolo maTi organoebi
mTeli saxelmwifo aparatis struqturul nawils qmnian.
aRniSnulis Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove konstituciuri samarTlis Te-

oriaSi gamoyofen teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis or Zi-
riTad formas: unitarulsa da federaciuls. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba am
or formas Soris imaSi gamoixateba, rom unitaruli saxelmwifo dayo-
filia da Sedgeba mxolod administraciuli an politikur-administra-
ciuli erTeulebisagan, xolo federaciuli saxelmwifos erTeulebi
warmoadgenen saxelmwifos msgavs warmonaqmnebs suverenitetis gareSe.
unitaruli saxelmwifo erTiani da ganuyofelia, sadac erTi umaR-

lesi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia vrceldeba.
unitarul saxelmwifoSi, rogorc wesi, teritoriuli dayofa admi-

nistraciuli mmarTvelobis efeqturad ganxorcielebas emsaxureba. am
teritoriul erTeulebs saxelmwifoebriobis damaxasiaTebeli raime
niSani ar gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad, maT arc raime politikuri damoukideb-
loba aqvT.
unitaruli saxelmwifos moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusis gan-

msazRvrelia erTiani saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.
82 kari pirveli
unitarul saxelmwifoSi administraciuli dayofa administraciu-

li funqciis gansaxorcieleblad sWirdebaT. Tanamedrove saxelmwifo-
ebSi unitaruli dayofisas zogierT erTeuls SesaZlebelia gansxvave-
buli samarTlebrivi statusi hqondes da zogierTi maTgani ufro far-
To avtonomiurobiTac sargeblobdes. aseTi erTeulebi teritoriuli
avtonomiebis saxeliT moixseniebian.
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor aris organizebuli sajaro xelisufle-

ba, ganasxvaveben decentralizebul da centralizebul unitarul sa-
xelmwifoebs.
federaciuli saxelmwifo rTuli mowyobisaa da saxelmwifoebrio-

bis niSnis mqone warmonaqmnebisgan federaciis subieqtebisagan Sedge-
ba. federaciis subieqtebs aqvT saxelmwifoebriobis ZiriTadi niSnebi:
sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba. miuxeda-
vad amisa, xazi unda gavusvaT, rom es subieqtebi ar arian saxelmwifo-
ebi, radganac maT ar gaaCniaT saxelmwifoebriobis iseTi umTavresi da
aucilebeli niSan-Tviseba, rogoricaa suvereniteti. Sesabamisad, fe-
deraciuli saxelmwifo mkacrad erTiani saxelmwifoa. federaciuli
mowyobis erTianobis principi erTian suverenul saxelmwifod arsebo-
bas uzrunvelyofs. federaciul saxelmwifoSi, rogorc erTian saxel-
mwifoSi, Zalze mniSvnelovania teritoriuli erTeulebis integraciis
funqcia, swored am funqciis Sesabamisad federaciaSi saerTo-saxel-
mwifoebrivi kompetenciebi arsebobs, romlebic federaluri organoe-
bis erTiani sistemis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
federaluri saxelmwifo icnobs ormag moqalaqeobas: federaciis su-

bieqtis moqalaqeobas da erTiani federaciis moqalaqeobas, romelic Ti-
Toeuli moqalaqis saboloo samarTlebriv statuss gansazRvravs. fede-
raciis subieqtebs aqvT teritoria, romelic, rogorc wesi, ar SeiZleba
Seicvalos am subieqtTan SeTanxmebis gareSe, Tumca saxelmwifos saerTa-
Soriso samarTalsubieqtobisTvis amosavali ara calkeuli subieqtebis
teritoria, aramed erTiani federaluri saxelmwifos teritoriaa.
federaciuli saxelmwifoebisaTvis da misi erTianobis uzrunvel-

sayofad, aseve mniSvnelovania federaciis subieqtebisaTvis seseciis38
uflebis arqona, rac gulisxmobs federaciuli kavSiridan Tavisufa-
li, upirobo gasvlis uflebis ararsebobas. istoriulad federaciuli
saxelmwifoebis Seqmnis da Camoyalibebis ori ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobs:
saxelSekrulebo da konstituciuri.
38
secession gamosvla; gamoyofa, http://www.nplg.gov.ge.
federaluri xelisuflebis organizebis niSnebis Sesabamisad SesaZ-

lebelia visaubroT erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv da administraciul-
teritoriul federaciaze. pirvels adgili aqvs mravalerovan saxel-
mwifoSi, sadac mocemul erebs TavianTi suverenuli uflebebi saerTo
saxelmwifoebrivi organoebisaTvis nebayoflobiT gadauciaT. meo-
re tipis federaciis safuZveli SesaZloa ekonomikuri, kulturuli,
enobrivi, geografiuli da sxva faqtorebi iyos.
simetriuli da asimetriuli federacia. simetriuli federaciis

qveynebSi federaciis subieqtebi Tanabari uflebamosilebebiT arian
aRWurvilni. asimetriuli federaciis dros ki saxelmwifos Semadge-
nel nawilebs gansxvavebuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi
aqvT, amasTanave, aseT qveynebSi, Tanabari uflebebis mqone subieqtTa
garda, federaciis sxva teritoriuli erTeulebic arseboben.
Tavi 4.4
saqarTvelos, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifos,
konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi
saxelmwifos damoukidebloba
1991 wlis 31 marts Catarebuli referendumiT saqarTvelos mosax-

leobam erTsulovnad dauWira mxari qveynis damoukideblobis aRdge-
nas. masze dayrdnobiT 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos respublikis
uzenaesma sabWom damoukideblobis deklaracia gamoacxada. saqarTve-
los damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebac ase daiwyo.
saqarTvelos, rogorc damoukidebeli da suverenuli saxelmwifos,

konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi ganmtkicebulia 1995 wlis 24
agvistos konstituciiT, romelic misi saxelmwifoebrivi suverenite-
tis safuZvlebs Seicavs. saqarTvelos konstituciuri statusi, upir-
veles yovlisa, saxelmwifo suverenitetis konstituciur princips em-
yareba.
saqarTvelos, rogorc suverenul, damoukidebel da ganuyofel sa-

xelmwifos, aRiarebs da ganamtkicebs saqarTvelos konstituciis pir-
velive muxli.
84 kari pirveli
`saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo,

rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT
Soris afxazeTis a.s.s.r.-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi
Catarebuli referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT~.
saqarTvelos konstituciuri statusidan gamomdinare misi xeli-

suflebis samarTlebrivi niSnebia:
1. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis uzenaesoba, rac gamoixateba imaSi,

rom saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi sxva, ucxo Zalebi da struqturebi ar
erevian (Tu ar CavTvliT afxazeTSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas). konstitu-
ciaSi gawerili reglamentiT saqarTvelos xelisufleba gansazRvravs
Cveni sazogadoebis saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv ganviTarebas, sazoga-
doebriv urTierTobaTa mTel sistemas, awesrigebs maTi mowyobis sa-
kiTxebs da mTeli qveynis masStabiT harmoniul garemos qmnis.
2. saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damoukidebloba gamoixateba imaSi,
rom igi mxolod Tavisi interesebisa da Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad, sxva
saxelmwifoTa Carevis gareSe, gansazRvravs da axorcielebs Tavis saSi-
nao da sagareo funqciebs.
3. umniSvnelovanesia xelisuflebis diferenciaciis principi,
rac gulisxmobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da mis teritoriul er-
Teulebs Soris kompetenciaTa gamijvnas. am sakiTxs konstitucia kon-
stituciuri kanonis saSualebiT daaregulirebs. sakiTxis gadawyveta
dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos teritoriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyo-
bis gansazRvrasTan, romlisTvisac konstituciaSi Sesabamisi principi
ukve dadgenilia. igi xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris uflebamo-
silebebis gamijvnas moicavs. sakiTxis srulad gadawyveta qveynis mTel
teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba.
qveynis damoukideblobis garantiebi
xelisuflebis iurisdiqciis mTel teritoriaze srulad aRdgenam-

de, dRevandeli da Cveni axali istoriis mware gakveTilebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, konstituciis avtorebma gaiTvaliswines saqarTvelos, ro-
gorc suverenuli saxelmwifos, erTianobisa da ganuyoflobis rigi ga-
rantiebi. erTi mxriv, aseT garantad kanonmdebeli Tavad konstitucias
miiCnevs, meore mxriv ki saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas, saerTaSoriso
samarTals:
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoria gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21

dekembris mdgomareobiT. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba da sa-
xelmwifo sazRvrebis xelSeuxebloba dadasturebulia saqarTvelos kon-
stituciiT da kanonebiT, aRiarebulia msoflio Tanamegobrobisa da sa-
erTaSoriso organizaciebis mier. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriis
gasxviseba akrZalulia. saxelmwifo sazRvrebis Secvla SeiZleba mxolod
mezobel saxelmwifosTan dadebuli ormxrivi SeTanxmebiT~.
saqarTveloSi dawesebulia erTiani moqalaqeoba, romlis Sesaba-

misadac ganisazRvreba yoveli moqalaqis samarTlebrivi statusi, sa-
qarTvelos romel teritoriul erTeulSic ar unda cxovrobdes igi.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi statusis es sakiTxi, arsebiTad, uc-
vleli darCeba federaluri mowyobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu romelime te-
ritoriul erTeulSi moqalaqeobis instituti dawesdeba, igi mxolod
formalur xasiaTs unda atarebdes.
saqarTvelos gaaCnia xelisuflebis saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi orga-

noebi: saxelmwifos meTauri saqarTvelos prezidenti, saerTo erov-
nuli umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo parlamenti, uzenaesi sasamar-
Tlo, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. afxazeTisa da aWaris
umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba emorCileba
Sesabamis centralur saxelmwifo organoebs, xolo sasamarTlo siste-
ma erTiania mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mowesrigebas konstitucia

adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs akisrebs. amasTan, konsti-
tucia miuTiTebs, rom moqalaqeebis mier adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis
sakiTxebis mowesrigeba TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis meSveobiT unda
xdebodes `saxelmwifo suverenitetis Seulaxavad~ (saqarTvelos kon-
stitucia, muxli 2.4).
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs fulad-sakredito, kontrolisa da Tavdac-

vis erTiani sistema. fulad-sakredito sistemis funqcionirebas uz-
runvelyofs saqarTvelos erovnuli banki. fulis saxelwodeba da erTe-
uli SeiZleba ganisazRvros mxolod saqarTvelos kanoniT, xolo fulis
emisiis39 ufleba aqvs mxolod erovnul banks. saxelmwifos saxsrebisa da
sxva materialur faseulobaTa gamoyenebasa da xarjebze zedamxedve-
lobas kontrolis palata axorcielebs, romelic damoukidebelia Ta-
vis saqmianobaSi. igi angariSvaldebulia mxolod parlamentis winaSe.
39
fasiani qaRaldebis, qaRaldis fulis gamoSveba, http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.
php?a=term&d=5&t=1013.
86 kari pirveli
qveynis damoukideblobis, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlia-

nobis dasacavad saqarTvelos hyavs samxedro Zalebi.
konstituciuri kanoniT saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba, xeli-

suflebaTa Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principis safuZvel-
ze momavalSi ganisazRvreba. qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos
iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenamde, konstituciis III muxlis pirvel
punqtSi umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas
mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis CamonaTvali aris mocemuli. am sakiTxebis
gadawyvetis ufleba mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo orga-
noebs aqvT. II muxlis meore punqtSi miTiTebulia, rom èrTobliv gam-
geblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke ganisazRvreba~.
Tavi 4.5
saxelmwifos kompetenciebis kategorizacia
saxelmwifoebrivi aRmSeneblobis gzaze saqarTvelos, saSinao Tu sa-

gareo faqtoridan gamomdinare, konstituciuri problemebi da sakiT-
xebi aqvs mosagvarebeli. am sakiTxebis warmatebiT gadawyveta saqarTve-
los TiToeuli moqalaqis interess warmoadgens da maT aqtiur da swor
poziciazec mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli.
qveynis, rogorc mTliani saxelmwifos konstituciuri statusis

gansazRvrisas, kanonmdeblobam erTianobis garantiebi konstituci-
aSi daamkvirda. amasTanave, winaswar gansazRvra momavali erTianobis
is principebi, romelTa safuZvelzec moxdeba saxelmwifos mowyoba
da mravaldonian xelisuflebaSi uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba. aseT
principad konstituciam uflebamosilebaTa gamijvna aRiara. kerZod,
konstituciis II muxlis mesame punqtSi naTqvamia: `saqarTvelos teri-
toriul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba ganisazRvreba konstituciuri
kanoniT uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principis safuZvelze qveynis
mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis srulad aRdgenis Sem-
deg~. aseve zogadi debulebebis III muxlSi ganisazRvra saqarTvelos
umaRles organoTa gansakuTrebul ganmgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiT-
xebi. Sesabamisad, kanonmdebelma am muxlSi CamoTvlili uflebamosile-
bebiT konstituciur-samarTlebrivi statusi daadgina. am uflebamo-
silebaTa mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovyoT kompetenciis ramdenime jgufi:
a) uflebamosilebebi saxelmwifo mSeneblobisa da samarTalSemoqme-

debis sferoSi;
b) uflebamosilebebi ekonomikur da socialur-kulturuli ganvi-
Tarebis sferoSi;
g) uflebamosilebebi Tavdacvis, saxelmwifo uSiSroebisa da mar-
Tlwesrigis dacvis sferoSi;
d) uflebamosilebebi sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi;
e) uflebamosilebebi adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavi-
suflebebis dacvis sferoSi.
yvela zemoCamoTvlili sfero da misi Sesabamisi konkretuli ufle-

bamosilebebi Sedis saqarTvelos, rogorc mTliani saxelmwifos, kom-
petenciaSi. Tumca, zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebis politikuri da samar-
Tlebrivi mowesrigeba am debulebebSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli xasia-
Tis cvlilebebs iTvaliswinebdes.
Tavi 4.6
suvereniteti
magTis mobiluri operatoris satelevizio reklamis erT-erT

fragmentSi afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis okupirebuli teritoriebi
gansxvavebuli feriT aRniSnes. albaT, yvela Cvengani xSirad vxe-
davT am reklamas da gvaxsovs kidec, rom masSi magTis dafarvis zonaa
naCvenebi.
es ar aris politikuri reklama, Tumca masSi mocemuli saqarTvelos

rukis teritoriis zogierTi nawili daStrixulia. daStrixuli nawile-
bi aCveneben im adgilebs, sadac magTis, rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomi-
kuri subieqtis, saqmianoba ver vrceldeba. daStrixuli teritoriebi
ruseTis mier okupirebul afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis lokacias
aRniSnaven. Sesabamisad, es aris teritoriebi, sadac magTi Tavis eko-
nomikur saqmianobas ver axorcielebs, radganac aRniSnul teritori-
ebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis iurisdiqcia droebiT ar
vrceldeba. e.i. misi teritoriuli suvereniteti SezRudulia.
88 kari pirveli
saxelmwifo
suverenitetis Tviseba
saxelmwifo damoukidebloba
xelisuflebis saerTaSoriso
umaRlesoba urTierTobebSi
saSinao saqmeebis
sxva saxelmwifoebma
gadawyvetaSi
Tavs ar moaxvion
saxelmwifo xelisu-
TavianTi neba
flebis sisrule
konstituciis da sagareo
kanonebis umaRlesoba urTierTobebis
mTeli qveynis damoukideblad
masStabiT warmarTva
moqalaqeebi floben, saxelmwifo Tavdacvis

sargebloben da uzrunvelyofa
gankargaven qveynis garedan xelyofis
erovnul simdidres SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifo
teritoriis
erTianoba da
xelSeuxebloba
sqema: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo suvereniteti
suvereniteti saxelmwifos cnebis is niSan-Tvisebaa, romelsac dRes

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, Tu mas teritoriasTan mimarTe-
baSi ganvixilavT da saxelmwifos mTlianobis sakiTxs am kuTxidan Sev-
xedavT. saqarTvelos teritoriuli problema, romelic saxelmwifos
erTianobis xelyofaSia gamoxatuli, bunebrivad xelyofs mis faqtob-
riv suverenitets. amasTan, saxelmwifosa da misi suverenitetis kon-

stituciur-samarTlebrivi Tanafardoba ar moicavs mxolod terito-
rias, radganac suvereniteti am SemTxvevaSi ufro farTo cnebaa, vid-
re teritoriuli mTlianoba da igi moicavs sazogadoebis politikuri
cxovrebis yvela ZiriTad aspeqts, romlis farglebSic, Cvens konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebas, warTmeuli aqvs uzenae-
soba, rogorc suverenitetis aucilebeli niSani, misi teritoriis gar-
kveul nawilSi.
Tavi 4.7
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis sxva formebi
am TavSi saxelmwifoTa Tanamedrove Tanamegobrobis sxva formeb-

sac SevexebiT. saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis garkveul formas, xSi-
rad SecdomiT saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formad ganixilaven. bolo
periodSi Seqmnili saerTaSoriso organizacia Tu saxelmwifoTa blo-
ki Tavis TavSi Seicavs konfederaciul, ufro metic, zogjer saxel-
mwifoebriv niSnebsac ki. mimdinare integraciis foni da saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso kavSirebi gvavaldebulebs yuradReba am Temazec Seva-
CeroT.
konfederacia
konfederaciis arsis, misi Taviseburebebis gacnobiereba, yvelaze

ukeT SesaZlebelia federaciebTan misi Sedarebis safuZvelze. federa-
cia Tavisi arsiT sakavSiro saxelmwifoa, romelSic centrsa da subieq-
tebs Soris kavSiri federaluri konstituciiT ganmtkicebula. wevri
saxelmwifoebis kavSiri, konstituciurad xelSekrulebas efuZneba.
federaciaSi suvereniteti sakavSiro saxelmwifos ekuTvnis, misi wev-
rebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi damoukidebelni ar arian. konfe-
deraciis wevri saxelmwifoebi srulad inarCuneben saxelmwifo suve-
renitets. aqedan gamomdinare, federaciis subieqtebs, konfederaciis
wevri saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, kavSiridan calmxrivi, upiro-
bo gasvlis ufleba ar gaaCniaT.
konfederaciaSi saxelmwifoebi sargebloben nulifikaciis ufle-

biT. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis SesaZleblobas,
90 kari pirveli
SeaCeron konfederaciis organoebis mier miRebuli arasasurveli ga-

dawyvetilebebis moqmedeba TavianT teritoriaze. aseTi uflebiT fe-
deraciis subieqtebi ar sargebloben.
teritoriasTan mimarTebiT maT Soris gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomare-

obs, rom federaciaSi arsebobs erTiani, federaciuli, saxelmwifos
teritoria, xolo konfederaciaSi saxelmwifo teritoriis amgvari
erTianoba ar arsebobs. yvela wevr saxelmwifos Tavisi teritoria
aqvs. federaciaSi arsebobs federaciisa da subieqtebis moqalaqeoba,
magram am ukanasknels, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod formaluri
mniSvneloba aqvs da TiToeuli moqalaqis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba
ganisazRvreba federaluri saxelmwifos erTiani moqalaqeobis mixed-
viT.
federaciaSi arsebobs xelisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis saerTo fe-

deraluri organoebi, xolo konfederaciaSi SeiZleba Seiqmnas mxolod
is organoebi, romlebic aucilebelia konfederaciuli amocanebis gan-
saxorcieleblad. amasTan, konfederaciaSi mudmivad moqmedi organoe-
bi moklebulni arian saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebebs.40
dRes saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebSi konfederaciebis mxolod niS-

nebi Tu SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, Tumca konfederaciebi mravlad arc
warsulSi yofila. aseTi iyo magaliTad niderlandebis konfederacia,
romelmac SedarebiT didi xnis manZilze iarseba (1579-1795); aSS konfe-
deracia federaluri konstituciis miRebamde (1776-1787); Sveicariis
konfederacia (1291-1798). Semdeg konfederaciuli erToba aRadgines
1815 wels. dRes, miuxedavad Sveicariis konfederaciis saxelwodebisa,
misi konstituciur-samarTlebrivi analizi adasturebs, rom es saxel-
mwifo klasikuri federaciuli mowyobis saxelmwifoa.
Tanamegobroba (dsT)
konfederaciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tanamegobroba saxelmwifoTa or-

ganizebuli gaerTianebaa, romelsac erTgvarovani niSnebi axasiaTebs.
saxelmwifoTa TanamSromloba ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrule-
bas/ebs efuZneba.
Tanamegobrobis qveynebs Soris TanamSromloba yvelaze mkafio da

moculobiTia ekonomikisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi, romlebSic moqmede-
40
ruxaZe, z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, saia-s gamomcemloba, baTumi,
1999, gv. 39.
ben Sesabamisi SeTanxmebebi. Tanamegobroba Tavisi Seqmnis dRidan amor-

ful gaerTianebas warmoadgenda, romlis mTavar daniSnulebad yofil
sabWoTa respublikebze ruseTis hegemoniis aRdgena qceuliyo.
sabWoeTis reanimaciis am ukbilo mcdelobaSi ruseTis amocana, rac

Tavidanve kargad Canda, Tanamegobrobis danarCen wevrebze gabatone-
baa. am TvalsazrisiT moviSvelieb harvardis universitetis jon kene-
dis saxelobis samTavrobo sakiTxebis kvleviTi institutis xelmZRva-
nelis, qalbaton brenda Seferis sityvebs, romelic analogiur Sefase-
bas sakmao sizustiT gadmoscems, kerZod, qalbatoni Seferi aRniSnavs,
rom: `damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, Tavisi arsebobis
manZilze, yovelTvis iyo sabWoTa kavSiris aRdgenis mcdelobisaTvis
mowodebuli, amdenad dsT-m ukve didi xania dakarga Tavisi mniSvnelo-
ba, rogorc regionaluri organizaciis efeqturma modelma. Sesaba-
misad, me verc imas vityvi, rom es organizacia funqciurad moqmedia,
garda imisa, rom misi sulisCamdgmeli ruseTi kvlav iyenebs am organi-
zaciis CarCos yofili respublikebis egreT wodebuli integraciis da,
amasTan, warumatebeli integraciisTvis~.41
ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris ganviTarebuli movlenebis da am organi-

zaciis amorfulobis gamo, parlamentis erTsulovani gadawyvetile-
biT, saqarTvelom dsT-s saparlamento asamblea oficialurad datova.
evrokavSiri
evrokavSiris politikuri, samarTlebrivi da institucionaluri

ganviTarebis codna gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens. evrointegra-
ciis da konkretulad evropis kavSirSi integraciis amocana srulad
Tanxvdeba Cvens saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv interesebs. evro-
kavSirTan TanamSromlobisas iq aRiarebuli regulaciebi gavlenas ax-
denen Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze, maT uflebebze da Tavi-
suflebebze. evrokavSiris qveynebis aeroportebSi xSirad SevxvdebiT
or saregistracio fanjaras: erTs aqvs warwera `mxolod evrokavSi-
risa da Sengenis vizebisaTvis~ (EU and Shengen only), meores `yvela
saxelmwifos vizebisaTvis~ (All Nationalities). cxadia, am warwerebis miR-
ma dgas rigi regulaciebisa, romlebic saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ga-
daadgilebisa Tu sxva uflebebsac exeba. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiris Ses-
wavlis sakiTxi dRes mniSvnelovani Temaa.
41
www.voanews.com/.../a-54-2006-05-08-voa1-93088784.html?...
92 kari pirveli
evrokavSiri evropuli saxelmwifoebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis

unikaluri gaerTianebaa. mas safuZvlad evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris
mSvidobis uzrunvelyofisa da socialur-ekonomikuri progresis xel-
SewyobisaTvis TanamSromloba udevs. Tavdapirvelad aqcenti ekono-
mikaze keTdeboda, mogvianebiT ki TanamSromloba politikis sferoSi
gadaizarda.
evropis gaerTianebis daarsebis formaluri TariRia 1951 wlis 18

aprili. maSin parizSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, romelmac evropis
qvanaxSiris mompovebeli da foladis mwarmoebeli qveynebis gaerTiane-
bas (ECSC) Cauyara safuZveli. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida eqvsi evropu-
li saxelmwifo: belgia, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, federa-
ciuli germania da safrangeTi. 1957 wlis 25 marts amave saxelmwifoebma
romSi, or SeTanxmebas moaweres xeli, riTac evropis or ekonomikur
(EEC) da atomur-energetikul (EUROATOM) gaerTianebas daudes sa-
Tave. SevniSnavT, rom evropis foladisa da qvanaxSiris gaerTianebis
msgavsad evropis atomur-energetikuli gaerTianebac ekonomikur-
dargobriv xasiaTs atarebda.
ufro didi mniSvneloba hqonda evropuli gaerTianebis Seqmnas, rom-

lis amocanac wevri qveynebis sabaJo kavSiris daarseba iyo. molaparake-
ba saerTo agraruli da savaWro politikis warmoebas iTvaliswinebda.42
evrokavSirs, dRevandeli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi da politi-
kuri struqturis mixedviT, ganixilaven, rogorc erTian organizaci-
ul mTlianobas. Sesabamisad, evrokavSiri sxva saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba da Zalian hgavs saxelmwifos. es
gansxvaveba, upirvelesad, ganpirobebulia misi kompetenciiT, romlis
Sesabamisad, evrokavSiri axorcielebs ara konkretul saxelmwifoTa
mier dasaxul calkeul, teqnikuri xasiaTis amocanebs, aramed mas gaaC-
nia saqmianobis iseTi damoukidebeli sferoebi, romelTa erToblioba
saSualebas iZleva mivuTiToT saxelmwifoebriobis niSnebze.
am TvalsazrisiT, sakmarisi iqneboda gagvexsenebina gaerTianebis

saqmianoba saerTo bazris SeqmnisaTvis, romlis safarvelSic wevri sa-
xelmwifoebi gaerTiandebian da iTanamSromleben. evrokavSiris kompe-
tencia amiT ar amoiwureba. igi aregulirebs saqonlis Tavisufal, samu-
Sao Zalis, momsaxurebisa da kapitalis moZraobas, soflis meurneobas,
konkurenciasa da socialur politikas da a.S. amasTan, evrogaerTiane-
bas damoukideblad ar aqvs ufleba gazardos saqmianobis sfero, Tavi-
si kompetenciis farglebi, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom igi aseTi SesaZ-
42
evropuli kavSiris Seqmnis istoria; http://www.parliament.ge.
leblobis gareSe saxelmwifod ar ganixileba. amitom evrogaerTianebas

dReisaTvis marTebulad, rogorc `saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlo-
bis axal formas, romelsac Sualeduri mdgomareoba uWiravs saxelmwi-
fosa da saerTaSoriso organizacias Soris~. organizaciul-struqtu-
ruli TvalsazrisiT, evrokavSiri Semdegi ZiriTadi institutebisagan
Sedgeba:
1) ministrTa sabWo, romelic gaerTianebis RonisZiebaTa Catarebis

Taobaze saboloo gadawyvetilebaTa mimReb organos warmoadgens; Sed-
geba ramdenime sabWosagan, romlebSic wevri saxelmwifoebis calkeu-
li dargis ministrebi erTiandebian. sabWoTa Soris gansakuTrebuli
statusiT saerTo sakiTxebis da evropis sabWo sargebloben. pirveli
sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisagan Sedgeba da sakoordinacio funqci-
ebs asrulebs; meore wevri qveynebis saxelmwifos meTaurebisagan da
ganixilavs yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da politikur sa-
kiTxebs. ministrTa sabWoSi yoveli qveynis xvedriTi wona misi ekono-
mikuri potencialiT ganisazRvreba da oridan aTamde varirebs. sabWos
adgilsamyofelia briuseli. igi ikribeba luqsemburgSi an im qveynis
dedaqalaqSi, romlis warmomadgenelic sabWos Tavmjdomaris funqci-
as asrulebs.
2) evropis komisia Sedgeba qveynebis warmomadgenlebis komisiis
wevrebisagan, romlebic xuTi wlis vadiT iniSnebian. komisia SeimuSa-
vebs gaerTianebebis RonisZiebebs da maT cxovrebaSi atarebs. funqci-
ebis Sesabamisad, komisia kontrols uwevs qvanaxSirisa da foladis fa-
sebs, ebrZvis monopolizms, iseT subsidirebas, romelic konkurencias
aferxebs, Tvalyurs adevnebs birTvul danadgarebs da a.S. komisia awar-
moebs molaparakebebs wevri saxelmwifoebis saxeliT mesame mxaresTan.
misi Stab-bina luqsemburgSia.
3) evroparlamentis wevrebs irCeven qveynis mTel teritoriaze pir-
dapiri, sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze. parlaments xel-
mZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare moadgileebTan erTad. evroparlamenti ga-
erTianebis wamyvani politikuri Zalaa: asrulebs sakanonmdeblo fun-
qcias, wyvets komisiis wevrebis daniSvnisa da gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs;
axorcielebs kontrols komisiis mimarT; iwvevs politikur forumebs.
mis kompetencias aseve miekuTvneba gaerTianebis biujetis, dadgenile-
bebis, direqtivebisa da gadawyvetilebebis miReba.
4) evropis sasamarTlo, anu evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo
(EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE) Sedgeba TxuTmeti mosamarTlisa da cxra
generaluri damcvelisagan, romlebic yvela wevri saxelmwifos Tan-
xmobiT, eqvsi wlis vadiT iniSnebian.
94 kari pirveli
evrosasamarTlos SeiZleba mimarTon im SemTxvevebSi, Tu:

1. evrokavSiris romelime instituti, wevri qveyana an calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi kerZo individi Semodis gancxadebiT, gauqmdes Tanamegobro-
bis institutebis mier miRebuli aqtebi;
2. evrokomisiis an evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis mxridan adgili aqvs
qmedebas, romelic ar Seesabameba an ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli institu-
tebis mier miRebul evrokavSiris xelSekrulebebsa da meorad kanon-
mdeblobas;
3. evrokavSiris institutis an wevri saxelmwifos qmedeba mimarTu-
lia evrokavSiris sabWos an evrokomisiis winaaRmdeg, romelic, amave
dros, arRvevs Tanamegobrobis kanonmdeblobas;
4. arsebobs sadavo sakiTxebi evrokavSirsa da mis aparats Soris.
saqmis mosmenis dros sasamarTlo iyofa or palatad, xolo roca sa-

samarTlo gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs ganixilavs, tardeba
erToblivi procesi. gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba xmaTa umravleso-
biT. evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebsa da wevri saxelmwifoebis
gadawyvetilebebs Soris koliziis SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba evropis
sasamarTlos aqtebs eniWeba. maastrixtis molaparakebis43 Tanaxmad, ga-
dawyvetilebebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo ufleba-
mosilia wevr saxelmwifos jarima daakisros. sasamarTlos adgilsam-
yofelia qalaqi luqsemburgi.
saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoeb-

rivi amocanaa evropul sivrceSi gaerTianebis procesis daCqareba da
sabolood, qveynis evrointegrireba. SeTanxmeba daaregulirebs yve-
43
xelSekrulebas evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb evropis gaerTianebis 13 saxelm-
wifos belgiis, daniis, gfr-is, espaneTis, irlandiis, italiis, luqsemburgis, ni-
derlandis, portugaliis, saberZneTis, safrangeTis, didi britaneTis da Crd. ir-
landiis warmomadgenlebma xeli 1992 wlis 7 Tebervals maastrixtSi (niderlandi)
moaweres. xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs: evropis saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb xalxTa
saerTo moqalaqeobis, anu evrokavSiris moqalaqeobis SemoRebas, aseve moqalaqe-
Ta Tavisufal gadaadgilebas evrokavSiris wevri qveynebis teritoriaze; evropis
qveynebis mier saerTo sagareo da uSiSroebis politikis, saerTo Tavdacvis poli-
tikis ganxorcielebas. evropis qveynebis ekonomikis gaZlierebis da erTmaneTTan
daaxloebis mizniT, evrokavSiris wevrebis gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna saerTo evro-
puli valuta evro. xelSekruleba aseve iTvaliswinebs evropis qveynebs Soris
mWidro TanamSromlobas saSinao politikasa da samarTlebriv sferoSi. xelSek-
rulebis mixedviT evrokavSiris wevri SeiZleba gaxdes nebismieri evropuli sax-
elmwifo. amisaTvis man evrosabWos Sesabamisi TxovniT unda mimarTos. evrosabWo
evrokomisiasTan konsultaciisa da evroparlamentidan nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg
gadawyvetilebas axali wevris miRebis Sesaxeb xmaTa absoluturi umravlesobiT
iRebs. http://www.nplg.gov.ge.
lanairi tipis urTierTobas saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris, maT

Soris savaWro da politikuri xasiaTis sakiTxebs. igi xels Seuwyobs
saqarTveloSi Sesabamisi standartebisa da faseulobebis srulyofas
evrointegraciis dasaCqareblad. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos mTavrobam
1997 wels miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba evropul
sakanonmdeblo standartebs dauaxlovos. SeTanxmebis saboloo mizania
mxareebis daaxloeba evrointegraciis saqmeSi.
Tavi 4.8
politikuri reJimi
politikuri reJimis cneba
wina TavebSi saubari gvqonda xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas fase-

ulobaTa Soris balansis problemis Sesaxeb. is konkretulad marTvis
ganxorcielebis xerxebsa da meTodebSi gamoixateba. maTi erToblioba
garkveuli politikuri ideologiebis cnebebSi moiazreba da gamoxatu-
lebas politikuri reJimis saxiT povebs.
politikuri reJimSi igulisxmeba im xerxebisa da meTodebis erTob-

lioba, romelTa meSveobiTac saxelmwifo organoebi saxelmwifo xe-
lisuflebas ganaxorcieleben. amasTan, politikuri reJimi saxelmwi-
foebrivi, zogadad sazogadoebrivi miznebis ganxorcielebis organi-
zaciul saSualebas warmoadgens. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, politikuri
reJimi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis kursis ganxorcielebis xerxebisa da
meTodebis erTobliobaa. farTo gagebiT is, sazogadoebis mTlian po-
litikur cxovrebas, mTel politikur sistemas moicavs misi calkeuli
elementebiT (politikuri partiebi, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi,
profkavSiri, eklesia da a.S.).
politikuri sistemis es elementebi da saxelmwifo urTierTzemoq-

medeben, erTmaneTze gavlenas axdenen. politikuri reJimis erTi mxare,
misi e.w. viwro gageba aseTia. am TvalsazrisiT, politikur reJimSi sa-
xelmwifos formis, saxeebisa da elementebis gamovlena, mmarTvelobi-
sa da wyobilebis formebis, saxelmwifos funqciebisa da meTodebis da-
konkreteba xdeba. 60-ian wlebSi, politikuri reJimis Sesaxeb msjelo-
bisas, mecnierTa erTi nawili mas mxolod saxelmwifos formis sinoni-
96 kari pirveli
mad miiCnevda. swored am diskusias mohyva Sedegad politikuri reJimis

`farTo~ da `viwro~ gagebis Camoyalibeba.
politikuri organizaciebis, gansakuTrebiT politikuri partiebis,

zemoqmedeba xelisuflebaze imaSi mJRavndeba, rom isini yvelaze ufro
aqtiurad da, rac mTavaria, aSkarad politikuri xelisuflebis mopove-
bisaTvis ibrZvian. xelisuflebis saSualebiT politikuri gaerTianebe-
bi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas moipove-
ben. aqedan momdinareobs politikuri partiebis aqtiuri monawileoba
politikur procesSi, sadac isini arsebuli xelisuflebis SenarCune-
bas an mis Secvlas aSkarad cdiloben. aseTi aqtiuroba gansakuTrebiT
arCevnebsa da saxelmwifo organoebis formirebis dros mJRavndeba.
arCevnebSi warmatebis mopovebis Semdeg politikur partias xelisuf-
lebisa da mmarTvelobis organoebSi saWiro raodenobis mandatebi ga-
aCnia. mas saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis mi-
Rebisa da maTi realizaciisadmi mometebuli pasuxismgebloba ekisreba.
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis roli
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis done, adamianis moTxovnebisa da maTi

dakmayofilebis Tanafardobas efuZneba. am Tanafardobis ganxilva sa-
zogadoebrivi interesebisTvis mudam aqtualuri iqneba. Tanamedrove
politikuri gamocdileba adasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi
interesebis dasakmayofileblad mxolod saxelmwifosa da sxva poli-
tikuri organizaciebis Zalisxmeva ar aris sakmarisi. sazRvargareTis
bevr qveyanaSi didi xania, xolo CvenTan axla, iwyeben ganviTarebas ara-
samTavrobo, arakomerciuli organizaciebi. nel-nela, magram mainc, yo-
veldRiurad izrdeba maTi roli da mniSvneloba Cvens saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. politikuri organizaciebisagan gansxvave-
biT, maT mizans saxelmwifo saqmianobaSi politikuri monawileoba ar
warmoadgens. arasamTavrobo da arakomerciuli organizaciebis uSua-
lo amocana maTive wevrebisa da sazogadoebis interesebis dakmayofi-
lebaa. am mimarTulebiT, isini saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebaze
aqtiurad zemoqmedeben. es zemoqmedeba aSkarad Cans im rolidan, rasac
isini sazogadoebaSi asruleben. saxelmwifoSi maT ganixilaven rogorc
alternatiul struqturebs.
iq, sadac demokratiuli politikuri reJimi arsebobs, sadac realu-

ri socialur-politikuri da ekonomikuri pluralizmia, sazogadoeb-
rivi organizaciebis roli socialuri politikis SemuSavebaSi unika-
luria. isini saxelmwifo organoebTan TanamSromlobiT am politikis

realur ganxorcielebas uwyoben xels, riTac TviT saxelmwifos so-
cialuri institutebis efeqturi funqcionirebis pirobebs qmnian. im
qveynebSi, sadac politikuri reJimi ar xasiaTdeba demokratiulobiT,
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis saqmianoba, maTi SesaZlebloba daa-
yenon problemebi samoqalaqo donidan SezRudulia. es ki sabolood
adamianis, moqalaqis, dainteresebuli jgufebis uflebebsa da Tavi-
suflebebs xelyofs.
zemoT aRniSnuli gavlenas axdens da vrceldeba saxelmwifos for-

maze (rogorc mmarTvelobis, ise wyobilebis) da xelisuflebis funqci-
onirebis procesSi saxelmwifo (politikur) reJimzec bunebrivad aisa-
xeba. mocemul paragrafSi swored am poziciidan ganvixilavT politi-
kur reJims. Tqmulidan unda gamomdinareobdes isic, rom politikuri
reJimisadmi orive midgoma (rogorc farTo, ise viwro mniSvnelobisa)
Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. Tanamedrove politikuri procesebis, saxel-
mwifo da ZiriTadi sazogadoebriv-politikuri sferoebis, gaazreba
mxolod am SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli.
politikuri reJimis kategoriebi
politikuri reJimi44 saxelmwifos formas ukavSirdeba, amitomac sa-

xelmwifo (politikuri) reJimis saxeebic mravalferovania. es simravle
gamowveulia imiT, rom saxelmwifos ganviTarebis TiToeul istoriul
etaps Tavisi politikuri reJimi Seesabameba. erTgvari istoriuli ti-
44
mmarTvelobis formebis, meTodebisa da xerxebis sistema, romlebsac xelisu-
flebis saTaveSi myofi moqmedi politikosebi gansazRvraven sazogadoebaSi poli-
tikuri Zalauflebis (saxelmwifo Zalauflebis CaTvliT) ganxorcielebis mizniT.
reJimi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis marTvis gansakuTrebuli procedurebiTa da in-
stitutebiT xasiaTdeba. es cneba xelisuflebis funqciuri daxasiaTebaa. misi er-
Tiani tipologia ar arsebobs. konstituciuri samarTlis mixedviT, ufro xSirad
demokratiul, liberalur, avtoritarul da totalitarul politikur reJimebs
gamoyofen. am reJimebis xasiaTs konstituciebSi, pirdapir, arasdros ar miuTiTe-
ben (Tu ar CavTvliT metad gavrcelebul miTiTebebs saxelmwifos demokratiul
xasiaTze), magram maT Sinaarsze yovelTvis aisaxeba. reJimis xasiaTi xuTi ZiriTadi
kriteriumiT ganisazRvreba: 1. vin marTavs (erTi adamiani Tu jgufi; aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaze samoqalaqo kontroli xorcieldeba Tu samxedro kontroli)? 2.
ra sazRvrebSi da ra moculobiT (sazogadoebriv zewolaze reagirebis xarisxi, xe-
lisuflebis ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba)? 3. ra miznebis misaRwevad (ideolo-
giuri orientacia)? 4. pirdapiri Tu individualuri saSualebebiT (xelisuflebis
reJimis wyaro xalxia Tu mmarTvelis nebas emorCileba)? 5. ra pirobebSi da ra Sez-
RudvebiT (ramdenadaa reJimis forma ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri da geopoliti-
kuri faqtorebiT)?
98 kari pirveli
pis saxelmwifoebis SigniT politikuri reJimebi arsebiTad gansxvavde-

bian erTmaneTisagan. yvelaze ufro zogadi klasifikaciiT erTmaneTi-
sagan SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT demokratiuli da antidemokratiuli po-
litikuri reJimebi.
demokratiuli politikuri reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: xeli-

suflebis formirebaSi xalxis realuri monawileoba, moqalaqeTa far-
To socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia, maTi ganxorcielebis realuri
konstituciuri garantiebis arseboba; aseve, politikuri pluralizmi
da mosaxleobis farTo fenebis moTxovnebis aRiareba. saxelmwifos sa-
zogadoebrivi weswyobilebis demokratiuli ganviTareba sxvadasxva is-
toriul etapze demokratiuli politikuri reJimis sruliad gansxva-
vebul modelebs iZleva.
antidemokratiuli politikuri reJimi sapirispirod gamoiyureba.

upirveles yovlisa, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi partiis arseboba.
aseTi partiis ideologia erTaderT oficialur da misaReb ideologi-
as warmoadgens. ar arsebobs politikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi
an maTi ganxorcielebis realuri sakanonmdeblo garantiebi. kanonie-
rebisa da marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofaSi gadamwyvet rols Zaladoba
asrulebs. rogorc demokratiuli, aseve antidemokratiuli politiku-
ri reJimic saxeTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. SeiZleba movaxdinoT
politikuri reJimis sxva, aseve zogadi klasifikacia: demokratiuli
gulisxmobs saxelmwifo reJimis iseT saxes, romelic akmayofilebs mi-
nimum, Semdegi xasiaTis moTxovnebs:
1. xelisuflebis organizeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze
dayrdnobiT;
2. adamianis uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT xelisuflebis SezRudva;
3. xelisuflebis saqmianobis gamWvirvaloba da informaciis xelmi-
sawvdomoba;
4. kerZo da sazogadoebrivi interesebis Serwyma;
5. realuri politikuri pluralizmi;
6. tolerantoba;
7. dinamiuri, aRmavali ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
liberaluri politikuri reJimi XX saukunis ideologias eyrdno-

ba, romelic Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis daaxloebas cdilobs. am
ideologiis mTavari mizania pirovnebis Tavisuflebis dacva, sabazro
meurneoba, saxelmwifos minimaluri Careva ekonomikis regulirebaSi.
liberalizmis misia SemdegSi mdgomareobs: saerTo sikeTis misaRwevad

brZola da sayovelTao keTildReobis mqone saxelmwifos aSeneba.
avtoritaruli politikuri reJimi realur an potenciur Zalaze

damyarebul SeuzRudav Zalauflebas gulisxmobs. am reJimisaTvis da-
maxasiaTebelia arCevnebis, pluralizmis formaluroba; ekonomikaSi
Caurevlobis fasaduroba, rac xelisuflebis imijisTvis gamoiyeneba,
xolo xalxi, sinamdvileSi, mTlianad xelisuflebis mier kontrolde-
ba. saxelmwifo reJimis es forma, metadre politikur sferoSi, xalxis
srul da usityvo morCilebas iTvaliswinebs. Tumca, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, ekonomikur sferoSi Tavisuflebis garkveul areals inarCunebs
ar zRudavs kerZo samewarmeo saqmianobas.
totalitaruli saxelmwifo reJimi antidemokratiuli saxelmwifo

reJimis saxea, rac xelisuflebis sazogadoebasa da pirovnebaze srul
kontrols gulisxmobs. am tipis reJimisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia poli-
tikuri pluralizmis ararseboba. totalitarizmi msoflio politi-
kur praqtikaSi gamovlinda faSizmis, nacizmis, saxelmwifo socializ-
mis, islamuri fundamentalizmis saxiT.
saqarTveloSi demokratiuli politikuri reJimis Camoyalibebis

mniSvnelovani garantiaa saxelmwifos konstituciur-samarTlebrivi
daxasiaTeba. es niSnavs, rom xelisufleba yvela moqalaqesa da gaerTia-
nebas maTi kanonieri socialuri interesebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleb-
lobas aZlevs. maT SeuZliaT monawileobdnen saxelmwifos mmarTvelo-
biTi xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi da masze zegavlena iqonion.
saqarTvelos aRniSnuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba
adekvatur gamoxatulebas poulobs iseT konteqstebSi, rogoricaa:
adamianisa da moqalaqis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, xeli-
suflebis mowyoba, TviTmmarTveloba da a.S.
demokratia, rogorc politikuri reJimis saZirkveli
saqarTvelos, rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifos, da mis xelisuf-

lebas damoukideblobis aRdgenis pirveli dRidanve mZime da sapasuxis-
mgeblo arCevanis gakeTeba mouxda. erTi mxriv, es dakavSirebuli iyo im
sakanonmdeblo CarCoebis dadgenasTan, romelic gansazRvravda demokra-
tiul politikur reJims. igulisxmeba miznis miRwevis iseTi xerxebisa da
saSualebis legitimacia, rac msoflios demokratiuli politikuri gan-
viTarebis dRevandel tendencias Seesabameba. esaa tendencia axali, meti
demokratiisaken, rasac saTave socialisturi sistemis daSlam daudo.
100 kari pirveli
meore mxriv, xelisuflebis mimarT sxvadasxva separatistuli Za-

lebis arakeTilsindisierma spekulirebam warmoSva konfliqtebi ro-
gorc praqtikul, ise demokratiul faseulobebs Soris. siZneleTa mi-
uxedavad, aucilebeli iyo (dResac imave miznis winaSe vdgavarT), rom
saxelmwifoSi politikuri reJimis Camoyalibebis upirobo safuZvlad
demokratia gveRiarebina. amasTan, demokratiis principis damkvidreba
mis umartives gagebamde demokratia, rogorc ubralod xalxis mmar-
Tveloba ver daiyvaneba. marTalia, rom demokratiis Teoriis saTave-
ebi Zveli berZnuli azrovnebidan iwyeba. Tavad sityva `demokratiac~
berZnuli warmoSobisaa da Sedgeba `demosisa~ (xalxi) da `kratosisagan~
(Zalaufleba). sityvis mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, masSi xalxis Zala-
ufleba imTaviTve igulisxmeba. es ganmarteba srulad ar asaxavs demok-
ratiis cnebis dRevandel masStabs mTeli Tavisi dilemebiT.
demokratiis Teoriam ganviTarebis grZeli da metad saintereso gza

ganvlo. mis Sesaxeb jer kidev platoni, aristotele, herodote, esqi-
le da sxvebi msjelobdnen. demokratia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda
saberZneTisa da romis saxelmwifoebriv da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
Taviseburad esmodaT da iyenebdnen mas Sua saukuneebSi. miuxedavad ami-
sa, demokratiis mecnieruli kvlevis kvintesencia mainc jon lokisa da
Jan-Jak rusos (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778) azrovnebaSia warmodgeni-
li. sainteresod viTardeboda da mdidrdeboda demokratiis Sinaarsi
maT interpretatorebsa da Semdgom droindel iuridiul da filoso-
fiur azrovnebaSi. iyo iseTi periodebic, roca demokratias ufrTxod-
nen mis samSobloSi saberZneTSi, rac berZnebma gamoxates terminSi `de-
magogi~.
dReisaTvis demokratiis kvleva sruliad gansxvavebuli poziciebi-

dan mimdinareobs. ganzogadoeba yvelaze ufro mis or models Seexo:
demokratias, rogorc meTods da rogorc Rirebulebas. ganasxvaveben
aseve demokratiis Semswavlel or ZiriTad skolas. pirveli demokra-
tias ganixilavs, rogorc mmarTvelobis formas. demokratiis Sinaarsi
gulisxmobs proceduras, romelic xalxs saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi
sruluflebiani monawileobis saSualebas aZlevs.
meore skola demokratiis arsSi saxelmwifos politikas xedavs. igi

demokratias gansazRvravs, rogorc xalxis mmarTvelobis uflebisa da
SesaZleblobis realizaciis Sedegs. Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben demok-
ratiis maJoritarul da pluralistur modelebs. pirveli demokra-
tiis klasikur gagebas gulisxmobs. maJoritaruli modelis mixedviT,
demokratiis SinaarsSi igulisxmeba principebi da wesebi, romlebic
xalxis mmarTvelobis sayovelTaobas, Tanasworobas, gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas umravlesobis nebis gamomJRavnebas da misadmi angariSvalde-

bulebas moiTxovs.
pluralisturi demokratia upiratesobas aniWebs ara amomrCevel-

Ta umravlesobas, aramed calkeul organizebul jgufebs. demokratias
pluralisturi modeli ganmartavs, rogorc xalxis iseT mmarTvelobas,
roca xelisufleba funqcionirebs urTierTdapirispirebuli dainte-
resebuli jgufebis meSveobiT. demokratia SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo
reJimis sazomi mxolod im sazogadoebaSi, romelic warmomadgenlobiTi
mmarTvelobis sistemas eyrdnoba, sadac warmomadgenlobas, anu xeli-
suflebis wyaros xalxs, SesaZlebloba aqvs misi (warmomadgenlobis)
perioduli ganaxlebisa. amasTan, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sxvadas-
xva jgufebis uflebebi garantirebulia kanonis uzenaesobiT. demok-
ratiuli saxelmwifo reJimis damkvidrebisaTvis demokratia, rogorc
principi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi unda moqmedebdes.
Tumca es SeiZleba miviCnioT saboloo miznad, romlis misaRwevad Cveni
sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi SeiZleboda
ramdenime strategiuli mimarTuleba gamogveyo. esenia:
politikuri pluralizmi;
samarTliani arCevnebis organizacia da ganxorcieleba;
sazogadoebrivi politika da informacia;
sakanonmdeblo organoebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis ganmtkiceba;
kanonis uzenaesoba;
SeiaraRebuli Zalebisadmi demokratiuli kontrolis ganxorcie-
leba.
kari meore
adamianis
uflebebi
am karSi ganvixilavT, ras niSnavs adamianis uflebebi, rogor

viTardeboda adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb ideebi da rogor aisa-
xa is sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul sakanonmdeblo aq-
tSi; aseve, ganvixilavT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqtur sa-
Sualebebs erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze.
karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze,

rogoricaa:
ra aris adamianis uflebebi;

ra valdebulebebi aqvs saxelmwifos;
sad da rogor vlindeba adamianis uflebebi;
ra gza ganvlo adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebam;
ras iTvaliswinebdnen pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis
uflebaTa sferoSi;
ra saerTaSoriso paqtebi arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa Sesa-
xeb;
rogoria adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia.
adamianis uflebebi 103
nawili pirveli
adamianis uflebaTa
arsi da buneba
meore karis pirveli nawili adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs

ganixilavs ormxrivad, rogorc filosofiur Rirebulebas, da rogorc
universalur samarTlebrivi koncefcias. am nawilSi visaubrebT
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ideis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebaze. ga-
vecnobiT adamianis winaSe saxelmwifos valdebulebis sam dones. ga-
vaanalizebT ZiriTad Rirebulebebs, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa
koncefcia efuZneba. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT
sakiTxebze, rogoricaa:
Rirseba;
Tavisufleba;
Tanasworoba;
tolerantoba;
demokratia;
samarTlianoba.
adamians saxelmwifosTan politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri Tu

sxva saxis urTierTobebi SeiZleba hqondes. am urTierTobaSi adamiani
sxvadasxva statusiT gamodis: amave saxelmwifos moqalaqe, ucxo qvey-
nis moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone piri, bipatridi,1 apatridi,2 sapa-
tio moqalaqe, moqalaqeobidan gasuli an moqalaqeobadakarguli piri,
ltolvili, iZulebiT adgilnacvali devnili, repatrianti,3 emigran-
1
bipatridi piri, romelsac ori (an meti) saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aqvs.
2
apatridi piri, romelic ar iTvleba arc erTi qveynis moqalaqed.
3
repatrianti piri, romelic brundeba samSobloSi repatriaciis ZaliT. repatri-
acia, repatriireba emigrantebis, tyved wayvanili pirebis, ltolvilebis samSob-
loSi dabruneba.
104 kari meore
ti,4 migranti5 da sxv. yvela am urTierTobaSi personis sakeTildRe-

od adamianis universaluri, ganusxvisebeli da sayovelTao uflebebi
moqmedebs. maTi xarisxi da dacvis meqanizmebi sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi
sxvadasxvagvaria, Tumca SinaarsiT yvelgan erTi da igive.
Tavi 1.1
ra aris adamianis uflebebi?
adamianis uflebebi kacobriobis istoriul da sociokulturul

ganviTarebas erTgvarad ajamebs. is aswleulebs iTvlis da ZvelTagan-
ve politikuri, samarTlebrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri Tu filosofiu-
ri msjelobis yuradRebis centrSi dgas. marTalia, adamianis uflebebi
mudam politikur-samarTlebriv datvirTvas atarebda, magram sxvadas-
xva epoqaSi es sakiTxi, socialuri Zalebis, kulturisa da tradicie-
bis gavleniT, religiuri an filosofiuri koncefciis mniSvnelobasac
iZenda.
adamiani dabadebidanve flobs garkveul uflebebs. igi Tavisufali

da, amave dros, socialuri arsebaa. misTvis sazogadoebrivi yofa umniS-
vnelovanesia. Tavisi arsebobis gansaxorcieleblad adamiani sxvebTan
Tanaarsebobas saWiroebs, urTierTobebi ki wesrigis gareSe SeuZlebe-
lia. yoveli adamiani iZulebulia, xangrZlivi wesrigis sanacvlod, gar-
kveuli uflebebi daTmos, raTa saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan damyare-
buli wesrigiT sakuTari sicocxle, usafrTxoeba, sakuTreba daicvas.
magaliTad, `religiis an rwmenis gacxadebis Tavisufleba eqvemdebare-
ba mxolod iseT SezRudvebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT da
aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi sazogadoebrivi usafrTxo-
ebis interesebisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobisa Tu
moralis an sxvaTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad~.6
miuxedavad amisa, adamiani mainc individualobisaken, ganumeoreb-

lobisa da unikalurobisaken iswrafis. uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
xarisxi ki adamianis Rirseuli yofierebis maCvenebelia. swored ami-
tom, saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis me-7 muxlSi aRiarebulia:
4
emigranti piri, romelic samSoblodan sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxlda, emigraciaSi
imyofeba. mas emigrants eZaxian.
5
migranti adamiani, romelic sacxovreblad erTi adgilidan meoreze gadadis.
6
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 9.2.
`saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul ufle-

bebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes Rirebulebebs~.7
cneba àdamianis uflebebi~ da mTeli es sistema (samoqalaqo, poli-

tikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli uflebebi) burJuaziu-
li revoluciebis droindelia. maSin, gansakuTrebiT, adamianis bune-
biTi da xelSeuvali uflebebis sakiTxi daisva mTeli simwvaviT. maTi
Tavisuflad da efeqturad ganxorcieleba dRemde miiCneva samoqalaqo
sazogadoebisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT ZiriTad niS-
nad.
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa arsi Tu moculoba sxvadas-

xva istoriul epoqaSi gansxvavebuli iyo. adamianis uflebebi TandaTan
viTardeboda igi kacobriobis brZolis Sedegia.
idea adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Caisaxa

da Tanasworuflebianobis koncefcias efuZneboda. formalur Tanas-
worobaze dafuZnebuli adamianis uflebebi burJuaziul-demokratiu-
li revoluciebis ideologiur qvakuTxedad iqca da masTan erTad Camo-
yalibda adamianis uflebaTa mTeli sistemac. 1789 wlis 14 ivliss, bas-
tiliis aRebiT, safrangeTis revoluciam samyaros Zveli, monarqiuli
reJimebis damxobis Sesaxeb auwya da `Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da Zmo-
ba sayovelTaod gamoacxada. kacobriobam axal epoqaSi Seabija, Tumca
amisaTvis sisxliani da mtanjveli gza airCia.
safrangeTis logo, sadac gamosaxulia mariana (frang. Marianne) erovnuli

simbolo. mariana 1792 wlidan franguli respublikis metsaxelia. gamosaxavdnen
rogorc qals frigiuli CaCiT. mariana gamoxatavs frangul erovnul devizs
`Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba~ (Libert, galit, fraternit).
7
http://polittheory.wordpress.com/2010/02/08/
106 kari meore
adamianis uflebebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam sazogadoebisa da sa-

xelmwifos Camoyalibebaze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina. xeli-
suflebis kanoniT SezRudvas adamianis uflebebma Cauyara safuZveli,
ramac saxelmwifosa da individs Soris demokratiuli urTierTobis Ca-
moyalibeba ganapiroba, pirovneba mmarTvelobis mxridan gamovlenili
metismeti meurveobisagan gaaTavisufla.
am yovelives win xangrZlivi da rTuli procesi uZRoda, rac saxel-

mwifosTan individis urTierTobebis saSualebaTa ZiebiT gamoixate-
boda. procesi mxolod samarTlebrivi sivrciT ar Semoifargleboda.
adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes,
rom es idea, Tavdapirvelad, eTikur-zneobrivi, sulieri, kulturuli
da religiuri xasiaTisa gaxldaT.
adamianis uflebebi msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi, gansxvavebul

kulturebsa da filosofiur msoflmxedvelobebSi, araerTgvarovan
eTikur da religiur garemoSi iqmneboda da viTardeboda. adamianis
uflebaTa Tanamedrove sistemaSi Zveli aRTqmis 10 mcnebis amocnoba
arcTu ise rTulia: àra kac hkla~ sicocxlis uflebis ekvivalentia;
àra iparo~ sakuTrebis uflebis dacvad aRiqmeba; iudaizmis mcneba:
`nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac Tavad ar gendomeba rom gagikeTon~; axa-
li aRTqmis postulati: `rac gindaT, rom gagikeTon Tqven adamianebma,
aseve Tqvenc gaukeTeT~;8 an Tundac mahmadianuri dogma: `sanam sakuTar
Tavs imas ar usurveb, rasac sakuTar Zmas, verc erTi Tqvengani ver gax-
deba morwmune~ adamianis Rirsebis pativiscemaze mianiSnebs, rac, Ta-
visTavad, adamianis uflebaTa qvakuTxedia.
msoflio religiaTa moZRvrebani Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis

principebs efuZneba. yvela monoTeisturi religiisTvis RmerTi erTia,
xolo samyaro mTliani. am ukanasknelSi ki adamianebi rasis, kanis feris,
socialuri mdgomareobis mixedviT ar gansxvavdebian.9 adamianis uf-
lebebi yovelTvis humanizmis, samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis, Tanas-
worobisa da tolerantobis ideebs gamoxatavdnen. aqedan gamomdinare,
adamianis uflebebSi bevria iseTi fundamenturi Rirebuleba, romel-
Tac religiur postulatebSic vxvdebiT.
kacobriobis ganviTarebis yoveli momdevno epoqa, uflebebis, Tvi-

sebrivad axali kriteriumebis gaCenas iwvevda, misi moqmedebis sferoSi
Semavali adamianebis areals sul ufro da ufro afarToebda. es stiqi-
8
maTe, 7.12.
9
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis implementacia saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis ga-
dawyvetilebebSi, UNDP, RWI-s gamocema, Tb., 2007, t. 2.
urad ar xdeboda movlenas win uflebebisa da TavisuflebebisaTvis

brZola uswrebda. uflebaTa mopovebisa da srulfasovani Tavisufle-
bisken ltolvisas kacobrioba ganviTarebis yovel nabijze axali xa-
risxiT maRldeboda. istoria adasturebs, rom Tavisuflebis Sesanar-
Cuneblad yovel Taobas brZola sWirdeba, rom istoriis gamowvevas,
daicvas adamianis uflebebsa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli Ri-
rebulebebi, nebismieri Taoba adekvaturad pasuxobs.
adamianis uflebebi universaluri samarTlebrivi kategoriaa da,

aqedan gamomdinare, isini yvela adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. ada-
mianis uflebebi Seicavs sam aspeqts:
1. xelisufleba adamianis uflebebiT SezRudul Zalauflebas
flobs;
2. yvela adamiani damoukideblobis gansazRvrul safexurze imyofeba;
3. TiToeuli adamiani uflebamosilia, daicvas sakuTari uflebebi.10
metic, ZiriTadi uflebebiT izRudeba kanonmdebeli, aRmasrulebe-

li xelisufleba da TviT sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki.
adamianis uflebebis flobisTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi piroba

mxolod adamianad yofnaa. amdenad, is universalur kategorias gane-
kuTvneba. adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, upirveles yovlisa,
filosofiuri sistemis msoflmxedvelobrivi warmodgenebia adamianis
daniSnulebis, sazogadoebaSi misi adgilisa da rolis Sesaxeb. adamianis
uflebebi socialuri regulirebis sistemaa, romelic moralur-eTi-
kuri principebisa da normebisagan Sedgeba. aseT urTierTobebs sxvag-
varad horizontalur urTierTobebsac uwodeben. magaliTad, erTi
piris mier meore piris sakuTrebis miTviseba am ukanasknelis uflebe-
bis darRvevaa aq orive mxare erTmaneTis Tanasworia.
adamianis uflebebi samarTlebrivi kategoriaa. uflebebi samar-

Tlebriv normebSia ganmtkicebuli da awesrigebs adamianis urTierTo-
bas xelisuflebasTan, saxelmwifosTan. swored esaa vertikaluri ur-
TierTobebi. magaliTad, saxelmwifosa da fizikur pirs Soris warmo-
Sobili samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi vertikaluri xasiaTisaa.
adamianis uflebebi pirovnebis ganuxreli uflebebi da Tavisufle-

bebia, romelTac individi dabadebisTanave iZens.11 es aris saxelmwi-
fo Zalauflebisgan pirovnebis Tavdacvis saSualeba. `sxvanairad rom
10
l.izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi (adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani), Tb., 2005, gv.15-17.
11
socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2004, gv. 13.
108 kari meore
vTqvaT, xelisuflebas imdeni ufleba aqvs, ramdensac mas kanoni aniWebs

(SezRuduli Zalauflebis principi), xolo adamians aqvs yvela is uf-
leba, romelTac ar ukrZalavs kanoni~:12 `yvelaferi daSvebulia, rac ka-
noniT ar aris akrZaluli~.
adamianis uflebebi adamiansa da xelisuflebas (mniSvneloba ar aqvs,

es aris demokratiulad arCeuli prezidenti, monarqi Tu diqtatori)
Soris warmoqmnili urTierTobebia, da roca adamianis uflebebze visa-
ubrebT, yovelTvis ìndividisa da xelisuflebis~ urTierTobas vigu-
lisxmebT.
ra valdebulebebi aqvs saxelmwifos?
erTi mxriv, adamians garkveuli uflebebi aqvs, meore mxriv, saxel-

mwifosac aqvs movaleobebi daicvas Tavisi uflebebi da moTxovnis-
Tanave upasuxos saWiroebebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom moqalaqeca da xe-
lisuflebac urTierTmovaleni arian. saxelmwifo valdebulia, misi
funqcia swored isaa, rom daicvas adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebe-
bi, miuxedavad imisa, TviT es piri masze dakisrebul pasuxismgeblobas
asrulebs Tu ara.
arsebobs saxelmwifos valdebulebaTa sami done:

pativiscemis valdebuleba saxelmwifo valdebulia, pativi sces
adamianis Rirsebas;
dacvis valdebuleba saxelmwifo valdebulia, sakanonmdeblo do-
neze aRiaros adamianis uflebebi;
Sesrulebis valdebuleba saxelmwifo valdebulia, sakanonmdeb-
lo doneze deklarirebuli adamianis uflebebis dasacavad Camoayali-
bos garkveuli meqanizmebi. Tavis mxriv, Sesrulebis valdebuleba aris
ori saxis: adamianis uflebaTa xelSewyobisa da uzrunvelyofis.13
Cveni ufleba saxelmwifosaTvis valdebulebaa. uflebis dasaca-

vad man rame unda iRonos: daicvas adamianis sicocxle, Rirseba, pira-
di xelSeuxebloba; uzrunvelyos Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufleba;
xeli Seuwyos ganaTlebis uflebis Tanabar pirobebSi da diskriminaciis
gareSe realizebis garemos Camoyalibebas; Seqmnas xelmisawvdomi jan-
12
adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, redaqtori ana
WabaSvili, Tb., 1999, gv. 9-10.
13
gaeros ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis komitetis 1999 wlis
zogadi komentarebi # 12; 15, UN doc.E/2000/22/P.102-110.
dacvis sistema da sxva. saxelmwifos aseT valdebulebas xelisuflebis

pozitiuri valdebuleba (status positivus) ewodeba. misi arsi imiT gamoi-
xateba, rom saxelmwifo, adamianis uflebebis dasacavad, aqtiurad moq-
medebs.
Cveni Tavisufleba imas gulisxmobs, rom kanonieri safuZvlis arar-

sebobis SemTxvevaSi, xelisufleba mas ar unda Seexos: ar moaxdinos mi-
moweris lustracia, ar moisminos satelefono saubrebi, ar Caerios pi-
rad cxovrebaSi, ar xelyos sityvis Tavisufleba da sxva. xelisuflebis
amgvar valdebulebas negatiuri valdebuleba (status negativus) ewode-
ba. misi arsi imiT gamoixateba, rom kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec adami-
anis uflebis SezRudva xorcieldeba, emyarebodes legitimur sajaro
mizans, am ukanasknelis miRwevis erTaderTi da aucilebeli saSuale-
ba unda iyos. magaliTad, ekologiuri katastrofis dros, moqalaqeTa
usafrTxoebis mizniT, saSiS zonaSi gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis dro-
ebiT SezRudva dasaSvebia.
adamianis uflebaTa Tvisebebi
Tvisebrivad adamianis uflebebi aris:

sayovelTao adamianis uflebebi dedamiwis nebismier adgilas
mcxovrebi adamianisTvis erTi da igivea. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ro-
meli qveynis moqalaqea Tu moqalaqeobis armqonea. mas es uflebebi
dabadebidan gardacvalebamde aqvs;
xelSeuvali adamians uflebebis Sewyveta, warTmeva an Tundac
adamianis mier Tavisi nebiT maTze uaris Tqma SeuZlebelia;
ganuyofeli arc erTi uflebis warTmeva ar SeiZleba misi ùmniS-
vnelobis~ motiviT;
universaluri yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tavisufalia, mxolod
imitom, rom is adamiania. es ukanaskneli Tavadvea wyaro adamianis
uflebebisa. maTi universaluroba niSnavs imasac, rom is msoflios
nebismier drosa da sivrceSi SeuzRudavad moqmedebs. yvela ada-
mianis ufleba daculia, ganurCevlad raime gansxvavebisa, saxel-
dobr: rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, politikuri Tu
sxva rwmenis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi,
wodebrivi Tu sxv. adamianis uflebaTa universaluroba pirovnebis
individualurobas an sazogadoebaSi arsebul kulturul gansxva-
vebulobebs ar emuqreba. mravalferovneba SesaZlebelia arsebob-
des im sazogadoebaSi, sadac yvela Tanasworia;
110 kari meore
ganusxvisebeli adamianis uflebebis dakargva, sxvisTvis gada-

cema, warTmeva SeuZlebelia. maTi SezRudva SesaZlebelia garkve-
ul SemTxvevebSi mxolod kanonis ZaliT, da isic droebiT: msjav-
rdebulisTvis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis SezRudva, garkveuli
vadiT, Tundac sagangebo mdgomareobis dros, manifestaciebisa da
mitingebis SezRudva da sxv.;
urTierTdamokidebuli da urTierTdakavSirebuli yvela uf-
leba, erTobliobaSi, urTierTdamxmare sistemis balanss ganapi-
robebs. adamianis sxvadasxva ufleba: politikuri, socialuri,
ekonomikuri erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia. isini cal-calke, da-
moukideblad ar ganixilebian. erTi uflebis ganxorcieleba damo-
kidebulia sxvadasxva uflebis arsebobaze. vTqvaT, arCevnebSi mo-
nawileobis ufleba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifos marTvaSi
monawileobis uflebis realizebis safuZvelia; meore magaliTi:
sicocxlis ufleba mWidro kavSirSia jandacvis uflebasTan, pira-
di xelSeuxeblobis uflebasTan da sxva. ar arsebobs arc erTi uf-
leba, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sxva uflebebs aRematebodes
an piriqiT Camouvardebodes. adamianis uflebaTagan yvela Rire-
bulia da yoveli maTganis dacva aucilebelia.
adamianis uflebaTa zemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebi yvela demokrati-

uli saxelmwifos mier aRiarebulia da maT uzenaes kanonSi, konstitu-
ciaSi aris asaxuli.
civilizebuli samyaro acnobierebs, rom arc erTi saxelmwifo ar

ganixileba, rogorc Tavisufali da demokratiuli, Tuki mis iurisdiq-
ciaSi myofi adamianebi (rogorc moqalaqeebi, ise moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebi da ucxoelebi) ar sargebloben yvela uflebiTa da Tavisufle-
biT.
adamianis uflebaTa koncefcia garkveul Rirebulebebs efuZneba,

esenia:
Rirseba
Tavisufleba
Tanasworoba
tolerantoba
demokratia
samarTlianoba
adamianis Rirseba gamoixateba sxvaTagan, aseve sazogadoebisa da sa-

xelmwifosgan adamianis mimarT pativiscemiT. adamianis uflebaTa arsi
adamianis Rirsebis aRiarebaa. Rirseba Tandayolili Tvisebaa da Tavad
adamianis arsidan gamomdinareobs. saqarTvelos konstitucia iziarebs

am filosofias da acxadebs: àdamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuva-
lia~.14
Rirseba yvela adamians aqvs. dauSvebelia maTi diferencireba rai-

me niSnis mixedviT. saxelmwifom adamianis Rirseba ar unda Selaxos, am
uflebaSi ìntervencia~ ar unda ganaxorcielos.15 Rirsebis dacva sa-
xelmwifos mxridan adamianis samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvel-
yofas moiTxovs (magaliTad, Rirsebis Selaxvaa monoba, diskriminaciis
nebismieri forma, wameba). saxelmwifo valdebulia, adamianis Rirsebis
dasacavad minimaluri ekonomikuri pirobebi mainc Seqmnas.
adamianis Rirsebis uflebis mniSvneloba kargad Cans sisxlis samar-

TalSi, sadac saxelmwifos moqmedebis CarCo ganisazRvreba. magaliTad,
sasjeli unda iyos samarTliani, is unda Seesabamebodes Cadenili da-
naSaulis simZimes, damnaSavis braleulobas da sxv.16 sasjelTa sistema
ar unda iTvaliswinebdes adamianis Rirsebis damamcirebel sasjelebs;
udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRveva laxavs adamianis Rirsebas. saer-
TaSoriso aqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb (me-14 mux-
lis me-2 punqti) da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli
konvencia (me-6 muxli) erTnairad acxadeben, rom: TiToeuli piri, visac
brali sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis CadenaSi edeba, udanaSaulod mi-
iCneva, sanam misi damnaSaveoba kanonis Sesabamisad ar damtkicdeba.
adamianis Rirsebis aRiareba da pativiscema adamianis uflebaTa

mTel sistemaSi saTanadod aisaxeba. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaraciis teqstic swored adamianis RirsebiT iwyeba: `yvela adami-
ani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da uflebebiT.
maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT unda iqce-
odnen Zmobis suliskveTebiT~.17
adamianur Rirsebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas samoqalaqo da politi-

kur uflebaTa 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqtic: `yvela Tavisufleba-
SezRudul pirs unda epyrobodnen humanurad da adamianis pirovnebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli Rirsebis pativiscemiT~ (muxli 10.1).
adamianis Tavisufleba samarTalSi Tavisufleba Semdegnairad

ganimarteba:
14
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 17.1.
15
k. kublaSvili, ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tb., 2005, gv. 88.
16
17
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 1.
112 kari meore
1. sakuTari Sexedulebisa da nebis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. Tavisuf-

leba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas, imoqmedos Tavisi nebis Sesaba-
misad vinmes mier an visime saxeliT dawesebuli yovelgvari SezRudvis
gareSe;18
2. individis Tavisufleba niSnavs ganaxorcielos an Tavi Seikavos
raime moqmedebis Sesrulebisagan (sindisis Tavisufleba, rwmenis Tavi-
sufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba).
Tavisuflebis sami damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa: arCevani, damoukideb-

loba da pasuxismgebloba. adamianis mier arCevanis uflebis realize-
ba or sakiTxs ukavSirdeba: I. saTvalavSi orze meti odenobis arsebo-
bas da II. asarCevi obieqtebis, garemoebebis, procesebisa Tu movlenis
analitikuri da sinTezuri ganxilvisaTvis saWiro codnasa da unars.
terminis (àrCevani~) negatiuri, sawinaaRmdego formiT ganmartebad
gamodgeboda ìZuleba~. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi arCevanis adgili
ar aris; damoukidebloba sakuTari nebisyofis damorCilebas da masze
batonobas gulisxmobs. adamianebs xSirad sCveviaT sakuTari qmedebe-
bis axsna sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli Cvevebis, tradiciebis, finan-
sur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis, subieqturi Tu obieqturi SiSebis,
`fobiebisa~ Tu `filiebis~ gavleniT. yovelTvis, roca adamiani ase iq-
ceva, ar aris damoukidebeli. pasuxismgebloba adamianis is Tvisebaa,
romelic asakobriv zrda-ganviTarebasTan, mis inteleqtualur Camo-
yalibebasTan erTad modis da misi cxovrebis yvela kuTxe-kunWuls
srulad moicavs. adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTadi nawili Tavisuflebas
exeba. àdamianis Tavisufleba~ gulisxmobs raime SezRudvebis arar-
sebobas, adamianis moqmedebis farTo areals. saxelmwifos ekrZaleba
Careva, xolo Tu ereva, mxolod gansakuTrebul pirobebSi, kanonis sa-
fuZvelze, legitimuri miznis misaRwevad, gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
da Sesabamisi wesiT; Tumca ar arsebobs Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblo-
bis gareSe, da piruku;
adamianis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs: sxvaTa mimarT moTminebas, Tav-

