(Lubotsky) Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon

Al.
Lubotsky Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon
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Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hia-
Avestan: YAv. am /aiam/ [n] ègg' ( Yt 13.2) (< *iam)
Khotanese: haa- ègg' -
Middle Persian: xyak ègg'
New Persian: xya ègg'
Ossetic: ajk / ajk? ègg'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y'k /yk/ ègg'; Pash. h [f] ègg', hagy [f, pl.] ègg(s)'
IE form: h2uiom
IE meaning: egg
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 783 - 784
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)ijaina-
Avestan: YAv. zana- [adj.] `leathern' -
IE form: aig- {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ax [f.] `goat', Alb. edh [m.] 'kid', Arm. ayc [i] `(she-)goat'
Notes: {1} [AL] Related to aja- (q.v.) in some way, but the absence of initial h- in Arm. and Alb., as
well as the *-i- make a direct connection impossible. Probably an early LW.
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kamp-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) pk'np- [verb] `to turn away, deflect' (+ *apa-), nk'np- [verb] `to bend; subdue' (+
*ni-)
Parthian: nkmb- [verb] `to bend' (+ *ni-) - (); (),
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'kfs- [verb] `to be(come) bend, curved; to be lowered' (+ *-),
m|nknby- [verb] `to sink down' (+ *ni-)
IE form: kemp
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 525
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kmptw [verb] `bend, bow, curve' (Il.), Lith. kam~pas `corner'
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kra-
1
Old Persian: kra- [m] àrmy, people' ,
Middle Persian: krk `warrior', krr `battlefield', kravn `travelling troop, caravan'
New Persian: kr `fighting', kr-zr `battlefield'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. karo `people', azaokaro `freeman'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. koranoj [m.] `ruler, commander, lord'; OIr. cuire `troop, tribe'; Go.
harjis àrmy'; Lith. ka~ras `war, army'
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghadh- / jhadh-
Page in EWAia: -
Avestan: Av. jad- [verb] `to ask (urgently), demand': - , YAv. jaiiimi [1sg.pres.act.],
jaiiiant- [ptc.pres.act.], jaiiiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Y 9.23, Y 68.21), auua.jast- [f] `request' ( Y
65.10) - , .
Old Persian: jad- [verb] `to pray, ask': jadiymiy [1sg.pres.act.]
Khotanese: pajd- [verb] `to ask for' (+ *pati-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) '''y, (Man.) ''y [verb] `to wish, desire' (+ *-); (Buddh.)'p'w `praise, fame'
(+ *upa-); (Chr.) n'd' [f], (Man.) n'' `request, entreaty' (+ *ni-)
Middle Persian: zd- /zay-/ [verb] `to ask, demand, implore'; nyd'dn /niyyin/ `prayer, praise,
worship'
Parthian: ng'y- [verb] `to pray, supplicate', ng'd `prayer, obeisance'; nyz'y- [verb] `to entreat; honour'
(LW from MP); hw-jstg `blessed'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|''zy- [verb] `to wish, desire' (+ *-); Bactr. zi?- [pret] `to request
(as a bride)'; agalgo `wish' (+ *-), borrowed into ToA kl, ToB aklk `wish'; Wa. p()z- /
poost-, poozd- [verb] `to ask, wish; to give back'
IE form: gwhedh-
IE meaning: `to ask, wish'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. poqw [verb] `to long for, miss (someone)', qssasqai [aor]; OIr.
guidiu [verb] `to ask', Lith. gedu [verb] `to desire, long for'; Goth. bidjan [verb' `to bid'
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hras-
Avestan: Av. rah- [verb] `to be disloyal, unfaithful': OAv. rriieint [3pl.intens.] ( Y 47.3),
rriian [3pl.intens.subj.] ( Y 32.11); LAv. rriiant- [ptc.intens.] ( Yt 11.6), OAv. rhaiin
[3pl.caus.inj.] ( Y 32.12) `to deflect'; OAv. rra- [adj.] ùnfaithful' ( Y 49.2); YAv. raha- [m]
èpileptic (?)' ( Yt 5.93)
IE form: *h2res-
IE meaning: to be unfaithful, decline , , ,
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 62
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rnomai [verb] `to deny, refuse, decline' (Il.)
Sanskrit: -
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: raitH-
2
Avestan: YAv. iri- [verb] `to die, pass away': iriiieiti [3sg.pres.act.], irraiiit~ [3sg.pf.opt.act.]
(ViD 17), irrina- [ptc.pf.med.], irista- [ppp] - ,
Ossetic: vrityn / rvetun [verb] `to send, lead' (+ *apa- or *abi-)
IE form: leit(H)-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ToAB lit- [verb] `to pass on, move', Goth. ga-lei?an [verb] `to go'
,
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraug-
Page in EWAia: -
Khotanese: rjai `bursting, ejecting, belch' , , ,
New Persian: rgdan / rg- [verb] `to belch' -
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|wzrzy- [verb] `to belch' (+ *uz-); Sariq. re(w) `hiccup'; Pash.
arai [m] èructation' (< *-rux- ); Yi. arar, M. yrua, Sangl. ark èructation'
IE form: h1reug-
IE meaning: `to belch, vomit' -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 871- 872
Cognates in other languages: Gr. regomai [verb] `to vomit'; Lat. -rg [verb] `to burp' - ;
OCS rygajo se [verb] `to belch'; OLith. raugmi, Lith. riaugiu (riaugeti) [verb] `to belch'; OHG ita-
rucken [verb] `to ruminate'
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uag(h)-/ uaj(h)-
Old Persian: avajam [1sg.impf.] `to gouge, put out (eyes)' ,
Khotanese: pyj- [verb] `to remove, draw out' (+ *pati-) ,
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. gwaht, gwatk/gwaj- [verb] `to root out, pull out, dig, take off', Zaz.
veti/veen- [verb] `to take, bring out'
IE form: h2/3ueg(h)-
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. huek-zi / huk- [v.] `slaughter, butcher'
Sanskrit: -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar(u)-
Page in EWAia: -
Avestan: YAv. har- [verb] `to guard, observe' , : pairi ... haraite
[3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 19.10), niaharat /niharatu/ [3sg.pres.impv.act.] ( Y 58.4) {1}, nihauruuaiti
[3sg.pres.act.], niahartaiia(-ca) /nihartaiiai/ [inf]; pasu-hauruua- [adj] `protecting the cattle (of a
dog)' ( -); hartar- [m] `guardian'; - , , , harra-
[n] `care'- , ; hra- [adj] `caring for'; hira- [adj.] `caring for' ( Y 57.17)
New Persian: znhr `beware!, mind!' , (= z-n hr [2sg.impv.] `beware of this')
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. hrd - in comp. + wsy- `to hear': hrdws- `to warn' (< 2pl.impv.
*harata àttention, gebt acht'); - , , Pash. arwdl [verb] `to hear'
; Arm. veher `vacillating; unsturdy; fearing' (+ *aua-) (Iranian LW)
3
IE form: ser-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. servus [m. o] `slave' - , servre [verb] `to serve as a slave, be
subject'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the spelling -h- see Lubotsky 1999.

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Sanskrit: akti-
First attestation: AV (only in srs-akti- `headache')
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `pain' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)akti-
Page in EWAia: 39
See also: aka-
Avestan: Av. axti- [m] `suffering' - ; YAv. Axtiia- [m] N. of a sorcerer - ( Yt 5.82)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: 23
Sanskrit: (d)hiti-
First attestation: RV+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `layer, ordinance' ,
Link to RV concordance: asmehiti-; purohiti-; devahiti-; nemadhiti-; mitradhiti-; vanadhiti-; vasudhiti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhH-ti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Only in compounds: asmehiti-, purohiti-, devahiti- vs. nemadhiti-,
mitradhiti-,vanadhiti-, vasudhiti- (for the distribution see Lubotsky 1995a)
Page in EWAia: 783
See also: dh
Avestan: YAv. niaiti- [f] `laying down (of clothes)' {1}
IE form: dh(e)h1-ti-
IE meaning: position
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qsij [f] `setting, situation, position, adoption, custom'; Go. ga-deds
[f] `setting down, adoption'; OCS blago-det `benediction'
Notes: {1} [AL] In Iranian, full grade has been introduced into the root in accordance with the usual
procedure (cf. Insler 1971).
Sanskrit: a- [2]
Part of speech: [prondem]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg.m. ayam, dat.sg.m./n. asmai; abl.sg.m./n. asmt; gen.sg.m./n. asya {1}
4
Meaning: `this here, he' , ,
Link to RV concordance: ayam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha-
Page in EWAia: 35, 103
See also: ana-; ay- [2]; atr; ath; adya; adha; t; adas
Avestan: Av. am [nom.sg.m.]; OAv. aiim [nom.sg.m.]; ahmi [dat.sg.m.]; ahmt_ [abl.sg.m.]; ahii,
axiic [gen.sg.m./n.]; YAv. ahe [gen.sg.m./n.]
IE form: h1e-
IE meaning: anaphoric pronoun -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Umb. ere(c) [nom.sg.m.], esmei [dat.sg.m.] `this'; esmik [dat.sg.m.] `he'
- ; Lat. is [nom.sg.m.] `he' {2}; Lat. ecce [adv] `behold!'
Notes: {1} Forms a suppletive paradigm with ay- [2]. [AL] The PIE nom.sg.m. was *h1e, to which -i-
(+ PIIr. *-am) was secondarily added. For the reconstruction of the PIE paradigm see Beekes 1982-3:
208ff. {2} With i- from the acc. im.
Sanskrit: a- [3]
Part of speech: [augment] {1}
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha-
Page in EWAia: 35
Avestan: OAv. as /aas/ [3simpf] `he was'
Old Persian: abr /abara/ [3simpf] `he brought' ,
IE form: h1e-
IE meaning: augment ,
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bh `he went'; Arm. eber `he carried'
Notes: {1} The so-called long augment is due to the initial laryngeal of the root, cf. vrnak < *h1e-
h2ur-.
Sanskrit: abhi
Part of speech: [adv, prev]
Meaning: `to, towards, against, upon' - , ,
Link to RV concordance: abhi
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhi `surrounded by, directed to, very' , (e.g. abhi-vra- (RV
10.103.05) `surrounded by men', abhi-dyu- (RV+) `directed to heaven', abhy-alpa- (AitB) `very
small') {2}
Page in EWAia: 91
See also: abhigrti-; abhitas; abhka-; abhpatas
Avestan: OAv. aib [adv, prev] `towards, against, upon'; YAv. aibi [adv, prev] `towards, against,
upon'; auui [pref] `directed to' (e.g. auui.miraniia-, auui.miri-, derivatives of *auui.mira-
`directed towards Mithra')
Old Persian: abiy [adv, prev] `towards, against, upon'
5
Khotanese: by [pref]
Sogdian: (Buddh.) by [pref]
IE form: h2mbhi {1}
IE meaning: around -
Certainty: +
Idioms: às far as we are concerned': Skt. asmad abhi (RV) OAv. ahmat_ ... aib {3}; `to harness':
Skt. abhi-dh- (RV+), Skt. abhi-dhn- `halter' (AV+) YAv. aibiiti- `bridle', YAv.
zaranii.aibina- `with a golden halter', Sogd. by'n, b''nh `bridle'; `to study': Skt. abhi-as- (Mn.+)
YAv. aibi-ah-; Skt. abhysa- `reading, study' (RPr., Mn+) YAv. aibiti- `study, reading (aloud)'
Cognates in other languages: Umb. amb- [pref] àround'; Gall. ambi- [pref] àround'; OIr. imb- [pref]
àround'; OHG umbi [prep] àround'; Gr. mf [adv, prep] òn both sides, around'; Lat. amb(i)-, am-,
an- [pref] àround'
Notes: {1} Maybe, from *h2nt-bhi, instr. of *h2ent- `front'. {2} [AL] On the basis of these compounds,
it is often assumed that IIr. *Habhi partly continues PIE *Hebhi, related to OCS o(b)- (Pok. 287),
which is rather doubtful. {3} Cf. the discussion in Narten 1986a: 272.
Sanskrit: abhicra-
First attestation: AV+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `witchcraft' - {1}
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-ara- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhicara- (Lex) `servant, companion' ,
See also: abhi; cari
Old Persian: abicri /bicar/ [acc.pl.] `place inhabited/tilled by servants/slaves' {3}
IE form: h2mbhi-kwol(H)-o-
IE meaning: servant -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 639 - 640
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mfpoloj [mf] àttendant'; Lat. anculus [m] `servant'
Notes: {1} Cf. for the meaning RV pari-car- `to serve'. {2} With secondary -. {3} Presumably, a
vrddhi-derivative in -i- from OP *abicara- `servant'.
Sanskrit: abhigrti-
First attestation: RV 01.162.06, 01.162.12
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `praise, approval' ,
Link to RV concordance: abhigrti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-grHti-
Page in EWAia: 92
See also: abhi; gari
Avestan: YAv. aibi-jariti- {1} [f] `song of praise' ,
IE form: h2mbhi
IE meaning: around
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 478
6
Notes: {1} With secondary (palatalized) j-, taken from aibi-jartar-.
Sanskrit: abhitas
Part of speech: [adv]
Meaning: àround, all round, from all sides' ,
Link to RV concordance: abhitas
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhitas
Page in EWAia: 91
See also: abhi
Avestan: YAv. aibito [adv] àll around' ,
IE form: h2mbhi
IE meaning: around -
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: abhka-
First attestation: RV
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `nearness, meeting, closeness' ,
Link to RV concordance: abhka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HabhiHka-
Page in EWAia: 93
See also: abhi
IE form: h2mbhi-h3kw-o-
IE meaning: nearness -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 34 - 35, 775 - 777
Sanskrit: abhpatas
Meaning: òn both sides (of the water), on all sides' ,
Link to RV concordance: abhpatas
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Habhi-Hpa-
Page in EWAia: 93
See also: abhi; ap- {1}
IE form: h2mbhi-h2p-o-
IE meaning: having water on both sides
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Formed from *abhpa- (cf. anpa-, dvpa-, pratpa-) with the ablative suffix -tas.

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7
Sanskrit: abhra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `thunder-cloud, rain-cloud, blanket of clouds' , .
Link to RV concordance: abhra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: abhra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhriya- [adj] `coming from the thunder-cloud, thundering' (RV+;
10.068.12 abhriya-); ambhas- [n] `water' (RV X+; possibly, with secondary full grade)
Page in EWAia: 94
See also: nabhas-
Avestan: YAv. abra- [n] `rain, rain-cloud'; - , , , aipi-abra- [adj] `covered with
clouds'
Khotanese: ora- `sky' -
Sogdian: (Man.) bry' àir, space between two heavens' - , (Buddh.) par'yb'k `cloud' -
Middle Persian: 'bl /abr/ `(thunder-)cloud'
Parthian: (Man.) bybr'n `clouds' -
Ossetic: arv `sky'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. byrb(y)k, byrfyk `cloud' -
IE form: nbh-ro-
IE meaning: cloud -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. imber `rain, downpour'; Arm. amb, amp `cloud'; Gr. frj [m] `foam,
saliva' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Frisk I: 197 is opposed to this connection. Gr. mbroj `rain, downpour, thundery
shower' cannot be connected for formal reasons (no initial laryngeal, -b-). Also Alb. avull `smoke' is
most probably unrelated, see Demiraj s.v.
Sanskrit: ach
Meaning: `to, towards' , ,
Link to RV concordance: ach
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HascaH
Page in EWAia: 50
IE form: h1eskwe(h1)
IE meaning: towards
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: OCS ete [adv] `ti, opw'; Russ. ee [adv] àgain, yet'; Arm. c`-
[prep] `to' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether Lat. sque belongs here. For a discussion of the etymology see
Lubotsky 2001a: 41f.
Sanskrit: ad
8
Part of speech: [verb]
Gramm. forms: Present II {1}: atti [3sg.act.] (RV+), adanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), adant- [ptc.act.] (RV+)
{2}; Passive: adyate [3sg.] (Br.+); Fut: atsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: dayati `to feed, breed' (SB+);
Inf: attave (RV+)
Meaning: `to eat, consume' ,
Link to RV concordance: ad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Had-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: madhuv-ad- [adj] èating sweet things' (RV+); havir-ad- [adj] èating the
oblation' (RV); anna- [n] `food' (RV+); atra- (= at-tra-) [n] `food' (RV 10.079.02); adana- [n] `fodder'
(RV+); adman- [n] `food, meal' , , (RV 01.058.02); adma-sad- [f] `fly' (RV) (=*`sitting
on the food'); (havir-)adya- [n] èating (of the oblation)' (RV+); (agra-)advan- [adj] èating (first)'
(RV); vy-advara- [m] `rodent' (SB); vy-advar- [f] `rodent' (AV); dya- [adj] èdible', [n] `food'
(AV+); dyna- [adj] `gluttonous, greedy' (Pn+)
Page in EWAia: 61
See also: dant- (?)
Middle Persian: aspast `lucerne (Medicago sativa)' {3}
IE meaning: to eat -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-id-mi [verb] `to eat'; Gr. dmenai [verb] `to eat'; Lat. ed [verb]
`to eat'; Lith. esti [verb] `to eat (of animals)'; OCS jasti [verb] `to eat'; Go. itan [verb] `to eat'
Notes: {1} ad- is suppleted by vaya- in 2 and 3sg. impf., by ghas- in the aor., pf., des. and ppp. {2}
Active tantum, except for the hapax RV 04.019.09 adna- [ptc.med.] èaten'. {3} If from PIIr.
*Hacva-(H)dti- `horse-fodder'. Connection of Sogd. ''dwk `grain, corn', possibly also found in the
YAv. hapax d.frdanam ( Y 65.1), an epithet of Arduu Sr, with ad- is doubtful.
Sanskrit: adas {1}

Part of speech: [prondem n]
Meaning: `that' ,
Link to RV concordance: asau
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adas [adv] `there, then' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 62
See also: amu-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] adas is due to hypercorrection of ado < *Hadau (cf. RV 01.187.07 ado pito). In spite
of Klingenschmitt 1972: 99, followed by Mayrhofer, it remains very attractive to assume with Tedesco
(Language 23 [1947] 118ff.) that ado contains the same element *-au (PIIr. *Had-au), which is also
present in asau [nom.sg.m.f.] < PIIr. *Ha-sa(H)-au, YAv. hu < PIIr. *sa(H)-au.
Sanskrit: addh
Meaning: `certainly, truly' ,
Link to RV concordance: addh
9
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haddh {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: addh-ti- [m] `sage' (RV+); an-addh [adv] `not clearly, not truly' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 64
See also: ah
Avestan: OAv. azd [adv] `known' ( Y 50.1)
Old Persian: azd [adv] `known'
Sogdian: (Chr.) 'zd' `known, informed' , , ; 'zd'qry' ànnouncement'
-
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `to announce': OP azd kar- {2} Skt. addh kar- (Ganaptha); `to become known': OP
azd b- Skt. (an)addh bh- (SB)
Notes: {1} Most probably, an original instr.sg. of *Hadh-ta- or *Hadh-tHa- `notice, announcement'.
{2} Cf. OP *azd-kara- `herald', attested by the Elephantine papyri ('zdkr'), Turfan MP azdgar, etc.
Sanskrit: adga-
First attestation: AV 1.27.3
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `knot, sprout (of bamboo)' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadsga-
Page in EWAia: 63
Middle Persian: 'zg `twig, branch' ,
New Persian: azg `twig, branch'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. azg `nation, race, kind, age, manner' (Iran. LW)
IE form: Hodsgwo- / h3edsgwo-
IE meaning: knot , , ( )
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. odb [m] `knot in a tree, branch'; MW oddf `knot, hump' ,
{1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The Celtic forms reflect *osbos < *Ho(d)sgwo-. The -e- in Lith. uodega `tail' is
problematic (uo- may be due to lengthening in accordance with Winter-Kortlandt's Law). Gr. sch f.
`vine with grapes' cannot reflect *Hodsg(w)eh2- and is likely to be a Mediterranian LW. It is tempting
to connect another IE family for `branch, twig', viz. Arm. ost, Gr. zoj, Go. asts, etc. (Pok. 785 - 786)
< *Hosdo-.
Sanskrit: adha
Meaning: `then, therefore, now' , ,
Link to RV concordance: adha
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadha
Page in EWAia: 66
See also: a- [2]
Avestan: OAv. ad [adv] `then'; YAv. ada [adv] `then' -
Old Persian: ada [adv] `then'; ada-kaiy [adv] `then, at that time' ,
10
Certainty: +
Idioms: ònly then, exactly then': OAv. ad z ( Y 30.10) Skt. adh hi (RV+)
Sanskrit: adhama-
Part of speech: [sup]
Meaning: `lowest, worst' , , , .
Link to RV concordance: adhama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhama-
Page in EWAia: 66
See also: adhara-; adhas
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. jm `below' (< PIr. *adama-)
IE form: (H)ndhmHo-
IE meaning: lowest ,
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nfimus [sup] `lowest'
Sanskrit: adhara-
Part of speech: [comp]
Meaning: `lower' , ,
Link to RV concordance: adhara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhara-
Page in EWAia: 66
See also: adhama-; adhas
Avestan: YAv. adara- [comp] `lower, more to the West'
Middle Persian: 'dl /r/ [adj] `low'
IE form: (H)ndhero-
IE meaning: lower
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nfer(us) [adj] `low'
Sanskrit: adhas
Meaning: `below, downwards, under' , ,
Link to RV concordance: adhas
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adhas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhastt [adv] `below' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 66
See also: adhama-; adhara-
Avestan: OAv. ad [adv] `below' ( Y 44.4)
Khotanese: d [adv] ùnder' (< PIr. *adas)
IE form: (H)ndhes
11
IE meaning: below -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. undar [prep] ùnder' (with -ar from ufar òver')