Sekavebas, tolerantobas. Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba adamians
TviTgamorkvevis uflebas aniWebs. es ki niSnavs, rom mas aqvs SesaZleb-
loba, imoqmedos sakuTari nebiT, vinmes zemoqmedebis gareSe.
`yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeb-

lobis ufleba~.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 3
18
adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, redaqtori ana
WabaSvili, Tb., 1999, gv. 41-42.
Tanasworobis Rirebuleba vlindeba kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis,

kulturul Tu religiur mravalferovnebaTa Tanasworobisa da sxva
uflebebSi. Tanasworoba nebismier adamians sxvebTan Tanabar pirobebSi
yofnis Sanss aZlevs, xolo gamoyenebuli iqneba Tu ara es SesaZleblobe-
bi, damokidebulia individze. am Rirebulebis uflebebi imis garantiaa,
rom saxelmwifo yvela adamians Tanasworad moepyroba. vinmesTvis usa-
fuZvlod sxvaTa uflebebis xarjze upiratesobis miniWeba dauSvebelia.
Tanasworoba ukavSirdeba diskriminaciis akrZalvis cnebas, rac gu-

lisxmobs adamianis uflebaTa SezRudvas an Selaxvas socialuri, ra-
sobrivi, erovnuli, enobrivi, sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis, politikuri,
religiuri an sxvagvari mdgomareobis mixedviT.19
kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba adamianis uflebaTa qvakuTxedia. yvela

adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, Ta-
nabrad gamoiyenos miniWebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, magram samar-
TaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi aseve Tanabrad unda agos pasuxi kanonis winaSe.
saxelmwifo mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba moepyros adamians ùTa-

nasworod~ da kanonis ZaliT sxvadasxva ufleba-movaleoba daakisros
sxvadasxva kategoriis adamians, rodesac amisTvis gansakuTrebuli sa-
fuZveli arsebobs. magaliTad: usinaTlos manqanis marTvis mowmobas ar
miscemen; orsul qals mZime saqmianobis an zeganakveTuri samuSaos Ses-
ruleba kanoniT ekrZaleba.
`saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoel moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis armqo-

ne pirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqis Tanabari uflebani da movaleobani aqvT,
garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisebisa~.
saxelmwifom unda izrunos sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris socialuri

samarTlianobisa da socialuri Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad. swo-
red man unda Seqmnas yvelasaTvis Tanabari sawyisi poziciebi da yvelas
misces ganviTarebis Tanabari Sansi. es imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom ga-
naTlebis miRebis, profesiis arCevisa da dauflebisaTvis TiToeuli
Tanabari sastarto pirobebis Seqmnaze unda izrunos.20
tolerantoba (Semwynarebloba) adamianis uflebaTa gansakuTrebu-

li Rirebulebaa. tolerantoba niSnavs gansxvavebuli erovnuli Tu eT-
19
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005, gv.
283.
20
n. talaxaZe, T. qaldani, g. gabrielaSvili, l. gigauri, n. nacvliSvili, samoqalaqo
ganaTleba, Tb., 2008, gv. 15.
114 kari meore
nikuri, enobrivi Tu religiuri warmomavlobis, rasisa Tu kanis feris,

moqalaqeobisa Tu sxva niSnebiT gamorCeuli adamianebis mimarT damo-
kidebulebas, romelic gamoricxavs rasizms, rasobriv diskriminacias,
siZulvils da yovelTvis keTilganwyobiT xasiaTdeba, sazogadoebriv
da politikur cxovrebaSi ar laxavs aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadge-
nelTa uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.21
tolerantoba msoflio kulturaTa mdidari mravalferovnebis, TviT-

gamoxatvis formebisa da adamianis individualobis gamovlinebis SesaZ-
leblobaTa pativiscemis miReba da marTebuli gagebaa.22
tolerantoba amkvidrebs sxvisi Sexedulebisadmi pativiscemas,

TviTgamoxatvis sxvadasxva formas da pirovnuli individualobis gan-
viTarebas. tolerantobaSi moiazreba sxvaTa uflebebis pativiscema. is
gulisxmobs, rom yvelas aqvs sakuTari Sexedulebebi, yvelas aqvs uf-
leba, gaakritikos sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, gaakritikos xelisufleba,
konkretuli pirovneba, idea. tolerantoba aseve gulisxmobs sxvaTa
azrisa da Sexedulebebis mosmenas, Tundac msmenelisTvis is miuRebe-
li iyos. tolerantuli damokidebulebis gamovlena sxvaTa religiuri
mrwamsisa Tu sxva eris mimarT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sawindaria.
`sarwmunoebis sxvadasxvaoba Cven ar gvaSinebs. qarTvelma Tavisi sar-
wmunoebisaTvis jvarcmulma icis pativi sxvisi sarwmunoebisac~.23
adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemas, dacvasa da Sesrulebas sWirdeba

garkveuli movaleobebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis Sesruleba. movaleo-
ba es aris moqmedebis CarCo, aucilebeli moqmedebis zoma. movaleobe-
bis dawesebiT saxelmwifo Tavis teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier pirs
udgens garkveuli aucilebeli moqmedebis Sesrulebis moTxovnas.
movaleobebi SesaZlebelia gamomdinareobdes ara mxolod kanonis

moTxovnidan, aramed zneobrivi, eTikuri normebidan, an Tundac pro-
fesiuli saqmianobidan. asevea pasuxismgeblobis SemTxvevaSic. yovel
Cvengans garkveuli pasuxismgebloba gvekisreba saxelmwifos winaSe.
adamians pasuxismgebloba moralur donezec ekisreba da sakanonmdeb-
lozec. saqarTvelos konstituciis 44-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `saqarTve-
loSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia, asrulebdes saqarTvelos
konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs~, Sesabamisad, konsti-
tuciisa da kanonis Seusrulebloba iwvevs iuridiul pasuxismgeblobas
(sisxlissamarTlebriv, administraciul, samoqalaqo an disciplinurs).
21
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005.
22
tolerantobis principebis deklaracia, 1995.
23
ilia WavWavaZe, werilebi, Tb., 2010, gv. 41.
adamiani emorCileba garkveul wesebs, romlebic erovnul sakanon-

mdeblo aqtebSia asaxuli, raTa misi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
realizebis dros ar Seilaxos sxva pirebis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwi-
fos interesebi.
adamianis uflebaTa realizaciis yvelaze racionaluri formaa de-

mokratia. demokratia24 individis uflebaTa da interesTa efeqturad
dacvas TanamSromlobis, kompromisebisa da sxvadasxva Sexedulebis
gaTvaliswinebiT axerxebs. demokratiuli wyobis dros sazogadoebis
yvela wevrs ufleba aqvs, monawileobdes saxelmwifo organoebis arCev-
nebSi pasiuri an/da aqtiuri formiT, gaakritikos xelisufleba, Tavi-
suflad imsjelos saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxebze, CaerTos saxelmwi-
fos marTvaSi da sxva.
demokratia xels uwyobs samoqalaqo da adamianis uflebaTa kulturis

danergvas, riTac moqalaqes politikuri kompetenciebis SeZenis saSua-
lebas aZlevs. demokratia nergavs kanonis pativiscemisa da kanonisadmi
Tavisufali msaxurebis kulturas, sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris
dapirispirebebis mSvidobian gadawyvetas kompromisebis gziT aRwevs.
demokratia, rogorc politikuri marTvis reJimi, xalxis mmarTve-

lobas niSnavs, romlis drosac yvelaze efeqturad xdeba ara marto
umravlesobis, aramed umciresobis uflebebis dacvac. es ar aris um-
ciresobis SeuzRudavi xelisufleba, aramed sruliad gansazRvruli
RirebulebebiT adamianis uflebebiT SezRuduli umravlesobis xe-
lisuflebaa. es is Rirebulebebia, romlebic vinaidan asaxulia konsti-
tuciasa da kanonebSi, umciresobebsac Tanabrad exeba da umravlesobas
maTi darRveva ar SeuZlia.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom garkveuli garemoebebis dadgomisas saxelmwi-

fos mxridan zogierTi uflebis SezRudva dasaSvebia (magaliTad: sagan-
gebo an saomari mdgomareobis dros Tavisufali gadaadgilebis ufle-
ba, sakuTrebis SezRudva sazogadoebrivi saWiroebisTvis kompensaciis
sanacvlod da sxva).
magram arsebobs adamianis bunebiTi uflebebic,25 romelTa SezRud-

va dauSvebelia nebismier garemoebaSi, esenia: sicocxlis ufleba, wa-
mebisgan Tavisufleba, adamianis Rirseba, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia,
monobisgan Tavisufleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, piris sa-
marTalsubieqtoba.
24
demokratiis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT visaubreT wignis pirvel karSi, ix. gv. 33-103.
25
bunebiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb ix. wignis pirvel karSi.
116 kari meore
`qveyanaSi sagangebo mdgomareobis Jams, ra drosac eris arseboba saf-

rTxeSia da ris Sesaxebac oficialurad cxaddeba, paqtis monawile saxel-
mwifoebs SeuZliaT miiRon mdgomareobis simwvavis zustad Sesabamisi zo-
mebi am paqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli TavianTi valdebulebisagan gadaxveviT,
im pirobiT, rom aseTi zomebi SeuTavsebeli ar iqneba saerTaSoriso samar-
TliT gaTvaliswinebul maT valdebulebebTan da ar gamoiwvevs diskri-
minacias rasis, feris, sqesis, enis, religiis an socialuri mdgomareobis
niSniT.
zemoaRniSnuli debuleba ar SeiZleba gaxdes am paqtis VI (sicocxlis

ufleba), VII (wamebis akrZalva), VIII (I da II punqtebi: monobis akrZalva), XI
(saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis SeusruleblobisTvis patimrobis ak-
rZalva), XV (kanonis ukuqmedeba), XVI (adamianis samarTalsubieqtoba) da
XVIII (azris, sindisis an religiis Tavisufleba) muxlebisagan raime gadax-
vevis safuZveli~.26
26
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 4.1-2.
nawili meore
adamianis uflebaTa
ideis ganviTareba
am nawilSi ganvxilavT adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebis istoriul da

sociokulturul etapebs. gavixsenebT Tavdapirvel normatul aqtebs
da konstituciebs, romlebmac kacobriobis ocnebis saxelmwifoebrivi
marTvis qvakuTxedad transformacia ganapirobes. gaviazrebT omebisa
da revoluciebis epoqaSi saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis Se-
qmnis mniSvnelobas. movaxdenT adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacias. Se-
vexebiT adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi. nawilis da-
sasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa:
adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba antikur epoqasa da Sua sa-

ukuneebSi;
burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli adamianis uflebaTa ideis gan-
viTarebaSi;
adamianis uflebebis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi;
pirveli xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi;
gza adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciisaken. saerTaSo-
riso paqtebi adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb;
adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia: samoqalaqo da politikuri uf-
lebebi;
socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi.
118 kari meore
sazogadoebis kulturuli ganviTareba warmoudgenelia, Tu mas pi-

rovnebis CamoyalibebaSi raime principuli cvlileba ar Seaqvs, Tu ada-
miani sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yovel safexurze Tavisuflebis Tun-
dac minimums ar iRebs. kulturuli progresis es mniSvnelovani momen-
ti aisaxa moralSi, samarTalSi, religiasa da filosofiaSi.
adamianis uflebaTa safuZvlis `formaluri Tanasworuflebiano-

bis~ Canasaxi pirvelyofil sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba, romelic Tavis ga-
moxatulebas poulobda `mononormebis~27 saxiT. `mononormebi~ qcevis
wesebia, romelTa klasificireba, diferencireba SeuZlebelia ise, ro-
gorc es xdeba religiuri, zneobrivi, CveulebiTi normebis klasifi-
kaciisas. Tavisi xasiaTiT es aris qcevis wesebi, romlebic gamoxataven
mdgrad Cvevebs. `mononormebi~ ayalibebs warmodgenebs borotebasa da
sikeTeze, gvarisa da tomisaTvis misaReb da miuRebel wesebze. `mono-
normaTa~ mizani gvarovnuli wes-wyobilebis SenarCuneba gaxldaT, mag-
ram maTSi moralisa da eTikis kriteriumebi mkafiod ar iyo Camoyali-
bebuli. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba socialurad marTvadi iyo da swo-
red mononormebiT regulirdeboda. `mononorma~ gvaris erT wevrs meo-
re wevrze upiratesobas ar aZlevda. es `pirvelyofili Tanasworobis~
gamovlenaa. Tu kargad CavukvirdebiT, vnaxavT am Tanasworobis arss:
individis interesebi mTlianad ewireba sazogadoebis interesebs. in-
dividis cxovreba mkacrad reglamentirdeba, riTac mas Tavisuflebis
arCevanis, damoukideblobisa da ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba ekargeba.
miuxedavad amisa, TviT mononormebis gaCena kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi
wingadadgmuli nabijia. mogvianebiT pirvelyofili gvarovnuli wyobi-
lebis rRvevam, saxelmwifos warmoSobam, saxelmwifosTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli atributebis gaCenam (saxelmwifos niSnebi: sajaro xelisufleba,
sagadasaxado sistema da sxva) samarTlis normebi warmoSva.
27
.. , , ., 1979, gv. 214.
Tavi 2.1
adamianis uflebaTa
ideis ganviTareba antikuri epoqa
werilobiT wyaroebSi sityva `Tavisuflebas~ pirvelad jer kidev

Zv. w. XVIII s.-Si vxvdebiT. uZvelesma kodificirebulma nimuSma `xamu-
rabis kanonebma~ Semogvinaxa informacia imis Taobaze, rom babilonis
mefe xamurabma (Zv.w. 1792-1750) `gaazateba andurarum~ (gaTavisufleba)
qveSevrdomebis wasaxaliseblad gamoiyena: isini, vinc pirnaTlad asru-
lebdnen dakisrebul movaleobebs (begaris akrefa, taZris msaxureba),
azatdebodnen; isini ki, vinc movaleobebs arakeTilsindisierad asru-
lebdnen, azatobas kargavdnen. Tavisuflebis dakargva sanqciad wesde-
boda `qvrivTa da obolTa dasacavad, maT mimarT xelisuflebis mqone
pirTa usamarTlod moqcevis aRkveTis mizniT~.28
SumerulSi sityva àmagi~ `Tavisuflebas niSnavda. Tavisuflebis konceptis

pirvel gaformebad lursmnuli damwerlobiT aRbeWdili àmagi~ iTvleba.
sityvasityviT iTargmneba, rogorc `dedasTan dabruneba~.
adamianis uflebaTa ideas safuZveli Zv. w. VI-V saukuneebSi aTensa da,

mogvianebiT, romSi Caeyara. Zveli berZeni sofistis, alkidamis, gamoT-
qmaSi `RvTaebam yvela Tavisufali gaaCina, bunebas monad aravin Seuq-
mnia~29 gadmocemulia berZnuli filosofiis damokidebuleba adamia-
nis, misi Rirsebisa da bunebiT naboZebi ganuyofeli uflebebis mimarT.
28
xamurabis kanonebi, Targmani: z. kiknaZis, Tb., 1988.
29
The political and legal doctrines in ancient Greece, http://yqyq.net.
120 kari meore
jer kidev Zv.w. VI saukuneSi berZenma sjulmdebelma da arqontma so-

lonma (Zv.w. 638-558) sakanonmdeblo reformebi gaatara, romlebic de-
mokratiis zogierT elements Seicavda, kerZod: saxelmwifo moxeleTa
braleulobis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, maT pasuxisgebaSi gadacemas aka-
nonebda. am ideam Semdgomi ganviTareba Zvel romSi pova, rasac moqa-
laqeobis principis SemoRebam Seuwyo xeli. aqve davsZendiT, rom Zveli
msoflios adamianebi uflebaTa miniWebisas Tanasworobis principiT
ar xelmZRvanelobdnen. magaliTad: monisTvis yovelgvari uflebebis
CamorTmeva sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli.
qalaq-saxelmwifoebma `polisebma~,30 romelTac xSirad monaT-

mflobeluri demokratiis formad miiCneven, adamianis uflebaTa ideis
ganviTarebas, garkveulwilad, xelic ki Seuwyo. aRmocenda Tavisufle-
bis oazisebi, romelSic SesaZlebeli gaxda im pirTa Tanabari politi-
kuri uflebebis arseboba, romlebic moqalaqeobis statusiT sargeb-
lobdnen. imdroindeli Sexedulebebi adamianis uflebebsa da moqala-
qeobaze, yoveli qveSevrdomis monawileoba polisis marTvaSi da zrun-
va polisis keTildReobaze yalibdeboda erTian moZRvrebaSi, romelic
kanonis uzenaesobas gansakuTrebulad gamokveTda (perikle, sokrate,
platoni, demosTene). am moZRvrebebma SemdgomSi gamoxatuleba àdami-
anis uflebebisa~ da `kanonis uzenaesobis~ urTierTmimarTebaSi poves.
samarTlianobis, Tavisuflebis, WeSmaritebis Zieba berZen filoso-
fosTa naSromebis laitmotivad rCeba.
sazogadoebriobis ganviTarebis yoveli axali safexuri cvlida ada-

mianTa uflebebis xasiaTs da mas axal ganzomilebebs matebda.
Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebSi, aTensa da romSi moqalaqeobis institutis gaCe-

na ukve wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo, Tumca samarTlis normebisa da adami-
anis uflebaTa formirebis procesi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. samarTleb-
rivi normebis warmoSobis pirvel etapze Tavisuflebis msazRvrelis
done sakmaod dabali iyo. miuxedavad amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi
viTardeboda Zvel romSic, sadac xelisuflebis danawilebis principi
da bunebiTi samarTlis idea Caisaxa.
30
Zv.w. VI s.-idan saqarTvelos teritoriaze berZnuli polisebis msgavsi politi-
kuri erTeulebi iyo fazisi, dioskuria da sxva qalaquri tipis dasaxlebebi. Tavi-
suflebani diadi qartiiT iwyeba, Semdgeneli: v. cecxlaZe, baTumi, 2005, gv. 9.
Tavi 2.2
adamianis uflebaTa ideis
ganviTareba Sua saukuneebi
feodalizmis dros uflebebis moculoba gaizarda. am periodSi, wo-

debrivi ierarqiisa da ymaTa dakabalebis miuxedavad, memamuleTa mxri-
dan monarqis Zalauflebis SezRudvis mcdelobas vxvdebiT. Sua sauku-
neebSi adamianis Tavisufleba metad SezRuduli iyo, magram ymas mainc
meti Tavisufleba hqonda, vidre monas. feodalizmis wiaRSi ukve mom-
wifda iseTi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, romlebmac mogvia-
nebiT ganviTareba sxvadasxva aqtSi poves. magaliTad, inglisSi moxda
monarqis uflebebis SezRudva. monarqisaTvis sazogadoebis gvarov-
nuli wridan kontrolis dawesebis mcdeloba 1215 wlis Tavisuflebis
didi qartiiT (Magna Carta Libertatum) dagvirgvinda. adamianis uflebaTa
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis aTvlis wertiladac swored es
dokumenti iqca. aq deklarirebuli Rirebulebebi Semdgom sxvadasxva
aqtSic gavrcelda:
àdamianebi Cvens samefoSi floben da icaven zemoT aRniSnul Tavisuf-

lebebs, uflebebs, daTmobebs, wyalobebs sruli wesrigiTa da mSvidobi-
anad, Tavisuflad da wynarad, srulad da urRvevad, TavisTvisa da Tavis
memkvidreTaTvis, Cvengan da Cvens memkvidreTagan, yvelgan da yvela gare-
moebaSi, samaradJamod~.31
`magna kartaSi~ mocemuli muxlebi mefisa da sasaxlis karis TviTne-

bobisagan dacvis meqanizmebs Seicavda; aseve moTxovnas, ar dainiSnon
mosamarTlis, Serifisa32 da konsteblis33 Tanamdebobebze adamianebi,
romlebmac ar ician kanonebi an ar surT maTi Sesruleba. qartiis dam-
saxurebad unda CaiTvalos is debuleba, romliTac gacxadda, rom sasa-
marTlo ganaCenis gareSe dauSvebelia Tavisufali adamianis dasja.
1320 wels SotlandiaSi miRebuli àrborTis deklaracia~ Tavisuf-

lebis absolutur uflebaze saubrobs, romelic didebaze, saxelsa da
simdidreze maRla dgas.34
1628 wels inglisSi miiRes peticia uflebaTa Sesaxeb, romliTac gani-

31
Tavisuflebani diadi qartiiT iwyeba, Semdgeneli v. cecxlaZe, baTumi, 2005, gv. 21.
32
Serifi - (ingl. sheriff) Tanamdebobis piri, romelic asrulebs administraciul da
sasamarTlo funqciebs.
33
konstebli - (ingl. constable) erT-erTi umaRlesi tituli mefis karze.
34
k. m. smiti rona, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, Tb., 2006, gv. 45.
122 kari meore
sazRvra monarqis valdebulebebi, kerZod, daecva qveSevrdomi samefo

karis ganukiTxaobisgan. am aqtis mixedviT, Tu danaSaulSi eWvmitanili
monarqs peticiiT mimarTavda, xolo amis Semdeg saqmis ganxilvamde da
garkveuli ganaCenis gamotanamde mas daapatimrebdnen, es ukanonod Ca-
iTvleboda.
1679 wels SemuSavda `habeas korpusi~ (Habeas Corpus Act), sadac pir-
velad axsenes pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis garantiebi, udanaSaulobis
prezumfcia da adamianis sxva uflebebis dacvisaTvis saWiro mniSvne-
lovani debulebebi. 1679 wels deklarirebuli ufleba dResac moqme-
debs da asaxulia saerTaSoriso aqtebsa da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.
`habeas korpusi~ imis garantiaa, rom piri ar iqneba usamarTlod daka-
vebuli, Tu dakaveba ukanonoa, adamiani unda ganTavisufldes. `habeas
korpusi~ brZanebaa, romelic sasamarTlos mier patimarze pasuxismge-
bel Tanamdebobis pirs egzavneba, raTa aRkveTos dakavebuli piris Ta-
visuflebis SezRudva, dauyovnebliv gaaTavisuflos ukanonod dakave-
buli, an Tuki kanoni iZleva saSualebas, ganTavisufldes TavdebobiT.
amave aqtiT damkvidrda principi, romlis mixedviTac dauSvebelia, er-
Ti da imave danaSaulisaTvis orjer pasuxisgeba (principi: non bis in idem).
1689 wels inglisSi miRebuli uflebaTa bili (Bill of Rights) kidev erTi
wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo adamianis uflebaTa ideis sasargeblod. ker-
Zod, dauSveblad CaiTvala kanonis moqmedebis SeCereba samefo taxtis
sasargeblod, parlamentis gadawyvetilebis gareSe gadasaxadebis da-
weseba da mSvidobian periodSi armiis mobilizeba. inglisSi miRebuli
am aqtiT aRiares sityvis Tavisufleba, parlamentSi arCevis ufleba da
mefis winaSe peticiis wardgenis ufleba. bili Seicavs agreTve sasamar-
Tlos gaumarTleblad maRali xarjebis gadaxdisagan Tavdacvis garan-
tiebs. uflebaTa bilis teqstSi pirvelad iTqva adamianis uflebamosi-
lebis Sesaxeb moiTxovos, daicvan misi uflebebi.
ìsini eZeben da moiTxoven da Tavs deben yvela am punqtze erTad (bil-

ze) da TiToeul maTganze cal-calke~.35
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa ganviTarebis ideam amerikis

kontinentzec SeaRwia, rasac xeli Seuwyves ganmanaTleblebma, `bunebi-
Ti samarTlis skolis~ moZRvrebam, aseve inglisSi miRebulma aqtebma.
35
k. m. smiti rona, adamianis saerTaSoriso uflebebi, Tb., 2006, gv. 23.
Tavi 2.3
burJuaziuli revoluciebis roli
adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTarebaSi
`bunebiTi samarTlis~ ideebi aSS-Si Tomas peinisa (1737-1809) da To-

mas jefersonis (1743-1826) mier antikoloniuri revoluciis periodSi
gavrcelda. maTi ideebi mimarTuli iyo ara marto demokratiuli sa-
xelmwifos mSeneblobisaken, aramed adamianis xelSeuvali uflebebis
dacvisakenac. amis naTeli magaliTia 1776 wels gamocxadebuli damou-
kideblobis deklaracia: `yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanabrad Tavisufali
da damoukidebelia da dabadebisTanave flobs konkretul uflebebs~.
1789 wels miRebuli aSS-is konstitucia ar Seicavs adamianis ufle-

baTa CamonaTvals, Tumca preambula cxadyofs imas, Tu rogor mkvid-
rdeboda adamianis uflebebi da rogor izrdeboda adamianis uflebaTa
ideis gavlena saxelmwifoze: `Cven, SeerTebuli Statebis xalxi, raTa
SevqmnaT ufro srulyofili kavSiri, davamkvidroT marTlmsajuleba,
uzrunvelvyoT Sinagani simSvide, erTiani Tavdacva, xeli SevuwyoT sa-
yovelTao keTildReobas da Cveni STamomavlebisaTvis ganvamtkicoT
Tavisuflebis madli amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis, sazeimod
vacxadebT am konstitucias~. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstitu-
cias pirvel 10 muxli adamianis uflebaTa bili (Bill of Rights) 1791
wlis 15 dekembers daemata, Tumca calkeulma Statebma misi ratifici-
reba 1789 wlis 19 seqtembridan daiwyes. ùflebaTa bilis~ miRebidan
konstitucias daemata mxolod 16 Sesworeba.
adamianis ganuyofeli uflebebis `bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria~ saf-

rangeTis revoluciis dros farTod gavrcelda. es ideebi emyareboda
hugo grociusis (1583-1645), Sarl monteskies (1689-1755), jon lokis
(1632-1704), Jan-Jak rusos (1712-1778) da sxva ganmanaTlebelTa msof-
lmxedvelobebs. safrangeTis adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa dekla-
racia (Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen) 1789 wlis 26 agvistos
miiRes. masSi aRiniSna, rom àdamianebi ibadebian Tavisufalni da Tana-
bari uflebebiT da aseTebad rCebian. sazogadoebrivi gansxvavebebi maT
Soris SeiZleba dadgindes mxolod kanoniT~. deklaraciam aRiara dauS-
vebloba:
kanonis ukuqceviTi moqmedebisa;
udanaSaulobis prezumfciis darRvevisa;
bralis wayenebis gareSe adamianis dakavebisa an dapatimrebisa;
124 kari meore
azris gamoTqmis gamo dakaveba-dapatimrebisa, Tu gamoTqmuli az-

riT ar irRveva kanoniT gansazRvruli sajaro wesrigi;
deklaraciam aRiara moqalaqeTa sakuTrebis ufleba.
raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, safrangeTis sisxlianma revo-

luciam msoflios aCuqa adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia, romlis Ziri-
Tadi debulebebi dResac asaxulia adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
dokumentebSi. deklaraciiT mkvidrdeba adamianis uflebaTa ZiriTad,
principebi: Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba, piradi
xelSeuxeblobis ufleba da sxva.
`bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria~ XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi Camoyalibda. ris

mixedviT, adamians RvTiT boZebuli uflebebi bunebiTad aqvs. is saxel-
mwifos mier ar aris miniWebuli da amdenad misi warTmeva saxelmwifos
ar ZaluZs. `bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis~ mixedviT, Tu kanoni bunebiT
kanonebs ewinaaRmdegeba, is verc amoqmeddeba da verc samarTlebrivad
CaiTvleba.36
zemoaRniSnuli aqtebis gacnobisas vrwmundebiT, rom individi, ro-

melic uwin mTlianad saxelmwifoze iyo damokidebuli, TandaTan avto-
nomiurobas iZens, pirovnuli Tavisuflebac xorcs isxams.
Tavi 2.4
adamianis uflebaTa ganviTareba
saqarTveloSi
adamianis uflebaTa ideebi arc qarTuli kulturisaTvis yofila

ucxo. saqarTvelos pirveli mefis, farnavazis (Zv. w. III s.), dros sxva-
dasxva religiuri kulti erTdroulad arsebobda, rac religiur to-
lerantobaze miuTiTebs. XI saukunis saqarTveloSi qarTvelad is iwo-
deboda, vinc qarTul enas, kulturas, emsaxureboda da qarTveli xal-
xis keTildReobas eziareboda.37 am dros saqarTveloSi sisxlismier
warmomavlobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar eniWeboda. erovnuli Tvi-
TidentifikaciisTvis politikuri da kulturuli aspeqtebi iyo mTa-
vari. XII saukune imiTac aRiniSna, rom saqarTveloSi sikvdiliT dasja
gauqmda.
36
dawvrilebiT ix. kari I.
37
demokratiaze gardamavali periodi da aqtiuri moqalaqeoba, Tb., 2007, gv. 41.
qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis, sakuT-

rebisa da memkvidreobis uflebebis, qalTa uflebebis Semcveli norme-
bi sakmaod mravlad moipoveba. adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
ideebs uxvad moicavs sityvakazmuli mwerlobac. mudmivma dapyrobiTma
omebma, 1801 wlidan ki ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos
moqcevam adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebasac Tavisi daRi daasva. am pe-
riodidan moyolebuli damoukideblobis miRwevamde adamianis ufle-
bebisTvis brZola mWidrod gadaeba ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas.
carizmis kolonializmis daZlevisaTvis brZolam qarTuli politi-

kuri azri adamianis uflebebamde miiyvana. am gzaze glexTa moZraoba
erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo. soflis fermerebis SeiaraRebuli gamos-
vla adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis gonivrulad gaTvlil
ideebs efuZneboda. es kargad Cans samegrelos glexTa ajanyebis danto-
nad wodebul utu miqavas cecxlovan sityvaSi, romelic man 1857 wlis
20 maiss warmoTqva:
àm erTi wlis winaT Cvens qveyanas osmalTa jari Semoesia, mterma ga-
aniorwyala yvelaferi, rac xelSi moxvda. Svela arsaidana gvqonia; rusis
jarma Tavi dagvaneba, xolo Cveni batonebi, imis magivrad rom davefarneT,
biWebsa da gogoebs gvtacebdnen da osmalebze hyiddnen.
osmalebi wavidnen da Cveni batonebi winandelze uaresad mogvdgnen.

zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom mTeli Cveni Sromis nayofi imaT rCebaT; maT
rom kacma hkiTxos, glexs araferi unda hqondes, da rac ram abadia, yvela-
fers arTmeven, Tu moxerxebiT ara, ZaliT mainc.
Cven amas SeveCvieT. saqme is gaxlavT, rom isini CvenSi adamianebsac ki ar

hxedaven. maTi azriT, Cven yvela pirutyvi gvjobnis. vsTqvaT, batons me-
zoblis mimino moewona, adgeba da erT koml glexs miscems masSi; mwe-
varSi an meZebarSi ramdensame komls aZlevs. pirutyvebi ufro fasoben,
vidre adamianebi.
roca batons Tavisas vaZlevdiT, mxolod imasa vsTxovdiT, ise mog-

vqceodnen, rogorc amas Cveni, mama-papaTa mier dadgenili Cveuleba moiT-
xovda, magram am wminda Cveulebas mebatoneebma didi xania fexi daabijes,
ugulvebelhyves, xolo omis Semdeg maTma sisastikem yovelgvar sazRvars
gadaaWarba.
gveCivla?
aba visTan? dedofali aqedan Sors iyo, xolo mis mdivanbegebs mebato-
neTa mxare uWiravT, maTgan Zaldatanebis meti araferi gvaxsovs.
roca mebatoneebma devna da ZaRlebiT nadiroba dagviwyes, SeverTdiT

da Zalas Zala davupirispireT.
126 kari meore
amasobaSi dadga gazafxuli, yanebi ar daTesila, mebatoneebi ar gviT-

mobdnen da arc Cven vuTmobdiT. bolos, Cveni xelisxleba... is gaxldaT,
rom CamovarTviT xajalurebi da dadianurebi, romliTac isini zogjer
wlobiT gvtanjavdnen~.38
maSin miqavam quTaisis samxedro gubernators, polkovnik kolubia-

kins rva muxlisagan Semdgari moTxovnileba warudgina:
1. kacis kaci ar unda arsebobdes;
2. aRikveTos ymebiT vaWroba;
3. aikrZalos gadasaxadebis TviTneburi gadideba;
4. mieces glexs yvela adamianuri ufleba;
5. dawesdes kanonebze damyarebuli mmarTveloba mebatoneTa ganu-
kiTxavi mmarTvelobis magivrad;
6. moispos tanjva-wvalebis dRemde arsebuli meTodebi;
7. dakanondes glexTa sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba;
8. gaZlierdes memamuleTa da xelisufalTa pativiscema xalxis
adaT-Cveulebebisadmi.39
adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da xelSeuxeblobis umTavresi garanti

iyo pirveli qarTuli respublikis, 1921 wlis, konstitucia. is savsebiT
akmayofilebda XX saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis aRiarebul saerTa-
Soriso normebs.
1976 wlidan saqarTveloSi adamianis uflebis helsinkis xelSekru-

lebaTa saSemsruleblo jgufi moqmedebs. am jgufis xelmZRvanelobiT
saqarTvelom 1991 wlis 9 aprils qveynis damoukidebloba da adamianis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis Rirebulebebis uzenaesoba saqvey-
nod aRiara.
zemoT moyvanili masala cxadyofs, rom adamianis uflebebi ar iyo

ucxo qarTuli kulturisaTvis da rom qarTul erovnul Rirebule-
bebsa da adamianis uflebebs Soris konfliqti ar arsebobs. zogierTi
am RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan waruvalad iT-
vleboda.40
38
k. borozdini, samegrelo, Tb.,1934, gv. 114-116.
39
d. lemonjava, glexTa ajanyeba samegreloSi 1856-1857 ww., Tb., 1957, gv. 107.
40
l. berZeniSvili, z. bregvaZe, g. gvaxaria da sxv., adamianis uflebebi da qarTuli
kultura, Tb., 2004.
Tavi 2.5
pirveli xelSekrulebebi
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi
saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi gansazRvruli adamianis ufle-

bebi, xangrZlivi istoriuli procesis Sedegad, erTgvar standartad
iqca, romelmac Tanamedrove demokratiul sazogadoebaSi savaldebu-
lo xasiaTi da samarTlebrivi normebis forma miiRo. sazogadoebrivi
progresisa da demokratiuli institutebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval,
xelisuflebis SezRudvisa da saxelmwifo struqturebis zemoqmedebi-
sagan TiToeuli individis dacvis survili sul ufro gaZlierda.
adamianis uflebaTa dacva Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis

erT-erT fundamentur princips warmoadgens, rac TiToeuli saxelmwi-
fos valdebulebasac Seadgens. adamianis uflebaTa dacva ar aris mxo-
lod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxi, is agreTve saerTaSoriso Taname-
gobrobis zrunvis saganic gaxlavT.
jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi adamianis uflebebi mxolod Sida-

saxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis normebiT regulirdeboda. saerTaSori-
so urTierTobebis monawile qveynebi mas mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebriv
kompetencias ukavSirebdnen. gabatonebuli SexedulebiT, `Zveli~ saer-
TaSoriso samarTali am sferoSi ver ereoda.
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaze mierTebiT saxelmwifo saerTaSori-

so valdebulebebs kisrulobs. dRes yvelam icis, rom adamianis ufle-
bebis mdgomareobas, nebismier qveyanaSi, friad kompetenturi organi-
zaciebi akvirdebian.
adamianis uflebebis internacionalizacia monaTvaWrobis Sesaxeb

pirveli xelSekrulebis xelmoweriT daiwyo. aseve, mniSvnelovania
1856 wlis 30 martis parizis samSvidobo xelSekrulebis is nawili, ro-
melic otomanTa imperiaSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis
sakiTxebs exeba da 1878 wlis 13 ivlisis berlinis kongresze miRweu-
li SeTanxmeba. es xelSekrulebebi evropul saxelmwifoebs otoman-
Ta imperiaSi mcxovreb qristianTa dasacavad diplomatiur, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi ki samxedro Carevis uflebasac utovebdnen. 1878 wels
xelmowerili berlinis xelSekruleba imiTac iyo mniSvnelovani, rom
is zogierT religiur jgufs gansakuTrebul samarTlebriv statuss
aniWebda. aseTi xelSekrulebebi èrTa ligis~ farglebSi umciresoba-
128 kari meore
Ta uflebebis dacvis sistemis Seqmnisas, garkveulwilad, modeladac

ki gamoiyenes.
marTalia, erTa ligis41 wesdebaSi araferia naTqvami adamianis ufle-

baTa Sesaxeb, magram man safuZveli Cauyara adamianis uflebaTa saerTa-
Soriso samarTlis ganviTarebas umciresobaTa dacvisa da samandato sis-
temis SemoRebiT. saxelmwifoebma aiRes valdebuleba, erTa ligisaTvis
waredginaT perioduli moxsenebebi, Tu rogor asrulebdnen nakisr val-
debulebebs samandato teritoriebze adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mxriv.
erTa ligam daSlamde moaswro ganexila saxelmwifoTa pasuxismgeblobis
sakiTxi ucxoeli moqalaqeebisaTvis miyenebuli zianis Sesaxeb.42
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis miuxe-

davad, ucxoelTa mimarT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebisa da saxel-
mwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria da mniSvnelovan
rols asrulebs Tanamedrove diplomatiur urTierTobebSi. saxelmwi-
foebi mxars uWeren sakuTar moqalaqeTa, aseve iuridiul pirTa sarCe-
lebs (magaliTad, ruseTidan deportirebul saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
da eTnikurad qarTvelTa deportaciis sarCelebs mxari dauWira saqar-
Tvelom. sarCelebi adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi warad-
gina saxelmwifom Tavisi saxeliT da strasburgis sasamarTlo amJamad
ixilavs saqmes `saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaRmdeg~).
adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo Sromis saerTaSoriso

standartebis Camoyalibebam. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciam (ILO),
romelic erTa ligasTan erTad (1919 wels) Seiqmna, Camoayaliba Sro-
mis saerTaSoriso standartebi, romlebic misi organizaciis wevr sa-
xelmwifoTaTvis savaldebuloa maT mier aRiarebisa da xelis moweris
SemTxvevaSi. erTa liga daiSala, Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia ki
dResac ganagrZobs arsebobas43 da warmoadgens gaeros specializebul
organizacias. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTa ligis mier Sromis saerTaSo-
riso standartebze SemuSavebulma kontrolis sistemam safuZveli Ca-
uyara adamianis socialur da ekonomikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sa-
marTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas.
41
erTa liga (ingl. League of Nations, frang. Socit des Nations) saerTaSoriso orga-
nizacia, romelic daarsda 1919-1920 wlebis versalis xelSekrulebiT. erTa ligis
ZiriTadi mizani iyo konfliqtebis mSvidobiani mogvarebisa da msoflioSi mSvido-
bis mxardaWera.
42
gaerom mogvianebiT es sistema da gamocdileba ekonomikuri da socialuri sab-
Wos saqmianobis srulyofisaTvis gamoiyena, rac kargad Cans maT mier Sedgenil
periodul moxsenebebSi.
43
saqarTvelo Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevria da mierTebulia am orga-
nizaciis farglebSi SemuSavebul konvenciaTa mTel rigTan.
Sromis saerTaSoris organizaciis posteri: `monuri Sromis aRmofxvra ioli araa~
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis ganviTarebis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani wvli-

li Seitana umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sistemis Camoyalibebam.
pirvelma msoflio omma mTeli evropis qveynebis sazRvrebi Secva-

la, ramac axali saxelmwifoebis Cexoslovakiis, poloneTis, ungre-
Tis, iugoslaviis, bulgareTis, albaneTis, rumineTis warmoSobas Se-
uwyo xeli. am saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi gaxdnen eTnikuri, religiuri
130 kari meore
da enobrivi umciresobebic. am umciresobebs hqondaT SiSis safuZveli,

rom axali politikuri wyoba maT arsebobas safrTxes Seuqmnida. pir-
vel msoflio omSi gamarjvebuli qveynebi axali saxelmwifoebisagan
kategoriulad moiTxovdnen specialuri xelSekrulebebis gaformebas
eTnikur, religiur da enobriv umciresobaTa dasacavad. pirveli aseTi
xelSekruleba gaformda poloneTTan 1919 wels, romelsac SemdgomSi
modelad iyenebdnen. am xelSekrulebaTa arsi is iyo, rom saxelmwifo-
ebi valdebulebas iRebdnen, SeeqmnaT umciresobaTa dacvis sistema, ar
daeSvaT im pirTa diskriminacia, romlebic warmoadgendnen am saxelmwi-
foSi umciresobas da miecaT maTTvis gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, raTa
maT eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi identoba SeenarCunebinaT. am
valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis garantad erTa liga mogvevlina.
saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali (International Humanitarian

Law IHL) SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis samarTalia, romelic adamia-
nis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTalze ufro didi xnisaa da ganviTa-
rebas jer kidev 1859 wlidan iwyebs. is gaxlavT efeqturi instrumenti
adamianis uflebaTa ganviTarebis saqmeSi.44 humanitaruli samarTlis
idea isaa, rom daicvas adamiani SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros, mi-
uxedavad imisa, SeiaraRebuli konfliqti atarebs saerTaSoriso Tu
arasaerTaSoriso xasiaTs. Seqmnis dRidanve saerTaSoriso humanitaru-
li samarTali miznad isaxavda, daecva adamianis uflebebi, misi Rirseba
SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis viTarebaSi. saerTaSoriso humanitaruli
samarTlis dacvis centraluri figuraa adamiani da am aspeqtiT àda-
mianis uflebaTa samarTali~ da `saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTa-
li~ erTmaneTs avseben. Tumca humanitaruli samarTlis regulirebis
sfero gansakuTrebul, specifikur situaciebSi qcevaa da, aqedan ga-
momdinare, is saomari konfliqtebis dros samxedro moqmedebebs (e.w.
haagis samarTali, romelic aregulirebs saomari moqmedebebis warmoe-
bis wessa da meTodebs) awesrigebs, raTa Seqmnil konfliqtur situacia-
Si adamianTa garkveuli kategoriis mdgomareoba daculi iyos da Semsu-
buqdes (daWrilebi, avadmyofebi, qalebi, bavSvebi, tyveebi da sxva).
44
1864 wels Sveicariis mTavrobam, wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitetis dam-
fuZnebel anri diunanis TavmjdomareobiT, moiwvia diplomatiuri konferencia.
monawileebma miiRes Jenevis konvencia `brZolis velze moqmedi samxedro nawilebis
daWril mebrZolTa pirobebis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb~. 1949 wlis Jenevis konvencia
ukve iyo saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis kodeqsi.
gza adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao

deklaraciisken
1948 wlis 10 dekembers, #217 rezoluciiT, gaeros generalurma asam-

bleam mesame sesiaze adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia saze-
imod miiRo. pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi saerTaSoriso organiza-
cia adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi erTian koncefciaze SeTanxmda.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia iuridiulad arasaval-

debulo saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtia, romelic xelmomweri sa-
xelmwifoebisaTvis sarekomendacio xasiaTs atarebs. amJamad deklara-
ciaze gaeros yvela qveyanas aqvs xeli mowerili. deklaracia ayalibebs
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi standartebs, romlebic TiTqmis yvela
qveynis konstituciebSia asaxuli. is garkveulwilad bazaa, romelzec
aRmocenda adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi SemuSavebuli sxva saerTaSo-
riso samarTlebrivi aqtebi.45
deklaraciis miRebas xma misca ormocdarva qveyanam. es iyo pirveli

SemTxveva, roca gaerTianebuli erebis wevrma qveynebma erTad miiRes
gaeros pirveli dokumenti adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao dekla-
racia. dokumenti, romelic adamianis uflebaTa yvela Taobis standar-
tebs gvTavazobs. deklaraciis miRebis Sedegad TiToeul moqalaqes
SeuZlia masze dayrdnobiT Tavisi da sxva qveynis adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao dacva.
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia saprogramo dokumen-

tad iqca. mogvianebiT saxelmwifoebma adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia gamoiyenes sakuTari qveynebis konstituciasa da sxva saka-
nonmdeblo aqtebSi, ramac is CveulebiT normad aqcia. saerTaSoriso
sasamarTlo da erovnuli sasamarTloebi eyrdnobian adamianis ufle-
baTa sayovelTao deklaracias gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
deklaraciis mizania, xeli Seuwyos adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisuf-

lebaTa pativiscemas da maT sayovelTao da efeqtur aRiarebas.
deklaracia Sedgeba preambulisa da 30 muxlisgan. deklaraciis teq-

sti isea awyobili, rom uflebebi dayofilia Taobebis mixedviT.
45
adamianis uflebaTa sxva aqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, deklaraciaze muSaobam or
welze metxans gastana. deklaraciis SemuSavebaze cnobili mecnierebi, sazogado da
politikuri moRvaweebi muSaobdnen. adamianis uflebaTa komisias xelmZRvanelob-
da aSS-is prezident franklin delano ruzveltis (1882-1945) meuRle eleonora
ruzvelti.
132 kari meore
adamianis
uflebaTa
sayovelTao
deklaraciis
Taobebi
samoqalaqo da socialur-
`solidarobis
politikuri ekonomikuri
uflebebi~
uflebebi uflebebi
gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba; demokratiul socialur da

TavSesafris ufleba; socialuri usafrTxoebis saerTaSoriso wesrigSi cxovrebis
ufleba;
moqalaqeobis ufleba; ufleba; sazogadoebis winaSe pasuxismge-
qorwinebisa da ojaxis Seqmnis Sromis ufleba; blobis ganxorcielebis ufleba;
ufleba; samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anaz- deklaraciiT gansazRvruli
sakuTrebis ufleba; Raurebis ufleba; uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT
azris, sindisisa da religiis sargeblobis ufleba;
dasvenebis ufleba;
adamianis uflebaTa mimarT kanoniT
Tavisufleba; janmrTelobisa da keTildRe- dadgenili gonivruli SezRudvebis
Sexedulebebisa da TviTgamox- obis, adekvaturi sasicocxlo daSvebis ufleba;
atvis ufleba; pirobebis ufleba; deklaraciaSi CamoTvlil ufle-
mSvidobiani Sekrebebisa da ganaTlebis ufleba; baTa da TavisuflebaTa mosaspobad
asociaciebis Tavisufleba; mimarTuli mcdelobebis aRkveTis
sazogadoebis kulturul ufleba;
mmarTvelobaSi monawileobisa cxovrebaSi monawileobis deklaraciis sakuTari Sexedule-
da Tanaswori saxelmwifo ufleba. bebisamebr arasworad ganmartebis
momsaxurebis ufleba. safrTxisgan Tavdacvis ufleba.
deklaraciis me-3 muxlidan 21-e muxlamde CamoTvlilia samoqalaqo

da politikuri uflebebi. maT Sorisaa:
gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba;
TavSesafris ufleba;
moqalaqeobis ufleba;
qorwinebisa da ojaxis Seqmnis ufleba;
sakuTrebis ufleba;
azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufleba;
Sexedulebebisa da TviTgamoxatvis ufleba;
mSvidobiani Sekrebebisa da asociaciebis Tavisufleba;
mmarTvelobaSi monawileobisa da Tanaswori saxelmwifo momsaxu-
rebis ufleba.
22-e-27-e muxlebi moicavs socialur-ekonomikur aspeqtebs:
socialuri usafrTxoebis ufleba;

Sromis ufleba;
samuSaosaTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis ufleba;
dasvenebis ufleba;
janmrTelobis da keTildReobis, adekvaturi sasicocxlo piro-
bebis ufleba;
ganaTlebis ufleba;
sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba.
deklaraciis 28-e, 30-e muxlebis Tanaxmad, yvelas aqvs ufleba, ic-

xovros socialuri da saerTaSoriso wesrigis pirobebSi, sadac SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba deklaraciiT aRiarebuli uflebebis srulyofilad gan-
xorcieleba. amasTanave, aRniSnulia, rom adamianis uflebaTa SezRudva
demokratiul sazogadoebaSi daiSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saf-
rTxe eqmneba adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. aseve, sazogado-
ebrivi wesrigisa da sayovelTao keTildReobis interesebis dacvas.
deklaraciis Tanaxmad, TiToeul adamians akisria movaleoba im sazo-
gadoebis winaSe, romelSic is cxovrobs. `yovel adamians aqvs movaleo-
bebi sazogadoebis winaSe, radgan mxolod sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba misi
pirovnebis Tavisufali da sruli ganviTareba~.46 29-e muxli aRiarebs
yvelas uflebas iseT saerTaSoriso wesrigze, romlis pirobebSic Se-
saZlebelia deklaraciiT gansazRvruli uflebis gamoyeneba.
30-e muxli miuTiTebs, rom arc erT saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba,
aRniSnuli deklaracia sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr arasworad gan-
martos da amiT safrTxe Seuqmnas deklaraciaSi CamoTvlili uflebebi-
sa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas.
46
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 29.1.
134 kari meore
saerTaSoriso paqtebi
adamianis uflebaTa Sesaxeb
aTwliani molodinis Semdeg gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1966

wels xelmosawerad gaixsna 35 saxelmwifos mier ratificirebuli ori
mniSvnelovani dokumenti:
1. samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti;

2. ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
paqti.
10 weli dasWirda saerTaSoriso sazogadoebas am paqtebis ratifici-

rebisa da maTi amoqmedebisaTvis.
es paqtebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebia, romliTac wevri saxel-

mwifoebi kisruloben valdebulebebs, daicvan paqtiT garantirebuli
ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. paqtze xelmoweriTa da misi ra-
tificirebiT adamianis uflebaTa dacva scildeba saxelmwifos Sida
kompetencias da mas saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba eniWeba.
amdenad, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia da saerTaSo-

riso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, a) samoqala-
qo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis fakultatiuri oq-
mi; b) samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis meore
fakultatiuri oqmi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb da saerTaSo-
riso paqti ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb
qmnian erTian sistemas, romelsac adamianis uflebaTa bils uwodeben.
adamianis
uflebaTa
saerTaSoriso
bili
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso samoqalaqo da

adamianis paqti ekonomikur, politikur ufle-
paqti samoqalaqo baTa saerTaSoriso
uflebaTa socialur da
da politikur paqtis TandarTuli
sayovelTao kulturul
uflebaTa fakultatiuri
deklaracia uflebaTa Sesaxeb oqmebi
Sesaxeb
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso paqtebi òri Taobis~ uflebebs

icavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive paqtis 1-li muxli `xalxTa uflebebiT~,
anu `koleqtiuri uflebebiT~ iwyeba: `yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkve-
vis ufleba. am uflebis safuZvelze isini Tavisuflad gansazRvraven
TavianT politikur statuss da iswrafvian ekonomikuri, socialuri
da kulturuli ganviTarebisaken~. paqtebi iuridiulad savaldebulo
xasiaTis mqone dokumentebia. ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturu-
li uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, romelSic Tavmoyrilia `meore Ta-
obis~ uflebebi, ganixileba rogorc `programuli~ uflebebi da masSi
Tavmoyrilia socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi.
paqtebis miRebiT Seiqmna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa

sazedamxedvelo meqanizmebi
gaeros ZiriTadi konvenciebi adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb

miRebis
aqtis saxelwodeba
weli
konvencia genocidis danaSaulis Tavidan acilebisa da dasjis Sesaxeb 1948
konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951
konvencia monobis Sesaxeb45 1926
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti 1966
saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-

1966
mosafxvrelad
konvencia samxedro danaSaulebisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadeni-

li danaSaulebis mimarT samarTlebrivi SezRudvebis gamouyeneblo- 1968
bis Sesaxeb
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris saerTaSoriso kon-
1979
vencia
konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlax-
veli 1984
mopyrobisa da dasjis winaaRmdeg
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989
saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela migranti muSisa da maTi ojaxis wevrTa

uflebebis 1990
dacvis Sesaxeb
konvencia SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis Sesa-
2006
xeb
47
Sesworebuli fakultatiuri oqmis safuZvelze, 1953.
136 kari meore
Tavi 2.6
adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia
adamianis uflebaTa klasifikacia da zogadi daxasiaTeba saSualebas

gvaZlevs, ukeT gaverkveT adamianis uflebaTa arsSi. wignis am TavSi Se-
vexebiT adamianis uflebaTa sxvadasxva niSniT klasifikacias da dava-
xasiaTebT adamianis uflebebs, rac dagvexmareba, ukeT gavicnoT, Tu ra
uflebebi da Tvisuflebebi gvaqvs.
ufleba fizikuri an iuridiuli pirisaTvis kanoniT gaTvaliswine-

buli da saxelmwifos mier garantirebuli SesaZlebloba, moiqces gar-
kveuli saxiT da sxvisganac moiTxovos garkveuli moqmedeba an aseTi
moqmedebisagan Tavis Sekaveba. magaliTad, mesakuTres, romelsac aqvs
sakuTrebis ufleba, aseve aqvs ufleba, sxvas mosTxovos misi sakuTre-
bis xelyofisagan Tavis Sekaveba.48
Tavisufleba individualuri an koleqtiuri mdgomareoba, ro-

melic sxvadasxva moqmedebas Soris arCevanis saSualebas gulisxmobs.
Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas, imoqmedos Tavisi nebis
Sesabamisad, vinmes mier an visime saxeliT, an saxelmwifos mier dawese-
buli yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe (magaliTad, wamebisagan Tavisuf-
leba, aramarTlzomieri dakavebis an dapatimrebisagan Tavisufleba,
deportaciisa da monobisagan Tavisufleba).49
adamianis uflebaTa TeoriaSi adamianis uflebaTa klasifikaciis

sxvadasxva principi arsebobs. yvela maTgani adamianis uflebebs sxva-
dasxva niSnis mixedviT ajgufebs. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben ada-
mianisa da moqalaqis uflebebs. masSi igulisxmeba uflebaTa da Tavi-
suflebaTa sistema, romelic aqvs ara marto konkretuli saxelmwifos
moqalaqes, aramed yvela adamians, magaliTad, iseTi uflebebi, rogore-
bicaa: sicocxlis ufleba, piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba, sityvis Ta-
visufleba, wamebisgan Tavisufleba da sxv.
adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi
adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi erTmaneTTan axlos

mdgomi cnebebia. adamianis uflebebi ufro farToa Tavisi SinaarsiTa
48
iuridiuli enciklopedia, Tb., 2008, gv. 610.
49
adamianis uflebaTa leqsikoni, Semdgeneli fridon sayvareliZe, Tb., 1999, gv. 128.
da moculobiT da is ar aris damokidebuli individis moqalaqeobaze.

adamianis uflebisagan gansxvavebiT, moqalaqis uflebebi gamoxatavs
politikur kavSirs konkretul saxelmwifosTan. vinaidan moqalaqesa
da saxelmwifos Soris myardeba samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi, es imis
garantiaa, rom saxelmwifo moqalaqes aniWebs iseT uflebebs, romleb-
sac is ar aZlevs ucxoelebs da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs (magali-
Tad, arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba).
adamianis uflebebi da moqalaqis uflebebi saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciaSic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. amis sailustraciod kanonmdebeli
zogjer pirdapir citirebas mimarTavs. is ambobs: adamianis uflebebia
`yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufle-
ba~50, `yovel adamians aqvs ufleba, Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos
informacia~;51 moqalaqis uflebebia `saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes
18 wlis asakidan aqvs referendumSi, saxelmwifos da TviTmmarTvelo-
bis organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, uzrunvelyofilia
amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba~.52 saerTaSoriso aqtebSi
deklarirebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, moqalaqeobisda miuxeda-
vad, yvela adamians exeba. miT umetes, Tu saxelmwifos, aqtis ratifici-
rebis gziT, xsenebuli uflebebis dacva nakisri aqvs.
ratificireba niSnavs saxelmwifos umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo orga-

nos mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis damtkicebas. saxelmwifos sru-
luflebiani warmomadgenlisgan xelSekrulebaze xelmoweras, ris Sem-
degac aqti iuridiul Zalas iZens.53
saqarTvelos konstituciis 45-e muxli garda fizikuri pirebisa,

aRiarebs iuridiuli piris uflebebsac. iuridiul pirebs iseve gaaCni-
aT ZiriTadi uflebebi, rogorc fizikur pirebs. magram iuridiul pirs,
Tavisi specifikidan gamomdinare, yvela ZiriTadi ufleba ver eqneba.
magaliTad, sicocxlis ufleba damaxasiaTebelia mxolod fizikuri pi-
risTvis. ZiriTadi uflebebi gaaCniaT mxolod kerZo samarTlis iuri-
diul pirebs. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (gamonaklisi SemTxve-
vebis garda) ZiriTadi uflebebis subieqts ar warmoadgens.
fizikuri piri samarTalSi uwodeben adamians, romelsac gaaCnia

samoqalaqo uflebebi da valdebulebebi, SeuZlia flobdes qonebas
(ekonomikur aqtivebs), dados garigebebi, agos pasuxi valdebulebebze.
50
saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 16.
51
52
53
Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis leqsikoni, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 54.
138 kari meore
iuridiuli piri samewarmeo (mag.: Sps `mze~, saaqcio sazogadoeba

`kristali~ da sxva) an arasamewarmeo organizacia (mag.: arasamTavro-
bo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piria (a(a)ip) àxalgazrda iuristTa
asociacia~, àdamianis konstituciur uflebaTa centri~ da sxva), ro-
melic iqmneba gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad, gaaCnia sakuTari qo-
neba, administrirebis struqtura da meqanizmi, damoukideblad agebs
pasuxs da sakuTari saxeliT iZens uflebebsa da movaleobebs, debs ga-
rigebebs da SeuZlia sasamarTloSi gamovides mosarCeled da mopasu-
xed.
piradi, individuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela adamians

gaaCnia, miuxedavad misi moqalaqeobisa. isini bunebiT (fundamentur),
ganusxvisebeli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis erTobliobas warmo-
adgenen da maT samoqalaqo uflebebsac uwodeben. am jgufSia Semdegi
uflebebi: sicocxlis; piradi xelSeuxeblobis; piradi cxovrebis xel-
Seuxeblobis; gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad
arCevis; saxelmwifos datovebis da daubrkoleblad dabrunebis; azris,
rwmenisa da religiis Tavisuflebis; udanaSaulobis prezumfcia; wame-
bisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa-
gan dacvis; saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi arsebuli piradi informaciis
gacnobis; nebismier saxelmwifoSi adamianis uflebaunarianobis aRia-
rebis; sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis.
politikuri uflebebi adamianis uflebaTa (konstituciur ufle-

baTa da TavisuflebaTa) erT-erT jgufs warmoadgens, romelSic gaer-
Tianebulia Semdegi uflebebi: saxelmwifos sazogadoebriv-politi-
kur marTvaSi monawileobis miRebis; saarCevno; gaerTianebis; informa-
ciis Tavisuflad miReba-gacemis; Sekrebisa da manifestaciebis mowyo-
bis; azris Tavisuflad gamoxatvis; peticiis.
socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis jgufi aer-

Tianebs urTierTdakavSirebul: sakuTrebis; Sromis; ganaTlebis; jan-
mrTelobis dacvis; socialuri usafrTxoebis; profesiul kavSirebSi
gaerTianebis; dasvenebis uflebebs.
adamianis uflebaTa Taobebi
adamianis uflebaTa Teoria Taobebad dayofis klasifikacias ic-

nobs. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi `pirvel Taobas~ miekuTvne-
ba. isini yvelaze `Zveli~ uflebebia. `meore TaobaSi~ gaerTianebulia
socialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi. maTi aqtualuroba
XIX saukunis bolos gamoikveTa. `mesame Taobas~ ki koleqtiuri uflebe-

bi warmoadgens, romlebic me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ganviTarda.
adamianis samive Taobis ufleba aris: universaluri, urTierTdamo-

kidebuli, ganuyofeli da urTierTdakavSirebuli. `sami Taobis Teo-
ria~ sulac ar gulisxmobs aRniSnul uflebaTa ierarqiulobas, Tum-
ca uflebaTa amgvari dayofa kargad warmoaCens msoflio politikuri
ideologiebis ganviTarebis gzas, nacionaluri konstitucionalizmis
orientirebsa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sivrceSi adamianuri gan-
zomilebis Semotanis qronikas.
universaluroba ganuyofloba
urTierT- urTierT-
dakavSirebuloba damokidebuleba
adamianis calkeul uflebaTa urTierTmimarTeba 1993 wels venis

konferenciaze dadginda
140 kari meore
Tavi 2.7
adamianis uflebaTa `pirveli Taoba~
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi
adamianis uflebaTa `pirvel Taobas~ samoqalaqo da politikuri uf-

lebebi miekuTvneba. Taobebad dayofis principi yvela saerTaSoriso
aqtsa da moqmed konstituciebSi aisaxeba.
adamianis
uflebaTa
Taobebi
socialuri,
samoqalaqo da koleqtiuri
ekonomikuri da
politikuri uflebebi
kulturuli
uflebebi (me-20 saukunis
uflebebi
(me-18 saukunidan) 60-iani wlebidan)
(me-19 saukunidan)
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi `pirveli Taobis~ uflebebs

miekuTvneba. es uflebebia: sicocxlis, piradi xelSeuxeblobis, wame-
bis akrZalvis, sityvis Tavisuflebis, religiuri mrwamsis, sindisis
Tavisuflebis, piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis, gadaadgilebisa da
sacxovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis, sindisis Tavisuflebis,
udanaSaulobis prezumfciis, piradi informaciis konfidencialuro-
bis, informaciis miRebisa da gacnobis, sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis, sa-
marTliani sasamarTlos mier saqmis ganxilvis (ufleba samarTlian sa-
samarTloze), gaerTianebebSi gawevrianebis.54
pirveli Taobis uflebebi burJuaziuli revoluciis dros Camoya-

libda da pirvelad samarTlebrivi asaxva aSS àdamianis uflebaTa bil-
sa~ da safrangeTis àdamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa~ deklaraciaSi
pova.
54
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso leqsikoni, gv. 199.
samoqalaqo uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi:55

sicocxlis ufleba
Rirsebis ufleba
wamebisagan Tavisufleba
diskriminaciis dauSvebloba
piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia
sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba
gadaadgilebis ufleba
sicocxlis ufleba
sicocxlis ufleba adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba. sicocxlis ufle-

ba iwyeba adamianis dabadebis momentidan da mTavrdeba gardacvalebis
anu tvinis ujredebis funqcionirebis Seuqcevadad Sewyvetis momen-
tSi. sicocxlis ufleba erTis mxriv, saxelmwifos, adamianis sicoc-
xlis xelyofas ukrZalavs (negatiuri valdebuleba) da meores mxriv,
misi sicocxlis aqtiurad dacvas avaldebulebs (saxelmwifos poziti-
uri valdebuleba). sicocxlis ufleba nebismier viTarebaSi aris dacu-
li da garantirebuli, rogorc saerTaSoriso aqtebiT, ise nacionalu-
ri konstituciebiTa da kanonmdeblobiT.
saqarTvelos konstituciis XV muxliT àdamianis sicocxle xel-

Seuvalia~. aseve sicocxlis ufleba daculia saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
lobiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwifom unda miiRos iseTi sakanon-
mdeblo aqtebi, romelic mkvlelobas dasjad qmedebad gamoacxadebs da
damnaSaves pasuxismgeblobas daakisrebs. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT
sicocxlis xelyofa danaSaulad iTvleba.56
sicocxlis uflebis dacva sikvdiliT dasjis, rogorc sisxlis sa-

marTlis sanqciis, gauqmebasac gulisxmobs. 1997 wlis 11 noembris kano-
55
z. ruxaZe. saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali. Tbilisi 1999.
56
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 108 (ganzrax mkvleloba); muxli 109 (ganzrax
mkvleloba damamZimebel garemoebebSi), muxli 110 (mkvleloba msxverplis TxovniT);
muxli 111 (ganzrax mkvleloba uecari, Zlieri sulieri aRelvebis mdgomareobaSi);
muxli 112 (dedis mier axladSobilis ganzrax mkvleloba); muxli 113 (mkvleloba
aucilebeli mogeriebis farglebis gadacilebiT); muxli 114 (mkvleloba damnaSavis
SepyrobisaTvis aucilebeli zomis gadacilebiT); muxli 115 (TviTmkvlelobamde
miyvana); muxli 116 (mkvleloba gaufrTxileblobiT).
142 kari meore
niT, 57`sasjelis gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebis sikvdiliT dasjis sru-

li gauqmebis Sesaxeb~, sikvdiliT dasja saqarTveloSi gauqmebulad ga-
mocxadda, igi mudmivi patimrobiT Seicvala.
sicocxlis ufleba `bunebiT uflebaTa~ rigs ganekuTvneba. ufle-

bebs, romelTa CamorTmevac ar SeiZleba, magram arsebobs garemoebebi,
roca sicocxlis warTmeva kanoniT ar isjeba (magaliTad, SeiaraRebu-
li konfliqtisas mowinaaRmdege samxedro Zalis ganadgureba; Tavdam-
sxmelis mokvla, Tu mogerieba aucileblobisa da sakmarisobis zRvars
ar scildeba). adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa danaSaulad ar iTvleba im
qveynebSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasja gamoiyeneba.
pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba
adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciiT aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavi-

suflebebi adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis aRiarebiT iwyeba.
`yvela adamiani ibadeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori Tavisi RirsebiTa da

uflebebiT. maT miniWebuli aqvT goneba da sindisi da erTmaneTis mimarT
unda iqceodnen Zmobis suliskveTebiT~ (adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao
deklaracia, muxli 1).
adamianis RirsebiTa da pativiscemiT aris ganmsWvaluli adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis yvela saerTaSoriso aqti da erovnuli konstitu-
ciebi. magaliTad, nacionalur doneze pirovnebis Rirsebis cneba pir-
velad 1949 wlis germaniis federaciuli respublikis konstituciaSi
gvxvdeba: `pirovnebis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia, misi pativiscema
da dacva mTeli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis movaleobaa~ (muxli 1).
Rirseba yvela adamians gaaCnia miuxdavad imisa, piri konkretuli saxel-

mwifos moqalaqea, moqalaqeobis armqone piria (apatridia) Tu ucxoeli.
`Rirseba adamians aqvs iqidan gamomdinare, rom is adamiania da am Sem-

TxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs sazogadoebis Sexedulebas masze an mis
subieqtur TviTSefasebas. adamianis Rirsebis pativiscema gulisxmobs
yoveli adamianis pirovnul aRiarebas, romlis CamorTmeva da SezRudva
dauSvebelia. Rirseba aris is ufleba da, amave dros, is fundamenturi
konstituciuri principi, romelsac eyrdnoba da ukavSirdeba ZiriTa-
di uflebebi. Rirsebis xelyofa, faqtobrivad yovelTvis ukavSirdeba
sxva uflebebis darRvevas. Rirseba ar aris adamianTa calkeuli jgu-
57
kublaSvili, k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 123-126.
fis eqskluziuri ufleba, Rirseba gaaCnia yvela adamians da am kuTxiT

raime saxis diferencireba dauSvebelia~.58 adamianis Rirseba vrcelde-
ba jer ardabadebul adamianze (nayofze),59 adamianis cxedarze da gar-
dacvlili adamianis xsovnazec.
Rirseba da pativi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. `pativi~ gulisxmobs

pirovnebis Tvisebebis, unarebis obieqtur Sefasebas sazogadoebis mi-
er, anu sazogadoebis damokidebulebas pirovnebisadmi, xolo `Rir-
sebis~ cnebaSi moiazreba pirovnebis mier sakuTari Tavis subieqturi
TviTSefaseba. pativi da Rirseba erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli cnebebia,
amitomac saqarTvelos konstitucia maT erTad moixseniebs.
wamebis akrZalva
saqarTvelos konstitucia adamianis Rirsebis Selaxvas ukavSirebs

wamebas:
`1. adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia. 2. dauSvebelia adamianis

wameba, arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyroba
da sasjelis gamoyeneba. dauSvebelia dakavebuli Tu sxvagvarad Tavisuf-
lebaSezRuduli piris fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZuleba~.
wameba akrZalulia mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso aqtebiT (adamianis uf-

lebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 5; saerTaSoriso paqti samoqa-
laqo da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb, muxli 7; adamianis uflebaTa
da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 3).
1984 wlis gaeros egidiT miRebuli `wamebis, sastiki, araadamianur

an misi Rirsebis damamcirebeli mopyrobis Tu sasjelis~ konven-
ciis mixedviT, wameba ganisazRvreba, rogorc nebismieri qmedeba,
romelic miznad isaxavs: piris mimarT, masze an mesame piris Sesaxeb
informaciis an aRiarebis miRebis mizniT, mZime fizikuri an suli-
eri tkivilis Tu tanjvis ganzrax miyenebas;
mis dasjas im qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an mesame pirma Caidina, an
eWvmitanilia mis CadenaSi;
mesame piris daSineba an iZuleba;
wamebas nebismieri saxis diskriminaciis saxiT;
58
Casaxuli bavSvis sicocxlis uflebas icavs, agreTve, adamianis uflebaTa ameri-
kis konvencia (American Convention on Human Rights, muxli 4).
59
adamianis pativisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxebloba, http://legalportal.ge.
144 kari meore
tkivilisa Tu tanjvis miyenebas waqezebiT an nebarTviT, an Tanam-

debobis piris usityvo TanxmobiT;
tkivilisa Tu tanjvis miyenebas sxva piris mier, romelic moqme-
debda rogorc oficialuri piri.
am SemTxvevaSi, `sastiki da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba~ an `dasja~

iuridiuli terminebia. isini ganekuTvnebian araadamianur mopyrobas,
romelsac konkretuli mizani da ganzraxva aqvs: dauqvemdebaros ada-
miani iseT pirobebs, rasac Sedegad aradaamianuri mopyroba mohyveba.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad dasjadia: wameba,
wamebis muqara, damamcirebeli an araadamianuri mopyroba.60
wamebis msxverplTa ricxvi da wamebis SemTxvevaTa raodenoba maRa-

lia im sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar aris daculi kanonis uzenaesoba. wame-
bis, sastik, araadamianur, Rirsebis Semlaxvel da damamcirebel mop-
yrobas ZiriTadad vxvdebiT Tavisuflebis SezRudvis adgilebSi da-
xurul instituciebSi, rogoricaa: sapatimro, policiis dakavebis izo-
latori, karceri. wamebis faqtebs xSirad adgili aqvs: moxucebulTa
TavSesafrebSi, bavSvTa saxlebSi, fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi.
yvela saerTaSoriso dokumenti, yvelaze rTul garemoebebSic ki,

Tundac es iyos organizebuli terorizmi an danaSaulis winaaRmdeg
brZola wamebas, araadamianur an Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobas an das-
jas, absoluturad krZalavs.
diskriminaciis akrZalva
ò, rogor damRala polemikam, Seuwynareblobam da fanatizmma!

...Sen ubralod adamians xedav CemSi. Sen Cemi sarwmunoebis, Cemi tradi-
ciebis, Cemi siyvarulis mociqulsa scem CemSi pativs. da Tu me Sen ara
ggavar, amiT me araTu ar Seuracxgyof, aramed, piriqiT, gamdidreb.
antuan de sent-ekziuperi
diskriminaciis sakiTxebs mravali saerTaSoriso aqti exeba:

adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia (1948);
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa paqti (1966);
konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb (1969);
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli
konvencia (1950) damatebiTi oqmiT;
60
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli: 1441, 1442 da 1443 .
konvencia qalis uflebaTa yvela formis diskriminaciis akrZal-

vis Sesaxeb (1979);
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia (1989);
evropis adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis
konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi #12;61
saerTaSoriso konvencia danaSaulebrivi aparteidis aRmofxvri-
sa da dasjis Sesaxeb (1973);
deklaracia masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb mSvido-
bisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTgagebis gaZlierebis, adamianTa
uflebebis ganviTarebis, rasizmTan, aparteidTan da omis waqeze-
basTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1978);
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvencia Sromisa da dasaqme-
bis sferoSi diskriminaciasTan brZolis Sesaxeb (1958 );
iuneskos konvencia ganaTlebis sferoSi diskriminaciasTan brZo-
lis Sesaxeb (1960) da sxva saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumen-
tebi, romlebic krZalaven diskriminaciis yvela formas.
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad: `yvela adamiani da-

badebiT da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa,
enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, warmoSo-
bisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~.62
adamianis uflebaTa raime SezRudvas, socialuri, rasobrivi, erov-

nuli, enobrivi, sqesobrivi kuTvnilebis, politikuri, religiur an
sxvagvar SexedulebaTa, agreTve qonebrivi, asakobrivi, socialuri an
sxvagvari mdgomareobis mixedviT, diskriminacia ewodeba. magaliTi-
saTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT konvencia `qalTa diskriminaciis yvela
formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac: qalis diskriminacia
`niSnavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvavebas, gamijvnas an SezRudvas,
romelsac SesaZlebelia Sedegad mohyves politikur, ekonomikur, so-
cialur, kulturul, samoqalaqo an nebismier sxva sferoSi adamianis
uflebebisa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, sargeblobis an ga-
moyenebis Sesusteba an sruli uaryofa~.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnuli meqanizmebi

ZiriTadad adamianis saxelmwifos mxridan diskriminaciuli zemoqme-
debisagan dacvaze arian orientirebulni.
principi, rom yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tanasworia da Tanabari

uflebebiT sargeblobs, adamianis uflebaTa ideis qvakuTxedia. Tanas-
61
oqmi #12 saqarTvelos mxridan ratificirebulia 2001 wlis 30 marts.
62
saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-14 muxli.
146 kari meore
worobis idea TiToeuli adamianis Rirsebidan gamomdinareobs da yve-

la saerTaSoriso Tu erovnul dokumentSia asaxuli.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanaswori arian socialur, ekonomikur,

kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli,
eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samar-
Tlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad,
maT ufleba aqvT, Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis
gareSe ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad
cxovrebaSi da sajarod.63
diskriminacia SeiZleba gamoixatos sxvadasxva moqmedebebiT:

Tanabar pirobebSi vinmesTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT (magaliTad,
samsaxurSi miRebisas mamakacebisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba qa-
lebTan SedarebiT);
rasis, sqesis, eTnikuri niSnis mixedviT gamorCeviT (magaliTad, ka-
nis feris mixedviT skolis moswavleTa diferenciacia);
SezRudviT (magaliTad, religiuri umciresobebis warmomadgen-
lebisaTvis sajarod ritualebis Catarebis).
diskriminaciis safuZvlebia: rasa, eTnikuri an erovnuli warmomav-

loba, sqesi, religiuri, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebebi, asaki, kanis
feri, ena, qonebrivi mdgomareoba, fizikuri Tu fsiqikuri mdgomareo-
ba. am ukanasknel periodSi diskriminaciis safuZvlebSi genetikuri niS-
niT gansxvavebac aisaxa. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben pirdapir da irib
diskriminacias, `pozitiur~ da ìnstituciur~ diskriminacias.
diskriminacia SeiZleba gamoixatos SeuwynareblobaSi, rasizmSi, ra-

sobriv diskriminaciaSi, qsenofobiaSi, aparteidSi, siZulvilis damTe-
sav gancxadebebSi, segregaciis zonebis arsebobis daSvebasa da crur-
wmenaSi, aseve homofobiaSi.
Seuwynarebloba (pirovnebisa da pirovnebaTa jgufis) saxelmwifos an

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, sawarmoTa xelmZRvanelobis da a.S. mxri-
dan sxva adamianTa an maTi jgufebis mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebuleba,
dafuZnebuli iseT faqtorebze, rogorebicaa: maTi rasa, kanis feri, ena,
religia, moqalaqeoba, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba.
rasizmi adamianis an adamianTa jgufis rwmena, rom rasa, kanis feri, ena,
religia, erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavloba SeiZleba iyos upativce-
mulobis, zizRisa da diskriminaciis safuZveli gansxvavebuli jgufis mi-
marT da amarTlebs Tavisi jgufis (adamianis) pretenzias upiratesobaze
63
(biologiur, politikur Tu religiur) sxva danarCen adamianebTan an jgu-

febTan SedarebiT.64 rasizmis gamovlenaa nacizmi.
rasobrivi diskriminacia nebismieri gansxvaveba, gamonaklisi, SezRud-

va, an upiratesobis miniWeba rasis, kanis feris, warmomavlobis, naciona-
luri, an eTnikuri kuTvnilebis mixedviT, romlis mizania politikuri,
ekonomikuri, socialuri, kulturuli an sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ne-
bismier sxva sferoSi adamianis individualur uflebaTa da ZiriTad Tavi-
suflebaTa Tanasworobis principebis aRiarebisa da misi ganxorcielebis
SesaZleblobebis uaryofa, an maTi daknineba.
qsenofobia (berZ.: `SiSi ucxoelis mimarT~) SfoTva, romelic yovelive

ucxos mimarT negatiuri stereotipuli damokidebulebebiTa da winaswar
gansjebiT xasiaTdeba. sxva sityvebiT, es ucxoelebis zizRs niSnavs. samya-
ros qsenofobiuri aRqmis socialuri da kulturuli fenomenebia dayofa
`Cvenebad~ (kargebad) da `sxvebad~ (ucxoebad/cudebad). es SiSi gansxvave-
buli adamianebis miuReblobiTa da maT mimarT mtruli damokidebulebiT
gamoixateba.
aparteidi diskriminaciis nairsaxeoba, romelic erovnuli Tu eTniku-

ri, religiuri Tu enobrivi jgufebis, maTi wevrebis sazogadoebidan izo-
lirebiT gamoixateba.
siZulvilis damTesavi gancxadeba nebismieri gancxadeba (zepiri Tu we-

rilobiTi), romelic miznad isaxavs, daTesos siZulvili adamianis jgufis
mimarT da efuZneba am adamianebis garkveul damaxasiaTebel niSnebs ra-
sas, kanis fers, religias, moqalaqeobas, erovnul Tu eTnikur warmomav-
lobas. siZulvilis damTesavi gancxadeba ar Tavsdeba sityvis Tavisuf-
lebis CarCoebSi da akrZalulia rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve
Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonmdeblobiT.
segregacia garkveuli eTnikuri an rasobrivi jgufis izolacia sazo-

gadoebrivi cxovrebisagan, damabrkolebeli an faqtobrivi SezRudvebis
Sefardeba am jgufisTvis, maTi wevrebisaTvis; specialur dasaxlebul
punqtebSi moTavseba, gadaadgilebis SezRudva, ganaTlebis sferoSi gan-
calkevebuli swavlebis SemoReba. segregacia rasobrivi diskriminaciisa
da aparteidis Semadgeneli nawilia.
crurwmena sxvebis mimarT antipaTia, romelic gamomdinareobs araswori

da xisti ganzogadebebisa da winaswari negatiuri Sefasebebisagan.65
homofobia SiSi an zizRi seqsualuri umciresobebis, maTi cxovrebis

stilis an, zogadad, gansxvavebuli seqsualuri orientaciis adamianebis
mimarT.66
64
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 2005, gv. 158-159.
65
mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, Semdgeneli m. miTagvaria, Tb., 2010, gv. 7.
66
terminTa ganmartebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT saqarTvelos parlamentis erovnu-
li biblioTekis saitis (http://www.nplg.gov.ge) Civil-enciklopediuri leqsikonidan.
148 kari meore
piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba
piradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeu-

valia (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 18). `yvelas aqvs ufleba Ta-
visuflebasa da pirovnul xelSeuxeblobaze~ (adamianis uflebaTa da
ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, muxli 5.1). aRniSnuli
ufleba gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos da ar dauSvas
iseTi qmedeba, romelic xelyofs adamianis Tavisuflebas. yvela unda
sargeblobdes TavisuflebiT da amitom pirs Tavisufleba SeiZleba Se-
ezRudos mxolod gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi. rogorc vxedavT, es ufle-
ba ar aris absoluturi da saxelmwifos mxridan SezRudvis dawesebas
iTvaliswinebs. Tavisuflebis xelSeuxebeli uflebis SezRudvisas sa-
xelmwifom saproceso garantiebi unda daicvas: Tavisuflebis SezRud-
va dauSvebelia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe.
aRniSnuli ufleba uzrunvelyofs piris dacvas ukanono dakavebisa

da dapatimrebisagan. `yvelas aqvs Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSeuxeb-
lobis ufleba TviTneburi dakavebisa Tu dapatimrebisagan~ (samoqala-
qo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 9.1). saxelmwi-
fo, romelic arTmevs pirs Tavisuflebas, kisrulobs valdebulebas,
daicvas misi usafrTxoeba da keTildReoba da ar miayenos imaze meti
tanjva, rac gamowveulia Tavisuflebis aRkveTis reJimiT.
adamianis piradi xelSeuxeblobis uflebis SezRudvis wesi da pro-

cesualuri garantiebi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos konstitucia-
sa da sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsSic.
Tavisuflebis SezRudva ar gulisxmobs piris mxolod dakavebas an

dapatimrebas (magaliTad, xelborkilebis dadeba). is SeiZleba gamov-
lindes piris iZulebaSi, ar datovos garkveuli adgili an teritoria
(magaliTad: oTaxi, qalaqi).
piradi Tavisuflebis SezRudvas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos kanoni

`fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic sulieri aSlilobis Sem-
TxvevaSi piris iZulebiT fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moTavsebas uSvebs.
sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis ufleba
sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis ufleba gulisxmobs adamianis SesaZleb-

lobas, gaasaCivros sasamarTloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoe-
bis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, Tanamdebobis piris, sxva fiziku-
ri da iuridiuli pirebis moqmedeba an umoqmedoba. sasamarTlo valde-

bulia, ganixilos mxolod misi qvemdebare saqmeebi. es ufleba garanti-
rebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxliT, adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciiT, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saer-
TaSoriso paqtiT, adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa evropuli
konvenciiT.
marTlmsajulebas saqarTveloSi axorcieleben saerTo sasamar-

Tloebi.
sasamarTlo
davaTa
saxeebi
samoqalaqo sisxlis administraciuli

samarTlis samarTlis samarTlis
samarTliani sasamarTlo kanonis uzenaesobis ganuyofeli nawilia.

kanonis uzenaesoba emyareba kanonis pativiscemas, aradiskriminaciu-
li kanonebis miRebas. samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis realizaci-
isTvis saWiroa sasamarTlos, policiis, prokuraturis iseTi sistemis
arseboba, romelic demokratiul principebzea agebuli da sazogado-
ebis interesebis sadarajoze dgas. mniSvnelovania, es organoebi ada-
mianis uflebadacvis sakiTxebSi sazogadoebis monitorings eqvemdeba-
rebodnen. aRniSnuli ufleba aseve moicavs sasamarTlo procesSi Ta-
nasworobasa da SejibrebiTobis principis damkvidrebas. sasamarTlo
procesze mxareebi Tanasworuflebianni arian, rac imas gulisxmobs,
rom procesSi monawile mxareebs saSualeba unda hqondeT, Tanaswor Se-
saZleblobebs flobdnen sakuTari poziciis warmosaCenad.67
yvelas aqvs ufleba, sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasa-

cavad mimarTos damoukidebel, samarTlian da miukerZoebel sasamar-
Tlos. marTlmsajuleba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. Tanaswo-
robis garantia kanonis uzenaesobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia.
67
Tanasworuflebianoba identur mopyrobas ar niSnavs. rodesac faqtebi gan-
sxvavdeba, Tanasworuflebianobis principi gansxvavebul mopyrobas moiTxovs. ada-
mianis uflebebi, gv. 72.
150 kari meore
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba im uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvne-

ba, romlebic xelSeuvalia, ar eqvemdebareba SezRudvas da Tanabaria
yvela saxis sasamarTloebisTvis, iqneba es erovnuli, saerTaSoriso sa-
samarTloebi Tu samxedro tribunalebi.
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba moicavs sakiTxTa mTel rigs, esenia:

samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi;
sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldeba;
saqmis sajaro ganxilvis ufleba;
sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba;
saqmis samarTliani ganxilva;
mxaris monawileoba saqmis ganxilvaSi;
ufleba, sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg ar misces Cveneba (dumilis
ufleba~);
mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba;
ufleba dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebaze;
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia;
detaluri informireba braldebebis Taobaze;
adekvaturi dro da saSualeba dacvis mosamzadeblad;
iuridiuli daxmarebis ufleba;
mowmeebis gamoZaxebisa da dakiTxvis ufleba;
Tarjimnis gamoyenebis ufleba.
aRniSnuli ufleba vrceldeba mTlianad saqmis samarTalwarmoeba-

ze. `samarTliani sasamarTlos garantirebuli ufleba marTlmsaju-
lebis xelmisawvdomobaze iluziuri iqneba, Tuki erovnuli samarTlis
sistema dauSvebs, rom sabolood kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba aRusrulebeli darCeba~.68
samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas ukavSirdeba mTeli rigi sakiTxe-

bisa, rogorebicaa:
sasjelis zomierebisa da Cadenil danaSaulTan Sesabamisobis
principi. sasjeli unda iyos samarTliani, ar Seicavdes pirovne-
bis wamebas, sastik, araadamianur da Rirsebisa da pativis Seurac-
xyofas, Seesabamebodes danaSaulis simZimes da damnaSavis brals.
ar arsebobs danaSauli bralis gareSe (nulla poenna sine culpa). yo-
veli adamiani unda daisajos mxolod im danaSaulisaTvis, rome-
lic man ganzrax an gaufrTxileblobiT Caidina.
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia adamiani udanaSaulod iTvleba,
vidre misi udanaSauloba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili we-
68
Hornsby v. Greece. 19.03.1997.
siT da kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli gana-

CeniT.
àravis SeiZleba daedos msjavri erTi da imave danaSaulisaT-
vis~ (ne bis in idem).
àravin ar agebs pasuxs im qmedebisaTvis, romelic misi Cadenis
dros samarTaldarRvevad ar iTvleboda~ (nulla poena sine lege).
nafici msajulebi
samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebaze saubrisas aucilebelia Seve-

xoT nafic msajulTa instituts, romelic saqarTveloSi axla mkvid-
rdeba. nafic msajulTa institutis SemoReba Tanamonawiles xdis moqa-
laqes marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi.
saqarTvelos axali (09.10.2009) sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeq-

si iTvaliswinebs 12 nafici msajulis arsebobas. nafici msajulebi us-
menen prokurorisa da advokatis mosazrebebs, procesis msvlelobisas
ecnobian saqmis garSemo arsebul mtkicebulebebs, ismenen mosamarTlis
ganmartebebs. saqmis mosmenis Sedegad nafic msajulebs gamoaqvT ver-
diqti damnaSavea adamiani Tu udanaSaulo. nafic msajulTa verdiqtis
safuZvelze mosamarTles gamoaqvs ganaCeni kanonis dadgenili wesiT da
safuZvelze.
nafici msajuli xdeba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo reestris monacemTa

bazaSi dafiqsirebuli 18 wels gadacilebuli piri, romelmac icis sis-
xlis samarTlis procesis ena; cxovrobs teritoriaze, romelic Sedis
im sasamarTlos gansjadobaSi, sadac mimdinareobs procesi; SezRudu-
li ara aqvs fizikuri an fsiqikuri SesaZleblobebi, rac xels ar SeuS-
lis mis mier nafici msajulis movaleobis Sesrulebas.
msajulad ver iqnebian qvemoT CamoTvlili pirebi:

a) saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamdebobis Cinovniki;
b) gamomZiebeli;
g) policieli;
d) saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis TanamSromeli;
e) sasuliero piri;
v) aRniSnul saqmeSi sisxlis samarTlis procesis monawile;
z) braldebuli;
T) narkotikuli saSualebis mcire odenobiT moxmarebisTvis admi-
nistraciulsaxdeldadebuli;
152 kari meore
i) Tu misi monawileoba nafic msajulad aRniSnul saqmeSi aSkarad

usamarTlo iqneboda am piris mier gamoxatuli mosazrebebis an piradi
gamocdilebis safuZvelze;
k) fsiqologi;
l) fsiqiatri;
m) iuristi.
nafici msajulis movaleobis Sesruleba yoveli moqalaqis valdebu-

lebaa da misi arasapatio mizeziT Seusrulebloba iwvevs pasuxismgeb-
lobas. pirs ufleba aqvs, uari ganacxados nafici msajulis movaleobis
Sesrulebaze, Tu:
a) ukanaskneli wlis ganmavlobaSi ukve iyo nafici msajuli;
b) asrulebs iseT samuSaos, romelSic misi Secvla gamoiwvevs mniSvne-
lovan zians;
g) janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gamo;
d) xangrZlivad imyofeba an miemgzavreba saqarTvelos farglebs ga-
reT;
e) 70 wels gadacilebulia.
Tavdapirvelad nafic msajulTa instituti moqmedebas dedaqalaqSi
daiwyebs da mxolod damamZimebel garemoebebSi Cadenil mkvlelobaTa
saqmeebs ganixilavs.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba sxvadasxva uflebaTa

farTo speqtrs moicavs. piradi cxovreba warmoadgens mravlismom-
cvel koncefcias, romelic ar eqvemdebareba farTo definicias.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:

rogorc sakuTriv pirovnebis pirad cxovrebas, ise misi ojaxis wev-
rebis cxovrebas, ojaxis TiToeuli wevris piradi uflebebis dac-
vas (warmomavloba, dabadebis monacemebi, saxelis an sqesis Sec-
vlis sakiTxi, seqsualuri cxovreba, abortis daSvebis sakiTxebi,
evTanaziis problema, samedicino monacemebi, qorwineba, ganqorwi-
neba, Svilad ayvana da sxva); piradi xasiaTis informaciis gacemas;
pirad cxovrebas, romelic scdeba ojaxuri cxovrebis farglebs
(urTierToba mSvileblebsa da naSvilebs Soris, samoqalaqo qor-
winebaSi myofi pirebis urTierTobebi, urTierToba registrire-
buli qorwinebis gareSe myof pirTa Svilebsa da mSoblebs Soris);
cxovrebas ukanono meTvalyureobis gareSe;
Tavisuflebas, satelefono saubrebis saidumloebas, korespon-

denciis xelSeuxeblobas;
individis Tanxmobis gareSe xelisuflebis mxridan masze informa-
ciis Segrovebas;
imigraciis, deportaciis, gasaxlebis sakiTxebs;
msjavrdebulTa piradi cxovrebis pativiscemas;
msjavrdebulisa da advokatis konfidencialobas.
piradi cxovrebis informaciis Semcvelia iseTi dokumentebi, rom-

lebSic Segrovebulia piris sqesTan, ojaxur mdgomareobasTan, daba-
debis adgilTan, garegnobasTan dakavSirebuli, aseve sxva saxis piradi
xasiaTis oficialuri monacemebi. piris nebarTvis gareSe mis Sesaxeb am-
gvari informaciis gavrceleba piradi cxovrebis xelyofad CaiTvleba.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT dasjadia:
piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa piradi an ojaxuri saidum-

los ukanonod mopoveba, Senaxva an gavrceleba (muxli 157);
kerZo saubris saidumloebis darRveva ukanonod Cawera an miyura-

deba teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyenebiT, aseTi informaciis gavrceleba
(muxli 158);
piradi mimoweris, telefoniT saubris an sxvagvari xerxiT Setyo-

binebis saidumloebis darRveva agreTve piradi mimoweris an safosto
gzavnilis, telefoniT an sxva teqnikuri saSualebiT saubris anda teleg-
rafiT, faqsiT an sxva teqnikuri saSualebiT miRebuli an gadacemuli Set-
yobinebis saidumloebis ukanonod darRveva;
binis an sxva mflobelobis xelSeuxeblobis darRveva binaSi an sxva

mflobelobaSi mflobelis nebis sawinaaRmdegod ukanonod Sesvla, ukano-
no Cxreka an sxva qmedeba, romelic arRvevs binis an sxva mflobelobis xel-
Seuxeblobas (muxli 160).
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRvevad iTvleba ukanonod

TiTis anabeWdebis, fotosuraTebisa da sxva saxis piradi informaci-
is Segroveba policiis mxridan, miuxedavad imisa, rom policiis dosie
saidumloa.69 aseve piradi cxovrebis konteqstSi moiazreba piradi da-
naxarjebisa da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Semcveli informacia, jan-
mrTelobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebi.
pirad cxovrebas ukavSirdeba piris Sesaxeb saxelmwifo Canawerebis

(informaciis) xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxi. adamianis uflebaTa evropu-
69
b. boxaSvilis citirebuli naSromi. gv.262-263.
154 kari meore
li sasamarTlos mier ganxilul saqmeSi `gaskini gaerTianebuli sa-

mefos winaaRmdeg~ (Gaskin v. the United Kingdom) sasamarTlom daadgina,
rom ganmcxadebelTan dakavSirebuli informacia exeboda mis bavSvo-
bas, ganviTarebas da misi cxovrebis intimur aspeqtebs. am informacii-
sadmi xelmiuwvdomlobam daarRvia misi piradi cxovrebis ufleba.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis darRveva SeiZleba cxovrebis ne-

bismier sferoSi moxdes. aseT darRvevad iTvleba piris Tanxmobis gare-
Se mis Sesaxeb piradi informaciis gamoqveyneba, magaliTad, informacia
janmrTelobis Sesaxeb. samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevi valdebulia
pacientis Sesaxeb Tavis xelT arsebuli informaciis konfidencialoba
daicvas rogorc pacientis sicocxleSi, ise misi sikvdilis Semdeg (sa-
qarTvelos kanoni `pacientis uflebebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 27).
uflebis darRvevaa pirisTvis uaris Tqma mis Sesaxeb saxelmwifos

mxridan Segrovebuli informaciis gacemaze (Tu es informacia saxel-
mwifo saidumloeba ar aris). informaciis gacemis wesi regulirdeba sa-
qarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT.
piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblobis uflebas saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-20 muxli iTvaliswinebs da masSi mimowerisa da sacxovreblis
xelSeuxeblobis uflebas moiazrebs. piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxeblo-
bis ufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris. masSi saxelmwifos mxridan
Careva SesaZlebelia, rac xorcieldeba mxolod sasamarTlo gadawyve-
tilebiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli au-
cileblobisas (magaliTad, teroristebTan brZolis mizniT specsam-
saxuris warmomadgenlebi axorcieleben terorizmSi eWvmitanil pir-
Ta satelefono saubrebis mosmenas, mimoweris lustraciasa da Tval-
Tvals). pirad cxovrebaSi SeWraa sacxovrebeli binis Cxreka. es sapro-
ceso moqmedeba kanonierad rom CaiTvalos, xorcieldeba mosamarTlis
brZanebis safuZvelze. gadaudebeli SemTxvevis dros70 Cxreka SeiZleba
Catardes mosamarTlis nebis gareSec prokuroris dadgenilebiT, mag-
ram Cxrekis Sesaxeb dauyovnebliv, 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi unda ecnobos
mosamarTles, romelic saqmis masalebis gacnobisas gamoitans dadgeni-
lebas Catarebuli sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis kanonierebis an ukanono-
bis Taobaze da am moqmedebiT mopovebul mtkicebulebaTa dauSveblo-
bis Sesaxeb.
70
gadaudebeli SemTxveva danaSaulis kvalis, nivTmtkicebis mospobis an dakarg-
vis realuri safrTxis arseboba, aseve iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirs danaSau-
lis adgilze waaswreben, an sagamoZiebo Semowmebis dros SemTxvevis adgilis daT-
valierebisas aRmoCenilia danaSaulis gaxsnisaTvis saWiro nivTebi da sagnebi da
SeuZlebelia dauyovnebliv mosamarTlis brZanebis miReba.
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia
udanaSaulobis prezumfcia adamianis ZiriTadi uflebaa da niSnavs

piris uflebas, udanaSaulod iTvlebodes manamde, vidre misi damnaSa-
veoba ar dadgindeba sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT. danaSau-
lis Cadenis damtkiceba mTlianad evaleba braldebis mxares, anu saxel-
mwifos. ùdanaSaulobis prezumfcia gulisxmobs, rom Tavisi movaleo-
bis Sesrulebisas sasamarTlos wevrebi ar unda eyrdnobodnen winaswar
Camoyalibebul azrs piris mimarT. braleulobis damtkicebis tvirTi
bralmdebels akisria da nebismieri eWvi braldebulis an gansasjelis
sasargeblod unda ganimartos~.71
sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis

Tavisufleba
sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba

xSirad am terminebs erT konteqstSic ganixilaven da maT gamoxatvis Ta-
visuflebis Semadgenel elementebad aRiqvamen. es uflebebi inteleq-
tualuri da sulieri cxovrebis farTo wres ganekuTvnebian. aRniSnuli
uflebebi ar Semoifargleba arc moqalaqeobiT, arc sqesiT, arc asakiT
(es ukanaskneli aisaxa bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi).
sindisis Tavisufleba icavs piris mier misi sindisis safuZvelze

miRebul gadawyvetilebas, anu zneobriv, `kargsa~ da `cudze~, orien-
tirebul gadawyvetilebas. sindisis Tavisufleba moicavs, erTi mxriv,
individis Sinagan gancdas da, meore mxriv, sindisis garegan gamoxatu-
lebas, romelic mis garegan qcevaSi vlindeba.
azris TavisuflebasTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli sityvis Ta-

visufleba. àzrSi~ igulisxmeba nebismieri SefasebiTi gamonaTqvami,
romelic Sedgeba gansjis, damokidebulebisa da Sefasebis elemente-
bisagan da romlis siswore Tu mcdaroba mTlianad pirad warmodgeneb-
zea damyarebuli.72 azris TavisuflebiT daculia ara mxolod winaswar
kargad mofiqrebuli, argumentirebuli mosazreba, aramed polemiku-
ri, mwvave, daufiqrebeli da, SesaZlebelia absurduli, uxeSi gamonaT-
qvamic.
71
Barbera, Messegue and Jabardo Spain, 6.12.1988; ix. k. korkelia, i. qurdaZe, adamianis
uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis
mixedviT, Tb., 2004, gv. 168.
72
156 kari meore
azris Tavisufleba gulisxmobs yvela adamianis uflebas, hqondes

sakuTari azri ama Tu im sakiTxze, TviTon gansazRvros, Tu ra ifiqros,
ra daijeros da ra gamoTqvas, an Tavi Seikavos azris gamoTqmisagan.
azris Tavisufleba niSnavs individis Tavisuflebas yovelgvari cen-
zurisagan. azris gamoxatva sxvadasxva saSualebiT SeiZleba: zepirad,
werilobiT, gamosvlebiT, mitingebiT, mediasaSualebebiT, xelovnebis
nimuSebiT, raime aqciiT (magaliTad, protestis niSnad mdumare msvle-
lobiT da sxva).
sityvis Tavisufleba gamoxatvis Tavisuflebis Semadgeneli nawi-

lia. gamoxatvis Tavisufleba CarCouflebaa, romelic iseTi elemente-
bisagan Sedgeba, rogorebicaa: informaciis Tavisufleba da mediis Ta-
visufleba. aRniSnuli ufleba ki moicavs sityvis Tavisuflebas. es uka-
naskneli ZiriTadi universaluri Rirebulebaa, romelic safuZvlad
udevs adamianis uflebebs da gansazRvravs pirovnebis Rirsebas.
sityvis Tavisufleba, rogorc azris gamoxatvis saSualeba, mniSvne-

lovania saxelmwifos politikis formirebisa da xelisuflebaze kon-
trolisTvis, Tu rogor asrulebs is xalxis winaSe nakisr valdebule-
bebs.
sityvis Tavisufleba absoluturi ufleba ar aris da amdenad Sez-

Rudvebs eqvemdebareba. sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva SeiZleba gan-
xorcieldes:
mxolod kanonis safuZvelze;
Tu safrTxes uqmnis demokratiul sazogadoebas;
miznad unda isaxavdes samarTlebrivi sikeTis dacvas;
Tu laxavs sxvaTa uflebebs.
sityvis Tavisufleba SeizRudeba maSinac, Tu:

safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebis erovnul uSiSroebasa da saxel-
mwifos teritoriul mTlianobas;
safrTxe emuqreba sazogadoebriv keTildReobasa da simSvides;
sazogadoeba uwesrigobisa Tu danaSaulis saswrafod aRkveTis ga-
daudebeli amocanis winaSe dgas;
safrTxis winaSea moqalaqis/moqalaqeebis janmrTeloba da/an sa-
zogadoebrivi morali;
ilaxeba an safrTxe emuqreba sxvaTa reputaciasa da uflebebs.
sityvis Tavisuflebis realizacia umeteswilad presis, mediis meS-

veobiT xdeba. saxelmwifos demokratiuloba, sazogadoebaSi demokra-
tiis xarisxi, mediis Tavisuflebis doniT ganisazRvreba. es ufleba in-
formaciis miRebasa da gavrcelebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. am Tavisuf-

lebaSi moiazreba agreTve sazogadoebis ufleba, iyos adekvaturad in-
formirebuli sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze.
aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs adamianis uf-

lebas, iwamos da iyos im religiis mimdevari, romlisac mas swams. rwme-
nis Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis Sinagan Tavisuflebas. es ufleba
aseve gulisxmobs uflebas, pirma saerTod ar iwamos arc erTi religia
(iyos aTeisti). individs aqvs ufleba, sajarod gamoxatos an saerTod
ar gamoxatos Tavisi religiuri mrwamsi. rogorc vxedavT, rwmenis Ta-
visufleba gulisxmobs rogorc adamianis Sinagan samyaros, ise am mrwam-
sis garegan gamovlinebas aRasrulos religiuri ritualebi, sajarod
gamoxatos da gaavrcelos Tavisi rwmena, icxovros Tavisi rwmenis Sesa-
bamisad, gaavrcelos Tavis rwmenis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebebi. amdenad, religiis Tavisufleba individis uflebaa, icxovros,
imoqmedos da Tavisi saqmianoba warmarTos Tavisi religiisa da Sinagani
rwmenis safuZvelze.
religiis Tavisuflebis dacva uzrunvelyofilia ara mxolod aRia-

rebuli da tradiciuli religiuri mimdevrebisaTvis, aramed nebismi-
eri sxva religiuri gaerTianebis momxreTaTvis. individma da sazoga-
doebam pativi unda scen sxvaTa religiur mrwamss, xolo saxelmwifos
ekisreba movaleoba, daicvas nebismieri rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis pi-
rovneba. aqedan gamomdinare, religiuri rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Ta-
visufleba tolerantobis princips emyareba.
religiis Tavisufleba eqvemdebareba SezRudvas saxelmwifos mxri-

dan. Tu religiuri aRmsarebloba Tavisi gamovlinebiT safrTxes uqmnis
an xelyofs sxvaTa uflebebs, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis interese-
bidan gamomdinare, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis, janmrTelobis an zneobis
dacvis mizniT, gaTvaliswinebulia kanoniT dadgenili SezRudva.
aRmsarebloba aris adamianis mier sakuTari rwmenisa da sindisis, ag-

reTve maT safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mixedviT ganxorcie-
lebuli moqmedebis sajarod gacxadeba.73
73
158 kari meore
Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovreblis

arCevis ufleba
Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovreblis arCevis ufleba aris

adamianis SesaZlebloba, daubrkoleblad imoZraos, SearCios da icxov-
ros mis mier SerCeul nebismier adgilas, aseve Tavisuflad gavides sa-
xelmwifos teritoriidan da daubrkoleblad dabrundes ukan kanonis
moTxovnaTa dacviT (magaliTad, safrangeTis vizis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelos moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, Sevides safrangeTis teritoriaze).
es ufleba aqvs rogorc saxelmwifos moqalaqes, ise ucxoels, moqa-

laqeobis armqone pirs da ormagi moqalaqeobis mqone pirs.
Tavisuflad gadaadgilebis ufleba eqvemdebareba saxelmwifos

mxridan SezRudvas. SezRudvis safuZvelia Semdegi garemoebebi, Tu:
aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi;
aucilebelia saxelmwifos uSiSroebis an sazogadoebrivi usaf-
rTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad;
gamomdinareobs janmrTelobis dacvis an danaSaulis Tavidan aci-
lebis an marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis interesebidan.
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT, moiTxovon saxelmwifos sazRvris gadakve-

Tisas garkveuli nebarTvis vizis arseboba. gadaadgilebis SezRudva
SeiZleba dawesdes TviT piris usafrTxoebis mizniTac. magaliTad, Se-
izRudos gadaadgileba stiqiuri ubedurebis zonaSi an im teritoria-
ze, sadac mimdinareobs samxedro wvrTnebi.
Tavi 2.8
politikuri uflebebi
politikuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, iseve rogorc samoqalaqo

uflebebi, pirveli Taobis uflebebia da xangrZlivi brZolis Sedegia.
politikuri uflebebic saTaves burJuaziuli revoluciidan iRebs da,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored revoluciebisa da samoqalaqo omebis fonze
yalibdeboda. safrangeTis sisxlianma revoluciam safrangeTis adamia-
nisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia Sva, amerikaSi damoukideblo-
bisaTvis brZola da mogvianebiT samoqalaqo omi aSS-is konstituciiT
dagvirgvinda.
politikuri uflebebis realizacia saSualebas aZlevs moqalaqes,

monawileoba miiRos sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebasa da xelisuf-
lebis ganxorcielebaSi uSualod an warmomadgenlobiTi organos meS-
veobiT. am uflebebiT moqalaqeebs eZlevaT saSualeba, zemoqmedeba mo-
axdinon xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaze.
politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba:

saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba;
saarCevno ufleba;
gaerTianebebisa da kavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba;
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba;
saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba
saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis ufleba gulisxmobs moqala-

qeTa farTo monawileobas saxelmwifos marTvaSi, gadawyvetilebebis mi-
RebaSi uSualod (referendumis gziT) an warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT
(centralur an adgilobriv organoebSi warmomadgenlis arCevis gziT).74
moqalaqis mier sakuTari Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba, demokratiuli
sazogadoebis idealebis, zneobrivi da eTikuri principebisadmi erTgu-
leba, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobis codna da unar-Cvevebi aq-
tiuri samoqalaqo poziciis maCvenebelia. saxelmwifom moqalaqes saku-
Tari poziciis gamosaxatavad yvela piroba unda Seuqmnas.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi saxelmwifos marTvaSi Tanabari uflebebiT

sargebloben. saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba aqvT
mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebs. saqarTvelos konstituciis 29-e muxlis Ta-
naxmad, saqarTvelos yvela moqalaqes aqvs ufleba, daikavos nebismieri
saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tuki is akmayofilebs kanoniT dadgenil moT-
xovnebs. analogiuri ufleba garantirebulia saerTaSoriso aqtebiT.
arCevnebis ufleba
moqalaqis monawileoba saxelmwifos marTvaSi xorcieldeba arCev-

nebis gziT. arCevnebi arCevnebisTvis ar tardeba, misi mizania xalxis
farTo monawileobis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos marTvaSi. saarCevno
ufleba gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, airCios da airCion saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi.
74
ix. kari 1.
160 kari meore
arCevnebis meSveobiT yalibdeba warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi. sa-

qarTvelos saxelisuflebo organoebSi arCevisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT
dawesebulia garkveuli pirobebi: asaki, moqalaqeoba da sxva (saqarTve-
los kanoni `sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, 1997).
saarCevno xmis ufleba Sinaarsobrivad or saxes gulisxmobs: aqtiur

da pasiur saarCevno uflebas.
aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba moqalaqis uflebaa, xmis micemis meSve-

obiT monawileoba miiRos sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT
organoSi xalxis warmomadgenelTa asarCevad da sajaro xelisuflebis
Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad Catarebul sayovelTao arCevnebsa da re-
ferendumSi. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, yvela moqalaqes, romelic
miaRwevs 18 wels, aris qmedunariani da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze ar aris sapatimro adgilebSi, aqvs aqtiuri saarCevno uf-
leba.
pasiuri saarCevno ufleba moqalaqis uflebaa, kenWi iyaros sajaro

xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiT organoSi asarCevad da sajaro xeli-
suflebis Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad.
parlamentis wevrad, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, SeiZleba arCeul

iqnes piri 25 wlis asakidan, prezidentad 35 wlidan. amasTan, am ukanas-
knels saqarTveloSi sul cota 5 wlis da arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde bo-
lo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi aq cxovrebis gamocdileba unda hqondes.
sayovel-
Taoba
arCevnebis
faruloba Tanaswo-
ZiriTadi
roba
principebi
pirdapi-
roba
saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi, muxli 4.
saxelmwifos marTvaSi uSualod monawileoba SesaZlebelia ganxor-

cieldes referendumiT75 anu sayovelTao-saxalxo kenWisyraSi monawi-
leobis gziT.
gaerTianebis ufleba
gaerTianebis ufleba gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis,

profesiuli kavSirebis, politikuri partiebisa da sxva politikuri
gaerTianebebis Seqmnas da maTSi Tavisuflad gaerTianebisa da saqmia-
nobis uflebas. es ufleba aseve iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebas, ar
gaerTiandes da ar miiRos monawileoba arc erT sazogadoebriv gaerTi-
anebaSi, profkavSirebSi, politikur partiebSi (`gaerTianebis negatiu-
ri Tavisufleba~).
aRniSnuli ufleba daculia saqarTvelos konstituciis 26-e muxli-

Ta da organuli kanoniT `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis~ Se-
saxeb (1997). rogorc konstituciis muxlisa da kanonis dasaxelebidan
Cans, aRniSnuli ufleba mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqis uflebaa. sa-
xelmwifo uflebamosilia, daawesos ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa da moqa-
laqeobis armqone pirTa politikuri saqmianobis SezRudva (saqarTve-
los konstitucia, muxli 27).
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi adgens sazogadoebrivi gaerTiane-

bebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis wess (24-e-me-40 muxlebi). sazogadoebrivi
gaerTianeba SeiZleba arsebobdes kerZo samarTlis arasamewarmeo (ara-
komerciuli) iuridiuli piris organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT
(aaip).
politikuri partia moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis erT-erTi saxea. poli-

tikuri partia aris moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi politikuri gaerTia-
neba saerTo msoflmxedvelobriv da organizaciul safuZvelze (saqar-
Tvelos kanoni `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~, mux-
li 1).
gaerTianebis ufleba ar aris absoluturi ufleba. is iTvaliswinebs

SezRudvebs moqalaqeTa garkveuli kategoriebisTvis. politikur ga-
erTianebaSi wevroba SeuwydebaT pirebs, romlebic:
75
referendumi saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva kenWisyriT, gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovani saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebis sabolood gadasawyvetad.
162 kari meore
Cairicxnen samxedro ZalebSi;

msaxuroben saxelmwifo uSiSroebis organoebis pirad Semadgen-
lobaSi;
msaxuroben Sinagan saqmeTa organoebis pirad SemadgenlobaSi;
ganwesdnen mosamarTled;
dainiSnen prokurorad.
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs uiara-

Rod, WerqveS an gareT, winaswari nebarTvis gareSe, sajarod Sekrebis
uflebas. es ufleba kavSirSia gamoxatvis TavisuflebasTan. Sekrebebi-
sa da manifestaciebis Tavisufleba garantirebulia saerTaSoriso aq-
tebiT, saqarTvelos konstituciis 25-e muxliTa da saqarTvelos kano-
niT `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~ (1997).
Sekrebebis uflebiT daculia rogorc sajaro, ise kerZo xasiaTis,

rogorc politikuri, ise arapolitikuri Sekrebebi. spontanuri, ada-
mianTa uecari Tavyriloba ar moiazreba aRniSnul uflebaSi da, aqedan
gamomdinare, is ar xvdeba dacul sferoSi.
`Sekreba~ aris moqalaqeTa jgufis Sekreba WerqveS an gareT, mitingi sa-

zogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi, solidarobis an protestis gamoxat-
vis mizniT; `manifestacia~ aris moqalaqeTa demonstracia, masobrivi sa-
jaro gamosvla, quCaSi msvleloba solidarobis an protestis gamoxatvis
mizniT, an msvleloba plakatebis, lozungebis, transparantebisa da sxva
saxviTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da
manifestaciebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 3).
saqarTvelos konstituciis 25-e muxlis Tanaxmad, Sekrebebis Tavi-

suflebis uflebiT sargebloben rogorc fizikuri pirebi, ganurCev-
lad maTi moqalaqeobisa, ise iuridiuli pirebi, rac gamoixateba sit-
yvebSi: `yvelas aqvs ufleba~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Sekrebebi da manifestaciebi zogadad ar mo-

iTxovs xelisuflebis organoebis winaswar gafrTxilebas, es aucile-
belia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Sekreba an manifestacia xal-
xmraval adgilze imarTeba. kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Se-
saxeb~ iTvaliswinebs Sekrebis an manifestaciis mxolod Sewyvetas da
ara winaswar akrZalvas. aRniSnul RonisZiebaTa Sewyveta ukiduresi
zomaa da gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevebSi, Tu àdgili aqvs mowodebas saqar-
Tvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxobis an ZaladobiT Secvlisa-

ken, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis
darRvevisaken, an iseTi mowodebas, romelic warmoadgens omisa da Za-
ladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socia-
lur SuRls~ (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis Se-
saxeb~, muxli 4.2).
xelisufleba valdebulia, uzrunvelyos Sekrebis an manifestaciis

organizaciisa da CatarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi. saxelmwifo dawe-
sebulebebs, Tanamdebobis pirebsa da moqalaqeebs ufleba ara aqvT, xe-
li SeuSalon am kanoniT dadgenili wesis dacviT Sekrebis an manifesta-
ciis organizaciasa da Catarebas, moqalaqeTa mier sakuTari Sexedule-
bebis sajarod gamoxatvas. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebisaTvis
Sekrebaze an manifestaciaze cnobebis miRebasa da gavrcelebaSi xelis
SeSla isjeba kanoniT (saqarTvelos kanoni `Sekrebebisa da manifesta-
ciebis Sesaxeb~, muxli 12).
Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebisagan, romlebic SeiZleba politikur

an apolitikur xasiaTs atarebdnen, gaficvis ufleba socialuri xasia-
Tis moTxovnebs ukavSirdeba. gaficvis ufleba gulisxmobs erTi samsa-
xuris farglebSi dasaqmebuli piris SromiT uflebebs, garkveuli moT-
xovnebis uflebas administraciisadmi (magaliTad, dasvenebis drois
gazrdas, anazRaurebis momatebas da sxv.).
Tavi 2.9
socialuri, ekonomikuri da
kulturuli uflebebi
arc ise didi xania, rac saxelmwifoTa kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSo-

riso dokumentebSi aisaxa adamianis socialuri, ekonomikuri da kul-
turuli uflebebi. XVII-XIX saukuneebSi adamianis uflebaTa dokumen-
tebi mxolod samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs Seexeboda.
1941 wels aSS-is prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma Tavis

saprezidento moxsenebaSi aRniSna: `pirovnebis WeSmariti Tavisufleba
ver ganxorcieldeba ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisa da damoukideblobis
gareSe. gaWirvebuli adamiani ver iqneba Tavisufali. mSieri da umuSeva-
ri adamiani is masalaa, romlisganac diqtatura yalibdeba~.
164 kari meore
samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebisagan gansxvavebiT, socialu-

ri da ekonomikuri uflebebi drois garkveul periods moicavs. saxel-
mwifo kisrulobs valdebulebas individualuri wesiT, saerTaSoriso
daxmarebisa da TanamSromlobis arsebuli resursebis maqsimalur far-
glebSi miiRos zomebi, raTa TandaTan uzrunvelyos am paqtiT aRiare-
buli uflebebis sruli ganxorcieleba yvela marTebuli saSualebiT,
maT Soris, sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebaTa miRebiT. samoqalaqo uflebebi
ar moiTxovs raime xarjebis gawevas saxelmwifos mxridan da maTi Ses-
ruleba drois mokle monakveTSi dauyovnebliv unda moxdes. magali-
Tad, saxelmwifom saswrafod unda miiRos zomebi adamianis wamebis sawi-
naaRmdegod, maSin, roca socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi SesaZle-
belia TandaTanobiT ganxorcieldes da maTi dacva garkveul xarjebs
moiTxovs.
gadauwyveteli socialuri problemebi, ekonomikuri siduxWire sa-

moqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobas abrkolebs.
adamianis socialur uflebaTa paketi 3 ZiriTadi birTvisagan Sed-

geba:
cxovrebis saTanado done.76 am uflebis ganxorcieleba moiTxovs,
rom yvela adamians hqondes aucilebeli saarsebo uflebebi: saTa-
nado sakvebi, tansacmeli, sacxovrebeli da movlis saTanado piro-
bebi, ojaxis ufleba, miiRos daxmareba;77
sakuTrebis ufleba78 aris mesakuTris ufleba, kanoniTa da sa-
xelSekrulebo valdebulebiT dadgenil farglebSi Tavisuflad
flobdes da sargeblobdes qonebiT (nivTiT), ar dauSvas sxva pirTa
mier am qonebiT sargebloba, gankargos igi, Tuki amiT ar ilaxeba
mezoblebis an sxva mesame pirTa uflebebi, an/da Tu es moqmedeba
ar aris uflebis borotad gamoyeneba. yvela fizikur Tu iuridi-
ul pirs aqvs Tavisi qonebis mSvidobiani flobis ufleba. arc erT
adamians ar unda CamoerTvas sakuTreba, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac es keTdeba sazogadoebis sakeTildReod da kanonis Sesa-
bamisad. sakuTrebis ufleba efuZneba Sromis uflebas;
76
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 25; socialuri, ekonomikuri
da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 11; bavSvis uflebaTa konven-
cia, muxli 27.
77
Asborn Eide, Catarina Crause, Allan Rosas, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,.RWI, 2003.
78
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 17; adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis I damatebiTi oqmi, 1-li muxli. sakuTrebis
uflebas arc samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa da arc socialur, ekonomikur
da kulturul uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtebi ar Seicaven.
Sromis ufleba79 moicavs masTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva ufle-

basa da movaleobas. igi ar aris adamianis calke mdgomi ufleba.
sityva `Sroma~ ganixileba samsaxuris gawevad sxva adamianisTvis
da am adamianis xelmZRvanelobiT da am samsaxurisTvis anazRaure-
bis miRebad;
socialuri uzrunvelyofis ufleba80 esaa jandacvis ufleba.
sakuTrebis ufleba
sakuTrebis uflebas ormagi datvirTva aqvs: erTi mxriv, is aris

ekonomikuri ufleba, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos cxovrebis saTana-
do done; meore mxriv, aris damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis safuZ-
veli da is moiazreba rogorc samoqalaqo ufleba. analogiur midgomas
vxvdebiT adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSic (I damatebiTi oq-
mi, 1-li muxli).
Sromis ufleba
Sromis uflebas aRiarebs: socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul uf-

lebaTa saerTaSoriso paqti; Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konven-
cia; konvencia iZulebiTi Sromis gauqmebis Sesaxeb; evropis socialuri
qartiis mixedviT ki, Sromis uflebis efeqturad ganxorcielebis mizniT,
Sromisa da dasaqmebis sferoSi diskriminacia akrZalulia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 30-e muxliT aRiarebuli Sromis ufle-

ba socialur uflebaTa qvakuTxedia, is aseve mWidrodaa dakavSirebu-
li sakuTrebis uflebasTan. saxelmwifo ar uzrunvelyofs TiToeuli
moqalaqis dasaqmebas, magram es ar niSnavs, rom Sromis sferoSi saxel-
mwifos ar akisria pozitiuri valdebulebebi. saxelmwifo valdebulia,
gadadgas realuri nabijebi umuSevrobis aRmosafxvrelad da dasaqme-
bis realuri pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
sabWoTa periodSi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnasa da dasaqmebaze val-

debulebas saxelmwifo iRebda, xolo Sroma savaldebulo xasiaTs ata-
79
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, muxli 23; socialuri, ekonomikuri
da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 6.
80
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 22-e, 25-e muxlebi; socialuri, eko-
nomikuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 9; bavSvis ufle-
baTa konvencia, muxli 26.
166 kari meore
rebda. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis mixedviT ki Sroma Tavi-

sufalia~. es imis maniSnebelia, rom TiToeul moqalaqes aqvs im Sromi-
Ti saqmianobis ufleba, romelsac Tavisuflad irCevs. is gansazRvravs
moqalaqis uflebas, TviTon airCios saqmianobis sfero da profesia,
umuSevrobis dros isargeblos saxelmwifo garantiebiT. saxelmwifom
siRaribis donis Semcirebisa da mosaxleobis socialuri dacvis srul-
yofis RonisZiebaTa mizniT Seqmna socialurad daucveli ojaxebis mo-
nacemTa erTiani baza.
ufleba janmrTelobaze
ufleba janmrTelobaze figurirebs, rogorc adamianis uflebaTa

universaluri meqanizmis (gaeros) farglebSi miRebul dokumentebSi,
aseve regionalur meqanizmebSi (evrosabWo, interamerikuli sistema,
afrikuli sistema). saxelmwifoebi aRiareben TiToeuli adamianis uf-
lebas, hqondes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi done.
saxelmwifoebma am uflebis sruli gamoyenebisaTvis unda ganaxorcie-
lon iseTi RonisZiebebi, romlebic saWiroa:
mkvdradSobadobisa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebisa da bav-
Svis jansaRi ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis;
garemos higienisa da mrewvelobaSi Sromis higienis yvela aspeqtis
gaumjobesebisaTvis;
epidemiur, endemur, profesiul da sxva daavadebaTa Tavidan aci-
lebisa da maT winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis;
iseTi pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis, romlebic yvelasaTvis uzrunvel-
yofen samedicino daxmarebasa da samedicino movlas avadmyofobis
SemTxvevaSi.
adamianis ufleba janmrTelobaze adamianis keTildReobisa da Rir-

sebis winapirobaa. saxelmwifo ver ikisrebs valdebulebas, uzrunvel-
yos yvelas janmrTeloba, Tumca misi pozitiuri valdebulebaa, Seqmnas
xelmisawvdomi da adekvaturi janmrTelobis sistema. aqve unda aRvniS-
noT, rom jandacva, rogorc socialuri ufleba, sxva socialur ufle-
bebTan erTad, saxelmwifos resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am uflebebis
etapobrivad, TandaTan realizacias gulisxmobs. janmrTelobis uf-
leba sasamarTlo wesiT aRsrulebadi uflebaa. saxelmwifo uzrunvel-
yofs samedicino momsaxurebis xelmisawvdomobas. samedicino momsa-
xureba yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. samedicino momsaxurebis
Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba xorcieldeba saxelmwifo samedicino prog-
ramebis saSualebiT, rac gulisxmobs, rom pacienti an Tavisi socialu-
ri statusiT, an daavadebis diagnoziT, an asakobrivi programis, an mom-

saxurebis formis (stacionaruli an ambulatoriuli) mixedviT miiRebs
saxelmwifos mier gansazRvrul momsaxurebas Sesabamisi programebis
farglebSi. TviT samedicino momsaxureba ganisazRvreba samomxmareb-
lo standartiT.81
saqarTvelos moqalaqes ufleba aqvs, samedicino momsaxurebis yvela

gamwevisagan miiRos qveyanaSi arsebuli da danergili profesiuli da
samomsaxureo standartis Sesabamisi samedicino momsaxureba, rac imas
gulisxmobs, rom momsaxureba saxelmwifo standartebis Sesabamisad sa-
xelmwifos programuli dafinansebis farglebSi yvelas unda gaewios.
samedicino momsaxureba informaciuli,82 geografiuli da finansu-

ri xelmisawvdomobiT ganisazRvreba:
samedicino
momsaxurebis
xelmisawvdomobis
3 elementi
informaciuli geografiuli finansuri

xelmisawvdomoba xelmisawvdomoba xelmisawvdomoba
ambulatoriuli sa- saxelmwifo yvela

saxelmwifo pacients
medicino dawesebulebebi moqalaqisaTvis
samedicino
ganlagebulia garkveul uzrunvelyofs jandacvas.
momsaxurebis Sesaxeb
radiusSi. moqalaqeebi samedicino programebi da
yvela informaciiT
droulad iReben dazRveva sayovelTaoa da
uzrunvelyofs
samedicino daxmarebas Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi
81
m. kvaWaZe, i, manjaviZe, adamianis ufleba janmrTelobaze da samedicino momsax-
urebis xelmisawvdomoba, Tb., 2010, gv. 147.
82
samedicino dawesebulebebSi informaciis ganTavseba TvalsaCino adgilze, medi-
asaSualebiT informaciis miwodeba, ganmartebis micema samedicino dawesebulebis
administraciis mier, specialuri bukletebis, plakatebis da sxva saSualebebis
ganTavseba TvalsaCino adgilze da sxva.
168 kari meore
janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba aRiarebulia saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis 37-e muxliT, xolo am uflebebis sxvadasxva aspeqti, aseve eqim-pa-
cientis uflebebi aRiarebulia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kanonSi (maga-
liTad, kanoni `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~, kanoni `janmrTelobis
dacvis Sesaxeb~, kanoni `saeqimo saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ da sxva).
ganaTlebis ufleba aRiarebulia adamianis uflebaTa deklaracia-

Si, samoqalaqo uflebaTa paqtsa da bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi, yve-
la qveynis konstituciaSi.
ganmanaTlebloba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc procesi da agreT-

ve rogorc am procesis konkretuli faza. ganmanaTleblebamde evropa-
Si ganaTleba, ZiriTadad, mSoblebisa da eklesiis prerogativas gane-
kuTvneboda. mxolod samoqalaqo saxelmwifos warmoqmnis Semdeg gaxda
SesaZlebeli, ganaTleba sazogadoebis zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo. me-19
saukuneSi saxelmwifos valdebuleba ganaTlebis sferoSi pirvelad ai-
saxa germaniis imperiis 1849 wlis konstituciaSi. am periodidan moyo-
lebuli, ganaTlebis ufleba aRiarebulia yvela qveynis konstitucieb-
sa da saerTaSoriso aqtebSi.
saxelmwifos mier aRiarebulma ganaTlebis sistemam saSualeba unda

misces adamians, Tavisuflad ganaviTaros Tavisi pirovneba, Rirseba,
aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos Tavisufali sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi da
xeli Seuwyos Semwynareblobasa da adamianis uflebaTa pativiscemas.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad:
`1. yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCevis ufleba.
2. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs qveynis saganmanaTleblo sistemis harmo-

nizacias saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi.
3. skolamdel aRzrdas saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs kanoniT dadgenili

wesiT. dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTleba savaldebuloa. zogad ganaTlebas,
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, srulad afinansebs saxelmwifo. moqalaqeebs
ufleba aqvT, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, saxelmwifos dafinansebiT miiRon
profesiuli da umaRlesi ganaTleba.
4. saxelmwifo mxars uWers saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebs kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT~.
nawili mesame
adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis meqanizmebi
am nawilSi ganvixilavT saxelmwifos valdebulebisa da sazogadoebis

pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs adamianis uflebaTa dacvasTan mimarTebiT.
yuradRebas SevaCerebT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instituciur ga-
rantiaze sasamarTloze. SeviswavliT saxalxo damcvelis instituts.
aseve, uflebaTa dacvis sxva sistemebs, rogorc nacionalur, iseve
saerTaSoriso doneze. gaviazrebT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis univer-
salur da evropul sistemebs. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsje-
loT iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa:
adamianis uflebebis dacvis garantiebi erovnul, regionalur da

saerTaSoriso doneze;
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros universaluri sistema;
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi da procedurebi;
adamianis uflebebis dacvis nacionaluri sistemebi;
adamianis uflebebis dacvis evropis sabWos sistema.
170 kari meore
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis TvalsazrisiT, gansxvavebuli mdgomare-

obaa msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. adamianis uflebaTa dacva cxovre-
bis Semadgeneli nawilia da demokratiisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-
bis mqonea. aseT sazogadoebaSi, gansxvavebiT diqtatoruli reJimebisa-
gan, adamianis uflebebis dacvaze samoqalaqo kontrolia dawesebuli.
darRveuli uflebebis aRdgena adamianisagan garkveul mondomebasa

da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. adamianis uflebebisaTvis brZola iuridiu-
li meqanizmebis daxvewasa da srulyofas, sasamarTlo da administraci-
uli praqtikis Secvlasac ki iwvevs. Sedegi ki is aris, rom yoveli Taoba
ufro meti uflebebiT sargeblobs, vidre wina Taobebi.
adamiani, romelmac ar icis, Tu ra uflebebi aqvs da rogor unda mo-

iTxovos maTi dacva-aRdgena, mosalodnelia, ufro gaxdes uflebaTa
darRvevis msxverpli, vidre is, vinc swvdeba Selaxuli uflebebis arss,
icis, Tu ra unda moimoqmedos maT aRsadgenad: vis, sad da rodis mimar-
Tos, rogor gaumklavdes usamarTlobas.
adamianis uflebaTa codna arCevanis Tavisuflebasac gulisxmobs,

yvela adamiani TviTon wyvets, uRirs darRveuli uflebebis aRdgeni-
saTvis brZola Tu ara. sakuTari uflebebisaTvis brZolaze uari aramc
da aramc ar niSnavs imas, rom adamians es ufleba CamoerTmeva da aRar
gaaCnia.
Tavi 3.1
ra meqanizmebi icavs adamianis
uflebebs erovnul doneze?
adamianis uflebaTa realizaciisaTvis saWiroa erovnul doneze spe-

cialuri meqanizmebis Camoyalibeba. mxolod sakanonmdeblo aqtebis
arseboba, romliTac adamianis uflebebia deklarirebuli, sakmarisi ar
aris. magaliTad SegviZlia moviyvanoT saqarTvelos 1937 wlis sabWoTa
konstitucia, romliTac aRiarebuli iyo moqalaqeTa uflebebi da Ta-
visuflebebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, swored 30-ian wlebSi xorciel-
deboda yvelaze mZvinvare terori da represiebi.
adamianis uflebaTa efeqturad dacvisTvis, erTi mxriv, savalde-

buloa, saxelmwifom Seqmnas erovnul doneze specialuri meqanizmebi,
organoebi, romlebiTac daculi iqneba adamianis uflebebi da, meore

mxriv, mniSvnelovania socialuri kontrolis meqanizmebis Camoyalibe-
ba `qvevidan~, sazogadoebidan. nebismier administraciul sistemas (iq-
neba es saxelmwifo organoebi, Tu sxva) aqvs adamianis uflebaTa igno-
rirebis midrekileba. ignorireba xdeba im zomamde, ramdenadac es daS-
vebulia sazogadoebrivi azriT, im zRvramde, ramdenadac amas gasaqans
miscemen moqalaqeebi, sanamdec aseT darRvevebs sazogadoeba moiTmens.
uaxlesi periodis movlenebi axlo aRmosavleTSi (egvipte, libia da
sxva) cxadyofen, rom moqalaqeebs aRar ZaluZT moiTminon uflebebis
uxeSi da sistematiuri darRveva xelisuflebis mxridan.
libiasa da egvipteSi mimdinare movlenebi cxadyofen, rom adre Tu gvian

moqalaqeebi usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg xmas aimaRleben da sakuTari uflebebis
dacvas aqtiurad Seecdebian.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv anu erovnul in-

stitutebs Soris ganasxvaveben sasamarTlo da arasasamarTlo meqa-
nizmebs, Tumca yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc sasamarTlo garantiebia.
konstitucia moqalaqeebs sasamarTlo dacvis garantias aZlevs. yovel
adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mi-
marTos sasamarTlos (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 42). sasamar-
Tlos mier aseTi saxis sarCelebis miReba aris maTi kanonierebis garan-
tad aRiarebisa da kanonis uzenaesobisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
172 kari meore
koncefciis Camoyalibebis safuZveli. konstituciuri uflebebi SeiZ-

leba dacul iqnes uSualod im piris mier, romlis uflebacaa darRve-
uli (magaliTad: saCivari administraciul organoSi, konstituciuri
sarCeli sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi) darRveuli uflebebis dacva
SeiZleba moiTxovos moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebma, sazogadoebrivma or-
ganizaciebma (magaliTad, profkavSirebma), aseve sxvadasxva saxelmwifo
organom (magaliTad, prokurorma).
pirvel yovlisa, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instituciuri garan-

tia sasamarTloa. yovel adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavis uflebaTa da Tavi-
suflebaTa dasacavad, piradad an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT, pirdapir
mimarTos sasamarTlos. aq igulisxmeba agreTve adamianis ufleba, misi
saqme ganxilul iqnes kompetenturi da damoukidebeli, miukerZoebeli
sasamarTlos mier. saqme unda ganixilos mxolod im sasamarTlom, rom-
lis iurisdiqciasac eqvemdebareba misi saqme (saqarTvelos konstitu-
cia, 42-e muxlis me-2 punqti).
saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema gadawyvetilebis saapelacio da sa-

kasacio wesiT gasaCivrebis saSualebas iZleva. adamians aqvs ufleba da
eZleva SesaZlebloba, gaasaCivros sasamarTloSi saxelmwifo organoe-
bis, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnul doneze saxelmwifo organoebSi ada-

mianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis meqanizmi arsebobs (sasamar-
Tlo, sakonstitucio kontrolis organoebi, saxalxo damcveli), amgva-
ri dacvis wesi sxvadasxva organoSi gansxvavebulia.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs sakanonmdeblo da sa-

samarTlo praqtikis erTianobas adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisufleba-
Ta dacvis sferoSi. sakonstitucio kontrolis es orgvari funqcia _
konstituciis dacva da adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dac-
va ganuyofelia.
iq, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi funqcionireben, sakonsti-

tucio sarCelis wardgena SesaZlebelia adamianis konstituciuri uf-
lebebis dacvis mizniT. magaliTad, saqarTvelos organul kanonSi `sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~ aRniSnulia:
1. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aris sakonstitucio
kontrolis sasamarTlo organo, romelic uzrunvelyofs saqarTve-
los konstituciis uzenaesobas, konstituciur kanonierebas da adami-
anis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas (1-li mux-
lis 1-li punqti);
2. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia, ganixi-

los saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavis (saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
oba; adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani) sakiTxTan mimar-
TebiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi (me-19
muxlis me-2 punqtis e qvepunqti);
3. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeiZleba piradad mimarTos saqar-
Tvelos moqalaqem, romlis uflebebi iqna darRveuli;
4. sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis ufleba aqvs sa-
qarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, Tu is CaTvlis, rom normatiuli aqtebi
an calkeuli sakanonmdeblo normebi arRveven adamianis konstituciur
uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.
saxalxo damcveli. uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis meqanizms

miekuTvneba ombudsmenis instituti. òmbudsmeni~ Sveduri sityvaa da
sxva piris interesebis warmomadgenels niSnavs. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
mas sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT moixsenieben: ombudsmeni skandinaviis
qveynebSi, saxalxo damcveli saqarTveloSi, Suamavali safrangeTSi,
xalxis damcveli espaneTSi, bundestagis samxedro rwmunebuli ger-
maniaSi da sxva.
ombudsmeni, saxalxo damcveli, Tanamdebobis piria, romelsac irCe-

ven (magaliTad: SvedeTSi, daniaSi, fineTSi, portugaliaSi, espaneTSi,
saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebSi) an niSnaven (magaliTad, safrangeTSi
Suamavali iniSneba ministrTa sabWos dekretiT; did britaneTSi adami-
anis uflebaTa saparlamento rwmunebuls premier-ministris rekomen-
daciiT niSnavs dedofali) da romlis movaleobaa, iyos arbitri moqa-
laqeebsa da xelisuflebas Soris, raTa gamoiZios moqalaqeTa saCivrebi
xelisuflebis organoebisa da oficialuri Tanamdebobis pirebis wina-
aRmdeg im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac, moqalaqeTa azriT, xelisuflebam da-
arRvia maTi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. is sajaro moxelea, Tanamde-
bobis piria, romelic axorcielebs sxvadasxva administraciuli orga-
nos mier adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebis gamovlinebasa da uflebebis
dacvaze kontrols.
saqarTvelos moqmedi konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvas zedamxedvelo-
bas uwevs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, romelsac saqarTvelos par-
lamenti umravlesobiT 5 wlis vadiT irCevs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxalxo damcveli uflebamo-

silia, gamoavlinos adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis
174 kari meore
faqtebi, Seatyobinos amis Sesaxeb Sesabamis organoebsa da pirebs. sa-

xalxo damcvelis saqmianobisaTvis dabrkolebaTa Seqmna isjeba kano-
niT (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 43).
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis saqmianoba regulirdeba 1996 wlis

16 maisis organuli kanoniT `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
dacvis saxelmwifoebrivi garantiebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT axorci-
elebs Semdeg funqciebs: zedamxedvelobas uwevs saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa, sajaro dawese-
bulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mxridan saqarTvelos teritoriis
farglebsa da mis iurisdiqciaSi myofi yvela pirisaTvis saxelmwifos
mier aRiarebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvasa da pativiscemas,
ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, sqesisa, enisa, religiisa, politi-
kuri an sxva Sexedulebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvni-
lebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxov-
rebeli adgilisa Tu sxva garemoebisa; saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli
avlens adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis faqtebs da
xels uwyobs darRveuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis aRdgenas; sa-
qarTvelos saxalxo damcveli eweva saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas ada-
mianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa sferoSi.
2009 wlis 16 ivliss `saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos or-

ganul kanonSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, saxalxo dam-
cveli asrulebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wamebisa da sxva
sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis wina-
aRmdeg konvenciis fakultatiuri oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli prevenciis
erovnuli meqanizmis funqciebs, rac imiT vlindeba, rom saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcveli an specialuri prevenciuli jgufis wevri amowmebs
dakavebis, winaswari patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva ad-
gilebSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobas.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli moqmedebs damoukideblad da mas uf-

leba aqvs, damoukideblad Seamowmos adamianis uflebaTa da Tavisufle-
baTa dacvis mdgomareoba, aseve maTi darRvevis faqtebi, rogorc miRebu-
li gancxadebisa da saCivris safuZvelze, ise sakuTari iniciativiT.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli ganixilavs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa,

ucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa, agreTve ker-
Zo samarTlis iuridiul pirTa, politikur da religiur gaerTianebaTa
gancxadebebsa da saCivrebs, romlebic exeba saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa, sajaro dawesebulebaTa
da Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebs an aqtebs saqarTvelos konstituciiTa

da kanoniT dadgenil uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa, agreTve im saerTa-
Soriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebebiT dadgenil uflebaTa da Tavi-
suflebaTa darRvevis Sesaxeb, romelTa monawilec aris saqarTvelo.
patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, dakavebisa

da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi myof pirTa mier saqarTve-
los saxalxo damcvelisaTvis gagzavnili gancxadebebi, saCivrebi da we-
rilebi konfidencialuria. maTi gaxsna da cenzura akrZalulia; isini
dauyovnebliv unda gadaeces saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels.
gancxadeba da saCivari ar ibegreba saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT. saqar-

Tvelos saxalxo damcvelis mier dainteresebuli pirisaTvis gaweuli
samsaxuri ufasoa. gancxadebisa da saCivris miRebis Semdeg saqarTve-
los saxalxo damcveli damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas Semow-
mebis Taobaze, ris Sesaxebac ecnobeba ganmcxadebels. saqarTvelos sa-
xalxo damcveli valdebulia, acnobos ganmcxadebels saCivris Semowme-
bis Sedegebi kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels ufleba aqvs, Semowmebis Catarebisas:

a) daubrkoleblad Sevides saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilob-
rivi TviTmmarTvelobis nebismier organoSi, sawarmoSi, organizaciasa
da dawesebulebaSi, maT Soris, samxedro qvedanayofSi, patimrobisa da
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, dakavebisa da Tavisuflebis
SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi;
b) saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebs, sajaro dawesebulebebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs mosTxovos
da dauyovnebliv an araugvianes 10 dRisa miiRos SemowmebisaTvis auci-
lebeli yvela cnoba, dokumenti da sxva masala;
g) nebismier Tanamdebobis pirs, moxeles, masTan gaTanabrebul pirs mos-
Txovos da miiRos werilobiTi axsna-ganmarteba gamosakvlev sakiTxebze;
d) saxelmwifo an/da arasaxelmwifo dawesebulebebis meSveobiT Ca-
ataros saeqsperto gamokvlevebi an/da moamzados daskvnebi; moiwvios
specialistebi/eqspertebi saeqsperto an/da sakonsultacio samuSao-
Ta Sesasruleblad;
e) gaecnos sisxlis samarTlis, samoqalaqo da administraciul saqme-
ebs, romlebze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebic kanonier ZalaSia Sesuli.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlaments weliwad-

Si erTxel, kalendaruli wlis martSi, warudgens angariSs qveyanaSi
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSSi unda mieTiTos saxelmwi-
176 kari meore
fo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis is organoebi

da Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic arRvevdnen adamianis uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs, ar iTvaliswinebdnen saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis
rekomendaciebs am uflebaTa aRdgenis RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlaments sagazaf-

xulo sesiaze yovelwliur angariSTan dakavSirebiT warudgens moxse-
nebas adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
yvela saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-

bis organo, Tanamdebobis Tu iuridiuli piri valdebulia, yovelmxriv
daexmaros saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, dauyovnebliv warudginos
masalebi, sabuTebi da sxva informacia, romlebic dasWirdeba saqarTve-
los saxalxo damcvels Tavisi uflebamosilebis gansaxorcieleblad.
Semowmebis procesSi an saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis moTxovnis

safuZvelze is saxelmwifo organo, Tanamdebobis an iuridiuli piri,
romlis moqmedeba an gadawyvetileba mowmdeba, an gasaCivrebulia, val-
debulia, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels warudginos axsna-ganmarteba
gamosakvlev sakiTxze.
parlamenti. sakanonmdeblo organos parlamentis saqmianobas didi

mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis uflebaTa swori realizaciisaTvis, radgan
TviT konstituciuri norma zogjer zogadia da moiTxovs kanoniT misi
realizaciis procesisaTvis dazustebas. garda amisa, parlamenti is or-
ganoa, romelic sakanonmdeblo wesiT TviTon qmnis adamianis uflebaTa
dacvis meqanizmebsa da institutebs. am sferoSi mniSvnelovania agreTve
parlamentis sakontrolo funqcia. parlamenti, zogadad, an misi komite-
tebisa da komisiebis meSveobiT Seiswavlis, rogor icavs aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi kanonebs, da ramdenad
iqna miRweuli kanoniT dasaxuli mizani am sferoSi. pirs, romlis ufle-
bebic dairRva, an arsebobs am uflebebis darRvevis realuri safrTxe,
SeuZlia mimarTos parlaments an calkeul parlamentarebs Tavisi ufle-
bebis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad. garda amisa, parlamentis wevrebs,
Tu maTTvis cnobili gaxda adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebi, Tavisi
iniciativiT SeuZliaT Caerion da moiTxovon aseTi faqtebis aRkveTa.
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. piri, visi uflebebic iqna darRveu-

li administraciuli organoebis mier, sargeblobs administraciuli
samarTliT gansazRvruli dacvis saSualebebiT. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi es
wesi sxvadasxvagvarad moqmedebs, magram, zogadad, xelisuflebis admi-
nistraciul organoebs aqvT saSualeba, koreqtireba gaukeTon ara mar-

to TavianT moqmedebas, aramed im dawesebulebebis moqmedebasac, rom-
lebic maT daqvemdebarebaSi imyofebian.
Tavi 3.2
rogor xdeba adamianis uflebaTa
dacva saerTaSoriso doneze?
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebe-

bis dacva mxolod saxelmwifos saSinao saqme ar aris.
moqalaqes, romlis uflebebic dairRva erovnul doneze, saSualeba

eZleva, Tavisi uflebebis dasacavad mimarTos saerTaSoriso sasamar-
Tloebs.
saxelmwifo, romelic xels awers saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas (ro-

melic SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxelwodebiT arsebobdes konvencia, da-
matebiTi oqmi, paqti), adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi kisrulobs
valdebulebas, pirnaTlad Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT aRiarebuli uf-
lebebi da Tavisuflebebi. mas aRar SeuZlia, Tavi gaimarTlos imiT, rom
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli kanonmdebloba sxvagvarad ayalibebs im sakiT-
xebs, romlebic xelSekrulebaSia mocemuli. magaliTad, saxelmwifo ar
krZalavs trefikings, an ar sjis monobisaTvis imitom, rom misi kanon-
mdebloba amas ar iTvaliswinebs.
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis xelmomweri saxelmwifoebi saerTa-