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Sanskrit: adhrigu-
Part of speech: [adj]
Meaning: èxalted (epithet of various gods)' ,
Link to RV concordance: adhrigu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: adhrigu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhrigu- [m] N of a sacrificial formula (SB+); adhrijas [gen.sg.m.] `?'
(RV 05.007.10) {1}
Avestan: OAv. drigu- [adj] `poor, needy'; YAv. driu- [adj] `poor, needy'; - ,
drajit.tma- [sup] `most needy' {2}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Stem adhrij-. Looks as an analogical formation to rtvij-, usij- (NB the accent). {2} [AL]
An old idea that Iran. *drigu- is a Zarathustrian formation to IIr. adhri-gu- `having castrated (=
domesticated) cattle', which was falsely analyzed as a-dhrigu-, is improbable (cf. Narten 1986a:
238ff.).
Sanskrit: adhvan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `road' -
Link to RV concordance: adhvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadhuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhun [adv] `nowadays' (AVP+) {2}; adhuntana- [adj] òf the present
time' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 68
See also: adhvara-
Avestan: OAv. aduuan- [m] `road'; YAv. adban- [m] `road'
IE form: h1ndh-uen-
IE meaning: road
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 41 {1}
Cognates in other languages: ON ondurr `snow-shoe' (< PIE *h1ondh-ur-o-); Gr. nqei~n [aor] `come'
(< PIE *h1ndh-e/o-)
12
Notes: {1} [AL] NB: Pok.'s analysis is wrong. {2} Accent uncertain. Presumably, an original Instr.sg.
of adhvan-.
Sanskrit: adhvara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `(Soma-)sacrifice, ceremony' , .
Link to RV concordance: adhvara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadhuar-(a-) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhvarya [denom] `to perform the sacrifice' (RV); adhvarya [denom]
`to perform the sacrifice' (RV+); adhvaryu- [m] `title of an officiating priest' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 68
See also: adhvan-
IE form: h1ndh-uer-
IE meaning: road (?) -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 41
Notes: {1} Probably, an original heteroclitic noun *Hadhuar- / Hadhuan- `(holy) road'.
Sanskrit: adri-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `stone, sling-stone, rock, mountain range' , , .
Link to RV concordance: adri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)adri-
Page in EWAia: 65
Old Persian: arkdri- /ar(a)k-adri- (?)/ N. of a mountain -
Other Iranian cognates: Gr. roj Parudrhj, a place name (= `rich in rocks' ?) {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Cognates in other languages: {2}
Notes: {1} If standing for Iran. *Paru-adri- `rich in mountains' (,
). {2} All etymological connections, proposed in the literature, are extremely
doubtful. a-dr-i- `nicht zersplitternd' is improbable term for a `rock' (-i- derivatives are typically
nomina agentis). MIr. ond, onn [n] `stone, rock' is late attested and provides at best only a root
etymology.
Sanskrit: adya {1}

Meaning: `today' -
Link to RV concordance: adya
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadia
Page in EWAia: 65
See also: dyav-; a- [2]
IE form: h1edie
13
IE meaning: today -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. hodi [adv] `today' (?) {2}
Notes: {1} ady must be due to metrical lengthening. Cf. sa-dyas òn one day, on the same day,
immediately' (RV+), but the formation of adya is unclear. {2} Hardly the same formation.
Sanskrit: agha-
Meaning: èvil, bad, dangerous' , , [n] èvil, harm, mourning, bereavement' - ,
, , ,
Link to RV concordance: agha-; aghy-; aghyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hagha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aghy [verb] `to want to harm, threaten' (RV+); aghyu- [adj] `malicious'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 46
See also: aghr-; gas-
Avestan: YAv. aa- [adj] `bad, evil' , ,
IE form: h2egho-
IE meaning: evil
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. aglaitei [f] `licentiousness'; Go. agls* [adj] `disgraceful, shameful';
Gr. coj [n] `mourning, grief'
Sanskrit: aghny-, aghny-

Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `dairy cow'
Link to RV concordance: aghnya-; aghnya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aghni(H)aH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aghnya-, aghnya- [m] `bull (kept for breeding)'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 46
See also: a(n)- [1]; han
Avestan: OAv. agnii- [f] `dairy cow'
Certainty: +
Idioms: `waters [as] the dairy cows': Skt. po aghnys (AV+) OAv. apasc...agnii
Sanskrit: aghr- {1}

First attestation: TA
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: èvil, distress' , ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaghraH-
Page in EWAia: 47
14
See also: agha-
Avestan: YAv. ar- [f] `name of an illness'
IE form: h2egh-lo-
IE meaning: distress -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 8
Cognates in other languages: Go. aglo [f] `tribulation'
Notes: {1} [AL] The accentuation is uncertain because the accents in the TA are often corrupt.
Sanskrit: agni-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `fire, god Agni' , ,
Link to RV concordance: agni-; agny-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hagni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agny- [f] Àgni's wife' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 44
See also: angra-
Avestan: YAv. Dtni- [m] PN
Other Iranian cognates: Akk.-Iran. Ag-nu-par-nu PN (?)
IE form: h1ngwni- {1}
IE meaning: fire
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ignis [m] `fire'; Lith. ugnis [m] `fire'; OCS ogn [m] `fire'; Hitt. da-
ak-ni-i [GN]
Notes: {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal depends on the connection with the family of angra- `coal'.
Sanskrit: agra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `tip, summit, the beginning, best part' , , , , ,
Link to RV concordance: agra-; agratas; agriya-; agrima-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)agra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agratas [adv] ìn the beginning, in front' (RV, AV+); agriya- [adj]
`foremost, first' (RV+); agrima- [adj] `foremost, preceding' (RV+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 45
Avestan: YAv. ara- [adj] `first, topmost'; ariia- [adj] òf the first quality'
IE form: Hegro-
IE meaning: top ,
Certainty: ?
Idioms: àt the head of the chariots': Skt. agre rathnm (RV) Av. Araraa-; `honey(-drink) of the
best quality': Skt. madhvo agriyam (RV) Av. ariia- madu-
Notes: {1} agrima- is a contamination of agriya- and prathama-. {2} [AL] Latv. agrs èarly', etc.
cannot be related because of Winter's Law (pace EWAia).
15
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Sanskrit: agr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `virgin, unmarried woman' ,
Link to RV concordance: agr-; agru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: agruH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agru- [adj] ùnmarried (of a man)' (RV+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 46
See also: guru-
Avestan: YAv. ar- [adj] ùnmarried (of a girl)'
IE form: n-gwru-h2- {2}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The masculine is clearly a secondary formation. {2} [AL] The form is usually explained by
loss of the laryngeal in the root due to compositional shortening, but there are other ways to account
for it. First, we may be dealing with dissimilation *ngwrh2u-h2- > *ngwru-h2-. Secondly, we may
assume laryngeal metathesis in this position (*ngwrh2u-h2- > *ngwruh2-h2- > *ngwru-h2-).
Sanskrit: ah
Gramm. forms: Perfect: ha [3sg.act.] (RV+), hur [3pl.act.] (RV+), ttha [2sg.act.] (Br.+)
Meaning: `to say, speak' ,
Link to RV concordance: ah-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hadh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nir-ha- [m] èxclamation' (PB) -
Page in EWAia: 153
See also: addh
Avestan: OAv. dar [3pl.pf.act.] `to call'; YAv. dar [3pl.pf.act.] `to call'; ide [3sg.pf.med.] `be
called' {1}; paiti ... daiiit_ `he should answer'
Khotanese: pty- [verb] `to speak, say' (+ *pati-), nt'y- [verb] `to command'(+ *ni-)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The form idi ( Yt 8.48) edited so by Geldner and taken by Bartholomae as 3sg.
pass.aor. must be emended to ide (thus ms. J10), cf. adaca uiti `thus is said (to him)' ( V 4.47, N 37).
See Kellens 1984: 45; Panaino 1990: 136f. pace EWAia.
Sanskrit: aham
Part of speech: [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.)
16
Meaning: Ì' -
Link to RV concordance: aham
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajham (Skt. -h- < *-g- plus laryngeal, or, less probably, analogical from
mahyam)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aham-prva- [adj] `desirous of being first' (RV+) (< aham prvah sym);
aham-uttara- [n] `contest for pre-eminence' (AV+); ahamsana [voc.sg.] `claiming for oneself' (RV);
ahamkra- [m] `self-conciousness' (Up.+)
Page in EWAia: 155
See also: ma-
Avestan: OAv. azm [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' (the interpretation of GAv. as-ct_ ( Y 46.18) as Ì
truly', thus representing IE *h1eg without the extension *-om, is uncertain); YAv. azm
[nom.sg.pron.] Ì'
Old Persian: adam [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' -
Khotanese: aysu [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' -
Sogdian: (Chr.) zu [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì' -
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. z [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.) Ì'; Mun. z [1sg. pers. pron.] (nom.sg.)
Ì'
IE form: h1egh2om
IE meaning: I
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. g [nom.sg.pron.] Ì'; Lat. eg [nom.sg.pron.]Ì' (< PIE *h1eg-
oh(2)); Go. ik [nom.sg.pron.] Ì'
Sanskrit: ahar / ahan-

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.acc.sg. ahar (RV+); loc.sg. ahan, ahani (RV, ahni AV+), instr.sg. ahn (RV+),
dat.sg. ahne (RV+), gen.abl.sg. ahnas (RV+), dat.pl. ahabhyas (RV+), nom.acc.du. ahan (RV+),
nom.acc.pl. ah (RV), ahni (RV+), gen.pl. ahnm (RV+), loc.pl. ahasu; on the basis of the latter form
(analysed as < *ahas-su), other s-stem forms have arisen: ahobhyas [dat.pl.] (RV I,X+), ahahsu
[loc.pl.] (Br.+); secondary a-stem form gen.pl. ahnm (RV 08.022.13)
Meaning: `day, light of the day' ,
Link to RV concordance: ahar / ahan-; ahortra-; ahardivi; ahardrs-; ahanya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajh-r/n-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aho-rtra- [n] `day and night' (RV+); ahar-divi [adv] `day by day' (RV+);
ahar-drs- [adj] `seeing the day, alive' (RV); aparhna- [m] àfternoon' (AV+); prvhna- [m]
`forenoon' (RV+); sarvhnam [adv] `the whole day' (MS+); shna- [adj] `lasting a day' (AV+);
sad-aha- [m] `period of six days' (AV+); dvy-aha- [adj] `lasting two days' (SB); possibly ahanya-
[adj] `pertaining to the day' (RV). The analysis of ahan ( 01.123.04), an epithet of Usas, is uncerain.
Page in EWAia: 154
Avestan: OAv. asnam [gen.pl.] `day'; YAv. asni [loc.sg.] `day' , (the strong stem has been
replaced by Av. aiiar- [n] `day'), also thematic asne [loc.sg.], asnat_ca [abl.sg.]
Ossetic: az / anz `year' - (< PIr. gen.pl. *aznm ?)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. parn `yesterday'- (< PIr. *pra-azn-a-)
IE form: h2egh-r/n-?
IE meaning: day
17
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 7
Cognates in other languages: OHG tag [m] `day'; ON d?gr, d?gn' [n] `half day'
Sanskrit: ahi-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `snake, adder' ,
Link to RV concordance: ahi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajhi-
Page in EWAia: 156
Avestan: YAv. ai- [m] `snake, dragon'
Middle Persian: a `dragon' (LW from Avestan), '' /az/ ìd.'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. yyz `snake', Mun. yi, `snake'
IE form: h3egwhi-
IE meaning: snake
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fij `snake'
Sanskrit: ah-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: vrk-inflexion
Meaning: `cow, female of an animal' ,
Link to RV concordance: ah-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HajhiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ahs- [m] `N of a demon' (RV) (ahsuvam [acc.sg.], ahsuvas [acc.pl.?]
(RV 10.144.03))
Page in EWAia: 156
Avestan: Av. az- [adj.f.] `milking (of cows and mares)' (azm acc.sg., azii gen.sg., az nom.du. =
dev-inflexion)
IE form: h2egh- / h1egh-
IE meaning: cow -
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 7
Cognates in other languages: OIr. ag [n] `cow, cattle' or Arm. ezn `bovine' ?
Sanskrit: aj
Gramm. forms: Present I: ajati [3sg.act.] (RV+), ajate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present Ia: jate [3sg.med.]
(< *h2i-h2g-e-toi) (RV); Inf: nir-aj-e `to drive out' (RV 03.030.10)
Meaning: `to drive, sling' ,
Link to RV concordance: aj-; j-; ajira-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ajira- [adj] `quick, agile' (RV+)
18
Page in EWAia: 50
See also: aksa-; aja-; ajma-; ajman-; ajra-; astr-; ji-; nvja-
Avestan: YAv. az- [verb] `to drive (away)': azaiti [3sg.pres.act.], azaite [3sg.pres.med.]
Khotanese: hays- [verb] `to drive'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. aor. bz-, inf. btll `to lead away', Sh. bz- / bxt (+ *apa-), Yagh.
piray-, pare- [verb] `to run away' (+ *pari-)
IE form: h2eg
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to fight a battle, be engaged in a battle': Skt. prtanj- [adj] (RV) Av. pan az-; `to drive
cattle': Skt. go-ajana- [n] (RV 07.033.06) YAv. gauuza- m. `whip, stick for driving cattle', MoP
gavz, Arm. gawazan (LW from Iranian) ìd.'.
Cognates in other languages: Arm. acem [verb] `to lead'; Gr. gw [verb] `to drive, to lead, to go'; Lat.
ag [verb] `to drive, to lead, to commit'; OIr. agid [verb] `to drive'; ON aka [verb] `to ride'; To. k-
[verb] `to lead'
Sanskrit: aja- [1]

First attestation: RV, AV
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `driver' ,
Link to RV concordance: aja-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haja-
Page in EWAia: 50
See also: aj
IE form: h2ego-
IE meaning: leader
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gj [m] `leader'
Sanskrit: aja- [2]

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `billy-goat' -
Link to RV concordance: aja-; aj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haja-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aj- [f] `she-goat' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 51
See also: ajina- {1}
Avestan: YAv. aza- [m] `billy-goat'
Middle Persian: 'z(g) `goat'
IE form: h2eg-o-
IE meaning: (billy-)goat
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lith. oy~s [m] `billy-goat'; Latv. a^zis [m] `billy-goat' {2}
19
Notes: {1} aja- ùnborn' does not exist. {2} [AL] The relationship with Gr. ax, ag- `goat', etc. can
only be considered under assumption of a substratum loan word, cf. especially the typical vacillation a
: ai in Germanic and Celtic substratum words, discussed in Schrijver 1997: 303f.
Sanskrit: ajina-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `(animal) skin {1}'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajina-
Page in EWAia: 51
See also: aja-
Avestan: YAv. azina-uuant- [adj] `wearing a skin'
IE form: h2eg-ino-
IE meaning: (goat-)skin
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 7
Cognates in other languages: RussCS jazno [n] `skin, leather' {2}
Notes: {1} Original `goat skin' developed into `skin' already in PIIr. times. {2} [AL] Long acute
vowel in Slavic is due to Winter-Kortlandt's Law. For the semantic development `goat skin' -> `skin'
cf. Russ. koa `skin' < *kozi òf a goat'.

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Sanskrit: ajma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `course, path, trek' -
Link to RV concordance: ajma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajma-
Page in EWAia: 50
See also: aj
IE form: h2ogmo-
IE meaning: driving, path, furrow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gmoj [m] `furrow, swathe'
Sanskrit: ajman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `path, trek' -
Link to RV concordance: ajman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajman-
Page in EWAia: 50
20
See also: aj
IE form: h2eg-men-
IE meaning: driving
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. agmen [n] `driving, army on the march'
Sanskrit: ajra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `field, plain' . ,
Link to RV concordance: ajra-; ajriya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hajra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ajriya- [adj] `located on a plain' (RV 10.069.06)
Page in EWAia: 52
See also: aj
Avestan: YAv. azr.dai- [adj] `roaming in the fields (?)' (V) {1}
IE form: h2eg-ro-
IE meaning: pasturage
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 6
Cognates in other languages: Gr. grj [m] `field' {2}; Lat. ager [m] `field'; Go. akrs [m] `field'; Arm.
art `field'
Notes: {1} The meaning and, accordingly, the etymological attribution of this compound are very
uncertain. {2} Different accentuation in ajra- and Gr. grj.
Sanskrit: aka-
First attestation: TS+
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `pain' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)aka-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: akam [adv] ìn a bad manner, bad' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 39
See also: akti-
Avestan: Av. aka- [adj] `bad, evil'; OAv. aiiah- [comp] `worse'; acita- [sup] `worst'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: 23
Notes: {1} [AL] Kloekhorst 2008 hesitatingly connects Hitt. k- / akk- `to die, to be killed' < *h1/3ek-.
Sanskrit: aks
Gramm. forms: Present V: nir aksnoti [3sg.act.] (Br.+), aksnute [3sg.med.] (MS 4.2.9); ta-ptc.: nir-
asta- (RV 01.33.06+), upsta- (JB), aksita- (MS 4.2.9)
Meaning: `to mark, make earmarks, (+ nis) castrate' ,
Link to RV concordance: aks-; astakarna-
21
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asta-karn- [f] `with marked ears' (RV 10.062.07)
Page in EWAia: 41
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 21
Cognates in other languages: Gr. xj [adj] `sharp, stinging'
Notes: {1} Or, in order to connect this root with *h2ek- `to be sharp', we may reconstruct *h2ek-s- and
assume unusual o-grade in Gr. xj, cf. Narten 1986b.
Sanskrit: aksa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: àxle' -
Link to RV concordance: aksa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haca-
Page in EWAia: 41
See also: aj
Avestan: YAv. aa- [m] àrmpit' {2}
IE form: h2eks-
IE meaning: axle
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 6
Cognates in other languages: Gr. xwn [m] àxle'; Gr. maxa [f] `four-wheeled cart' ( < PIE *sm-
h2eks-ih2-); Lat. axis [m] àxle'; Lat. axilla [f] àrmpit'
Notes: {1} It is unclear whether words for àrmpit' belong here. {2} Meaning àrmpit' is not attested
in IA, so that it remains uncertain whether this word belongs to the àxle'-family.
Sanskrit: aksi-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: gen.sg. aksnas (RV); nom.acc.du. aks- (RV+) {1}
Meaning: èye' -
Link to RV concordance: aksi-; anaks-; anaksa-; caturaksa-; aksanvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-aks- [adj] `without eyes, blind' (RV 02.015.07); an-aksa- [adj]
`without eyes, blind' (RV); catur-aksa- [adj] `four-eyed' (RV+); aksi-bh- [m] èye-witness' (VS,
SB); aksan-vant- [adj] `having eyes, seeing' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 42
Avestan: YAv. ai [nom.acc.du.n.] èye' {2}
IE form: h3ekw-
IE meaning: eye
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. akis èye'; OCS oi [nom.acc.du.n.] èyes'; Lat. oculus [m] èye';
Gr. sse [nom.acc.du.n.] èyes'
Notes: {1} [AL] According to Kortlandt 1991: 5, -i is the original dual neuter ending. {2} Instead of
*axi, analogical to ui èars'.
22
Sanskrit: aksu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `net' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ?
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ekt- [c] `(catch-)net'; Luv. aggati- /akti-/ [c] `catch-net' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The etymology is rather uncertain, since Hitt. kt cannot regularly correspond to Skt.
ks. Note that the words for `net' are often borrowings. A connection with the word for èye' is a
distinct possibility, cf. sahasrksa- carman- (AVP 5.9.2) à hide of thousand eyes', which refers to a
net.
Sanskrit: ama-
First attestation: AV+ {1}
Meaning: `this one (here)' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hama-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: am [adv] àt home' (RV+); am kar- `to take home' (AV+); am-tya-
[m] `member of the family, housemate' (RV+); amt [adv] `from near at hand' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 95
Old Persian: amt /amata(h)/ [adv] `from then on'
IE form: h1em-o-
IE meaning: my
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mou~ [pron] `my' {2}
Notes: {1} Only attested in the formula (AV 14.2.71 with repetitions in later texts) amo `ham asmi s
tvam `This one here am I, she thou'. Probably, unrelated to amu-. {2} Connection with ama-
uncertain.
Sanskrit: amatra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `drinking vessel, dish' ()
Link to RV concordance: amatra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hamatra- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amatrin- [adj] `having a drinking vessel' (RV 06.024.09)
Page in EWAia: 96
Khotanese: handr `jar, pot' {1}
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection with amatra- uncertain (cf. Khot. hamdr, hamdrra `within'). For
theories about the etymology, cf. EWAia. Also Skt. ami, Arm. aman `dish', Gr. mh [f] `spade, scoop,
bucket', Lat. ampla `handle' are most probably unrelated.
23
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Sanskrit: amb-
First attestation: RV, MS+
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: ambiyam [acc.sg.] (RV)
Meaning: `mother' -
Link to RV concordance: amb-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HambiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ambi- [f] `mother' (RV 01.023.16: nom.pl. ambayas); ambitame
[voc.sg.adj.] `most mother-like' (RV 02.041.16); amba [interj] `hi!' (RV+); ambike, ambe, amblike
[voc.sg.] `mother!' (VS+); amb- [f] `mother' (Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 100
IE form: ? {1}
IE meaning: mother
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 36
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mmj, mma [f] `mother'; OHG amma [f] `mother'; MoHG Amme
[f] `mother'
Notes: {1} A nursery word; the IE origin is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: amhas- {1}