Soriso xelSekrulebebiT gaTvaliswinebuli standartebis implemen-
tacias sakuTar erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi axdenen. erovnul doneze
parlamentSi kanonproeqtis ganxilvas misi adamianis uflebebTan Sesa-
bamisobis TvalsazrisiT ganixilaven, dgindeba misi Tanxvedra saerTa-
Soriso doneze nakisr valdebulebebsa da saxelmwifos sxva erovnul
normatiul aqtebTan. Tu kanoni adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso
standartebs Seesabameba, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia.
saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia naTlad gamoxatavs Tavis damo-

kidebulebas aRniSnuli sakiTxis mimarT: `saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba
Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul princi-
pebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTan-
178 kari meore
xmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstitu-

ciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebri-
vi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT~ (muxli 6); saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs ada-
mianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc
waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorci-
elebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli arian am uflebebiTa da Tavi-
suflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT (muxli 7).
adamians, romelic Tvlis, rom misi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi dar-

Rveulia erovnul doneze, SeuZlia, Tavisi uflebebis aRsadgenad sa-
erTaSoriso organoebs mimarTos. saerTaSoriso samarTali metad mra-
valferovan da mravalricxovan arCevans gvTavazobs.
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier SemuSavda saxelmwifoebze ze-

damxedvelobis sxvadasxva meqanizmi, romlebiTac saxelmwifos moqme-
deba adamianis dacvis sakiTxebSi ufro gamWvirvale gaxda. yvela saxel-
mwifo gadis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis monitorings da misi damo-
kidebuleba adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-
robis yuradRebis centrSia. saxelmwifo, romelic arRvevs adamianis
uflebebs, ganicdis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobisgan politikur da
ekonomikur zewolas.
msoflioSi arsebobs adamianis uflebaTa universaluri da regiona-

luri sistemebi. universalur sistemas miakuTvneben gaeros sistemas,
xolo regionaluri sistemebi iqmneba konkretuli regionebis mixed-
viT: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli sistema, romelic moqmedebs
evropaSi, interamerikuli sistema moqmedebs amerikis kontinentis
qveynebisaTvis da afrikuli sistema aerTianebs afrikis qveynebs.
Tavi 3.3
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis gaeros,
anu universaluri, sistema
gaerom, Tavisi moRvaweobis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi, ara-

erTi organo da procedura Camoayaliba, romlebiTac zedamxedvelo-
bas uwevs mTel msoflioSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvas, pativiscemasa
da uzrunvelyofas. gansakuTrebiT didia xelSekrulebiT Seqmnili,
anu saxelSekrulebo organoTa roli.
saxelSekrulebo organoebi saerTaSoriso normatiuli aqtebis sa-

fuZvelze iqmneba da maT funqcias adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi
xelSekrulebaSi monawile wevr saxelmwifoTa zedamxedveloba Sead-
gens.
gaeros farglebSi moqmedebs 9 saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo or-

gano:83
gaeros farglebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvisa da saerTaSoris masStabiT maT
zedamxedvelobaze pasuxismgebeli saxelSekrulebo komiteti
adamianis
uflebaTa
abre-
umaRlesi ko- Tari-
viatu- saxelwodeba safuZveli (abreviatura)
misariatisa Ri
ra
da komisris
logo
samoqalaqo da politikur
adamianis uflebaTa
UNHRC uflebaTa saerTaSoriso 1966
komiteti
paqti (CCPR)
ekonomikur, socialur da socialur, ekonomikur da
CESCR kulturul uflebaTa kulturul uflebaTa 1966
komiteti saerTaSoriso paqti (ICESCR)
yvela formis rasobrivi

rasobrivi diskriminaciis
CERD diskriminaciis aRmofxvris 1965
komiteti
konvencia (ICERD)
qalTa diskriminaciis yvela qalTa diskriminaciis yvela

CEDAW formis aRmofxvris formis aRmofxvris 1979
komiteti saerTaSoriso konvencia (CEDAW)
konvencia wamebisa da sxva

wamebis sawinaaRmdego sastiki, araadamianuri an
CPT 1984
komiteti Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa
da sasjelis winaaRmdeg (CAT)
wamebisa da sxva sastiki,
araadamianuri an Rirsebis
wamebis Tavidan acilebis
SPT Semlaxavi mopyrobisa da 2002
qvekomiteti
sasjelis winaaRmdeg konvenciis
damatebiTi oqmi (OPCAT)
CRC bavSvis uflebaTa komiteti bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia 1989
muSa migrantTa da maTi muSa migrantTa da maTi
CMW ojaxebis uflebaTa dacvis ojaxis uflebaTa dacvis 1990
komiteti konvencia (ICRMW)
SezRuduli SesaZleblobe- SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis
CRPD bis mqone pirTa (SSmp) mqone pirTa (SSmp) uflebebis 2006
uflebebis komiteti konvencia (CRPD)
83
zogierT konvencias aqvs damatebiTi oqmebi, romlebic avseben uflebaTa CamonaT-
vals an iTvaliswineben wevr saxelmwifoebze zedamxedvelobis procedurebs. mag-
aliTad, samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis 2 damatebiTi
oqmi, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa: 1. adamianis uflebaTa komitetSi individu-
aluri ganacxadebis Setanis Sesaxeb, 2. sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebis Sesaxeb; bavSvis
uflebaTa konvenciis 2 damatebiTi oqmi, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa: 1. bavS-
vis SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi monawileobis Sesaxeb damatebiTi oqmi, 2. bavSvTa
vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da pornografiis Sesaxeb damatebiTi oqmi da sxva.
180 kari meore
nebismier adamians aqvs ufleba, mimarTos gaeros da mis organoebs

Tavis uflebaTa darRvevis Sesaxeb. gaeros saxelSekrulebo 9 organo-
dan Svidi organo ixilavs adamianis uflebaTa darRvevebTan dakavSire-
bul davebs. individualuri mimarTvis ufleba saqarTvelos moqalaqe-
ebsac aqvT. 1994 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda samoqalaqo da politikur
uflebaTa paqtsa da mis pirvel damatebiT oqms, riTac aRiara adamianis
uflebaTa komitetis iurisdiqcia.
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi individualuri ganacxadebis (saCivre-

bis) wardgeniT adamianis uflebebi iZens konkretul mniSvnelobas da
saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi normebi (romlebic sakmaod zogadi da ab-
straqtulia) sicocxlisunarianni xdebian, rogorc komitetisa da sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebebis, aseve rekomendaciebis gamotanis safuZ-
velze.
individualuri ganacxadis Setanis ufleba aqvs ara mxolod wevri

saxelmwifos moqalaqes sakuTari saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, aramed im
pirsac, romelic ar aris mopasuxe saxelmwifos moqalaqe, magram misi
uflebebi dairRva swored am saxelmwifoSi (magaliTad, CineTis moqa-
laqe ukanonod iqna dakavebuli avstraliaSi. CineTis moqalaqes aqvs
ufleba, ganacxadi Seitanos avstraliis winaaRmdeg, radgan misi uf-
lebebi dairRva, rodesac is imyofeboda avstraliis iurisdiqciis
qveS).
komiteti ganixilavs mxolod im ganacxadebs, romlebSic mosarCele

da mopasuxe saxelmwifoebs aRiarebuli aqvT komitetis iurisdiqcia
specialuri ganacxadiT.
saxelmwifo, romelic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis monawile xdeba

ratificirebis an mierTebis gziT, sakuTar Tavze iRebs valdebulebas,
ara marto Seasrulos xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebulebebi, aramed
daicvas saxelSekrulebo organoebis mier dadgenili procedurebi.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani procedura, romelsac saxelSekrulebo or-
ganoebi adgenen, wevri saxelmwifoebis mier wardgenili perioduli
angariSebia. saxelmwifos mier wardgenil periodul angariSebSi asa-
xulia samarTlebrivi, administraciuli, sasamarTlo da sxva zomebi,
romlebic gaatara saxelmwifom xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebule-
bebis Sesasruleblad. angariSSi saxelmwifo miuTiTebs im sirTuleeb-
ze, romelTac is awydeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saqmeSi. angariSis
ganxilvas eswrebian komitetis eqspertebi, wevri saxelmwifos oficia-
luri warmomadgenlebi da akreditebuli arasamTavrobo organizacie-
bi. adamianis uflebaTa komiteti saxelmwifos mier wardgenili angari-
Sis safuZvelze iRebs rekomendaciebs, romelTa Sesrulebis Sesaxebac

wevrma saxelmwifom mogvianebiT unda acnobos Sesabamis komitets.
gaeros saxelSekrulebo organoebi (komitetebi) adamianis ufle-

baTa Sesaxeb informacias iReben ara mxolod wevri saxelmwifoebidan,
aramed alternatiuli wyaroebidan: gaeros specializebuli organoe-
bidan (mag., jandacvis msoflio organizacia), gaeros fondebidan (mag.,
gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF)), sxvadasxva programidan (mag.,UNDP-is
proeqtebidan), sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso mTavrobaTaSorisi (mag.: evro-
pis sabWo, euTo) da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan (mag.: Human Rights
Watch, Amnesty International), agreTve samoqalaqo sazogadoebidan, profe-
siuli asociaciebidan, erovnuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan,
masmediidan, akademiuri dawesebulebebidan. bevr uwyebasa da organi-
zacias Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs adamianis uflebaTa aRsrulebaSi (magali-
Tad:
msoflio jandacvis organizacias WHO;
gaeros ltolvilTa umaRles komisariats UNHCR;
gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organizacias
UNESCO;
gaeros bavSvTa fonds UNICEF;
wiTeli jvrisa da wiTeli naxevarmTvaris saerTaSoriso komitets
ICRC;
evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias (euTo)
OSCE da sxva.
2006 wels Seiqmna gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sabWo, romlis Ziri-

Tadi funqcia msoflioSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis xelSewyoba da
gaZlierebaa.
2006 wlis 15 marts gaeros 60/251 rezoluciis safuZvelze genera-

lurma asambleam miiRo adamianis uflebaTa sabWos mier momzadebuli
saxelmwifoTa angariSgebis axali sistema, angariSgebis axali pro-
cedura universaluri perioduli angariSi (UPR). 2008 wlidan upa
(UPR) ZalaSi Sevida. saqarTvelom 2011 wels pirvelad gaiara es procesi.
am ukanasknelis mizania, zedamxedveloba gauwios msoflios yvela qve-
yanas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT. yvela sa-
xelmwifo valdebulia, gaiaros es procesi yovel 4 weliwadSi erTxel
da warudginos adamianis uflebaTa sabWos Tavisi moxseneba, romelSic
aisaxeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebi. upar-is procesSi monawi-
leobis miRebis ufleba aqvT: saerTaSoriso da erovnul arasamTavrobo
organizaciebs, akademiur wreebs, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis warmomad-
genlebs. maT ufleba eZlevaT, waradginon alternatiuli, `Crdilovani~
182 kari meore
moxseneba,84 romelSic aRweren adamianis uflebaTa darRvevis faqtebs,

Seafaseben saxelmwifoSi arsebul situacias, miscemen rekomendaciebs
wevr saxelmwifos adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxebze.
adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisariati gaeros

adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi
adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi saqmianobis koordinaciis gaumjobe-

sebis mizniT, 1993 wlis 20 dekembers q. venaSi, adamianis uflebaTa sa-
erTaSoriso konferenciaze miRebuli rekomendaciis safuZvelze,
generaluri asambleis #48/141 rezoluciiT, Seiqmna adamianis ufle-
baTa umaRlesi komisris posti. umaRlesi komisris saqmianoba moicavs
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSewyobasa da popularizaciis wa-
xalisebas adamianis uflebaTa efeqturad ganxorcielebis sferoSi.
umaRlesi komisris Zalisxmeva mimarTulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis,
gaeros sistemaSi adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebis win wamowevisa da ma-
Ti koordinaciis, adamianis uflebaTa sferoSi axali standartebis Se-
muSavebisa da am sferoSi xelSekrulebebis ratificirebisken. komisris
mandatSi Sedis adamianis uflebebis seriozul darRvevebze reagireba
da amgvari darRvevebis Tavidan asacileblad konkretuli saqmianobis
warmarTva. aseve, konsultaciebisa da teqnikuri daxmarebis gaweva wev-
ri saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebisaTvis.
umaRles komisars niSnavs gaeros generaluri mdivani da amtkicebs

generaluri asamblea oTxi wlis vadiT. es Tanamdeboba, Tavisi doniT,
gaeros generaluri mdivnis moadgilis Tanamdebobas Seesabameba.
Tavi 3.4
rogor aris daculi adamianis
uflebebi regionalur doneze?
winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli

sistema, romlis mTavari sayrdeni aris 47 wevri saxelmwifosagan Sem-
84
2010 wels saqarTvelos oficialuri angariSis paralelurad gaeros universal-
uri perioduli angariSis UPR-is farglebSi momzadda e.w. `Crdilovani~ angariSi
qalTa uflebebis damcveli 23 arasamTavrobo organizaciis mier.
dgari evropis sabWo. gansxvavebiT universaluri, gaeros sistemisagan,

regionaluri sistema adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxSi ufro moq-
nilia. garda amisa, meqanizmebs, romelTac evropuli sistema iyenebs,
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uflebaTa dacvi-
saTvis.
adamianis uflebebi daculia rogorc evrosabWos, ise evrokavSiri-
sa85 da euTos farglebSi.86
miuxedavad amisa, Cven ganvixilavT adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mxo-

lod evropis sabWos meqanizmebs.
Tavi 3.5
saqarTvelo da evropis sabWo
1999 wels saqarTvelo evropis sabWos sruluflebiani wevri gaxda,

2000 wels ZalaSi Sevida evropis sabWos erT-erTi umTavresi dokumen-
ti adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konven-
cia. am nabijiT saqarTvelom sajarod ganacxada, rom eTanxmeba evropis
sabWos wesdebis moTxovnas: èvropis sabWos yovelma wevrma unda aRia-
ros kanonis uzenaesobisa da misi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi yvela
piris adamianis uflebebiT da ZiriTadi TavisuflebebiT sargeblobis
principebi da iTanamSromlos keTilsindisierad da nayofierad sabWos
pirvel TavSi aRniSnuli miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis~ (evropis sabWos
wesdeba, muxli 3).
85
evrokavSiris fundamentur uflebaTa qartia, romelsac xeli moewera safrange-
Tis qalaq nicaSi 2000 wlis 7 noembers, evrokavSiris istoriis ganmavlobaSi pirve-
lad, erT teqstSi moicavs evrokavSiris moqalaqeTa da mis teritoriaze mcxovreb
pirTa samoqalaqo, politikur, ekonomikur da socialur uflebaTa mTel rigs. igi
Sevida evropis 2004 wlis 18 ivnisis konstituciis proeqtis meore nawilSi. evro-
kavSiris konstituciis proeqtis uaryofis Semdeg moxda qartiis adaptireba da
gamocxadda 2007 wlis 12 dekembers strasburgSi, lisabonis xelSekrulebis xel-
moweris win, riTac qartiam iuridiulad savaldebulo Zala SeiZina. qartiis sruli
moqmedeba evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis kvlav sadavoa, Tumca evrokav-
Siris arawevri saxelmwifoebisTvisac igi aris mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo do-
kumenti, gansakuTrebiT ki im qveynebisTvis, romlebic kavSirSi Sesvlis procesSi
arian. ix. adamianis uflebebi jandacvis sferoSi, Tb., 2011.
86
evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo) SemadgenlobaSi Se-
dis ramdenime organizacia, romlebic uSualod arian dakavebuli adamianis ufle-
baTa dacviT. saqarTvelo euTos wevri qveyanaa, magram evrokavSirisa jer kidev ara.
184 kari meore
evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebisas saqarTvelom ikisra mTeli rigi val-

debulebebisa: adamianis uflebaTa konvenciasa da mis damatebiT oqmeb-
Tan mierTeba; evropis sabWos farglebSi miRebuli iseTi mniSvnelovani
dokumentebis ratificireba, rogorebicaa: wamebisa da araadamianuri an
damamcirebeli mopyrobisa Tu dasjis aRkveTis evropuli konvencia da
misi damatebiTi oqmebi; erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis evropuli CarCo-
konvencia; evropis socialuri qartia; evropuli konvencia eqstradici-
is Sesaxeb da sxva dokumentebi. saqarTvelos daevala: erovnuli kanon-
mdeblobis evropul konvenciasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana, reformebis
gatareba sasamarTlos, prokuraturis, policiis sferoebsa da peniten-
ciarul sistemaSi, saqarTvelodan deportirebul mesxTa dabruneba,
umciresobaTa Sesaxeb kanonis miReba, administraciuli zomebis miRe-
ba im pirTa sakuTrebisa da saijaro uflebebis aRsadgenad, romlebmac
1990-1994 wlebSi mimdinare konfliqtebis dros dakarges qoneba; aseve
gaiwera vadebi TavisuflebaaRkveTil pirTa uflebebis dacvis mizniT
penitenciarul sistemaSi reformebis gasatareblad, 1991-1992 wlebSi
politikuri areulobis dros dakavebul pirTa saqmeebis xelaxali ga-
dasinjva da sxva. amave valdebulebebidan gamomdinare, evropis sabWom
Tavisi rezoluciiT ganacxada, rom awarmoebs monitorings saqarTve-
loSi arsebul mdgomareobaze misi evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis dRidan.87
evropis sabWoSi gawevrianebam saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs adamianis

uflebaTa sasamarTlos meqanizmebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba mis-
ca, evropis sabWos struqturebSi sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisufle-
bebis dacva xelmisawvdomi gaxada. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi moeqcnen
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa konvenciis dacvis qveS.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia evrosabWos pirveli da

uZvelesi dokumentia, romelic icavs samoqalaqo da politikur uf-
lebebs da amis paralelurad qmnis adamianis uflebaTa dacvis qmediT
meqanizms sazedamxedvelo organos adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sa-
samarTlos saxiT, romlis gadawyvetilebebi wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis
Sesasruleblad savaldebuloa.
evropuli konvencia evropis sabWom 1950 wels miiRo. konvencia ti-

piur evropul tradiciebze aRmocenebuli dokumentia, romelic komu-
nisturi diqtatisa da msoflmxedvelobidan Tavisufali, demokratiu-
li saxelmwifoebis mier Seiqmna.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia Sedgeba preambulisa da

59 muxlisagan. konvencia moqmedebs yvelaze, vinc eqceva `maRali xel-
87
www.coe.ge.
Semkvreli mxareebis iurisdiqciis farglebSi~ (1-li muxli), miuxeda-

vad maTi moqalaqeobisa, rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianis uflebebis ev-
ropuli konvencia erTdroulad icavs im pirebs, romlebic arian wevr
saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeebi, apatridebi, bipatridebi da is ucxoelebi,
romlebic evrosabWos wevri saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis qveS imyofebi-
an. konvencia moqmedebs wevr saxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciis qveS myof fi-
zikur da iuridiul pirebze.
evropuli konvencia konkretul uflebebs Seexeba. esenia: sicoc-

xlis ufleba; wamebis akrZalva; monobisa da iZulebiTi Sromis akrZal-
va; Tavisuflebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba; samarTliani sasamarTlos
ufleba; sasjelis ukuqceviTi gamoyenebis akrZalva; piradi da ojaxu-
ri cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba; azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavi-
sufleba; gamoxatvis Tavisufleba; Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisuf-
leba; qorwinebis ufleba; samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqturi saSualebis
gamoyenebis ufleba; diskriminaciis akrZalva.
konvenciis mesame nawili Seexeba evropuli sasamarTlos sakiTxebs.
konvencias aqvs 14 damatebiTi oqmi, romelTagan ZalaSi Sesulia kon-

venciis I , II, IV, VI, VII da XII oqmebi. eseni konvenciiT garantirebul ufle-
baTa gafarToebas exeba. kerZod:
konvenciis I damatebiTi oqmiT aRiarebulia qonebiT daubrkoleb-
lad sargeblobis ufleba, ganaTlebis miRebis ufleba, Tavisufali ar-
Cevnebis ufleba;
IV damatebiTi oqmi uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos teritoriaze kano-
nierad myofi yvela pirisaTvis Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da sacxov-
rebeli adgilis arCevis uflebas;
VI oqmiT aikrZala sikvdiliT dasja mSvidobianobis dros, rac, amave
dros, gaxda evrosabWoSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi piroba;
VII damatebiTma oqmma sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi msjavrdebul
pirebs mianiWa maT winaaRmdeg gamotanili sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli
ganaCenis zemdgom instanciaSi gasaCivrebisa da mcdari ganaCeniT maT-
Tvis miyenebuli zianis kompensaciis ufleba;
akrZala erTi da imave saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi
piris xelmeored gasamarTleba an im danaSaulisaTvis dasja, romlis-
Tvisac piri ukve gamarTlebuli an msjavrdebuli iyo;
konvenciis XII damatebiTi oqmiT aikrZala yovelgvari diskriminacia;
XIII oqmma akrZala sikvdiliT dasja nebismier viTarebaSi;
186 kari meore
konvenciis XI da XIV oqmebi procesualur sakiTxebs Seexeba da maTSi

saubaria evropuli sasamarTlos reorganizaciaze.
konvencia pirveli dokumentia, romelmac adamianis uflebaTa dac-

vis aRsrulebis efeqturi meqanizmi Seqmna. sasamarTlo ixilavs davas
saxelmwifo saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg (magaliTad, adamianis ufleba-
Ta evropul sasamarTloSi ixileba dava `saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaR-
mdeg~/Georgia v. Russia88) da im pirTa individualur ganacxadebs, romle-
bic uCivian sakuTar saxelmwifos an evropis sabWos sxva wevr saxelmwifo-
ebs maTi uflebebis darRvevisaTvis (magaliTad, `gurgeniZe saqarTvelos
winaaRmdeg~/Gurgenidze v. Georgia).89 ganacxadis Setana ramdenime saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdegac ki SeiZleba (magaliTad, `Samaevi da 12 sxva ruseTisa da
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg~ /Shamaev and 12 other v. Russia and Georgia).90
mopasuxe saxelmwifo evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe evropuli kon-

venciiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis
faqtebze pasuxobs, xolo sasamarTlo, gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze,
maT winaSe, visi uflebebicaa (fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebis) dar-
Rveuli. am SemTxvevaSi, pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros mxolod
saxelmwifos. aqedan gamomdinare, mopasuxe individualur ganacxadze
SeiZleba iyos mxolod saxelmwifo.
sasamarTlo iurisdiqcia vrceldeba konvenciisa da misi oqmebis gan-

martebasa da gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxze, romlebic
mas gadaecema gansaxilvelad. iurisdiqciasTan dakavSirebul sadavo
sakiTxebs Tavad sasamarTlo wyvets. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyve-
tileba savaldebuloa xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis. zedamxedveloba
gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze ekisreba ministrTa komitets.
evropis konvencia saqarTveloSi moqmedebs uSualod, rogorc sa-

qarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofeli nawili, da Tu igi ar ewinaaR-
mdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs
upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis
mimarT. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba konvenciiT aRiarebuli ufle-
bebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZ-
levs, mimarTon adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos, romelic
strasburgSi mdebareobs.
88
Georgia v. Russia V. an VS laTinurad Versus `winaaRmdeg~. adamianis uflebaTa
evropul sasamarTloSi (igive starsburgis sasamarTlo) 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarT-
velos konfliqtSi dazaralebuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis sarCelebi ganixile-
ba ruseTis winaaRmdeg.
89
ganacxadi # 71678/01, 17/01/2007 (gadawyvetileba).
90
saqme # 36378/02, 25/04/2005 (gadawyvetileba).
konvenciis farglebSive Seqmnilia sazedamxedvelo organo, rome-

lic Tvalyurs adevnebs wevr saxelmwifoTa mier sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebebis aRsrulebas. `sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetileba
gadaecema ministrTa komitets, romelic zedamxedvelobs mis aRsru-
lebas~.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia qmnis adamianis uflebaTa

dacvis efeqtur meqanizms sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo, romelic stras-
burgSi (safrangeTi) mdebareobs, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeqturi
meqanizmia da misi gadawyvetilebebi yvelaze kargad asaxavs adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis xarisxsa da simwvaves ama Tu im wevr saxelmwifoSi.
evropuli sasamarTlos dadebiTi gadawyvetileba, aseve adamianis

uflebaTa analogiur darRvevaTa momavalSi Tavidan acileba stras-
burgis meqanizmis sakvanZo sakiTxia.
Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, evropuli sasamarTlo praqtika ix-

veweboda da viTardeboda, ayalibebda standartebs adamianis ufleba-
Ta dacvis sferoSi. evropuli konvenciisa da evropuli sasamarTlos
precedentuli samarTali ayalibebs adamianis uflebaTa evropul
standartebs, romlebzec dafuZnebulia evropis saxelmwifoTa samar-
Tlebrivi sistema. es ki, Tavis mxriv, avtoritetsa da did popularobas
sZens adamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTlos. amis dasturia Sesu-
li ganacxadebis raodenoba.
evrosabWos egidiT miRebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa xel-

moweriTa da ratificirebiT saqarTvelom ikisra adamianis uflebaTa
da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa aRiarebis, dacvis, ganmtkicebisa da pati-
viscemis valdebuleba. am ukanasknelis ganxorcieleba mniSvnelovnad
aris damokidebuli saerTaSoriso normebis erovnul kanonmdebloba-
Si inkorporirebasa da erovnuli sasamarTloebis mier saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebaTa da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo praqtikis gamoyenebaze.
am valdebulebaTa Semadgeneli nawilia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli
sasamarTlo praqtika da amave sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyveti-
lebebi. saqarTvelos sasamarTloebi konkretul saqmeze gadawyveti-
lebis gamotanisas mimarTaven evropis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciisa
da evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals.
saqarTveloSi evropuli sasamarTlos popularobis maCvenebelia

saqarTvelodan masSi Sesuli sarCelebis raodenoba. marTalia, isi-
ni sasamarTloSi Sesul ganacxadTa saerTo raodenobaSi gadamwyvet
rols ar asruleben, magram saqarTvelosTvis, misi moqalaqeebisa da
188 kari meore
misi iurisdiqciis qveS myof pirTaTvis yovel gadawyvetilebas udi-

desi mniSvneloba aqvs (aq igulisxmeba rogorc evrosasamarTloSi mo-
gebuli saqmeebi, aseve evrosasamarTloSi moqalaqeTa mier wagebuli
saqmeebic).91
strasburgis sasamarTlos mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Sesuli

da ganxiluli saqmeebi metad mravalferovania da uflebaTa farTo
speqtrs moicavs. isini exeba sicocxlis uflebis darRvevis, wamebis, Ta-
visuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis uflebis, samarTliani sasamarTlos,
sakuTrebis, arCevnebis, sityvis Tavisuflebis sakiTxebs.
evropuli konvencia saqmis sasamarTlo warmoebaSi miRebisaTvis gan-

sazRvravs kriteriumebs, romelTac ganacxadi unda akmayofilebdes,
kerZod:
ganacxadi unda exebodes evropuli konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul

uflebaTa darRvevas;
uflebaTa darRveva unda fiqsirdebodes wevri saxelmwifos mier
evropul konvenciaze ratificirebis Semdeg;
amowuruli unda iyos SidasamarTlebrivi dacvis meqanizmebi;
gasuli ar unda iyos sasamarTlosTvis ganacxadiT mimarTvidan
6-Tviani vada;
ganacxadi ar unda iyos aSkarad usafuZvlo;
ganacxadi ar unda iyos anonimuri;
ganacxadis borotad gamoyeneba dauSvebelia;
ganacxadi ar unda ixilebodes sxva saerTaSoriso organoebSi.
ra Sedegebs unda elodos moqalaqe Tavisi ganacxadis dakmayofile-

bis SemTxvevaSi? Tu sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom konvencia dairRva, mas
SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba `samarTliani dakmayofilebis~ Sesa-
xeb, rac gamoixateba fuladi kompensaciiT. kompensaciis gadaxda ekis-
reba uflebis damrRvev saxelmwifos. magaliTad, saqmeze àsaniZe v.
saqarTvelo~92 evropulma sasamarTlom aRiara saqarTvelos moqala-
qe asaniZis uflebebis darRvevis faqti da mopasuxe saxelmwifos anu
saqarTvelos daakisra asaniZisaTvis kompensaciis saxiT 150 000 (as or-
91
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganCinebebi da saqarTvelos winaaR-
mdeg ganxiluli saqmeebi SegiZliaT ixiloT saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros
oficialur vebgverdze: http://www.justice.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=103, xolo
ènuqiZe da girgvliani v. saqarTvelo~ saqarTvelos advokatTa asociaciis ofi-
cialur vebgverdze: http://gba.ge/new/admin/editor/uploads/les/newsebis/Girgvliani_ECHR_
GEO_Final.pdf.
92
Asanidze v. Georgia, 71503/01/08, 04.204, http://www.justice.gov.ge/les/Documents/adam/
asanidze%5B1%5D.pdf.
mocdaaTi aTasi) evros (ekvivalenti larebSi) gadaxda angariSsworebis

dRisTvis arsebuli kursiT; aseve, 5 000 evros gadaxda gaweuli xarje-
bisaTvis.
sasamarTlo ar aris uflebamosili, gaauqmos saxelmwifos mier ga-

motanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebi an kanonebi; sasamarTlo ar
agebs pasuxs Tavisi gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebaze. sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebis aRsrulebaze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs evropis sab-
Wos ministrTa komiteti, romlis amocanaa, meTvalyureoba gauwios gan-
Cinebis Sesrulebas da uzrunvelyos nebismieri kompensaciis gadaxda.
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi, evropis sabWos egidiT, sxva-

dasxva dros miRebul iqna 200-ze meti konvencia da Seiqmna mravalfe-
rovani meqanizmebi. ganvixiloT mxolod ramdenime maTgani:
evropis socialuri qartia. adamianis socialur da ekonomikur uf-

lebaTa dacvis mizniT evropis sabWom 1961 wels miiRo evropis socia-
luri qartia, romelmac sxvadasxva dros garkveuli cvlilebebi gani-
cada. qartiiT aRiarebul iqna iseTi uflebebi, rogorebicaa: Tanabari
samuSao pirobebi, socialuri uzrunvelyofa, axalgazrdebis socia-
luri, samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri dacva, moxucTa socialuri dac-
va da sxva. 2005 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma moaxdina evropis soci-
aluri qartiis ratificireba, xolo 2006 wels aRniSnuli dokumenti
ZalaSi Sevida.
regionalur da umciresobaTa enebis evropuli qartia. qartia

miRebul iqna 1992 wels da Seexeba ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis sakiT-
xebs im enebze, romlebic warmoadgenen umciresobis an regionul enebs.
qartiaSi mocemuli sxva uflebebi ukavSirdeba sasamarTlo ganxilvis
dros mediaSi administraciul da saxelmwifo struqturebSi gamoyene-
buli enis sakiTxebs.
erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis CarCokonvencia miRebul iqna ev-

ropis sabWos mier 1995 wels. konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo valde-
bulia, daicvas erovnul umciresobaTa uflebebi, kanonis winaSe Ta-
nasworuflebianoba, kulturuli TviTmyofadoba, umciresobaTa enis
gamoyenebis ufleba da sxva. saqarTvelo am konvencias 2005 wels Seu-
erTda.
190 kari meore
nawili meoTxe
calkeuli jgufebis
uflebaTa dacva
saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi saubari iqneba im adamianTa uflebebze,

romelTac TavianTi fizikuri, gonebrivi, asakobrivi Tu sxva SesaZleb-
lobebis an garkveuli garemoebebis gamo sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos
mxridan meti yuradReba sWirdebaT. maT iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogo-
ric sxva moqalaqeebs, magram maTi uflebebis dacva, maTive mdgomare-
obidan gamomdinare, ufro met Zalisxmevas moiTxovs saxelmwifosgan.
garda amisa, am kategoriis adamianebi xSirad ganicdian diskriminacias,
maTi uflebebi ufro naklebadaa daculi, maTdami damokidebulebaSi
arsebobs stigma, aseT adamianebs xSirad ar ZaluZT sakuTari uflebe-
bis dacva, da sxvisi daxmarebis imedad arian.
nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT imsjeloT iseT sakiTxebze, ro-

goricaa:
rogor aris daculi erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis da sxva

jgufebis uflebebi?
vin CaiTvleba devnilad da rogoraa daculi maTi uflebebi?
vin da rogor icavs bavSvis uflebebs?
ras niSnavs genderuli Tanasworoba?
umciresobaTa uflebebi
sazogadoeba istoriis ganviTarebis yovel safexurze gadis garkve-

ul gamocdas tolerantobaze. amerikeli pastoris, ralf u. sokmenis,
gamonaTqvami `simamacis testi maSin dgeba, rodesac Cven umciresoba-
Si varT, tolerantobisa ki umravlesobaSi yofnisas~ naTlad gamoxa-
tavs sxvadasxva erovnuli, religiuri, Tu sxva saxis umciresobebisad-
mi Semwynareblobis arss.
Tavi 4.1
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis
mqone pirTa uflebebi
Cven garSemo mravladaa adamiani, romlebic TavianTi fizikuri Tu

gonebrivi mdgomareobis gamo gansakuTrebul movlasa da mzrunvelo-
bas saWiroeben. maTi SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare, maT SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebs uwodeben.93
Tavdapirvelad gavarkvioT, Tu vin CaiTvleba SezRuduli SesaZ-

leblobebis mqone pirad (SSmp). es aris adamiani, romelsac daavadebis,
travmis, gonebrivi Tu fizikuri defeqtis Sedegad, janmrTelobis met-
naklebad moSlis gamo, darRveuli aqvs organizmis sasicocxlo fun-
qciebi, rac ganapirobebs profesiuli Sromis unaris srul an nawilob-
riv dakargvas, anda yofa-cxovrebis arsebiTad gaZnelebas, rasac igi
mihyavs qmedunarianobis droebiT an mudmiv SezRudvamde da socialu-
ri dacvis saWiroebamde.94
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebis yofa gamoixateba sazo-

gadoebis damokidebulebis, sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da mate-
93
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa (SSmp) uflebebis dacvisas problemas
qmnis zusti statistikuri monacemebis arqona. SSmp-Ta raodenoba aiTvleba ar-
sebuli monacemebis pensiis mimReb pirTa raodenobidan da ar aris sruli, radgan
am saxelmwifo socialuri momsaxurebiT sargebloben mxolod mkveTrad da mniS-
vnelovnad gamoxatuli SesaZleblobis SezRudvis statusis mqone pirebi da zomi-
erad gamoxatuli SesaZleblobis SezRudvis statusis mqone pirTa viwro wre, rac,
2010 wlis monacemebiT, Seadgens 138 614 SSmp-s. ix. socialuri momsaxurebis saagen-
tos monacemebi: http://ssa.gov.ge/uploads/Pension%20122010%20ge/Book1.xls; saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelis perioduli angariSi, 2010, gv. 497.
94
saqarTvelos kanoni `samedicino-socialuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb~, me-3 b muxli.
192 kari meore
rialuri garemos imgvari erTobliobiT, romlis Sedegad sxvadasxva

fizikuri, fsiqoemociuri, gonebrivi Tu sensomotoruli problemis
mqone adamianebs (SSmp) ar gaaCniaT pirovnuli ganviTarebisa da TviT-
realizaciis Tanabari SesaZlebloba.
unarebis SezRudvis fenomens mravali aspeqti aqvs. dRemde SSmp-Ta

problemebi ganixileboda mxolod jandacvis prizmaSi da aRiqmeboda
rogorc samedicino problema, romlis identifikacia safuZvels uq-
mnis socialuri dacvis garkveuli meqanizmebis amoqmedebas konkre-
tulad, invalidobis pensiasa da zogierT finansur SeRavaTs, agreTve
garkveuli samedicino momsaxurebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. amasTan,
aranakleb mniSvnelovania am problemis sxva aspeqtebic, romlebic
ukavSirdeba, erTi mxriv, aseTi adamianebis reabilitacias, raTa isini
ukeT moergon arsebul garemos; meore mxriv, TviT fizikuri da soci-
aluri garemos Secvlas im mimarTulebiT, rom maT mieceT meti SesaZ-
lebloba, CaerTon sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da srulad isargeblon
yvela im SesaZleblobiTa Tu momsaxurebiT, razec qveynis sxva moqala-
qeebs miuwvdebaT xeli.
amdenad, SSmp-Ta sakiTxebi unda ganixilebodes, pirvel rigSi, ada-

mianis uflebebis WrilSi: diskriminaciis aRmofxvris, socialuri Car-
Tulobis (inkluziis) da SesaZleblobebis gaTanabrebis TvalsazrisiT,
rac moiTxovs ara marto maTi uflebebis samarTlebriv uzrunvelyo-
fas, aramed mizandasaxul politikas da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, `pozi-
tiuri qmedebis~ principis amoqmedebas.
adamianis uflebebi da interesebi daculia imis miuxedavad, adamiani

janmrTelia Tu SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piria (SSmp).
Tavidanve unda aRiniSnos, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone

pirebs iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogoric janmrTel adamianebs, magram
aris sferoebi, sadac amgvari adamianebis uflebaTa realizaciisas ka-
nonmdebeli damatebiT garantiebs iTvaliswinebs naTesavis an kanoni-
eri warmomadgenlis yolas. xSirad aRniSnuli pirebisaTvis uflebebis
qona maTi realizaciis SesaZleblobas ar niSnavs. magaliTad, pirs, ro-
melsac aqvs gadaadgilebis ufleba, specialuri transportis an Seno-
ba-nagebobebis mis moTxovnilebebTan SeuTavseblobis gamo, realurad
ar SeuZlia am uflebiT sargebloba; usinaTlos, romelsac aqvs survi-
li, miiRos ganaTleba, brailis SriftiT dabeWdili saxelmZRvaneloe-
bisa da specialuri swavlebis meTodis gareSe am uflebis realizacia
ar ZaluZs.
Sesaferisi garemo pirobebis ararsebobis gamo, maTi mdgomareobi-

dan gamomdinare, es pirebi xSirad diskriminirebulni arian. isini dis-
kriminacias ganicdian dasaqmebis, ganaTlebis, jandacvis sferoSi, sa-
moqalaqo, politikuri, socialuri uflebebis ganxorcielebisas.
saxelmwifo valdebulia, uzrunvelyos da xeli Seuwyos SSmp-ebis mier

adamianis yvela uflebiTa da ZiriTadi TavisuflebiT srul sargeblobas
yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis safuZ-
velze. am miznis misaRwevad saxelmwifo movalea: miiRos yvela saWiro sa-
kanonmdeblo, administraciuli an sxva zoma SSmp-Ta uflebebis dasacavad;
miiRos yvela saWiro zoma, kanonmdeblobis CaTvliT, raTa Secvalon an

gaauqmon arsebuli kanonebi, dadgenilebebi, Cveulebebi da saxelmwifoTa
praqtika, romelic diskriminaciulia SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
pirTa mimarT;
gaiTvaliswinos SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa uflebebis

dacva da xelSewyoba yvela mimarTulebasa da programaSi (jandacvis, so-
cialuri uzrunvelyofis, ganaTlebis);
miiRos yvela saWiro zoma, raTa aRmofxvras nebismieri piris, organi-

zaciis an kerZo sawarmos mier ganxorcielebuli diskriminacia SezRudu-
li SesaZleblobebis safuZvelze.
imisTvis, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebs damoukideb-

lad cxovrebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi srulad
monawileobis saSualeba mieceT, saxelmwifom unda mimarTos yvela Se-
sabamis zomas, raTa am pirebs, sxvebTan Tanabar pirobebSi, xeli miuw-
vdebodeT fizikur garemoze, transportze, informaciasa da komuni-
kaciaze sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis CaTvliT, da
sazogadoebisTvis xelmisawvdom sxva saSualebebsa da momsaxurebaze,
rogorc qalaqSi, aseve qalaqgareT. es gulisxmobs Senobebis, gzebis,
satransporto da sxva Sida Tu gare saSualebebis, maT Soris: skolebis,
sacxovrebeli saxlebis, samedicino dawesebulebebisa da samuSao adgi-
lebis pandusebiTa da sxva saSualebebiT mowyobas, rac xels Seuwyobs
SSmp-Ta daubrkolebliv gadaadgilebas.
swored am suliskveTebiTaa gamsWvaluli 2006 wlis gaeros konvencia

da misi damatebiTi oqmebi.
marTalia, saqarTvelom 2009 wlis 10 ivliss xeli moawera konvencias

da mis damatebiT oqms (misi ZaliT iqmneba saxelSekrulebo organo, ro-
melic saSualebas aZlevs individs an saxelmwifos, gaasaCivros specia-
lur komitetSi SSmp-Ta uflebebis darRveva, aseve iTvaliswinebs saxel-
194 kari meore
mwifoTa mier perioduli angariSebis wardgenis valdebulebas), Tumca

dRemde ar momxdara misi ratificireba saqarTvelos parlamentis mier.95
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis 2011 wlis rekomendaciaSi, romelic

man warudgina saqarTvelos parlaments, aRniSnulia: SSmp-Ta uflebe-
bi daculia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, romelic aRiarebs yvela mo-
qalaqis ZiriTad uflebebs; kanoniT `samedicino-socialuri eqsperti-
zis Sesaxeb~, romliTac xdeba qmedunarobis SezRudvis xarisxis dadge-
na; saqarTvelos kanoniT `fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb~, romelic
aregulirebs fsiqikurad daavadebul pirTa uflebebs, samedicino da
samarTlebrivi daxmarebis meqanizmebs, misi kanonieri warmomadgenlis,
samedicino dawesebulebisa da saxelmwifos valdebulebebs aseTi pi-
ris mimarT; sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, romelic sisxlissamarTleb-
riv pasuxismgeblobas awesebs SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris
uflebebis SezRudvaze; aseve samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsi, romli-
Tac ganisazRvreba araqmeduunaro pirisTvis meurvis daniSvnis wesi da
saarCevno kodeqsiT, romelmac SesaZlebloba misca SSmp-ebs, kerZod ki
usinaTloebs, brailis Sriftis meSveobiT waikiTxon da xma miscen maT-
Tvis sasurvel kandidats an partias arCevnebSi.
Tavi 4.2
erovnuli da eTnikuri
umciresobebis uflebebi
saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo da dRemde rCeba tolerantulobis uni-

kaluri gamocdilebis mqone qveynad.
tolerantuli damokidebulebis testi erovnul da eTnikur umci-

resobaTa mimarTac gamoiyeneba. saqarTvelo eTnikuri, kulturuli
da religiuri TvalsazrisiT mravalerovani qveyanaa. es saxelmwifos
mxridan moiTxovs erovnul umciresobebTan dakavSirebuli politikis
SemuSavebas da am politikis cxovrebaSi gatarebas. saqarTvelos kon-
stitucia aRiarebs:
95
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2009 wlis 15 dekembers # 978 gankargulebiT damtkice-
buli `SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa socialuri integraciis 2010-2012
wlebis samTavrobo samoqmedo gegma~ iTvaliswinebs, faqtobrivad, yvela im valde-
bulebas, romelic gawerilia gaeros SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirTa kon-
venciaSi. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis wliuri moxseneba, 2010, gv. 498-499.
`saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanaswori arian socialur, ekonomikur,

kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli, eT-
nikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad, maT uf-
leba aqvT, Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe, ga-
naviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi da
sajarod~ (saqarTvelos konstitucia, muxli 38.1).
ras niSnavs erovnuli umciresoba? miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReo-

biT saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs erovnuli umciresobis er-
Tiani cneba, saerTaSoriso eqspertTa da saerTaSoriso organoTa Za-
lisxmeviT Camoyalibda erovnuli umciresobis terminis gansazRvre-
ba: erovnuli umciresoba saxelmwifoSi mcxovreb moqalaqeTa jgufia,
romelic ricxobrivad mcirea ZiriTad mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da
gansxvavdeba misgan Tavisi eniT, religiiT, eTnikuri kuTvnilebiT.96
umciresobaTa winamorbedebad gvevlinebian `religiuri umciresobe-
bi~.
feodalur samyaroSi, romelic ar icnobda eris cnebas, saxelmwi-

foebi cdilobdnen sxva qveyanaSi mcxovreb erTmorwmuneTa dacvas am
qveyanaSi gabatonebuli maTTvis ucxo religiisagan, risTvisac aseT
qveynebTan debdnen saTanado SeTanxmebas. XVII s-idan moyolebuli, ev-
ropuli saxelmwifoebis praqtikaSi xSirdeba am saxis xelSekrulebani
erTmaneTs Soris (mag.: vestfaliisa da insbrukis 1648 wlis xelSekru-
lebani, venis 1815 wlis kongresis aqtebi da sxv.).
XX s-idan religiur umciresobaTa dacva icvleba èrovnul umcire-

sobaTa~ interesebis uzrunvelyofiT. poloneTTan, CexoslovakiasTan,
iugoslaviasTan, ungreTTan, bulgareTTan, rumineTTan, saberZneTTan
da TurqeTTan dadebul xelSekrulebebSi inglisma da safrangeTma Se-
itanes specialuri punqtebi èrovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~.
analogiur termins iyenebda erTa ligac, romelsac uSualod ekisre-
boda erovnul umciresobaTa interesebis dacva. gaero uaryofs erov-
nul umciresobaTa uflebas uSualod mimarTon mas peticiiT, magram,
amasTan erTad, TviT saxelmwifoebis mimarT aZlierebs adamianisa da
erebis Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis xelSeuxeblobis moTxovnebs. wina-
aRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, damnaSave saxelmwifos mimarT sanqciad iZulebis
formebi gamoiyeneba. gaeros wesdeba ar xmarobs termins èrovnuli
umciresoba~, magram sxvadasxva instrumentebiTa da meqanizmebiT qmnis
maTi dacvis realur garantiebs.
96
mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, Tb., 2010.
196 kari meore
1992 wels gaerom miiRo deklaracia ìm pirTa uflebebis Sesaxeb,

romlebic erovnul Tu eTnikur, religiur Tu enobriv umciresobebs
miekuTvnebian~. deklaraciis mixedviT, erovnul umciresobebs unda mi-
eceT ufleba, Tavisuflad eziaron TavianT kulturas, religias, ga-
moiyenon TavianTi ena sajaro da pirad cxovrebaSi, aqtiurad miiRon
monawileoba qveynis kulturul, religiur, sazogadoebriv, ekonomi-
kur Tu saxelmwifoebriv cxovrebaSi, saxelmwifos centraluri Tu ad-
gilobrivi organoebis im gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi, romlebic exeba
umciresobis beds; saxelmwifoebi iReben zomebs, raTa kanonis winaSe
sruli Tanasworobis safuZvelze uzrunvelyon umciresobaTa yoveli
warmomadgenlisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa reali-
zacia; uqmnian maT xelsayrel pirobebs, raTa saSualeba miscen, gamoam-
JRavnon TavianTi Taviseburebani, ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, ena,
religia, tradiciebi da Cveulebani, Tu maTi konkretuli saqmianoba ar
ewinaaRmdegeba qveynis erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso sa-
marTals. Tavis mxriv, am umciresobebma saTanado angariSi unda gauwion
imas, rom akrZalulia yovelgvari saqmianoba, romelic èwinaaRmdegeba
gaeros miznebsa da principebs, maT Soris saxelmwifoTa suverenuli
Tanasworobis, tradiciuli mTlianobisa da politikuri damoukideb-
lobis principebs~ (muxli 8.4).
swored es azria gatarebuli saqarTvelos konstituciaSic:
`saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da

normebis Sesabamisad, umciresobaTa uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes saqarTvelos suverenitets, saxelmwifo wyobilebas,
teritoriul mTlianobasa da politikur damoukideblobas~ (muxli 38.2).
erovnul umciresobaTa sakiTxi mwvaved idga ssr kavSiris daSlis

procesSi, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac ssr kavSiris 1990 wlis apri-
lis kanoniT avtonomiur respublikebsa da sxva avtonomiebs ufleba
miecaT, TviTonve gadaewyvitaT TavianTi bedi da gamoyofodnen im res-
publikas, romelic ssr kavSiridan gamosvlas daapirebda. pirvel rig-
Si, es Seexo saqarTvelos, azerbaijansa da moldovas, sadac ewyoboda
e.w. eTnikuri konfliqtebi, romlebic ruseTis reaqciuli wreebis mier
iyo inspirirebuli da maTi uSualo daxmarebiT sargeblobda. es wreebi
cdilobdnen, Signidan aefeTqebinaT damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli
yofili `mokavSire respublikebi~, magram amas dabrkolebas uqmnida da
uqmnis saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba, romelic uaryofs
nebismieri erovnuli umciresobis wadils, calmxrivad gamoeyos saxel-
mwifos.
erovnuli umciresobis problemas did yuradRebas aqcevs èvropu-

li CarCokonvencia erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~97 da evro-
pis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1992 wels damtkicebuli `regio-
nuli Tu umciresobaTa enebis qartia~. mxareebi iReben valdebulebas,
uzrunvelyon eTnikuri, religiuri da enobrivi jgufebis wevrTa kul-
turuli, religiuri, enobrivi da adaT-Cveulebebis dacva da xelis Sew-
yoba maTi ganviTarebisaTvis, ar dauSvan maTi diskriminacia sazogado-
ebrivi da politikuri cxovrebis arc erT sferoSi.98
ìm pirebs, romlebic erovnul umciresobas miekuTvnebian, am jgufis

danarCen wevrebTan erTad, aqvT ufleba, hqondeT TavianTi kultura,
isargeblon mSobliuri eniT, daaarson skolebi da miiRon ganaTleba maT-
Tvis sasurvel enaze, agreTve misdion TavianT religias~.99
erovnuli umciresobis cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia erovnuli war-

momavlobis cneba, romelsac ramdenime mniSvnelobiT iyeneben: a) eri-
sadmi kuTvnilebis, wminda eTnikuri (ena, adaT-Cveulebebi da a.S.) mniS-
vnelobiT. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia aRniSnavs, rom
CamoTvlili uflebebi `miniWebuli unda hqondes yvela adamians, ganur-
Cevlad raime gansxvavebisa rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis,
politikuri Tu sxva mrwamsis, erovnuli Tu socialuri warmomavlobis
mixedviT~. evropuli konvencia adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
dacvis Sesaxeb kidev ufro azustebs:
a) akrZalulia diskriminacia, erovnuli da socialuri warmoSobis,

erovnuli umciresobis kuTvnilebis ganurCevlad (muxli 14);
b) moqalaqeobis aRmniSvnel terminad gamoiyeneba Citizenship, Natio-
nality, rac ganpirobebuli iyo evropaSi erebis CamoyalibebiT, erovnu-
li suverenitetisa da e.w. eri saxelmwifoebis (Nation States) Camoyalibe-
biT (italia, safrangeTi da sxv.).
amitom ama Tu im ucxo qveynis sakonsuloSi vizis misaRebad Sesavsebi

anketis grafaSi nationality Caiwereba ara eTnikuri mniSvnelobiT erov-
neba (qarTveli, somexi, azerbaijaneli), aramed rogorc pirovnebis mo-
qalaqeoba. (mag.: didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, italiis da a. S.) saqar-
Tvelos kanonmdeblobiT, aseT kiTxvaze vizis momTxovnma unda Caweros
`saqarTvelos~, rac moqalaqeobis da ara erovnuli warmomavlobis
aRmniSvnelia.
97
ZalaSi Sevida 1.02.1998.
98
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso leqsikoni-cnobari, gv. 91.
99
evrosabWos CarCokonvencia eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb.
198 kari meore
rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli evropuli ko-

misia, arsebul saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv masalaze dayrdnobiT as-
kvnis: `dauSvebelia nebismieri saxis diskriminacia adamianisa Tu ada-
mianTa jgufis mimarT rasis, kanis feris, religiis, enis, moqalaqeobis
(nationality), erovnuli (national) da eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze~.
aqve komisia aRniSnavs, rom termini èrovneba~ (Nationality) mas esmis ise,
rogorc es aRniSnulia èvropul konvenciaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~,
romelic acxadebs: èrovneba~ (Nationality) niSnavs samarTlebriv kavSirs
pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris da ar miuTiTebs pirovnebis eTnikur
warmoSobaze~. safrangeTisa da ucxoeTis sxva saxelmwifoebis kanonebi
`moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ iyeneben termins Nationality, rogorc `moqala-
qeobis~ aRmniSvnels.100
evrosabWos egidiT miRebul èrovnul umciresobaTa CarCokonven-

ciaSi~, romlis monawile saqarTvelocaa, erovnul umciresobaSi Sema-
val yvela pirs aqvs ufleba, Tavad gadawyvitos, surs Tu ara mas moep-
yron rogorc erovnuli umciresobis warmomadgenels. am debulebis
Tanaxmad, yvelas, vinc erovnul umciresobas miekuTvneba, SeuZlia Ta-
vad gansazRvros, isargeblos Tu ara dacvis im garantiebiT, romlebic
CarCokonvenciiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli.
eri im xalxis erTobaa, vinc moaxdina TviTgamorkveva, aqvs saerTo

istoria, ena, kultura, qveyana. ers marTavs erTi damoukidebeli mTav-
roba, aqvs damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, teritoria, saerTo wes-Cveule-
bebi, warmomavloba da istoria.101
erovnuli umciresobebisagan gansxvavebiT, eTnikuri jgufi, eTni-

kuri warmomavloba istoriulad Camoyalibebuli adamianTa mdgradi
socialuri, sazogadoebrivi erTobaa, romelsac aqvs saerTo ena, adaT-
Cveulebebi, miTebi, kultura, rwmena. eTnikur erTobas qmnis eri mra-
valsaukunovani eTnikuri warmonaqmni, romelic eri-saxelmwifos Ziri-
Tadi mosaxleobaa, an sxva erTan erTad marTavs saxelmwifos. eTnikur
jgufebSi SedarebiT mcirericxovani Temebia, romlebic istoriulad
arseboben saxelmwifos teritoriaze da gansxvavdebian danarCeni mo-
saxleobisagan Tavisi adaT-CvevebiT, eniT, kulturiT, rwmeniT. eTni-
kuri jgufi aris adamianTa erToblioba, romelic iziarebs erT an ram-
denime maxasiaTebels, iseTebs, rogorebicaa: ena, naTesaoba, warmoSoba,
rasa, kultura, religia, istoria an fizikuri garegnoba.102
100
adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTlis leqsikoni-cnobari, Tb., 2005, gv. 92.
101
erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis marTva, red.: j. javaxiSvili, n. sarjvelaZe,
Tb., 2007.
102
mravalferovnebis marTvis safuZvlebi, red. m. miTagvaria, Tb., 2010.
zogierTi eTnikuri jgufi cdilobs, xazi gausvas am gansakuTre-

bulobas da ewinaaRmdegeba asimilacias. zogi erwymis umravlesoba-
Si myof mosaxleobas ers, magram inarCunebs yofiT Taviseburebebs,
enas an dialeqts. Tanamedrove saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi aqtebi
krZalavs nebismier diskriminacias èrovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmomav-
lobis safuZvelze~. agresiuli separatizmi iyenebs eTnikur Tavise-
burebebs eTnikuri jgufis wevrTa Tavisi politikuri zraxvebis rea-
lizaciaSi Cabmis mizniT, rac akrZalulia Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
samarTliT.
erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis cneba kavSirSia rasobrivi dis-

kriminaciis akrZalvis sakiTxTan. rasobrivi diskriminaciis akrZalvis
sakiTxi figurirebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis yvela saerTaSoriso
aqtSi, iqneba es adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, samoqala-
qo da politikur uflebaTa paqti, evropuli konvencia, gaeros konven-
cia rasobrivi diskriminaciis likvidaciis Sesaxeb, Tu evropuli Car-
Cokonvencia umciresobaTa Sesaxeb.
rasobrivi diskriminaciis103 amkrZalavi normebi uxvad moiZebneba

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. Sromis kodeqsSi, saja-
ro samsaxuris Sesaxeb kanonSi, danaSaulad aris aRiarebuli adamianTa
Tanasworuflebianobis darRveva maTi rasis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis,
religiisadmi damokidebulebis, aRmsareblobis, politikuri an sxva
Sexedulebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri, socialuri, romelime wodebisadmi
an sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebisadmi kuTvnilebis, warmoSobis, sacxov-
rebeli adgilis an qonebrivi mdgomareobis gamo, ramac arsebiTad xel-
yo adamianis ufleba (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli
142). amave normatiul aqtSi ganmartebulia:
`rasobrivi diskriminacia, ese igi qmedeba, Cadenili erovnuli an rasob-

rivi mtrobis an ganxeTqilebis Camogdebis, erovnuli pativisa da Rirsebis
damcirebis mizniT, agreTve rasis, kanis feris, socialuri kuTvnilebis,
erovnuli an eTnikuri warmomavlobis niSniT adamianis uflebebis pirda-
piri an arapirdapiri SezRudva, anda imave niSniT adamianisaTvis upirate-
sobis miniWeba~ (saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 142.1) .
103
ganmarteba mocemulia winamdebare naSromSi, gv. 148.
200 kari meore
Tavi 4.3
devnilTa uflebebi
moqalaqeebs xSirad erTmaneTSi eSlebaT ori termini `ltolvili~

da ìZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piri devnili~. unda gvaxsovdes, rom
es ori sxvadasxva statusis mqone piria. ltolvilad iTvleba saqarTve-
los teritoriaze Semosuli saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis armqone piri,
romlisaTvisac saqarTvelo ar aris misi warmoSobis qveyana da rome-
lic iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina Tavisi moqalaqeobis an mudmivad
sacxovrebeli qveyana, radgan idevneboda rasis, religiis, erovnuli
kuTvnilebis, romelime socialuri jgufis kuTvnilebis gamo; iZule-
biT gadaadgilebuli piri devnili `saqarTvelos moqalaqe an saqar-
TveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piria, romelic
iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili da gada-
adgilebuliyo (saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebSi) im mizeziT, rom
safrTxe Seeqmna mis an misi ojaxis wevrebis sicocxles, janmrTelobas
an Tavisuflebas ucxo qveynis agresiis, Sida konfliqtebis an adamianis
uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevis gamo~ (saqarTvelos kanoni ìZulebiT
gadaadgilebul pirTa devnilTa Sesaxeb~, 1-li muxli). amJamad saqar-
TveloSi 573 ltolvilia, devnilTa ricxvi ki, mTavrobisa da gaeros
monacemebiT, 130 aTas adamianze meti (okupirebuli samxreT oseTidan
da misi mosazRvre regionebidan). devnilTa didi nawilis sacxovrebel
adgilebSi Semdgomi dabrunebis miuxedavad, 2008 wlis noembris mdgo-
mareobiT, 35 aTas devnilze meti (ZiriTadad, okupirebul samxreT ose-
Tidan) kvlav gadaadgilebulad rCeba da maTi umravlesoba axlo moma-
valSi ver SeZlebs dabrunebas.104
dReisaTvis saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi devnilebis uflebe-

bi regulirdeba ìZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa devnilTa~ Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanoniT. ìZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvane-
lo principebis~ mixedviT, ìZulebiT gadaadgilebulad iTvlebian is
pirebi an pirTa jgufebi, romlebic gamoZevebul iqnen an iZulebuli
gaxdnen, daetovebinaT TavianTi saxli an mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgi-
li, raTa gaqceodnen SeiaraRebul konfliqts, sayovelTao Zaladobas,
adamianis uflebaTa xelyofasa da stiqiur an adamianis mier Seqmnil ka-
tastrofebs da, amasTan, ar gadaukveTiaT saerTaSorisod aRiarebuli
saxelmwifo sazRvari~. zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi erTmaneTisagan
104
saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa
da ltolvilTa saministros monacemebi. ix.: http://mra.gov.ge.
gansxvavdeba imiT, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi devnilebad ar

moiazrebian adamianebi, romlebic stiqiuri an xelovnurad Seqmnili
katastrofebis msxverplni arian. am Seusabamobis axsna im faqtiT SeiZ-
leba, rom saqarTveloSi Seqmnil migraciisa da gansaxlebis komitets
(amJamad: saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gada-
adgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministro) konsul-
taciebs uwevda gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeebis umaRlesi komisariati,
romlis mandati ar iTvaliswinebs devnilTa aseT kategorias. garda
amisa, 1996 wlisTvis swored SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis Sedegad gada-
adgilebul pirebs hqondaT yvelaze seriozuli problemebi.
ìZulebiT gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebis~ Ta-

naxmad, ìZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi saerTaSoriso da adgilob-
rivi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, Tanaswor safuZvelze unda sargeblob-
dnen imave uflebebiTa da TavisuflebiT, riTac sargebloben sxva pire-
bi TavianT qveyanaSi. maT ar unda ganicadon raime saxis diskriminacia
TavianTi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebisas im mizeziT,
rom isini iZulebiT arian gadaadgilebuli~. samarTlebrivad devni-
lebi iseTive uflebiT sargebloben, rogoriTac saqarTvelos sxva mo-
qalaqeebi. Tumca, amasTanave, devnilis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba
qmnis saWiroebas, rom misTvis arsebobdes samarTlebrivi da socialu-
ri dacvis damatebiTi garantiebi. amisaTvis is qveyana, sadac devnilebi
arian, unda ayalibebdes sistemas, romelic uzrunvelyofs devnilebis
dacvas am damatebiTi garantiebiTa da meqanizmebiT. sistemis Camoyali-
bebis procesSi ki mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifom isargeblos da ga-
iTvaliswinos am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso gamocdileba.105
saqarTvelos ltolvilTa da devnilTa samarTlebrivi da socialu-

ri sakiTxebis mogvareba, ZiriTadad, ekisreba saqarTvelos okupirebu-
li teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da
ltolvilTa saministros (SemdgomSi `saministro~).
saqarTvelos teritoriaze iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi dev-

nilis statusis misaRebad gancxadebiT mimarTaven okupirebuli teri-
toriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltol-
vilTa saministros. Tu piri iZulebuli iyo, daetovebina saqarTvelos
teritoria da imyofeba sazRvargareT, mas SeuZlia, mimarTos saqarTve-
los diplomatiur warmomadgenlobas an sakonsulos. devnilis statu-
sis mosapoveblad piri avsebs gancxadebas da mimarTavs ltolvilTa da
gansaxlebis saministros an am saministros teritoriul organoebs.
105
SemuSavebulia saqarTveloSi gadaadgilebul pirTa devnilTa mimarT saxelm-
wifo strategia da strategiis ganxorcielebis gegma (2009-2012).
202 kari meore
statusis miniWebis SemTxvevaSi aseT pirs aZleven specialur mowmobas,

romelic ZalaSia piradobis damadasturebel mowmobasTan erTad (me-
2 muxlis me-8 da me-10 punqtebi). devnilis statusi ar gauqmdeba maSin,
rodesac piri qorwindeba, Seicvlis sacxovrebel adgils da gadadis sa-
qarTvelos sxva regionSi, magram savaldebuloa, man gaiaros registra-
cia. devnilis statusi SesaZlebelia mieniWos devnilis bavSvsac, Tuki
erT-erTi mSobeli an orive devnilia.
Tavi 4.4
bavSvis uflebebi
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs jgufebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul dac-

vas moiTxoven. saxelmwifos aqvs pozitiuri valdebuleba maTi dacvis
efeqturi meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad. saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli dac-
vis qveS myof pirTa Soris moiazrebian bavSvebi.
1989 wels gaeros egidiT miRebul `bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi~

miTiTebulia, rom `bavSvad iTvleba 18 wlamde asakis yvela adamiani, Tu
im kanoniT, romelic bavSvze vrceldeba, srulwlovanebis ufro adreu-
li asaki ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli~ (bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, 1-li
muxli). konvenciis safuZvelze bavSvebs aqvT ufleba, dakmayofildes
maTi ZiriTadi saWiroebebi: arseboba, usafrTxoeba, janmrTelobis
dacva, sakvebisa da wylis misawvdomoba; maT aseve aqvT ufleba, hqondeT
sakuTari potencialis srulad ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba: es aris ga-
naTleba, TamaSi, sporti, sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatvis Tavisuf-
leba da monawileoba im gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic maT exe-
baT.
konvenciiT yvela bavSvs erTi da igive uflebebi aqvs, yvela ufleba

urTierTdakavSirebuli da Tanaswori mniSvnelobisaa. konvencia exeba,
aseve, bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas pativi scen sxva adamianebis, gansa-
kuTrebiT TavianTi mSoblebis uflebebs.
gaeros bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciaSi 54 muxlia, romelTagan TiTo-

eulSi gansazRvrulia gansxvavebuli ufleba. es uflebebi iyofa oTx
jgufad: arseboba, dacva, ganviTareba da monawileoba.
arsebobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs bavSvis sicocxlis

uflebas da uflebas, dakmayofilebul iqnes arsebobisTvis aucilebe-
li saWiroebebi. esenia: sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli da sakmarisi sak-

vebi racioni, sacxovrebeli, cxovrebis adekvaturi done da janmrTe-
lobis dacvis misawvdomoba.
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi gansazRvravs imas, rac

bavSvs sWirdeba Tavisi potencialis srulad ganviTarebisTvis. esenia:
ganaTleba, dasveneba da Tavisufali dro, kulturuli saqmianoba, in-
formaciis misawvdomoba da azris, sindisisa da religiuri rwmenis Ta-
visufleba.
dacvasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi moiTxovs, rom bavSvebi dacul

iyvnen yovelgvari formis Seuracxyofis, ugulebelyofisa da eqsplua-
taciisagan. es uflebebi exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa: ltolvili
bavSvebis sagangebo dacva, dacvis saSualebebi momuSave bavSvebisaT-
vis da im bavSvebis dacva da reabilitacia, romlebmac ganicades raime
formis Zaladoba an eqspluatacia.
monawileobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebi aRiarebs, rom yvela

bavSvs unda mieces SesaZlebloba, aqtiuri roli Seasrulos Tavis Tem-
sa da sazogadoebaSi. es uflebebi moicavs Sexedulebis gamoxatvis Ta-
visuflebas da uflebas, bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba
daeTmos im sakiTxebSi, romlebic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas.
bavSvis unarebis ganviTarebasTan erTad unda gaizardos maTi SesaZ-
lebloba, monawileoba miiRon sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, raTa moemza-
don pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse zrdasruli cxovrebisaTvis.
konvenciis ZiriTadi muxlidan oTxs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba

eniWeba, es muxlebi konvenciis `saerTo principebad~ aris cnobili:
muxli II: uzrunvelyofil unda iqnes konvenciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli
yvela ufleba TiToeuli bavSvisTvis nebismieri saxis diskri-
minaciis gareSe.
muxli III: bavSvis mimarT nebismier qmedebaTa ganxorcielebisas upir-
velesi yuradReba unda daeTmos bavSvis interesebis dacvis
ukeT uzrunvelyofas.
muxli VI: yovel bavSvs aqvs sicocxlis, gadarCenisa da ganviTarebis uf-

leba.
muxli XII: bavSvis Sexedulebebs saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos yve-
la im sakiTxSi, romelic mis cxovrebaze axdens zemoqmedebas.
204 kari meore
bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias aqvs ori damatebiTi oqmi:

1. fakultatiuri oqmi bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa
da bavSvTa pornografiis Sesaxeb (2000);
2. fakultatiuri oqmi SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi bavSvebis monawi-
leobis Sesaxeb (2000).
konvenciaSi gamoxatulia bavSvisa da bavSvobis cnebis axali xedva.

bavSvebi arc TavianTi mSoblebis sakuTreba arian da arc qvelmoqmede-
bis ususuri obieqtebi. isini adamianebi arian, romlebsac sakuTari uf-
lebebi aqvT. bavSvTa uflebebis am saxiT aRiarebiT konvencia mTlianad
bavSvze axdens koncentrirebas.106
rodesac qveyana axdens adamianis uflebaTa instrumentis ratifi-

cirebas, rogoric aris bavSvis uflebaTa konvencia, mas an pirdapir Se-
aqvs konvenciis debulebebi Sidasaxelmwifoebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an
sxvagvarad kisrulobs adamianis uflebaTa dacvis valdebulebis Ses-
rulebas. `xSirad is faqti, rom arsebobs kanoni zogierTi uflebis da-
sacavad, sakmarisi ar aris, Tu es kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs yvela iuridi-
ul uflebamosilebas da instituts am uflebaTa efeqtiani ganxorci-
elebisTvis~.107 bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis mizniT, saxelmwifo valdebu-
lia izrunos qmediTi erovnuli meqanizmebis Sesaqmnelad.
saqarTvelo bavSvis uflebaTa konvencias 1994 wels SeuerTda. kon-

venciis moTxovnaTa Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo axorcielebs bavSvis ufle-
baTa konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul debulebaTa implementacias erov-
nul kanonmdeblobaSi.
bavSvs (arasrulwlovans) iseTive uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi aqvs,

rogoric srulwlovan adamians, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda (magali-
Tad, saarCevno ufleba). adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris, bavSvis ufle-
baTa dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos konstituciis II TaviT. yvela
ZiriTadi ufleba, romelTa dacvac garantirebulia konstituciis me-
ore TaviT, Seexeba bavSvis uflebaTa dacvasac.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, arasrulwlovania piri, romelsac

ar miuRwevia 18 wlis asakisaTvis. samoqalaqo kodeqsis Tanaxmad (1997),
arasrulwlovani piri aris uflebaunariani da 7 wlis asakidan CaiT-
vleba SezRudul qmedunarianad. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, srul
qmedunarianad adamiani iTvleba 18 wlis asakidan, anu es aris piri, ro-
106
bavSvis uflebebi da Jurnalistika, saxelmZRvanelo studentebisaTvis, Tb., 2011,
gv. 32.
107
ibid.: gv. 33.
melic Tavisi nebiTa da moqmedebiT srulad axorcielebs sakuTar uf-

lebebsa da movaleobebs. uflebaunarianoba pirs eniWeba dabadebis mo-
mentidan gardacvalebis momentamde. gamonaklisia memkvidreobis uf-
leba, romelic adamians warmoeSoba Casaxvis momentidan da am uflebis
realizacia damokidebulia bavSvis dabadebaze. SezRuduli qmedunari-
anoba imas niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia, sruli moculobiT SeiZinos da
ganaxorcielos samoqalaqo uflebebi da movaleobebi (magaliTad, da-
dos garigeba). 7 wlamde asakis bavSvi mcirewlovani da qmeduunaroa. mis
uflebebs axorcielebs meurve an mzrunveli.
meurveoba meurveoba wesdeba bavSvze, romelsac ar miuRwevia Svi-

di wlis asakisaTvis. mzrunveloba ki wesdeba arasrulwlovanze Svidi
wlis asakidan Tvramet wlamde.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (1997) iTvaliswinebs or garemoe-

bas, romlis drosac, gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas, piri CaiT-
vleba emansipirebulad da utoldeba srulwlovan, srul qmedunarian
pirs:
1. 16 wlis asaks miRweuli piris qorwineba;
2. kanonieri warmomadgenlis mier 16 wlis asaks miRweuli pirisaTvis
sawarmos damoukideblad gaZRolis uflebis miniWeba.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, saqorwino asakad gansazRvrulia

Tvrameti weli, Tumca qorwinebisas uSvebs gamonakliss. gamonaklis
SemTxvevebSi Teqvsmeti wlis asakidan daqorwineba daiSveba mSoblebis
an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis winaswari werilobiTi TanxmobiT.
Tanxmobaze mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlebis uaris Sem-
TxvevaSi pativsadebi mizezebis arsebobisas dasaqorwinebel pirTa gan-
cxadebis safuZvelze daqorwinebis nebarTvis gacema SeuZlia sasamar-
Tlos.
samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsisa da `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ saqar-

Tvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvi dabadebisTanave iZens gvars, saxelsa
da moqalaqeobas. 14-idan 18 wlamde bavSvis moqalaqeobis Secvla SeiZ-
leba mxolod misi TanxmobiT.
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis IX muxlis Tanaxmad, yvela bavSvi unda

izrdebodes ojaxSi da ar daSordes Tavis mSoblebs maTi survilis sa-
winaaRmdegod. es moTxovna asaxulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-
sSi. Svilebis aRzrdis yvela sakiTxs mSoblebi urTierTSeTanxmebiT
wyveten. mSobelTa SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi sadavo sakiTxs wyvets
sasamarTlo, mSoblebisa da arasrulwlovanis monawileobiT.
206 kari meore
bavSvis uflebebi daculia mSoblebis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSic.