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `distress, trouble' ,
Link to RV concordance: amhas-; amhati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanjhas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amhati- [f] ànxiety, distress' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 38
See also: amhu-
Avestan: YAv. azah- [n] ànxiety, narrowness, distress'
IE form: h2engh-os-
IE meaning: narrowness
Certainty: +
Idioms: òvercome trouble': Skt. amhas- tari- (RV) YAv. vtar-azah-; `save from trouble': Skt.
amhas- tr- (RV) YAv. azahucit_ ... riiente
Cognates in other languages: Lat. angus-tus [adj] `narrow'
Notes: {1} Also in RV 06.003.01, where a root-noun amh- has sometimes been assumed.
Sanskrit: amhu-
24
Gramm. forms: abl.sg.n. amhos `from distress, peril' (the only attested form); amhyas- [comp]
`narrower' (AitB+)
Meaning: `narrow' -
Link to RV concordance: amhu-; amhura-; amhrana-5
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanjh-u-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amhu-bhed- [f] `having a narrow slit' (VS+); amhura- [adj] `distressed'
(RV 10.005.06); amhrana- [adj] `distressing' (RV 06.047.20), [n] `distress' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 39
See also: amhas-
Middle Persian: (Man.) hnzwg- /anzk/ [adj] `narrow'
Parthian: 'njwg- /anzk/ [adj] `narrow'
IE form: h2engh-u-
IE meaning: narrow
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 42
Cognates in other languages: Lat. angi-portus [m] `blind alley, side street'; Go. aggwus* [adj]
`narrow'; Arm. anjuk [adj] `narrow'; OCS ozk [adj] `stenj'
Sanskrit: amv-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `suffering, disease' ,
Link to RV concordance: amv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HamHua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amva-ctana- [adj] `driving away disease' (RV+); amva-han- [adj]
`destroying pain' (RV); an-amva- [adj] `healthy, unweakened' (RV+) {2}
Page in EWAia: 98
See also: ami
Avestan: YAv. amaiiauu- [f] `sorrow, torment' ( Y 71.17) {1}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Probably < *maia-u-, with introduction of the present stem *maia-. {2} Connection
with OAv. auumr ( Y 49.10) under assumption that the latter is a distortion of *anmuu- is very
uncertain. {3} Often connected with Gr. nih [f] `plague', which is improbable.
Sanskrit: amsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `part, share' ,
Link to RV concordance: amsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanca- {1}
Page in EWAia: 36
See also: nas [1]
Avestan: OAv. asa- [m] `share'
IE form: h2onk-o- / h1onk-o- {2}
IE meaning: part
25
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gkoj [m] `bulk, mass, weight'
Notes: {1} PIIr. *onco- (possibly, before the change PIE *o > IIr. *a) is borrowed into Finno-Ugric,
cf. Fi. osa `part, share, luck'. {2} Not necessarily an IE formation. Possibly a derivative of *h1nek- `to
carry' or *h2nek- `to reach'. The Schwebeablaut would, however, be remarkable.
Sanskrit: amsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `shoulder' -
Link to RV concordance: amsa-; amsiya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hansa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amsatra- [n] `shoulder armour' (RV); amsiya- [adj] òn the shoulders'
(RV)
Page in EWAia: 37
Ossetic: (I) on `shoulder blade' (< PIr. *anha-)
IE form: Homso- {1}
IE meaning: shoulder
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. amsans [acc.pl.] `shoulder'; ToA es [m] `shoulder'; ToB ntse [m]
`shoulder'; Gr. moj [m] `shoulder, armpit'; Arm. us `shoulder'; Lat. umerus [m] `shoulder'; Umb.
onse [loc.sg.] `shoulder'
Notes: {1} Possibly *h3emso-. [AL] Hitt. anassa- `(lower) part of the back' is most probably unrelated,
as it must stand for /(a)nassa-/ (Kloekhorst, forthc.)
Sanskrit: amsu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `Soma plant'
Link to RV concordance: amsu-; amsumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)ancu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amsumat- [f] `the stream of Soma' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 36
Avestan: YAv. asu- [m] `Haoma plant'; namii-asu- [adj] `with tender asu-plants (said of Haoma)'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Presumably, a loan-word of IIr. date, see Lubotsky 2001.
Sanskrit: amu-
Part of speech: [pron]
Gramm. forms: acc.sg.m. amum (RV+), dat.sg.m.n. amusmai (RV+), gen.sg.m.n. amusya (RV+),
abl.sg.m.n. amusmt (RV+), acc.sg.f. amm (RV+), nom.pl.m. am (RV+) (< *amu-i), acc.pl.m. amn
(AV+), nom.acc.pl.n. am (AV+); acc.pl.f. ams (RV+); gen.pl. amsm (RV+) (< *amu-i-)
26
Meaning: `that' ,
Link to RV concordance: asau
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hamu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amutas [adv] `from there' (RV+); amutra [adv] `there' (AV+); amuth
[adv] ìn that way' (Br.+); amuy [adv] ìn that fashion' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 98f
See also: adas
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ami
Gramm. forms: Present II: abhi amsi [2sg.act.] (RV), abhi amanti [3pl.act.] (RV), abhi amti
[3sg.act.] (VS), amsva [2sg.impv.med.] (TS) `to swear', sam amte [3du.med.] `to make a treaty'
(TS), mt [3sg.impf.act.] `to swear' (TS); Perfect: nir-emise [2sg.pf.med.] `to acquire by perjury'
(AVP 5.36.7, 9.23.4; a secondary formation); Caus: may (RV+) `to hurt, ache'; Aorist RED: amamat
(Pp. mamat) (RV) `to hurt, ache'
Meaning: `to take hold of; to swear' ,
Link to RV concordance: ami-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HamH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ama- [m] àttacking power'; amavant- [adj] `having attacking power,
powerful' (RV); anmayat- [n] `freedom from pain, health' (VS+); anmayitnu- [adj] `not hurting'
(RV); anmaya- [adj] `not hurting' (AV); srsmaya- [m] `headache' (AV); mayvin- [adj] `hurting'
(MS+); amatra- [adj] `turbulent, violent' (RV); sam-nta- [m] `connected by oath' (MS+); ntaka-
druh- [adj] `cheating on a agreement made under oath' (RV); sam-ma- òath for an agreement' (AV);
vy-ma- `renouncement' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 96
See also: amatra- (?); amv-
Avestan: OAv. ma- [m] àttacking power' ( Skt. ama-); mauuant- [adj] `tremendous, powerful,
strong' ( Skt. amavant-); YAv. ama- [m] àttacking power'; amauuant- [adj] `tremendous, powerful,
strong' , ,
IE form: h3emh3- {1}
IE meaning: to grab, take; to swear
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mnumi [verb] `to swear' (Aor. msai; fut. mou~mai); Gr. (Hes.)
moioj [adj] `bad' (?)
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems unwarranted to reconstruct PIE *h2emh3- only on the basis of Hes. moioj .
kakj. Sikelo, next to moioj (Hom.) `kakj (?)'.
Sanskrit: a(n)- [1]

Part of speech: [cmp]
Meaning: ùn-, -less' ,
Link to RV concordance: aratha-; anudra-; sant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: a(n)-
27
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-ratha- [adj] `without a chariot' (RV+); a-putra- [adj] `without a son'
(SB); an-udra- {2} [adj] `waterless' (RV); sant- [ptc.] `not being' (RV) (< PIE *n-h1sent- with long
reflex due to the initial laryngeal of the second member of the cmp.)
Page in EWAia: 35
Avestan: OAv. an-aa- [adj] ìnefficient'; YAv. a-pura- [adj] `without a son'
IE form: n {1}
IE meaning: negative prefix
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qeoj [adj] `without a god'; Gr. nudroj [adj] `waterless'; Lat. in-
ùn-'; Go. un- ùn-'
Notes: {1} Zero grade to *ne `not'. In IE, *n- was restricted to verbal adjectives and bahuvrhi-
compounds. {2} anhas originated in compounds with 2nd member in HV- (*nHV- > anV-) and then
was analogically prefixed to 2nd members with initial vocalic resonant.

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Sanskrit: anas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `heavy cart (for freight, provisions, travelling)'
Link to RV concordance: anas-; anarvis-; anadvah-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: indrnasa- [n] `big four-wheeled cart, used for building a stronghold'
(SrS.); mahnasa- [n] `big cart (for kitchen-equipment)' (AVP+); anar-vis- [adj] `whose clan is on the
cart' (RV 01.121.07) {1}; anadvah- [m] òx, draught animal' (RV+) < *anas-vah- `pulling a cart' {2}
(nom.sg. anadvn (AV), acc.sg. anadvham (RV) nom.acc.du. anadvh-au (RV), dat.pl. anadud-
bhyas (AV), loc.pl. anadut-su (RV)); anaduh- [f] `cow' (SB; MS+ anadvh-)
Page in EWAia: 71
IE form: h3enos-
IE meaning: (cart-)load
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. onus [n] `load, burden, freight; waggon-pack; trouble, effort'; Hitt.
an(n)iia- [verb] `to work' {3}
Notes: {1} anar is an analogical locative form. {2} [AL] For the explanation of the forms see
Lubotsky 2007. {3} The connection is uncertain. If the Hittite verb does belong here, then reconstruct
rather *h1enH-, cf. Melchert 1994: 85.
Sanskrit: an
Gramm. forms: instr.sg.m. anena (RV+); instr.sg.f. anay (RV+); gen.loc.du. anayos (KS+)
Meaning: `through this' ,
Link to RV concordance: an
28
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HanaH {1}
Page in EWAia: 69
See also: ay-; a- [2]
Avestan: OAv. an [instr.sg. prondem]; ani [instr.pl. prondem] {2}; YAv. ana [instr.sg. prondem]
Old Persian: an [instr.sg. prondem]
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Originally, instr.sg. m.n. of demonstrative pronoun a-. Other forms are based on this instr.
{2} These forms are unrelated to Lith. anas, OCS on `he', Gr. nh `the day after tomorrow', etc.
Sanskrit: an~c [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I(< VI): acati [3sg.act.] (RV+) (acati stands for *acati < IE *h2nk-e-); Present
I: an~cati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Abs: cy (RV 10.015.06)
Meaning: `to bend' -
Link to RV concordance: an~c- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hank-
Page in EWAia: 52
See also: anka-; ankas-; ankyant-; an~c [2]
Avestan: YAv. axnah- [n] `rein' {1}; aka- [m] `hook'- ( Yt 10.125)
IE form: h2enk
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gklh [f] `bent arm, armful'; Gr. gkn [m] èlbow'; OHG angul
`fishing rod'
Notes: {1} For other Iranian nouns, cf. ankyant-. {2} [AL] Hitt. henk-, hi(n)k-, hai(n)k (act.) `to
bestow', (midd.) `to bow' is not related.
Sanskrit: an~c [2]

Gramm. forms: Present I (< VI): ud acati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vy-acanti [3pl.act.] (AV+) (acati stands for
*acati < IE *h2nk-e-); Passive: vy-acyamna- [ptc.med.] `from which the water is being bailed' (VS+);
ta-ptc.: ud-akta- (VS+)
Meaning: `to draw, bail (water)'
Link to RV concordance: an~c- [2]; udan~cana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hank-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ud-an~cana- [m] `bucket for drawing water' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 53
See also: an~c [1]
IE form: h2enk- {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Evidently, a technical use of an~c [1] originally.
Sanskrit: andha-
29
Meaning: `blind, dark' ,
Link to RV concordance: andha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Handha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: andhas- [2] [n] `darkness' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 79
Avestan: YAv. anda- [adj] `blind'
Khotanese: hana- [adj] `blind'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'nt [adj] `blind'
IE form: h2endho-
IE meaning: blind
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 41
Cognates in other languages: Lat. andabata- [m] `gladiator fighting in a helmet without openings' {1}
Notes: {1} Presumably, containing Gall. *anda- `blind' (*'blind-fighter').
Sanskrit: andhas- [1]

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `sprout of Soma-plant'
Link to RV concordance: andhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Handhas- {1}
Page in EWAia: 79
IE form: h2endh-os-
IE meaning: sprout
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nqoj [n] `sprout, germ'; Fries. andul `fine, tender grass'
Notes: {1} Borrowed into PFU *ant > Komi od `spring greens, germ, sprout'.
Sanskrit: anehas-
Meaning: `blameless, irreproachable' - , , , ,
Link to RV concordance: anehas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: an(H)aijhas-
Page in EWAia: 75
IE form: n-h2eigwhos-
IE meaning: impeccable
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 14
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ascrj [adj] `reproachful, shameful'; Go. un-aiwisks `without
disgrace'; Go. aiwiski [n] `disgrace'
Sanskrit: anga-
30
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `member (of the body)'
Link to RV concordance: anga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanga-
Page in EWAia: 48
See also: anguri-; angustha-
IE form: h2ongo-/h2engo-
IE meaning: member
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: PGm. *ankn-: OHG ancha `neck, limb', MHG anke [w.f.] ànkle, neck'
{1}
Notes: {1} [AL] It is hardly plausible to dissociate anga- from anguri-, angustha- and from the
Germanic forms.
Sanskrit: angra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `coal'
Link to RV concordance: angra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hangra-
Page in EWAia: 48
See also: agni- (?)
Sogdian: 'nk'yr `hearth' (< PIr. *angrii-) {2}
IE form: h1ongw-l- {1}
IE meaning: (char)coal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. anglis [m] `coal'; OCS ogl [m] `coal'
Notes: {1} [AL] The forms seem to point to a HD l-stem: nom.sg. *h1ong-l, obl. h1ong-l-. {2} NP
angit `charcoal' has a different formation and is probably unrelated.
Sanskrit: anghri-
First attestation: VS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `foot' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanghri- {1}
Page in EWAia: 49
See also: nakha-
IE form: h3engwh-l-
IE meaning: foot
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. unguis [m] `nail, claw'; Gr. nux [m] `nail, claw, hoof'; Lith.
nagutis `finger nail'
Notes: {1} "Vrddhi"-formation to PIE *h3ngwh-l- ?
31
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Sanskrit: anguri-
First attestation: AV
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `finger, toe'
Link to RV concordance: svanguri-; dasngula-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanguri-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sv-anguri- [adj] `with beautiful fingers' (RV); anguli- [f] `finger' (VS+);
dasngula- [n] `length of ten fingers' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 49
See also: angustha-; anga-
Avestan: YAv. zairimiiaura- [m] `turtle, i.e. whose toes are in a house (?)' ( V 13.6)
Ossetic: ?ngwyl / ?ngul? [m] `finger'
IE form: h2eng-ul-
IE meaning: joint?
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 46
Cognates in other languages: Lat. angulus `corner, angle' [m] (< *h2eng-ulo-); OHG enchil [m] ànkle,
joint' (< PGm. *ankuli-)
Sanskrit: angustha-
First attestation: SB+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thumb' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HangutHa-
Page in EWAia: 49
See also: anguri-
Avestan: YAv. anguta- [m] `toe'
Khotanese: hamgusta- `finger'
IE form: h2engu- {1}
IE meaning: ?
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 46
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ungustus `crooked stick' (Paul. ex Fest.) ?
Notes: {1} [AL] *HangutHa- seems to be derived from the word for `finger', but its formation is
unclear.
Sanskrit: anka-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `face, appearance; front, row, array' -
Link to RV concordance: anka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaniHka-
Page in EWAia: 73
32
See also: pratka-; aksi-
Avestan: YAv. ainika- [m] `face, front (side)'
Middle Persian: ang `front'
IE form: h1eni-h3kw-o-
IE meaning: face, front
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 311, 776
Cognates in other languages: OIr. enech `face' {1}; MW enep `face' {2}; Gr. nw~pa [adv] ìn the
face, towards'; Gr. nwpV~ [adv] `before the face, openly' {3}
Notes: {1} [AL] From PC *enekwos ( Schrijver 1995: 34). {2} [AL] From PC *enekwos ( Schrijver
1995: 161); also MW wyneb `face' with irregular lengthening of the anlaut. {3} The exact relationship
of these words to anka- is unclear. We must reckon with various restorations of the original
compound.
Sanskrit: an~j
Gramm. forms: Present VII: anakti [3sg.act.] (RV+), an~janti [3pl.act.] (RV+), ankte [3sg.med.]
(RV+), an~jate [3pl.med.] {1} (RV+); Perfect: naje [3sg.] (RV), najre [3pl.] (RV), nan~ja [3sg.]
(Br.); Passive: ajyate (RV+); ta-ptc.: akta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to anoint, smear' -
Link to RV concordance: an~j-; an~jas-; jya-; n~jana-; akt-; aktu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hang-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an~jas- [n] ànointment' (RV 01.132.02); j(i)ya- [n] `clarified butter (for
sacrifice)' (RV+); n~jana- [n] òintment, fat' (RV+); akt- [f] `night' (RV 01.062.08) {2}; aktu- [m]
`flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}
Page in EWAia: 54
Avestan: YAv. viixti- [f] àdornment, make-up' ( F 81) {4}
IE meaning: to anoint -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. unguere 3 [verb] `to anoint'; OIr. imb `butter'; OHG ancho `butter';
OPr. anctan `butter'
Notes: {1} [AL] Also an~jate. {2} Most probably, ppp. `besmeared, anointed (with dark color)' with
ellipsis of the word for `night', but connection with nakt- `night' cannot be excluded. {3} It seems
hard to dissociate these meanings and connect aktu- `night' with the family of nakt-. {4} If related to
vy-akta- (RV+) àdorned, dressed up', vyakti- f. (ep.+) `manifestation'. Uncertain.
Sanskrit: anka-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hook, clamp';- [du] `part of a battle-chariot' (TS)
Link to RV concordance: anka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanka-
Page in EWAia: 47
See also: an~c- [1]
IE form: h2onk-o-
33
IE meaning: hook
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 45
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gkoj [m] `barb'; Lat. uncus [m] `hook'; Lat. uncus [adj] `bent'
Sanskrit: ankas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `turn (in a road)' - (), (), (), ( .),

Link to RV concordance: ankas-; ankasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hankas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ankasa- [m.n.] `side, groin (of a horse)' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 47
See also: an~c
IE form: h2enk-os-
IE meaning: curve -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 7
Cognates in other languages: gkoj [n.] `mountain glen' (Il.)
Sanskrit: ankyant-
First attestation: RV 06.015.17
Part of speech: [ptc.pres.act.]
Meaning: `seeking side-roads' -
Link to RV concordance: anky-; ankusa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanku-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ankusa- [m] `hook' (RV+)
See also: anka-; an~c [1]
Avestan: YAv. anku.psmna- [adj] àdorning oneself with hooks' ( Yt 17.10)
IE form: h2enk-u-
IE meaning: turn, hook
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 45
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gkulj [adj] `bent' (H+)
Sanskrit: anta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: ènd, border, boundary {1}' ,
Link to RV concordance: anta-; antaka-; antakadruh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: antya- [adj] `located at the end' (Br.+) {2}; antaka- [m] `death,
personification of Death' (RV 01.112.06 (PN?), AV+); antaka-druh- [adj] `cheating the death' (RV
10.132.04); antama- [adj] `last' (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 75
34
See also: antama-; anti
IE form: h2ent-o-
IE meaning: border
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. andeis [m] ènd'; OHG anti, enti [mn] ènd'
Notes: {1} In RV also `nearness'; the original meaning is `place to the opposite'. {2} Hardly
etymologically identical to Got. andeis, etc.
Sanskrit: antama-
Meaning: `most intimate, nearest' ,
Link to RV concordance: antama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantama-
Page in EWAia: 75
See also: antar; antara- [1]
Avestan: YAv. antma- [adj] `most intimate; under(-clothes)'
IE form: h1entmHo-
IE meaning: innermost
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. intimus [adj] ìnnermost, most intimate'
Sanskrit: antar
Part of speech: [adv, prep, prev]
Meaning: `within, between, into' ,
Link to RV concordance: antar
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: antar [adv] `between, in the middle, within' (RV+); antariksa- [n]
àtmosphere, air' (RV+) {1}; antarla- [n] ìntermediate space' (S.)
Page in EWAia: 76
See also: antara- [1]; ntra-; antas ; antama-
Avestan: OAv. antar [adv, prep, prev] `between'; YAv. antar [adv, prev] `between, within'
Old Persian: atr /antar/ [prep] `through, under, in'
IE form: h1(e)n-ter
IE meaning: between
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to place inside (-> conceal, destroy)': Skt. antar dh- (RV+) Lat. inter-fici; `to ban, expel':
OAv. antar ... mruii Lat. inter-dc
Cognates in other languages: OIr. eter [prep] `between'; Lat. inter [prep] `between, under'; Osc. anter
ìnter'; OHG untar [prep] `between'
Notes: {1} The analysis of the second part is disputed.
35
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Sanskrit: antara- [1]
Meaning: ìnterior, adjacent to; near, intimate, dear' , ,
Link to RV concordance: antara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantara-
Page in EWAia: 76
See also: antar; antama-; ntra-
Avestan: YAv. antara- [adj] ìnterior'
IE form: h1entero-
IE meaning: inner
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. interior [adj] ìnterior'; Lat. intr [adv, prep] ìnside, within' {1};
Osc. Entrai [dat.sg.f.] `name of a goddess' {2}; Gr. ntera [n.pl.] ìntestines, bowels'; OWNord. irar
[m.pl.] ìntestines, bowels' {3}
Notes: {1} Both interior and intr are based on Lat. *interus. {2} = Lat. *Intera. {3} From PGm.
*inerz.
Sanskrit: antara- [2]

Meaning: `distant, different, other' , ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantara-
See also: anya-
Avestan: YAv. antara- [adj] òther, second'
Khotanese: handara- [adj] òther'
Ossetic: ?nd?r [adj] òther (alius)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'ndyr [adj] òther'
IE form: h2entero-
IE meaning: other
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 37
Cognates in other languages: Go. an?ar òther, second'; Lith. an~t(a)ras [adj] òther, second'
Sanskrit: antas
Part of speech: [prep]
Meaning: `within, between' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: antah-peya- [n] `sipping up' (RV 10.107.09c), antas-patha- [adj] `being
on the way' (RV 05.052.10b)
36
Page in EWAia: 76
See also: antar; antastya- {1}
IE form: h1entos
IE meaning: within
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ntj [adv, prep] `within'; Lat. intus [adv] ìnside'
Notes: {1} Possibly, not a wrong sandhi-form of antar, as is usually assumed, but a reflex of old
*h1entos, cf. especially antastya-.
Sanskrit: antastya-
First attestation: Br.+
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: antastya- (AVP 7.15.7, 8.8.3; for -st- see Griffiths 2004 ad 7.15.7)
Meaning: ìntestines' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hantastia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: and `liver' (Paa (Laurovan)) {1}
Page in EWAia: 78
See also: antar; antara- [1]; antas
IE form: h1entos
IE meaning: within
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ntsqia ìntestines' {2}
Notes: {1} Cf. Paa (Chils) andastn from *antah-sthna-. {2} Not an exact correspondence of
antastya-.
Sanskrit: anti
Meaning: `before, near, facing' , ,
Link to RV concordance: anti
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanti
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: antikam [adv] `near to' (RV+); antike [adv] `close by, in the proximity of'
(RV+); antikt [adv] `from the proximity of' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 78
See also: anta-; antama-; antara- [1]
IE form: h2ent-i
IE meaning: in front ,
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 48
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nt òpposed, facing'; Arm. nd `for, instead of'; Lat. ante [prep] ìn
front of'; Gr. nt-a òver against, face to face' {1}; Hitt. h_a-an-za /hant-s/ [Noms] `front side, face'
Notes: {1} Acc.sg. of IE *h2ent- `face'.
Sanskrit: anu
37
Part of speech: [prev, prep]
Meaning: àlong, after, afterwards, further' ,
Link to RV concordance: anu
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanu-, Hnu {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anusthu, anusthuy [adv] `truly, correctly' (RV+); nu [cmp] àlong,
after' (RV+) {1}; anvan~c- [adj] `going after, following' (RV+) {2}
Page in EWAia: 73
See also: nusak; anpa-
Avestan: OAv. n [prev, prep] àlong, according to'; YAv. anu [prev, prep] àlong, according to'
Old Persian: anuv [prep] àlong, according to'
IE form: h1enu
IE meaning: along , ,
Certainty: + {4}
Page in Pokorny: 39
Notes: {1} nu is found in a few old compounds, cf. an-nukrtya- [adj] ìnimitable' (RV), nujvara-
[adj] `born after' (TS+), nuska- [adj] `shot after' (TS), etc. For nusak see s.v. {2} The weak stem
is anc- (RV acc.pl. ancas, f. anc), which also forms the basis of a few derivatives, e.g. ancna- [adj]
`successive' (RV+), anka- [n] `backbone' (AV+), ankya- [n] `backbone' (RV+), ancya- [n]
`lengthwise piece (of a seat, bed)' (AV+). {3} [AL] The difference between PIIr. Hanu and Hnu may
represent *h1enu vs. *h1onu , cf. *h1epi vs. *h1opi . {4} IE derivation is not very certain. Cf. also YAv.
ana àlong'.
Sanskrit: anpa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `marshland, coastland' ( )
Link to RV concordance: anpa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hanu-Hpa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anpya- [adj] `located in marshland' (AV 1.6.4); anva- [m] `marshy
place' (Pkt)
Page in EWAia: 74
See also: anu; pratpa-; dvpa-
IE form: h1enu-h2p-o-
IE meaning: along the water
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 51
Sanskrit: ani
Gramm. forms: Present II: aniti [3sg.act.] (RV+), anant- [ptc.act.] {1} (RV), nt [3sg.impf.act.]
(RV+); Present I: anati [3sg.act.] (AV+), nat [3sg.impf.act.] {2} (MS); Aorist IS: nisam [1sg.act.]
(Br.), nisur [3pl.act.] (AV); Perfect: na [3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: anisy (Br.); Caus: nay (AV+)
Meaning: `to breathe' -
Link to RV concordance: ani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HanH-
38
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prna- [m] `breath, breathing out, air' (RV+); apna- [m] `breathing in'
(AV+); udna- [m] `breath, gasp' (VS+); vyna- [m] `breath' (RV+); samna- [m] `kind of breathing'
(AV+); ana- [m] `breath' (SB+); na- [m] `mouth' (RV 01.052.15)
Page in EWAia: 72
See also: anila-
Avestan: YAv. ntii parntii [gen.du.] `breathing in and breathing out' {3}
IE meaning: to breathe
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nemoj [m] `wind'; Osc. anamum [Accs] ànimam'; Lat. animus [m]
`soul, spirit'; Lat. anima [f] `breeze, breath, soul'; ToB ansk- [verb] `to breathe in'; MW anadl
`breath'; Go. uz-anan [verb] `to breathe out'
Notes: {1} From IE *h2enh1-ti, *h2nh1-ent-. {2} Late thematicized present. {3} The meaning and
analysis of Yt 8.7, Yt 8.38 auuan, often taken as 3sg.impf. of this root (also by EWAia), are unclear.
For a discussion see Panaino 1990: 97.
Sanskrit: anya-
Meaning: òther, different, alien' {2} , , ,
Link to RV concordance: anya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hania- {1}
Page in EWAia: 80
See also: antara- [2]; arana-; anyatra; anyath
Avestan: Av. aniia- [adj] òther'
Old Persian: aniya- [adj] òther'
Khotanese: an~a- [adj] òther'
IE form: h2elio-
IE meaning: other
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 24 - 26, 37 - 38
Idioms: òne another': Skt. anyo anya- (RV+), Skt. anyo `nya- (TS+) OAv. anii ainm ( Y 53.5)
OP aniya aniyam
Cognates in other languages: Go. alja- [adj] òther'; Lat. alius [adj] òther'; Gr. lloj [adj] òther'
Notes: {1} IIr. *Hania- is most probably due to contamination of *h2elio- with the comparative
*h2entero-. {2} anya- means òther of more than two', antara- means `the other of two', cf. also Lat.
alius resp. alter with the same semantic difference.
Sanskrit: anyath
Meaning: òtherwise, in another manner' , , , ,