Tu ganqorwinebis gamo an sxva mizeziT bavSvis mSoblebi cal-calke
cxovroben, maT SeTanxmebazea damokidebuli, Tu visTan icxovrebs
arasrulwlovani Svili. meuRleTa Soris davis SemTxvevaSi am sakiTxs
wyvets sasamarTlo, bavSvis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
arasrulwlovans aqvs dacvis ufleba mSobelTa (sxva kanonier war-

momadgenelTa) mxridan uflebamosilebis borotad gamoyenebis winaaR-
mdeg. arasrulwlovnis uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis darRve-
visas, maT Soris, mSobelTa (erT-erTi mSoblis) mier bavSvis aRzrdas-
Tan, ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebuli movaleobebis Seusruleblobis an
arasaTanadod Sesrulebisas, an mSoblis uflebis borotad gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi, arasrulwlovans ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad mimarTos
meurveobisa da mzrunvelobis organoebs, 14 wlis asakidan ki sasamar-
Tlos.
samoqalaqo davebis ganxilvisas, 14 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiTxvisas,

xolo sasamarTlos SexedulebiT 14-idan 18 wlis asakamde mowmis dakiT-
xvis drosac, iwveven pedagogs, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba mo-
iwvion agreTve mSoblebi, mSvileblebi, meurveebi an mzrunvelebi.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba icavs bavSvis interesebs gaSvilebisas

kanoniT `bavSvis Svilad ayvanisa da mindobis Sesaxeb~ (2010). 10 wels
miRweuli bavSvis gaSvileba misi Tanxmobis gareSe ar daiSveba. kanoni
mkacrad icavs Svilad ayvanis konfidencialobis dacvis uflebas. sis-
xlis samarTlis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, dasjadia Svilad ayvanis saidumlo-
ebis gamJRavneba; piradi an ojaxuri saidumlos xelyofa.
bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba da am sferoSi misi nebis pa-

tiviscema aisaxa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtSi, esenia:
saqarTvelos kanoni `janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb~; kanoni `pacien-
tis uflebaTa Sesaxeb~; kanoni òrganoTa gadanergvis Sesaxeb~ da sxva.
arasrulwlovan pacientTa uflebebi yvelaze ufro kargad vlinde-
ba saqarTvelos kanonSi `pacientTa uflebebis Sesaxeb~ (2000), rome-
lic arasrulwlovan pacientebs iseTsave uflebebs aniWebs, rogorsac
srulwlovans, garda im specifikuri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac asakis ga-
mo pacienti mometebul yuradRebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, informire-
buli Tanxmobis micema raime samedicino manipulaciisas.
kanonmdebeli did yuradRebas uTmobs arasrulwlovnis janmrTelo-

bis Sesaxeb informaciis dacvas. mSoblebs an kanonier warmomadgenlebs
arasrulwlovnis janmrTelobis Sesaxeb informacia ar miewodeba, Tu
informaciis miwodebis winaaRmdegia TviT qmedunariani arasrulwlo-
vani pacienti, aseve 14-idan 18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani pacien-

ti, romelic, samedicino momsaxurebis gamwevis SexedulebiT, sworad
afasebs sakuTari janmrTelobis mdgomareobas da romelmac eqims mi-
marTa sqesobrivad gadamdebi daavadebis an narkomaniis mkurnalobis,
kontracefciis, araqirurgiuli meTodebis Sesaxeb konsultaciis mi-
Rebis an orsulobis xelovnurad Sewyvetis mizniT. bavSvis uflebebis
dacva garantirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT `zogadi ganaTlebis Sesa-
xeb~ (2005). kanonis Tanaxmad, moswavles ufleba aqvs:
Tanabar pirobebSi, diskriminaciis gareSe, dadgenili wesiT, sas-
kolo dros an skolis teritoriaze isargeblos am TaviT daculi
da skolis mier aRiarebuli yvela uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, ag-
reTve skolis yvela resursiT;
saxelmwifo icavs moswavlisa da mSoblis saganmanaTleblo arCe-
vanis Tavisuflebas;
moswavle daculi unda iyos arasaTanado mopyrobisgan, uyurad-
Rebobisa da Seuracxyofisagan;
moswavles aqvs sakuTari uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis Sesa-
xeb codnis ufleba;
moswavleebs ufleba aqvT, flobdnen informacias TavianTi uf-
lebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, agreTve maTi SezRudvis safuZvle-
bis Sesaxeb;
skola valdebulia, yovel axal moswavles gaacnos Tavisi ufle-
bebi da Tavisuflebebi;
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis SezRudvisas moswavles gonivrul
vadaSi ganumartos SezRudvis safuZveli;
moswavles ufleba aqvs, piradad an arCeuli warmomadgenlis meS-
veobiT monawileoba miiRos skolis marTvaSi;
miiRos skolaSi arsebuli nebismieri informacia, garda piradi
saidumloebis Semcveli informaciisa;
moiTxovos da miiRos skolis mier masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxis
gadawyvetileba;
moiTxovos misi azris mosmena da monawileoba miiRos ganxilvaSi
uSualod an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT.
saqarTvelos kanoniT `bavSvTa da axalgazrduli kavSirebis saxel-

mwifoebrivi mxardaWeris Sesaxeb~ (1999) daculia bavSvebis mier Seqmni-
li sxvadasxva saxis organizacia bavSvTa kavSirebi.
saqarTvelos kanoniT `reklamis Sesaxeb~ (1998) daculia arasrul-

wlovnis uflebebi. kerZod, reklamis warmoebis, ganTavsebisa da gav-
rcelebis dros arasrulwlovanTa gulubryvilobisa da gamoucdelo-
208 kari meore
bis borotad gamoyenebisagan maTi dacvis mizniT; saqarTvelos kanoni

`mavne zegavlenisagan arasrulwlovanTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ (2001) gulis-
xmobs im mavne zegavlenisagan dacvas, romelic dakavSirebulia al-
koholuri sasmelebisa da Tambaqos moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, azartul
TamaSobebSi monawileobasTan, iseTi filmebis Cvenebasa da nabeWdi
produqciis moxmareba-gasaRebasTan, romlebmac SeiZleba ziani miaye-
nos arasrulwlovanis fsiqikur an/da fizikur janmrTelobas, mis mo-
ralur da socialur ganviTarebas.
analogiur akrZalvas Seicavs saqarTvelos kanoni `mauwyeblobis Se-

saxeb~ (2004), romlis mixedviTac, ikrZaleba bavSvTa da mozardTa fizi-
kur, gonebriv da zneobriv ganviTarebaze mavne zegavlenis momxdeni
programebis im dros ganTavseba, roca maT mier am programebis naxvis
an mosmenis didi albaToba arsebobs.
arasrulwlovanTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis garantiebi Camoyali-

bebulia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi (2006). saqarTvelos kanonmdeb-
loba, zogadad, iTvaliswinebs Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciisa
(ILO) da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis rezoluciebsa da standar-
tebs.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, samuSaoze miRebis minimaluri asakia

16 weli. ar aris akrZaluli 16 wlamde arasrulwlovnis dasaqmeba, mag-
ram kanonmdebeli miuTiTebs im pirobebze, romlebic arasrulwlov-
nis dasaqmebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT: kanonieri warmomadgenlis an
mzrunvelobis/meurveobis organos Tanxmoba; rodesac SromiTi ur-
TierTobebi ar ewinaaRmdegeba arasrulwlovanis interesebs; zians ar
ayenebs mis zneobriv, fizikur da gonebriv ganviTarebas; ar uzRudavs
mas savaldebulo dawyebiTi da sabazo ganaTlebis miRebis uflebas da
SesaZleblobas.
14 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovanTan SesaZlebelia SromiTi xelSek-

rulebis dadeba mxolod sportul, xelovnebasTan dakavSirebul da
kulturis sferoSi saqmianobaze, aseve sareklamo samuSaos Sesasru-
leblad.
akrZalulia arasrulwlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba sa-

TamaSo biznesTan, Ramis gasarTob dawesebulebebTan, erotikuli da
pornografiuli produqciis, farmacevtuli da toqsikuri nivTiere-
bebis damzadebasTan, gadazidvasa da realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli
samuSaoebis Sesasruleblad. Sromis kodeqsiT akrZalulia arasrul-
wlovanTan SromiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba mZime, mavne da saSiSi samuSa-
oebis Sesasruleblad. SromiTi kodeqsi zRudavs arasrulwlovanis 24

saaTidan 6 saaTamde dasaqmebas.
bavSvis uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi Cadebulia saqarTvelos kanon-

Si òjaxSi Zaladobis aRkveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa
da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ (2006).
ojaxSi Zaladoba gulisxmobs ojaxis erTi wevris mier meoris kon-

stituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevas fizikuri, fsi-
qologiuri, ekonomikuri, seqsualuri ZaladobiT an iZulebiT.
kanonis Tanaxmad, bavSvis mimarT fizikuri Zaladobis kvalis arsebo-

bisas kanoniT dadgenili wesiT unda daisvas bavSvis misi mSoblebisagan
gancalkevebis sakiTxi. sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRe-
bamde droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT damcavi orderis safuZvelze xdeba
bavSvis gancalkeveba moZalade mSoblisagan. sasamarTlo gansazRvravs
moZalade mSoblis mier bavSvis monaxulebis vadebs. am drosac kanoni
mkacrad icavs bavSvis usafrTxoebas. mSobels bavSvis monaxulebis uf-
leba SeiZleba mieces mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mis mimarT daculi
iqneba usafrTxoebis yvela zoma, romlebic gulisxmobs monaxulebis
adgils, dros, periodulobas, xangrZlivobas da bavSvis usafrTxoebis
moTxovnebis dacvaze pasuxismgebeli piris arsebobas. Tu bavSvis mi-
marT usafrTxoebis zomebi daculi ar aris, izRudeba moZalade mSob-
lis mier bavSvis monaxulebis ufleba.
bavSvis usafrTxoebis dacvis mizniT, moZaladis mier bavSvis mota-

cebis an sxva saxis zianis miyenebis realuri safrTxis arsebobisas, sa-
samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT, moZalades SeiZleba aekrZalos misi mona-
xulebis ufleba garemoebis Secvlamde.108
ojaxSi Zaladobis faqtze operatiuli reagirebisaTvis uflebamo-

sili organos mier msxverplis dacvisa da moZaladis garkveuli moq-
medebebis SezRudvis uzrunvelsayofad, droebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT,
SesaZlebelia gacemul iqnes Semakavebeli an damcavi orderi.
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 32-e muxli krZalavs bavSvis monuri Sro-

mis gamoyenebas. analogiuri akrZalva mocemulia: `transnacionaluri
organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg~ gaeros konvenciaSi, mis damate-
biT oqmsa da adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis trefi-
kingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis Sesaxeb~ oqmis SinaarsSic.109
108
1980 wlis haagis konvencia `bavSvebis gatacebasTan dakavSirebuli samoqalaqo
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb~.
109
saqarTvelo SeuerTda 2006 wels.
210 kari meore
trefikingi (adamianiT vaWroba) adamianis yidva an gayidva, an mis

mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreTve muqariT, Zala-
dobiT an iZulebis sxva formiT, motacebiT, SantaJiT, TaRliTobiT,
motyuebiT, umweo mdgomareobis an Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT,
sazRauris anda sargeblis micemis an miRebis gziT im piris Tanxmobis
misaRwevad, romelsac sxva pirze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, adamia-
nis gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba, ga-
dacema, Sefareba, anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT.
arasrulwlovniT vaWroba (trefikingi) arasrulwlovnis yidva

an gayidva, an mis mimarT sxva ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba, agreT-
ve misi gadabireba, gadayvana, gadamalva, daqiraveba, transportireba,
gadacema, Sefareba, anda miReba eqspluataciis mizniT.
trefikingis msxverpl bavSvTa uflebebis dacva xorcieldeba tran-

snacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis
oqmis adamianebiT, gansakuTrebiT qalebiTa da bavSvebiT, trefikingis
Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjis, agreTve àdamianebiT vaWrobis
(trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ evropis sabWos konvenciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebiT da saerTa-
Soriso organizaciebis mier miRebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
am dokumentebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
sSi gaTvaliswinebulia specialuri muxlebi: adamianiT vaWroba (tre-
fikingi); arasrulwlovaniT vaWroba (trefikingi); adamianiT vaWrobis
(trefikingis) msxverplis (dazaralebulis) momsaxurebiT sargebloba.
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs specialuri kanoni àdamianiT vaWrobis (tre-
fikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb~ (2006), romliTac daculia bav-
Svis uflebebi.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba yuradRebas uTmobs kanonTan konfliq-

tSi myofi mozardisadmi efeqtur, samarTlian da humanur damokidebu-
lebas da cdilobs, erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi am sferoSi daamkvidros
saerTaSoriso standartebi.
administraciul samarTaldarRvevaTa kodeqsiT administraciuli

pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT administraciuli samarTaldarRvevis Ca-
denis momentisaTvis Teqvsmeti wlis asaks miRweul pirebs, magaliTad:
metropoliteniT sargeblobis wesebis darRveva; wvrilmani xulignoba
an xulignoba, Cadenili ToTxmetidan Teqvsmet wlamde mozardis mier,
wvrilmani qurdoba da sxva. administraciuli patimroba ar SeiZleba
SeefardoT Tvrameti wlis asaks miuRwevel pirebs.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi Seicavs arasrulwlovan-

Ta uflebebis dacvis normaTa mTel rigs. ss kodeqsis mTeli Tavi aqvs
daTmobili ojaxisa da arasrulwlovnis winaaRmdeg mimarTul iseT da-
naSaulebs, rogorebicaa: arasrulwlovnis Cabma antisazogadoebriv
qmedebaSi; arasrulwlovnis mimarT ukanono garigebis ganxorcieleba
Svilad ayvanis mizniT; Svilad ayvanis mizniT fexmZime qalebis winaswa-
ri SerCeva da mSobiarobisaTvis saqarTvelos farglebs gareT gayva-
nis SesaZleblobis Seqmna an aseT gaSvilebaSi xelis Sewyoba; Svilad an
Svilobilad ayvanis wesis darRveva; arasrulwlovanis prostituciaSi
Cabma ZaladobiT, SantaJiT an motyuebiT; arasrulwlovanis gamosaxu-
lebis Semcveli pornografiuli nawarmoebis damzadeba, aseTi masalis
SeTavazeba, reklamireba; arasrulwlovanis Cabma pornografiuli na-
warmoebis an sagnis damzadebasa da gasaRebaSi.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi gansazRvrulia danaSaulebi, romlebic

Cadenilia arasrulwlovanTa winaaRmdeg (arasrulwlovani msxverpli)
da isini pasuxismgeblobis damamZimebel garemoebad iTvlebian.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas an misgan ga-

Tavisuflebisas arasrulwlovnad iTvleba is, visac danaSaulis Cade-
namde Seusrulda ToTxmeti weli, magram ar Sesrulebia Tvrameti weli.
damnaSavis asakidan da Cadenili danaSaulis simZimidan gamomdinare,

arasrulwlovans eniSneba sasjeli an aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis Ronis-
Zieba. ssk iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelisagan gaTavi-
suflebis pirobebs. sasamarTlos SeuZlia, arasrulwlovnis mimarT
gamoiyenos aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi RonisZieba Semdegi
pirobebis arsebobisas: danaSauli Cadenili unda iyos arasrulwlov-
nis mier; Cadenili danaSauli unda iyos naklebad mZime; sasamarTlom
arasrulwlovnis gamosworeba mizanSewonilad unda miiCnios aRmzrde-
lobiTi zemoqmedebis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis gamoyenebiT. saxelmwifo
axali saproceso kanonmdeblobiT cdilobs, arasrulwlovan damna-
SaveTa mimarT gaataros liberaluri politika da Semoaqvs novaciebi
arasrulwlovanTa mediaciisa da ganridebis institutis saxiT.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs saproceso garantiebs

arasrulwlovan dakavebul da msjavrdebul pirTaTvis. arasrulwlo-
van dakavebul pirebs aqvT konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebi da
Tavisuflebebi: udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, advokatis ufleba, sasje-
lis moxdis pirobebSic samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sasamarTlo
ganxilvis gonivruli vadis dacva da sxva.
212 kari meore
gamomZiebelTan, prokurorTan, sasamarTloSi arasrulwlovnis ga-

moZaxeba xorcieldeba misi mSoblebis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgen-
lebis TanxlebiT. gamoucxadeblobisas sssk iTvaliswinebs arasrul-
wlovnis asakis mixedviT gansxvavebul midgomas da adgens, rom 14-18
wlis arasrulwlovnis iZulebiT moyvana dasaSvebia.
arasrulwlovnis danaSaulis Sesaxeb saqmiswarmoebaSi arasrul-

wlovani eWvmitanilis an braldebulis pirveli dakiTxvisTanave mona-
wileobs arasrulwlovnis pedagogi an kanonieri warmomadgeneli. aras-
rulwlovnis kanonieri warmomadgeneli SeiZleba iyos: mSobeli, axlo
naTesavi, meurve, mzrunveli. advokatis monawileoba savaldebuloa
sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis mTeli
periodis ganmavlobaSi.
advokatis movaleobaa, detalurad ganumartos bavSvs, misTvis ga-

sageb enaze, arasrulwlovnis uflebebi da maTi gamoyenebis wesebi. ag-
reTve, uzrunvelyos, rom kiTxvebi saTanadod da samarTlianad iyos
dasmuli da ar iyos metismetad mkacri. gansxvavebiT advokatisagan, ka-
nonieri warmomadgenlis monawileoba arasrulwlovnis fsiqologiur
da emociur mxardaWeras uzrunvelyofs, xolo damcvelis monawileoba
samarTlebriv daxmarebas.
sssk iTvaliswinebs arasrulwlovani piris dakiTxvis procesSi ad-

vokatis monawileobis paralelurad arasrulwlovani braldebulis
kanonieri warmomadgenlis an pedagogis daswrebas. Svid wlamde asa-
kis arasrulwlovani SeiZleba daikiTxos mxolod misi mSoblis an maTi
ararsebobisas meurvis an sxva kanonieri warmomadgenlis TanxmobiT.
arasrulwlovani eWvmitanilisa da braldebulis dakiTxva ar Se-

iZleba Seusveneblad gagrZeldes 2 saaTze metxans, xolo mTlianad
dReSi 4 saaTze metxans, Tu arasrulwlovani aSkarad daiRala, dakiTxva
unda Sewydes aRniSnuli drois gasvlamdec.
arasrulwlovnis iZulebiTi RonisZiebis saxiT dakavebis SesaZleb-

loba gamoiyeneba, Tu arsebobs Semdegi garemoebebi:
a) pirs waaswres danaSaulis Cadenisas an CadenisTanave;
b) TviTmxilvelebi, maT Soris dazaralebulebic, pirdapir miuTiTe-
ben am pirze, rogorc danaSaulis Camdenze;
g) pirze, masTan an mis tansacmelze aRmoCndeba Cadenili danaSaulis
aSkara kvali;
d) piri miimala danaSaulis Cadenis Semdeg, magram Semdgom igi amoic-
no dazaralebulma;
e) piris mimarT gamotanilia ganCineba (dadgenileba) Zebnis warmoe-

bis Sesaxeb;
v) piri SesaZloa miimalos.
dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, policiis TanamSromeli valdebulia ganumar-

tos arasrulwlovans, misTvis gasageb enaze da formiT, dakavebis sa-
fuZvlebi da sssk-iT misTvis miniWebuli uflebebi.
sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos (mo-

samarTlis) ganCinebiT (dadgenilebiT), 16 wlamde asakis arasrulwlo-
vanTa danaSaulis saqme ganixileba mTlianad an nawilobriv daxurul
sxdomaze, anu 16-idan 18 wlamde arasrulwlovnis saqmes sasamarTlo
ganixilavs saerTo wesiT Ria sasamarTlo sxdomaze.
dazaralebuli piri, romelmac danaSaulis momzadebis, mcdelo-

bis an danaSaulis Cadenis Sedegad miiRo fizikuri, moraluri an/da qo-
nebrivi ziani.
saqarTvelos kodeqsi `patimrobis Sesaxeb~ (2010), zogadad, iTvalis-

winebs gaeros patimarTan mopyrobis minimalur standartul wesebs.
TavisuflebaaRkveTil arasrulwlovnebTan mopyrobis gaeros wesebi
(`pekinis deklaracia~), arasrulwlovanTa Soris damnaSaveobis profi-
laqtikis gaeros saxelmZRvanelo principebi (èl-riadis wesebi~); bav-
Svis uflebaTa konvenciis, evropis cixis wesebis standartebi gansaz-
Rvravs arasrulwlovanTa dakavebis adgilebSi moTavsebis pirobebs.
ToTxmetidan Tvramet wlamde arasrulwlovani Tavisuflebis aRkve-
Tisas sasjels ixdis arasrulwlovanTa specialur dawesebulebaSi.
mZime danaSaulisaTvis msjavrdebuls aTavseben sxva msjavrdebulebi-
sagan gancalkevebiT. `patimrobis kodeqsi~ adgens arasrulwlovani
msjavrdebulis uflebebs.
bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis dacvas monitorings uwevs gaeros bav-

Svis uflebaTa komiteti, romelic erovnul angariSebs iRebs sxvadas-
xva qveynis mTavrobebisgan da paralelur angariSebs arasamTavrobo
organizaciebisgan.
2008 wlis 20 maiss gamarTul 1316-e da 1317-e sxdomebze (ix.CRC/C/

SR.1316 da 1317) komitetma ganixila saqarTvelos mesame perioduli
`bavSvis uflebaTa konvenciis 44-e muxlis Tanaxmad monawile saxelmwi-
fos mier warmodgenili angariSi~ (CRC/C/CR /GEO/3) da 2008 wlis 6 ivniss
1342-e sxdomaze daamtkica mTeli rigi daskvniTi SeniSvnebisa, romle-
bic Seexeba saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier miRebuli 2008-2011 wlebisaT-
vis bavSvebze zrunvis samoqmedo gegmas da im sakiTxs, rom gegma ar mo-
214 kari meore
icavs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul yvela sferos da saxelmwifo biu-

jetidan ver xerxdeba misi sruli dafinanseba. SeniSvnebi exeba: diskri-
minaciis akrZalvas, jandacvis sakiTxebs, arasrulwlovanTa Sromas da
sxva. komitetma saqarTvelos misca rekomendaciebi bavSvis uflebaTa
konvenciiT daculi uflebebis Sesrulebis Taobaze.
Tavi 4.5
genderuli Tanasworoba
genderi sqesTa Soris urTierTobis socialuri aspeqtia, romelic

gamoxatulia sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi da gulisxmobs socializa-
ciiT ganpirobebul Sexedulebebs ama Tu im sqesze, xolo genderuli
Tanasworoba adamianis uflebaTa nawilia, romelic gulisxmobs qalisa
da mamakacis Tanaswor ufleba-movaleobebs, pasuxismgeblobas da Ta-
nasworuflebian monawileobas piradi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
yvela sferoSi.110 saqarTvelos kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesa-
xeb~ (2006) diskriminaciad ganixilavs sqesis niSniT nebismier gansxvave-
bas, gamijvnas an/da SezRudvas, romlebic gamoxatulia uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis gansxvavebuli aRiarebiT, SesaZleblobebis araTanaba-
ri warmoCeniT da SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes iribi an pirdapiri dis-
kriminaciis formiT. pirdapiri diskriminacia gulisxmobs samarTleb-
rivi aqtebis, programis, sajaro politikis safuZvelze piris sqesis
niSniT diskriminaciul mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas, maSin, rodesac irib
diskriminaciaSi gulisxmoben iseTi samarTlebrivi aqtebis, sajaro po-
litikisa Tu programebis arsebobas, romlebic pirdapir ar miuTiTebs
diskriminaciaze, magram romelTa ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia dis-
kriminaciuli Sedegebis miRebasTan.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba de jure TvalsazrisiT aRiarebs sqesTa

Tanasworobis princips. Tumca Tanasworobis sakiTxi de facto Tvalsaz-
risiT problemad rCeba. saqarTveloSi qalisa da kacis Tanasworoba
deklarirebulia konstituciis XIV muxliT: `yvela adamiani dabadebiT
Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia, ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis
ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa,
erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qoneb-
rivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa, sacxovrebeli adgilisa~. konstitu-
110
kanoni genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, gzamkvlevi, 26.03.2010, Tb., 2009.
ciis es norma asaxavs qalisa da kacis diskriminaciisagan daculobis

valdebulebas maTi sqesis miuxedavad,111 Tumca igi ar aris sakmarisi am
uflebiT sruli sargeblobisaTvis, saerTaSoriso aqtebisagan gansxva-
vebiT, sadac miTiTebulia qalisa da mamakacis Tanasworuflebianoba-
ze, kerZod: Sromis anazRaurebis, ojaxis Seqmnis, socialuri dazRvevi-
sa da sxv. konstituciiT aRiarebulia Tanasworuflebianobis principi
zogadad. rac Seexeba qalis (dedis) uflebebs, is orjeraa moxsenebu-
li konstituciaSi Sromisa (30-e muxli) da dedaTa da bavSvTa ufle-
bebis (36-e muxli) dacvis WrilSi. saqarTvelosaTvis saxelSekrulebo
organoebis mier micemul rekomendaciebSi miTiTebulia, rom am uf-
lebiT srulfasovnad sargeblobisTvis saxelmwifos mxridan saWiroa
Sesabamisi qmedebebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanasworuflebianobis Sesaxeb konstituci-

ur normaSi moxseniebuli ar aris `qali~, diskriminaciis akrZalvis Se-
saxeb konstituciis XIV muxlSi sqess moixsenieben sxva iseT kategori-
ebTan erTad, rogorebicaa: eTnikuri niSani, asaki da sxva. konstituci-
aSi gamoyenebulia terminebi: àdamiani~, `moqalaqe~ an `yvela piri~, rac
aRniSnuli orive sqesis warmomadgenlis uflebebze miuTiTebs da xazs
usvams, rom saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebis au-
cilebloba. konstituciiT qals iseTive uflebebi aqvs, rogoric mama-
kacs jandacvaze (37-e muxli), Sromaze (30-e muxli), ganaTlebaze (36-e
muxli) da sxva.
analogiuri mdgomareobaa saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT. erovnu-

li sakanonmdeblo baza aRiarebs diskriminaciis dauSveblobisa da
genderuli Tanasworobis principebs. sakanonmdeblo aqtebi axdenen
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebis deklarirebas, Tumca yvela de-
buleba ar aris gajerebuli Tanasworobis realuri dacvis RonisZiebe-
biTa da konkretuli sqemebiT. magaliTad: saarCevno kodeqsi, romelic
aRiarebs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabar pasiur da aqtiur saarCevno uf-
lebas, Tumca am uflebis uzrunvelmyofi konkretuli samarTlebri-
vi normebis ararseboba disbalanss iwvevs pasiuri saarCevno uflebe-
bis realizaciisas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobaSi ar ixmareba termini
`genderul niadagze Zaladoba~, magram kanoni òjaxSi Zaladobis aR-
kveTis, ojaxSi Zaladobis msxverplTa dacvisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb~
da kanoni àdamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesa-
xeb~ aregulireben swored genderul niadagze ZaladobasTan brZolis
sakiTxebs. am termins ver vxvdebiT verc 2010 wlis 26 marts miRebul
kanonSi `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~. sisxlis samarTlis kodeq-
111
T. sabedaSvili, genderi da demokratizacia, saqarTvelo 1991-2006, Tb., 2007.
216 kari meore
si danaSaulad acxadebs àdamianis Tanasworuflebianobis darRvevas~

(142-e muxli).
miuxedavad bolo wlebSi ganxorcielebuli garkveuli cvlilebebi-

sa, demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze qalis uflebebsa da genderuli
Tanasworobis politikas adekvaturi yuradReba ar eqceva. qalTa uf-
lebebisa da genderuli Tanasworobis problemebma Tavi iCina ara mar-
to politikaSi (amis dasturia saqarTveloSi yvela donis xelisufle-
bis organoTa arCevnebis Sedegebi), aramed dabalia socialur-ekonomi-
kuri maCvenebelic (dasaqmeba, siRatake, jandacva da sxva). mTeli sim-
wvaviT dgas es problema soflad (qalebis masobrivi dausaqmebloba,
jandacvis programebze xelmiuwvdomloba, profesiuli gadamzadebis
xelmiuwvdomloba), devnilTa, eTnikur umciresobaTa (xSirad es vlin-
deba enobrivi barieris dauZlevlobaSi) da SezRuduli SesaZleblobe-
bis mqone pirTa uflebebisa da interesebis ignorirebaSi.
adamianis uflebaTa da qalis diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmof-

xvris komitetebi (CEDAW) mouwodeben saxelmwifos, ganagrZos muSa-
oba, raTa gandevnos genderuli stereotipebi da gaaZlieros Sexedu-
lebebi genderis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT saskolo programebSi. amis
uzrunvelsayofad 2007 wlis 26 seqtembers #211 dadgenilebiT Seiqmna
saqarTvelos genderuli Tanasworobis SemmuSavebeli uwyebaTaSori-
si komisia, momzadda da 2007 wlis 26 seqtembers damtkicda mTavrobis
#539 brZaneba: `saqarTveloSi genderuli Tanasworobis politikis
ganxorcielebis RonisZiebaTa 2007-2009 wlebis samoqmedo gegmis~ Sesa-
xeb. samoqmedo gegmis pozitivad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2010 wlis martSi
parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~
da `genderuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad gansaxorcielebeli
2011-2013 wlebis samoqmedo gegma~.
genderuli Tanasworobis kanoni, miuxedavad misi dadebiTi momente-

bisa, srulad ver moicavs qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmof-
xvris Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciis standartebs, Tumca kanonis miReba Ta-
visTavad mniSvnelovani instrumentia cnobierebis asamaRleblad.
kanoniT SemoTavazebuli aRsrulebis meqanizmebis efeqturad asa-

muSaveblad mniSvnelovania qalTa arasamTavrobo organizaciebis re-
komendacia aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSi iseTi instituciis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb, romelic genderul sakiTxebze imuSavebs.
kanoni `genderuli Tanasworobis Sesaxeb~ wingadadgmuli nabijia,

magram aqvs garkveuli xarvezebi: kanoni deklaraciuli xasiaTisaa.
principebis doneze warmoaCens genderuli Tanasworobis paToss, ax-

dens Sromis kanonmdeblobis, saojaxo samarTlisa da sxva sferoebSi
samarTlebriv doneze gabatonebuli debulebebis akumulirebas, Tum-
ca ar miuTiTebs aRniSnuli principebis aRsrulebis xelSemwyob meqa-
nizmebze:
1. ar ikveTeba im pirTa valdebulebebis CamonaTvali, vis xelSia ga-
dawyvetilebis miRebis berketebi;
2. ar aris gawerili proceduruli RonisZiebebi, pirdapiri Tu iribi
diskriminaciis pirobebSi diskriminebul pirTa uflebebis dasacavad;
3. diskriminaciis faqtis dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi ar aris gaweri-
li kompensaciis odenoba da misi gadaxdis wesi;
4. ar arsebobs diskriminaciis konkretuli formebis specialuri
CamonaTvali. mag.: Sromis, socuzrunvelyofis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis
sferoebis mixedviT.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, unda SevniSnoT, rom genderuli Tanaswo-

robis damkvidreba procesia, romelic saqarTvelom nabij-nabij unda
gaiaros, kanonmdeblobis srulyofisa da misi uzrunvelyofis meqaniz-
mebis SemuSavebis gziT ganaxorcielos.
kari mesame
samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba
mesame karis saTauria `samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~. demokratiuli sa-

zogadoebis wevrebs ufleba aqvT miznebis dasadgenad, saWiroebis gansa-
sazRvrad, sajaro politikaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad da xelisuflebis
mxridan angariSvaldeblebis mosaTxovad organizebulad iTanamSromlon.
es samoqalaqo sazogadoebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. xelisuflebis an-
gariSvaldebulebis moTxovnasa da cvlilebaTa advokatirebaSi samoqalaqo
sazogadoeba sakmaod Zlier instruments warmoadgens. am karSi Tqven gaec-
nobiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istorias da mis, rogorc mTavrobis sapir-
wone Zalis, mniSvnelobas. aseve miiRebT informacias dRevandel saqar-
TveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb.
karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs,

rogoricaa:
ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formirebis ZiriTadi safuZvlebi?

ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis aucilebeli pi-
robebi?
ra mimarTebaa xelisuflebasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Soris?
ra roli da adgili aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas demokratizaciis
procesSi?
ra mimarTebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da saarCevno process Soris?
ra istoria aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi?
ra gamowvevebi aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas Tanamedrove saqar-
TveloSi?
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba 219
nawili pirveli
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis istoria da
arsi
am nawilSi warmodgenilia eTnikuri umciresobebisa da politikuri

oponentebis mimarT saxelmwifos damokidebulebis SemTxvevebi (case
study). axalgazrda demokratiebis saxelmwifoebSic ki, totalitarul
reJimebze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis deficitis
SemTxvevaSi, adamianis uflebebs sfrTxe emuqreba. mesame karis pirvel
nawilSi ganvxilavT moqalaqis adgils demokratiul sazogadoebaSi da
davaxasiaTebT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis pirobebs. Ca-
movTvliT pirovnebis Tavisuflebaze dafuZnebul samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebisTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime Taviseburebas, romlis gareSec
misi funqcionireba SeuZlebelia. nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT
upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:
eTnikuri da samoqalaqo identobebi anu vin aris moqalaqe?

ra adgili uWiravs moqalaqes totalitarul sazogadoebaSi?
ra adgili uWiravs moqalaqes demokratiul sazogadoebaSi?
ra aris samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da funqcionirebis Zi-
riTadi pirobebi?
ra ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da ra
funqcias asrulebs igi saxelmwifoSi?
220 kari mesame
vin aris moqalaqe da ra aris

samoqalaqo sazogadoeba?
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesoba sakuTar Tavs
erovnebasTan aigivebs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom frazaSi `me var qarTve-
li~ igi pirvel yovlisa eTnikurad qarTvels gulisxmobs da ara sa-
qarTvelos moqalaqes, qarTuli saxelmwifos nawils, saxelmwifoSi mim-
dinare procesebze pasuxismgebel subieqts. Sesabamisad, nebismier sxva
eTnosis warmomadgenels ùcxod~ ganixilavs. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi
sxva eTnosebis warmomadgenlebic Tavs ufro eTnikurad somxebs, azer-
baijanelebs, qurTebs miakuTvneben da samoqalaqo identoba naklebad
aqvT.
imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamiani saku-

Tar identobas qarTul saxelmwifos ukavSirebdes, saWiroa man Tavi
am saxelmwifos nawilad igrZnos. amis miRweva ki SeuZlebelia saxel-
mwifos mSeneblobis, demokratizaciis procesSi monawileobis gareSe.
swored es procesi uwyobs samoqalaqo identobis Camoyalibebas da imis
gacnobierebas, rom eTnikurad qarTveli, somexi, azerbaijaneli, qur-
Ti, rusi, leki, boSa, ebraeli da sxva saxelmwifos srulfasovani wevre-
bi da qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebze Tanabrad pasuxismgebeli moqala-
qeebi arian.
saqarTvelos istoriaSi aris magaliTebi, roca sxva eTnosis warmo-

madgeneli saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, romelTac aranaklebi wvlili
aqvT Setanili qarTul kulturaSi, Civian maTi meorexarisxovnebis Se-
saxeb. am sakiTxze debatebi pirveli respublikis (1918-1921) periodSic
mimdinareobda, roca pirveli arCevnebi Catarda da pirveli parlamen-
ti, damfuZnebeli kreba, Seikriba.
anastasia Tumaniancis ambavi

anastasia Tumanianci (1849-1932) eTnikurad somexi saqarTvelos mo-
qalaqea da saganmanaTleblo moZraobis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli.
igi iyo sabavSvo Jurnalis `jejili~ damfuZnebeli, samecniero-poli-
tikuri Jurnalis `kvali~ (1893-1904) redaqtori, maswavlebel da aR-
mzrdel qalTa sazogadoebis Tavmjdomare (1884-1906).
1918-1921 wlebis pirveli respublikis periodSi, roca saqarTvelo-

Si pirveli arCevnebi Catarda da pirveli parlamenti, damfuZnebeli
kreba Seikriba, anastasiam gamoTqva ukmayofileba imis gamo, rom Tavad

isic da saqarTveloSi macxovrebeli somxebic am procesisagan gariyu-
lebi aRmoCndnen. igive moxda Tbilisis sakrebulos arCevnebisas. misi
aRSfoTeba gansakuTrebiT gaamZafra eqim ivane gomarTelis werilma
(Jurnali `leila~, 1920), sadac avtori somxebs adanaSaulebs imaSi, rom
isini sakuTari samSoblos, saqarTvelos, erTgulni ar arian da maT Se-
axsenebs saiaTnovas (1712-1795), romelic Tbiliss sakuTar samSoblod
ganixilavda. Tanamedrove somxebs ki urCevs swored saiaTnovasgan ai-
Ron magaliTi da aseve Sveicariis moqalaqeebisagan, sadac frangebi,
italielebi da germanelebi Tavs Sveicariis Svilebad ganixilaven. swo-
red ivane gomarTelisadmi Tavisi pasuxi anastasia Tumaniancma gaug-
zavna gazeT `saxalxo saqmis~ redaqtors, romelic 1920 wlis 11 marts
daibeWda saTauriT `xma qarTveli somxisa~.
`xma qarTveli somxisa~

baton ivane gomarTels!
pativcemulo, batono redaqtoro! neba miboZeT Tqveni pativcemuli gazeTis

saSualebiT ramdenime sityviT mivmarTo qarTvel sazogado moRvawes, baton ivane
gomarTels, romelic cnobil mgosan griSaSvilis `leila~ krebulSi moTavsebul
griSaSvilis `saiaTnova~ wignis Sesaxeb kritiul werilSi exeba friad did sakiTxs,
romelsac amierkavkasiis norC respublikebis da maTSi mcxovrebi erovnul umci-
resobaTa urTierTobaSi, sazogadod amierkavkasiis sinamdvileSi sapatio adgili
unda mieces.
batoni gomarTeli Tavis werilSi saqarTvelos Sveicarias adris, Cerdeba saqar-

TveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebsa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebul urTi-
erTobebze. amtkicebs im azrs, rom saqarTvelos erovnul umciresobebma ise unda
Seiyvaron saqarTvelo, rogorc TavianTi samSoblo da bolos dasZens:
`qarTvelma xalxma sulierad miaRwia Sveicariis ganviTarebis simaRles, man

Zlierad gauwoda xeli, yvelas, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebs da mimarTa: Cven gvaqvs
erTi samSoblo, gavxdeT am saerTo samSoblos erTguli moqalaqeebio. samwuxarod
sxvebs ar aRmoaCnda gamocdis dros aseTi Segneba, aseTi sulieri simaRle. Cveni
osebisa da Cveni somxebis nawili jer kidev ver Serigebia im azrs, rom maTi samSob-
lo saqarTveloa da es saerTo samSoblo qarTvel xalxTan erTad unda daicvan yve-
la mtrisagan~.
gomarTeli Tavis werils iwyebs dialogiT Sveicariel frangTan, romelic am-

bobs, rom Tu safrangeTi Sveicarias daesxa Tavs, igi daicavs Sveicarias. gomar-
Telis gakvirvebaze frangis sisxls rogor daRvrio? pasuxobs, rom aseTi ram ar
222 kari mesame
moxdebao da Tu moxda, me Cems samSoblos davicav iseve, rogorc italieli da ger-

maneli Sveicarielebio.
`Tu Sveicariis frangebi, italielebi da germanelebi amboben: Cven, Sveicariis

xalxi varTo, nuTu saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi ganurCevlad erovnebisa ver Seigne-
ben, rom Cven yvela saqarTvelos xalxs warmovadgenT?
Seigneben da amis Tavdebia Cveni axlobeli warsuli. Cvenma warsulma SesZlo

tfilisis moqalaqis warmoSoba da es moqalaqe iyo yaraCoReli. yaraCoReli da
kinto erTi da igive hgoniaT! Cveni warsulis ucodinarobiT mosdiT. yaraCoReli
upirvelesad tfiliseli moqalaqea. SeiZleba is qarTveli iyos, SeiZleba somexi,
sul erTia, is Svilia saqarTvelosi, saqarTvelo misi samSobloa da mas uyvars es
samSoblo, is ar gascvlis mas sxva qveynis samoTxeze, ar uRalatebs, ar gahyidis.
am mxriv, yaraCoRelebis suliskveTebis, maTi grZnobebis gamomxatveli mgosani

saiaTnova aris, romelic mReroda: `Cemi samSoblo Tbilisia, saqarTvelos gulio~.
yaraCoRelTa didi nawili somxoba iyo, magram samSoblos siyvarulSi es nawili Se-
duRebuli iyo qarTvelobasTan. qarTvel da somex yaraCoRels orTaves erTi sam-
Soblo hqondaT, oriveni erTis cxovrebiT scxovrobdnen, orives saerTo hqondaT
Wiri da lxini.
keTildReoba Cveni respublikisa moiTxovs, rom rogorc Zvelad yaraCoRelebs

ise dResac saerTo gvqondes lxinic, Wiric, samSobloc. `nu daagdeb Zvelsa gzasa,
nurca Zvelsa megobarsa~.
Zmobis da erTobis simebi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva erTa Soris jer samwuxarod ar

aris mtkice, magram saerTo muSaobiT, SeerTebulis Zal-RoniT unda ganvamtkicoT.
ra akliaT dRes saqarTvelos somxebs? isini unda daubrundnen saiaTnovas

gzas, maT unda aRiaron samudamoT da patiosnaT Cveni samSoblo tfilisia, saqar-
Tvelos gulio!
ra unda gvaxsovdes Cven, qarTvelebs, gansakuTrebiT dRes, rodesac Zmoba-er-

Tobis amoZaxils erTgvari Wvartli hfaravs?
saiaTnova!
Cven ar unda daviviwyoT, rom somxis erma mogvca Cven saiaTnova, romelic Cven
Soris Zmoba-erTobis da siyvarulis xidi iyo.
araratis mTavrobam tlanqad Calewa es xidi. magram mova axali saiaTnova da am

xids isev gasdebs...~
gomarTeli umadlis griSaSvils `mzis sxivebSi motivtive sityvaTa haramxanis

mbrZanebels~, romelmac Cveni sazogadoebisTvis mkvdreTiT aRadgina saiaTnova.
da bolos, imeds gamoTqvams araratis mTavrobis tlanqad Calewil xids gasdebs

axlad movlenili saiaTnovao.
me, batono gomarTelo, saqarTvelos mkvidri somexi var. me da papaCemic tfi-

lisSi varT dabadebuli. Cemi ymawviloba, Cemi bavSvoba gamitarebia aq da amJamad
vcxovrob tfilisSi. me saqarTvelosTan erTad misi guli, tfilisi mitarebia, ro-
gorc RviZli mSobeli. myavs kidec mravali qarTveli amxanagi, megobrebi, naTesave-
bi. gavzrdilvar maTTan erTad, miswavlia Tqveni lamazi ena, miSromia Tqvens saxal-
xo partiaSi, davinteresebulvar Tqveni literaturiT, poeziiT, TeatriT. erTi
sityviT, CemTan axlo yofila qarTuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovreba ise,
rogorc somxuri da rodesac amovikiTxe Tqveni werilis is nawili, sadac Tqven em-
durebiT saqarTvelos somxobas Cems win, rogorc saqarTvelos erTguli somxisa,
kiTxva daisva:
raTa, ra aris amis mizezi?
ra aris mizezi, rom qarTveli sazogado moRvawe eWvis TvaliT uyurebs saqarTve-
loSi mcxovreb somxobas, romelmac marTlac, rom unda Seiyvaros samSoblo, kera.
marTlac, ra aris mizezi, rom ori mezobelni, gverdi-gverdze mcxovrebi moqa-

laqeni, romelnic axlac rom Zmurad unda iyvnen erTmaneTis mimarT, dRes eWviT uc-
qeren?
batono eqimo! pirveli Tqven xarT am kiTxvis aRmZravi. bolo wlis ganmavlobaSi
bevri vwere mag kiTxvis pasuxi, aqac vityvi: saqarTvelos somxebis, somex mSromel
xalxis da qarTvel demokratias Soris urTierToba sanetaro ar yofila. nu davma-
lavT, ra ukmayofileba sufevs or RviZl Zmebs Soris.
Tqvenma werilma CemSi dabada survili gameziarebina TqvenTvis azrebi da ro-

gorc saqarTvelos somexs meTqva ramdenime gulwrfeli sityva im arasasurvel ur-
TierTobis Sesaxeb, romelic dRemdis arsebobs or mezoblebs Soris.
pativcemulo eqimo! modiT gulwrfelad gadavSaloT axlo warsulis istoriis

furclebi. imas, visac Tval-yuri udevnebia saqarTvelos bolo ori wlis politi-
kuri cxovrebisaTvis, vinc dakvirvebia Tqven qarTvel wreebis da erovnul umcire-
sobaTa Soris arsebul urTierTobas, nametnavad pirvelis (anu qarTvelebis) somxo-
bis mimarT ganwyobilebas, is aucileblad mizezebs ipovis, xsenebulis atmosferas
Semqmnel mizezs. is gulaxdilad ityvis, rom saqarTvelo is samSoblo ar aris som-
xobisTvis, romelzedac Tqvens werilSi laparakobT. saqarTvelo Tavisi mSobliuri
movaleobis dros Tavisi Svilebisadmi erTnairi ar yofila da erTnairi Tanaswori
mopyroba ar hqonia yvelasadmi. saqarTvelo Tavis or Svils, somexs da qarTvels er-
Tnairad ar uyurebs. misTvis yofilan geri da RviZli Svilni, pirveli da meore xa-
risxis moqalaqeni.
224 kari mesame
saqarTvelos mmarTvel wreebis calmxrivi, ukeT rom vTqvaT, viwronacionalu-

ri politikis mizeziT, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb somxebs yovel nabijze gvagrZnobi-
neben, rom Cven somxebi varT da arasodes imedi ar unda viqonioT mSobel saqarTve-
losgan iseTi mSobliuri mopyrobisa, rogorc Tqven qarTvelebma. msgavsi grZnoba
Cven Zvel, TviTmpyrobelobis dros gvqonda da velodiT, rom demokratiuli saqar-
Tvelo, romlis saTaveSi udganan TanasworobisTvis medgarni mebrZolni erTnai-
rad moepyroboda yovel moqalaqes, ganurCevlad erovnebisa. mware sinamdvilem am
daskvnamde mimiyvana iotisodeni eWvi ar mepareba Cemi sityvebis simarTleSi.
saqarTvelos damoukidebel respublikaSi Cven, ruseTis revoluciis did mo-

napovar saarCevno uflebiT neba ar mogvces gvesargebla da rogorc ara RviZli
Svilni ar gagviSves, rom migveRo monawileoba municipalur aRmSenebel muSaobaSi.
Cven mkvidri qalaqelebi aTasobiT gamogvtoves siebidan im dros, roca ori kviris
mosul WiaTurels monawileobis ufleba eZleoda.
gariyuli dagvtoves agreTve damfuZnebeli krebidan. somxoba, romelic nakleb

alagas ar iWers saqarTvelos mcxovrebTa ricxvSi, gareT darCa im did sakrebulos-
gan, sadac saZirkveli iyreba im samSoblosi, romelsac Tqven, batoni eqimo, Cvenad
sTvliT.
raRa vTqva yovel moqalaqis Tavlwin momxdari im didi devnis Sesaxeb, romelic
wilad rgebia somex mSromel xalxs. mas mSiers tovebdnen marto imis gulisTvis,
rom is somexi iyo.
raRa vTqva demokratiul respublikaSi somxis erovnuli skolebis devnisa da

daketvis Sesaxeb, romelic bevr Zvelebsac ki gaakvirvebs.
raRa vTqva yovel dawesebulebaze: dawyebuli patara kancelariidan, gaTavebu-

li saministroTi. im Caketili karebis Sesaxeb, romelic win eRobeba aqaur somxobas,
yovel SemTxvevaSi imisTvis yvelgan karebi Caketilia. internacionalizmis diadi
lozungebi fexqveS gaiTela da ise gaiqarTveles suyvelaferi, rogorc etrfoda
veSapeli (l.g: igulisxmeba revaz gabaSvili, erovnul-demokratiuli partiis erT-
erTerTi lideri, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri, romelic social-demokratebis wina-
aRmdeg gamodioda) Tavis amxanagebiT da rasac medgrad ebrZodnen qarTveli soci-
al-demokratebi.
provincia? aq Seqmnili atmosfera? administraciis TareSi? sakmarisia erTi-

ori dRiT iq yofna, rom Tqvenc CemTan erTad daadasturoT is uxeSi mopyroba som-
xebisadmi, romelsac grZnobs provinciis marTlac meorexarisxovani moqalaqe.
mokleT, yvelgan vgrZnobT rom Tanasworoba ubralo sityva yofila, rogorc

esizmrebodaT gvazava-gabaSvilebs (l.g: erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevrebs),
saqarTvelo martod marto qarTvelebis yofila.
kidev gasagebi iqneboda es yvelaferi viwro nacionaluri politika, rom ewar-

moebinaT nacional-demokratebs, romlebic madloba RmerTs saTaveSi ar sdganan.
(Cvenma TanamebrZolebma anu social-demokratebma gagvriyeso. aqve saubrobs so-
mexi nacionalistebis partiaze `daSnakcuTunze~ da ambobs, rom am partiis winaaR-
mdeg qarTveli politikosebis brZola somexi sazogadoebis, somexi mSromeli xal-
xis winaaRmdeg brZolad gadaiqcao. l.g.)
nuTu bolo ar unda moeRos yovelive amas? nuTu dro ar aris, rom mezobluri
atmosfera gaiwmindos, rom somexi da qarTveli mSromelni, somexi da qarTveli mo-
qalaqeni erTnairad grZnobdnen erT saerTo samSoblos tkbil mSobliur alerss?
nuTu dRes, roca saqarTvelo Tavis diad dRes dResaswaulobs, da rodesac ev-
ropul saxelmwifoTa ojaxSi Tanaswor wevrad Sedis, am sazeimo xanaSi ar unda da-
axlovdnen orni mezobelni?
me mwams, rom axlo aris is dro, roca saqarTvelo yovel misi moqalaqisTvis nam-
dvili saerTo samSoblo iqneba.
warsuls davaneboT Tavi. axali saxelmwifos aSenebis dros SesaZlebelia Sec-

domebi. is, rac iyo saZirkvlis Cayris dros, imedia aRar iqneba Senobis aSenebaSi.
maSin gamTeldeba is xidi, romelic marTlac mraval mizezis gamo Catexili iyo.
Tu axlandel somxobas marTla saiaTnova aklia, isic unda simarTled CavTva-

loT, rom exlandel saqarTvelos, pativcemulo eqimo, aklia is RviZli mSobliuri
mopyroba, rasac naCvevi iyo Tavis dros, Zvel saqarTveloSi, saiaTnovas droinde-
li somxoba.
gazeTis `saxalxo saqme~ redaqciam anastasia Tumaniancs aseTi weri-

liT upasuxa:
Tumaniancis werilis gamo
Cveni gazeTis guSindel nomerSi daibeWda saqarTvelos somxis an. Tumaniancis

werili. werili gulwrfeli da friad yuradsaRebi. Cven gvgonia aseTi kilo, rom-
liTac gaJRenTilia Tumaniancis naweri, erTaderTi unda iyos or mezobel erTa
warmomadgenlebs Soris. samwuxarod, Cven naklebad varT Cveuli damSvidebul ka-
maTs somxis eris dRevandel mesveur daSnakelebisagan. amitom gvsurs zogierTi
mosazrebani gamovTqvaT zemoxsenebul werilSi gamoTqmuli azrebis gamo.
b-ni Tumanianci gulwrfelad Sewuxebulia im mtroba-qiSpobiT, romelic qar-

Tvelebsa da somxebs Soris dRes arsebobs da romlis damalva mas saWirod ar mi-
aCnia. mTavar mizezad urTierTobis waxdenisa is miaCnia, rom Turme respublika
226 kari mesame
erTnairad ar epyroba Tavis qveSevrdomebs. mas gerad miaCnia magaliTad somxebi,

romlebic ufro kargs mopyrobas moelodnen. somxoba gariyuli iyo tfilisis saqa-
laqo da damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebidan. provinciaSi ufro zedmeti Cagvra aris
vidre centrSi. es aRizianebs somxobas da amiT aixsneba urTierTobis gamwvaveba.
unda vTqva, rom faqtis amnairi gaSuqeba saerTod ar Seefereba sinamdviles. vin
ar icis, rom Cvens Sinaur politikas sruliad araviTari kavSiri ar hqonia im ube-
dur omTan, romelic daSnakebma daiwyes saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da mTeli somxis
eri CaiTries avantiuraSi. daumateT amas is agitacia, romelsac somxis sxvadasxva
wreebi eweodnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg. agredve demonstrati-
uli Zaxili ruseTis aRdgenaze (pirvel xanebSi), romelic aSkarad Cveni Tavisuf-
lebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da bevri ram CvenTvis cxadi gaxdeba. garda amisa,
vin mosTvlis ra Worebi ar iyo gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evropaSida, gav-
rcelebuli samwuxarod somxis politikur wreebis mier. es xom damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis pirvel xanebSi iyo, rodesac Cvens respublikas jer araviTari agre-
siuli politika ar ewarmoebina somxebisadmi. risi Sedegia dRevandeli wamxdari
urTierToba? igi Sedegia Tu ara zemoxsenebul politikisa, romelsac awarmoeb-
dnen somxis politikuri wreebi.
garda amisa, avtori aRniSnavs, rom somxebs saSualeba ar misces sxvadasxva ar-
CevnebSi monawileobisa. unda iTqvas, rom arc es Seefereba sinamdviles. tfilis-
Si SeiZleba marTlac moxda SemTxveviT gamotoveba siebidan adgilobriv mkvidrTa,
magram es iyo marTlac SemTxveviTi, radgan kanoni amas sruliad ar moiTxovda. anda
marTlad marto tfilisSi cxovrobs somxoba? ratom provinciis somxobas ar iRebs
mxedvelobaSi b-ni Tumanianci? iq xom mTelma somxurma soflebma miiRes monawile-
oba arCevnebSi ise, rogorc qarTvelebma da danarCenma erebma. ase moxda magaliTad
qarTlsa da kaxeTSi, sazogadod im adgilebSi, sadac somxoba scxovrobs. ase rom
arCevnebidan mkvidri somxoba ar yofila gariyuli Tu Tbilisis somxobis zogi-
erT wreebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, romelTac saqarTvelos qveSevrdomoba arc
hsurdaT arc eZebdnen.
rac Seexeba provinciaSi somxebis Cagvras, rogorc somxebisas amis Sesaxeb er-
Txel ukve gvqonda laparaki àSxatavorTan~.1 Cveni provincia marTlac mouwesri-
gebelia da iq zogjer mraval Zaladobas aqvs adgili, magram es Zaladoba da mouwes-
rigebloba saerTod exeba mTel provinciebs da ara marto somxobas. aq ar SeiZleba
mouwesrigeblobis nacionalizaciaze laparaki. sxvadasxva adgilas xdeboda uwes-
rigobani da es xdeboda marto qarTvelebiT dasaxlebul adgilebSic. magaliTad:
okribasa, wyaltubosa da sxvagan. amitom b-ni Tumanianci am SemTxvevaSi scdeba. Se-
iZleba iyos ramdenime magaliTi, magram rogorc eri, somxoba rom ar iCagreba sis-
tematurad es faqtia.
1
àSxatavori~ me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi TbilisSi gamomavali somxurenovani ga-
zeTi.
am Jamad, sakonstitucio komisiaSi muSaoba swarmoebs umciresobaTa uflebebis

Sesaxeb. saWiroa es muSaoba Cqara damTavrdes da am muSaobaSi monawileoba miiRos
TviT dainteresebulma erovnebis warmomadgenelma. maSin erTnairad Camoyalibde-
ba urTierToba. adgilobrivi somxoba gulwrfelad Caebmeba saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifoebriv muSaobaSi da gulwrfeladve daicavs saerTo samSoblos interesebsa da
Tavisuflebas.
mxolod saerTo TanamSromlobiT, Wapanis saerTo ZalebiT gaweviT da erTmane-

Tisadmi undoblobis mospobiT moxdeba normalur urTierTobis damyareba im ur-
TierTobisa, romelic ise sanatreli gamxdara, rogorc qarTveli, ise somxis WeSma-
rit demokratiisaTvis.
pirvel respublikaSi erovnuli umciresobis Sesaxeb wamowyebu-

li debatebi mTlianad Sewyda 1921 wlis saqarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg.
sabWoTa reJims sWirdeba morCili adamiani, romlis samSoblo sabWoTa
kavSiria da romlis identoba swored es aris da ara romelime eris
warmomadgenloba. reJims adamiani sWirdeba mxolod sakuTari mizne-
bis misaRwevad, rogorc masala, saSualeba. totalitarul saxelmwi-
foSi adamiani imis mixedviT fasobs, Tu ramdenad erTgulad emsaxureba
xelisuflebas. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ki xelisuflebis mTava-
ri daniSnuleba xalxis samsaxurSi yofnaa. aqedan gamomdinare, tota-
litarizmis pirobebSi adamiani qveSevrdomia, xolo demokratiulSi
moqalaqe; qveSevrdomi sakuTar Tavs ar moiazrebs aqtiur, monawile
moqalaqed; igi brmad, daeWvebis gareSe eTanxmeba beladis, partis ga-
dawyvetilebebs da gabatonebul ideologias. igi sakuTar ekonomikur,
socialur mdgomareobasac ki arasodes uyurebs eWvis TvaliT da mas
xelisuflebis mier warmoebul politikas ar ukavSirebs. mudam mzadaa
msxverplad Seewiros belads, saxelmwifos, arafers akeTebs sakuTari
cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad.
am `qveSevrdomis~ cnobierebis daZleva advili ar aris. gansakuT-

rebiT maSin, roca xmis amoReba, gaprotesteba, samoqalaqo gambedao-
ba sastikad isjeba. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi reJimisTvis arasaimedo,
misdami kritikulad ganwyobil adamianebze nadiroba daiwo. 1937 wels
daxvreta miusajes wiTeli armiis erT-erT gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars,
pirveli rangis armiis meTaurs iona emanuelis Ze iakirs (1896-1937). sik-
vdilmisjilis bolo sityvebi iyo: `gaumarjos stalins!~
reJimi Tavidan icilebda, sagangebod sjida, anadgurebda yvelas,

vinc sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT skeptikurad, kritikulad iyo ganwyobi-
li. qarTvel mwerlebs, msaxiobebs da sxvadasxva sferos warmomadgenel
adamianebs aiZulebnen sakuTari kolegebis, Tanamoazreebis winaaRmdeg
228 kari mesame
wasuliyvnen, sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad. swored amitom 20-30-

iani wlebis represiebs Seewira bevri keTilsindisieri adamiani: isini,
vinc ver Seegua reJims da isini, vinc ver moawera xeli adamianebis ga-
nadgurebas.
grigol robaqiZis ambavi:

qarTvelma mweralma grigol robaqiZem moaxerxa da 1930 wels germa-
niaSi gaiqca, riTac bolSevikebis risxvas gadaurCa. 1934 wels mweral-
ma grigol muSiSvilma (xoferia) gamosca wigni `gvelis perangosani~,
sadac igi robaqiZes simbolizmis, rasizmis, kaciWamia Sovinizmis pro-
pagandists uwodebs da cxadia, elodeba, rom amaze mweralTa kavSirma
pasuxi unda gasces mas. da ai, 1935 wlis 19 aprils, saqarTvelos sabWoTa
mwerlebis prezidiumic Seikriba verdiqtis gamosatanad. man moismina
paolo iaSvilis, tician tabiZis, valerian gafrindaSvilis da nikoloz
miwiSvilis (robaqiZis Tanamoazreebi da megobrebi) moxsenebebi faSis-
ti grigol robaqiZis gamcemluri muSaobis Sesaxeb:
`daadgines sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa mwerlebis prezidiumma ganixila ra

faSist grigol robaqiZis gamcemluri muSaobis Sesaxeb mweralTa erTi jgufis p.
iaSvilis, t. tabiZis, v. gafrindaSvilis da n. miwiSvilis gancxadeba, romelsac er-
Tsulovnad SeuerTda saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSiris mTeli aqtivi, daadgina:
eTxovos s.s.s.r. cekas prezidiums, raTa grigol robaqiZe, rogorc aSkara mte-
ri Cveni qveynis mSromeli xalxisa, TvalTmaqcurad gadasuli kontrevolucionur,
faSistur banakSi, gamocxadebul iqnas socialistur samSoblos moRalated da Ca-
moerTvas mas sabWoTa moqalaqeoba, aqedan gamomdinare, yvela Sedegebis ganxorci-
elebiT.~
1937 wels ki daapatimres da daxvrites tician tabiZe, nikolo miwiS-

vili, grigol muSiSvili, xolo paolo iaSvilma, protestis niSnad, mwe-
ralTa kavSiris sxdomaze moikla Tavi.
mweralTa federacias ver CavTvliT mwerlebis, rogorc interesTa

jgufis, uflebebis damcvel organizaciad, radgan nacvlad imisa, rom
mas mweralTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi daecva, igi TviTon Cadga re-
Jimis samsaxurSi. es kanonzomieric iyo, vinaidan totalitarizmis pi-
robebSi msgavsi gaerTianebebi ki ar akontroleben xelisuflebis qme-
debas, aramed TviTon xdebian saxelmwifos mxridan kontrolisa da ze-
damxedvelobis obieqtebi.
es magaliTi naTlad aCvenebs moqalaqis daucvelobis xarisxs tota-

litarul saxelmwifoSi, sadac gansxvavebulad moazrovne damnaSavea.
es sistema aviwroebda da anadgurebda yvelas, vinc masTan garigebaSi
ar Sedioda, visTvisac azrovnebis, Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba da adami-
ani umaRlesi Rirebuleba iyo.
axla ki SevecadoT vaCvenoT moqalaqis adgili demokratiul sazo-

gadoebaSi da davaxasiaToT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionirebis
pirobebi.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa erTobaa, romlis saqmianoba

Tavisufalia saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevisagan, reglamenta-
ciisgan. igi Sedgeba sxvadasxva interesebiT (ekonomikuri, kulturuli,
socialuri, samoqalaqo) gaerTianebuli jgufebisagan, romlebic akon-
troleben saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis qmedebas, adamianis uflebebisa
da Tavisuflebebis dacvis, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi
moqalaqeTa srulfasovani CarTvis, monawileobis xelSewyobis gziT.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas da xelisuflebas erTmaneTisagan gansxva-

vebuli miznebi da funqciebi aqvT, rac ganapirobebs maT urTierTga-
mijvnas. magram saxelmwifos, xelisuflebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasru-
lebeli da sasamarTlo) srulfasovani funqcionirebisTvis aucilebe-
lia misi institutebis saqmianobaze sazogadoebrivi zedamxedveloba
da kontroli.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania daakmayofilos moqalaqeTa indi-

vidualuri moTxovnilebani da daicvas maTi uflebebi. mas arc saka-
nonmdeblo, arc aRmasrulebeli da arc marTlmsajulebiTi funqcia
ar gaaCnia. igi Tavis saqmianobaSi emyareba moqalaqeTa Tanxmobisa da
nebayoflobis princips. mas qmnian moqalaqeebi xelisuflebisagan da-
moukideblad Tavisufali arCevanisa da kerZo iniciativis safuZvelze.
magram demokratiul da totalitarul sazogadoebas Soris arsebiTi
gansxvavebaa samoqalaqo sazogadoebisadmi damokidebulebaSi. pirveli
qmnis misi warmoqmnisa da normaluri funqciobis wanamZRvrebs, maSin
rodesac meore ara Tu ar qmnis aseT pirobebs, aramed krZalavs da eb-
rZvis mas.
totalitaruli xelisuflebis antagonizmi samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

bisadmi kanonzomieria, radgan igi misi arsidan gamomdinareobs. tota-
litarizmi gulisxmobs xelisuflebis absolutur da ganusazRvrel
Zalauflebas. igi uSvebs mxolod samTavrobo, magram kategoriulad
krZalavs arasamTavrobo organizaciebs. amis gamo igi ver dauSvebs mo-
230 kari mesame
qalaqeTa mier nebayoflobiT warmoqmnil gaerTianebebs. yofil sabWo-

Ta kavSirSi arsebobda mxatvruli da SemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi, mecnie-
ruli da aramecnieruli sazogadoebebi, axalgazrdobisa da veteranTa
kavSirebi, magram yvela isini saxelmwifo organizaciebi iyo. maT afi-
nansebda da marTavda xelisufleba. garda amisa, nebismieri organiza-
cia iyo erTi, romlisgan gansxvavebuli sxva meoris Seqmna akrZaluli
iyo. magaliTad, politikuri partia iyo erTi komunisturi da sxva po-
litikuri parita ar arsebobda. analogiurad, komkavSiri da mweralTa
kavSiri iyo erTi da sxva msgavsi organizaciis Seqmna dauSvebeli iyo.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobisa da funqciobis normalur piro-

bebs qmnis demokratiuli xelisufleba. aq igi legitimuria, radgan ka-
noni ara Tu krZalavs, aramed icavs mas. marTalia, xelisufleba ar qmnis
da ar ereva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebis saqmianobaSi, mag-
ram igi ayalibebs im sakanonmdeblo bazas, romlis CarCoebSi isini moqme-
deben damoukideblad da Tavisuflad. xelisufleba ar marTavs, magram
aregulirebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobas. am regulirebis sa-
fuZvelia konstitucia da misi Sesatyvisi sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebi.
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa xeli-

suflebis saqmianobis kontroli. saqme isaa, rom xelisufleba xSirad
ametebs Tavis uflebamosilebas, ris Sedegad adgili aqvs Zalaufle-
bis borotad gamoyenebas. igi srulad iyenebs Tavis uflebebs, magram
naklebad zrunavs valdebulebaTa Sesrulebaze. mas aviwydeba, rom uf-
lebebTan erTad valdebulebebic aqvs. magaliTad, xelisufleba val-
debulia daicvas adamianis uflebebi, magram xSirad TviTon arRvevs
maT; movalea, rom daicvas kanoniereba, magram TviTon sCadis ukanono-
bas; movalea, rom ebrZolos korufcias, magram mis struqturebSi bevri
meqrTamea mokalaTebuli.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ver Caereva xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi. igi

ver ikisrebs xelisuflebis funqciebs. mas ara aqvs ufleba gamosces ka-
nonebi, cxovrebaSi gaataros isini da aRasrulos marTlmsajuleba. es
xelisuflebis prerogativaa. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arc erT orga-
nizacias ara aqvs ufleba daapatimros meqrTame da gaasamarTlos igi.
misi dapatimreba policiis, xolo gasamarTleba sasamarTlos saqmea.
magram samoqalaqo sazogadoebas ufleba aqvs amxilos meqrTameoba, ma-
sobrivi informaciis saSualebebiT gamoamzeuros da saaSkaraoze ga-
moitanos masTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi. mas SeuZlia analogiurad mo-
iqces Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebis mimarTac:
amxilos adamianis uflebebis da kanonierebis darRvevis, pirovnebis
Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis xelyofis faqtebi.
marTalia, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba xelisuflebas ver Secvlis, mis

funqciebs ver Seasrulebs, magram ufleba aqvs ganaxorcielos kon-
troli, raTa zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mis saqmianobaze. mxileba da kri-
tika, rekomendaciebi da konstruqciuli TanamSromloba, saprotesto
gancxadebani da mSvidobiani manifestaciebi ai, is ZiriTadi saSuale-
bani, romelTa gamoyenebiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebas SeuZlia aiZulos
xelisufleba daicvas socialuri samarTlianoba da adamianis uflebe-
bi. es saSualebebic qveyanaSi idealur mdgomareobas ver daamyareben,
magram saxelmwifos, rogorc iZulebis meqanizms, samarTlianad SezRu-
daven mainc.
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani ramdenime maxasiaTebeli,
romlis gareSec misi funqcionireba SeuZlebelia:
1) xelisuflebisagan damoukidebloba anu avtonomiuroba. sa-
moqalaqo sazogadoeba warmoadgens sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe inte-
resTa jgufebis erTobliobas, romlebic iqmneba moqalaqeTa iniciati-
viT, xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe. maTi Camoyalibebis procesSi mniS-
vnelovania sainiciativo jgufis wevrTa mier maTi saqmianobis miznebis,
amocanebis da Sedegis miRwevis gzebis mkafio xedva.
2) SeTanxmeba da xelSekruleba. moqalaqeTa gaerTianebas safuZ-
vlad udevs maTi saerTo interesebi, romelic formdeba, rogorc am ga-
erTianebis wesdeba. xolo am interesis realizaciisaTvis aucilebel,
saWiro gzebs es gaerTianebebi sakuTar programebSi ayalibeben. erTi-
andebian interesTa erTobis safuZvelze. nebismieri samoqalaqo er-
TobisTvis aucilebeli pirobaa saerTo interesze/mizanze SeTanxmeba
da am SeTanxmebis, rogorc wevrTa Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis, ga-
formeba.
3) TviTmmarTveloba. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis funqcionireba
emyareba TviTmmarTvelobis princips. maT saqmianobas gansazRvravs
ara xelisuflebis mier miRebuli da dadgenili kanonebi, aramed maTive
SemuSavebuli wesdeba da programa.
4) cnobiereba da mizandasaxuloba. moqalaqeTa gaerTianeba xdeba
ara stiqiurad, Seugneblad, aramed cnobierad da mizandasaxulad. isi-
ni acnobiereben miznebis erTobliobas da maTi ganxorcielebis saSua-
lebebis efeqturobas. amis gacnobiereba da gaTvaliswineba karnaxobs
maT miiRon gadawyvetileba gaerTianebis Sesaxeb. es aris individebis
mier Tavisufali arCevanis Sedegi, romelic xorcieldeba nebayoflo-
biT da ara iZulebiT.
232 kari mesame
5) araerTgvarovneba da gansxvavebuloba. samoqalaqo sazogado-

ebaSi iqmneba mravali erTmaneTisagan gansxavvebuli jgufi da organi-
zacia, romlebic moicaven adamianTa saqmianobis farTo speqtrs; poli-
tikuri partiebi da profkavSirebi, ekonomikuri firmebi da sawarmoebi,
mecnieruli da SemoqmedebiTi gaerTianebebi, mxatvruli TviTSemoqme-
debis wreebi da ubnis macxovrebelTa mier komunaluri mizniT Seqmni-
li jgufebi, sportuli an garTobis mizniT Camoyalibebuli kavSirebi,
adamianis uflebebis an garemos dacvis organizaciebi da uamravi sxva.
amasTan erTi da imave saqmianobis sferoSi SeiZleba arsebobdes ramde-
nime erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli da damoukidebeli organizacia. ma-
galiTad, SeiZleba arsebobdes mravali partia, mweralTa kavSiris ram-
denime organizacia da sxva, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian
wesdebiT da programiT. maT gansxvavebuli miznebi da struqtura aqvT.
saqmianobis romelime sferos monopolizeba erTi organizaciis mier
yovlad dauSvebelia.
6) deideologizacia. samoqalaqo erTobebs ar aqvT ideologia,
romelic maTi konsolidaciis safuZvelia. igi moklebulia ideur er-
Tianobas, romelic daeyrdnoboda erT gegmas da erT mizans. piriqiT,
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gamoxatavs individebis kerZo da ara saerTo
interesebs. kerZo interesebis moqceva erTi ideologiis qveS princi-
pulad SeuZlebelia.
zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi naTlad avlenen samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

bis Taviseburebas. igi moicavs individebis kerZo interesebis sferos
da emayreba pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da kerZo iniciativas.
nawili meore
da demokratia
am nawilSi gavixsenebT demokratiis arss da ganvixilavT mis mniSvne-

lobas samoqalaqo sazogadoebisaTvis. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saq-
mianobis konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel CamovayalibebT
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis maxasiaTeblebs. nawilis dasasruls
Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:
ra aris demokratia?
ra niSnebiT xasiaTdeba demokratiuli mmarTveloba?
ra meqanizmis saSualebiT monawileobs xalxi demokratiul proces-
Si?
ratom aris demokratiaSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba mniSvnelovani?
234 kari mesame
Cven ukve gavarkvieT, rom mxolod monawile da pasuxismgebeli ada-

miania moqalaqe. sainteresoa: ra pirobebSi da ra meqanizmebiT SeuZlia
mas CaerTos samoqalaqo procesSi da rogor SeiZleba moaxdinos gavle-
na masze? amisaTvis ki aucilebelia gaverkveT `demokratiis~ cnebaSi,
demokratiuli procesis TaviseburebebSi da demokratiuli institu-
tebis funqcionirebis arsSi.
sityva `demokratia~ yvela enaSi berZnulidan Sevida, sadac is xalxis

(demosis) xelisuflebas (kratoss) niSnavs. dResac am sityvis mniSvne-
loba TiTqmis aseve ganisazRvreba: demokratia aris saxelmwifo mmar-
Tvelobis forma, romelSic umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxs ekuTvnis da
romlis mizanicaa adamianTa Tanasworobis ideis cxovrebaSi gatareba
da maTi, mxolod sayovelTao TanxmobiT miRebuli kanonebiT SezRu-
duli, Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. saberZneTSive, saxeldobr Zv. w. V
saukunis aTenSi, dainerga igi pirvelad cxovrebaSi, moxda misi pirveli
realizacia. am periodis aTenSi, romelic damoukidebeli qalaq-saxel-
mwifo (polisi) iyo, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
did nawils moqalaqeTa saerTo kreba axorcielebda. masSi monawileobis
ufleba hqonda mamrobiTi sqesis yvela mozrdil aTenel moqalaqes, rac
daaxloebiT 5-6 aTas kacs Seadgenda. kreba xmaTa umravlesobiT wyvetda
sakiTxebs. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebi iyo 501 moqa-
laqisagan Sedgenili naficTa sabWo da qalaqis sasamarTlo, romelsac
saboloo gadawyvetileba gamohqonda saerTo krebis mier miRebul kano-
nebzec. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Tanamdebobis pirebs ZiriTadad
niSnavdnen kenWisyriT da mxolod zogierTs, kerZod, samxedro da safi-
nanso saqmeebis ganmgeblebs, irCevdnen saerTo krebaze. yvela Tanamde-
bobaze muSaoba, agreTve sasamarTlo organoebSi monawileoba nazRaur-
deboda fuladi gasamrjeloTi, rac saxelmwifos marTvaSi monawleobis
praqtikul da ara mxolod Teoriul SesaZleblobas uqmnida RaribTa
fenebis warmomadgenlebsac. demokratiuli wyobis gansxvavebuli, mag-
ram mniSvnelovani saxe Seiqmna romis respublikaSic Zv. w. III saukuneSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aTenisa da romis demokratiebs Tavisi xarve-

zebi hqondaT, isini naTel wertilebs warmoadgendnen maSindeli msof-
lios rukaze. yvelgan sxvagan da mTels msoflioSi maTi dacemis Semdeg
Rrmad fesvgadgmuli iyo wodebriv uTanasworobaze dafuZnebuli erTi
adamianis, monarqis (mefis, faraonis, tiranis, imperatoris, Saxis, sul-
Tanis da a. S.) an adamianTa mcire jgufis, oligarqiis umravles SemTxve-
vaSi kanoniT SeuzRudavi avtoritaruli mmarTveloba, da mainc aTenis
polisisa da romis respublikis gamocdileba samudamod iyo CarCenili
yoveli epoqis, yoveli Taobis mowinave adamianTa mexsierebaSi, CarCeni-
li rogorc nimuSi, rogorc ideali da imedi, rom dadgeba maTi aRdge-

na-aRorZinebis dro.
XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi evropul saxelmwifoTa cxovrebaSi axal tenden-

ciebs eZlevaT dasabami. mrewvelobisa da vaWrobis, Tavisufali sasaqon-
lo urTierTobebis ganviTarebam naTelyo, rom wodebriv uTanasworoba-
ze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis struqtura moZvelebulia da radikalur
Secvlas saWiroebs. am tendencias gamoxatavs am epoqaSi popularulad
qceuli saxelmwifos demokratiuli mowyobisa da xalxis suverenitetis
idea, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis erTaderTi wyaro
aris qveynis mosaxleoba xalxi. amaSi igulisxmeba xalxis kontrols
dauqvemdebarebeli absoluturi mmarTvelobis, privilegirebuli da
uuflebo wodebebis arsebobis, kanonis winaSe adamianTa uTanasworobis
dauSvebloba, aralegitimuroba, miuRebloba yvela im Teoriisa, romlis
Tanaxmadac mefe, beladi an rCeulTa mcirericxovani wre RvTis nebiT an
istoriuli aucileblobiT iZens xelisuflebas. es ideebi, jer filo-
sofosTa gonebaSi gatarebuli, yvelaze mZafrad XVIII saukunis bolos
safrangeTis revoluciis dros, kerZod, 1789 wlis àdamianisa da moqa-
laqeTa uflebebis deklaraciaSi~ iyo manifestirebuli. xalxis suvere-
nitetis ideisa da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebis xorcSesxma evropaSive
daiwyo. es procesi mSvidobiani ar aRmoCnda, bevrgan igi sisxliani omebis
saxiT mimdinareobda. magram es procesi ar Semwydara da dResac grZel-
deba. amave dros dRes msoflioSi ukve arsebobs stabiluri demokratiis
qveynebi da kidev ufro meti sxva qveyana, romlebic maTi mTavrobebis sa-
xiT iziareben xalxis suverenitetis ideas, ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom saxel-
mwifo xelisuflebis erTaderTi wyaro da misi kanonierebis safuZveli
aris xalxis neba. es sajarodaa gacxadebuli àdamianis uflebaTa sayo-
velTao deklaraciaSi~ (muxli 21) da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi.
demokratia amyarebs saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseT formas, ro-

melsac axasiaTebs Semdegi niSnebi:
1) xelisuflebis legitimuroba. xelisufleba legitimuria anu
kanonieria, Tu mas irCevs xalxi kanoniT dadgenili wesebisa da norme-
bis dacviT. arCevnebi tardeba regularulad. maTi Catarebis vadebi da
formebi mkacrad gansazRvrulia. kanonierebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi
arCevnebis Sedegebi baTilad cxaddeba. amgvarad, xelisuflebis legi-
timurobas gansazRvravs xalxi, oRond im pirobiT, Tu misi neba dadge-
nili kanonis Sesabamisad mJRavndeba.
2) xelisuflebis SezRudva kanoniT. kanoni gansazRvravs xelisuf-
lebis ara marto formirebis process, aramed mis uflebebsa da movale-
obebs. xelisuflebas yvelafris ufleba ara aqvs. misTvis raRac dasaS-
236 kari mesame
vebia, magram raRac dauSvebeli. magaliTad, mas ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos

Zala, magram mxolod kanonierebis farglebSi. arakanonierad Zalis ga-
moyeneba akrZalulia. aseve xelisuflebas ekisreba garkveuli movale-
obebi, kerZod, adamianis xelSeuvali uflebebis dacva. Tu xelisufle-
bam gadaameta Tavis uflebebs da ar Seasrula masze dakisrebuli mova-
leobebi, maSin kanoni xalxs uflebas aZlevs, gadaayenos da Secvalos
igi. amgvarad, kanoni zRudavs xelisuflebis uflebamosilebas.
3) xelisuflebis ganawileba da urTierTgamijnva. xelisuflebis
uflebamosilebaa gamosces kanonebi, aRasrulos isini da ganaxorcie-
los marTlmsajuleba. Sesabamisad, mas aqvs sami funqcia sakanonmdeb-
lo, aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebis. es funqciebi Tavmoyrilia
ara erTi organos an piris xelSi, aramed ganawilebulia sam sxvadasxva
organos Soris: sakanonmdeblo funqcia ekuTvnis parlaments, aRmas-
rulebeli prezidents an mTavrobas, xolo marTlmsajulebiTi _ sa-
samarTlos. isini erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia. verc erTi maTgani
sxvis saqmeSi ver Caereva, magram erTmaneTs SemosazRvraven da akon-
troleben.
4) Tavisufleba da pluralizmi. aRiarebuli da garantirebulia pi-
rovnebis Tavisufleba. adamianebs ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad gamoTqvan
TavianTi Sexedulebani, airCion religia, Seikribon da gadaadgildnen
qveynis nebismier kuTxeSi da mis farglebs gareT. nebismieri gansxvave-
buli, opoziciuri azri legitimuria. kanonierad iTvleba ara marto
xelisuflebis mier oficialurad miRebuli azri, aramed maTgan gan-
sxvavebulic. ar arsebobs WeSmaritebis erTi instancia. xelisuflebis
kritika daSvebulia da ar isjeba kanoniT. pluralizmi aris norma cxov-
rebisa da azrovnebis yvela sferoSi, radgan igi warmoadgens sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis amsaxvel koncepts, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavdebian ekonomikuri, socialuri, politikuri da kulturuli
statusebiTa da SexedulebebiT.
5) adamianis uflebaTa xelSeuvaloba. xelisufleba movalea daic-
vas adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, risTvisac mas nacionalu-
ri kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi mohyavs saerTaSoriso samarTalTan.
adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis xelyofa dauSvebelia. samo-
qalaqo uflebebs moqalaqeebi floben ara rogorc xelisuflebis wya-
lobas an saCuqars, aramed kanonis ZaliT. moqalaqeTa uflebebi legi-
timuria da mas kanoni icavs.
6) umciresobaTa uflebebis garantireba. umciresobas miekuTvneba
ara mxolod politikuri opozicia, aramed eTnikuri, religiuri, seqsu-
aluri Tu sxva jgufebi, romlebic mosaxleobis mcire nawils Seadgens.
demokratia umravlesobis nebas emyareba, magram man ar unda SezRudos

da daTrgunos umciresoba. igi qmnis garantiebs, romlebic umcireso-
bas saSualebas aZlevs Tavisuflad da srulad gamoavlinos Tavisi neba.
demokratia, moqalaqe da monawileoba
rogor unda gamoxatos xalxma Tavisi neba? rogor unda iqces igi
xelisuflebis wyarod saxelmwifoSi? ise, rogorc amas akeTeben ada-
mianTa mcirericxovani jgufebi momavali koleqtiuri moqmedebis gan-
sasazRvrad anda imis gadasawyvetad, Tu jgufis romel wevrebs daekis-
roT ama Tu im amocanis Sesruleba SeTanxmebiT winaswari ganxilvis
safuZvelze. termini `SeTanxmeba~ gulisxmobs jgufis wevrebis mier
arCevanis gakeTebas ama Tu im gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod. rogor, ra
meqanizmiT akeTeben amas adamianebi? isini kenWs uyrian alternatiul
winadadebebs da Tanxmdebian kenWisyris wesze; kenWisyraSi monawileTa
ra raodenobis Tanxmoba iyos saWiro gadawyvetilebis misaRebad; yve-
las Tanxmoba (konsensusi), TiTqmis yvelas (magaliTad, kvalificiuri
umravlesobis, kenWisyraSi monawileTa ori mesamedis an sami meoTxe-
dis) naxevarze metis (absoluturi anu ubralo umravlesobis) Tu yve-
laze metis (SefardebiTi umravlesobis) Tanxmoba. kenWisyra aris is
xerxi, romliTac xalxma SeiZleba Tavisi neba gamoxatos.
xalxis mier raime sakiTxze sakuTari Sexedulebebis gamoxatva (ken-

Wisyra) orgvarad SeiZleba moxdes da amis mixedviT saerTod demokra-
tiac ori saxisaa: uSualo anu pirdapiri da warmomadgenlobiTi. pir-
vel SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeebi arCeuli an daniSnuli oficialuri pire-
bis Suamavlobis gareSe kenWisyriT pirdapir wyveten sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis maTTvis saintereso sakiTxebs. am meTodis gamoyenebis auci-
lebeli pirobaa kenWisyraSi monawileTa SedarebiTi mcirericxovneba
da gansaxilvel sakiTxTa iseTi xasiaTi, rac ar moiTxovs kenWisyraSi
monawileTa droisa da energiis did danaxarjebs. amgvari demokratia
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes, magaliTad, soflis yrilobebze, profkavSi-
rebis an politikuri partiebis adgilobrivi organizaciebis saerTo
krebebze da a.S. dRes demokratia ZiriTadad warmomadgenlobiTia: mo-
qalaqeebi pirdapir (uSualod) irCeven mxolod Tavis warmomadgenlebs,
romlebmac, Tavis mxriv, unda miiRon politikuri gadawyvetilebebi,
Seqmnan kanonebi, programebi da xeli Seuwyon maT realizebas. rodesac
erTi moqalaqe, iTvaliswinebs meore moqalaqis Sexedulebebs, miiCnevs
mas Tavis warmomadgenlad, amiT igi Tavis uflebas, monawileobdes sa-
zogadoebrivi cxovrebis sakiTxebis ganxilvasa da gadawyvetaSi, gadas-
238 kari mesame
cems, Tavis warmomadgenels. amitom arCeuli warmomadgenlebi ukve xal-

xis saxeliT, miiReben gadawyvetilebebs. warmomadgenlebis arCevis pro-
cedura sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi xalxis
mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi adgilebs ikaveben da gadawyvetilebebs
iReben xalxis saxeliT da angariSvaldebulebi arian xalxis winaSe.
warmomadgenelTa arCevnebi aris procedura, romliTac TiToeu-

li adamiani axorcielebs Tavis erT-erT ZiriTad uflebas uflebas
monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi da TanamoqalaqeebTan erTad
gansazRvravdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da mis politikur kurss.
es Seadgens àdamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis~ XXI muxlis
Sinaarss:
yvela adamians aqvs ufleba, monawileobdes Tavisi qveynis marTvaSi pir-
dapir an Tavisuflad arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.
yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari ufleba, Sevides saxelmwifo samsaxurSi.
xalxis neba unda iyos mTavrobis xelisuflebis safuZveli; es neba unda
gamoixatos perioduli da arafalsificirebuli arCevnebiT, romelic
unda tardebodes sayovelTao da Tanabari saarCevno uflebis pirobebSi
faruli kenWisyriT an misi tolfasi proceduriT, romelic uzrunvel-
yofs xmis Tavisuflad micemas.
arCevnebi nebismieri saxelmwifos demokratiulobis, xalxis nebis ga-

moxatvis instrumentia. marTlac, arCevnebiT sakanonmdeblo, aRmasru-
lebeli da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis Semadgenlobis da maTi samoqmedo
programebis ZiriTadi debulebebis gansazRvra rogorc adgilebze, ise
mTeli saxelmwifos masStabiT emyareba mxolod da mxolod imaT Tanxmo-
bas (urTierTSeTanxmebas), vinc unda imarTos, xalxis, moqalaqeTa Tan-
xmobas. arCevnebi aris am SeTanxmebis xelisuflebis organoTa ufle-
bebad da valdebulebebad gardaqmnis meqanizmi. arCevnebis aseTi roli
warmoadgens praqtikul realizacias saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxeb
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Teoriisa, romelic axal droSi Seqmnes
gamoCenilma evropelma moazrovneebma hobsma (Thomas Hobbes, 1588-1679),
spinozam (Baruch de Spinoza, 1632-1677), lokma (John Locke, 1632-1704), pufen-
dorfma (Samuel von Pufendorf, 1632-1694), rusom (Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-
1778), didrom (Denis Diderot, 1713-1784) da sxvebma, da romelic aris xalxis
suverenitetis koncefciis Teoriuli safuZvelic. arCevnebi aris Se-
Tanxmebis procedura, arCevnebis Sedegebi ki warmoadgens sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris SeTanxmebas (xelSekrulebas) saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeo-
bis, misi kursisa da am kursis Semsruleblebis Sesaxeb.
nawili mesame
da arCevnebi
am nawilSi amomrCevelTa nebis gamoxatvis mniSvnelobaze visaubrebT.

ganvixilavT demokratiuli arCevnebis pirobebs. gaviazrebT saar-
Cevno procesis monitoringis arss. SevafasebT aRmasrulebeli xeli-
suflebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSakebis saarCevno pro-
cedurebze gavlenis moxdenis xasiaTs. vimsjelebT Jurnalistebis
kompetenciisa da keTilsindisierebis mniSvnelobaze arCevnebis mim-
dinareobis gaSuqebisas. gavixsenebT da gavaanalizebT arCevnebTan da-
kavSirebul zogierT SemTxvevas. gavecnobiT saerTaSoriso damkvirve-
blebis mosazrebebs CvenSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sesaxeb.
nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT kiTxvebs, rogo-

ricaa:
ra aris arCevnebi da ra daniSnuleba aqvs mas demokratizaciis pro-

cesisTvis?
ra ZiriTad moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes demokratiuli, samar-
Tliani arCevnebi?
ra rols asrulebs samoqalaqo sazogadoeba arCevnebis procesSi?
240 kari mesame
rodesac vsaubrobT arCevnebze Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi, mxedve-

lobaSi unda gvqondes uSualod moqalaqeebis mier qveynis sakanonmdeb-
lo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos (parlamentis), aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris (prezidentis an premier-
ministris), aseve parlamentis mier aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xe-
lisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis arCeva, agreTve xelisufle-
bis adgilobrivi organoebis arCevnebi.
dRes arCevnebi TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi da yvela doneze tardeba,

magram is Tavis daniSnulebas yvelgan ver asrulebs, radgan misi Sede-
gebi ar gamoxatavs amomrCevelTa nebas. amis tipuri nimuSia arCevnebi
sabWoTa kavSirSi. arCevnebi rom demokratiuli iyos, xolo misi Sede-
gebi marTalc amomrCevelTa nebas gamoxatavdes, unda sruldebodes
sakmaod bevri piroba, maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani ramodenimea, rom-
lebic moxerxerbuli da amave dros mkafio formiT Camoayaliba ameri-
kelma mecnierma da politikurma moRvawem j. kirkpatrikma. saxeldobr,
j. kirkpatrikis mixedviT, demokratiuli arCevnebi unda iyos:
konkurenciuli,
perioduli,
warmomadgenlobiTi,
saboloo.
konkurenciuli garemo da pluralizmi

demokratiul arCevnebSi unda arsebobdes xmis micemis sxvadasxva
SesaZlebloba, raTa amomrCeveli marTlac arCevanis winaSe dadges. es
mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac erTsa da imave adgilze, iqneba
es qveynis prezidentis, sakanonmdeblo organos wevris adgili Tu sxva
arCeviTi Tanamdeboba, erTmaneTs ecilebian sxvadasxva partiebis, sxva-
dasxva samoqmedo programebis mqone kandidatebi: yovel kandidats,
romelsac mxars uWers oficialuri xelisufleba, unda hyavdes konku-
renti da opoziciis kandidatebs saerTod unda hqondeT sityvis, Sekre-
bebis organizebisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba da Tanabari saeTe-
ro dro radioTi da televiziiT gamosvlebisaTvis. es aris kandidatTa
programebisa da Sexedulebebis prezentaciis, gavrcelebisa da amom-
rCevlebamde da mTavrobamde mitanis aucilebeli piroba.
opoziciuri kandidatebisaTvis radiosa da televiziaSi drois armi-

cema, maTi Sekrebebisa da winasaarCevno Sexvedrebis SezRudva an akrZal-
va, maTi gazeTebis cenzura, mocile kandidatebisaTvis winasaarCevno
brZolaSi araTanabari SeasZleblobebis Seqmna, arCevnebs konkurenciul

xasiaTs arTmevs. mmarTvel partias isedac aqvs upiratesoba, rasac mas
xelisuflebaSi yofna aZlevs. mis kandidatebs samsaxureobrivi mdgoma-
reobis gamo aqvT mravalferovani partnioruli kavSirebi, xolo wina-
sarCevno periodSi amomrCevlebTan uSualo kontaqtis ufro meti SesaZ-
lebloba. amaze meti upiratesobiT sargebloba, usamarTloba iqneboda.
demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ki arCevnebi patiosani unda iyos.
perioduloba
xelisuflebis sabazo subieqti xalxi ar aris ucvleli, erTxel da

samudamod mocemuli substancia. droTa viTarebaSi icvleba misi Semad-
genloba, rogorc raodenobrivad, ise Tvisebrivad: icvleba adamiane-
bis/moqalaqeebis Sexedulebebi, miznebi da survilebi da amis mixedviT
icvleba xalxis neba, romelic saxelmwifos arsebobasa da saxelmwifos
xelisuflebis xasiaTSi, saxelmwifo politikaSi unda aisaxos. amitom
moqalaqeTa Soris erTxel miRweuli SeTanxmeba drodadro ganaxlebas
saWiroebs. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi yvela saxis arCevnebi garkveu-
li periodulobiT unda tardebodes, rac gansazRvravs saxelmwifos
politikuri cxovrebis ritms koreqtivebs, cvlilebebs politika-
Si, an saerTod politikuri kursis arsebiT ganaxlebas. aqedan gamodis,
rom samudamod, mTeli sicocxliT arCeuli mmarTveli, Tavmjdomare an
prezidenti ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos demokratuli mowyobis prin-
cipebs. araviTar arCevnebs, arCeviT Tanamdebobaze aravis yofnas ar Se-
iZleba samudamo Zala hqondes. yoveli oficialuri piri angariSvalde-
bulia xalxis winaSe da Tanamdebobaze yofnis garkveuli drois Semdeg
man amomrCevlebisagan unda iTxovos axali mandati Tanamdebobaze da-
sarCenad. es mandati man SeiZleba verc miiRos, amitom oficialuri pi-
rebi demokratiul saxelmwifoSi unda Seeguon axali vadiT maTi arar-
Cevis an gadarCevis SesaZleblobas.
warmomadgenlobiToba
arCevnebis Sedegebi imaT nebas gamoxatavs, visac aqvs arCevnebSi mo-

nawileobis ufleba. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebi xalxis nebas
unda gamoxatavdes. amisTvis ki aucilebelia kanonSi saarCevno `xmis
uflebis mqone moqalaqis~ gansazRvra moicavdes qveynis mozrdili mo-
saxleobis sakmaod did nawils. amomrCevelTa mcire jgufebis mier sa-
kanonmdeblo Tu sxva organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis arCeva, xmis
242 kari mesame
micemisa da misi Sedegebis interpretaciis rogori patiosani proce-

durac ar unda edos maT safuZvlad, ar SeiZleba bolomde demokrati-
ulad CaiTvalos. eleqtoratis simcire iyo antikuri demokratiuli
saxelmwifoebis erT-erTi umTavresi nakli iq arCevnebSi monawileo-
bas ar iRebdnen monebi, qalebi, xolo romSi monebi, qalebi da dabali
materialuri SeZlebis Tavisufali moqalaqeebi da sxva.
eleqtoratis raodenobis bunebrivi Semcirebis, kanonierebisa da

arCevnebis demokratiulobis iluziis Sesaqmnelad, xelisufleba xSi-
rad mimarTavs saarCevno cenzebis sistemas. saarCevno cenzi aris arCev-
nebSi monawileobis uflebis miRebis kanoniT dadgenili piroba. cenzis
mixedviT, garkveuli niSnis mqone (armqone) mosaxleobis jgufs erTmeva
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, ufleba monawileoba miiRos man imis
gansazRvraSi, Tu rogori unda iyos misi qveynis saxelmwifo politika
da vin unda ganaxorcielos igi. arsebobs qonebrivi, binadrobis, ganaT-
lebis, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, sqesis, religiuri, klasobrivi, asakobri-
vi, janmrTelobisa da sxva saxis cenzebi. cenzebi zRudaven ara mxolod
xmis uflebis mqone moqalaqeebis aqtiur saarCevno uflebas, aramed
garkveul organoebSi an garkveul Tanamdebobebze arCevis uflebis
mqone moqalaqeebsac pasiur saarCevno uflebasac. yoveli cenzi mo-
cemul saxelmwifoSi gavrcelebuli an gabatonebuli socialuri, po-
litikuri, zneobrivi da sxva dogmebis iuridiuli gamoxatulebaa da ma-
Ti umravlesoba gaumarTleblad zRudavs adamianis uflebebs. magram
mainc yvela cenzi erTnairad ar SeiZleba Sefasdes. magaliTad, arCev-
nebSi monawileobisaTvis qveda asakobrivi zRvris daweseba gonivru-
lad gamoiyureba, radgan bavSvebs jer kidev ara aqvT politikuri ga-
dawyvetilebaTa miiRebis unari da amitom maTi daSveba arCevnebze iqne-
boda damatebiTi xmis uflebis micema maTTvis, visac bavSvebi ujereben.
ufro mkacri asakobrivi moTxovnebi waeyenebaT kandidatebs. arCevis

uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa, e. i. pasiuri saarCevno uflebis gamoyenebis
qveda asakobrivi zRvari qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi aris 21-dan - 25 wlam-
de (saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba arCeuli iyos moqala-
qe 25 wlis asakidan). zogierT qveyanaSi es zRvari kidev ufro maRalia.
iseT Tanamdebobaze arCevisaTvis, romelic moiTxovs daZabul sistema-
tur muSaobas, qveynisaTvis zogierTi mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis
damoukideblad miRebas, anda specialur codnas romelime dargSi, mi-
zanSewonilad unda iqnes miCneuli agreTve zeda asakobrivi zRvrisa da
janmrTelobisa da ganaTlebis cenzebis dawesebac.
dRes postsabWoTa qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sajarod ga-

mocxadebulia demokratiuli sazogadoebis mSenebloba. amitom arCevne-
bis warmomadgenlobiTobis SezRudva normatiuli aqtebiT gamoricxu-

lia. magram arsebobs kanoniT gauformebeli, `Crdilovani~ meTodebic.
es aris kenWisyris dRes saarCevno biuletenebis gacema piradobis dama-
dasturebeli sabuTebis gareSe, rac qmnis sxvis magier xmis micemis SesaZ-
leblobas, winaswarSevsebuli an zedmeti biuletenebis gacema amomrCe-
velze an maTi uSualo CaSveba saarCevno urnaSi saarCevno administraci-
is warmomadgenlis mier, oqmebSi fiqtiuri maCveneblebis Setana da a. S.
arCevnebis Sedegebis sabolooba
es kriteriumi or moments gulisxmobs:

pirveli, demokratiuli arCevnebi arCeul pirebs aZlevs realuri
xelisuflebis sadaveebs, realur da ara simbolur xelisuflebas. maT
saxelmwifo unda ganagon arsebuli konsituticiisa da sxva kanonebis
dacviT.
meore, arCevnebSi monawile mxareTa urTierTloialoba. demokrati-
ul saxelmwifoSi arCevnebSi monawile yoveli mxarisaTvis saerTo unda
iyos demokratiuli normebisa da Rirebulebebis dacva. aqedan gamom-
dinare, arCevnebSi damarcxebulma mxarem, aw ukve opoziciam, arCevnebis
Sedegebi unda miiRos rogorc amomrCevelTa kanonieri gadawyvetileba
da mzad iyos icxovros im pirobebSi, romlebic iqmneba arCevnebis Se-
degebiT: xelisuflebisaTvis brZola amjerad damTavrebulia da igi
ganaxldeba mxolod Semdeg arCevnebze. demokratiis sayrdeni princi-
pia ara mxolod umravlesobis wesi, aramed umciresobis, amjerad da-
marcxebuli mxaris, uflebebis uzrunvelyofac. gamarjvebuli mxare,
Tavis mxriv, valdebulia Tavisi moqmedebiT ar Seaviwrovos damarcxe-
buli mxare, ar mouspos mas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi monawileobis
pirobebi. sabWoTa kavSiris istoria kidev erTxel gvawvdis, amjerad
araloialobis mkafio magaliTebs.
saarCevno sistemis funqcionireba da saarCevno

procesis monitoringi
mxolod qveyanaSi moqmedi saarCevno sistema ar aris arCevnebis demok-

ratiulobis garantia. aucilebelia agreTve sistemis cxovrebaSi gata-
rebis, saarCevno kanonmdeblobis realizaciis Riaoba dainteresebuli
pirebisa da organizaciebisaTvis, saxeldobr, saarCevno procesis yovel
etapze SesaZlebeli unda iyos masze Tvalyuris devneba, saerTaSoriso
244 kari mesame
aqtebiTa da qveynis kanonmdeblobiT nebadarTuli meTodebiT Semowme-

ba da kontroli (monitoringi). evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis
kopenhagenis (amJamad euTo) 1990 wlis konferenciis mTavari dokumentis
mixedviT (muxli 8), Sida da saerTaSoriso meTvalyureebis mier saarCev-
no procesis Semowmeba arCevnebis Sedegebis sandoobis aucilebeli pi-
robaa. aqedan gamomdinare, es dokumenti mouwodebs yvela qveyanas, sa-
dac arCevnebi tardeba, moiwvion (dauSvan) meTvalyureebi euToSi Sema-
vali qveynebidan da im kerZo dawesebulebebidan da organizaciebidan,
romlebsac meTvalyureobaSi monawileobis miReba surT. demokratiul
qveyanaSi saerTaSoriso da adgilobrivi meTvalyureebis mniSvneloba da
uflebebi garantirebuli unda iyos saarCevno kanonmdeblobiT.
sameTvalyureo saqmianobis upirvelesi mizania saarCevno procesis

patiosnebis, misi samarTlianobis damowmeba. amas yvela qveynisTvis di-
di mniSvneloba aqvs, magram gansakuTrebiT maTTvis, sadac axla mimdi-
nareobs demokratiis mSenebloba. aseT qveynebs ekuTvnis saqarTveloc.
arCevnebis procesis yoveli etapis: amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenis,

kandidatebis wamoyenebisa da registraciis, winasaarCevno kampaniis,
saarCevno punqtebSi xmis micemis, xmebis daTvlis da a. S. meTvalyureo-
ba da misi Sedegebis sajarooba (magaliTad, gamoqveyneba), unda vivara-
udoT da praqtikiT es dasturdeba kidec, Tavs Seakavebinebs arCevnebSi
Cabmul mxareebs siyalbisagan, amomrCevelTa motyuebisa da daSinebisa-
gan da sxva darRvevebisagan, uneblie Secdomebisgan.
yovelive amas Tavisi Sedegebi aqvs. monitoringis mizandasaxuloba-

Si es Sedegebic igulisxmeba. bevrma adamianma postkomunistur qveyneb-
Si mware gamocdilebiT icis oficialuri RonisZiebebis sicrue da moC-
venebiToba, maT Soris, arCevnebis TaRliTuri xasiaTi, adamianis uf-
lebebis ugulebelyofa, marTvis avtokratiuloba. amitom isini skep-
tikurad arian ganwyobilebi saarCevno procesis Rirebulebis mimarT.
monitoringi da misi Sedegebis sajarooba aseT adamianebs exmareba am
damokidebulebis gadalaxvaSi, samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Rirebu-
lebis SegnebaSi, rac zrdis moqalaqeTa ndobas arCevnebis mimarT, maT
aqtiurobas. monitoringi da misi Sedegebis sajarooba gavlenas axdens
politikosebze, partiebze, oficialur xelisuflebaze, aiZulebs maT
koreqtivebi Seitanon TavianT saqmianobaSi. gavlena arCevnebis Semde-
gac ar wydeba. gamarjvebuli da damarcxebuli mxareebi arCevnebis mTe-
li procedurisa da misi Sedegebis kanonierebis sakiTxze kamaTs agrZe-
leben. Tu moxda, rom faqtebi da argumentebi erTi romelime mxaris sa-
sargeblod gadaiwona, maSin SesaZloa aman mTeli arCevnebis Sedegebzec
sabediswero gavlena iqonios.
arCevnebs Tvals adevnebs da akontrolebs oTxi kategoriis Sida

meTvalyure: saarCevno administracia (centraluri da regionaluri
saarCevno komisiebi da sxva), politikuri partiebi, adgilobrivi medi-
ebi (presa, radio, televizia) da dainteresebuli, neitraluri organi-
zaciebi. garda amisa, monitoringSi unda monawileobdnen saerTaSori-
so meTvalyureebi, romlebic mxolod unda avsebdnen Sida meTvalyure-
ebis muSaobas.
garda wminda organizaciuli muSaobisa, rac misi ZiriTadi saqmea,

saarCevno administracias evaleba uzrunvelyofa imisa, rom arCevne-
bis mimdinareoba TanxmobaSi iyos qveynis saarCevno kanonmdeblobas-
Tan da saerTaSoriso standartebTan. amitom patiosan da saqmis kargad
mcodne saarCevno administracias ZaluZs Seasrulos uaRresad dadebi-
Ti roli arCevnebis demokratiulobaSi da amiT farTo sameTvalyureo
saqmianobis saWiroeba Seamciros.
saarCevno administracia, arCevnebis patiosnebis damowmebaSi, bolom-

de sando SesaZloa ar iyos, gansakuTrebiT im qveynebSi, sadac axla mimdi-
nareobs demokratiuli normebis danergva, radgan is garkveuli azriT,
dainteresebuli mxarea, jer erTi imis gamo, rom arCevnebis patiosnebis
Semowmeba aris amave dros misi muSaobis Semowmeba, da meore, imis gamo,
rom Cveulebrivad saarCevno administraciis TanamSromlebi iniSnebian
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis muSak-
Ta wridan da amitom, bunebrivia, arsebobdes eWvi, xSirad arausafuZvlo,
rom isini iCenen mikerZoebas zedmetad uWeren mxars arsebuli xelisuf-
lebis kandidatebs da cdiloben, zogjer darRvevebis fasad, maTTvis
xelSemwyobi viTarebis Seqmnas. politikuri partiebis meTvalyureebsac
ZaluZT dadebiTi rolis Sesruleba, gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis dRes,
radgan saarCevno punqtebSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva partiebis warmo-
madgenlebis yofna qmnis urTierTkontrolis atmosferos. amave dros,
isini iZlevian mniSvnelovan informacias mTlianad saarCevno procesis
Sesaxeb, agreTve arCevnebis dRes amomrCevelTa mosvlis intensivobasa
da arCevnebis Sedegebze uSualod xmis micemis Semdeg. magram isini da-
interesebul mxareebs warmoadgenen arCevnebSi da ar aris gamoricxuli,
gamoiCinon midrekileba upiratesoba miscen Tavisi partiis poziciasa
da kandidatebs, dafaron maT mier Cadenili darRvevebi.
arCevnebs Tvalyurs adevneben agreTve adgilobrivi mediebi Jur-

nal-gazeTebi, radio, televizia. Tumca maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba aris
reportaJebi saarCevno kampaniis mimdinareobaze da cnobebi arCevnebis
Sedegebis Sesaxeb. Jurnalistebis damoukidebloba da profesionaliz-
mi saSualebas aZlevs maT gamoavlinon darRvevebi, SesTavazon saarCev-
246 kari mesame
no administracias informaciis mogrovebis, dajamebisa da gavrcele-

bis ukeTesi meTodebi. magram iqac, sadac medias kontrols uweven, an
dabalia maTi profesiuli done an mediis monitoringuli saqmianoba
informacia calmxrivi da arasandoa.
imis Segnebam, rom saarCevno administracias, politpartiebis war-

momadgenlebsa da adgilobriv mediebs saarCevno procesisaTvis Tval-
yuris devnebisas SesaZloa mikerZoebiTi interesebi hqondeT da cdi-
lobdnen arCevnebSi monawile romelime mxaris sasargeblod Tavisi
saqmianobis warmarTmavs, gamoiwvia monitoringSi neitraluri samo-
qalqo oragnizaciebisa da pirebis Cabma, romlebsac ainteresebT ara
arCevnebis Sedegi, ara is, Tu vin gaimarjvebs arCevnebSi, aramed TviTon
saarCevno procesi, misi patiosneba, kanoniereba da demokratiuli nor-
mebisadmi Sesabamisoba. Tu dauinteresebel meTvalyureTa efeqturi
muSaobis SemTxvevaSi maT mier saarCevno procesis da arCevnebis Sede-
gebis Sefaseba ufro obieqturad da sandod unda miviCnioT, vidre ofi-
cialuri xelisuflebis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli saarCevno admi-
nistraciebis da mediebisa, anda politikuri partiebis Sefaseba.
saqarTveloSi aseT organizacias warmoadgens `samarTliani arCev-

nebi~, romelsac yvela arCevnebze hyavs damoukidebeli kandidatebi. am
organizaciis garda, arCevnebis monitoringSi aqtiurad monawileobs
`saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia~. damoukidebel meT-
valyureTa adgilobrivi jgufebi, politikuri TvalsazrisiT, warmo-
adgenen agreTve neitralur saSualebas im adamianTa gaaqtiurebisa da
politikur cxovrebaSi CabmisaTvis, romlebic arCevnebis Rirebulebis
mimarT skeptikurad arian ganwyobili da romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi ar-
CevnebSi ar miiRebdnen monawileobas anda SiSiT mxars dauWerdnen xe-
lisuflebis kandidats. amrigad, dauinteresebeli samoqalaqo organi-
zaciebis CarTva monitoringSi qmnis arCevnebis patiosnebis met Sanss
da amave dros aRrmavebs demokratizaciis process.
sandoobis xarisxi kidev ufro izrdeba, Tu Sinauri meTvalyuree-

bis muSaoba Sevsebulia saerTaSoriso meTvalyureTa monacemebiT.
saarCevno procesis SefasebaSi neitralur meTvalyureTa upirateso-
bam pirvelad mkveTrad iCina Tavi filipinebze 1984 wlis sapreziden-
to arCevnebSi. Semdgom afrikisa da samxreT amerikis qveynebSi, agreTve
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi socialituri banakis daSlis Semdeg. maT
uCvenes, rom miuxedavad sakuTari pirovnuli simpaTiebisa da uwindeli
gamocdilebisa, ZaluZT keTilsindisierad gaisarjon, maTi saqmianoba
ki sando da miukerZoebelia.
iqneba Tu ara arCevnebi patiosani da samarTliani, uwinares yovli-

sa, saarCevno kanonmdeblobazea damokidebuli. amitom yvela saxis meT-
valyuris umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos saarCevno
kanonis SemuSavebaze. arCevnebis demokratiuloba demokratiuli saar-
Cevno kanoniT iwyeba. misi arsebiTi komponentia meTvalyureobis Car-
Coebisa da meTvalyureTa uflebebis gansazRvra. es sakiTxi daintere-
sebul mxareTa Soris mZafri davis sagania yovelTvis, magram aSkaraa,
rom sameTvalyureo saqmianobis SezRudvis yoveli mcdeloba xelisu-
falTa mxridan maT avtokratiul midrekilebas amJRavnebs. ra unda
iyos, garda amisa, meTvalyureobis sagani? yvelaferi, rac saarCevno
procesis Semadgeneli nawilia: saarCevno administraciis daniSvna, par-
tiebis (blokebis) registracia, winasaarCevno kampaniis mimdinareoba,
xmebis micema da daTvla, Sedegebis interpretacia da gamarjvebulis
gamovlena, saCivrebis ganxilva, mTavrobis, uSiSroebis Zalebis da ma-
Ti morCili mediebis arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli saqmianobis Seswavla.
amave dros, meTvalyureni unda cdilobdnen, rom monitoringis Sedege-
bi qveyndebodes, raTa isini mTeli eleqtoratisaTvis iyos misawvdomi.
evropis ambavi:
sayovelTao saarCevno uflebisaTvis brZola bolo ori-sami sauku-

nis evropis istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da dramatuli procesia
da dResac warmoadgens sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi demokra-
tiuli normebis danergvisaTvis brZolis Semadgenel nawils. es brZo-
la XVII saukunis inglisSi daiwyo. ganviTarda safrangeTis revoluciis
(XVIII) epoqaSi da gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi XIX saukuneSi miiRo. saf-
rangeTSi generaluri Statebis arCevnebi, uSualod revoluciis win,
pirdapiri iyo sasuliero da saTavadaznauro wodebebisaTvis, orsafe-
xuriani mesame wodebisaTvis da sam da oTxsafexuriani glexobisaTvis
(wodebriobis cenzi). garda amisa, arsebobda qonebrivi, sagadasaxado
da momsaxureobis cenzebi (es ukanaskneli sarCevno uflebas arTmevda
xelze mosamsaxureebs). 1793 wlis konstituciiT uqmdeba yovelgvari
qonebrivi cenzi, aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis asakobriv zRvrad wesde-
ba 21 weli, arCevnebi xdeba pirdapiri. 1795 wlis konstitucia yvelgan
ùkan ixevs~: aRdgenil iqna qonebrivi da sagadasaxado cenzebi, gaizar-
da asakobrivi cenzi, napoleonis 1799 wlis reformiT arCevnebi xdeba
samsafexuriani da Ria. 1814 wlidan burbonebis restavraciis Semdeg
Zlierdeba saarCvno uflebis SezRudvebi. 1830-1831 wlis saarCevno re-
forma odnav amsubuqebs mdgomareobas. 1848 wlis revolucia safran-
geTSi saarCevno sistemis reformis moTxovniT daiwyo da axalma kon-
248 kari mesame
stituciam aRadgina da gaaRrmava 1793 wlis konstituciis miRwevebi.

arCevnebi xdeba sayovelTao, pirdapiri, faruli. aseTi meryeoba TiT-
qmis saukunis bolomde gagrZelda.
aranakleb dramtuli iyo saarCevno sistemis demokratizaciisaT-

vis brZola sxva qveynebSi. XIX saukunis inglisSi Cartistuli moZraobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi moTxovna iyo saarCevno sistemis radikaluri re-
forma. saxeldobr, yovelgvari cenzebis gauqmeba, faruli kenWisyris
SemoReba da a. S. 1832, 1867 da 1884 wlebis saarCevno reformebma inglisSi
minimumamde daiyvanes qonebrivi cenzebi da ukve XX saukunis dasawyisi-
saTvis, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg miRweul iqna aqtiuri, saarCevno
uflebis sayovelTaoba. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac 1787 wels,
maSin rodesac konstitucia miiRes, xmis ufleba da ufleba arCeulebi
yofiliyvnen, hqondaT mxolod sakuTrebis garkveuli minimumis mflo-
bel TeTrkanian mozrdil mamakacebs, am brZolis ZiriTadi niSansvete-
bia: qonebrivi cenzis gauqmeba (XIX saukunis dasawyisi), qalebisaTvis xmis
uflebis micema (1920), rasobrivi cenzis sruli gauqmeba (XX sauknis 60-
iani wlebi), qveda asakobrivi cenzis 21 wlidan 18 wlamde Semcireba (1971).
mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi, pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg mkvid-

rdeba evropis qveynebSi: germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, SveicariaSi, saber-
ZneSi, espaneTSi, belgiaSi da nawilobriv inglisSi is, rasac sayovel-
Tao saarCevno ufleba mxolod garkveuli SeRavaTiT SeiZleba ewodos,
radgan Tumca qonebrivi cenzi yvelgan gauqmebuli iyo, zogierTi Sez-
Rudva mainc rCeboda, magaliTad, diskriminacia sqesis mixedviT.
gaumarTlebeli cenzi arRvevs kanonis winaSe yvela moqalaqis Tanas-

worobis moTxovnas, rac sazogadoebis demokratiulobis erT-erTi um-
Tavresi maCvenebelia. kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba irRveva maSinac, ro-
ca Tumca yvelas aqvs saarCevno ufleba, yvelas xma erTi da igive `wonis~
ar aris, anu roca moqalaqeebi gansxvavdebian im xmebis ricxviT, romle-
bic maT SeiZleba miscen kenWisyrisas, an rodesac, vTqvaT, ise sayovel-
Tao aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis pirobebSi, garkveuli kategoriis mo-
qalaqeebs ara aqvT ufleba an kanoniT aqvT naklebi Sansi arCeuli iqnen
warmomadgenlobiT organos wevrad an arCeviT Tanamdebobaze. pasiuri
sarCevno uflebis aseTi SezRudva SesaZloa uSualod ar iyos kanonSi
formulirebuli, magram sxva SezRudvebisagan gamomdinareobdes. er-
Ti aseTi meqanizmia saarCevno olqebis Camoyalibeba im teritoriebis
gansazRvra, romlebic erTi da imave raodenobis deputatebs irCeven.
Tu amomrCevelTa ricxviT saarCevno olqebi Zalian gansxvavdebian er-
TmaneTisagan, irRveva arCevnebis Tanasworoba, radgan amomrCevelTa
ufro mcire raodenoba erT olqSi imdensave deputats irCevs, ramden-
sac amomrCevelTa ufro meti raodenoba sxva olqSi da gamodis, sxva-

dasxva olqSi mcxovreb amomrCevlebs sxvadasxva `wonis~ xmebi aqvT. XIX
saukunis dasawyisSi did britaneTSi Cartistuli moZraobis politi-
kur moTxovnaTa Soris erT-erTi ZiriTadi iyo saarCevno olqebis ase-
Ti uTanabrobis mospoba. 1832 wlis saparlamento reformam did brita-
neTSi gaauqma bevri mcirericxovani saarCevno olqi da amiT mniSvnelo-
vani nabiji gadadga win arCevnebis demokratizaciis procesSi.
ssrk-s (sabWoTa socialisturi reaspublikebis kavSiri)

ambavi:
arCevnebi sabWoTa kavSirSi, es iyo speqtakli, romlis scenari yvela

wvrilmanis gaTvaliswinebiT daxurul kars miRma partiul biuroebsa da
politbiuroebze iqmneboda da misi yvela monawile morCilad mxolod
imas akeTebda, rac mas am scenariT evaleboda. yovelive es keTdeboda er-
TaderTi mizniT komunisturi reJimisTvis miecaT kanonieri saxe da es
kanoniereba daemtkicebinaT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisa da saku-
Tari daSinebuli mosaxleobisTvis. oficialuri monacemebiT am arCev-
nebSi monawileobda da `komunistebisa da upartioebis blokis~ kandida-
tebs aZlevda xmas qveynis mozrdili mosaxleobis TiTqmis asi procenti.
magram rogorc ki xalxma miiRo sakuTari azris gamoTqmisa da sxvagvarad
moqmedebis ufleba, daiSala komunisturi partiac da misi xelmZRvane-
lobiT moqmedi saxelmwifoc. es aris sabWoTa kavSirSi Catarebuli yvela
arCevnebis siyalbis, maTi arademokratiulobis utyuari sabuTi.
sabWoTa kavSirSi konkurentuli garemosa da pluralizmis moT-

xovna ar sruldeboda, radgan arCevnebSi monawileobda erTaderTi e.
w. komunistebisa da upartioebis bloki da yvela kandidati am blokis
warmomadgeneli iyo. sabWoTa biuletenSi ewera: `waSale yvela kandida-
tis gvari, garda erTisa~, xolo instruqciis qveS kandidatTa siaSi Se-
tanili erTaderTi gvari. magram TviTon es blokic fiqcia iyo. saarCev-
no bloki iqmneba iuridiul pirebs (politikur partiebsa da gaerTiane-
bebs) Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, xolo upartioebis politikuri
gaerTianeba sabWoTa kavSirSi ar arsebobda. oficialuri propaganda
sabWoTa kavSirSi qadagebda, rom arCevnebis konkurenciuloba abnevs
amomrCevlebs, orientacias ukargavs. komunistebisa da upartioebis
blokis monawileobiT Catarebuli sabWoTa arCevnebi demokratiulad
ver CaiTvleba, radgan igi gamoricxavs winasaarCevno brZolas da amom-
rCevlebs mxolod SeTavazebuli kandidatis dadasturebis saSualebas
aZlevs, ufro zustad avaldebulebs maT airCion es kandidati. Tum-
250 kari mesame
ca Teoriulad aqac aris marcxis SesaZlebloba, magram moulodnelo-

bis gamoricxvazec winaswar zrunavdnen. ar aris cnobili sakavSiro an
respublikur arCevnebSi romelime kandidatis damarcxebis SemTxveva.
konkurentul garemod ver CaiTvleba verc is SemTxveva, rodesac Tum-
ca biuletenSi Setanilia ramodenime gvari da yvela isini SerCeulebi
arian oficialuri xelisuflebis mier.
arCevnebis periodulobis TvalsazrisiTac, absurduli viTareba

iyo. arCevnebi formalurad, mkacrad periodulad tardeboda, magram
es perioduloba araviTar rols ar TamaSobda saxelmwifos politiku-
ri cxovrebis ganaxleba-gadaxalisebaSi. saxelmwifo politikis Secvla
xdeboda, magram igi ar iyo dakavSirebuli arCevnebis SedegebTan. poli-
tikuri programebi sxva ritmiT icvleboda. umaRles saxelmwifo Tanam-
debobaze erTi da igive pirebi sikvdilamde rCebodnen. Tu Tvals gada-
vavlebT sabWoTa kavSiris istorias, iolad davrwmundebiT, ramodenime
gamonaklisis garda, umaRlesi Tanamdebobidan wasvla bunebriv an Zal-
momreobiT sikvdils emTxveoda. maS, raRa xasiaTdeboda periodulobiT?
perioduli iyo saarCevno speqtakli. es dRe yovelTvis zemodan sanqci-
rebuli zeimiT aRiniSneboda. tardeboda saxalxo seirnobebi, koncer-
tebi da cekva-TamaSebi quCebsa da moednebze, radiodan da televiziidan
ifrqveoda maRalfardovani sityvebi. yoveli saarCevno ubani gadaWedi-
li iyo imaTi suraTebiT, visac axla ekavaT da momavalSic, àrCevnebis~
Sedegad unda hkavebodaT umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi. arCevne-
bis periodulobis fiqciurobas sabWoTa kavSirSi isic adaturebda, rom
misi Sedegebi araviTar realur rols ar TamaSobda cxovrebaSi. xSirad
xdeboda, rom deputatad an raime Tanamdebobaze guSin zar-zeimiT arCe-
uli piri, dRes uars ambobs Tavis politikur programaze, tovebs Tanam-
debobas, xSirad saxl-karsac da zogjer sicocxlesac.
sabWoTa kavSirSi arCevnebi arasdros ar iyo warmomadgenlobiTi.

pirvel periodSi, 1936 wlis konstituciis miRebamde, es faqti ofici-
aluri xelisuflebis mier cxaddeboda mis upiratesobad, sikeTed da
arCevnebis umTavres miznad miCneuli iyo arCevnebsa da arCeviT orga-
noebSi monawleobisagan socializmisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili mosax-
leobis fenebis Camocileba. amisTvis gamoyenebuli iyo mravalferova-
ni saSualebebi: SromiTi cenzi, saarCevno olqebis organizeba sawarmoo
principis mixedviT, muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa deputatebis
yrilobebis mravalsafexuriani arCevnebi, Ria kenWisyra yovel safe-
xurze, deputatebze zedamxedveloba maTTvis samuSao ganawesis mi-
cema da gamowvevis SesaZlebloba, arCeviT organoebSi proletaruli
umravlesobis arsebobis savaldebuloba da sxva. amis Sedegad saarCev-
no ufleba CamorTmeuli hqondaT: fabrika-qarxnebis arendatorebsa da

mflobelebs, vaWrebs, saSualo da msxvil miwaTmoqmedebs (da saerTod
yvelas, vinc daqiravebul Sromas iyenebda an kapitalidan procents
iRebda), yvela saxis saeklesio kultis msaxurebs (warsulSi an axla),
yvelas, vinc TanamSromlobda damxobil xelisuflebasTan, muSaobda
mis administraciul organoebSi an iyo mis samxedro samsaxurSi. 1936
wlis konstituciiT yvela es SezRudva gauqmda; axla ukve propagan-
da eweoda arCevnebis saerTo-saxalxo, e. i. warmomadgenlobiT xasiaTs,
magram faqtobrivad arCevnebis sagangebo organizebis arademokratiu-
li meTodebi Secvlili saxiT, agreTve xelisuflebis TviTneboba, mo-
saxleobis daSineba, urCebis dasja, adamianTa saqcielze faruli meT-
valyureoba zogjer uxeSi da zogjer dexvewili xerxebiT SenarCunda,
rac arCevnebs sabWoTa kavSirSi 1936 wlis Semdegac warmomadgenlobis
TvalsazrisiT absurdul xasiaTs aZlevda: saarCevno yuTebSi eSveboda
aTeul milionobiT biuleteni, magram arCevnebSi namdvilad monawile-
obda amomrCevelTa erTob mcire raodneoba.
arCevnebis Sedegebis sabolooba da arCeuli pirebis realuri Za-

lauflebis miniWeba absoluturad ucxo iyo sabWoTa arCevnebisaTvis,
radgan komunisturi politikuri doqtrinis mixedviT arCevnebi pro-
letariatisaTvis mxolod sakuTari poziciis propagandis xerxia, sa-
xelmwifo xelisuflebis mopoveba da floba ki iaraRiT, SeiaraRebuli
brZoliT, mowinaaRmdegeTa fizikuri iZulebiT an mospobiT aris SesaZ-
lebeli. am doqtrinis realuri saxe kargad Canda sabWoTa xelisufle-
bis stalinur periodSi. am dros, magaliTad, sakanonmdeblo xelisuf-
lebisa da saxelmwifos meTauri adre sakavSiro cak-is (centraluri
aRmasrulebeli komiteti), Semdeg ssrk umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis
Tavmjdomare maSindeli rangebis tabelis mixedviT mxolod ufrosi sa-
kancelario Cinovniki iyo. igi patimrobaSi myofi sakuTari ojaxis wev-
ris ambavsac ver gaigebda uzenaesis nebarTvis gareSe.
ssrk-Si aseve warmoudgeneli iyo arCevnebSi monawile mxareTa ur-

TierTloialoba. mTeli 1917 wlis manZilze bolSevikebi leninis meTa-
urobiT moiTxovdnen ruseTis damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevas, romel-
sac unda ganesazRvra ruseTis saxelmwifos axali mowyoba. mas Semdeg,
rac 1917 wlis noemberSi SeiaraRebuli gadatrialebis Sedegad isini
saxelmwifo xelisuflebas daepatronen, es moTxovna ganaxorcieles
kidec, axla ukve im imediT, rom damfuZnebeli kreba bolSevikebis mier
xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdebas kanonierad miiCnevda. arCevnebSi bolSe-
vikebic mTeli enTuziazmiT monawileobdnen. kreba Sedga 1917 wlis 18
ianvars, magram aRmoCnda, rom krebis wevrTa umravlesoba bolSevikebs
252 kari mesame
mxars ar uWerda. erTi dRis Semdeg iaraRis muqariT daSales is, misi
wevrebis umravlesoba represiebs emsxverpla.
meore magaliTi: sabWoTa kavSirSi kompartiis yoveli yrilobis um-

Tavresi saqme iyo centraluri komitetis arCeva, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
irCevda partiuli da maSasadame, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRles
organos. XVII yrilobaze stalinma sawinaaRmdego xmebi miiRo; ki ar da-
marcxda, gaimarjva, magram ara erTxmad. am yrilobis delegatTa didi
nawili fizikuad mospes uSualod yrilobis Semdeg.
demokratiuli arCevnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli urTierTloialo-

bis moTxovna gansakuTrebiT Zneli gasaziarebelia imaTTvis, visi fsi-
qikac totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi yalibdeboda. totalitariz-
mis atmosfero adamianebSi Rrmad nergavs azrovnebis antipluralis-
tur mimarTulebas, cxovrebaSi araSemwynareblur tendenciebs. aseTi
mimarTulebis adamianisaTvis amosavali poziciaa monizmi yvelgan da
yvelaferSi, rwmena imisa, rom erTmaneTis mocile koncefciebidan, sa-
arCevno programebidan, adamianebidan erTi da mxolod erTia marTali
da, maSasadame, gamarjvebis Rirsi. aqedan gamomdianre, radgan simar-
Tle Sens mxarezea, Tu brZola erTi xerxiT waage, gaagrZele igi sxva
xerxiT. amis magaliTad gamodgeba 1991-1993 wlebis samoqalaqo omi sa-
qarTveloSi. igi saxelmwifo cxovrebis mowyobis demokraituli norme-
bis ugulebelyofis gamovlineba iyo.
saqarTvelos ambavi:
saqarTvelos parlamentisa da prezidentis 1995 wlis arCevnebze,

kenWisyris dRes, TiTqmis yvela saarCevno ubani ver akmayofilebda sa-
marTliani arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs: saarCev-
no ubnebis jerovani moumzadebloba, biuletenebis zusti aRricxvis
ararseboba, amomrCevelTa siebis Sedgenisa da dazustebis wesebis dar-
Rveva, kenWisyris dawyebis da damTavrebis vadis darRveva, saarCevno
ubnebSi agitacia da sxva. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos is, rom bevr
ubanSi imyofebodnen, kenWisyris procesSi ereodnen da xmebis daTvla-
sa da oqmebis SedgenaSi monawileobdnen pirebi, romelTac kanoniT amis
ufleba ara aqvT. ZiriTadad eseni iyvnen adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa
da policiis warmomadgenlebi.
1996 wlis seqtemberSi Catarda aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis uze-

naesi sabWos arCevnebi. saxelmwifo dotaciaze myof gazeT àWaris~ (am
droisTvis àWarisa~ da misi rusuli variantis garda baTumSi, regularu-
lad, sxva, arcerTi gazeTi ar gamodioda) yoveli nomris TiTqmis 3/4 , wina-
saarCevno periodSi, arCevnebSi monawile erTi blokis àRorZineba da mo-
qalaqeTa kavSiris~ da misi lideris, aslan abaSiZis sasargeblo agitacias
eZRvneboda. magaliTad, 6 seqtembris nomerSi igi 41-jer, xolo 13 seqtem-
beris nomerSi 33-jer aris moxseniebuli. amave dros, opoziciur, respub-
likur da social-demokratiul partiebs uari uTxres am gazeTSi maTi re-
gionaluri organizaciebis winasaarCevno platformebis gamoqveynebazec
ki. aWaris mosaxleobam adgilobrivi televiziiT ramdenjerme naxa fil-
mebi, romlebSic opoziciur Zalebs bralad edebodaT terorizmi. amave
dros televiziiT ar gadauciaT arc erTi kritikuli masala oficialuri
xelisuflebis maRali Tanamdebobis pirebis samsaxurebrivi saqmianobis
Sesaxeb maSin, rodesac swored maT Soris iyvnen àRorZinebisa da moqa-
laqeTa kavSiris~ blokis kandidatebi. opoziciuri partiis kandidatebs
xeli SeuSales maTTvis oficialurad gamoyofili satelevizio drois
srulfasovnad sargeblobaSi: erTi opoziciuri partiis warmomadgenlis
gamosvla gadaica Ramis pirvel saaTze, meoris gamosvlis dros Suqi ga-
mudmebiT iTiSeboda, xolo mesamis gamosvlis nawili gadaica gaxmovanebis
gareSe. oficialuri xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi opoziciuri parti-
ebis warmomadgenlebs xels uSlidnen amomrCevlebTan SexvedrebSi. aWaris
uSiSroebis samsaxuri muqariTa da SantaJiT aSinebda opozicionerebs,
ris Sedegadac bevrma maTganma arCevnebamde moxsna Tavisi kandidatura.
amave arCevnebze avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebam ar dauSva

saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebi, rac eWvqveS ayenebs arCeuli organos le-
gitimurobas. maTi moqmedeba adgilobriv kanonebTan TanxmobaSic rom
iyos, es mxolod am kanonis defeqturobis mauwyebeli iqneboda, radgan
maSin gamodis, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos saarCevno kanonmdeb-
lobasa da saerTaSoriso normatiul aqtebs. maSinac ki, rodesac xeli-
sufleba dauintersebel meTvalyureebs monitoringis uflebas aZlevs
oficialurad, adgilebze imave xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Znelad
eguebian maT ar uSveben saarCevno ubnebSi, xels uSlian muSaobaSi, ar
aZleven xmebis daTvlis proceduraze daswrebis uflebas, aZeveben saar-
Cevno ubnebidan muqariT, xolo zogjer fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT da
cemiTac ki. amgvar faqtebs mravlad hqonda adgili saqarTvelos sapar-
lamento da saprezidento, 1995 wlis noembris, arCevnebSi.
1992 wlidan dRemde saqarTveloSi Catarebul yvela arCevnebTan

(saprezidento, saparlamento da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis) da-
kavSirebiT arsebobs arasamTavrobo organizaciis `samarTliani ar-
Cevnebi~ angariSebi. aseve saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebi da
Sefasebebi. ai, rogor afaseben euTos warmomadgenlebi da evrosabWos
254 kari mesame
saparlamento asambleis mier movlinebuli damkvirveblebi 2003 wlis

saparlamento arCevnebs:
`samwuxaroa, magram es arCevnebi saarCevno demokratiuli procesis mi-

marT ndobis gaZlierebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda~, euTo-s moqmedi
Tavmjdomaris sagangebo koordinatori, moklevadiani damkvirveblebis
xelmZRvaneli brius jorji.
`Cven migvaCnia, rom am qveynis mosaxleoba ufro kargad organizebul

arCevnebs imsaxurebs, rac samwuxarod 2 noembers ar ganxorcielda~, ev-
rosabWos saparlamento asambleis delegaciis xelmZRvaneli tom koqsi.
`saarCevno administraciis warmomadgenlebis umetesoba cdilobda Ta-

visi movaleoba pirnaTlad Seesrulebina. Tumca, csko-m isini saTanadod
ver moamzada. es, ZiriTadad, saarCevno administraciebis dagvianebiT da-
kompleqtebam gamoiwvia~, euTo-s damkvirvebelTa grZelvadiani misiis
xelmZRvaneli julien fil ieiTsi.
àrCevnebis dros didi dabneuloba da qaosi SeimCneoda ara mxolod sa-

arCevno ubnebis gaxsnis dros, aramed mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi. amas emate-
boda biuletenebis gaformebis mravalsafexuriani procesi, romlis gamo-
ucdelobamac saarCevno ubnebTan amomrCevelTa grZeli rigebi gamoiwvia~,
jorj folsomi.
ès arCevnebi ganixileba saprezidento arCevnebis WrilSi, roca qveya-

na momaval prezidents airCevs. arCevnebisTvis mzadebis procesi ar unda
SeCerdes, bevri Zalisxmevaa saWiro, rom momavali arCevnebi demokratiu-
li, saerTaSoriso standartebis sruli dacviT Catardes~, julien fil
ieiTsi.
`Cven movuwodebT saqarTvelos mTavrobas da politikur partiebs, yve-

laferi moimoqmedon saarCevno procesis gasaumjobeseblad, raTa drou-
lad moemzadon 2005 wlis saprezidento arCevnebisTvis, aq ki mTavari pa-
suxismgebloba mTavrobas ekisreba~, jorj folsomi.
`Cveni misia sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT erT-erTi yvelaze grZelvadiani

vizitiT swored saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, raTa dakvirveba moexdina sa-
arCevno proceduraze. sul, am proceduras 34 damkvirvebeli vadevnebdiT
Tvals, 12 TbilisSi da 22 sxvadasxva regionSi~, julian fill ieiTsi.
àrCevnebze saerTaSoriso damkvirvebelTa misiaSi monawile struqtu-

rebi mzad arian, saqarTvelos xelisuflebas saarCevno procesSi arsebu-
li problemebis mogvarebaSi daexmaron. Tavis mxriv, demokratiuli saar-
Cevno procesis uzrunvelyofa, sabolood, politikur nebaze iqneba damo-
kidebuli~, ganacxades euTos da evrosabWos warmomadgenlebma.
nawili meoTxe
saqarTveloSi: warsuli
gamocdileba da samomavlo
gamowvevebi
am nawilSi saubaria me-19 saukunis samoqalaqo organizaciebze. im

adamianebze, sazogadoebebsa da idealebis msaxurebaze, romlebmac uni-
kaluri gamocdileba da memkvidreoba dagvitoves. kolonializmis qveS
myofi patriotebi aTasgvar saSvalebebs poulobdnen Tavisuflebis
daSretili energiis asaRorZineblad. sazogadoebebis daarseba, Jur-
nal-gazeTebis gamocema, skolebis gaxsna, qvelmoqmedeba da mecena-
toba maSindeli moqalaqeebis is iniciativebi gaxldaT, sadac qalebic
mamakacebis Tanasworad ezidebodnen uRels. am nawilSi gavecnobiT
saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis konstituciasa da zogierT sa-
kanonmdeblo aqts, romelTac samoqalaqo sazogadeobis ganviTare-
baze zrunvis kvali atyviaT. bolos, gavaanalizebT samoqalaqo sazo-
gadoebis winaSe mdgom Tanamedrove gamowvevebs.

ricaa:
ra istoria aqvs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas saqarTveloSi?

rogoria samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bedi sabWouri totalitarizmis
epoqaSi?
rogoria samoqalaqo sazogadoebis postsabWoTa gamocdileba?
ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Tanamedrove sa-
qarTveloSi?
256 kari mesame
qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriaSi yvelaze TvalsaCino

da mniSvnelovani magaliTia qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxis gamavrcele-
beli sazogadoeba (1879 wlis 15 maisi 1927 wlis 23 aprili). es iyo pir-
veli samoqalaqo organizacia da moZraoba, romlis winaSe ori umniSvne-
lovanesi amocana idga:
1. winaaRmdegoba gaewia da SeeCerebina saqarTveloSi ruseTis impe-
riis mier dagegmili da mimdinare rusifikaciis procesi;
2. xeli Seewyo saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis da qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-
riobis ganviTarebis procesisaTvis.
is pirobebi, romelic imdroindel saqarTveloSi iyo gamefebuli,

kargad aqvs aRwerili im periodis sazogado moRvawe qals, nino yifians
Tavis mogonebebSi:
`TviTmpyrobeli ruseTis gadawyvetilebas, rom saqarTvelo gaeruse-

bina, erTad erTgulad da siamovnebis nerwyvis ylapviT asrulebdnen misi
moxeleebi... es garuseba-gadagvareba saswavleblidan daiwyes. qarTuli ena
ZaRlis enad monaTles da masze laparaki akrZales.
mowafis xelSi rom qarTuli gazeTi daenaxaT, maswavlebeli xelidan

gamohglejda: ` mag sisulelis kiTxviT Tavs nu ilayebo~ (
). ramdeni amisTana ubadrukoba iyo qarTuli enis gar-
Semo, amas gana vin mosTvlis?!
mosaCveneblad dauTmes qarTul enas meeqvse gakveTili, rom xuTi gak-

veTiliT moqanculi bavSvis tvins qarTulisa veRar Seesmina da isic Tavs
ar icxelebda amisaTvis, radgan mSobliuri enis ucodinaroba mas klasidan
klasSi gadasvlas srulebiTac ar uSlida. piriqiT, iyo iseTi magaliTebic,
rodesac TviT mSobeli sTxovda saswavleblis gamgeT, Cems Svils qarTu-
lad nu aswavliT, gakveTilebs ver aswrebso, da imaTac xom es undodaT.
Tumca yofila iseTi magaliTebic, rom mowafeebs ganucxadebiaT pro-

testi enis aseTi devnisaTvis, rac im dros imaT did gmirobad unda Cas-
TvlodaT.
xSirad gamigonia erT aseTs SemTxvevaze Cems ojaxSi: qalebis daxurul

`zavedeniaSi~ Cveulebrivi bali hqoniaT. bals daswrebia romeliRac didi
moxele. mowafeTa Soris Zalian moswonebia ukve SeRerebuli marTla Zali-
an lamazi mowafe babo xerxeuliZe, SemdegSi artisti, qali avaliSvilisa
da masTan musaifi gaumarTavs. babos usargeblia amiT da gul-mtkivneulad
gadauSlia misTvis yvelaferi qarTuli enis devnis Sesaxeb. amaze viTom di-
dad aRSfoTebul moxeles sityva miucia, amas iqiT eg aRar iqnebao, magram
aramc Tu enis devna isev ise darCa, TviT babos gandevnac moindomes saswav-
leblidan imis saqcieliT gabrazebulma ufrosebma, da mSoblebma Zlivs
gadaarCines.
da gana marto saswavleblidan iyo qarTuli ena devnili. is idevneboda

yoveli dawesebulebidan, romlebiTac avsebdnen TviTmpyrobeli ruseTi-
dan mivlinebuli, met-nawilad loTi meqrTame moxeleebi. arsebobda maSin
am politikis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad Cveni uxucesi, jer kidev 1879 wels
daarsebuli qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba
da ebrZoda kidec qarTuli Skolebis daarsebiT, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da
wignebis gamocemiT, magram xel-mokle nivTierad da mTavrobisgan ufleba
SezRuduli, bevrs ver gaawyobda.
kerZo SemTxvevebSi presiT ekamaTebonen samoswavlo olqis mzrunvels

iseTi didi qarTvelebi, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, dimit-
ri yifiani da sxvani, magram maTi polemika iyo ufro loialuri kilosi da
xasiaTisa. saSiSari brZolis magier fiandazis gaSla scades iseT moxele-
ebTan, romelTac bevri avis gakeTeba SeeZloT...
erT dros dids modaSi iyo CvenSi rusis poeti vasili veliCko. man di-
di aRtacebis leqsi uZRvna saqarTvelos ruseTidanve, sanam Camovidoda,
roca niSnavdnen mTavrobis gazeTi redaqtorad da iqidanve war-
mogvigzavna is momxiblavi leqsi, iqneb imitomac, rom ufro advilad aexvia
qarTvelebisTvis Tvalebi.
icodnen Cvenebma, rom bevri SeeZlo -is redaqtors da masTanac

scades Tavisi uZalo Zala, gaumarTes nadimi Camovida Tu ara.
nadims rCeuli inteligencia daeswro. didad Sinaarsiani sityvebi uTxres

ilia WavWavaZem da giorgi wereTelma. mTavari azri maTi sityvebisa, ra Tqma
unda, is iyo, rom cudaT gveqcevian mTavrobis moxeleni da es Cven ar dagvim-
saxurebiao. Sen ukraineli xar da Cveni gulis tkivils advilad gagvigebo.
amaze veliCko upasuxebda amnairad, rom me erTi mercxali veras gavawyob,

exlandeli moxeleebi wavlen aqedan, CemisTana moxeleebi mofrindebian da ma-
Sin gamogizafxulebiaTo. magram is erTi mercxali veliCkoc im moxeleebs mi-
emxro da minam saqarTveloSi iyo, imave politikas awarmoebda.
erTgulebas Cvendami viTom imiTi iCenda, rom Cveni maqebari, rom ru-
sebs lanZRavda da maT Sesaxeb didi wigni -ic daswera, sadac werda,
rom qarTvelebi raindi xalxia, erTguli ruseTisa, patiosani, magram ru-
sebma ver gavigeT am xalxis sulieri Tvisebebi, midrekileba: es xalxi meo-
mari xalxia, omis dros is maRldeba, xolo mSvidobianobis dros suliT
258 kari mesame
ecema. evropiuli kultura da civilizacia mavnebelia am erisaTvis. maT

sWirdebaT samxedro skola, samxedro samsaxuri, imgvari samxedro cxov-
reba, rogorc kazakebs aqvTo. gimnazias da universitets veraferSi gamo-
iyenebeno.
erTSi iyo is gulwrfeli: mas didad moswonda saqarTvelo da misi xal-

xi, iqneb kidec uyvarda, magram ara saqarTvelosTvis ki, mas uyvarda, ro-
gorc Zvirfasi òboli margaliti~ ruseTis mefis gvirgvinSi, rogorc Ti-
Ton uwodebdnen saqarTvelos.
rodesac is kvdeboda, ukanaskneli misi sityvebi Turme iyo: `Rmer-

To, Sen gaaZliere romanovebis gvario!~ da iseTi rwmenis adamiani CvenTvis
kargs ras moindomebda.
gana ar unda mivxvdariyavi imis Sovinistur zraxvebs, rodesac CvenTan

stumrobis dros mis sasiamovnod SemoZaxil qarTuli, xalxuri simReris
`me var da Cemi nabadis~ gagonebaze, uceb dacqvita yurebi, Tvalebi siamis
cecxliT aevso da aRtacebiT mommarTa: òho, gesmiT, es ra kiloa, visi ki-
loa, ha, Tqveni?~
me is simRera bavSvobidan mesmoda da ise mqonda SeTvisebuli, rom aras-

dros yuradReba ar mimiqcevia. imisaTvis, Tu visi kilo iyo, Cveni Tu sxvisa
da am kiTxviT gakvirvebulma, raRaca dabneuli RimiliT vupasuxe: Cvenia,
mgoni, didi xania mRerian mas CvenSi. diax, didi xania, didi, ganagrZo
sixaruliT, asi wlisa iqneba, asis, metisa ki ara! exla Tqvenia, Cvenica da
Tqvenic, saerToa!
aseTi iyo misi sixaruli imis gamo, rom `me var da Cemi nabadis~ kilo
Turme rusuli iyo da Cven rom imas Cvenad vmRerodiT, es, imis azriT, erT-
erTi safexuri iyo Cveni garusebisa.
me amas maSin savsebiT ver mivxvdi, magram raRac ki Zalian ar miama. an ra-
Ra iqneboda, Zalianac rom mivxvdariyav? kacma Tavisi xarki ukve miiRo mo-
nadirebuli qarTvelisagan is didebulad qeifobda farTod gadaSlil
aivanze, kekluci bunebis wiaRSi!
ra gaewyoboda! aseTi sacodavebi viyaviT imaT xelSi! erTi yalbi sityvac

ki gvajerebda da gvxiblavda. amnairad nadimebi nadimebad rCeboda da poli-
tikis gezi ki Tavisi mimarTulebiT mihyavdaT. da arc uSedegeboT!~
swored am gausaZlis pirobebSi 1879 wels dafuZnda qarTvelTa So-

ris wera-kiTxis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, romelmac mravali weli
moandoma saganmanaTleblo saqmianobis mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT
gaSlas da yvela regionSi TanmimdevrobiT filialebis daarsebas:
baTumi
baqo
kavkavi
soxumi 1909
quTaisi
yvirila (2)
xoni
borjomi
1910
foTi
gori
gudauTa
zugdidi
lixauri 1912
oCamCire
samtredia
siRnaRi
axalgori
ganja
guria (2)
1913
erevani
vani
qvemo maCxaani
alagiri
oni
1914
soWi
cxinvali
senaki
1919
tuapse
filialebis Seqmnam xeli Seuwyo sazogadoebis muSaobis gaSlasa da

gaRrmavebas, qarTveli xalis gaTviTcnobierebasa da misi kulturuli
donis amaRlebas. am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTuli sas-
kolo saxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnam (`deda ena~, `bunebis kari~ da sxva),
skolebis gaxsnam regionebSi da qarTulma periodikam:
`ciskari~ (1852-1875)
`droeba~ (1866-1885)
`mnaTobi~ (1869-1872)
ìveria~ (1877-1906)
`meurne~ (1888-1898)
`jejili~ (1890-1923)
`kvali~ (1893-1904)
`cnobis furceli~ (1896-1906)
260 kari mesame
es gamocemebi aSuqebdnen yvela mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: ganaTlebis

roli da mniSvneloba sazogadoebaSi; adamianis uflebebi; qalis ufle-
bebi; ruseTSi, evropaSi, amerikaSi mimdinare movlenebi.
sazogadoebas daxmarebas uwevdnen qarTveli mecenatebi: Zmebi zu-

balaSvilebi, daviT sarajiSvili. maTi finansuri daxmarebiT niWieri
axalgazrdebi ganaTlebis misaRebad ruseTSi da evropaSi igzavneboda.
daviT sarajiSvilma (1848-1911) gardacvalebamde erTi wliT adre sa-

kuTari qonebis didi nawili sazogadoebriv organizaciebs uanderZa:
1. 500 aTasi maneTi wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebas.