Link to RV concordance: anyath
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaniatHaH
Page in EWAia: 80
See also: anya-
39
Avestan: OAv. aniia [adv] òtherwise' ( Y 51.10)
IE form: h2enio-
IE meaning: other -
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 24 - 26, 37 - 38

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Sanskrit: anyatra
Meaning: èlsewhere'
Link to RV concordance: anyatra

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haniatra
Page in EWAia: 80
See also: anya-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'ny [adv] èlsewhere'
IE form: h2enio-
IE meaning: other
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 24 - 26, 37 - 38
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lltrioj [adj] `strange' {1}
Notes: {1} Based on an adverb similar to anyatra.
Sanskrit: ap-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: instr.sg. ap, gen.abl.sg. apas, nom.pl. pas, acc.pl. apas, instr.pl. adbhis, abl.pl.
adbhyas (with dissimilation), loc.pl. apsu
Meaning: `water'
Link to RV concordance: ap-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anapta- [adj] `waterless' (RV 09.016.03) (possibly, RV 01.124.05 aptiya-
adj. `watery' is based on *apta-); apya- [adj] `located in the water' (RV); abjit- [adj] `conquering the
waters' (RV) {1}
Page in EWAia: 81
See also: anpa-; abhpatas; dvpa-; pratpa-; ptya-
Avestan: OAv. ap- [f] `water' (apas-c [acc.pl.]); YAv. ap- [f] `water' (f [nom.sg.], ap [gen.sg.],
aibii [dat.pl.] < *ap-bhias)
Old Persian: ap- [f] `water': apiy- [loc.sg.] ìnto the water', api-im parbara `brought him into the
water', abi [instr.pl.] < *ap-bhis
Sogdian: ''p `water'
Middle Persian: b `water'
40
IE form: h2ep-
IE meaning: water
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. h?a-pa-a, h?a-ap-pa [dir] `towards the river'; ToAB p [f] `water,
river, stream'; OPr. ape `brook, small river'; Lith. upe [f] `stream, river'; Latv. upe `river, brook'
Notes: {1} Also RV apsu-jit-, with loc.pl. apsu introduced from compounds like RV apsu-ksit-,
apsu-sad- `living in the waters'. In the later language cf. further AV apsu-yoga- m. `water-
connection' and MS+ apsavya- adj. `located in the waters (of Varuna)'.
Sanskrit: apa
Meaning: àway, off' ,
Link to RV concordance: apa
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapa
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apa [pref] `without' (RV+) in several nominal compounds, like apodaka-
(RV) adj. `waterless', apa-srsan- (TS+) adj. `without a head', apa-rpa- (AV 12.4.9) n. `monstrosity'
Page in EWAia: 82
See also: apama-; apataram; apara-; apn~c-; apatya-
Avestan: Av. apa [pref] àway, from'
Old Persian: apa [pref] àway, from'
Khotanese: pa àway, without'
Other Iranian cognates: a
IE form: h2epo
IE meaning: away
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to open': Skt. apa vr- Lat. aperre; `completely away, off': Skt. appa (RV 05.034.03) Gr.
pafskw `to deceive' (if from *p-ap- `to keep off'; Dunkel's etymology).
Cognates in other languages: Gr. p, po [adv, prep] `far (from), away (from)'; Lat. ab [prep] `from,
away'; Go. af `from, away from, since'
Sanskrit: apama-
Part of speech: [adj] {1}
Meaning: `most distant, last' , ,
Link to RV concordance: apama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HapamHa-
Page in EWAia: 83
See also: apa
Avestan: OAv. apma- [adj] `last', apmm [adv] `lastly, at the end'; YAv. apma- [adj] `last';
apmm [adv] `lastly, at the end'
IE form: h2epmHo-
IE meaning: most distant
Certainty: +
41
Cognates in other languages: HLuv. apami- `west(ern)' (?) {2}
Notes: {1} Superlative to apa. {2} Connection with apama- uncertain.
Sanskrit: apara-
Meaning: `posterior, later, following' , , , , ( )
Link to RV concordance: apara-; aparam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aparam [adv] `later, in future' (RV); apar- [f] (plur. tantum) `future'
(RV+); apare-dyus [adv] òn the following day' (MS+)
Page in EWAia: 83
See also: apa
Avestan: Av. apara- [adj] `more behind, later'; aparm [adv] `later, in future'
Old Persian: apara- [adj] `later'; aparam [adv] `later, in future'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'prw, 'pr'w, (Man.) pr(w) [adv] `later, in future' (< PIr. *aparam)
IE form: h2epero- {1}
IE meaning: later
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 54
Idioms: `born later, younger': Skt. apara-ja- (VS; cf. also Singhalese varada `younger brother')
YAv. apara-zta-; `first ... second': Skt. prva- ... apara- (RV) YAv. pauruua- ... apara-
Cognates in other languages: Go. afar [prep] àfter'
Notes: {1} Comparative to *h2epo.
Sanskrit: apas- {1}

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `work, action, sacrificial act' - , , ,
Link to RV concordance: apas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apas- [adj] àctive, skilful, working' (RV+); sv-apas- [adj] `doing good
work, skilful' (RV+); apasyt [3sg.subj.act.] `to be active' (RV 01.121.07); apasy- [f] àctivity' (RV);
apasyu- [adj] àctive' (RV); apnavna- [m] PN (RV 04.007.01; RV 08.102.04) {2}
Avestan: Av. huupah- [adj] `doing good work, masterly' {3}; OAv. hauuapaha- [n] `creativity'
Middle Persian: hwp /xb/ [adj] `good'
New Persian: xb [adj] `good'
IE form: h3ep-os-
IE meaning: work
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. opus [n] `work, action'; OE efnen 3 [verb] `to perform' (< PGm.
*a?njan); OHG uoben 3 [verb] `to start to work, to practice, to worship'
Notes: {1} [AL] For pas- (RV 01.178.01 = 04.038.04) and the reconstruction of the IIr. form see
Lubotsky 1990: 131ff. {2} Possibly, derived from apnu- to apas- (i.e. `working', like tapnu- `glowing'
42
to tapas- `glow'), which may be present in an Elam.-Iran. name (from PIr. *afnu-?). {3} [AL] Also
YAv. huuapah-. For the distribution see Lubotsky 1990: 131.
Sanskrit: apataram
First attestation: MS
Meaning: `farther off' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapataram
Page in EWAia: 82
See also: apa
Old Persian: apataram [adv] `farther off, outside (of)'
IE form: h2epo
IE meaning: away
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: apatya-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: òffspring, descendant' , , , , ,
Link to RV concordance: apatya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapatia-
Page in EWAia: 82f
See also: apa
IE form: h2epotio-
IE meaning: coming behind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. apaia [f] `bottom', Latv. apaka [f] ìd.'
Notes: .
Sanskrit: apn~c- {1}

Gramm. forms: apc- [f]
Meaning: `located backwards, located behind, western' ,
Link to RV concordance: apn~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapa-Ha(n)k-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apcna- [adj] `turned backwards' (RV, AV); apka- [adj] `located behind,
distant, aside' (RV+); apk, apkt [adv] `behind' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 85
See also: apa
Avestan: YAv. apa [adv] `towards the back'; apai [adv] `backwards'; apaa [adv] `back'
Parthian: 'b'c [adv] `back'
New Persian: bz [adv] `back'
IE form: h2epo-h3kw-
IE meaning: turned backwards
43
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 53 - 55, 775 - 777
Notes: {1} Adj. in -an~c-/-ak- from apa. {2} Russ. opak(o) `wrong, turned around' is most probably
unrelated to apk-.
Sanskrit: api
Part of speech: [adv, prev, prep]
Meaning: àlso, further, even' ,
Link to RV concordance: api
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapi
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: api-dhna- [n] `cover, cloth' (RV+){1}, apcya- [adj] `secret, hidden'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 86
See also:
Avestan: OAv. aip [adv, prev, prep] àlso, later'; YAv. aipi [adv, prev, prep] àlso, especially, above,
near'
Old Persian: apiy [adv] àlso, still'
IE form: h1epi
IE meaning: on, to ,
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to close doors': Skt. dvr-apidhna- Gr. qraj pqhke; `to close, to cover': Skt. ap-vrta-
(RV) Lat. op-erre
Cognates in other languages: Arm. ew [conj] ànd'; Gr. p, pi [adv, prep] òn, at'; Gr. (Myc.) o-pi( )
[prep] ìn charge of'; Gr. piqe(n) [adv] `from behind, behind' (Hom); Gr. pssw [adv] `backwards,
after(wards)'; Gr. yi [adv] àfterwards, late' (Aeol); Lat. ob `towards, because of'
Notes: {1} [AL] SB pi-dhna- is a ghost word (pace EWAia): this form has been wrongly extracted
from a compound dvr-apidhna- n. `closing of the door' (due to the fact that the usual form of the
word for `door' in Late Vedic is dvra-). A similar origin must be assumed for pi-hita- and pi-hityai,
attested in late texts.

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Sanskrit: apnas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `possession, property' , ,
Link to RV concordance: apnas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapnas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apnasvant- [adj] `bringing property, profitable' (RV) (attested is only
apnasvat- [f]); apna-stha- [m] `possessor, well-to-do person' (RV 06.067.03) < *apnah-stha-; apna-
rj- [adj] `presiding over property' (RV 10.132.07) {1}
44
Page in EWAia: 88
Avestan: YAv. afnavhant- [adj] `rich in property'
IE form: h3ep-nos- {2}
IE meaning: property
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /happinant-/ [adj] `rich'; Lat. ops `power, wealth'; Lat. opulentus
[adj] `rich'
Notes: {1} [AL] The compound apna-rj- is presumably based on the wrong interpretation of apna-
stha-. {2} The analysis is uncertain. Pok. combines Skt. apnas- with apas-, which would mean that
apnas- continues *h3ep-nos- and is then `property acquired through work'. Gr. fenoj [n] `wealth,
fortune' is then unrelated.
Sanskrit: apsas-
First attestation: RV, AV+
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `breast, forehead, front side' , ,
Link to RV concordance: apsas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hapsas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: drghpsas- [adj] `with a long front side (of a chariot)' (RV 01.122.15);
sahasrpsas- [adj] `with a thousand faces' (RV 09.088.07)
Page in EWAia: 90
Ossetic: ?fc?g `neck, mountain pass' (doubtful: Oss. -c- does not correspond to Skt. -s-; Abaev
explains the Oss. word as loanword from Kabardian)
IE form: h2eps-os-
IE meaning: breast
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /happessar/ [n] `(body) part' (?; connection with apsas- uncertain)
Sanskrit: apv-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: ap(u)v-
Meaning: `panic, mortal fear' ,
Link to RV concordance: apv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HapuaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apuvy [verb] `to be in mortal fear, to be paralyzed by mortal fear' (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 89
Old Persian: afuv- [f] `panic, mortal fear'
Khotanese: ahva-rysa- `fear' (< PIr. *afuu-raiza- `trembling of fear' ?)
IE form: h1ep-ueh2-
IE meaning: mortal fear
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ep- [verb] `to grab' {2}
45
Notes: {1} Etymology given by Pokorny (Lith. opus `weak', etc.) is very uncertain. {2} Connection
with apv- remains uncertain (Hoffmann's etymology).
Sanskrit: ar [1] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present III: iyarti [3sg.act.] (RV+), rte [3sg.med.] (< PIIr. *Hi-Har-, *Hi-Hr-) (RV+);
Present V: rnoti [3sg.act.] {2} (RV+); rnvati [3sg.act. (them.)] (RV+); Aorist R: (ud) rta [3sg.med.]
(RV+), (sam) rata [3pl.med.] (RV), aranta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV); Perfect: (vy) ra [3sg.act.] (RV
03.030.10), (ud) ritha [2sg.act.] (RV 02.009.03), ruh [3pl.act.] (RV+); Intensive: alarti [3sg.act.]
(RV); Fut: arisy (Br.+); Caus: ray (RV+) (to the medial stem r-); na-ptc.: rna- (TS) {3}
Meaning: `to put in motion, send, move (+acc.) [act.]; to move, rise [med.]' ,
Link to RV concordance: r- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Har- (pres. *Hi-Har-ti/Hi-Hr-tai, *Hr-nau-ti; root-aor. med. *Hr-ta)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: udra- [adj] `rising up (?)' (RV 10.045.05), `superior, noble' (Ep.+)
Page in EWAia: 105
Avestan: Av. ar- [verb] `to move, rise': YAv. +uziiriti /uziiarti/ [3sg.pres.act.] ( V 19.28), OAv. rat
[3sg.pres.impv.act.] ( Y 53.8); YAv. frrnuuainti [3pl.pres.act.] ( Yt 13.46), rnauuante
[3pl.pres.subj.med.] ( Y 52.3), rnuui [3sg.pass.aor.] (on pres. stem), OAv. (uz)ruu /aru/
[2sg.aor.impv.med.] ( Y 33.12); frrnt [3pl.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 46.3); YAv. frra [3sg.pf.act.] ( N
10), ri [3sg.pf.med.]; OAv. +uziridiii /uz-ir-dii/ [pres.inf.]; YAv. viiraiieite [3sg.caus.med.]
`to raise'; urrt- [adj] `setting out powerfully'
IE form: h3er-
IE meaning: to rise
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. arnuzi [3sg.pres.act.] `to make go, transport, deport'; Hitt. arta
[3sg.pres.med.] `to stand (by); to be present, occur'; Gr. rnumi `to urge, incite'; Gr. rto
[3sg.aor.med.] `to rise, rush on'; Arm. y-arnem [verb] `to rise'; Lat. orior [verb] `to rise'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the relationship between the two roots ar see Kmmel 2000a. {2} [AL] As
argued by Kmmel 2000a: 254, rnoti in compounds with preverbs may belong to ar [2]. {3} [AL]
Formed to the quasi-root r; the root ar [1] disappears during the mantra period. {4} [AL] See Got
1987: 263 for the analysis of this form which is read by the Padaptha as ranta. In Lubotsky 1997a,
the form is given under the root r- [3] `to rest'.
Sanskrit: ar [2] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present VI: rcchati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: rat [3sg.aor.act.] (TS), (nir) rata
[2pl.aor.act.] (RV 01.004.05), rma [1pl.aor.inj.act.] {2} (RV); Caus: arpay (RV+), ta-ptc. (caus.):
arpita- (RV+), arpita- (RV 01.164.48) {3}; ta-ptc.: rta- (TS)
Meaning: `to reach, come towards, meet with' () (), , ,
Link to RV concordance: r- [2]; samara-; rtsah-; anvartitar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Har- (pres. *Hr-sca-, them.aor. *Har-a-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-ara- [m] `coming together, meeting, concourse' (RV+); rti- [f]
àttack' (VS), rti- [f] àttack, hit' (AV+), rt-sah- [adj] ènduring the attack' (RV); rtyate [denom] `to
fight, dispute' (KS+), anv-artitar- [m] `who demands back' (RV 10.109.02)
46
Page in EWAia: 106
See also: arvan-; samarana-; artha-
Avestan: Av. ar- [verb] `to reach, get somewhere': OAv. rm [1sg.aor.act.] ( Y 43.10), YAv. arnte
[3pl.aor.med.subj.] ( V 15.4) (or *arnti, Kmmel 2000a: 264); OAv. pait.rt [aor.inf.] ( Y 44.12)
Old Persian: rsa- `to come': arsm /arsam/ [1sg.impf.act.], nirsatiy /nirstiy/ [3sg.subj.act.]
Khotanese: Khot. hamara- `joint' (?)
Sogdian: (Buddh., Man.) byr-, (Chr.) byr- [verb] `to obtain, acquire, receive, find' (+ *abi-)
Middle Persian: rs- /ras-/ [verb] `to come, arrive'
New Persian: rasdan `to arrive'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. byr- [verb] `to find, obtain', m|byrs- [inch.] `to be created, to become
into existence', m|byrsy- [caus. inch.] `to create' (+ *abi-); Bactr. abir- [verb] `to obtain, find' (+ *abi-
)
IE form: h1er-
IE meaning: to arrive, get somewhere
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rcomai `to go'; Hitt. ar-i / ar- [verb] `to come (to), arrive (at)'
Notes: {1} [AL] For a discussion on the two roots ar- see Kmmel 2000a. {2} [AL] The attribution of
the thematic aorist to ar [2] is due to Kmmel 2000a. {3} [AL] Synchronically, this causative belongs
here, cf. Kmmel 2000a: 254. {4} [AL] For this form see Kmmel 2000a: 263f.
Sanskrit: ara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `spoke of a wheel'
Link to RV concordance: ara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arati- [f] `ring of spokes, total of spokes (an epithet of Agni, said of his
flames)' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 107
See also: aram; rta-; rtu-; nirrti-
IE form: h2er-o-
IE meaning: to join, assemble
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rarskw [verb] `to join together'
Sanskrit: aram
Part of speech: [adv] {1}
Meaning: `fittingly, accordingly, enough' , , , , ,
,
Link to RV concordance: aram
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haram
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: alam [adv] ènough, sufficient' (AV+); alakam [adv] ìn vain, for nothing'
(RV 10.071.06; 10.108.07)
Page in EWAia: 109
47
See also: ara-; aramati-; nirrti-
Avestan: OAv. arm [adv] `fitting, just'; YAv. arm [adv] `fitting, just'
IE form: h2or-o-
IE meaning: fitting
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. a-a-ra [adv] `right, proper(ly)' (see Kloekhorst 2008: 198 for a
discussion)
Notes: {1} Used predicatively with as- [1], bhavi-, kar-. Presumably, an old acc.sg. of adj. *ara-
`fitting'. The analysis of evre (RV 08.045.38) is unclear.
Sanskrit: aramati-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `devotion, readiness to serve, goddess of obedience' - , , ,
Link to RV concordance: aramati-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haramati-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ara-manas- [adj] òbedient' (RV 06.017.10)
Page in EWAia: 110
See also: aram; mati-
Avestan: Av. rmaiti- [f] `piety, devotion, goddess of piety' (in metrical texts four-syllabic /armati-/)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'sbnd'rmd èarth' (< PIr. *suant aramati-)
IE form: h2ero-mn-ti-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: arana- {1}

Meaning: `strange, far' ,
Link to RV concordance: arana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harana-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aranya- [n] `wilderness, jungle, desert' (RV+); aranyn- [f] `(goddess,
ghost) of the wasteland' (RV+); ranya- [adj] `living in the wilderness' (RV+); ranyaka- [n]
`doctrine for people living in the forest, Aranyaka' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 107
See also: anya-; ra-
IE form: h2el-eno-
IE meaning: other, alien
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. alius [adj] òther'; OHG ali-lenti `strange, stranger' {2}; Gall. Allo-
broges [TN] {3}
Notes: {1} Opposite: nitya-. {2} Parallel to ksetrny aranni òther countries' (RV 06.061.14). {3}
Opposed to Nitio-broges, cf. Skt. nitya-.
48
Sanskrit: arani-, aran-
Part of speech: [f] (usually, du.)
Meaning: `piece of wood used for kindling fire by attrition'
Link to RV concordance: arani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harani- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Hindi t `flour'; Niya-Pkt. ata- `flour'
Page in EWAia: 108
Avestan: YAv. aa- `ground' (< IE *h2lh1-to-); yuuarna- `pounder of the mortar' (for *yauua-arna-)
Khotanese: rr- `to grind' -
IE form: h2elh1-eni-
IE meaning: to rub, to grind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lw `to grind'; Arm. aam `to grind'
Notes: {1} Agent noun of type caksani- `looking' < IE *h2elh1-eni-.

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Sanskrit: aratni-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: èlbow, ell' -
Link to RV concordance: aratni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haratni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ratni- [m] èlbow, ell' (Late Vedic); rtn- [f] ènd of a bow' (RV+);
dhanur-rtn- f. ìd.' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 109
See also: ni-
Avestan: YAv. frrni.drjah- [n] `length of an ell'; arn [du] `two elbows' ( F 169)
Old Persian: arni /arans/ [acc.pl.] èll'
Khotanese: arnn~e [adj] òf the elbow'
New Persian: ran(j) èlbow'
IE form: Heh3l-en- {1}
IE meaning: elbow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lnh [f] èlbow, underarm'; Lat. ulna [f] èlbow(bone)'; OHG el(i)na
[f] èll'; Lith. uolektis; Latv. uo^lekts èll'
Notes: {1} [AL] The reconstruction with two laryngeals seems necessary in order to account for the
acute intonation of Lith. uolektis, Latv. uo^lekts èll' < *Heh3l-, cf. Lubotsky 1990.
Sanskrit: arbha-
49
Meaning: `small (opposite mah- `big'), young (RV 01.051.13)' ,
Link to RV concordance: arbha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harbha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arbhaka- [adj] `small, weak, young, being the age of a child' (RV+);
arbhaga- [adj] `young' (RV 01.116.01)
Page in EWAia: 119
IE form: Horbho-
IE meaning: orphan -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. orb òrphan'; Gr. rfanj [adj] òrphaned'; Lat. orbus [adj]
òrphaned'; OCS rab [m] `servant'; Go. arbi ìnheritance'; Go. arbja `heir', Fin. orpo òrphan'
(borrowing from an IE language) {1}
Notes: {1} Hitt. h?arp- `to withdraw from' is probably unrelated.
Sanskrit: arc
Gramm. forms: Present I: arcati [3sg.act.] (RV+), abhi arce [1sg.med.] (RV 05.041.08, 06.022.01),
abhy arcase [1sg.med.] (RV 10.064.03); Perfect: nrcuh [3pl.act.] (RV+), nrce [3sg.med.] (RV
01.160.04); Passive: rcyate [3sg.] (RV+); Caus: arcayas [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 03.044.02); Inf: rcase (RV)
Meaning: `to sing, praise; to shine' {1}
Link to RV concordance: rc-; arka-; arc-; arcatri-; arcaddhma-; arci-; arcin-; arcis-; suvrkti-; rkvan-
; rkvant-; rkva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hark-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arka- [m] `ray, light, shine; song, magic song' (RV+); arc- [f]
`brightness, radiance' (RV 06.034.04); arcatri- [adj] `singing, calling' (RV); arcad-dhma- [adj]
`radiating smoke' (RV 10.046.07); arci- [m] `ray, flame' (RV+); arcin- [adj] `shining' (RV); arcis-
[n] `ray' (RV+); suvrkti- [adj] `worthy of praise, singing beautifully', [f] `high price' (RV, TS); rkvan-
[adj] `singing, praising' (RV) (also rkvant- [instr.sg. rkvat- RV 04.050.05] and rkva- [adj] (RV
10.036.05))
Page in EWAia: 114
See also: rc-
Khotanese: ljs- [verb] `to sing'
IE form: h1erkw-
IE meaning: to shine; to sing, to praise
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. erc `sky'; ToA yrk `worship'; ToB yarke `worship'; Arm. erg
`song'; Hitt. rku-zi / arku- [verb] `to chant, intone'
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning `to shine, be brilliant' is rare in Vedic ( Got 1987: 97ff. and further
Roesler 1997).
Sanskrit: ard
50
Gramm. forms: Present I: rdan [3pl.impf.act.] (RV 04.017.02) {1}, ardati [3sg.act.] (AV, Br.); Aorist
R/A (?): rdantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 07.104.24); Caus: ardayati [3sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to be scattered, shake' ,
Link to RV concordance: rd-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hard-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: {2}
Page in EWAia: 117
Avestan: YAv. ardu- [n] `wound' {3} ,
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [LK] Or aorist? (s. Got 1987: 103). {2} The often connected rdra- [adj] `moist, wet'
(RV+); rddara- [adj] `tender-hearted, gentle' (RV), rdp- [adj] `?' (RV 08.077.11); rdvrdh- [adj] `?'
(RV 08.077.11) can hardly be related. Unclear is rti- [f] `calamity, sorrow' (AV+) (< *rd-t ?). {3}
Connection is rather uncertain. {4} [AL] Mayrhofer gives ON erta [verb] `to tease' and Lith. ardyti
[verb] `to separate' as the best candidates, but the ON verb has a very different meaning, while the
Lith. verb is a causative formation to irti `to disintegrate' (cf. for the intonation Derksen 1996: 286; at
any rate, the circumflex intonation of ardyti , ar~do precludes any relationship with Skt. ard- because of
Winter's Law). Gr. rdw [verb] `to moisten'; Gr. rda `dirt'; Lat. Rhodanus [RN] `Rho^ne' have
nothing to do with ard-.
Sanskrit: ardh
Gramm. forms: Present VII: rnadhat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 01.084.16), rndhant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Present
V: rdhnoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: sam-rdhyatm [3sg.impv.med.] (RV 10.085.27 , AV+),
rdhytai [3sg.subj.med.] (TS+), rdhyate {1} [3sg.med.] (TS, MS, SB); Aorist R: rdhyma
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV), rdhant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Aorist IS: vyrdhista [3sg.med.] (MSp); Aorist
mediopass: vi ... rdhi [3sg.] (YVp), sam ... rdhi [3sg.] (SB); Perfect: sam-nrdhe [3sg.med.] (RV
10.079.07), nardha [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: ardhayati (AV+); Desid: rtsant- [ptc.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.:
-rddha- `successful, prosperous' (AV+) (in asam-rddha- ùnsuccessful' (AV))
Meaning: `to succeed, be successful, go well, thrive' -
Link to RV concordance: rdh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hardh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ardhuka- [adj] `reaching' (YVp+); sam-rdh- [f] `success, coming together'
(RV+); rdhad-ri- [adj] `successfully obtaining wealth' (RV 08.046.23); rdhad-vra- [adj] `thriving in
wealth' (RV 06.003.02); rddhi- [f] `prosperity' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 118
Avestan: OAv. ardat_ [3sg.aor.subj.act.] `he should promote' ( Y 50.11); YAv. rdat_-fdr- [f] PN
(=`whose father is successful')
IE form: h2eldh- (?)
IE meaning: to succeed
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 27
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lqeto [3sg.aor.med.] `to become whole and sound' {2}
51
Notes: {1} [AL] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} The connection is
not quite certain.
Sanskrit: ardha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `side, part, region {1}' ,
Link to RV concordance: ardha-; pratyardhi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hardha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ardha- [mn] `half, party' (RV+); ardha- [adj] `half, constituting a half'
(RV+); abhy-ardhas [adv] `separately, apart' (Samh.); praty-ardhi- [adj] `possessing half of, equal to'
(RV); rdhak [adv] `separately, aside, apart' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 119
Avestan: YAv. arda- [m] `side, half'; ardah- [n] `side'
Khotanese: hala- [adj] `half'; hlai `side, part, half'
Sogdian: -'r (in compounds) `side'
Ossetic: ?rd?g [noun] `half', ?rd- (in compounds) `side, half'
IE form: h1ordho-
IE meaning: separate
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. ardyti [verb] `to separate'; er~dvas `wide, spacious' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] For the meaning see Lubotsky 1988: 71, fn. 21. {2}[AL] This Baltic root cannot be
related with Skt. ard- because of its circumflex intonation. Connection of ardha- with Lat. orbis
`circle' < PIE *h2or-dhh1-i- seems improbable to me.
Sanskrit: argha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `worth, value, price' ,
Link to RV concordance: argha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hargha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sahasrrgha- [adj] `constituting the value of a thousand cows' (RV
10.017.09); arghya- [n] `tribute' (Su+)
See also: arh
Sogdian: 'rg `price'
Ossetic: arg `price'
IE form: h2elgwh-o-
IE meaning: worth, price
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. alga [f] `wages, pay'; Fi. arvo `value, rank' (borrowed from PIr.
*arga-)
Sanskrit: arh
52
Gramm. forms: Present I: arhati [3sg.act.] (RV); arhant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Perfect: arhire [3pl.act.] (RV
10.092.11); Inf: arhase `to be equalled, to correspond' (RV 10.077.01)
Meaning: `to earn, be worth' ,
Link to RV concordance: arh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hargh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arhan [adv] ìn accordance with the worth' (RV); arhant- [m] `worthy
person' (Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 124
See also: argha-
Avestan: OAv. arjat_ [3sg.inj.] `to be worth' ( Y 50.10); YAv. arjaiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to be equal';
arja- [adj] `valuable'; arjah- [n] `worth, price'; arjat_.aspa- [m] PN
Middle Persian: `lc'n /arzn/ [adj] `valuable'; (Man.) 'rz'n [adj] `valuable'
New Persian: arzn [adj] `valuable'
IE form: h2elgwh-
IE meaning: to be of value
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lfnein [inf] `to bring in as profit'; Gr. lfei~n [aor.inf.] `to earn, to
obtain'; Lith. alga [f] `salary, pay'; Hitt. /halkuessar/ àccomplishment (for ritual)'
Sanskrit: aritar-
First attestation: RV {1}
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `rower, ferry-man' ,
Link to RV concordance: aritar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HarHtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aritra- [n] òar' (RV 01.046.08+), aritra- (AV); in SB masculine.
Page in EWAia: 112
IE form: h1erh1-ter-
IE meaning: rower
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rthj [m] `rower'; Lith. ir-ti [verb] `to row'; OHG ruodar òar' (<
PIE *h1roh1-tro-)
Notes: {1} RV 02.042.01; 09.095.02 ariteva nvam `like a ferry-man the ship'. The verbal root *ari-
has probably disappeared because of the three homonymical roots ar-.
Sanskrit: arjuna-
Meaning: `light, white, silver-coloured' , ,
Link to RV concordance: arjuna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harjuna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arjuna- [m] à kind of tree (Terminalia Arjuna)' (Cl.)
Page in EWAia: 116
See also: rjra-; rajata-
53
IE form: h2ergu-(no-)
IE meaning: light, white
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rguroj [m] `silver'; Gr. rgufoj [adj] `silver-shining' {1}
Notes: {1} Messap. argonan does not exist.

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Sanskrit: arna-
Meaning: ùndulating, bobbing'; [mn] `wave, flood, stream' ,
Link to RV concordance: arna-; arnava-; arnas-; arnasa-; arnasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arna- [m] PN of an enemy of Indra (RV 04.030.18); arnava- [adj, m]
ùndulating, bobbing; undulating flood, sea' (RV+); arnas- [n] ùndulating flood, swell, sea, sea of
air' (RV); arnasa- [adj/m] ùndulating; sea' (RV 05.054.06); arnasti- [f] `gaining the streams' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 116
See also: ar [1]
Avestan: YAv. arnum [acc.sg.m.] `swell of battle' (= Ved. arnavam)
IE form: h3erno-
IE meaning: rising (wave)
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ars [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I: arsati [3sg.act.] (RV-YVm)
Meaning: `to stream, flow' ,
Link to RV concordance: ars-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Har-
Page in EWAia: 123
See also: rsabha-; rasa-
IE form: h1ers-
IE meaning: to stream
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. r-zi / ar- [verb] `to flow'; CLuw. riia- [verb] `to flow'
Sanskrit: ars [2]

54
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ny-rsanti [3pl.act.] (RV 01.052.07) {1}, ud-rsant- [ptc.act.] `skewering
onto' (RV 10.155.02), rsati [3sg.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: ny-rsta- `(poured) full, stuffed' (RV) {1}
Meaning: `to stab, spit, bump, push, stuff' ,
Link to RV concordance: rs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Har-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arsan- [f] `sharp pain (?)' (AV 9.8.13,16,21)
Page in EWAia: 123
See also: rsti-
IE form: h2ers-
IE meaning: to stab (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /hars-/ [verb] `to tear up, to till' {2}
Notes: {1} [LK] See Got 1987: 105 contra Joachim 1978: 64f. {2} Connection with Lith. erke~tis
`thorn, sloe' is less probable.
Sanskrit: arsas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hemorroids' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harcas-
Page in EWAia: 122
Khotanese: s ìtch'
Sogdian: ''rsx, `rs'nx' `hemorroids'
IE form: h1elk-os-
IE meaning: ulcer
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lkoj [n] `wound, ulcer'; Lat. ulcus [n] ùlcer'
Sanskrit: artha-
Part of speech: [n] ([m] RV 10+)
Meaning: àim, purpose, cause, thing, object' , ,
Link to RV concordance: artha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HartHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arthay [denom] `to strive after, to set a goal' (RV+); arthin- [adj] àctive,
industrious' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 117
See also: ar [2] {1}
Avestan: Av. ara- [n] `thing, affair' , ; YAv. an-are `contrary to duty'; vii-ara-
[adj] `harmless'
IE form: h1er-tHo-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] In view of its meaning, artha- can hardly be derived from ar- [1].
55
Sanskrit: aruna-
Meaning: `reddish, reddish brown' , , [m] PN (Br.+)
Link to RV concordance: aruna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haruna-
Page in EWAia: 113
See also: arusa-; rudhira-?
Avestan: OAv. auruna- [adj] `light brown'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *aruna- [m] PN
IE form: h1el-u-(no-) {1}
IE meaning: reddish
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG elo [adj] `brown'
Notes: {1} Less probable to PIE *h1reudh-.
Sanskrit: arus-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `wound' ,
Link to RV concordance: anarvan-; anarva-, anarvana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harur / Haruan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arus- [adj] `wounded, hurt' (Br.); arus-krta- [adj] `wounded' (Br.);
ruka- [adj] `hurting, harming' (TA); ar-kar- [verb] `to wound' (Lex.) arundhat- [f] N of a medicinal
herb (< *arun-rundhat- ? `suppressing the wound') (AV); an-arvan- [adj] ìnvulnerable' (RV; also an-
arva-, an-arvana-); an-arman- [adj] ìnvulnerable' (AVS 7.7.1); arman- [n] èye-ailment' (Susr.)
Page in EWAia: 113
IE form: h1er-ur-/-uen- {1}
IE meaning: wound
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-ir-ma-an- /rman-/ ìllness'; ON ?rr [n] `scar' (< *arwiz, cf. the
Finnish loanword arpi, Gen. arven); MLG are, German (dial.) arbe `scar'
Notes: {1} [AL] This analysis is based on Hajnal 1999. In spite of Hajnal's scepticism concerning the
Germanic cognates, they may still be related.
Sanskrit: arusa-
Meaning: `reddish, light red, glowing, with the colour of fire' ,
Link to RV concordance: arusa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Harua-
Page in EWAia: 113
See also: aruna-
Avestan: YAv. aurua- [adj] `white' -
Middle Persian: arus `white'
56
Ossetic: urs / ors `white'
Other Iranian cognates: Sarm. 'Aorso, 'Alanorso (Ptol., Strabo), name of a Sarmatian tribe (lit. `the
White Alans')
IE form: h1elu-(so-)
IE meaning: `reddish'
Certainty: +
Idioms: `reddish/white steed': Skt. arvant- ... arusa- (RV) YAv. auruuant- aurua-; `reddish/white
horse': Skt. asva- ... arusa- (RV) YAv. aspa- aurua-; auruspa- `with white horses'
Sanskrit: arvan-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: arv [nom.sg.] (RV), arvnam [acc.sg.] (RV)
Meaning: `courser (also said of Agni and Indra), race-horse' , ,
Link to RV concordance: arvan-; arvant-; arvat-; arvasa-; arvasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haruan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arvant- [m] `courser, race-horse' (RV+); arvat- [f] `mare' (RV, AV);
arvasa-, arvasa- [adj] `riding a steed' (arvasebhir arvasah RV 10.092.06)
Page in EWAia: 121
See also: arusa-
Avestan: Av. auruuant- [adj] `quick'; auruuant- [m] `race-horse'; YAv. auruua- [adj] `quick,
courageous'
Old Persian: aruvasta- [n] `courage'
Middle Persian: `lwnd /arwand/ [adj] `quick, courageous'
IE form: h3er-uen(t)-
IE meaning: racing
Certainty: +
Idioms: `mighty race-horse': Skt. ugrah ... arv (RV) OAv. auruuat ... ugrng; `coursing horse':
Skt. asvnm arvatm (AVS 4.9.2c) YAv. auruuat_.aspa- `(riding on a) coursing horse'
Cognates in other languages: ON orr [adj] `quick, generous' (< PGm. *arwa-)
Sanskrit: arvn~c- {1}

Meaning: `turned towards' ,
Link to RV concordance: arvn~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haur
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: arvcna-, arvcna- [adj] `turned towards' (RV+); arvke [adv] ìn the
proximity' (RV 08.009.15; probably a parallel formation after the preceding parke); arvvat- [f]
`proximity' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 122
See also: avar
Avestan: OAv. aor-c [adv] `downwards'; YAv. aora [adv] `downwards'
Old Persian: aur [adv] `downwards'
IE form: h2eu
57
IE meaning: down
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The adjective is based on the adv. *avr > *arv ( Hoffmann 1956: 9f. = Hoffmann 1076:
390f.).