2. 150 aTasi maneTi quTaisis Teatrs asaSeneblad.
3. 200 aTasi maneTi istoriul-eTnografiul sazogadoebas.
4. 25 aTasi maneTi quTaisis dramatul sazogadoebas.
5. 50 aTasi maneTi TbilisSi politeqnikur an sxva umaRlesi saswavleblis
dasaarseblad.
6. 30 aTasi maneTi vladikavkavis (orjonikiZe) Rarib moswavleebis swavlis
qiris gadasaxdelad (ganurCevlad erovnebisa);
7. 25 aTasi maneTi saqarTvelos saeTnografo sazogadoebas wignebis gamosa-
cemad.
8. 100 aTasi maneTi Tbilisis qarTul dramatul sazogadoebas.
9. 10 aTasi maneTi samiwaTmoqmedo saxelosnos gamosworebul axalSenTa da
TavSesafarTa sazogadoebas.
10. 171 aTasi maneTi sarajiSvilis firmis muSa-mosamsaxureebs;
11. 5 aTasi maneTi qarTuli filarmoniis sazogadoebisaTvis;
12. 20 aTasi maneTi qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis sazogadoebas qar-
Tuli axali originaluri beletristuli nawerebisaTvis premiis dasaniS-
nad.
13. 50 aTasi maneTi avlabarSi saprofesio skolis dasaarseblad da Sesanaxad.
14. 10 aTasi maneTi moskovis qarTul sazogadoebas.
15. 10 aTasi maneTi didubis taZars.
16. 5 aTasi maneTi ruseTis mevenaxeTa da meRvineTa sazogadoebis sadgurs
odesaSi.
17. 200 aTasi maneTi TbilisSi qirurgiuli saavadmyofos asaSeneblad.
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba da qar-

Tveli sazogado moRvaweebi (ilia WavWavaZe, ivane maCabeli, rafiel
erisTavi, niko nikolaZe, sergei mesxi, giorgi wereTeli, ekaterine ga-
baSvili, ivane kereseliZe, dimitri yifiani da sxvebi) xels uwyobdnen
saqarTveloSi dasavlel moazrovneTa da mweralTa popularizacias
da maTi Semoqmedebis gacnobas qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis. am periodSi
iTargmna da gamoica Seqspiri, balzaki, ibseni, defo, svifti, dikensi,

servantesi, volteri, hiugo, dode.
dasavlur kulturasTan ziarebam xeli Seuwyo saqarTveloSi demok-

ratiuli, liberaluri Rirebulebebis Semosvlas da am sakiTxebze de-
batebis, polemikis dawyebas. erT-erTi aseTi Tema iyo `Tanasworoba~ da
`qalis uflebebi~, romlis pirveli talRa swored XIX saukunis 70-iani
wlebidan iwyeba da qalebis ganaTlebis uflebaze fokusirdeba.
qalTa ganaTlebisa da samoqalaqo moZraobis ambavi:
qarTveli qalebi ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamdnen, rom qarTvelTa So-

ris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba savaJo skolebze zru-
navda, xolo gogonebis ganaTlebaze saxsrebs ar gamoyofda. ai, ras wers
ekaterine gabaSvili (1851-1933), romelic qalis uflebebisTvis ibrZo-
da da sazogadoebis wevri iyo:
`me gamakvirva mxolod iman, rom Tormetidan dawyebuli TiTqmis xuT

saaTamde iyo cxare baasi sazogadoebis fulis moxmarebazed wera-kiTxvis
gavrcelebisaTvis da aravis imazed xma ar amouRia, es Rvawli marto vaJe-
bis saswavleblebs da imaT ganaTlebas unda ekuTvnodes, Tu qalebsac unda
hqondeT rame monawileoba.
marTlac gasakviria, rogor erTs an sazogadoebis wevrs an sazogadoe-

bis mmarTvelebs fiqradac ar mouvidaT qalebis bedis gaxsenebac. gana cu-
di iqneboda, rogorc baTumisa da Tbilisis Skolebze laparakoben, esec
gadaewyvitnaT, rom yvela Skola saqal-vaJo yofiliyo?
marTalia, Cvens sasoflo SkolebSi qalebic swavloben, magram es sru-

liad maswavlebelzea damokidebuli. Tu survili aqvT, qalebsac aswavlian,
Tu ara da ara. raT aris ase? ratom yvela Skola valdebuli araa erTnairaT
miiRos msurvelni vaJebica da qalebica? ratom pedagogiur kursebze qa-
lebic ar unda iyvnen miRebulni? gana CvenSi cota qalqebi arian, romlebic
siamovnebiT ikisreben sasoflo Skolebis maswavleblobas, am saqmisTvis
specialuri momzadeba rom hqondeT. gana ar mogexsenebaT, rom evropaSi
da mometebulad amerikaSi saukeTeso da mometebuli ricxvi maswavleble-
bisa qalebi arian? ratom Cven ar unda gamovcadoT? Tqven TviTonve ar am-
bobT - Cvens kacebSi iSviaTaT ipovniT rigians maswavlebelso? nuTu Cveni
wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba uadgiloTa saxavs qalebis ganaTlebas saerTo
sikeTisaTvis saqarTveloSi? me ki Cemis azriT, qalebisTvis ufro saWirod
vxedav qarTulis enis codnas, imitom, rom qali aris pirveli maswavlebeli
262 kari mesame
Svilebisa; ymawvils Tu bavSvobidanve siyvaruli ara aqvs swavlisa da Tavis

deda enisa, is SemdegSiac Znelad SeiTvisebs imas, da Tu Cvenma wera-kiTxvis
sazogadoebam qarTveli qalebis aRzrda institutsa da zavedeniebs miane-
ba, sadac qalebs sruliad ara aqvT Ronis-Zieba, praqtikis uqonlobis gamo,
qarTuli enis Seswavlisa, imasac Cqara moveswrebiT, rom Cven bavSvebs, dide-
bis mowyalebiT, sasircxvilod miaCndebaT Tavis deda-enazed laparaki. amis
magaliTebi axlac bevria CvenSi. amazed bevri damemowmeba.
warsulis kviris krebaSi viyaviT ramdenime qali da verc erTma CvenTa-

ganma ver movaxerxeT xmis amoReba qalebis gamosasarCleblad. ratom? imi-
tom, rom SevkrTiT, ver gavbedeT xmamaRla gamogveTqva Cveni azri, ara varT
qalebi SeCveuli sazogado saqmeebSi monawileobis miRebas.
imedi gvaqvs, saqarTvelos wera-kiTxvis sazogadoeba miiRebs mxedvelo-

baSi am azrs da SemdegisTvis miscems Ronis-Ziebas qarTvel qalebs Tavis de-
da-enis Seswavlisas; vgonebT, saqmiTac male gamoCndes, rom es sazogadoebis
zrunva usargeblod ar Caivlis~ .
ekaterine gabaSvili, `droeba~,1880
mravalwliani uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg ekaterine gabaSvilis ini-

ciativiT Camoyalibda `qalTa saxelosno skola~ (1895-1926), romelic
gogonebis ganaTlebaze zrunavda da sakuTar Tavs TviTonve inaxavda.
SemecnebiTi gakveTilebis garda, skolaSi iswavleboda Wra-kerva da
skolis maswavleblebi sakuTar xelobas sTavazobdnen Tbilisis moqa-
laqeebs da iRebdnen gasamrjelos. Semosuli TanxiT xdeboda saWiro
inventaris da wignebis SeZena. skola popularuli iyo mTels saqarTve-
loSi. misi kursdamTavrebulebi analogiur skolebs xsnidnen regio-
nebSi. skola daixura sabWoTa reJimis periodSi, 1925 wels.
meoce saukunis dasawyiss da social-demokratiis ideis gamoCenas ukav-

Sirdeba qalTa moZraobis meore talRa, romlis samizned socialuri samar-
Tlianobis da Tanasworobis ideebi iqca. yvelaze aqtualuri gaxda qalis
samoqalaqo uflebebi: arCevnebSi monawoleobis ufleba: iTargmna avgust
bebelis `qali da socializmi~, àmomrCeveli qali~, gaCndnen qarTveli
sufraJistebi da maTi gaerTianebebi: `qalTa Tanasworobis saqarTvelos
kavSiris~, `qarTvel qalTa sazogadoeba~, `kavkasiel qalTa sazogadoeba~.
am moZraobas SeuerTda pirveli talRis monawile qalTa didi nawili.
qalTa moZraobis meore talRas saTaveSi edga kato miqelaZe (1878-

1943). man daamTavra briuselis socialur mecnierebaTa fakulteti,
1910-1913 wlebSi cxovrobda parizSi da kargad icnobda qalTa evropul
moZraobas. saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas, 1917 wels man daiwyo aqtiuri
moZraoba qalTa politikuri monawileobis ideis realizaciisaTvis:
Camoayaliba qalTa wreebi dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebSi (quTaisi,

zestafoni, abaSa, Tbilisi) da daiwyo gazeTis `xma qarTveli qalis~ ga-
mocema. gazeTs sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo daniSnuleba hqonda da
vrceldeboda mosaxleobaSi.
qalebis samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis mopovebisaTvis gaS-

lilma moZraobam mainc gamoiRo Sedegi. 1919 wlis TebervalSi Catare-
buli sayovelTao arCevnebis Sedegad, damfuZnebeli krebis wevri gaxda
130 deputati, maT Soris iyo 4 (3%) qalic: e. ColoyaSvili, e. maxvilaZe,
a. soloRaSvili, q. SaraSiZe (26 adgiliani kvota ganisazRvra erovnu-
li umciresobebis warmomadgenelTaTvis! l.g.). 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis
konstituciaSi ki Caiwera:
òrive sqesis moqalaqe Tanasworia rogorc politikur, ise samoqala-
qo, ekonomikur da saojaxo uflebiT~ (muxli 39).
`qorwineba emyareba uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayofilobas; qor-

winebis formas kanoni gansazRvravs. qorwinebis gareSe da qorwinebaSi So-
bili uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT Tanasworni arian. dedas ufleba aqvs
iZios da daamtkicos, vin aris mama mis mier qorwinebis gareSe Sobilisa; ag-
reTve qorwinebis gareSe Sobils ufleba aqvs iZios Tavisi mama~ (muxli 40).
`saqarTvelos respublikis warmomadgenlobiTi organo aris `saqar-

Tvelos parlamenti~, romelic Sesdgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori, pirdapi-
ri, faruli da proporciuli wesisamebr arCeuli deputatebisagan. arCev-
nebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs sqesis ganurCevlad yovel sruluflebian
moqalaqes, romelsac 20 weli Sesrulebia.
parlamenti airCeva 3 wlis vadiT~ (muxli 46).
`gansakuTrebuli kanoni daicavs qalTa Sromas warmoebaSi. akrZalu-

lia qalis muSaoba dedobisaTvis mavne warmoebaSi; muSa qalis mSobiarobis
dros ara nakleb 2 Tvisa Tavisufalia muSaobisagan, jamagiris mouspob-
lad; damqiravebels evaleba ZuZumwovar bavSvTa mosavlelad Sesafer ga-
remoebaSi amyofos muSa qalebi~ (muxli: 126).
ganaTlebis uflebis realizebazec saxelmwifom aiRo pasuxismgeb-

loba: dawyebiTi, saSualo da umaRlesi skolebi saero gaxda.
1918 wlis 6 seqtembris kanoniT, Tamar mefis saxelobis, qalTa saos-

tato seminaria (romelic sazogadoeba `ganaTlebas~ ekuTvnoda) mTav-
robis gamgeblobaSi gadavida da misi mzrunvelobis qveS moeqca.
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, 1918 wlis 3 seqtembris debu-

lebiT (miRebulia saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos da mTavrobis mier)
orive sqesis xelmisawvdomoba umaRles ganaTlebaze garantirebulia:
264 kari mesame
`tfilisis universitetis studentebad SeiZleba orTave sqesis pirni

iyvnen, romelTac saSualo skola unda hqondeT gaTavebuli, TviTeuls
fakultets ufleba aqvs, Tu saWirod scnobs, universitetSi SemomsvlelT
romelime damatebiTi sagnis codna winaswar mosTxovon~ (paragrafi 15)
`studentebs garda, tfilisis universitetSi orive sqesis msmenelnic

arian~. (paragrafi 16).
1920 wlis 16 agvistos, damfuZnebelma krebam miiRo specialuri de-

buleba, sadac Caiwera:
`sasoflo meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro agronomiuli perso-
nalis mosamzadeblad arsdeba orive sqesis pirTaTvis sasoflo-sameur-
neo skolebi da dawesebulebebi...~
1921 wlis Semdeg, roca moxda saqarTvelos okupacia da damyarda

bolSevikuri reJimi, qalTa moZraoba, iseve rogorc yvela saxis samoqa-
laqo aqtiuroba, aikrZala. komunisturi partiis centralur komitet-
Si da mmarTvel organoebSi qalebis warmomadgenloba Zalian dabali
iyo da simbolur xasiaTs atarebda.
sabWoTa epoqaSi samoqalaqo gaerTianebebi mxolod saSualeba iyo

xelisuflebis mier adamianis operatiuli damorCilebisaTvis. amis sa-
ukeTeso ilustraciaa sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli SemoqmedebiTi da
profesiuli kavSirebis moRvaweoba.
sabWoTa reJimi TviTon qmnida da afinansebda sazogadoebriv, pro-

fesiul, saxelovnebo gaerTianebebs, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiis msa-
xurebs. xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli, sabWoTa ideologiisgan Ta-
visufali an misi mowinaaRmdge organizaciebis arseboba absoluturad
gamoricxuli iyo.
1935-1940 wlebSi saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris (maSin mweralTa

federacia erqva) 55 wevri daapatimres da maTi didi nawili daxvrites.
represirebulTa saqmeebi cxadyofs, rom maTi devna da Seviwroeba, da-
patimreba swored kolegebis mondomebiT da xelSewyobiT xdeboda, maT-
ze araadamianuri zewolisa da daSinebis gziT.
sabWoTa kavSiris ambavi:
sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoTa mweralTa federacia 1929 wels Camoya-

libda. igi aerTianebda 4 damoukidebel, avtonomir mweralTa asociacias:
1. akademiur mweralTa asociacia (1922-23 wlebSi Camoyalibda. gamos-

cemdnen Junalebs: `xomli~, `qarTuli sityva~, ìlioni~, `kavkasioni~).
2. `cisferyanwelTa~ asociacia (pirveli msoflio omis mere Camoya-
libda, rogorc `cisferi yanwebi~ / `meocnebe niamorebi~ /gamoscemdnen
gazeTebs: `barikadi~, `rubikoni~, `baxtrioni~ da ).
3. `memarcxeneTa~ asociacia (gamoscemdnen Jurnalebs: àrifioni~,
`H2SO4~, `memarcxeneoba~ da gazeTs `drouli~).
4. proletarul mweralTa asociacia (Camoyalibda 1922 wels. gamos-
cemda gazeTebs: `qura~, `prolemafi~ anu proletaruli literaturis
axali fronti da `dariali~).
magram 1931 wlisaTvis ukve proletarul mweralTa asociaciam omi

gamoucxada danarCen asociaciebs, rogorc apolitikur, memarjvene da
reaqciul organizaciebs da komunisturi partiis politikasTan Tan-
xmobiT am mwerlebis winaaRmdeg represiebs misca biZgi. 1931 wels saku-
Tari rigebis wmenda daiwyo da aseTi dokumenti SeimuSava:
`mweralTa federacia Semavali dajgufebebiT da organizaciebiT unda

iZleodes mTlianaT sabWoTa sinamdvilis damcvel da mis interesebisTvis
mebrZol mwerlobas.
socialisturi mSeneblobis mimdinare etapze mwerlebis amocanebi di-

dia da misi jansaRi organizmi unda sCandes federaciis SemadgenlobaSi.
xsenebuli debuleba iZulebuls gvxdis gadavsinjoT mweralTa fede-

raciis Semadgenloba da misi sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi.
gadasinjvis Sedegad vRebulobT mweralTa federaciis modunebulsa da

inertul cxovrebas, apolititikur tendenciebs (romelic Tavis ZiriTadSi
riaqcionuri ganwyobilebaa) da ukanasknelad `wiTel xalturis nimuSebsac~.
marTalia, erTi mxriv darazmulia proletaruli mwerlobis Zlieri

organizacia da maTTan SeTanxmebiT izrdeba da magrdeba TanamgzavrTa
kadrebi, magram mweralTa federaciaSi Sekedlebuli, TiTqos apoliti-
kuri, mwerlebi qmnian modunebul atmosferas da amiT xels uSlian re-
konstruqciul periodisTvis saWiro mwerlobis aRorZinebas. saukeTeso
gamomxatveli ferSecvlili kontr revoluciisa aris zedmeti esTetizmi,
apolitizmi, romelic dRiur sakiTxebiT dainteresebis winaaRmdegia da
mwerlobas CvenTvis saWiro politikur simaxviles ukargavs.
ar aris garantia, rom es mwerlebi gardaiqmnebian axlo momavalSi da

gaxdebian aqtiuri muSakebi proletariatis saqmianobisa. `kanis cvla~, ro-
266 kari mesame
melic gamoiares bevrjer xsenebulma pirebma ver scvlis maT Sinagan bune-
bas da isini xSiraT egreT wodebuli `pasiuri winaaRmdegobiTac~ ibrZvian
Tanamedrove mwerlobis poziciaze.
mweralTa federaciaSi Semavali organizaciebidan yvelaze metad ase-

Ti ZalebiT damZimebulia akademiur mwerlebis organizacia, romlis xel-
mZRvaneloba umTavresad memarjvene da reaqcioner mwerlobas uWiravs
xelSi. Semdeg modis maTi mimyoli da axlobeli jgufebi.
saWiroa am atmosferis garkveva da federaciis Semadgenlobis fil-

traciaSi gatareba, saWiroa mweralTa federaciidan iseTi xalxis moSo-
reba, romelnic mwerlebis saerTo saqmianobas xels uSlis da reaqcionur
atmosferas afarToebs. saWiroa axali Zalebis federaciaSi dawinaureba
da mweralTa federaciis akademiuri da kabineturi saqmianobidan daZvra.
mweralTa federaciis arseboba da mniSvneloba kiTxvis qveS rom ar iy-

ves, mweralTa federaciam unda gaiwmindos Tavis organizmi yvela mavne
elementebisagan da muSaoba gaamZafros massaSi gadataniT.
mweralTa federacia unda gaxdes mimdinare socialistur mSenebloba-

Si saWiro da uSualo monawile organizacia.
dRes mweralTa federacia modunebuli organizmia da mis saboloo da-

avadebamde saWiroa samkurnalo wmendis dawyeba~.
1935-1940 wlebSi saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris (maSin mweralTa

federacia erqva) 55 wevri daapatimres da maTi didi nawili daxvrites.
represirebulTa saqmeebi cxadyofs, rom maTi devna da Seviwroeba, da-
patimreba swored kolegebis mondomebiT da xelSewyobiT xdeboda.
sabWoTa reJimi TviT qmnida da afinansebda sazogadoebriv, profe-

siul, saxelovnebo gaerTianebebs, rogorc sabWoTa ideologiis msaxu-
rebs. xelisuflebisagan damoukidebeli, sabWoTa ideologiisgan Tavi-
sufali an misi mowinaaRmdge organizaciebis arseboba absoluturad
gamoricxuli iyo.
postsabWoTa periodi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba
postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibe-

bis procesi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba. es aris
periodi, roca sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarTvelom damouki-
debloba gamoacxada da saxelwifos axali, komunisturi ideologiisgan
Tavisufali, saxelmwifos mSeneblobas Seudga. mTavari biZgi am process

misces saerTaSoriso organizaciebma. swored maT waaxalises qveynis de-
mokratizaciis procesi da xeli Seuwyes (finansuri da teqnikuri daxma-
rebiT) moqalaqeTa gaerTianebebs, ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo organiza-
ciebs, romelTa iniciativebi saqarTveloSi demokratiuli, liberaluri
Rirebulebebis popularizaciasa da damkvidrebaze iyo mimarTuli.
moqalaqeTa did nawils warmodgena ar hqonda samoqalaqo sazogado-

ebis raobaze da imaze Tu ra monawileoba unda mieRo TiToeul adami-
ans axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi da ratom iyo es monawi-
leoba mniSvnelovani? mTavari dabrkoleba sabWoTa gamocdileba iyo,
sadac moqalaqe pasiuri, umoqmedo qveSevrdomia, romelic usityvod
emorCileba saxelmwifos.
samoqalaqo aqtivizmi ZiriTadad arasamTavrobo organizaciebis sa-

xiT gaformda da swored isini iqcnen demokratizaciis procesis mamoZ-
ravebel Zalad.
arasamTavrobo seqtoris Sesaxeb msxvilmaStabiani raodenobrivi da

Tvisebrivi kvlevebi ar arsebobs. statistikis departamentis monace-
mebiT saqarTveloSi amJamad 9000-mde arasamTavrobo organizaciaa re-
gistrirebuli, magram savaraudod, maTi 90 procenti aqtiuri ar aris.
maTi Seqmnis dinamika aseTia: 1992-1998 wlebSi daaxloebiT 1500 arasam-
Tavrobo organizacia Seiqmna, 1999-2002 wlebSi 1500, xolo 2003-2008
wlebSi 6000. axali organizaciebis Seqmnis mzardi tempi ufro am pro-
cesis stiqiurobaze miuTiTebs, vidre gaazrebul, sazogadoebrivi sa-
Wiroebebis gacnobierebiT gamowveul qmedebaze.
konsultaciis da treningis centrma (CTC) 2005 wels Caatara `samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebi donis kvleva~ (kvleva Catarda sa-
erTaSoriso organizaciis `sivikumis~ mier SemuSavebuli meTodolo-
giiT). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebSi maT gamoyves Semdegi
jgufebi:
268 kari mesame
cxrili
# kvlevaSi Sesuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciaTa tipebi
1. rwmenaze dafuZnebuli organizaciebi
2. profkavSirebi
advokatirebis organizaciebi (mag., samoqalaqo aqtiurobis, socialuri samar-

3.
Tlianobis, mSvidobis, adamianis uflebebis, momxmarebelTa jgufebis)
momsaxurebis mimwodebeli (mag., saTemo ganviTarebis mxardamWeri, saganmanaT-

4.
leblo, jandacvis, soc. momsaxurebis)
ganaTlebaSi, treningsa da kvlevaSi moRvawe (mag., analitikuri jgufebi, re-

5.
surs-centrebi, arakomerciuli skolebi, sjaro ganaTlebis organizaciebi)
6. media
sxvadasxva socialur jgufTa mier dafuZnebuli asociaciebi: qalTa, studen-

7.
tTa da axalgazrduli asociaciebi
socio-ekonoimikuri kuTxiT marginalizebul jgufTa asociaciebi (mag., Rari-

8.
bebi, usaxlkaroni, emigrantebi, devnilebi)
profesiuli da biznes asociaciebi (mag., savaWro palata, profesiuli asocia-

9.
ciebi)
saTemo jgufebi da asociaciebi (damkrZalavi biuroebi, TviTdaxmarebis jgufe-

10.
bi, mSobelTa asociaciebi)
ekonomikuri interesis matarebeli (mag., kooperativebi, sakredito jgufebi,

11.
ormxrivad Semnaxveli asociaciebi)
12. eTnikuri, tradiciuli da adgilobrivi asociaciebi/jgufebi
13. garemosdacviTi organizaciebi
14. kulturisa da xelovnebis organizaciebi
15. socialur-gasarTobi organizaciebi da sportuli klubebi
saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi (grantebze momuSave fondebi) da finansebis mom-

16.
Ziebeli danayofebi
17. politikuri partiebi da organizaciebi
18. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaTa qselebi/federaciebi/mxardamWeri organizaciebi
sazogadoebrivi moZraobebi (mag., miwisZvriT dazaralebulTa, mSvidobis mom-

19.
xreTa)
registrirebuli 9000 organizaciidan maTi regionuli gadanawile-

bis suraTi aseTia
cxrili
saqarTveloSi registrirebuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

organizaciebi regionebis mixedviT
regioni organizaciebis raodenoba

Tbilisi 4326
samegrelo 739
imereTi 691
aWara 450
kaxeTi 364
samcxe-javaxeTi 348
Sida qarTli 311
sxva 1771
gavlenis mixedviT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis jgufebi Semdegnai-

rad nawildeba, media (televizia), profesionaluri asociaciebi, ana-
litikuri jgufebi, uflebadamcveli da momsaxurebis mimwodebeli
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi. opoziciuri politikuri partiebi met-
naklebi gavleniT sargebloben. saTemo organizaciebi da is organiza-
ciebi, romlebic mosaxleobis yvelaze Rarib nawils warmoadgenen, mag.,
iZulebiT gadadgilebuli pirebi, yvelaze naklebad gavleniani jgufe-
bia.
profkavSirebi maTi umravlesoba gawevrianebulia saqarTvelos

gaerTianebul profkavSirebSi. am organizacias Zalian susti avtori-
teti aqvs, radgan igi sabWoTa periodis profkavSiris memkvidred iT-
vleba. permanentuli Sida konfliqtebis gamo igi bevrma wevrma datova.
2003 wlis Semdeg, rac saxelmwifo daupirispirda, qonebis didi nawi-
li, swored mis sasargeblod daTmo.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis dafinansebis mTavari wyaro aris

donorebidan miRebuli grantebi. organizaciebis wliuri biujetis
80% donori organizaciebisgan miRebuli grantebisgan Sedgeba. sawev-
ro gadasaxadebi arasamTavroboebis, mxolod, mesameds aqvs, romelic
umetes SemTxvevaSi, maTi Semosavlis 5%-s ar aRemateba. dedaqalaqSi
momuSave organizaciebis biujeti bevrad aRemateba regionulebisas.
Tumca arasamTavrobo seqtoris finansuri mdgomareoba zogadad aras-
tabiluria, radgan igi didwilad saerTaSoriso donorebzea damokide-
buli.
270 kari mesame
biznes seqtoris warmomadgenelTa mxolod 18%-s aqvs arasamTavrobo

organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis da saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobis ga-
mocdileba. es gamowveulia imiT, rom biznes jgufebi ar arian darwmu-
nebulebi, rom maTi donacia samizne jgufamde miaRwevs.
samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenelTa didi nawilisTvis mTavari

prioriteti ganaTlebaa: treningebi, seminarebi, sagamomcemlo saqmia-
noba. ganaTlebis momsaxurebis sferoebi ki Semdegia: ganaTlebis sakiT-
xebi, qalTa problemebi, samoqalaqo ganaTleba, janmrTelobis dacva,
socialurad daucveli jgufebi, fsiqologiuri reabilitacia, axal-
gazrdebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, ekonomikuri ganviTareba, mcire
biznesis ganviTareba.
samoqalaqo seqtori, samwuxarod, xelisuflebaze Zlier gavlenas

ver axdens. mTavrobis mxridan mis mimarT angariSvaldebulebis zrda
SesamCnevia da samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi intervenciis arealic sakmaod
farTo, Tumca, moqalaqeTa moTxovnebis pirdapiri dakmayofilebisa da
sajaro politikis formirebaze zemoqmedebis sakiTxSi misi saqmianobis
efeqti Zalian sustia.
yvelaze aqtiurad, organizaciebi, ZiriTadad, demokratiis, adamia-

nis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobis mxardaWeraze muSaoben.
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare samoqalaqo sazogadoebis winaSe dgas

mniSvnelovani gamowvevebi, romelTa formulireba zogadad ase SegviZ-
lia:
1. miuxedavad imisa, rom erTsadaimave sakiTxze (mag.: adamianis uf-
lebebis dacva) momuSave organizaciebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromloben,
saqarveloSi samoqalaqo Tanamonawileobis xarisxi Zalian dabalia, rac
imaze miuTiTebs, rom arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi moqa-
laqeTa mobilizaciiT da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi maTi CarTviT ar
arian dainteresebulebi.
2. qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis wevrebi yvelaze xSirad da
efeqturad erTiandebian adamianis uflebebis, Zaladobis sawinaaRmde-
gi da tolerantobis kulturis damkvidrebis kampaniebis garSemo, mag-
ram Zalian iSviaTad socialuri dacvisa da siRaribis aRmofxvraze mi-
marTul sakiTxebze. aseTi suraTi paradoqsulia, radgan saqarTvelo-
Si siRaribe da socialuri momsaxurebis problemebi moqalaqeTa didi
nawilis mTavari sazrunavia. aqedan gamomdinare samoqalaqo seqtoris
aqtiuri nawilis da moqalaqeTa saWiroebebi erTmaneTs ar emTxveva. aqe-
dan gamomdinare, qarTulma samoqalaqo sazogadoebam aucileblad un-
da dauaxlovos Tavis dRis wesrigi farTo sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtu-

alur moTxovnilebebs.
3. samoqalaqo seqtoris ganviTarebas yvelaze metad aferxebs Sem-
degi faqtorebi: fundamenturi uflebebis darRveva, zogadi politi-
kuri da socio-kulturuli konteqsti, agreTve susti kavSirebi kerZo
seqtorTan.
4. samoqalaqo seqtoris Sidaseqtoruli urTierTobebi met-nak-
lebad ganviTarebulia, xolo moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba sakmaod
dabali. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samoqalaqo seqtori
farTo sazogadoebisgan gancalkevebulad dgas da ase ufro komfor-
tulad grZnobs Tavs. magram sakuTari gavlenis gaZlierebisaTvis, sa-
moqalaqo seqtori, yvelanairad unda Seecados ufro mWidro urTier-
Tobebis damyarebas, rogorc xelisuflebasTan, aseve farTo sazoga-
doebasTanac.
ìmedis~ ambavi:
2000 wels 5 qalma, romlebic saqarTveloSi bavSvTa janmrTelobis

problemebs ikvlevda, gadawyvita Seeqmna arasamTavrobo organizacia
ìmedi~. maT SeimuSaves wesdeba, sadac sakuTari saqmianobis miznebi gan-
sazRvres:
saqarTveloSi bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis monitoringi;
bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb yovelwliuri angari-
Sis momzadeba;
bavSvTa janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo politikis,
programebis monitoringi;
bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb reko-
mendaciebis SemuSaveba samTavrobo, arasamravrobo da saerTaSo-
riso organizaciebisTvis.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, qalebma es miz-

nebi Seitanes asociacia ìmedis~ wesdebaSi da 2000 wlis 22 dekembers,
iusticiis saministroSi daregistrirdnen, rogorc sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli piri.
2001 wels ìmedma~ SeimuSava proeqti `bavSvTa janmrTelobis mdgoma-

reobis monitoringi maRalmTian regionebSi~ da gaeros bavSvTa fondis
(UNICEF) dafinanseba miiRo. proeqtis realizaciis Sedegad aRmoCnda,
rom am regionebSi bavSvebis umravlesobas fariseburi jirkvlis paTo-
272 kari mesame
logia aqvs, rac gamowveulia iodis deficitiT. amasTan, organizaciis

wevrebma daadgines, rom qveyanaSi am problemis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
aranairi saxelmwifo programa ar arsebobs. ìmedis~ wevrebma janmrTe-
lobis saministros, bavSvTa uflebebze momuSave arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebs da saerTaSoriso organizaciebs warudgines specialuri
moxseneba, sadac saxelmwifosgan iodizirebuli mariliT maRalmTiani
regionebis momaragebisTvis saWiro zomebis miRebas moiTxovdnen.
ìmedis~ rekomendaciebs Sedegad specialuri saxelmwifo programe-

bi mohyva, romelmac maRalmTiani regionebis didi nawili iodizirebu-
li mariliT moamaraga. arasamTavrobo organizaciebis ZalisxmeviT ki
saerTaSoriso organizaciebma humanitaruli misia ganaxorcieles iseT
regionebSi, sadac saxelmwifos Zalisxmeva arasakmarisi aRmoCnda.
2002 wels asociacias ìmedi~ daukavSirda arasamTavrobo organi-

zacia `qali da janmrTelobas~ da TanamSromloba SesTavaza, rac imave
regionebSi qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Ses-
wavlas gulisxmobda. kvlevam aCvena, maRalmTian regionebSi arsebuli
iodis deficiti uaryofiT gavlenas axdens ara mxolod bavSvebis, ara-
med qalebis janmrTelobazec, radgan qalebSi farisebri jirkvlis da-
avadebebi korelaciaSia saSvilosnos simsivnur daavadebebTan.
miuxedavad, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mravalwliani mcdelo-

bisa, maT ver aiZules saxelmwifo qalebis reproduqciuli janmrTe-
lobis gaumjobesebisa da simsivnuri daavadebebis prevenciaze mimar-
Tuli programebi Seeqmna.2
ambavi samarTlian arCevnebsa da samoqalaqo protestze:
2003 wlis 2 noembris saparlamento arCevnebis dros arasamTavrobo

organizaciam `demokratiisa da samarTliani arCevnebis saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba~ xmebis paraleluri daTvla ganaxorciela, romelmac aC-
vena, rom oficialurad gamocxadebuli Sedegi (arCevnebSi SevardnaZis
da aslan abaSiZis gundis gamarjveba) ar Seesabameboda realur monace-
mebs. organizaciam sarCeli Seitana sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi ar-
Cevnebis Sedegebis gauqmebis moTxovniT. sasamarTlom es moTxovna da-
akmayofila, radgan sarwmunod CaTvala `samarTliani arCevnebis~ mier
wardgenili gayalbebis damadasturebeli masalebi. am procesis para-
2
unda aRiniSnos, rom 2008 wlis pirveli maisidan saqmianoba daiwyo erovnulma
skrining centrma. skriningis programas Tbilisis meria da gaeros mosaxleobis
fondi, specialuri memorandumis safuZvelze, afinansebs.
lelurad telemedia asparezs uTmobda samoqalaqo seqtorisa da po-

litikuri opoziciis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic SevardnaZis reJims
akritikebdnen, ramac farTo samoqalaqo protesti gamoiwvia. Sedegad,
23 noembers, eduard SevardnaZe prezidentis postidan gadadga.
`vardebis revoluciis~ Semdeg qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

nawili xelisuflebaSi wavida. axalma xelisuflebam Secvala konsti-
tucia: prezidents parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba mieca da parlamen-
tarTa raodenoba 235 wevridan 150-mde Semcirda. garda amisa saqarTve-
los mTavrobam demokratiuli institutebis gaZlierebasa da adamianis
uflebebis dacvaze bevrad ufro prioritetulad saxelmwifo insti-
tutebis gaZliereba miiCnia. korufciisa da organizebul danaSaulTan
brZolis politikas Tan axlda adamianis uflebebis da samarTlis nor-
mebis uxeSi darRvevebi. gaxSirda mediaze zewolis faqtebi.
miuxedavd amisa, samoqalaqo seqtoris warmomadgenlebi ganagrZoben

xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli reformebis kritikas, rasac Se-
degad mohyva 2007 wlis 7 noembris da 2009 wlis maisis mSvidobiani pro-
testebi, romelsac xelisufleba Zalismieri meTodebiT daupirispir-
da (aqciebis da tele imedis darbeva). 2011 wlis 26 maiss ki saprotesto
aqciis Zaladobriv daSlas 3 adamianis sicocxle Seewira. demonstran-
tTagan mravalma sxeulis mZime dazianeba miiRo. samoqalaqo seqtoris
warmomadgenelTa permanentuli moTxovnis miuxedavad, am procesebTan
dakavSirebiT, saqme ar aRZrula da sasamarTlo ganxilvac ar gamarTu-
la.
kari meoTxe
demokratia
da moqalaqis
Tanamonawileoba
meoTxe karSi demokratiul sazogadoebaSi samoqalaqo monawileobis
uflebebsa da pasuxismgeblobebs gaecnobiT. ganxilavT ukanasknel xaneb-
Si saqarTveloSi mimdinare reformebs. yuradReba gamaxvildeba reformaTa
gavlenasa da am procesebSi moqalaqeTa rolze. visaubrebT sazogadoebis
gasaumjobeseblad saWiro RonisZiebebsa da demokratiis idealebis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobasTan Tanamonawileobaze. ganvixilavT
qmedebebs, romelTa ganxorcielebac moqalaqeebs xelisuflebisgan da-
moukideblad an masTan TanamSromlobiT SeuZliaT. am TavSi ganxiluli maga-
liTebi dagexmarebaT, ukeTesad gaigoT, Tu rogor SegiZliaT, ufro metad
iaqtiuroT sazogadoebaSi da socialuri mniSvnelobis mqone ZiriTad sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze gavlena iqonioT.
karis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs, ro-

goricaa:
ra gvWirdeba adamianis uflebebis realizaciisTvis?

ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia?
ras gulisxmobs monawileoba da TanamSromloba?
rogoria monawileobis saukeTeso formebi da saSualebebi?
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels da ra abrkolebs CvenSi aqtiur monawileo-
bas?
ra winapirobebia saWiro demokratiis maRali xarisxis uzrunvelsayo-
fad?
ras niSnavs studentTa TviTmmarTveloba da rogoria misi saukeTeso
gamocdileba?
demokratia da moqalaqis Tanamonawileoba 275
nawili pirveli
moqalaqis monawileoba
sazogadoebrivi
amocanebis gadawyvetaSi
demokratia mxolod moqalaqeTa arCevnebSi monawileobiT ar Semo-

ifargleba, is moqalaqis yoveldRiur aqtiurobazea damokidebuli. es
aqtiuroba ori mimarTulebiT SeiZleba gamovlindes: pirveli, rode-
sac moqalaqe Tavisi iniciativiT monawileobs sazogadoebrivi mniSvne-
lobis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi, sakuTari da TanamoqalaqeTa uflebebis
dacvaSi; meore, rodesac misi aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT
procesebSi TanamonawileobiT gamoixateba da sajaro xelisuflebas-
Tan mWidro TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs. am nawilis farglebSi moqa-
laqis aqtiurobis orive aspeqti iqneba ganxiluli. Sesabamisad, yurad-
Reba daeTmoba, rogorc samoqalaqo aqtiurobis iseT formebs, romle-
bic uSualod moqalaqis, an sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mier aris inici-
rebuli, aseve vrclad iqneba ganxiluli sajaro xelisuflebis mier
waxalisebul proeqtebSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis formebi.
ratom monawileobs moqalaqe sazogadoebrivi amocanebis Sesrule-

baSi?
ratom aris moqalaqis aqtiuroba demokratiisTvis mniSvnelovani?
ZiriTadad ra formiT vlindeba samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTvelo-
Si?
ra xelisSemSleli faqtorebi arsebobs saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sa-
zogadoebis Camosayalibeblad?
ra formiT SeiZleba axali Taobis samoqalaqo aqtiuroba?
ra faqtorebi uwyobs xels axali Taobis samoqalaqo aqtiurobas?
276 kari meoTxe
Tavi 1.1
moqalaqis sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgebloba
demokratiuli sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom moqalaqes

hqondes pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis winaSe.
moqalaqe mxolod sakuTari egoisturi interesebis dakmayofilebiT ar
unda iyos dainteresebuli, mas unda hqondes imis Segneba, rom Tavisi
wili valdebulebac aiRos sazogadoebaSi saerTo sikeTis Seqmnis saqme-
Si. saerTo sikeTis Seqmna gulisxmobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis TiT-
qmis yvela sferoSi sakuTari surviliT, usasyidlod, iseTi saxis aqti-
urobas, romelic finansur mogebaze ar aris orientirebuli da miznad
isaxavs sakuTari SesaZleblobebiTa da unarebiT garkveuli sazogado-
ebrivi amocanebis gadaWras. drois moTxovnis mixedviT, es amocanebi
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi gansxvavebulia. es sferoebi ki moicavs
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs, rogorebicaa: mozardebTan
urTierToba, samezoblo kavSiri, sportuli gaerTianeba, SezRuduli
SesaZleblobebis adamianebTan urTierToba, socialuri daxmareba, ga-
remos dacva, adamianis uflebebis dacva, politikuri procesebis kon-
troli da sxv. aRniSnuli sferoebis mixedviT, iqmneba aqtiur moqala-
qeTa gaerTianebebic, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani kom-
ponentia.
moqalaqis an sazogadoebrivi jgufebis mier inicirebuli samoqala-

qo aqtiuroba garkveuli winapirobebis arsebobazea damokidebuli. am
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba mozardi Taobis
samoqalaqo ganaTlebas, romelmac, pirvel rigSi, moqalaqeobrivi pasu-
xismgeblobis Segneba unda Camoayalibos. Tavad samoqalaqo iniciative-
bi ki iseTi demokratiuli unarebis formirebas uwyobs xels, rogore-
bicaa: sakuTari azris, ideebis formulireba, kompromisebisTvis mzad-
yofna, TanamoqalaqeebTan urTierToba. solidarobis gancda, sxvebis
mimarT tolerantobisa da pativiscemis gamoxatuleba demokratiuli
sazogadoebisTvis umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebebia, romlebic moqa-
laqeebs sazogadoebrivi amocanebis gadaWris procesSi monawileobis
Sedegad uyalibdebaT.
moqalaqes, romelic monawileobs sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi cxov-

rebis sferoSi, amoZravebs imis Segneba, rom mxolod saxelmwifos regu-
lirebasa da sabazro ekonomikur urTierTobebze ar aris damokidebu-
li sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, igi damokidebulia moqalaqeTa saer-
To interesebis ganxorcielebazec, romelic imisken aris mimarTuli,
rom sakuTari iniciativebiTa da ideebiT gaaumjobesos sazogadoeba.

moqalaqe am sazogadoebis aqtiuri nawilia, misi Semoqmedi da iniciato-
ri. mis mier inicirebuli ideis realizebisTvis man SeiZleba ara mxo-
lod Tanamoqalaqeebs, aramed sajaro xelisuflebasa da biznesseqtor-
sac mimarTos.
Tavi 1.2
samoqalaqo aqtiuroba saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelosTvis, sadac ar arsebobs samoqalaqo ganaTlebisa da de-

mokratiuli sazogadoebis didi tradiciebi, mniSvnelovania moqala-
qeTa samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRleba da maTi sazogadoebriv cxov-
rebaSi monawileobis uzrunvelyofa. am saqmiT saqarTveloSi, ZiriTa-
dad, sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebia dakavebuli, romlebic
donori organizaciebis mxardaWeriT axorcieleben iseT proeqtebs,
rogorebicaa: samoqalaqo organizaciebis aqtiuri CarTva samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis procesSi, samoqalaqo organizaciebis er-
Toblivi aqtivobebis waxaliseba da maTi mediasTan TanamSromlobis
gaRrmaveba, multieTnikuri dialogis xelSewyoba, iZulebiT gadaad-
gilebul pirTa cxovrebis stabilizaciisa da maTi sazogadoebaSi in-
tegrirebisTvis aucilebeli winapirobebis uzrunvelyofa, mravaleT-
nikur regionebSi saxelmwifoebrivi integraciisa da potenciuri kon-
fliqtebis mSvidobiani prevenciis xelSewyoba da sxv.
magram saqarTveloSi dRemde arsebobs rogorc mentaluri, socia-

luri, ise politikuri barierebi, romlebic samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebas uSlis xels. rac Sexeba mentalur faqtorebs, dRemde mo-
saxleobaSi mZlavria sabWoTa memkvidreobiT miRebuli warmodgena ima-
ze, rom saxelmwifo da sazogadoeba ori sxvadasxva, sapirispiro movle-
naa, rom saxelmwifo ierarqiulad ufro maRal safexurze dgas, vidre
sazogadoeba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, ZiriTadad, arasamTavrobo or-
ganizaciebSia gaigivebuli, romlebic umTavresad sakuTari wevrebiT
Semoifargleba. mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis arsebuli socialuri
problemebi ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom maT gamonaxon dro, an hqon-
deT motivacia, sazogadoebrivi problemebis gadaWras moaxmaron Tavi-
anTi energia. maTTvis prioritetad rCeba samuSaos povna da sakuTari
socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. yovelive amas emateba politi-
kuri faqtoric, rodesac xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebadi nacio-
278 kari meoTxe
naluri televiziebis, gansxvavebuli da kritikuli azris daTrgunvis

pirobebSi, samoqalaqo seqtoris ganviTarebisTvis ar aris xelsayreli
niadagi Seqmnili.
Tavi 1.3
axali Taoba da samoqalaqo aqtiuroba
sazogadoebis demokratiuli cnobierebis amaRlebis kuTxiT gansa-

kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens axali Taobis samoqalaqo ganaTleba. am
TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi proeqtebis ganxorciele-
baSi studentTa mxardaWera. 2001 wlidan boSis fondis xelSewyobiT,
konkursis wesiT weliwadSi 100 axalgazrdis SerCeva xdeba 25 qveyni-
dan (maT Soris saqarTvelodan), romlebic demokratiuli cvlilebebis
procesSi imyofebian. orkviriani kursebis farglebSi monawileebs Se-
saZlebloba eZlevaT, warmoadginon sakuTari proeqtebi iseT sakiTxeb-
ze, rogorebicaa: monawileobis formebi skolebisa da universitete-
bis TviTmmarTvelobaSi; SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianTa
daxmareba; garemos dacva da sxv. es formati xels uwyobs azrTa gacvlas
da axali saintereso ideebisa da iniciativebis Camoyalibebas. zogier-
Ti proeqti SesaZlebelia fondis xelSewyobiTac ki ganxorcieldes.
studentTa gaaqtiureba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mravali mi-

marTulebiTaa SesaZlebeli. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia, problemis
identifikacia. am mizniT saqmianobis pirveli etapi mimarTuli unda
iyos problemis gamomwvevi mizezebis kvlevaze da amis Semdeg misi aR-
mofxvris konkretuli gzebis dasaxvaze. magaliTad, romelime region-
Si qalTa dasaqmebis problemis mogvareba SesaZloa am regionSi maTi
profesiuli momzadebis arqonas ukavSirdebodes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
es realobas Seesabameba, maSin studentTa aqtiuroba imisken unda iyos
mimarTuli, rom daarwmunos adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebi, Seiqmnas profesiuli saswavlo dawesebulebebi; aseve, saqarTve-
los zogierT regionSi qarTuli enisa da kulturis ufro safuZvlia-
nad Seswavlis mizniT, pirvel etapze SesaZloa gamoikveTos saskolo an
sauniversiteto TanamSromlobis intensiuri formebi, romelic, erTi
mxriv, sxvadasxva eTnikuri kulturis gacnobas, xolo meore mxriv, er-
Tian saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis amaRlebas da integraciis
process Seuwyobs xels.
studentebs Soris TanamSromlobisa da dialogis inicireba gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania afxazeTTan da cxinvalis regionTan mimar-
TebiT. msgavsi iniciativebis warmoSoba studentTa aqtiurobazea da-
mokidebuli. isini mxolod sakuTari saswavlo SefasebebiT ar unda iy-
vnen dakavebuli, aramed maT unda ainteresebdeT, sakuTari unarebiT,
inteleqtiT Tu risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli
gamowvevebis gadasaWrelad.
axlo warsulidan axalgazrdebis samoqalaqo aqtiurobis ramdeni-

me magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. erT-erTma arasamTavrobo organizaci-
am àxalgazrda iniciatorTa saxlma~ (aisi) qvemo qarTlis regionSi
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mxardamWeri konkursiT miRebuli grantis
farglebSi proeqti `mwvane sicocxlis feria~ ganaxorciela. proeqtis
mizani iyo 13-15 wlis asakis mozardebisTvis sagzao wesebis swavleba,
raTa maT, rogorc fexiT mosiaruleebs, daecvaT sazogadoebrivi wes-
rigi. aRsaniSnavia, rom trenerebi bavSvTa saxlebis aRsazrdelebi iy-
vnen, romelTac Tavdapirvelad Tavad gaiares sagzao wesebis dacvaSi
treningi. aRniSnuli aqtiuroba xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom sazo-
gadoebrivi wesrigis, am SemTxvevaSi sagzao wesebis, uzrunvelyofa ar
aris mxolod saxelmwifo struqturebis movaleoba, igi aris TiToeuli
kanonmorCili moqalaqis pasuxismgeblobac, raTa yvela gaufrTxildes
rogorc Tavis, ise sxvis sicocxles. eTnikur umciresobebTan dialo-
gisa da maTi erTian saxelmwifoSi integraciis xelSewyobis fargleb-
Si organizeba gaewia walkis municipalitetis somexi erovnebis bavSve-
bis TbilisSi eqskursiaze wayvanas da dedaqalaqis RirsSesaniSnaobebis
daTvalierebas. Tanamoqalaqisadmi daxmarebisa da Tanadgomis aRmoCe-
nis mizniT, ganxorcielda aqcia `gaiRe sisxli, gadaarCine sicocxle~.
am samoqalaqo aqtiurobis mizani iyo mosaxleobisadmi mowodeba, gamo-
eCina keTili neba da usasyidlod gaeRo sisxli maTTvis, visac es sWir-
deboda. es aqtiuroba sazogadoebisaTvis rogorc magaliTis micemis,
ise sainformacio xasiaTis RonisZiebebiT ganxorcielda.
msgavsi praqtika mxolod mcireodeni magaliTia imisa, Tu rogori

formiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes studentTa samoqalaqo aqtiuroba
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. TiToeuli axalgaz-
rdis inovaciur unarsa da gambedaobazea damokidebuli calkeuli sa-
zogadoebrivi amocanebis gadaWris mizniT saintereso proeqtebis Ca-
moyalibeba da maTi ganxorcieleba.
280 kari meoTxe
nawili meore
Tanamedrove demokratiis
ganviTarebis tendenciebi
am nawilSi gavigebT cnebis `warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia~

mniSvnelobas. gaviazrebT amomrCevlis winaSe xelisuflebis angariS-
valdebulebis mniSvnelobas. kidev erTxel gavixsenebT warmomadgen-
lobiTi demokratiis elementebs. SemovitanT saxelmwifos, moqala-
qis, kerZo seqtoris, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobisa da maTi
urTierTTanamSromlobis xarisxis ganmsazRvrel sazoms, erTgvar
masStabs `kargi mmarTveloba~ (Good Governance). visaubrebT saja-
ro administraciis Tanamedrove gamowvevebis da am organoTa decen-
tralizaciis Sesaxeb. vimsjelebT administraciul dagegmarebaSi,
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, erToblivi amocanebisa da proeqtebis gan-
xorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobaze.
ra arsebiTi niSnebi aqvs Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiT demokratias?

ram ganapiroba warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis e.w. Tanamonawileo-
biTi demokratiiT Sevsebis aucilebloba?
ras aRwers `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cneba?
rogoria `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cnebis warmoSobis istoria?
ra arsebiTi elementebisgan Sedgeba `kargi mmarTvelobis~ cneba da
rogoria am cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba?
ras niSnavs sajaro administraciis moqalaqeze orientacia?
ra mniSvneloba aqvs sajaro administraciaSi pasuxismgeblobis de-
centralizacias?
ra mizans emsaxureba sajaro administraciis mier moqalaqis, sazo-
gadoebrivi jgufebis gaaqtiureba?
ras niSnavs saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris pasuxismgeblobis
ganawileba?
Tavi 2.1
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia
demokratia warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis formiT arsebobs.

xalxi irCevs Tavis warmomadgenlebs da masve andobs saxelisuflo
uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas. uflebamosilebis es gadacema
efeqtianobisa da ekonomiurobis principiT aris ganpirobebuli. yo-
veldRiur mniSvnelovan politikur gadawyvetilebebs uSualod xalxi
ver miiRebs, amitom saWiroa iseTi warmomadgenlobiTi struqturebi,
romlebic, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebis wyarosTan xalxTan kavSirs da,
meore mxriv, swrafi da efeqtiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebas uzrun-
velyofs. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs xalxTan mudmivi kavSiris arsebobas. es SesaZlebelia perioduli
arCevnebisa da uSualo demokratiis formis referendumis meSveobiT.
warmomadgenlebis xelisuflebaSi arCeva ganapirobebs amomrCevlis

winaSe maT angariSvaldebulebas, magram realur cxovrebaSi xalxi yo-
veldRiurad uSualod ver gaakontrolebs xelisuflebas da ver mos-
Txovs mas angariSs. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad Tanamedrove demok-
ratia xelisuflebis danawilebis princips aRiarebs, romlis Tanaxmad,
xelisuflebis Stoebi erTmaneTs akontroleben da abalanseben. ase
magaliTad, mniSvnelovania aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saparlamen-
to da sasamarTlo kontroli, xolo parlamentis sakonstitucio mar-
TlmsajulebiT gakontroleba.
Tanamedrove, warmomadgenlobiT demokratiaSi gadawyvetilebebi

umravlesobis principiT miiReba, magram es ar niSnavs umravlesobis Se-
uzRudav Zalauflebas. demokratia emsaxureba ara umravlesobas, ara-
med sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Rirsebisa da Tavisuflebis dacvas.
amitom umravlesoba iseTi samarTlis farglebSi moqmedebs, romelic
adamianis uflebebsa da Zalauflebis dabalansebas aRiarebs. demokra-
tiisTvis arsebiTia, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi umcire-
sobasac hqondes Sansi micemuli da misi uflebebic iyos daculi. anti-
kuri demokratiisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove demokratiis arsebiTi
elementebia adamianis uflebebis dacva da xelisuflebis danawileba.
282 kari meoTxe
Tavi 2.2
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis
gamowvevebi
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis klasikuri elementebi periodu-

li arCevnebi, xelisuflebis angariSvaldebuleba da kontroli dRes
srulyofilad ver uzrunvelyofen xelisuflebis wyarosTan xal-
xTan efeqtian kavSirs. amitom, parlamentTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba, agreTve, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis organizebuli Tanam-
Sromlobis aqtiur formebs. problemis mogvarebaSi moqalaqis, sazoga-
doebis Tanamonawileoba da masTan urTierTobis formebi demokratiu-
li saxelmwifos axali sazrisi xdeba.
moqalaqis interesebis realizeba marto warmomadgenlobiTi or-

ganoebis arCeviT ukve sakmarisi aRar aris. parlamentTan erTad, es
interesebi sxvadasxva organizaciul gaerTianebebSia warmodgenili.
amitom Tanamedrove demokratiisTvis mniSvnelovania is, Tu ramdenad
aqvT am organizaciebs politikur gadawyvetilebebze zegavlenis sa-
Sualeba da ramdenad SesaZlebelia aRniSnul organizaciebTan Tanam-
SromlobiT sazogadoebrivi problemebis efeqtianad gadawyveta.
Tanamedrove demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi mkvidrdeba sazogadoeb-

rivi nebis gamoxatvisa da realizebis axali formebi, romlebic warmo-
madgenlobiTi demokratiis klasikuri struqturebis msgavsi ar aris.
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifo axali gamowvevebis winaSe dgas,
romelic dRis wesrigSi ayenebs moqalaqesTan, sazogadoebriv organi-
zaciebTan TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebas. am TvalsazrisiT, warmomad-
genlobiTi demokratia e.w. TanamonawileobiTi demokratiiT Sevsebas da
gaZlierebas iTxovs.
es gamowvevebi im istoriuli realobiT aris ganpirobebuli, rome-

lic me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwurulidan dasavleTis qveynebSi
politikuri institutebis mimarT mosaxleobis ndobis dacemas ukav-
Sirdeba. arCevnebiT xelisuflebaSi mosuli mmarTveli elitis mimarT
sul ufro gaismoda imis kritika, rom igi e.w. `gabatonebul klass~ war-
moadgenda, romelic ZiriTadad sakuTar interesebs emsaxureboda. 1975
wels Seqmnili e.w. Trilateral Commission-is mier SemuSavebul daskvnaSi
amerikeli, evropeli da iaponeli mkvlevarebi xazs usvamdnen sakuTar
qveynebSi mTavrobisadmi, warmomadgenlobiTi organosadmi mosaxleo-
bis ndobis mniSvnelovani klebis faqts.
aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebeli gaxda im mizezebis Seswavla, rom-

lebic politikuri institutebis mimarT ndobis kriziss ganapirobeb-
da. 70-iani da 80-iani wlebis dasavleTis qveynebi ukve Camoyalibebuli
samarTlebrivi da demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi iyvnen, sadac poli-
tikur sistemas safuZvlad damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistema, samar-
Tlis uzenaesoba, xelisuflebis danawileba, adamianis uflebebis dac-
va da sxva mniSvnelovani principebi edo. amitom saxelmwifo institu-
tebisadmi mosaxleobis undobloba imiT ki ar iyo gamowveuli, rom ar
arsebobda damoukidebeli sasamarTlo, ar iyo samarTlis uzenaesoba
uzrunvelyofili, ar iyo xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris kontrolisa da
urTierTbalansis meqanizmebi amoqmedebuli da sxv., aramed imiT, rom
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa iniciativiT moqalaqe ar
iyo mmarTvelobaSi aqtiurad CarTuli.
politikuri institutebisadmi ndobis klebisa da maT mimarT indi-

ferentuli damokidebulebis mTavar mizezad sazogadoebis mentaluri
cvlilebebi dasaxelda. sazogadoebis calkeuli wevri ufro damou-
kidebeli, individualisturi, kritikuli da egoisturi gaxda. saxel-
mwifo institutebis saqmianobis Zveli formebi, romlebic ierarqiul
marTvis stilze iyo damyarebuli, sazogadoebis Tanamedrove ganvi-
Tarebas veRar pasuxobda. aucilebeli gaxda iseTi formebis danergva,
romlebic sazogadoebis wevrTa avtonomiurobas met sivrces miscemda,
sakuTari azris, interesis aqtiuri gamoxatvisa da ganxorcielebis Se-
saZleblobas uzrunvelyofda.
sazogadoeba, romelic saxelmwifosTan erTgvar ierarqiul damoki-

debulebaSi imyofeba, kargavs motivacias, interess da uCndeba sakuTar
TavSi Caketvis survili; xolo sazogadoeba, romelic aqtiurad aris
CarTuli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi, uCndeba pasuxismgeb-
lobis gancda da imis Segneba, rom is Tavad aris saxelmwifos nawili.
284 kari meoTxe
Tavi 2.3
`kargi mmarTvelobis~ principi.
cnebis warmoSoba da misi Sinaarsi
am gamowvevebis sapasuxod demokratiuli qveynebis politikur cxov-

rebaSi `kargi mmarTvelobis~ (Good Governance) principi iZens gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas. es principi mmarTvelobis klasikuri gagebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, romelic, ZiriTadad, mTavrobisa da sajaro administraciis
saqmianobas exeba, ufro farTo xasiaTisaa da konkretuli qveynis mTel
sazogadoebriv-politikur sistemas moicavs. es sistema samarTlis miR-
ma arsebul realur urTierTobebsac aRwers, rogorebicaa: politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da maTi aRsrulebis stili (avtoritaruli
Tu demokratiuli), procesSi monawile subieqtTa qceva (korufciuli
Tu arakorufciuli), saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis urTi-
erTobis forma (partniorobaze mimarTuli Tu ierarqiuli) da a.S. amde-
nad, es cneba mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis institutebiT ar
ifargleba da igi qveynis sazogadoebriv-politikuri realobis srul-
yofili Sefasebis mizniT sakuTar Tvalsawiers afarToebs.
cneba Governance pirvelad 1989 wels msoflio bankis mier iqna

Camoyalibebuli dokumentSi, romelic ganviTarebis politikis far-
glebSi samxreT saharis afrikuli saxelmwifoebis sazogadoebriv-po-
litikur sistemas aRwerda. am dokumentSi aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebis
Governance susti sajaro menejmentis, sajaro moxeleTa TviTneburi ga-
dawyvetilebebis, korufciisa da mafiozuri struqturebis arsebobiT
xasiaTdeboda. am realobidan gamomdinare, msoflio bankma ganviTare-
bis stadiaze myofi qveynebis Governance-s gaumjobesebisTvis daiwyo
SemuSaveba rekomendaciebisa, romlebic 1992 wlidan Good Governance-s
cnebis qveS iqna Tavmoyrili. igi dResac demokratizaciis procesSi
myofi saxelmwifoebis reformirebis mniSvnelovani principia.
es cneba aqcents akeTebs, erTi mxriv, imis Sefasebaze, Tu rogor aris

konkretuli qveynis sinamdvileSi Tavisufali arCevnebi uzrunvel-
yofili, rogor aris xelisufleba realurad dabalansebuli da kon-
trols daqvemdebarebuli, rogoria moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo mmarTve-
lobaSi Tanamonawileobis xarisxi da sxv., meore mxriv, is am realobis
gamosworebis konkretul orientirebs iZleva.
msoflio bankTan erTad gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSic

Good Governance-s cnebam saxelmwifo institutebis, ekonomikis, samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavari orientiris daniSnuleba Sei-

Zina. dRes es principi ara marto demokratiuli ganviTarebis procesSi
myofi qveynebis reformirebis umTavresi gzamkvlevia, aramed igi aseve
ganviTarebuli demokratiuli qveynebis sazogadoebriv-politikuri
sistemis arsebiTi elementebis gamomxatveli cneba gaxda.
swored am cnebis farglebSi aris SesaZlebeli imis Sefaseba, Tu ram-

denadaa qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi moqalaqis uflebebi optimalu-
rad daculi da ramdenad aqvs mas, warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis
arCevis garda, sxva ufro aqtiuri formiT saxelmwifo organoebTan
urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis SesaZlebloba uzrunvelyofili.
mTlianobaSi Good Governance SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTgvari
sazomi, masStabi, romliTac saxelmwifos, moqalaqis, kerZo seqtoris,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis saqmianobisa da maTi urTierTTanamSromlo-
bis xarisxi unda ganisazRvros.
Tavi 2.4
cnebis arsebiTi elementebi
gaeros ganviTarebis programis farglebSi 1997 wels Good Governance-s

cnebis arsebiTi elementebi iqna gansazRvruli. am TvalsazrisiT, kargi
mmarTvelobisaTvis mniSvnelovania: Tanamonawileobis, samarTlis uze-
naesobis, gamWvirvalobis, angariSvaldebulebis, konsensusis, ganviTa-
rebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis principebi.
Tanamonawileoba gulisxmobs, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrs mniS-

vnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawile-
obis SesaZlebloba hqondes uzrunvelyofili. TiToeuls unda hqondes
realurad imis gancda, rom is saxelmwifos wevria.
samarTlis uzenaesoba niSnavs ara mxolod samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-

fos principis damkvidrebas, sadac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Stoebis
moqmedebis safuZveli mxolod moqmedi kanonmdebloba iqneba, aramed
imasac, rom es kanonmdebloba samarTliani iqneba. kerZod, man adamianis
uflebebis, gansakuTrebiT umciresobaTa uflebebis, dacvis garantie-
bi unda Seqmnas.
gamWvirvaloba gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebebi mo-

qalaqeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi da gasagebi unda iyos. Ria unda iyos
286 kari meoTxe
aseve gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesi da maTi ganxorcielebis meTo-

debi. angariSvaldebuleba niSnavs yvela uflebamosili moqalaqisa da
organizaciis winaSe gaweuli samuSaos, dasaxuli gegmebisa da miznebis
Sesaxeb angariSis Cabarebis valdebulebas.
konsensusze orientacia iTxovs iseTi saxis gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bas, romelic sazogadoebis gansxvavebuli interesebis gaTvaliswine-
baze, maT dabalansebasa da integraciaze iqneba mimarTuli.
ganviTarebaze orientirebuli mmarTvelobis politika, ZiriTadad,

moicavs korufciasTan brZolas, siRaribis daZlevas, garemosdacviT
RonisZiebebs, genderul Tanasworobas, socialurad dabalansebul sa-
gadasaxado sistemas da sajaro administraciis efeqtianobasa da eko-
nomiurobas.
es elementebi mTlianobaSi qmnian `kargi mmarTvelobis~ ganxorcie-

lebis realur pirobebs.
Tavi 2.5
cnebis praqtikuli daniSnuleba
aRniSnul elemenetebs saxelmwifoSi kargi mmarTvelobis dasadge-

nad erTgvari analizisa da Sefasebis funqcia akisria. maTi meSveobiT
SesaZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu rogor xdeba aRiarebuli principebis
realobaSi ganxorcieleba. isini, aseve, karg safuZvels qmnian rogorc
nacionalur, ise saerTaSoriso doneze, sajaro administraciebs Soris
dialogisa da jansaRi konkurenciis sawarmoeblad, rac saxelmwifo-
sa da misi sajaro administraciis muSaobis xarisxis amaRlebas uwyobs
xels.
analizsa da SefasebasTan erTad, cnebis daniSnulebaa, rom man re-

formebis procesSi erTgvari gzamkvlevis funqcia Seasrulos. am
TvalsazrisiT, mas ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da misi saja-
ro administraciis modernizaciisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eni-
Weba. ase magaliTad, amJamad did britaneTsa da skandinaviis qveynebSi
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis mizniT, e.
w. momsaxurebis garantiebi iqna danergili. maTi mixedviT, sajaro ad-
ministraciis organoebi, rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv done-
ze, moqalaqeTa TanamonawileobiT garkveuli amocanebis Sesrulebaze
werilobiTi formiT iReben valdebulebebs. aseTi saxis iniciativebi

kargi mmarTvelobis formebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs xels. qveynebs
Soris aRniSnuli praqtikis gaziareba ki erTiani administraciuli siv-
rcis Seqmnas ganapirobebs.
demokartiis Camoyalibebis stadiaSi myofi qveynebisTvis aRsaniSna-

via is garemoeba, rom isini `kargi mmarTvelobis~ arsebiTi elemenetebis
ganxorcielebis sxvadasxva xarisxs warmoaCenen, rac sxvadasxva realo-
biT, sazogadoebriv-politikuri sistemis gansxvavebuli CarCopirobe-
biT aixsneba. amitom, saxelmwifosa da misi sajaro administraciis re-
formirebisas, pirvel rigSi, sinamdvilis analizia saWiro da mxolod
amis Semdeg Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis strategiis SemuSaveba.
qvemoT gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba `kargi mmarTvelobis~

im princips, romelic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamo-
nawileobis gaaqtiurebis sakiTxs exeba. am TvalsazrisiT, sajaro admi-
nistraciis winaSe mdgari axali amocanebi iqneba naCvenebi.
Tavi 2.6
sajaro administraciis gamowvevebi.
momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba
kargi mmarTvelobis umTavres gamowvevad sakuTari momsaxurebis

gaumjobeseba iqca. sajaro administracia zedmeti barierebis gareSe
moqalaqisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi da moqnili unda gamxdariyo. mas
gamWvirvaled, swrafad da, rogorc moqalaqis partniors, unda emoq-
meda.
am miznebis ganxorcielebas xeli Seuwyo gasuli saukunis 90-ian

wlebSi ganviTarebul qveynebSi gavrcelebulma e.w. àxali sajaro me-
nejmentis~ koncefciam. am koncefciis erT-erTi mTavari elementia sa-
jaro administraciis moqalaqeze, rogorc klientze, orientacia, ro-
melic saukeTeso momsaxurebas unda iRebdes. sajaro samsaxuris saqmi-
anoba moqalaqis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT unda warimarTos.
sajaro administraciisTvis moqalaqeze orientacia, pirvel rigSi,

niSnavs muSaobis biurokratiul stilze uaris Tqmas. moqalaqis inte-
resebidan gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania, rom konkretuli problema Tu
288 kari meoTxe
sakiTxi, romlis mosagvarebladac is sajaro administracias mimar-

Tavs, erTiani, swrafi da moqnili momsaxurebiT iyos uzrunvelyofili.
am mizans emsaxureba moqalaqis èrTi xelidan~ momsaxurebis principi.
sxvadasxva samsaxurebisa Tu ganyofilebebis nacvlad, romlebic xSir
SemTxvevaSi biurokratiuli muSaobis stiliT gamoirCeva, sajaro ad-
ministracia upiratesobas aniWebs èrTi fanjridan~ momsaxurebis ga-
wevas. amiT moqalaqe zogavs fuls, dros, energias da mas ar uwevs raime
nebarTvis misaRebad sxvadasxva saxelmwifo struqturebSi drois sxva-
dasxva intervalSi misvla igi erTsa da imave dros, erT adgilas, erTi
pirovnebisagan iRebs momsaxurebas.
moqalaqeze, rogorc klientze, orientacia sajaro administraci-

isTvis niSnavs momsaxurebis mudmiv gaumjobesebas, inovacias am mom-
saxurebis xarisxis sazomi aris klientis kmayofileba, amitom sajaro
administracia qmnis moqalaqisaTvis iseTi momsaxurebis pirobebs, rom-
lebic mas naklebi danaxarjebiTa da drois umokles monakveTSi saWiro
serviss sTavazobs.
moqalaqeebisTvis erTiani momsaxurebis centrebis SeqmnasTan er-

Tad, administraciis momsaxurebis daxvewis mizniT, mniSvnelovania,
Tavad moqalaqeebis Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofac. am Tvalsazri-
siT, did rols asrulebs moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvis praqtika. moqalaqe-
Ta gamokiTxvebma unda uzrunvelyos, erTi mxriv, sajaro administra-
ciis mier gaweuli muSaobis Sefaseba, kritika da, meore mxriv, man unda
warmoaCinos sajaro administraciis saqmianobis gaumjobesebis wina-
dadebebi.
sajaro administraciasa da moqalaqes Soris urTierTobis gamarti-

vebisa da momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis saqmeSi gansakuTrebul rols as-
rulebs teqnologiuri miRwevebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba. internetis
saSualebiT administraciis mier moqalaqisaTvis informaciis miwode-
ba an misTvis konkretuli momsaxurebis ganxorcieleba aris moqalaqe-
ze (klientze) orientirebuli sajaro administraciis mniSvnelovani
elementi.
Tavi 2.7
decentralizacia
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiu-

reba sajaro administraciis organizaciul mowyobasa da misi muSaobis
kulturaSi meti decentralizaciis aucileblobas iTxovs.
imdenad, ramdenadac sajaro administraciis saqmianobis erT-erTi

mTavari amocana moqalaqeebisTvis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebaa, auci-
lebelia, rom marTva xorcieldebodes ara marto zemodan dadgenili
brZanebebiTa da miTiTebebiT, aramed moqalaqeebTan intensiuri Tanam-
Sromlobis formebiT. amitom, administraciis dabal rgols moqala-
qeebTan TanamSromlobis iniciativebisTvis meti avtonomiuroba unda
mieces. aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis formebi uzrunvelyofs sazoga-
doebis codnis, moTxovnebis, axali xedvebis mobilizebas, rac adminis-
traciuli saqmianobis gasaumjobeseblad mniSvnelovani sainformacio
wyaroa. maT mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi, miT ufro, Tu es problemebi im pirTa
wres exeba, romlebic uSualod arian administraciasTan TanamSromlo-
bis formebSi CarTulni.
momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, sajaro administracia-