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Sanskrit: as [1]
Gramm. forms: Present II (act.; all RV+): asmi [1sg.], asi [2sg.], asti [3sg.], sthah [2du.], stah [3du.],
smah, smasi [1pl.], stha(na) [2pl.], santi [3pl.], h, st [3sg.impf.], san [3pl.impf.] (< *Ha-Hs-),
asat(i) [3sg.subj.], syt [3sg.opt.], edhi [2sg.impv.], astu [3sg.impv.], santu [3pl.impv.], sant- [ptc.] (cf.
also s.v.); Perfect: sa [1/3sg.act.] (RV+); sitha [2sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to be'
Link to RV concordance: as- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Has-
Page in EWAia: 144
See also: sant-; satya-; asu-; su [1]; su [2]; sti-; s; svasti-
Avestan: Av. ah- [verb] `to be' (act.): ahm [1sg.pres.], ah [2sg.pres.], ast [3sg.pres.], YAv. st
[3du.pres.], Av. mah [1pl.pres.], hnt [3pl.pres.], OAv. s /aas/, YAv. s [3sg.impf.], OAv. ah(-
c) [1sg.subj.], Av. ahat~, ahait [3sg.subj.], OAv. xiit~ , YAv. hiit~ [3sg.opt.], YAv. hiir
[3pl.opt.], OAv. zd [2sg.impv.], ast [3sg.impv.], hnt [3pl.impv.], Av. hant- [ptc.pres.], YAv. ha
[3sg.pf.], Av. har [3pl.pf.], OAv. sti, YAv. st [inf.]
Old Persian: ah- [verb] `to be': pres.act. 1sg. amiy, 3sg. astiy, 1pl. amahay, 3pl. hantiy, 3sg. subj.
ahatiy
Khotanese: ah- [verb] `to be': pres. 1sg. m, me, 3sg. (a)st, 3pl. nd
Sogdian: 'y- ('s-), (Chr., Man.) x- [verb] `to be': pres. 1sg. 'ym, 2sg. 'y, 3sg. 'st(y), 3pl. 'nt
Middle Persian: h- [verb] `to be': pres. 1sg. 'hym, hwm, 2sg. hy, hy', hyy, 3sg. 'st_, 'st, etc.
Parthian: 'h- [verb] `to be': pres. 1sg. 'hym, h_ym, 2sg. 'yy, 3sg. 'st, etc.
New Persian: a- [verb] `to be': 1sg. am, 2sg. , 3sg. ast, 1pl. m, 2pl. d, 3pl. and
Ossetic: is/es ìs'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y- [verb] `to be': pres. 1sg. ym, 2sg. (')y'h, 3sg. yt, 1pl. ymn, 2pl. Yf,
3pl. yl; Bactr. as- [verb] `to be, be present': pres. 3sg. asto, 1pl. namo `we are not', 3pl. nindo `they are
not', subj. 3sg. astado, opt. 3sg. asthio
IE form: h1es- {1}
IE meaning: to be
Certainty: +
Idioms: `may we be those ...': Skt. te syma (RV) Av. ti ... xiim; `who are you? to whom do you
belong?': Skt. ko 'si kasysi (Ep.) OAv. ci ah kahii ah {2}
58
Cognates in other languages: Gr. sti, st [3sg.pres.act.]; Gr. e [2sg.pres.act.]; Gr. (Myc.) /ehensi/
[3pl.pres.act.]; Gr. eh [3sg.pres.opt.] `to be'; Hitt. e-e-zi [3sg.pres.act.]; Hitt. a-a-an-zi
[3pl.pres.act.] `to be'; Lat. est [3sg.pres.act.] `to be'; Go. ist [3sg.pres.act.] `to be'
Notes: {1} 2sg.pres.act. *h1esi < *h1es-si, 3sg.pres.act. *h1es-ti, 3pl.pres.act. *h1s-enti, 3sg.opt.act. <
*h1s-ieh1-t. {2} Cf. further Schlerath II 150b, 153b, 158a, 160a. {3} abhisti- [m] `helper' (RV+),
abhisti- [f] `help, assistance' (RV+) may derive both from abhi-as- `to be superior' and from abhi-
sth- `to overpower, defeat; to rise over'.
Sanskrit: as [2]
Gramm. forms: Present IV: asyati [3sg.act.] (RV+), -s(i)yat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV-AV), -asyate
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: asths [2sg.inj.act.] (MSm), astht [3sg.inj.act.] (YVm+) {1}; Aorist A<R:
asthas [2sg.act.] (Br.) {2}; Aorist A: vy asan [3pl.inj.act.] `they throw asunder' (RV 04.003.11);
Perfect: sa [3sg.act.] (RV, AV); Passive: asyate [3sg.] (AA+); Inf: astave (YVm); -astavai (MS+); ta-
ptc.: asta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to throw, shoot' ,
Link to RV concordance: as- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Has-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrtsv-as- [adj] `hitting in the hearts' (RV); asana- [n] `throw, shot' (RV,
AV); asan- [f] `missile' (RV); astar- [m] `thrower, shooter' (RV+); astra- [n] `missile weapon, arrow'
(AV); asira- [m] `beam, ray' (< *`missile (of the sun)' ?) (RV 09.076.04)
Page in EWAia: 144
See also: asra-
Avestan: OAv. ahat_ [3sg.inj.act.] `to hit'; YAv. ( )asta- [ppp] `thrown, shot'; astar- [m] `thrower,
shooter'
Old Persian: []h[yat] [3sg.impf.pass.] `to throw' (?)
Khotanese: ah- [verb] `to throw, to shoot'
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: àrrow-shooter': Skt. astra isum (RV 01.064.10) YAv. astar- ium
Notes: {1} Irregular form resulting from the reanalysis of 2sg.med. asths (see Hoffmann 1967: 59f.).
{2} This form should be paradigmatically grouped with thematic aorists (see Hoffmann 1967: 59f.).
{3}Hitt. i-i-ez-zi [verb] `to shoot (with an arrow)': Kimball in FS Cowgill?? XXX
Sanskrit: asani-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `thunderbolt, point of an arrow' ,
Link to RV concordance: asani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asanimant- [adj] `possessing the thunderbolt' (RV
04.017.13)
Page in EWAia: 136
See also: asman-; asri-
Avestan: YAv. asng.gauua- [adj] `with hands of stone'
59
Old Persian: aanga- [m] `stone'; asan- in as druv èbony' (DSf 41), lit. `stone wood' (with "un-
Persian" -s- instead of expected --)
Khotanese: samgga- `stone'
Sogdian: sng `stone'
Middle Persian: sng /sang/ `stone'
Parthian: 'sn(n)g /asang/ `stone'
New Persian: sang `stone'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. snk `stone' (pl. sncy); Bactr. asagge `stone'
IE form: h2ek-eni- {1}
IE meaning: be sharp
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kwn [m] `javelin'; Gr. knh [f] `whetstone'
Notes: {1} A derivative of the PIE root *h2ek- `sharp, pointed'.
Sanskrit: asita-
Meaning: `dark-coloured, black' ,
Link to RV concordance: asita-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)asita-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asikn- [f] `dark night, darkness' (RV+) (also asikn- [f] as the name of a
river, RV 10.075.05); asita- [m] `black snake' (AV+); asita- [m] N. of a sorcerer, lord of the darkness
(AV+)
Page in EWAia: 146
See also: asi-?
Khotanese: {1}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] The Iranian cognates are all uncertain. YAv. hita- [adj] `defiled, unclean (?)' ( V
16.16); hiti- [f] `defilement', anhita- [adj] ìmmaculate (?)', [f] èpithet / name of a river goddess'
(the latter was borrowed to OP Anahita, Anahata = Gr. 'Anatij `N. of a goddess', only attested in late
texts), is fairly uncertain because of its consistent long - (for an attempt to explain it away see
Oettinger 1983: 353ff.). For a recent discussion of the problems and alternative etymologies see de
Vaan 2003: 66f. Also Khot. htnai [adj] `red' can hardly be related. {2} [AL] Proposed cognates in
other lgg. are very doubtful. The meaning of Hitt. hanzana- is disputed: it can be any color, snf in
some contexts it seems to mean `yarn, web'. Gr. sij [f] `mud, rubbish' is incompatible with the
reconstruction *(h2)nsi-.
Sanskrit: asti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: èighty' - 80
Link to RV concordance: asti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HactHti- {1}
Page in EWAia: 137
60
See also: asta-
Avestan: YAv. atiti- [num] èighty' (a young formation, influenced by PIr. *at èight')
IE form: h3ekth3-ti-
IE meaning: eighty
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Precise development in Indo-Aryan is unclear.
Sanskrit: asma-
Part of speech: [1pl. pers. pron.] (obl.)
Gramm. forms: acc. asmn (RV+), instr. asmbhis (RV+), dat. asmabhyam (RV+), abl. asmat (RV+),
gen. asmkam (RV+), loc. asmsu (RV+); asme [dat.gen.loc.] (RV, AV)
Meaning: ùs' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: asma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asmad in comp.: asmat-sakhi- [adj] `having us as friends' (RV+);
asmka- [adj] òur' (RV); (an-)smka- [adj] `(not) our' (AV+); asmatr [adv] `to us, with us, among
us' (RV); asmatrn~c- [adj] `turned towards us' (RV 06.044.19)
Page in EWAia: 151
See also: nas; vayam
Avestan: Av. ahma- [1pl. pers. pron.] (obl.) ùs': instr. OAv. hm ( Y 34.1, 43.10), YAv. +ahma ( Yt
1.24); abl. Av. ahmat_; dat. OAv. ahmaibii; gen. YAv. ahmkm; OAv. ahmka- [adj] òur'; OAv.
ahm.rafnah- [adj] `having support through us' ( Y 40.3)
Old Persian: amxam [1pl. pers. pron.] (gen.) òur' -
Khotanese: maha, muhu [pron] `we, us', m [pron] òur'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) m'(w), (Man. Chr.) m'x [pron] `we, us'
Middle Persian: am [pron] `we, us'
New Persian: m [pron] `we, us'
Ossetic: max `we, us, our'
IE form: ns-me
IE meaning: us
Certainty: +
Idioms: `given by us': Skt. asmad-rta- [adj] `given by us' (VS) OAv. hm.rti- [f] òur gift' ( Y
29.11, cf. Insler 1975)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Aeol.) mme, Gr. (Dor.) m [1pl. pers. pron.] (acc.) ùs' (nom.
m-j `we' is secondarily derived from the acc.); Gr. (Ion.) maj [1pl. pers. pron.] ùs' (with the
secondarily added nominal ending; nom. mei~j is secondarily derived from *m)
Sanskrit: asman-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: asnas [gen.sg.] (RV+), asn [instr.sg.] (RV+) with cluster reduction
Meaning: `stone, rock, sling-stone, thunderbolt' , ,
Link to RV concordance: asman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacman-
61
Page in EWAia: 137
See also: asani-; asri-
Avestan: YAv. asman- [m] `stone, sling-stone, heaven' (gen.sg. an = Ved. asnas)
Old Persian: asman- [m] `heaven' -
Sogdian: sm'n `heaven'
Middle Persian: (')'sm'n `heaven'
Parthian: (')'sm'n `heaven'
New Persian: smn `heaven'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 's(y)m `heaven'
IE form: h2ek-mon-
IE meaning: stone (meaning `heaven' controversial)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kmwn ànvil, meteor, heaven'; Gr. (Hes.) kmwn oranj; Lith.
akmuo~ `stone' (gen.sg. akmen~s); Lith. amuo~ (a~mens) `cut, sharpness' (secondary formation)
Sanskrit: asra-
First attestation: TB
Meaning: `painful, sore' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)asra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asra- [n] `pain, sorrow' (JB); asra- [n] `tear' (Ep, Cl) (not to asru- `tear')
Page in EWAia: 152
See also: as [2] ?
Avestan: YAv. ara- [adj] èvil'; asta- [m] ènmity' (?)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: asri-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `sharp edge, angle' ,
Link to RV concordance: caturasri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacri-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: catur-asri- [adj] `four-angled' (RV); asri- [f] `sharp edge, angle' (Br.+);
asra- [suff] `-angled' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 138
See also: asman-
IE form: h2ok-ri-
IE meaning: sharp edge
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. krij [m] `point, sharp edge, angle'; Gr. krij [f] `summit'; Lat. ocris
[m] `stony mountain'; Lat. medi-ocris [adj] `mediocre'
Sanskrit: asru-
62
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `tear' -
Link to RV concordance: asru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacru-
Page in EWAia: 138
Avestan: YAv. asr [n.pl.] `tear' ( Yt 10.38)
Khotanese: ska- `tear' (< PIr. *asruka-)
New Persian: ars, ak `tear'
IE form: h2ekru-{1}
IE meaning: tear
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 23
Cognates in other languages: ToA kr, [n.pl.] krunt `tear'; ToB akrna* [n.pl.] `tear' , ;
Lith. a~ara, aara [f] `tear'; Hitt. ishahru- `tear'; Gr. dkru `tear'; OHG zahar `tear'; Arm. artawsr
`tear'; OHG trahin `tear'
Notes: {1} [AL] The IE word most probably represented a compound *drk-h2ekru- èye-bitter' (
Kortlandt 1985b).

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Sanskrit: asrj-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. asrk (RV 01.164.04), gen.sg. asn-as (AV+), instr.sg. asn- (AV+)
Meaning: `blood' -
Link to RV concordance: asrj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hasr(g), Hasnas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asrk-pvan- [adj] `sucking blood' (AV); asrn-mukha- [adj] `with a bloody
face' (AV); asra- [adj] `consisting of blood' (Ep.); asra- [n] `blood' (Cl.)
Page in EWAia: 149
Middle Persian: r [cmp] `blood' (< PIr. *ahr ?)
IE form: h1esh2r(-gw-?), *h1sh2n-os [gen.sg.]
IE meaning: blood
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-e-?ar `blood' (e-e-na-a [gen.sg.]); ToA ysr `blood'; ToB yasar
`blood'; Gr. ar `blood'; Latv. asins `blood'
Sanskrit: asta-
Part of speech: [num]
Gramm. forms: ast, astau [nom.acc.] (RV+), astbhih [instr.] (RV+), astbhyas [dat.] (VS+),
astsu [loc.] (KS+)
Meaning: èight' - 8
63
Link to RV concordance: asta-; astvandhura-; astpad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HataH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ast-vandhura- [adj] `having eight seats' (RV 10.053.07); ast-pad-
[adj] `with eight feet (lines)' (RV+); asta (in compounds) (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 142
See also: asti-; astama-
Avestan: YAv. ata [num] èight'
Old Persian: *atahva- èighth' (in Elamite)
Khotanese: hasta [num] èight'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 't [num] èight'
Middle Persian: ht /hat/ [num] èight'
Ossetic: ast [num] èight'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. at [num] èight'
IE form: h3ekt-eh3 {1}
IE meaning: eight
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kt [num] èight'; Lat. oct [num] èight'; Go. ahtau [num] èight'
Notes: {1} Reconstruction is uncertain, also *Hokt-oH being conceivable. The e-grade is usually
reconstructed on the basis of the e-grade in other numerals. Further analysis of the numeral èight' is
highly speculative.
Sanskrit: asta-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `home, place of resting' ,
Link to RV concordance: asta-; astamke
Proto-Indo-Iranian: asta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: astam [adv] àt home' (RV+); astam ay- `to return home' (RV+); astam-
aya- [m] `sunset' (Br.+); astam-ita- [adj] `set (as the sun)' (AV+); astamke [adv] àt home' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 150
See also: nas
Avestan: YAv. asta- [n] `home, Lagersttte'
IE form: ns-to-
IE meaning: home
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nstoj [m] `return (home), safe journey'
Sanskrit: astama-
Gramm. forms: astam- [f] (AV+)
Meaning: èighth' -
Link to RV concordance: astama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hactam(H)a- {1}
Page in EWAia: 143
64
See also: asta-
Avestan: YAv. atma- [adj] èighth'
Khotanese: hastama- [adj] èighth'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'tm, 'tmyk [adj] èighth'
New Persian: hatum [adj] èighth'
Ossetic: ?st?m, ?st?jmag / ?st?jmag [adj] èighth' (cf. also Alanic stmak ìd.')
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 't(y)m [adj] èighth'
IE form: ?
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. ochtmad [adj] èighth'; Gr. gdooj [adj] èighth'; Lat. octvus [adj]
èighth'
Notes: {1} An IIr. innovation on the analogy with saptama- and dasama-.
Sanskrit: asthi-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.acc.sg. asthi (RV+; later -i- also in nom.acc.pl. asthni AV, dat.pl. asthibhyas
AV), elsewhere asthan-/asthn-: instr.pl. asthabhis (RV+), gen.sg. asthnas (AV+), gen.pl. asnm <
*asthnm (MS)
Meaning: `bone' -
Link to RV concordance: asthi-; anastha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HastH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-asth-a- [adj] `boneless' (RV+); purusstha- [n] `human bone' (AV+);
rv-astha- [n] `thigh-bone' (Br.); rv-asthi- [n] `thigh-bone' (ApSS); asthan-vant- [adj] `having bones'
(RV+); asthi-ja- [adj] `produced in the bones' (AV 1.23.4); anasthika- [adj] `without bones' (TS)
Page in EWAia: 150
See also: asthvant-
Avestan: YAv. ast- [n] `bone, body with bones' (gen.sg. ast-, astas-ca, nom.pl. asti, gen.pl. astam,
instr.pl. azdb-ca, etc.); Av. ast-uuant- [adj] `having a body with bones, material'; OAv. astn-tt-
[f] èxistence with a body, material existence' ( Y 41.3); YAv. astana- [adj] `made of bones'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'stk- `bone'
Middle Persian: ast `bone', (Man.) 'stg /astag/ ìd.'
New Persian: ast `bone'
Ossetic: ?st?g `bone'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'st(y)k `bone', M. ysty ìd.', Yi. yaste ìd.'
IE form: h3estH-
IE meaning: bone
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /hastai-/ [n] `bone'; Gr. ston [n] `bone'; Lat. os, ossis [n] `bone,
leg'
Sanskrit: asthvant-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `shank, shin' ,
65
Link to RV concordance: asthvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ast-(s)iHua- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rv-asthva- [n] `thigh and shank' (du. VS+; pl. SB, JB); pad-asthva-
[n] `feet and shanks' (Pn. 5.4.77)
Page in EWAia: 143
See also: asthi-
Avestan: YAv. ascuua- (< *ascua-) [m] `shank, shin' (acc.sg. ascm); huuascuua- [adj] `with beautiful
shanks' ( Yt 17.22)
IE form: h3est- + (s)kiHu-
IE meaning: `bone' + `shin'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: PSl. *cev (c): Russ. cevka [f] `shin(-bone) of a horse, bobbin', cev'e
`handle, shin', SCr. ci?jev [f] `pipe, barrel (of a gun), bobbin, shin-bone', OCS cevnica `lra'; PSl.
*ceva (b): Czech ceva `reed, tube', Slovak cieva `vein'; Lith. eiva (2/4), aiva (4) `bobbin', Latv.
saiva `bobbin', Lith. eivikaulis `fibula'; OE sca `shin, leg', MHG sche `post'; possibly WGm.
*skin `shin' (OE scinu f., OHG skina, skena, etc.); Gr. kwn `pillar', Arm. siwn ìd.'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the etymology of this IIr. word see Lubotsky 2002a. asthl- [f] `honey-comb
(of wild bees)' (SB 10.3.4.3,5 arksthl-, KS 37.14:94.6, JB 3.260 madhvasthl-) is probably a
non-IE word and has nothing to do with our word.
Sanskrit: astr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `(leather) whip for driving cattle'
Link to RV concordance: astr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HatraH-
Page in EWAia: 143
See also: aj
Avestan: YAv. atr- f. `whip' -
Middle Persian: 'tl /atar/ `whip'
IE form: h2eg-treh2-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to drive with a whip': Skt. astr ... pasu-sdhan- `whip, driving the cattle' YAv. atr-
hd- adj. `driving with a whip'
Cognates in other languages: Wog. atr, Hung. ostor `whip' are LW from PIIr. (?)
Sanskrit: asu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `life, existence, individual existence (also after death)' ,
Link to RV concordance: asu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hasu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asu-trp- [adj] `stealing the existence' (RV); the appurtenance of asy
[verb] `to be displeased' (RV+) is uncertain because of deviating semantics (cf. YAv. ahuii [verb]
`to earn a (future) life')
66
Page in EWAia: 147
See also: as [1]
Avestan: Av. ahu- [m] `life, existence, period of existence'; OAv. ahuu-, YAv. ahuu- [f] `life';
ahuii [verb] `to earn a (future) life'; du-ahu- [adj] `having a bad existence' ( JamaspAsa -
Humbach 1971: 24); xdaoavha- [n] `hell' ( Yt 19.44, cf. Hintze 1994: 234)
Sogdian: 'wx `mind, soul', 'ty-wx `happy', (Chr.) b'xwq, (Buddh.) 'byz'wk ùnhappy', wtm- 'x
`paradise' (< *uahita- ahu-)
Middle Persian: 'wx /x/ `soul, mood'
New Persian: dz-ax `hell'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'x [f] `mind', cxy `by heart'
IE form: h1es-u-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the higher existence': Skt. para- asu- (RV 01.140.08) OAv. parhu- ( Y 46.19); `to create
existence': Skt. asum ... janayan (RV 01.140.08) OAv. ahu zai ( Y 43.5); `living existence':
Skt. jvo asuh (RV 01.113.16) YAv. juii ahu; `to bring existence': Skt. asum ... bharmi (AVS
8.2.1) YAv. ahm baraiti; `to give life': Skt. asum ... dadtu (RV 10.059.07) Av. ahm dadt_ ( Y
46.13); dtar- ahu ( Y 50,11); `to lead to an existence': Skt. asu-nti- [f] `leading to the existence
(in the after-life)', also personified as a female deity (RV+) OAv. ahm ... naat_ ( Y 31.20)
Sanskrit: asura-
Part of speech: [m] {1}
Meaning: `god, lord, Asura, - , , N of a group of gods (since RV 10 and AV, adversaries of
the gods, demons)'
Link to RV concordance: asura-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hasura-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asurya- [adj] Àsuric' (RV+); sura- [adj] ([f] sur-) `godlike, Asuric;
(later) demonic' (RV+); suri- [m] PN (Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 147
See also: medh-
Avestan: Av. ahura- [m] `god, lord' (usually with mazd-); YAv. hiri- [adj] `with regard to
Ahura(mazd), stemming from Ahura(mazd)'; OAv. ahu-, YAv. ahu- [m] `lord', OAv. auh- /
avh- [f] `lady' ( Y 32.11)
Old Persian: aura-mazd- [m] N of the highest god, Ahuramazda (once separated aura- mazd- in
gen.sg.)
Khotanese: urmaysde `sun'
Sogdian: 'gwrmzt, (Man.) xwrmzt', xwrmztbg `Name of a god', wrmzt_ `Thursday, planet Juppiter'
Middle Persian: 'whrmzd /Ohrmazd/ `name of the highest god in Zoroastrianism', (Man.) 'whrmyzd,
'wrmzd /O(h)rmezd/ ìd.'
Parthian: 'w(h)rmyzd /O(h)rmezd/ `name of the highest god in Zoroastrianism'
New Persian: Hurmuz(d) `name of the highest god in Zoroastrianism'
IE form: h2ns-u-(ro)-
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 48
67
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /has-/ [verb] `to give birth'; hassu- `king', MoHG Asen (< PGm.
*ansuz) `name of a group of gods'. PIIr. *asura- is borrowed into FU, cf. Erzya azor(o) `lord', Mansi
tr , tr `sovereign', etc. ( Katz 2003: 169)
Notes: {1} [AL] There is no indication for an adjective `divine, powerful' in Indo-Iranian.
Sanskrit: asva-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `horse, steed' -
Link to RV concordance: asva-; asvvant-; asvavant-; asv(i)ya-; asvin-; asvin-; svina-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asv- [f] `mare' (RV+); asvvant-, asvavant- [adj] `rich in horses/mares'
(RV+); asv(i)ya- [adj, n] `pertaining to the horse, consisting of horses; possession of horses' (RV+);
asvin- [adj] èquipped with horses, owning horses' (RV+); asvin- [m] `charioteer' (RV+); asvin
[du.m] `N of the charioteering, healing and saving divine twins' (RV+); asvin- [f] `goddess at the side
of the Asvins, mother of the Asvins' (RV); svina- [adj] `looking like the Asvins (said of the Soma-
streams)' (RV), `belonging to the Asvins' (VS+), younger `N of a month in the monsoon'
See also: su-; asvatara-; rjra-, nsatya-
Avestan: Av. asp- [f] `mare'; YAv. aspa- [m] `horse'; aspaiia- [adj] `pertaining to the horse,
consisting of horses'
Old Persian: asa- [m] `horse'
Khotanese: assa- [m] `horse'
Sogdian: 'sp `horse'
Ossetic: j?fs / ?fs? `mare'
IE form: h1ekuo-
IE meaning: horse
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with quick horses': Skt. sv-asva- (RV+) YAv. su.aspa-; ùnbound horse': Skt. visita-
asva- (RV) YAv. Vtspa- [m] PN, OP vitasp- /vitspa-/ [m] PN (= òf unbound horses'); `to
appease horses': Skt. asvn pr- (RV+); Mitanni-IA Bi-ri-da-a-ua [m] PN (= Skt. *prtsva-),
Mitanni-IA Bi-ri-ia-a-u-ua [m] PN (= Skt. *priysva-) OAv. Frnspa- [m] PN; Elam.-Iran. Pir-ri-
ya-i-ba [m] PN (= Iran. *Friyspa-)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. equus [m] `horse'; OIr. ech `horse'; OE eoh `horse' {1}
Notes: {1}Hitt. (Kikkuli) assussanni- `horse-trainer' is most probably a loan word from Indo-Aryan.
Also HLuv. asu- (and Hitt. assu-, if existent) `horse' may be loan words.

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Sanskrit: asvatara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `mule' ,
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Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hacuatara- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asvatar- [f] `female mule' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 140
See also: asva-
Middle Persian: 'stl /astar/ `hinny'
New Persian: astar `hinny'
IE form: h1ekuo-tero-
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Compare also Khot. khadara- `mule' < *xara-tara- (*xara- àss'), Lat. mater-tera àunt'
with the same suffix.
Sanskrit: asi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: asnti [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist IS: sisam [1sg.act.] (AV), st [3sg.act.]
(AV), ast [3sg.inj.act.] (RV), asyma [1pl.opt.act.] (YV), asisat [3sg.act.] (AV+); Perfect: sa
[3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: asisyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus: say (Br.+) {1}; ta-ptc.: asita- èaten' (AV+),
sita- [ta-ptc. to the caus. stem] `given to eat' (SB), sv-sita- `well-satiated' (RV)
Meaning: `to eat' ,
Link to RV concordance: asi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HacH- (?) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asana- [n] èating, food' (AV+); asany- [f] `hunger' (Br.+); prsitar-
[m] èater' (AV+); asusa- [adj] `voracious' (RV); asna- [adj] `hungry' (RV); sa-, sin- èating'
(Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 136
New Persian: `food, soup' {1}
Ossetic: bas / bas? `soup' {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: 18
Notes: {1} [AL] Iranian cognates, mentioned in EWAia, are uncertain. YAv. sit ( Y 10.14) rather
means `lying' and belongs to the root -si- `to lie', cf. Humbach 1960: 27f., Oberlies 1990: 159 and
166, fn. 55. At any rate, this form cannot be derived from PIIr. *acHta- because laryngeal disappears
in this position in Iranian. The explanation of YAv. kahrksa- m. `vulture', MoP kargas `vulture' as
`chicken-eater' has a strong flavour of folk etymology and is almost certainly false. Sogd. rks, Oss.
c?rg?s èagle' show initial *- and short -a- in the second syllable, which are incompatible with the
Avestan and Persian word. I suspect that this is a borrowing, which may have been interpreted in some
of the Iranian languages as if containing the word for `chicken'. The best candidates for Iranian
cognates to Skt. asi- are MoP `food, soup' < PIr. *sia-, Oss. bas / bas? `soup' < *upa-sia-, etc. {2}
[AL] Connection of ON agn n. `bait, lure' and Gr. koloj f. `bite' with asi is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: at
Gramm. forms: Present I: sam atasi [2sg.act.] (RV 01.030.04), atamna- [ptc.med.] (RV)
69
Meaning: `to travel, wander' , ,
Link to RV concordance: at-; atya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hat-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: atya- [m] `steed, runner' - (RV+); at(i)ya- [adj] `belonging to
the steed, of steeds' (RV) {1}; at- [verb] `to roam' (Ep., Class.)
Page in EWAia: 56
Avestan: Av. xvra- [n] `well-being'; YAv. apairiira- [adj] ùnavoidable'
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 69
Cognates in other languages: Lat. annus [m] `year'; Go. a?nam [dat.pl.] `year' {2}
Notes: {1} Connection of atya- with this root is uncertain. Ved. atithi- `guest' can hardly belong here.
{2} Connection with at- uncertain.
Sanskrit: atharvan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `priest, N. of the primordial priest'
Link to RV concordance: atharvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HatHar-uan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ApSS athar-vy-usta- `burnt by fire' ??
Page in EWAia: 60
Avestan: YAv. rauuan- [m] `priest, N. of the first social class' (aqaurun [gen.sg.], etc.; qra
instead of *aqar is either graphical or due to influence of Av. tar- / qr- `fire'); aauruna- [n]
`priest's function'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The original meaning of *athar- is something like `religis-zauberhaftes Fluidum'
(Oldenberg), `magische Potenz' (Neisser). Pinault 2003 persuasively argued that this word is
connected with ToA atr, ToB etre `hero' and that the Indo-Iranian and the Tocharian terms are
borrowed from a Central Asian language.
Sanskrit: ath
Meaning: `then, thereupon, further, likewise' , , -
Link to RV concordance: atha
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HatHaH
Page in EWAia: 59
See also: a- [2]
Avestan: OAv. a [adv] `thus, so, likewise, and'; YAv. aa [adv] `thus, so, likewise, and'
IE meaning: pronoun
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 50
Cognates in other languages: Go. und [conj] ànd' (?) {1}
Notes: {1} Probably not related to atha, because of the connection of the latter with a- [2].
70
Sanskrit: ati
Part of speech: [prep, prev]
Meaning: `beyond, over' ,
Link to RV concordance: ati
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hati
Page in EWAia: 57
Avestan: YAv. aiti-bar- [verb] `to carry to'
Old Persian: atiy-i [verb] `he went, proceeded'
Khotanese: ata, at [adv] èxcessively'
IE form: h1eti
IE meaning: beyond
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ti [adv] `yet, still, besides'; Lat. et [conj] ànd'; Go. i? [conj] `but,
if'
Sanskrit: atka-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `garment, coat' ,
Link to RV concordance: atka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)atka-
Page in EWAia: 58
Avestan: YAv. aka-, at_.ka- [m] `coat, outer garment'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Idioms: `to wear a coat': Skt. vasno atkam (RV ) YAv. vahai[n]ti ... at_.ks ( N 92)
Notes: {1} [AL] Pok.'s analysis is most probably wrong.
Sanskrit: atr
Meaning: `here, there, then' ,
Link to RV concordance: atra
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hatra
Page in EWAia: 59
See also: a- [2]
Avestan: OAv. ar [adv] `here, there, then'; YAv. ara [adv] `here, there, then'
IE meaning: pronoun
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: ava
Part of speech: [prev]
71
Meaning: òff, away, down (from)' ,
Link to RV concordance: ava
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haua
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avara- [comp] ìnferior, posterior, closer, later' (RV+); avama- [sup]
`downmost, next, last' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 129
See also: avar; avn~c-; ogana-
Avestan: OAv. auu [prev, prep] `towards'; YAv. auua [prev] `towards' - ; auua-jan- [verb] `to
strike down, to kill' ,
Old Persian: ava- [prev] `down, away' -
Sogdian: - [prev] àway' ('wswt- [adj] `pure' < *aua-suxta-)
Middle Persian: - [prev] àway'
New Persian: - [prev] àway'
Ossetic: u- / o- [prev] àway'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'fsd- [adj] `pure'; Bactr. w- [prev] àway'
IE form: h2euo
IE meaning: away -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. a [adv] àgain, on the contrary'; Lat. au-fugi [verb] `to flee
(away)'; Lith. au- [prev] àway from, down from'; OCS u- [prevb] `from, away'
Notes: {1} Possibly, PIIr. *Hau changed to *Haua under the influence of *Hapa.
Sanskrit: avani-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `river bed, river, stream' ,
Link to RV concordance: avani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)auani- {1}
Page in EWAia: 131
Avestan: YAv. aoniia- [n] `heating equipment'
Khotanese: van~i `streams'
Sogdian: ''w'nh /wn/ `river'
IE form: IIR ?
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: 78
Notes: {1} The Indo-Iranian etymology of avani- is uncertain.

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Sanskrit: avar
Meaning: `down, downwards'
72
Link to RV concordance: avar; avas; avastt
Proto-Indo-Iranian: auar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avas [adv] `down, downwards' (RV+) (the form is due to reinterpretation
of sandhi -h); avastt [adv] `downwards, down, from below' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 132
See also: arvn~c-; ava
Avestan: OAv. auuar [adv] `downwards' ( Y 29.11); YAv. auuar [adv] `downwards'
IE form: h2euer
IE meaning: down
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: avas
See also: avar
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: avas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: àssistance, furtherance, help; goodness, friendliness' ,
Link to RV concordance: avas-; avasyant-; avasyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HauHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avasyant- [adj] `seeking protection' (RV 01.116.023); avasvant- [adj]
`helpful' (AV 3.26.6); avasyu- [adj] `seeking assistance, bringing assistance, helping' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 132
See also: avi
Avestan: Av. auuah- [n] `help'; YAv. auuaxiii `to help'
IE form: h1euH-os-
IE meaning: help
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: avasa-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `refreshment, food, provisions' ,
Link to RV concordance: avasa-; vay-; avisyant-; avisy-; avisyu-; anavasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hauasa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avisyant- [adj] `longing for food' (RV); avisy- [f] `gluttony' (RV);
avisyu- [adj] `gluttonous' (RV+); vay- [verb] (RV) `to eat, to digest' (suppletive to ad-): vayas
[2sg.impf.act.], vayat [3sg.impf.act.]; vayu- [adj] `desirous to eat, consuming' (AV+); anavasa- [adj]
`without provision' (RV 06.066.07)
Page in EWAia: 133
Avestan: YAv. auuaha- [n] `provision' (Humbach GGA 235 [1983] 120 XXX)
IE form: h2eu- ( LIV 244)
IE meaning: enjoy
Certainty: +
73
Cognates in other languages: Lat. avre [verb] `to long for, strive after', Alb. ha `to eat' {1}
Notes: {1} Connection with Lat. avna òats', ORuss. ovs òats' is doubtful.
Sanskrit: avasna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `place for rest, halt'
Link to RV concordance: avasna-; avastar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hauasna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avastar- [m] ùnyoker' (RV 10.027.09)
Page in EWAia: 133
See also: s; ava
Avestan: OAv. auuahna- [n] `place for rest' ( Y 33.5)
IE form: h2eu + seh2
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: avn~c-
Meaning: `turned downwards, located below, below' ,
Link to RV concordance: avn~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haua-Hak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avcna- [adj] `directed downwards, situated below' (AV+); P. avci- [m]
`N of one of the eight hells'
Page in EWAia: 133
See also: ava
Avestan: YAv. auuacin.mazah- `was (noch) geringeren Pfandwert hat (?)' ( V 5.60) (the connection
with avn~c- is uncertain, Schwyzer IF 49 [1931] 4, fn. 1 XXX)
IE form: h2eu
IE meaning: down
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: avi-
Part of speech: [m, f]
Gramm. forms: avyas [gen.sg.]
Meaning: `sheep, ram' ,
Link to RV concordance: avi-; avik-; avyaya-; avyaya-; avya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avik- [f] `little sheep' (RV 01.126.07+); avyaya-, avyaya- [adj] `coming
from sheep' (RV) {1}; avya- [adj] `coming from sheep' (RV) {2}; v-stra- `woollen hair' (S.);
vika- [adj] `woollen, coming from sheep'; [n] `woollen blanket' (SB 14.5.3.10 [=BAU]+)
Page in EWAia: 135
Middle Persian: 'kblyt `(agneau/brebis) a toison tondue' (< PIr. *vika-brt- ?)
74
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. yob, yop [pl.] `sheep' (< PIr. *vi--)
IE form: h3eui- {3}
IE meaning: sheep
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Luv. h?a-a-u-i-i `sheep'; HLuv. ha-wa/i-i-sa `sheep'; Gr. ij, ij
`sheep' (gen.sg. ioj = Ved. gen.sg. avyas); Gr. oeoj [adj] `coming from sheep'; Lat. ovis `sheep';
Arm. hoviw `shepherd'; ToB awi [nom.pl.f.] `female sheep'
Notes: {1} [AL] See for these forms Schmitt 1997. {2} [AL] Not by haplology from avyaya- ( Schmitt
1997: 285, pace EWAia). {3} [AL] The reconstruction with *h3 seems necessary in order to account
for the Anatolian and Arm. h- and for pervasive o-vocalism, in spite of the Tocharian form, which then
remains unexplained. The only alternative would be to reconstruct a static paradigm *h2oui- / *h2eui-
and assume that the attested forms have the o-vocalism of the former variant, and the h- of the latter,
which is hardly credible.
Sanskrit: avi
Gramm. forms: Present I: avati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: vt [3sg.act.] (RV+); avisas
[2sg.aor.subj.act.] (RV+); avistu [3sg.impv.act.] (RV+); aviddhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); Perfect:
va [3sg.act.] (RV+); vitha [2sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: -ta- (RV+) (yusmota- [adj] `supported by you'
(RV); indrota- [m] PN (=`supported by Indra') (RV, Br.); possibly identical with the Hurrian name In-
tar-u-da, En-dar-u-ta)
Meaning: `to help, protect'
Link to RV concordance: avi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: avitar- [m] `helper' (RV); ti- [f] `favour, help' (RV+); ma- [m] `helper,
friend' (RV+) - ,
Page in EWAia: 134
See also: avas-; oman-
Avestan: OAv. auum [1sg.pres.act.] `to help, care' ( Y 44.7); uz-iiii [inf] ( Y 46.5), auu [inf] ( Y
32.14); YAv. aomna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Yt 13.146)
Parthian: (+ *uz-) `z'w- `to save'
Other Iranian cognates: Chor. (+ *abi-) m|byw- `to help'
IE form: h1euH- (thus LIV 216)
IE meaning: to help, to protect
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. conoi [verb] `to protect'; Lat. iuure [verb] `to help, to support'
Sanskrit: ay [1]
Gramm. forms: Present II (act.): 1sg. emi, 2sg. esi, 3sg. eti, 2du. ithas, 3du. itas, 1pl. imasi, 2pl. itha,
3pl. yanti, 2sg.impv. ihi, 1sg.impf. yam, 3pl. yan (< PIE *h1e-h1i-) (RV+); Present (them.) ayate
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: iyya [3sg.act.] (RV+), yus [3pl.act.] (RV+); Fut: esyati [3sg.act.]
(AV+); ta-ptc.: ud-ita- (RV); Inf: ityai (RV) {1}
75
Meaning: `to go, walk, succeed' , ( )
Link to RV concordance: i-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ayatha- [n] `foot' (RV+); ayana- [n] `going, road'- (RV+); iti-
[f] `going, moving' (RV+); ity- [f] `going' (RV+); itvara- [adj] `going' (RV+); eman- [n] `path' (RV)
(VS ema-); eva- [m] `course, way, hurry' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 102
Avestan: Av. i- [verb] `to go': OAv. it [3sg.pres.act.] (= + ait , YAv. aiti), YAv. yeinti
[3pl.pres.act.], YAv. upit_ [3sg.impf.act.], OAv. aiien [1sg.subj.act.], id [2sg.impv.act.], idm
[2pl.impv.med.] ( Y 33.7), it [inf.]; vas.iti- [f] `well-being'; YAv. aiiana- [n] `going'; pairina- [n]
`due lifetime, (normal) course of life' ( Yt 8.54) (< PIIr. *pari-itna-, a thematization of PIE *h1it-r/n-,
cf. Lat. iter, itineris)
Old Persian: i- [verb] `to go': aitiy [3sg.pres.act.], upyam, ni(j)-yam [1sg.impf.act.], i
[3sg.impf.act.], paridiy [2sg.impv.act.] (`to respect')
Khotanese: hs- [verb] `to come' (with sec. h-) (+ *-)
Sogdian: (')'ys- [verb] `to come, arrive'; nyz-, (Chr.) ny-, (Man.) nyj(y)- [verb] `to go out, emerge'
Middle Persian: wzyh-, 'wcy- /uz-/ [verb] `to go, come out, leave, depart'
Parthian: (w)zyh- [verb] `to go out, leave'; pyd [pret.stem] `to leave, go to; vanish' (+ *apa-)
New Persian: y- (supplet. mdan < *-gam-) [verb] `to come' (+ *-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. my- [verb] `to go (in)', 'wz(y)- [verb] `to go out, come out; to rise (of
sun, stars, sim.)' (+ *uz-); Bactr. abhdo [ppp.] `the departed' (+ *apa-)
IE form: h1ei-
IE meaning: to go
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. i-it [2sg.impv.act.] `to go'; Hitt. e-hu `here!'; Hitt. iiatta
[3sg.pres.act.] ` to go, proceed'; Luv. i-ti [3sg.pres.act.] `to go'; Luv. i-du [3sg.impv.act.] `to go'; Gr.
emi [1sg.act.] `to go'; Gr. (Myc.) i-jo-te `ntej'; Lat. re `to go'; OLith. eimi [1sg.pres.act.] `to go';
Lith. ei~ti `to go'; OCS iti `to go'
Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether inoti (RV) `to send, impel' and yate (RV+) `to speed' belong to
this root.
Sanskrit: ay- [2]

Gramm. forms: iy-am [nom.sg.f.], i-d-am [nom.acc.sg.n.], i-m-am [acc.sg.m.] {1}
Meaning: `this here, he' ,
Link to RV concordance: ayam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: iyant- [adj] `so big, just so big' (RV+); adhyati- [adv] `very close, just so
far away' (RV) (= adhi + iyat-i); vant- [adj] `so big, so much, so good' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 103, 194, 207
See also: a- [2]; ana- [1]; itara-; iti; id; id; idha; drs-; m
Avestan: OAv. t_ [nom.acc.sg.n.]; YAv. m [nom.sg.f.]; imm [acc.sg.m.]
Old Persian: iyam [nom.sg.m.f.]
IE form: h1i-
IE meaning: this
76
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Cypr.) n [acc.sg.m.] (n . atV~. atn. atn Hes.); Lat. im
[acc.sg.m.]; Lat. id [nom.sg.n.] `this'; Go. is [pron.dem.] `he'; Go. ita [pron.dem.] ìt'
Notes: {1} < nom.sg.f. *h1ih2, nom.acc.sg.n. *h1id, acc.sg.m. *h1im + the added IIr. particle *-am. The
acc.sg.m. form was the basis of the IIr. pronominal stem *ima-.

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Sanskrit: ayas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `metal (in older texts, `copper', only SB+ = ìron')' , ,
Link to RV concordance: ayas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haias-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yasa- [adj], f. yas- `made of copper/iron' (RV+); ayo-agra- [adj] `with
a metal point' (RV 10.099.06)
Page in EWAia: 104
Avestan: OAv. aiiah- [n] òrdeal by metal (at the last judgment)' {2}; YAv. aiiah- [n] `metal';
aiiahana- [adj] `made of metal'; aii.ara- [adj] `with a metal point'
IE form: h2ei-os- {1}
IE meaning: copper (?)
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 15
Cognates in other languages: Lat. aes òre'; Go. aiz `metal coin'; OHG r òre'
Notes: {1} Possibly, derived from root *h2ei- `to shine, to burn'.{2} [AL] Skj?rv? 1997: 110 suggests
to take OAv. aiiah as a verb form of -ii- `to beseech'.
Sanskrit: ayog-
First attestation: VS 30.5; GrS.+
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: ayogm (VS)
Meaning: `girl without brothers or sisters'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: a-(H)iaugaH- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ayug- [f] `girl without brothers or sisters' (GrS.+)
Page in EWAia: 105
See also: a(n)- [1]; yoj
Middle Persian: 'ywk'yn' (variants: 'ywkyn' and 'ywkkyn') `daughter or sister, who is to come into a
fortune'
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Presumably, from *a-yog- ùnjoined' with -- from svasr- `mother-in-law', vadh- `young
woman', etc.
77
Sanskrit: dhra-
Meaning: `weak, poor, small' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dhra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aHdhra-
Page in EWAia: 165
See also: ndh
Avestan: OAv. dra- [adj] `weak, dependent'
IE form: nh3dh-ro-
IE meaning: in distress, weak
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `powerful vs. weak': Skt. ugram ... dhra- (RV 07.041.02) OAv. drng ... aojit ( Y 29.3)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nwqrj [adj] `sluggish'
Sanskrit: ji-
Part of speech: [mf]
Meaning: `race, competition, fight' , ,
Link to RV concordance: ji-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hji-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jim aj- `to race' (Br.)
Page in EWAia: 160
See also: aj
Avestan: YAv. zi- [m] `greed, desire' ,
Middle Persian: z `greed'
New Persian: z `greed'
IE form: h2og-i-
IE meaning: competition
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 4
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gwn [m] `(place of) competition'; OIr. ag [n] `fight, war'
Sanskrit: ma-
Meaning: `raw, uncooked' -
Link to RV concordance: ma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mis- [n] `(raw) meat' (RV+) (or rather -mis- ?)
Page in EWAia: 170
Khotanese: hma- [adj] `raw'
Sogdian: x'm `raw'
Middle Persian: h'm /xm/ `raw'
New Persian: xm [adj] `raw'
Ossetic: xom `raw'
78
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. m, also om, um [adj] `raw', Khwar. x'm `raw'
IE form: h2eh3-mo- / h3eH-mo- ?
IE meaning: raw
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. hum [adj] `raw, uncooked'; Gr. mj [adj] `raw, uncooked'
Sanskrit: ni-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: àxle-pin, linch-pin; part of the leg above the knee (Susr.)' ,
Link to RV concordance: ni-
Page in EWAia: 161
See also: kalyna-
Certainty: - {1}
Cognates in other languages: ToB on~iye*, loc.sg. on~i-ne `hip' -
Notes: {1} [AL] The anatomical meaning must be original. The word is likely to have been borrowed
from a language in Central Asia. For the etymology and connection with Tocharian on~iye* see Pinault
2003a.
Sanskrit: nusak
Meaning: ìn turn, in due course' -
Link to RV concordance: nusak
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnuak {1}
Page in EWAia: 73
See also: anu
Avestan: OAv. nu.hax [adv] ìn due course' ( Y 31.12)
IE form: h1enu
IE meaning: along
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 39
Notes: {1} [AL] The long vowel may be due to Brugmann's Law, if we assume o-grade in the PIE
compound*h1onu-sekw-s. {2} For Avestan -.h- cf. Lubotsky 1999.
Sanskrit: p
Gramm. forms: Present V: pnoti [3sg.act.] {1} (AV+); Perfect: pa [3sg.act.] (RV+), pire [3pl.med.]
(RV+), pna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Passive: pyate (YVm+); Fut: psy (Br.+); Caus: pay (Up.+);
Desid: ps- (AV+); ta-ptc.: pta- `reached, complete, known' (RV+)
Meaning: `to reach, gain, take possession of' ,
Link to RV concordance: p-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaHp-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dur-pana- [adj] `difficult to be overtaken' (RV); pti- [f] `reaching,
acquisition' (VS+; AV aty-pti-).
79
Page in EWAia: 167
Avestan: OAv. apna- [pf.med.ptc.] ( Y 33.5); apam [1pl.opt.pf.act.] `to reach'; pana- [n] `gain,
reaching' ( Y 28.10); YAv. fnte [3pl.pres.pass.] (< *pia-) `to be reached' ( Y 57.27); apaiieiti
[caus] `to hit, dominate'; apate [inf] `to overtake'
Khotanese: byev- `to receive' (< PIr. *api-pay-); byeh- `to get' (< PIr. *api-fya-); byauda- [ppp]
`received' (< PIr. *api-fta-)
New Persian: yftan `to reach'
IE form: h1ep-
IE meaning: to grab
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-ip-zi [3sg.pres.act.], ap-pa-an-zi [3pl.pres.act.] `to grab, catch';
Lat. apscor `to reach, to receive, to grab, to get'; Lat. co-p [1sg.pf.act.] `to start, to undertake'
Notes: {1} Secondary present, formed in parallel to as-no-ti. For PIIr. we can only reconstruct the
perfect, which undoubtedly was the original formation.
Sanskrit: pr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: N of particular invocations spoken previous to the offering of animals, propitiation
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaH-priH-
Page in EWAia: 169
See also: ; prayi {1}
Avestan: YAv. fr- - , `wishing (of good and bad things), blessing, curse'- ,
; friuuacah- [adj] ùttering a blessing, uttering a curse'; -frti-, -friti- [f] `wish, blessing,
curse'; frtar- [m] `blesser' !
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to propitiate (act.), to be favourably disposed (med.)': Skt. ... piprayah (RV 02.006.08)
`you will propitiate', ... pipriye ìs favourably disposed' (RV 03.051.03) YAv. -frnmi
[1sg.pres.act.] `to wish for'
Sanskrit: ra-
Part of speech: [mn]
Meaning: `distance'
Link to RV concordance: ra-; rt; re; reagha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rt [adv] `from the distance, from afar' (RV+), rakt (SB); re [adv]
`far, far away from' (RV+); re-agha- [adj] `from which evil is far away' (RV); re-satru- [adj] `from
whom the enemies are far away' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 173
See also: arana-
IE form: h2ol-o-
IE meaning: other, alien
Certainty: +
80
Page in Pokorny: 24