Si siaxleebis Zieba iseT samuSao kulturas iTxovs, sadac gansakuTre-
bul Rirebulebad avtonomiuroba da decentralizebuli pasuxismgeb-
loba iTvleba. am kulturis danergvaSi gadamwyveti sityva xelmZRva-
nel Tanamdebobis pirebs ekuTvniT. maT SeuZliaT organizaciaSi iseTi
atmosferos Seqmna, sadac axali ideebis inicirebisa da maTi ganxorci-
elebisTvis TanamSromlebi waxalisdebian.
sajaro administraciaSi siaxlis Zieba niSnavs iseTi TanamSromlo-

bis sistemas, romelic TiToeuli TanamSromlis SemoqmedebiT unars,
mis aRiarebasa da pativiscemas emyareba. inovacias naklebi Sansi aqvs iq,
sadac yvela gadawyvetileba mxolod centralizebulad, zemodan qve-
moT xorcieldeba, sadac TanamSromels Tanamonawileobis SesaZleb-
loba warTmeuli aqvs.
mxolod SemoqmedebiTad moazrovne administraciis TanamSromels

SeuZlia, moqalaqeebTan uSualo urTierTobiT daadginos sazogado-
ebrivi moTxovnebi da dasaxos maTi adekvaturi mogvarebis gzebi. es
urTierToba TviTSemecnebis erTgvari procesia, romlis Tanaxmad, Se-
saZlebelia muSaobaSi susti da Zlieri mxareebis analizi da samomavlo
290 kari meoTxe
orientirebis gansazRvra. amis Sedegad yalibdeba konkretuli gegmebi

da proeqtebi, maT Soris moqalaqeTa monawileobiT.
TviTmmarTveli administraciuli erTeulebisTvis meti damouki-

deblobisa da avtonomiurobis miniWeba karg saSualebas iZleva cal-
keul moqalaqesTan, sazogadoebriv jgufebTan dasaaxloeblad da ad-
ministraciul saqmianobaSi maTi CarTulobis xarisxis asamaRleblad.
TviTmmarTvel erTeuls meti avtonomia unda hqondes konkretuli amo-
canebis ganxorcielebis formisa da saSualebebis dadgenis Tvalsazri-
siT. adgilobriv doneze am damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa amaRlebs
sazogadoebasTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis Sanss.
Tavi 2.8
moqalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi
jgufebis gaaqtiureba
axali gamowvevebis adekvaturad sajaro administraciam moqalaqis

roli ufro aqtiuri gaxada da mas saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTve-
lobaSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba mianiWa. saubaria administra-
ciul dagegmarebaSi, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi, erToblivi amocanebi-
sa da proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobaze.
aucilebelia moqalaqeTa codnisa da unaris mobilizeba imisaTvis,

rom maT Tavad gadawyviton, Tu ra saxisa da formis administraciuli
momsaxureba Seesabameba yvelaze ukeT maT interesebsa da moTxovnebs.
moqalaqe sajaro administraciis erTgvar eqspertad iqca, rac amaR-
lebs administraciis pasuxismgeblobas da muSaobis xarisxs.
mniSvnelovania aqtiuri moqalaqeebis im saswavlo kursebSi CarTva,

romlebSic sajaro administraciis TanamSromlebic monawileoben. es
xels uwyobs maT Soris ndobis ganmtkicebas, problemebis mosagvareb-
lad saerTo xedvis gamomuSavebas da, zogadad, komunikaciuri unar-
Cvevebis xarisxis amaRlebas.
moqalaqesTan erTad, mniSvnelovania im calkeuli sazogadoebrivi

jgufebisTvis sajaro amocanebis gansazRvrasa da ganxorcielebaSi Ta-
namonawileobis uzrunvelyofa, romelTac TviTorganizeba SeuZliaT
da amiT samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiur nawils warmoadgenen. sajaro
administraciasTan TanamSromlobis farglebSi maT SesaZloa garkve-

uli biujetic ki gamoeyoT. marTalia, am biujetiT sargeblobisas maT
avtonomia aqvT miniWebuli, magram sajaro administracias unarCunde-
ba kontrolisa da angariSis moTxovnis ufleba.
yovelive amis miRweva ki mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu sa-

xelmwifo Tavad iqneba dainteresebuli, rom calkeul moqalaqes, samoqa-
laqo sazogadoebas aqtiuri moRvaweobisTvis Seuqmnas adekvaturi piro-
bebi da gamoyos Sesabamisi resursebic. es ki iTxovs sajaro moxeleTa iseT
Segnebas, romelic sazogadoebrivi mxardaWerisken iqneba mimarTuli.
sazogadoebrivi Zalebis gaaqtiureba Tanamedrove demokratiuli

saxelmwifos mTavar moTxovnad iqca. Tu uwin gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba sajaro administraciis Sidaorganizaciuli sakiTxebis analizs
eTmoboda, axla ukve aqcenti sazogadoebaze, misi TiToeuli wevris Se-
saZleblobaze keTdeba. naTeli gaxda, rom saxelmwifosa da misi admi-
nistraciis umTavresi miznis, sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris keTil-
dReobis uzrunvelyofa Tavad sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamSromlo-
biT iqneba SesaZlebeli.
tradiciuli Sexedulebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmad, saxel-

mwifo ierarqiulad aris organizebuli da, ZiriTadad, sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebSi zemodan Carevas gulisxmobs, Tanamedrove demokra-
tiuli saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba naklebad ierarqiuli marTvis stils
aniWebs upiratesobas da arasaxelisuflo struqturebTan TanamSrom-
lobis ideas emyareba. nacvlad saxelmwifo Carevisa da mbrZanebluri
marTvis stilisa, problemebis mosagvareblad, upiratesoba eniWeba di-
alogisa da diskusiis kulturas.
warsulSi Tu saxelmwifos Teoria saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas,

rogorc or damoukidebel subieqts, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda, Ta-
namedrove saxelmwifo erTgvari gansazogadoebuli saxelmwifos fun-
qcias asrulebs. igi sazogadoebis nawilia. ierarqiuli poziciebidan
saxelmwifos mier sazogadoebaSi Carevis ideas cvlis mis mier sazo-
gadoebis darwmunebis, Tanamonawileobisa da masTan TanamSromlobis
idea. marTalia, saxelmwifo politikas kvlav ganmsazRvreli roli eni-
Weba, magram icvleba am politikis Camoyalibebisa da ganxorcielebis
forma, kerZod, is TanamSromlobaze damyarebuli xdeba. amitom, kon-
sensusis misaRwevad sazogadoebasTan mudmivi kavSiris uzrunvelyofa,
misi organizaciuli interesebis saxelmwifo politikis formulire-
basa da ganxorcielebaSi gaTvaliswineba, Tanamedrove demokratiuli
saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa.
292 kari meoTxe
Tavi 2.9
pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis principi
Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebam dRis wesrigSi daayena sa-

xelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris pasuxismgeblobis axleburi gana-
wilebis aucilebloba. saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani gaxda sajaro
amocanebis SesrulebaSi sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileoba. Tu winaT
saxelmwifo TviTon iyo yvelafris Sesrulebaze pasuxismgebeli, dRes
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo uars ambobs yvela sajaro amocanis uSualo
Sesrulebaze da, ZiriTadad, im aucileblis uzrunvelyofiTa da regu-
lirebiT Semoifargleba, romelic sazogadoebis normaluri Tanacxov-
rebisa da ganviTarebisTvis aris mniSvnelovani, esenia: sagareo da saSi-
nao usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, socialuri daxmarebebi, iusticiisa
da safinanso funqciebi da sxv.
saxelmwifo marto ierarqiulad aRar dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

baze maRla igi gansazRvruli amocanebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi masTan
erTad, rogorc partniorTan, inawilebs pasuxismgeblobas. am SemTxve-
vaSi saxelmwifo emyareba partniorTa unars, rom maT sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis garkveul sferoSi damoukideblad aiRon pasuxismgeb-
loba da SeZlon TviTorganizeba (zogierT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi sas-
jelaRsrulebiTi dawesebulebaSic ki menejmenti kerZo seqtors aqvs
gadacemuli).
sajaro amocanebi yovelTvis ar aris uSualo saxelmwifo amocane-

bi. es amocanebi SeiZleba kerZo pirma Tu struqturam Seasrulos. am
procesSi saxelmwifo, marTalia, garkveul Tavisuflebas aZlevs ker-
Zo seqtors, magram igi itovebs misi saqmianobis kontrolis uflebas.
marTalia, saxelmwifo sxvadasxva sferoSi axdens sajaro amocanebis
delegirebas, magram is inarCunebs imaze pasuxismgeblobas, rom sajaro
amocanebis Sesruleba moxdes iseTi saSualebiTa da formiT, romelic
sazogadoebriv interesebs ar xelyofs. magaliTad, e. w. ekoauditis Sem-
TxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, garemos dacvis Semowmeba kerZo seqtors hqon-
des gadacemuli, magram saxelmwifo maSin iqneba pasuxismgebeli, uSu-
alod Caerios procesebSi, rodesac kerZo seqtori efeqtianad veRar
asrulebs dakisrebul movaleobas. amisaTvis saxelmwifo sakanonmdeb-
lo gziT qmnis im CarCopirobebsa da regulirebis meqanizmebs, romle-
bic kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtoris pasuxismgeblobis farglebs gansaz-
Rvravs.
saxelmwifo, romelic moqalaqesTan, samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan,

kerZo seqtorTan erTad garkveul sferoebSi konkretuli amocanebis
Sesasruleblad TanamSromlobs (inawilebs pasuxismgeblobas), swored
aRniSnuli subieqtebis gaaqtiurebisaken aris mimarTuli da maT mier
sajaro amocanebis SesrulebisaTvis Sesabamisi regulirebis meqaniz-
mebs uzrunvelyofs.
Tanamedrove demokratiuli qveynebis magaliTze TanamSromlobisa

da pasuxismgeblobis erToblivi aRebis es formebi qvemoT moqalaqesa
da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis farglebSi iqneba naCvenebi.
294 kari meoTxe
nawili mesame
moqalaqeTa
Tanamonawileobis saxeebi
Tanamedrove demokratiul
qveynebSi
am nawilSi visaubrebT gamokiTxvebisa da fokus-jgufebTan muSao-

bis mniSvnelobaze. gaviazrebT kiTxvebis naTlad formulirebis da
gamokiTxvebis Catarebis procedurebs. amjerad, moqalaqeebs ganvi-
xilavT, rogorc sajaro momsaxurebis klientebs. saxelmwifos (mis
erT-erTi samsaxuris policiis) moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobas ga-
vicnobierebT sazogadoebaze orientirebulobis kuTxiT. gavecnobiT
biujetis erToblivad Sedgenis praqtikas.
nawilis dasasruls Tqven SeZlebT upasuxoT iseT sakvanZo kiTxvebs,

rogoricaa:
ra aris moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis mizani?

ra formiT xdeba moqalaqeTa gamokiTxva da Sekreba?
ras niSnavs e.w. `momsaxurebis garantiebi~ da ra mniSvneloba aqvT
maT?
ra konkretul formas iZenen `momsaxurebis garantiebi~?
ra aris sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policiis koncefciis Ziri-
Tadi postulatebi?
ra formiT SeiZleba iqnes uzrunvelyofili policiis sazogadoeb-
rivi kontroli?
ra aris e.w. erToblivi biujetis Sedgenis mizani?
vin adgens erTobliv biujets?
Tanamonawileobis procesSi ratom aris mniSvnelovani mosaxleobis
mudmivi informireba da misTvis angariSis Cabareba?
Tavi 3.1
moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi da Sekrebebi
Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi

moqalaqeTa monawileobis saukeTeso forma aris maTi gamokiTxvebi da
Sekrebebi. moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebi, ZiriTadad, tardeba werilobiTi
formiT da Tanamedrove teqnologiuri saSualebebis gamoyenebiTac.
gamokiTxvis Catareba SesaZlebelia aseve zepiri formiT, uSualod, an
telefonis meSveobiT. rac Seexeba gamokiTxvis formasa da Sinaarss, is
SeiZleba iyos gansxvavebuli imis mixedviT, Tu ra konkretul Temas, sa-
zogadoebis romel socialur jgufs exeba.
moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvis obieqturi, efeqtiani da misi rac SeiZleba

ekonomiurad Catarebis mizniT, aucilebelia kvalificiur eqspertTa
jgufis Seqmna, romlis amocana iqneba kiTxvebis naTlad formulireba
da gamokiTxvebis Sesabamisi meTodikiT Catareba.
90-iani wlebis miwuruls did britaneTSi adgilobriv xelisufle-

bas, policias, samaSvelo samsaxurs da sxva sajaro dawesebulebebs da-
ekisraT valdebuleba, rom maT sakuTari momsaxureba periodulad Se-
efasebinaT (Local Government Act, 1999). am Sefasebis mizani iyo momsaxu-
rebis xarisxis mudmivi gaumjobeseba, moqalaqis, rogorc momsaxurebis
klientis, aRqma da masTan yoveldRiur dialogSi yofna.
Sefasebas moqalaqeebi axdenen. swored maTi kmayofileba unda gam-

xdariyo sajaro samsaxurebis warmatebuli muSaobis sazomi. moqala-
qeebTan aqtiur TanamSromlobasa da dialogs unda uzrunvelyo aseve
maTi Tanamonawileoba adgilebze saxelmwifo samsaxurebis saqmianobis
prioritetebis gansazRvris saqmeSic.
TanamSromlobis es forma moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebsa da sxvadasxva

proeqtSi maTi uSualo CarTulobiT gamoixateba. gamokiTxva, ZiriTa-
dad, sam TveSi erTxel tardeba da im pirTa wres moicavs, vinc gamokiT-
xvaSi monawileobis survils gamoTqvams. rac Seexeba moqalaqeTa uSu-
alo CarTulobas, is gamokiTxvebis erTgvari Sevseba da damatebiTi
formaa, sadac konkretuli jgufebi konkretuli Temis irgvliv ikri-
bebian, msjeloben da gadawyvetilebebs iReben.
gamokiTxulTa raodenoba SezRudulia minimum 500-idan maqsimum

2500-amde. gamokiTxuli SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivi raionis, ubnis ne-
bismieri mcxovrebi, romelsac 18 weli Seusrulda. maTi SerCeva xdeba
296 kari meoTxe
SemTxveviTobis principiT, werilobiTi formiT an telefoniT. Tavda-

pirvelad, sasurvelia, moqalaqis gaTviTcnobiereba imaSi, Tu ra mizans
emsaxureba gamokiTxva.
kiTxvarebi gasagebad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli. is SeiZleba iyos:

a) momsaxurebis xarisxis Sefasebaze orientirebuli (mag., ramdenad
arian moqalaqeebi sacxovrebeli garemoTi kmayofili?);
b) mizezebis analizze orientirebuli (ratom aris moqalaqe saxel-
mwifos momsaxurebis calkeuli aspeqtebiT ukmayofilo?);
g) gaumjobesebis konkretul winadadebebze orientirebuli (ra kon-
kretuli winadadebebia momsaxurebis gasaumjobeseblad?).
yoveli gamokiTxvis Semdeg moqalaqeebi iReben sainformacio bukle-

tebs, sadac mocemulia gamokiTxvis Sedegebi da am Sedegebis Sesabami-
sad Semdgomi konkretuli gegmebi. gamokiTxvis SedegebiT moqalaqeTa
informireba zrdis maTi Tanamonawileobis motivacias da imis gancdas,
rom maTi azri namdvilad ainteresebT da muSaobis dagegmvaSi iTvalis-
wineben.
mniSvnelovania gamokiTxul moqalaqeTa perioduli monacvleoba,

rekrutireba. mizanSewonilia, es weliwadSi erTxel moxdes. Tu mosax-
leobis raodenoba mcirea, maSin moqalaqeTa SerCevac adekvaturi rao-
denobis unda iyos. gansakuTrebiT aqtiur moqalaqeebs, romelTac didi
survili da droc aqvT, rom procesSi mudam monawileoba miiRon, SesaZ-
loa, Sekrebebis formatSi SesTavazon monawileobis miReba.
Tavad Sekrebebis formats rac Seexeba, is calkeuli Temebis ir-

gvliv konkretuli jgufebis mobilizebas gulisxmobs. es Temebi Se-
saZloa ubnis usafrTxoebasTan, keTilmowyobasTan, infrastruqtu-
rasTan da a. S. iyos dakavSirebuli. SesaZlebelia, e.w. sakoordinacio
an sazedamxedvelo sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis Seqmna, romelic adgi-
lobriv administraciasTan intensiurad iTanamSromlebs. TanamSrom-
lobis es forma uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebrivi azris, misi axleburi
xedvis mobilizebas, rac sajaro administraciisTvis sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi inovaciebis mniSvnelovani wyaro Se-
iZleba gaxdes.
perioduli gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis meSveobiT sajaro, sazoga-

doebrivi problemebisadmi moqalaqeTa interesi izrdeba, radgan isini
xedaven, rom maTi azrebi ainteresebT. moqalaqeebi sakuTar raionTan,
ubanTan axdenen Tavis identifikacias. amasTan, isini TavianT wil pasu-
xismgeblobas iReben imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi problemebis mogvare-

baSi saxelmwifosTan erTad iyvnen CarTulni.
ganviTarebul qveynebSi saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris Tanam-

Sromlobis es yvelaze aprobirebuli formebi saukeTeso saSualebaa
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris dialogs instituci-
uri xasiaTi mieces. moqalaqe xdeba aqtiuri da motivirebuli.
Tavi 3.2
momsaxurebis garantiebi
adgilobriv doneze saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebis TanamSromlo-

bis specifikuri formaa e.w. momsaxurebis garantiebi (Customer Contracts),
romlebmac gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba poves fineTSi, did britaneT-
sa da daniaSi. maTi mizania is, rom moxdes moqalaqeebis, rogorc sajaro
momsaxurebis klientebis, wina planze wamoweva da maTi survilebis maq-
simalurad gaTvaliswineba.
aRniSnuli garantiebis meSveobiT TviTmmarTveli erTeuli moqala-

qeebis winaSe iRebs imis valdebulebas, rom xarisxis garkveuli stan-
dartebis dacviT, is maTTvis konkretuli momsaxurebis gawevas uzrun-
velyofs. rac Seexeba Tavad am standartebs, isini uSualod moqalaqeTa
monawileobiT unda dadgindes. kerZod: kiTxvarebze pasuxis gacemiT,
Sekrebebze azris gamoxatviT an administraciis saxelze Sedgenili
kritikuli werilebiT.
rogorc ki miiRweva SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, Tu ra standartebis

Sesabamis momsaxurebas elodeba mosaxleoba saxelmwifosagan, es mom-
saxurebis standartebi werilobiTi formiT aisaxeba administraciis
mier gamocemul broSurebSi. amiT, erTi mxriv, mosaxleobam konkretu-
lad icis misi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis dapirebebi da, meore mxriv,
TviTmmarTvelma erTeulmac icis mosaxleobis molodinebi.
aRniSnuli garantiebi amaRleben saxelmwifos momsaxurebis kultu-

ras. sajaro administracias naTlad aqvs gansazRvruli sakuTari ser-
visis saxeebi. maT CamoyalibebaSi ki moqalaqeebi gadamwyvet rols as-
ruleben. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu romelime momsaxureba arasaTanadod iqna
ganxorcielebuli, moqalaqeebs im konkretuli standartebis mixedviT
SeuZliaT misi kritika, romeli standartebic momsaxurebis garantie-
298 kari meoTxe
biT iyo formulirebuli. mTlianobaSi es yovelive amaRlebs momsaxu-

rebis xarisxs da moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiT procesebSi Ta-
namonawileobis dones.
momsaxurebis garantiebi moqalaqes aaxloebs saxelmwifosTan. moqa-

laqe ara marto TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier gaweuli im saqmianobis
SedegebiT interesdeba, romelic mas exeba, aramed im serviszec iRebs
informacias, romelic SesaZloa konkretulad mas ar ukavSirdebodes.
es zrdis moqalaqeTa informirebulobas da ayalibebs maTSi imis Segne-
bas, rom isini saxelmwifos Rirseuli da srulfasovani warmomadgenle-
bi arian.
momsaxurebis garantiebis Sedgenis meTodika ZiriTadad Semdeg 4

etaps moicavs:
1. moqalaqeTa interesebisa da saWiroebebis dadgena;
2. xarisxis standartebis gansazRvra;
3. danapirebis Sesruleba;
4. Secdomebis gamosworeba.
rac Seexeba momsaxurebis garantiebis konkretul Sinaarss, misi war-

moCena calkeuli sferoebis magaliTze iqneba ufro TvalsaCino. maga-
liTad, garemosa da janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi adgilobrivi TviT-
mmarTveloba Semdegi saxis dapirebebs iZleva: 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba reagireba moqalaqeTa saCivrebze, romlebic garemos dabinZu-
rebas exeba; am drois ganmavlobaSi moqalaqe miiRebs informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ram gamoiwvia aRniSnuli problema, aseve informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra konkretuli RonisZiebebi iqna ganxorcielebuli prob-
lemis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT; saCivrebisgan damoukideblad TviT-
mmarTveli erTeuli Tavisive iniciativiT iRebs valdebulebas garemos
dacvis monitoringze; produqtebSi an sasmel wyalSi janmrTelobis-
Tvis saziano nivTierebebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi unda moxdes 1 dRis
ganmavlobaSi reagireba.
infrastruqturis sferoSi administraciis mier aRebuli valdebu-

lebebi: gzebis mdgomareoba minimum 2 TveSi erTxel Semowmdeba; gzebis
xarvezebze Semosuli gancxadebis SemTxvevaSi maTi SekeTeba 3 dReSi
moxdeba; ubnis dasufTaveba yoveldRiur reJimSi ganxorcieldeba; Sem-
TxveviTobis principiT moxdeba qalaqSi yoveldRe ganaTebebisa da da-
sufTavebis xarisxis Semowmeba.
es mcireodeni magaliTia im dapirebebisa, romelTac moqalaqeTa

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT TviTmmarTveli erTeuli werilobiTi
formiT gascems. momsaxurebis garantiebis mniSvnelovani komponentia,

konkretuli servisis ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqisaT-
vis misi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobac.
kritikis, konkretuli servisis gasaCivrebis mizania momsaxurebis

xarisxis kontroli da misi gaumjobeseba. igi SesaZleblobas aZlevs ad-
ministraciis TanamSromlebs, gaaanalizon da gamoavlinon moqalaqeTa
ukmayofilebis mizezebi. amasTan, is xels uwyobs imas, rom TanamSrom-
lebma SeimuSaon problemaze swrafi reagirebis meqanizmebi da maTi
daZlevis alternatiuli gzebi.
marTalia, am gasaCivrebebis Sedegad ar dgeba samarTlebrivi pasu-

xismgeblobis sakiTxi, magram maT maRali politikuri kulturis mqone
sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT. isini amaRleben
saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebis pasuxismgeblobisa da angariSvalde-
bulebis xarisxs da aumjobeseben sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis
dones.
Tavi 3.3
sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policia
saxelmwifos, konkretulad ki mis erT-erTi samsaxuris policiis

moqalaqeebTan TanamSromlobis sanimuSo gamoxatulebaa sazogadoeba-
ze orientirebuli policia. sazogadoebaze orientirebuli policiis
koncefcia aris erTgvari axali tipis xelSekruleba policiasa da sa-
zogadoebas Soris, romlis Tanaxmad, policia mowodebulia, emsaxuros
sazogadoebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, garkveul pasuxismgeblobas iRebs
wesrigis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.
aucilebelia policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris permanentuli da aq-

tiuri TanamSromloba, raSic adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi seqtoris
yvela warmomadgeneli unda monawileobdes. saubaria arasamTavrobo
organizaciebze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebze, aseve im
calkeul moqalaqeebze, romelTac konkretuli ubnis mosaxleobis in-
teresebi SeuZliaT warmoadginon. aRniSnuli subieqtebi SesaZloa po-
liciis sakonsultacio sabWos saxiTac gaerTiandnen. maTi resursebis
mobilizeba da gamoyeneba mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis usafrTxoebisa
da problemebis erToblivad gadawyvetis saqmeSi.
300 kari meoTxe
policia kargad unda icnobdes adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saWiroe-

bebs da gacnobierebuli unda hqondes, rom misi saqmianobis erT-erTi
mTavari mizania sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufs Soris TanamSromlobis
xelSewyoba, usafrTxoebis saerTo problemebis mosagvareblad.
policia ara xelisuflebis, aramed xalxis samsaxurSia. igi aqtiu-

rad rTavs sazogadoebas Tavis saqmianobaSi, raTa Semcirdes danaSau-
lis raodenoba, moxdes danaSaulis prevencia da gaizardos danaSaulis
gaxsnis maCveneblebi. es aris policiasa da sazogadoebas Soris Tanam-
Sromloba, romlis mizania sazogadoebisaTvis policiis xarisxiani
servisis miwodeba da uzrunvelyofa. igi exmareba policiels, raTa man
gansazRvros da gadaWras is problemebi, romlebic sazogadoebas yve-
laze metad aRelvebs. aRniSnuli TanamSromlobis pirobebSi mkvidrde-
ba moqalaqeebSi policiis mimarT ndoba.
aqedan gamomdinare, policia yovelTvis unda zrunavdes sazoga-

doebasTan samuSao urTierTobis SenarCunebaze, raTa Tavad Seafasos,
Tu ramdenad exmareba policiis mier gaweuli saqmianoba sazogadoe-
bis usafrTxoebas. ndobaze damyarebuli am TanamSromlobiT polici-
isTvis ufro advilad xelmisawvdomi xdeba is informacia, romelmac
SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli danaSaulis Tavidan acilebas, an
mis gamovlinebas. amdenad, sazogadoebasTan uSualo kontaqti warmate-
buli da efeqtiani saqmianobis winapirobaa.
policiam unda SeZlos adgilobrivi sazogadoebis SesaZleblobebis

stimulireba da gaaqtiureba, raTa manac aiRos sakuTar Tavze Tavisi
wili pasuxismgebloba usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. am Tval-
sazrisiT, mniSvnelovania adgilobriv macxovreblebTan policiis
uSualo urTierTobebis formebi. kerZod, saubaria policiis ganyofi-
lebebis iseT RonisZiebebze, rogorebicaa: policiis TanamSromlis mi-
magreba romelime konkretuli ubnis monakveTSi, qveiTi patrulireba,
sazogadoebasTan regularuli Sexvedrebis organizeba, gansxvavebuli
miznobrivi jgufebisTvis sxvadasxva programis ganxorcieleba (sagan-
manaTleblo programebi skolebSi, moxaliseTa proeqtebi da sxv.).
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TanamSromlobis iseT progra-

mebs, romlebic konkretuli problemis mogvarebaze iqneba orientire-
buli. amgvari formatiT TanamSromloba SesaZleblobas iZleva, gani-
sazRvros adgilobrivi sazogadoebisaTvis yvelaze ufro mtkivneuli
da saWirboroto problemaTa wre, gamoikveTos prioritetebi, SemuSav-
des da ganxorcieldes gonivruli da adekvaturi samoqmedo gegma.
sazogadoebasa da policias Soris mWidro partnioroba iZleva imis

safuZvels, rom sazogadoeba gaxdes policiis saqmianobis Semfasebeli
da amave saqmianobis prioritetebis gansazRvraSi Tanamonawile. ganvi-
Tarebuli qveynebis sapolicio saqmianobis praqtika, gansakuTrebiT
adgilobriv doneebze, kargad icnobs e. w. sazogadoebrivi sabWoebis
instituts, romlis mizania, erTi mxriv, policiis saqmianobis strate-
giuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvraSi sazogadoebis Tanamonawileobis
uzrunvelyofa da, meore mxriv, amave saqmianobaze sazogadoebrivi kon-
troli.
kontrolis es damoukidebeli forma kargi saSualebaa policiis mu-

Saobis efeqturi zedamxedvelobisTvis, misi gamWvirvalobisTvis, po-
liciis mxridan konkretuli samarTaldarRvevebis gamovlenisa da am
faqtebze swrafi reagirebisTvis. policielebisTvis es TviTkontro-
lis erT-erTi saukeTeso saSualebaa.
policiis adgilobrivma ganyofilebebma unda Camoayalibon partni-

oroba ara mxolod adgilobriv macxovreblebTan, aramed calkeul or-
ganizaciebTan, kerZo da saxelmwifo struqturebTan. isini, rogorc
wesi, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben sazogadoebrivi interesebis orga-
nizebulad warmodgenis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, maT aqvT kargi resur-
sebi, romelTa efeqtianad mimarTvac SeiZleba problemebis gadawyve-
tisaken. maT ricxvs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo
organizacia, binis mesakuTreTa amxanagobebi, sxva interesTa jgufebi.
arsebobs sxvadasxva meTodi, romliTac SeiZleba problemis mogva-

rebisa da danaSaulis prevenciis mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebul muSa-
obaSi mosaxleobis CarTulobis uzrunvelyofa. SesaZlebelia e. w. same-
zoblo sabWoebisa Tu komitetebis Seqmna, moxalise moqalaqeebis mona-
wileoba adgilobrivi patrulirebis ganxorcielebaSi, aseve policia-
Si Semosuli saCivrebisa da satelefono zarebis miRebaSi. moqalaqeebma
monawileoba SeiZleba miiRon policiis treningSic. aseve SesaZlebelia
specialuri programebis organizeba mosaxleobis TanamonawileobiT,
iseTis rogoricaa, magaliTad, ubnis axalgazrdobisaTvis sxvadasxva
kulturul-sportuli RonisZiebis mowyoba.
policiis saqmianobaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis formebi uamravia da

igi Tavad policiis ganyofilebis mier unda iyos gansazRvruli. mTa-
varia, ise moxdes maTi Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba, rom maT realurad
xeli Seuwyon policiisa da sazogadoebis partniorobas, adgilobrivi
problemebis mogvarebas, informaciis Ria da patiosan urTierTgac-
vlas.
302 kari meoTxe
policiis nebismieri iniciativa da proeqti, romelnic sazogadoe-

bis monawileobas iTvaliswinebs, saWiroebs monitoringsa da Sefasebas.
man unda uzrunvelyos imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad aRwevs konkretu-
li proeqti dasaxul mizans, saWiroa Tu ara axali monawileebis CarTva,
Tu ramdenad esmiT monawileebs TavianTi amocanebi, saWiroa Tu ara sa-
zogadoebis meti informireba proeqtis Sesaxeb da sxv.
policiisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis saqmeSi gansakuTrebuli

roli eniWeba mosaxleobis gamokiTxvas. zogierT qveyanaSi werilobi-
Ti kiTxvarebi ar zRudavs gamokiTxuli piris SesaZleblobas, rom man
Camoayalibos Tavisi mosazrebebi da Sefasebebi ama Tu im sakiTxTan da-
kavSirebiT. am tipis kiTxvari policiis erTgvari sakonsultacio ur-
TierTobis formaa mosaxleobasTan.
tipuri kiTxvarebi sxvadasxva aspeqts moicavs: policiis mimarT

ndobis, mosaxleobis CarTulobis, misi kmayofilebisa Tu ukmayofile-
bis Sefasebas.
policiis mimarT mosaxleobis ndobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, kiT-

xvebi, ZiriTadad, Semdegi saxisaa: rogor SeafasebT mimdinare wlis gan-
mavlobaSi danaSaulis dones Tqvens ubanSi? yofilxarT Tu ara Tqvens
ubanSi danaSaulis mowme? romelia is kriminaluri Tu usafrTxoebis
sxva xasiaTis ZiriTadi 3 problema Tqvens ubanSi, romelTa gadawyve-
tac prioritetulad migaCniaT? axerxebs Tu ara policia Tqveni ubnis
usafrTxoebis problemebis efeqtianad gadaWras? da a. S.
mosaxleobis policiis muSaobaSi Tanamonawileobis Sefasebis kuT-

xiT kiTxvari, ZiriTadad, Semdeg kiTxvebs moicavs: ukanaskneli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi yofilxarT Tu ara miwveuli policiis mier organize-
bul krebaze, sadac ganxiluli iqneboda Tqveni ubnis problemebi? aR-
niSnuli xasiaTis Sekrebaze miwvevis SemTxvevaSi Tu dasTanxmdebodiT
wasvlas? migiRiaT Tu ara policiis kiTxvarebi da Tu SegivsiaT isini?
SegiZliaT Tu ara, daasaxeloT Tqvens ubanSi ganxorcielebuli saqmia-
noba, romelSic policiac iRebs monawileobas? da a. S.
policiis momsaxurebiT mosaxleobis kmayofilebis Tu ukmayofile-

bis dasadgenad kiTxvebi ZiriTadad Semdegi saxisaa: ramdenad xarT kma-
yofili im policielTa muSaobis stiliT, romlebic Tqveni ubnis usaf-
rTxoebaze unda zrunavdnen? im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven an Tqvens axlo-
bels Sexeba gqondaT policiasTan, rogor SegiZliaT daaxasiaToT misi
Tqvendami an Tqveni axloblis mimarT damokidebuleba? ramdenad scems
da icavs policia kanons? ramdenad swrafad reagirebs policia mosax-
leobis Setyobinebebze? aris Tu ara ubnis policieli Ria da amJRav-

nebs Tu ara dialogis survils mosaxleobasTan? awvdis Tu ara ubnis
policia mosaxleobas informacias danaSaulis prevenciis RonisZieba-
Ta Sesaxeb? da a.S.
Tavi 3.4
erToblivi biujeti
bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo da adgilobriv

mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawileobis erT-erTi saukeTeso forma aris mo-
saxleobasTan erTad biujetis Sedgenis praqtika. marto 2001 wlidan
2005 wlamde misi gamoyeneba evropaSi 10-jer gaizarda.
erToblivi biujetis SedgenisTvis Semdegi pirobebis arsebobaa

mniSvnelovani: igi mravaljerad da xangrZliv gamoyenebas unda ukav-
Sirdebodes da ara erTjerad gamokiTxvasa Tu referendums, romelic
sabiujeto an sagadasaxado sakiTxebs exeba. mniSvnelovania aseve, rom
igi aqtiuri diskusiis process gamoxatavdes, amitom misi Catareba mxo-
lod werilobiTi gamokiTxvis formiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes. aR-
saniSnavia angariSvaldebulebis aspeqtic, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwi-
fos warmomadgenlebi mosaxleobas angariSs abareben imaze, Tu rogor
iqna ganxorcielebuli maTi konkretuli winadadebebi.
aRniSnuli pirobebis ganxorcielebis optimaluri saSualebebi sam

etapad SeiZleba daiyos: pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia adgilobrivi biu-
jetis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informireba. am mizniT iqmneba sainforma-
cio broSurebi, sadac gawerilia, Tu ra moculobis wliuri biujeti
aqvs adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeuls da rogoria am TviTmmarTve-
li erTeulis sabiujeto prioritetebi; meore etapze aucilebelia
aRniSnul biujetze mosaxleobis azris gageba, risTvisac, werilobi-
Ti gamokiTxvis formasTan erTad, did mniSvnelobas iZens mosaxleo-
basTan Sekrebebis organizebac (xSir SemTxvevaSi SerCeva xorcielde-
ba SemTxveviTobis principis safuZvelze). bolo etapze, rodesac mo-
saxleobis azris gamokiTxvis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba adgilobrivi
biujetis priortetebi, aucilebelia, amis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis kvlav
informireba da misTvis angariSis Cabareba, rac aseve werilobiTi for-
miT unda ganxorcieldes.
304 kari meoTxe
erToblivi biujetis praqtika ara mxolod mosaxleobisa da TviT-

mmarTveli erTeulis mier biujetis erToblivad gansazRvras exeba,
aramed mis erTobliv gamoyenebasac. saubaria, konkretuli sayofac-
xovrebo problemis mosagvareblad, an garkveuli proeqtis gansaxor-
cieleblad, finansuri Tanamonawileobis iseT formebze, rodesac
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeuli da mosaxleobis gansazRvru-
li jgufi erToblivad qmnian biujets. SesaZloa sruli sabiujeto da-
finansebiT da mosaxleobis uSualo CarTulobiT moxdes konkretuli
amocanebis ganxorcieleba.
nawili meoTxe
moqalaqeTa
Tanamonawileobis
perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi
am nawilSi gamovTqvamT hipoTezebs damoukidebeli sajaro adminis-
traciis Camoyalibebis amocanis gadasaWrelad. gamovikvlevT demo-
kratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos standartebis Sesabamisi
kompetenturi, politikurad neitraluri sajaro administraciis Ta-
viseburebebs. gavecnobiT saqarTveloSi moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileo-
bis mizniT gatarebul RonisZiebebs. gaviazrebT informirebulobis
mniSvnelobas TanamonawileobiTi mmarTvelobis procesSi. vimsjelebT
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi studentTa Tanamonawileobis Temaze.

ricaa:
ra winapirobebzea damokidebuli saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo mmar-
TvelobaSi moqalaqeTa srulfasovani Tanamonawileobis uzrunvel-
yofa?
moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis ra saxeebi arsebobs saqarTveloSi?
ra rols asrulebs saqarTveloSi momsaxurebis saagentoebi moqala-
qeTaTvis servisis swrafi da xarisxiani miwodebis saqmeSi?
rogor SeiZleba momsaxurebis saagentoebis bazaze e.w. erTi fanjris
principis optimaluri uzrunvelyofa?
rogor aris municipalur doneze erTi fanjris principiT momsaxu-
rebis gaweva uzrunvelyofili?
rogor SeiZleba municipalur doneze momsaxurebis gaumjobeseba?
razea moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba damokidebuli?
ra formiT SeiZleba Tanamonawileobis mizniT moqalaqeTa gaaqtiureba?
ra formiT SeuZlia students aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi
monawileobis mizniT?
rogor SeuZlia universitets, studentTa Tanamonawileobis proce-
sisadmi xelSewyoba?
306 kari meoTxe
Tavi 4.1
sajaro administraciis reforma
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqe-

Ta Tanamonawileobis uzrunvelyofa garkveuli winapirobebis Sesru-
lebazea damokidebuli. aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifoSi arsebobdes
demokratiis maRali xarisxi, damoukidebeli saxelmwifo institute-
bi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis TviTorganizebisa da sakuTar Tavze meti
pasuxismgeblobis aRebis kultura. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, didia imis
SesaZlebloba, rom moxdes saxelmwifo xelisuflebisagan, sakuTari Za-
lauflebis interesebidan gamomdinare, moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis
mxolod saarCevnod manipulacia da mobilizeba.
marTalia, bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da sajaro

administraciis reformirebis kuTxiT garkveuli pozitiuri nabijebi
gadaidga, rogorebicaa: korufciasTan brZola, zedmeti Statebis ga-
uqmeba, xelfasebis momateba, samuSao infrastruqturisa da momsaxure-
bis gaumjobeseba, magram mTavar amocanad rCeba damoukidebeli sajaro
administraciis Camoyalibeba.
imisTvis, rom moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileoba saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

baSi pasuxobdes demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos stan-
dartebs, aucilebelia, kompetenturi, politikurad neitraluri sa-
jaro administraciis arseboba, romelic miukerZoeblad imuSavebs da
mxolod kanons aRasrulebs. amis gareSe, ganviTarebuli qveynebidan
garkveuli modelebis gadmotana ar iqneba dadebiTi Sedegis momcemi.
sajaro administraciis Semdgomi reformirebisTvis am etapze saqar-

TveloSi ori mniSvnelovani winapirobis dakmayofileba aris aucile-
beli: pirvel rigSi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos sajaro
moxeleTa mosamzadebel da kvalifikaciis amaRlebis kursebis ganvi-
Tarebas. es kursebi mxolod kanonebisa da konkretuli kompetenciebis
codnaze ki ar unda iyos mimarTuli, aramed saxelmwifoebrivi cnobie-
rebisa da Sesabamisi unarebis gamomuSavebaze. saswavlo kursebis far-
glebSi sajaro moxelem unda Camoiyalibos imis Segneba, rom is saxel-
mwifos samsaxurSia da rom misi saqmianoba mosaxleobisTvis saukeTeso
momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofaa.
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos moqalaqeebTan urTier-

Tobisa da maTTan TanamSromlobis unarebis gamomuSavebas. xSirad mo-
qalaqeebis azrebi da Sexedulebebi sajaro administraciis saqmianobis
gaumjobesebisTvis mniSvnelovani sainformacio wyaroa. swored am ide-

ebis aRmoCena da maTi praqtikuli gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs imas, rom
sajaro administracia mudmivad pasuxobdes sazogadoebriv moTxov-
nebsa da gamowvevebs. rac ufro Sors iqneba sajaro moxele moqalaqis-
gan da sazogadoebisgan, miT ufro ascdeba igi Tavisi saqmianobis mTa-
var sazriss xalxs.
mosaxleobasTan urTierTobas, maTi azrebis mosmenas da gaTvaliswi-

nebas organizeba sWirdeba, risTvisac unaric da codnac sakmarisi unda
gqondes. amisaTvis sajaro moxeles liderobisa da gunduri muSaobis
unarebi sWirdeba, rac aseve praqtikuli mecadineobebiT miiRweva.
sajaro administraciis reformis meore mniSvnelovani komponen-

tia politikuri neitralurobis uzrunvelyofa. aucilebelia, saja-
ro administraciis TiToeuli rgolis depolitizacia. am miznisTvis,
rogorc samarTlebriv, ise praqtikul doneze, politikuri da arapo-
litikuri Tanamdebobebi, politikuri da profesiuli institutebi
erTmaneTisagan mkacrad unda gaimijnos. calkeuli politikuri Tanam-
debobis pirebs, iqnebian eseni ministrebi, qalaqis merebi Tu sxva, mar-
Talia, aqvT ufleba, gansazRvron politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi,
magram maT ufleba ar unda hqondeT, uSualod Caerion sajaro funqci-
ebis ganxorcielebaSi. sajaro samsaxurebs unda hqondeT damoukideb-
lobis maRali xarisxi da ar unda xdebodes maTi politikuri niSniT da-
kompleqteba da sakuTari politikuri interesebisTvis gamoyeneba.
swored am pirobebSia SesaZlebeli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi moqa-

laqeTa Tanamonawileobis iseTi uzrunvelyofa, rom ar moxdes viwro
partiuli niSniT moqmedeba mosaxleobis CarTva mxolod im mizniT,
rom mobilizebul iqnes potenciuri amomrCeveli.
Tavi 4.2
samoqalaqo monawileoba da
momsaxurebis saagentoebi
saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi moqalaqe-

Ta Tanamonawileobis mizniT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga. rogorc yo-
vel axal wamowyebas, masac aqvs Tavisi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
308 kari meoTxe
qalaq Tbilisis meris 2006 wlis 26 dekembris brZanebiT damtkicda

`qalaq Tbilisis meriis samoqalaqo monawileobisa da integraciis sa-
qalaqo samsaxuris Tbilisis korpusis debuleba~. am samsaxuris er-
Ti-erTi mTavari mizani iyo qalaq TbilisSi samoqalaqo monawileobis
programebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba da binaTmesakuTreTa amxana-
gobebis ganviTareba.
aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad Seiqmna binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebi.

amxanagoba sakuTari rigebidan irCevda Tavmjdomares, romelsac qala-
qis biujetidan gamoeyofoda xelfasi. Tavmjdomaris funqciaSi Sedio-
da binaTmesakuTreTa Sekrebebis organizeba, maTTan erTad im sayofac-
xovrebo problemebis gansazRvra, romlebic gadaudebel mogvarebas
saWiroebdnen. Tavmjdomare iyo pasuxismgebeli imaze, rom am proble-
mebis Sesaxeb TviTmmarTveli erTeulisTvis miewodebina informacia
da uzrunveleyo maTi daxmarebiT misi gadawyveta.
problemis erToblivi gadaWris mizniT dainerga binaTmesakuTre-

Ta amxanagobisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis erToblivi
finansuri Tanamonawileobis praqtika. kerZod, gansazRvruli saqmia-
nobis dasafinanseblad iqmneboda erToblivi biujeti, romlis 30%-s
afinansebda TviTmmarTveli erTeuli, xolo danarCen Tanxas gaiRebda
mosaxleoba. realurad TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis iniciativiT gamo-
iyo im standartuli problemebis nusxa, romlis mogvarebac binaTmesa-
kuTreTa amxanagobisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani SeiZleboda yofiliyo.
gansakuTrebiT es exeboda amortizebuli liftebis SekeTebas da sax-
lebis gadaxurvas.
iseTi Zvirad Rirebuli proeqtebis dafinanseba, rogorebicaa kor-

pusis mimdebare teritoriaze asfaltis dageba an dasasvenebeli da
sportuli infrastruqturis Seqmna, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis xarje-
biT xorcieldeba. am iniciativebSic amxanagobebis TavmjdomareTa ro-
li didia. isini aniWeben mosaxleobasa da TviTmmarTvel erTeuls So-
ris urTierTobas erTgvar organizebul formas.
adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi sazogadoebis monawileobis Tvalsaz-

risiT, aRniSvnis Rirsia mosaxleobis werilobiTi gamokiTxva, romelic
qalaq TbilisSi iyo organizebuli. kiTxvarebi, ZiriTadad, imis gamov-
lenas emsaxureboda, iyo Tu ara mosaxleoba TviTmmarTveli erTeulis
momsaxurebis doniT kmayofili. masve unda gamoevlina is konkretuli
sferoebi, riTac mosaxleoba sajaro administraciis muSaobiT iyo uk-
mayofilo.
uSualo TanamonawileobasTan erTad moqalaqeTaTvis sajaro admi-

nistraciis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, gansakuTrebu-
lad mniSvnelovania sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis gaumjobe-
sebis sakiTxi. saubaria, moqalaqeTa èrTi fanjridan~, èrTi xelidan~
momsaxurebis principze.
am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli iniciativebidan aRsaniSnavia

momsaxurebis is saagentoebi, romlebic Seiqmna Sinagan saqmeTa saminis-
trosa da iusticiis saministros farglebSi. Sss-s momsaxurebis saagen-
tos ZiriTadi funqciaa satransporto saSualebaTa registraciis, mar-
Tvis uflebis miniWebis, aRdgenis, gacemis, aseve sanebarTvo da sxva uf-
lebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba. rac Seexeba iusticiis saministros,
mis farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis saagentos kompetenciaSi eqceva
piradobis mowmobis, pasportis gacema, dabadebis, qorwinebis, sakuTre-
bis registracia, samewarmeo da arasamewarmeo iuridiuli pirebis re-
gistracia da sxv.
aRniSnuli uwyebebis momsaxurebis saagentos filialebi funqcioni-

rebs regionebSic. imis mixedviT, momsaxurebis Tu ra forma sWirdeba
moqalaqes, SeuZlia mimarTos calkeuli zemoTqmul saagentos da mi-
iRos adgilze yvela is momsaxureba, romlebic am saagentos kompeten-
ciaSi Sedis.
samoqalaqo monawileobisa da momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis kuTxiT

saqarTveloSi gadadgmuli nabijebi uTuod misasalmebeli da dasafa-
sebelia. is xels uwyobs saxelmwifosa da moqalaqes Soris partnioru-
li da ndobiT aRWurvili urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. magram auci-
lebelia im xarvezebzec yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac am procesebs axa-
siaTebs.
daviwyoT moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis formebis SefasebiT. aq,

pirvel rigSi, TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tveloba gansakuTrebiT winasaarCevno periodSi mimarTavs iseT inici-
ativebs, rogorebicaa: erToblivi biujetiT sayofacxovrebo proble-
mebis mogvareba, gansakuTrebiT korpusebis liftebisa da saxuravebis
SekeTeba; asfaltebis dageba da sxva infrastruqturuli RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba. igive iTqmis binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis Tavmjdo-
mareTa aqtiurobazec (isini xelfass iReben qalaqis biujetidan), ro-
desac isini winasaarCevno periodSi saxelisuflo partiis mxardaWeris
mizniT potenciuri mxardamWerebis mobilizebiT arian dakavebulebi,
rodesac furcliTa da kalmiT xelSi mezoblebs ekiTxebian, Tu vis mis-
cemen xmas arCevnebSi.
310 kari meoTxe
TavisTavad is faqti, rom binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis Tavmjdo-

mareebs mosaxleoba irCevs da Semdeg es Tavmjdomare mezoblebs TviT-
mmarTvel erTeulTan organizebul urTierTobaSi exmareba, dadebiTi
movlenaa. magram es TanamSromloba Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari
partiuli interesebisagan da saarCevno koniunqturisagan. amitom mo-
mavalSi aucilebelia TanamSromlobis am formebis SenarCueneba, mxo-
lod miukerZoebeli da obieqturi muSaobis safuZvelze, romelic um-
Tavresad mosaxleobis problemebis mogvarebaze iqneba orientirebu-
li.
igive iTqmis mosaxleobis gamokiTxvis formazec. aseTi saxis gamo-

kiTxvebi saukeTeso saSualebaa imisTvis, rom sajaro administraciam
moaxdinos TviTSefaseba, dainaxos sakuTari muSaobis Zleri da susti
mxareebi, gaiTvaliswinos mosaxleobis rekomendaciebi. magram am gamo-
kiTxvasac mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba obieqturi xasiaTi, Tu isic ar
iqneba saarCevno koniunqturiT gansazRvruli. Tanac, mniSvnelovania,
rom am gamokiTxvis Sedegebi gamokiTxulTaTvis iyos xelmisawvdomi da
gamWvirvale.
obieqturobis, gamWvirvalobisa da moqnilobis maRali xarisxiT ga-

moirCeva momsaxurebis saagentoebis muSaoba. moqalaqis interesebidan
gamomdinare, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT isini uzrun-
velyofen swraf da erTian momsaxurebas, raTa moqalaqem dazogos dro,
energia da fuli. amiT moqalaqe sajaro administraciaSi xedavs masze
mzrunvel partniors.
imisaTvis, rom Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da iusticiis saminis-

troebis momsaxurebis saagentoebis mier gaweuli servisebi mosaxleo-
bisaTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi da efeqtiani iyos, mizanSewonili iqneba
am ori saagentos gaerTianeba. èrTi fanjridan~ momsaxurebis miwode-
bis principi imas niSnavs, rom yvela im saxis momsaxurebis miReba, ro-
melTac dRes es uwyebebi cal-calke axorcieleben, SesaZlebeli iyos
erT adgilas, drois erT intervalSi, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebis
praqtikaSia miRebuli. amasTan, aucilebelia, adgilebze TviTmmar-
Tvel erTeulebs gadaeces aRniSnuli momsaxureobis ganxorcielebis
uflebamosileba.
momsaxurebis saagentos TanamSromeli samoqalaqo piri unda iyos,

imisgan damoukideblad, Tu ra saxis momsaxurebas eweva igi. dRes Sina-
gan saqmeTa saministros farglebSi arsebuli momsaxurebis saagentos
TanamSromlebi policielebi arian, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi saqmia-
noba ar ukavSirdeba sapolicio funqciebis Sesrulebas.
Tavi 4.3
municipaluri servisebis gaumjobeseba
saqarTvelos calkeul municipalur erTeulSi administraciuli

momsaxurebis daxvewis mizniT Seiqmna specialuri samsaxurebi `samoqa-
laqo misaRebis~ an `moqalaqis momsaxurebis ganyofilebis~ saxiT. maT
mier gaweuli municipaluri servisebis formebia:
oficialuri korespondenciis kompiuterul sistemaSi registra-
cia, pirveladi damuSaveba da gadamisamarTeba;
moqalaqeTa werilebisa da gancxadebebis kompiuterul sistemaSi
registracia, pirveladi damuSaveba da gadamisamarTeba;
moqalaqeTa miReba da zepiri konsultacia;
moqalaqeTa uzrunvelyofa satelefono konsultaciebiT, raTa
maT miiRon saWiro rCevebi da ganmartebebi;
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier dafinansebuli socialuri
da samedicino daxmarebebis programaTa farglebSi socialuri SeRava-
Tebis dadgena municipalur momsaxurebaze, rogorebicaa: wylis gada-
saxadi, nagvis mosakrebeli, municipalur transportze ufaso samgzav-
ro bileTi da sxva SeRavaTebisa Tu daxmarebebis calkeuli moqalaqis-
Tvis dadgena.
mosaxleobisTvis momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, aRniS-

nuli samsaxurebis Seqmna udavod win gadadgmuli nabijia. aucilebelia
maTi Semdgomi srulyofa da ganviTareba. am mizniT, pirvel rigSi, unda
moxdes samsaxuris TanamSromelTa kvalifikaciis amaRleba moqalaqeeb-
Tan efeqtiani komunikaciis, konfliqtis marTvis, internet teqnolo-
giebis srulfasovani gamoyenebis, saubris warmarTvis mimarTulebiT.
saCivrebsa Tu sxva saxis mimarTvebze moqalaqeTa Setyobinebis an raime
saWiroebis Sesaxeb informirebis mizniT, sasurvelia, amoqmeddes ise-
Ti kompiuteruli servisi, romelic moqalaqes informaciebs mobilur
telefonze gzavniliT Seatyobinebs. mizanSewonilia, gaweuli samuSa-
os Sesaxeb werilobiTi angariSi samsaxurebma yovel Tve an kvartalSi
erTxel awarmoon, sadac Sefasdeba momsaxurebis xarisxis warmatebuli
da warumatebeli mxareebi, maTi gaumjobesebis rekomendaciebi, aseve
aisaxeba, Tu ra problemebi awuxebs mosaxleobas, ra servisebzea didi
moTxovnilebebi da rogoria maTze drouli da adekvaturi reagirebis
meqanizmebi. sasurvelia, sxva municipalitetebis gamocdilebis gazi-
312 kari meoTxe
arebac, ara marto saqarTvelos farglebSi, aramed saerTaSoriso do-

nezec, riTac saukeTeso praqtikis danergvasa da momsaxurebis mudmiv
gaumjobesebas Seewyoba xeli.
Tavi 4.4
moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiureba
saqarTveloSi demokratiuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani gamowve-

vaa moqalaqeTa saxelmwifo da adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi Tanamonawi-
leobis uzrunvelyofa. `kargi mmarTvelobis~ principis umniSvnelova-
nesi elementis Tanamonawileobis ganxorcieleba, pirvel rigSi, da-
mokidebulia saxelmwifos sajaro moxeleebis unarze, rom maT aRiqvan
sazogadoeba rogorc partniori da SeZlon mis aqtiur wevrebTan Ta-
namSromlobis organizeba.
moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis gaaqtiurebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvne-

lovania arsebuli binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebis Semdgomi ganviTa-
reba. im xarvezebis daZlevis paralelurad, razec TavSi iyo saubari,
aucilebelia maTi damatebiTi funqciebiTac aRWurva. kerZod, maTi saq-
mianoba ar unda ifarglebodes mxolod viwro sayofacxovrebo proble-
mebis mogvarebiT, aramed isini adgilobriv TviTmmarTvel erTeulTan
erTad aqtiurad unda iyvnen CarTuli sxvadasxva sferoSi strategiuli
mimarTulebebis gansazRvris saqmeSic. saubaria adgilobrivi biujetis
prioritetebis erTobliv gansazRvraze, misi Sesrulebis kontrolze,
ubnis infrastruqturisa da keTilmowyobis gegmebis erTobliv Sedge-
naze da sxv. TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mier periodulad unda xdebodes
amxanagobebis TavmjdomareebTan Sekrebebis organizeba, calkeul Sem-
TxvevaSi, SesaZloa, TiToeuli ubnis mosaxleobis Sekreba gaxdes auci-
lebeli, Tu saqme exeba mniSvnelovani problemis gadaWras, an proeqtis
ganxilvasa da ganxorcielebas.
mniSvnelovania mosaxleobis perioduli gamokiTxvebis organizeba.

gamokiTxvis Sedegebma unda gamoavlinos, Tu ramdenad aris mosaxleoba
sajaro administraciis servisiT kmayofili. gamokiTxvis Sedegebi un-
da iyos gamWvirvale da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi. mosaxleobas unda
mieces aseve imis saSualeba, rom man werilobiT gaakritikos adgilob-
rivi sajaro administraciis muSaoba. aucilebelia, am kritikas upasu-
xos administraciam da ganmartos problemis mogvarebis SesaZleblo-
bis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe administraciis angariSvaldebulebis princips

azri ekargeba.
mosaxleobis Tanamonawileobis mniSvnelovani komponentia misi in-

formirebuloba. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba uSualod unda iRebdes in-
formacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin risTvis aris pasuxismgebeli adgilob-
riv TviTmmarTvel organoSi, ra biujeti aqvs am organos, ra gegmebisa
da proeqtebis ganxorcieleba aqvs mas miznad dasaxuli da sxva mniSvne-
lovani sakiTxebi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organo yvelanai-
rad unda cdilobdes imas, rom TviTon mivides da Tavi gaacnos mosax-
leobas da ara piriqiT, iyos pasiur rolSi. es, ZiriTadad, SeiZleba gan-
xorcieldes sainformacio broSurebis gavrcelebiT an sxva sainfor-
macio saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.
gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia mozardi Taobis informirebulo-

bis uzrunvelyofa. am mizniT, SesaZlebelia skolebSi sajaro adminis-
traciis warmomadgenelebis mier maRali klasis moswavleebTan uSua-
lo Sexvedrebis organizeba. es aCens moswavleebSi sajaro TemebiT da-
interesebis motivacias da uyalibebs maT saxelmwifoebriv azrovnebas.
isini emzadebian imisTvis, rom gaiazron Tavisi wili moqalaqeobrivi
pasuxismgebloba. swavloben imas, rom kerZo interesTan erTad arse-
bobs sajaro interesic da rom mniSvnelovania maT Soris balansis uz-
runvelyofa.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi

moqalaqeebsa da adgilobriv policias Soris mWidro TanamSromlo-
bis formebis Camoyalibebas. policia, rogorc sajaro administraciis
mniSvnelovani rgoli, ar unda iyos karCaketili organizacia, romelic
mxolod moqalaqeebis gamoZaxebebze, momxdar samarTaldarRvevebze
reagirebs. is mosaxleobasTan partniorobisaTvis Ria unda iyos. am miz-
niT, gansakuTrebiT ki konkretuli ubnis inspeqtorma, organizeba unda
gauwios binaTmesakuTreTa amxanagobebTan periodul Sexvedrebs, raTa
gaigos ubnis usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi da mosaxle-
obasTan erTad gansazRvros danaSaulis Tavidan acilebis RonisZie-
bebi. policiis mier danaSaulTan efeqturi brZola mxolod am Tanam-
Sromlobisa da ndobis maRali xarisxiT miiRweva.
specialur yuradRebas saWiroebs mozard TaobasTan urTierToba.

mniSvnelovania maTi daintereseba aqtiuri da jansaRi cxovrebis sti-
liT. amaSi mis partniorad ubnis policiis TanamSromeli SeiZleba iq-
ces. erToblivi sportuli RonisZiebebis Catareba, sazogadoebriv
usafrTxoebaze, moqalaqis kanonmorCilebaze, konfliqtebis mSvido-
314 kari meoTxe
biani mogvarebis aucileblobaze policiasa da mozard Taobas Soris

uSualo dialogebi mniSvnelovani wingadadgmuli nabijebia qveyanaSi,
zogadad, demokratiisa da konkretulad mozardi Taobis Tanamonawi-
leobis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi.
Tavi 4.5
studentebis Tanamonawileoba
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv

doneze, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba studentTa Tanamonawi-
leobis uzrunvelyofas. amis saukeTeso winapirobaa Tavad saswavlo
dawesebulebaSi studentTa TviTmmarTvelobis elementebis realuri
arseboba. igi xels uwyobs sauniversiteto marTvis strategiis gansaz-
RvraSi studentebis realur monawileobas, studentebis mier sauni-
versiteto procesebis Sefasebasa da kontrols, rac dadebiTad moqme-
debs studentebSi demokratiuli unar-Cvvebis Camoyalibebaze.
aRniSnuli unarebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania iseTi

proeqtebis waxaliseba, romlebic studentebs SesaZleblobas miscemens,
uSualod CaerTon sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garkveul sferoebSi. sa-
ubaria proeqtebze, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo seqtorTan TanamSrom-
loba garemos dacvis, adamianis uflebebis dacvis, saarCevno procesis
xelSewyobisa da sxva mniSvnelovani sferoebis farglebSi. igive exeba
studentebis saxelmwifo struqturebTan TanamSromlobis aspeqts.
calkeuli proeqtebi SesaZlebelia universitetis bazazec ganxor-

cieldes. am TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia iseTi iniciativebi, romlebic
miRebuli Teoriuli codnis praqtikul gamoyenebas Seuwyobs xels. ma-
galiTad, sajaro administraciis momsaxurebis Sefasebis mizniT, mosax-
leobisTvis kiTxvarebis proeqtis momzadeba; adgilobrivi probleme-
bis ganxilvis mizniT, mosaxleobasTan uSualo Sexvedrebis organizeba,
sadac TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenelic miiRebs monawileo-
bas. yovelive es karg safuZvels iZleva studentebis mier adgilobriv
doneze calkeuli sazogadoebrivi problemebis gamoaSkaravebisa, maTi
analizisa da am problemebis gadaWris gzebis dasaxvisaTvis.
mniSvnelovania, universitetebs Soris studentTa konferenciebis

organizeba, sadac moxdeba kvlevis Sedegebisa da mosaxleobasTan Ta-
namSromlobiT miRebuli gamocdilebis gaziareba. aucilebelia, kon-

ferenciaSi mecnierTa da sajaro administraciis warmomadgenelTa mo-
nawileobac. es saukeTeso saSualebaa imisTvis, rom urTierTswavlis
procesSi moxdes mosaxleobasTan TanamSromlobis saukeTeso praqti-
kis migneba.
Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, rom studentebis

mier Catarebulma kvlevebma farTo sazogadoebrivi interesi gamoiw-
vios. am kuTxiT, aRsaniSnavia studentebis masobriv sainformacio sa-
SualebebTan TanamSromloba, raTa studenturi kvlevebis Sedegebi ai-
saxos gazeTebSi, radioSi an televiziaSi. zogadad, yvela iniciativa,
romelic xels Seuwyobs studentTa saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebisa da
moqalaqeobrivi Segnebis Camoyalibebas, universitetis administraci-
isagan waxalisebasa da mxardaWeras saWiroebs.
316
daskvna
Tanamedrove demokratia aqtiuri moqalaqis gareSe warmoudgene-
lia. es aqtiuroba, rogorc vnaxeT, ori mimarTulebiT vlindeba: pir-
veli, rodesac moqalaqe Tavisi iniciativiT monawileobs sazogadoeb-
rivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi, sakuTari da TanamoqalaqeTa
uflebebis dacvaSi da meore, rodesac misi aqtiuroba saxelmwifo mmar-
TvelobiT procesebSi TanamonawileobiT gamoixateba.
moqalaqes, romelic sakuTari iniciativiT aqtiurad monawileobs

sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sferoSi, amoZravebs imis Segne-
ba, rom mxolod saxelmwifos regulirebasa da sabazro ekonomikur ur-
TierTobebze ar aris damokidebuli demokratiuli sazogadoebis gan-
viTareba. amisTvis aucilebelia, rom TiToeulma moqalaqem an moqala-
qeTa jgufma Tavisi wili pasuxismgeblobac aiRos sakuTar Tavze da ga-
dadgas konkretuli nabijebi calkeuli sferos gaumjobesebis kuTxiT.
Tanamedrove demokratiaSi moqalaqe aseve aqtiurad monawileobs

sajaro xelisuflebasTan mmarTvelobiTi amocanebis gadaWraSi. am
TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifosa da
moqalaqis organizebuli TanamSromlobis formebs. moqalaqis Tanamo-
nawileobis es formebi imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebis yvela wevrs mniS-
vnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawile-
obis SesaZlebloba hqondes uzrunvelyofili. TiToeuls unda hqondes
realurad imis gancda, rom is saxelmwifos Rirseuli wevria.
am gamowvevebis Sesabamisad, sajaro administraciam moqalaqis roli

ufro aqtiuri gaxada da mas saxelmwifo da adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelo-
baSi Tanamonawileobis SesaZlebloba misca. Tanamonawileobis aprobi-
rebul formebad Camoyalibda moqalaqeTa gamokiTxvebisa da Sekrebebis
organizeba, erToblivi biujetis Sedgena, mrgvali magidebis mowyoba da
sxv. sajaro administraciasTan urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT, gansakuT-
rebuli yuradReba eqceva moqalaqeebisTvis momsaxurebis maqsimalurad
gamartivebas da zedmeti biurokratiuli barierebis Semcirebas.
marTalia, bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi saxelmwifosa da sajaro

administraciis reformirebis kuTxiT garkveuli nabijebi gadaidga,
magram kvlav mTavar amocanad rCeba kompetenturi, politikurad neit-
raluri sajaro administraciis arseboba. mniSvnelovani nabijebia ga-
dasadgmeli moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis iseTi formebis dasamkvid-
reblad, romlebic moqalaqes imis realur Segnebas Camouyalibebs, rom
is saxelmwifos partniori da xelisuflebis wyaroa.
317
sasargeblo bmulebi
vebsaiti misamarTi
saerTaSoriso amnistia
www.amnesty.org
(Amnesty International)
qalTa mdgomareobis gaeros komisia www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/

(UN Commission on the Status of Women) csw/
yvela formis qalTa diskriminaciis
www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/
likvidaciis komiteti (Committee on the
cedaw/
Elimination of Discrimination Against Women)
evrosabWos adamianis uflebaTa da sa-
marTlebriv saqmeTa generaluri direq-
www.humanrights.coe.int
torati (Council of Europe, The Directorate
General of Human Rights and Legal Affair)
evropis sabWo (Council of Europe) www.coe.int
adamianis uflebaTa da demokratiu-
li ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso cen-
www.ichrdd.ca
tri (International Centre for Human Rights and
Democratic Development)
adamianis uflebaTa kavSirebis saerTa-
Soriso federacia (Fdration internationale http://www.dh.org/-english-
des ligues des droits de lHomme)
adamianis uflebebi internetSi
http://www.hri.ca/about.aspx
(Human Rights Internet)
yovelkvartaluri adamianis uflebebi
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/hrq
(Human Rights Quarterly)
human raiTs uotCi (Human Rights Watch) http://www.hrw.org/ru
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi
www.imf.org
(International Monetary Fund)
iuristTa saerTaSoriso komisia
www.icj.org
(International Commission of Jurists)
wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
www.icrc.org
(International Committee of the Red Cross)
318
Sromis saerTaSoriso komiteti

www.ilo.org
(International Labour Organization)
adamianis uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa

http://www.humanrightsrst.org/
(Human Rights First)
adamianis uflebaTa komiteti

http://www.hrweb.org/
(Lawyers Committee for Human Rights)
wamebis sawinaaRmdego msoflio organi-

www.omct.org
zacia (Organisation mondiale contre la torture)
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi

http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/
komisari
WelcomePage.aspx
(The High Commissioner for Human Rights)
gaeros bavSvTa fondi (UNICEF) www.unicef.org
qalTa interesebis ganviTarebis gaeros

www.unifem.undp.org
fondi (UN Development Fund for Women)
qalTa interesebis ganviTarebis gaeros

ganyofileba www.un.org/womenwatch/daw
(UN Division for the Advancement of Women)
gaero (The United Nations) www.un.org
jandacvis msoflio organizacia

www.who.int/home-page
(UNWHO)
ltolvilTa Semswavleli centri

(The Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford Department
http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/
of International Development, Queen Elizabeth
House)
iZulebiT adgilnacvalTa xazi

http://www.forcedmigration.org/
(Forced Migration Online (FMO)
adamianis uflebaTa helsinkis fondi,

http://humanrightshouse.org/
varSava
http://www.hfhr.pl/
(Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights (HFHR)
evropis sabWos sainformacio biuro sa-

qarTveloSi http://portal.coe.ge/
(Council of Europe Information Ofce - Tbilisi)
319
terminTa pirobiTi Semokleba

(abreviaturebi)
COE evropis sabWo

CAT gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti
CPT evrosabWos wamebis sawinaaRmdego komiteti
EC evrokomisia
ECHR adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo
ECOSOC gaerTianebuli erebis ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWo
ECRI rasizmisa da Seuwynareblobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli evropuli komisia
EU evrokavSiri
IHL saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali
ILO Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia
ICC sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
ICC saerTaSoriso savaWro palata
ICL saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali
ICJ gaeros saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo
ICT sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi
ICTY yofili iugoslaviis saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunali
ICTR ruandis Taobaze saerTaSoriso tribunali
ICRC wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komiteti
LAS arabul saxelmwifoTa liga
NATO Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia
NGOs arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
OAS amerikul saxelmwifoTa organizacia
OAU afrikuli erebis organizacia
ONCHR gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris ofisi
OSCE evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia
SIO specializebuli saerTaSoriso organizacia
UN gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia
UNDP gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis ganviTarebis programa
UNESCO gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebis da kulturis programa
UNCHR gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisia
UNHCR gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati
UNICEF gaeros bavSvTa fondi
WHO janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia
ICTR vaWrobis msoflio organizacia
320
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sakiTxavi masala studentisaTvis

saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fondis warmomadgenloba

International Foundation for Electoral Systems

sakiTxavi masala SemuSavebulia saarCevno sistemebis saerTaSoriso fon-

am sakiTxavi masalis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikeli xalxis mxar-

redaqtori: zviad miminoSvili,

dizaineri da damkabadonebeli: TinaTin berberaSvili

nawili pirveli. adamiani da sazogadoeba ....................................................31

nawili meore. xelisufleba ..................................................................................44

nawili mesame. konstitucia ..................................................................................55

nawili meoTxe. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebi ..............................72

nawili pirveli. adamianis uflebaTa arsi da buneba .............................103

nawili meore. adamianis uflebaTa ideis ganviTareba ..........................117

nawili mesame. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebi ........................169

nawili meoTxe. calkeuli jgufebis uflebaTa dacva ..........................190

nawili pirveli. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis

nawili mesame. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da arCevnebi .........................239

nawili meoTxe. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi:

nawili pirveli. moqalaqis monawileoba sazogadoebrivi

nawili meore. Tanamedrove demokratiis ganviTarebis

nawili mesame. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis saxeebi

nawili meoTxe. moqalaqeTa Tanamonawileobis perspeqtivebi

sasargeblo bmulebi ..................................................................................................317

terminTa pirobiTi Semokleba ...........................................................................319

gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................320

`adamians demokratiuli azrovnebis unari bunebiTad rodi mosdgams.

rogori Cvevebi da ra kompetencia moeTxovebaT demokratiuli sazo-

swavlulebi, zogadad Tanxmdebian, rom jansaRi demokratiis gan-

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xom warmogidgeniaT, ra dabrkolebebis gadalaxva mouwevdaT moa-

zemoT aRwerili ambebi 1607 wels xdeboda, rodesac as oTxma ingli-

1608 wlis Semodgomaze koloniis mmarTvelTa sabWos prezidentad

yvelasgan koloniis Camosayalibeblad sasargeblo saqmianobas moiT-

filosofos jon lokis (John Locke, 1632-1704) ganmartebiT, sakuTari

lokis Teoriebze mmarTvelobasTan dakavSirebul momdevno epi-

warmovidginoT Zveli CineTis epoqa qristeSobamde 221 weli. ukve

zogierTebi SesaZloa Segvedavon da amtkicon, rom cin Sixuangis mi-

`CvenTvis TavisTavad cxadia is udavo WeSmariteba, rom yvela adamiani

rom am uflebaTa gansamtkiceblad iqmnebian mTavrobebi, romlebic Ta-

rom Tu marTvis raime forma odesme am miznis Semlaxavi gaxdeba, xalxs

Tomas jefersonis am sityvebis miRma is azri xom ar ikveTeba, rom

sxvaTa da sxvaTa mizezTa gamo Cveni zogierTi upiratesobis xeli-

mebs atareben, swored am principebiT xelmZRvaneloben. aqedan gamom-

1215 wlis inglisi Sua saukuneebis xana. gabatonebulia absolutu-

1215 wels ramdenime didebulma mefis winaaRmdeg piri Sekra; gaCaRda

didebulebma mefe aiZules, xelmoweriT daedasturebina `Tavisuf-

debulebebi xels uwyobda pasuxismgeblobis amaRlebis, kanonis uzenae-

Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi xalxi angariSs sTxovs Tavis

me-20 saukunis meore naxevaria. warmoidgineT, rom wlebis ganmavlo-

ai, ra daemarTaT 1976 wlis ivnisSi samxreT afrikis dasaxleba so-

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es ambebi arcTu Soreul warsulSi moxda. axla iq Tanamedrove, in-

es xdeboda amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. aseTi azri gaxldaT aq

mdeblo organoebs warudgendnen faqtebs, kanonmdeblebTan molapara-

brZolam unarSezRudul adamianTaTvis Tanabari uflebebis mosapo-

`qalaqic Cven SemogvierTda da ager ukve xuTi welia Zal-Rones ar iSu-

cvlilebebis ganxorcielebasa da unarSezRuduli pirebis mdgoma-

am epizodSi xazgasmulia kidev erTi politikuri Semwynareblobis

raniisa, mxolod umravlesobis Tvalsazrisisa Tu interesebis gamo-

demokratiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani principia gamWvirvaloba,