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Sanskrit: r- {3}
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `shoemaker's awl, bore'
Link to RV concordance: r-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraH- {1}
Page in EWAia: 173
IE form: Hol-eh2-
IE meaning: pointed instrument, tool with a thorn-like point
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG ala àwl'; ON alr àwl'
Notes: {1} PIIr. *raH- has been borrowed into FU, cf. Fin. ora àwl, bodkin, bore, etc.', Lap. oari
àwl, bodkin', Mordvin (Moksha) ora `big bodkin'.
Sanskrit: s
Gramm. forms: Present II: ste [3sg.med.] (RV+); sate [3pl.med.] (RV+); sna- [ptc.med.] (RV), s
na- [ptc.med.] (RV+) {1}; Aorist: sista [3sg.med.] (Br.+); Perfect: sm cakre [3sg.med.] (Br.+);
ta-ptc.: sita- `seated' (TS+)
Meaning: `to sit, live, settle, abide, continue' ,
Link to RV concordance: s-; svsastha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaHs-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sa- [n] `seat' (Up.); sv-sa-stha- [adj] `located on a good seat' (RV) (may
also contain *sas-); sana- [n] `sitting, dwelling' , (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 181
See also: as [1]
Avestan: YAv. h- [verb] `to sit': hire [3pl.pres.med.], hna- [ptc.pres.med.]
Khotanese: h- [verb] `to sit, live, dwell': ste [3sg.pres.med.]
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. arm-auimo [1sg.pres.], armasto [3sg.pret.] `to be present, be
(temporarily) resident, stay' (< *arma- + *h- / sta-)
IE form: h1eh1s- {2}
IE meaning: to sit
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /s-/ : /as-/ [verb] `to sit'; HLuv. is- [verb] `to sit'; Luv. itartalli-
[adj] `looking like a throne' (< IE *h1eh1s-tro- `seat'); Gr. stai [3sg.pres.med.] `to sit'
Notes: {1} [AL] This form is not well explained. {2} [AL] Most probably, based on reduplicated
present.
81
Sanskrit: s-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: s [instr.sg.] `with the mouth, before one's eyes, present, visible' (RV); - sas
[abl.sg.] (RV); other case forms are based on san- [n] (san, sani [loc.sg.], sn [instr.sg.] (RV+))
and sya- [n] `mouth, jaws' (RV+)
Meaning: `mouth, face' ,
Link to RV concordance: s-; ans-; svs-; daghna-; sannisu-; say; st
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hs-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ans- [adj] `without a mouth (about the Dasyus)' (RV) {1}; sv-s- [adj]
`with a beautiful mouth' (RV); daghna- [adj] `reaching up to the mouth' (RV) (< *s-d ); sya-
daghna- [adj] `reaching up to the mouth' (KS); sann-isu- [adj] `having arrows in the mouth' (RV
01.084.16); say [adv] `before one's eyes' (RV); st [adv] `from the proximity' (a nonce form in
parallel to drt `from afar') (RV)
Page in EWAia: 181
See also: ostha-
Avestan: Av. h- [n] `mouth' (OAv. h [gen.sg.], h [instr.sg.], YAv. ha [instr.sg.]); YAv.
(rduu.-)han- (?) {2}
Khotanese: ha- `mouth' in hnha- `sen-mukha, van of an army', eha [loc.sg.] ìn the mouth'
IE form: h1eh3-os- / h1eh3-es-
IE meaning: mouth
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with the mouth, with the tongue': Skt. s jihvay (RV 01.140.02) OAv. hizuu ... h
`with the tongue ... of the mouth' ( Y 31.3)
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ai / i- [n] `mouth' (nom.sg. a-i-i, gen. sg. i-a-a-a); Lat. s [n]
`mouth'; OIr. a `mouth'; Lat. prnus [adj] `bent forward' (< *pr-sn-o- ?)
Notes: {1} Not a-ns- `without a nose' > `with a flat nose'. {2} [AL] Cf. also paraca `before (my)
eyes' ( Yt 8.1), Gershevitch apud Panaino 1990: 89.
Sanskrit: sa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: àshes, light dust' , , ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsa- / HaHsa-
Page in EWAia: 182
Khotanese: {1}
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. ynak àshes' (< PIr. *h(a)naka-)
IE form: h2os-o-/h2eh2s-o-
IE meaning: ashes
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ridus [adj] `dry'; OHG asca àshes'; Hitt. ha-a-as-sa- /hassa-/
`hearth'; Lat. ra [f] `fire-altar'; Osc. aasai [dat.sg.f.] `fire-altar' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection of Khot. astauc `dry land', Armenian astou, atou `dry' (LW from
Iranian) seems doubtful to me, because its fomration is unclear. {2} [AL] Hitt. a-a-zi [3sg.pres.act.]
82
`to be left over' can hardly be related, but if Hitt. hass- àshes; soap; dust' is connected, which seems
quite probable, then the reconstruction must be adjusted to *h2eh1s-o-.
Sanskrit: s-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `space, region' ,
Link to RV concordance: s-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: c-/acas-
Page in EWAia: 178
Avestan: YAv. asah- [n] `region, place'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. sdl `to live'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: srta-
Meaning: `mixed through (with milk)'
Link to RV concordance: srta-; sir-; srvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: -crH-ta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sir- [f] `milk which is mixed with the Soma juice' (RV+); sr-vant- [adj]
`mixed with milk' (RV+); siradugh- [adj] `mixing milk with soma juice' (SrS.)
See also:
Sogdian: (Chr.) 'srty [adj] ùnited' (< *-sarta-ka- ?)
IE form: krh2
IE meaning: mix
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. -kratoj [adj] ùnmixed' (< PIE *n-krh2-to-)
Sanskrit: su-
Gramm. forms: syas- [comp] `quicker' (Br.); sistha- [sup] `quickest, very quick' (RV+)
Meaning: `fast, quick'
Link to RV concordance: su-; suy; supatvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaHcu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: suy [adv] `quick, fast' (RV); su-patvan- [adj] `flying fast' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 179
Avestan: Av. su- [adj] `fast, quick'; OAv. asita- [sup] `very quick' ( Y 30.10, Y 34.4); YAv. suii
[adv] `quickly' ( Skt. suy); siiah- [comp] `quicker, faster'; sita- [sup] `very quick'
Khotanese: sk `deer' (< PIr. *suka-)
Sogdian: ''s(')wk' `gazelle, hind' (< PIr. *suka-)
Middle Persian: 'hwk' /hk/ `gazelle' (< PIr. *suka-)
83
New Persian: h àntelope'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'sk àntelope', [f] 'sk'n `hind'; Bal. sk àntelope'; Pash. osay `deer'
IE form: h3eHku- / HoHku-
IE meaning: quick
Certainty: +
Idioms: `quick horse': Skt. sum asvam (RV) YAv. suca asp Gr. kej ppoi; `having quick
horses': Skt. svasva- [adj] (RV) YAv. su.aspa- [adj]; `possession of quick horses': Skt. svasvya-
[n] (RV) YAv. su.aspiia- [n]; `to harness the quick ones': Skt. yunajmi ... s (RV) OAv. yaogt_
s ( Y 44.4), asit yaojant ( Y 30.10); `quick sun': Skt. sum ... sryam (AV) Gr. koj 'Heloio;
`having a fast chariot': Skt. su-ratha- [adj] (VS; RV already su- ratha-) Med. *su-raa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kj [adj] `fast, swift'; Gr. kistoj [sup] `fastest'; Lat. cior [comp]
`faster'; Lat. cius [adv] `faster' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The interpretation of Lat. acu-pedius [adj] `with fast feet'; Lat. accipiter [m] `hawk,
falcon' (< *acu-) is troublesome.
Sanskrit: t-
Part of speech: [f.pl.]
Meaning: `door-frame, door-posts'
Link to RV concordance: t-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HantaH- {1}
Page in EWAia: 163
Avestan: YAv. aiii- [f.pl.] `door-post' (only pl.) {2}
Sogdian: pdynd `threshold' (< PIr. *pati-ant )
IE form: h2(e)nHteh2-
IE meaning: door-post
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 42
Cognates in other languages: Lat. antae [f.pl.] `wall posts of a temple'; ON ond [f] `front room,
corridor'; Arm. drand `door-post'
Notes: {1} [AL] Beekes (apud de Vaan 2003: 136) suggests a hysterodynamic paradigm nom.sg.
*h2enHt-h2, acc.sg. *h2nHt-eh2-m, gen.sg. *h2nHt-h2os > PIIr. *anti, *tm, *thas. The Avestan form
would be then a derivative *anti. {2} [AL] Here also probably P 49 ahuua loc.pl. `house', cf.
JamaspAsa - Humbach 1971: 72 and de Vaan 2003: 136.
Sanskrit: ti-
First attestation: RV, VS+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `duck'
Link to RV concordance: ti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: t- [f] `duck' (TS+); ti- [f] à species of bird' (S) (with secondary
retroflex)
Page in EWAia: 163
Khotanese: ce [pl] `water birds, geese' (< *ati--)
Ossetic: acc `wild duck' (< *ati-- ?)
84
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. yo `duck'; Yi. yxko `duck' (< *ati--)
IE form: h2nh2-ti-
IE meaning: duck
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Ion.) nh~ssa, (Att.) nh~tta [f] `duck' ; Lat. anas [f] `duck'; Lith. antis
[f] `duck'; OHG anut [f] `duck'
Sanskrit: tman-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. tm, acc.sg. tmnam, loc.sg. tmani; weak stem: instr.sg. tman, dat.sg.
tmane, loc.sg. tman(i), sometimes also acc.sg. tmanam (RV 01.063.08), puru-tmnam `rich in life-
breath' (RV 08.002.38)
Meaning: `breath, soul, self' {1} ,
Link to RV concordance: tman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HaHtman-
Page in EWAia: 164
IE form: h1eh1t-men-
IE meaning: breath
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OS a^thum `breath' (here probably also Gr. tor `heart')
Notes: {1}Also in reflexive usages (RV+).

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Sanskrit: vam
Part of speech: [1du. pers. pron.]
Gramm. forms: older nom. vm (RV 06.055.01), acc. vm (Br.+) (sometimes also nom.), instr.
vbhym (AitB), abl. vat (TSp), gen. vayos (TS+)
Meaning: `we both'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaH
Page in EWAia: 176
See also: nau
Avestan: OAv. v [1du. pers. pron.] (nom.) `we both' ( Y 29.5; uu in Y 29.7 is probably not the
acc. of this pronoun, but a preverb Skt. ava)
IE form: (nh3)-ue (?)
IE meaning: we both -
Certainty: +
85
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Att.) n [1du. pers.pron.] ùs both' (< PGr. *n-ue); Go. ugkis [1du.
pers.pron.] ùs both' (PGm. *un- < PIE *nH- ?); Go. wit, OIc. vit, OCS ve, Lith. ve-du (< *ue-)
Sanskrit: vis
Gramm. forms: Usually with as [1], kar and bhavi
Meaning: èvidently, before the eyes' , ,
Link to RV concordance: vis; vistiya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vistiya- [adj] àpparent, manifest' (RV) (probably, secondary for
*visiya-, cf. OAv. uuiia-); vistama- [sup] `being most visible' (JB)
Page in EWAia: 177
See also: uve
Avestan: Av. uui [adv] èvidently, before the eyes' (with ah- `to be'); OAv. uuiia- [adj] `manifest'
Middle Persian: krg [adj] `manifest' (< PIr. *ui-kr ); cf. also Arm. akaray òpen, not hidden'
(LW from Iranian)
IE form: h2ou-is {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 78
Cognates in other languages: OCS (j)ave [adv] `manifest, known' (LW from Iranian); Lat. audre
[verb] `to hear' (< PIE *h2euis-d ); Gr. as-qnomai [verb] `to perceive' (< PIE *h2euis-d ); Hitt. u-
uh-hi [1sg.pres.act.] `to see' (< *Hou-)
Notes: {1} [AL] For the formation of vis cf. bahis, nis. The only way to unite all these forms is to
assume an original root *h2eu- `to see, preceive'. In PIIr., *h2ou-is regularly gives *Hui with
lengthening in accordance with Brugmann's Law. Slavic *(j)av, (j)ave must then be a LW from
Iranian, which seems acceptable because the form and the meaning are conspicuously similar (note
further the circumflex in the Slavic root, which precludes any laryngeal length). Hitt. u-uh-hi
[1sg.pres.act.] `to see' shows the regular loss of *h2/3 in front of *o (Kortlandt's rule).
Sanskrit: yu-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `life, life span' ,
Link to RV concordance: yu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yu- [n] `life, lifetime' (RV); yu- [adj, m] `full of life, lively; human
(with a lifetime), the one now living' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 171
See also: yus-; drghyu(s)-; yos; yuvan-; yuvasa-; yahu-
Avestan: Av. iiu- [n] `life, lifetime, time' (gen.sg. OAv. yao, dat.sg. OAv. yauui, yauu, YAv.
yauue); yauua-s- [adj] `thriving forever'; OAv. yauua-j- [adj] `living forever'
Ossetic: (I) jau `life'
IE form: h2oiu- (gen.sg. *h2eius; secondary*h2ieus; in compounds *-h2iu-)
IE meaning: (allotted) lifetime
Certainty: +
86
Idioms: `life(time) disappears, expires': Skt. ksityu- (RV) [adj] `whose lifetime has expired' Gr.
an fqintw `may his life go away'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ae, aj, aw~, an [adv] `forever'; Gr. an [m] `lifetime, time,
duration'; Lat. aeuom, aevum [n] (also aevus [m]) `lifetime, eternity'; Go. aiwam [dat.pl.], aiwins
[acc.pl.] `times'; Go. aiweins [adj] èternal'; OHG wg [adj] èternal'; Gr. o [neg] `not'; Arm. o`
[neg] `not'
Sanskrit: yus-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `life, life span'
Link to RV concordance: yus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hius-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yusmant- [adj] `vigorous' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 171
See also: yu-; drghyu(s)-; yos; yuvan-
Khotanese: osku [adv] `forever' (< PIr. *yu-ka-m)
IE form: h2oiu-(s)
IE meaning: allotted lifetime
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ae, aj, aw~, an [adv] `forever'; Gr. an [m] `lifetime, time,
duration'; Lat. aeuom, aevum [n] (also aevus [m]) `lifetime, eternity'; Go. aiwam [dat.pl.], aiwins
[acc.pl.] `times'; Go. aiweins [adj] èternal'; OHG wg [adj] èternal'; Gr. o [neg] `not'; Arm. o`
[neg] `not'
Sanskrit: babhru-
Meaning: `reddish brown, brown' ( - )
Link to RV concordance: babhru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhabhru-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: babhlusa- [adj] `brownish' (YV); b/paprunnu [adj] an epithet of horses
(Mitanni-IA)
Page in EWAia: 2.210
Avestan: YAv. babra- [m] `beaver'
IE form: bhebhru-
IE meaning: beaver -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG bibar `beaver' (< PGm. *?e?ru-); OHG brn [adj] `brown' (< PIE
*bhruH-no-)
Sanskrit: bahis
Meaning: òutside, from outside, out' ,
87
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhajhis {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bahir-tmam [adv] òut of oneself' (KS+); bahir-loma- [adj] `having the
hair turned outwards' (MS, KS); bahir-vedi [adv] òutside the sacrificial altar' (MS+); bhya- [adj]
`located outside' (AV+); bahirdh [adv] òut, outward, outside' (VS+)
Middle Persian: b àway, out' (?) {1}
IE form: bhegh-
IE meaning: outside
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS bez [prep] `without'; Lith. be [prep] `without'; Latv. bez [prep]
`without'
Notes: {1} Connection with bahis uncertain. {2} [AL] Jasanoff (Acts Copenhagen, XXX) explains
the ending -is as an original instr.pl. ending (cf. PIE instr.pl. *-is < *-o-is), cf. further vis, nis.
Sanskrit: bahu-
Gramm. forms: bahv- [f]; bamhyas- [comp] `very fat' (MS); bamhistha- [sup] `strongest, most'
(RV+);
Meaning: `many, much, frequent, numerous, abounding in'
Link to RV concordance: bahu-; bahula-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(h)bhajhu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bahula- [adj] `thick, dense, wide, spacious' (RV+); bahutaya- [adj]
See also: bamh
Avestan: OAv. bzuuant- [adj] `dense' ( Y 40.3)
Khotanese: balysga- [adj] `wide, large' (< PIr. *bazulaka- ?)
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. bazowm [adj] `much' (Iran. LW)
IE form: d(h)bhngh-u-
IE meaning: dense
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pacj [adj] `thick, dense, stocky' (psswn [comp], pcistoj [sup]);
Gr. paculw~j [adv] `roughly'; Hitt. panku- [adj] `total'
Sanskrit: bamh
Gramm. forms: Caus: bamhayate [3sg.med.] (KS, MS, Br.); ta-ptc.: blha- (RV 01.181.07); ni-
blha- (RV 01.106.06)
Meaning: `to make stronger, make dense' ,
Link to RV concordance: bamh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(h)bhanjh {2}
See also: bahu-
88
Avestan: OAv. bzuuant- [adj] `thick, dense' ( Y 40.3), YAv. bazah- [n] `thickness, density'; Av.
dbaz- (baz-) [verb] `to support, consolidate': OAv. dbazait, YAv. bazaiti [3sg.pres.act.]; OAv.
dbazah- [n] `support' ( Y 47.6)
Khotanese: baysga- [adj] `thick, deep; many, large'; bas- [verb] `to be suitable'
Sogdian: b'nz [adj] `wide, coarse', (Man.) b'nzq'wyy `thickness, density'
Parthian: bz- [verb] `to receive help'
New Persian: dabz [adj] `thick, coarse (as cloth)'
Ossetic: b?zgin / b?zgin [adj] `thick, dense'; b?zzyn / b?zzun [verb] `to suit, fit, be fit for'
Other Iranian cognates: Sariq. divez [adj] `thick, fat', Yzgh. dvuz ìd.'
IE form: d(h)bhengh- {1}
IE meaning: to make dense
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] This root is clearly a "Reimbildung" to *h2emgh- `to tie in' or even a compound, cf.
PSl. *debel [adj] `fat'; PSl. *dobl(j) [adj] `strong' or Skt. dabhra- `small' (?) {2}[AL] Iranian
shows secondary semantic development along the lines `to make dense' > `to make strong, sturdy' >
`to be helpful, supportive'.
Sanskrit: bandh
Gramm. forms: Present IX: abadhnt [3sg.impf.act.] (RV+), -badhnmas [1pl.act.] (AV+), badhna
[2sg.impv.act.] (AV+), abadhnata [3pl.impf.med.] (AV+); Perfect: babandha [3sg.pf.act.] (AV+); -
bedhur [3pl.pf.act.] (AVS 09.03.06 AVP 16.39.06), bedhe [3sg.med.] (AV); Passive: badhyate
[3sg.] (RV+); Fut: bhantsymi [1sg.act.] (YVm+); Caus: bandhay (SB+); Inf: -badhe (AVS 05.28.11
= AVP 02.59.9); Abs: baddhv (AV+); ta-ptc.: baddha- (RV+)
Meaning: `to bind, fasten'
Link to RV concordance: bandh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bandh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bandha- [m] `bond, fetter' (RV+); bandhana- [m.n.], -n- [f] `binding'
(RV+)
See also: bandhu-
Avestan: YAv. bandaiieiti [3sg.act.] `binds'; banda- [m] `bond, fetter'; basta- [ppp] `bound'
Old Persian: basta- [ppp] `bound'; bandaka- [m] `vassal, follower'
Khotanese: ban~- [verb] `to bind'; basta- [ppp] `bound'
Sogdian: bynd- [verb] `to bind'; byst- [ppp] `bound'
Middle Persian: band-, bastan [verb] `to bind'; band `connection, link'; bandag `servant'
Parthian: bnd- [verb] `to bind'; byst- [ppp] `bound'
New Persian: band-, bastan [verb] `to bind'; band `connection, link'; banda `servant'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bncy- [verb] `to bind'; Khwar. bstyk- [ppp] `bound'
IE form: bhendh-
IE meaning: to bind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pei~sma (< PGr. *p(h)enth-sma) [n] `rope, cord'; OHG bintan [verb]
`to bind'; Go. bandi `fetter, bond'; MoHG binden [verb] `to bind'; MoHG Band [n] `fetter, bond'
89
Sanskrit: bandhu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `relative, relation, association, close connection' ,
Link to RV concordance: bandhu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhandhu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: subandhu- [adj] òf good family, having good relatives' (RV); u-ba-an-
du `N of a prince from Palestine' (Mitanni-IA)
See also: bandh
IE form: bhendh-u-
IE meaning: relative
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. penqerj [m] `father-in-law, brother-in-law, son-in-law'; OFr. bst
`marital connection' (< PGm. *band-stu-); Lith. ben~dras [m] `companion, comrade'; Lith. ban~dius
`companion, partner, friend'

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Sanskrit: barh
Gramm. forms: Present AYA/Caus: ni barhay `to lay low' (RV+); Present VI<VII: brmha (SB+)
(created on the model of drmha ); Aorist IS: ni barht [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); Intensive: upa barbrhat
[3sg.subj.act.] `to underlay, to put underneath' (RV 05.061.05), upa barbrhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV
10.010.10) {1}; ta-ptc.: pari-brdha- `firm, strong' (SB+)
Meaning: `to make strong, make lofty, firm' , ,
Link to RV concordance: brh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bharjh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: barhas- `firmness, strength' (RV+) in compounds adri-barhas- [adj] `firm
like rock' (RV+), dvi-barhas- [adj] `having double strength' (RV), barhan [adv] `with strength,
power' (RV)
See also: brhant-
Avestan: OAv. barzman- [n] èlevated place, height'; YAv. us ... barzaiieni [1sg.caus.subj.act.] `to
make strong / big' ( Y 10.108); brz- [adj] `high, lofty, loud', [f] `mountain' (nom.sg. bar); (
)barzah- [n] `height'; barna [instr.sg.] èlevated place, height'; rtii.barzan- [adj] `high as a
spear' ( Y 9.11); barnu- [m] `height, top'
Old Persian: barn [instr.sg.] `height (depth)'
Khotanese: OKhot. balysga- `high', bulysa- `long'
Sogdian: brz `long, loud'
Middle Persian: bn /ban/ `top, peak, height'; bwl /burz/ `high'
90
Parthian: bwrz /burz/ `high, loud'
New Persian: burz `height'
Ossetic: barz `high place, kurgan'
IE form: bhergh-
IE meaning: to become high, to rise
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. park- [verb] `to rise'; ToB. prk- [verb] `to rise (of the sun)';
MoHG Berg [m] `mountain'; MoHG Burg [f] `castle'
Notes: {1} These forms may belong to a different PIE root, *bhelgh- `to swell, to put underneath smth.
swelling', cf. s.v. barhis-.
Sanskrit: barhis-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `straw, sacrificial straw, bed of kusa-grass strewed over the sacrificial ground' ,
Link to RV concordance: barhis-; barhisad-; barhismant-; barhisya-; upabarhana-; upabarhan-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: bharjhi- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: barhisad- [adj] `sitting on the sacrificial straw' (RV+; with -s- < -s-s-);
barhismant- [adj] `pertaining to the sacrificial straw' (RV+); barhisya- [adj] `belonging to the
sacrificial straw' (RV+); upabarhana- [n] `pillow, cushion, basis' (RV+); upabarhan- [f] ìd.' (RV
01.174.07)
Avestan: YAv. barzi- [n] `pillow, cushion'; barzi.hauuant- [adj] `having cushions'; barsman- [n]
`bundle of grass, bundle of twigs'
Middle Persian: b'ln /bli/ `cushion, pillow'
New Persian: bli `cushion, pillow'
Ossetic: baz `cushion, pillow', nyv?rz?n / niv?rz?n `head end of the bed, pillow' (< PIr. *ni-barzana-)
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. blit `cushion', Sh. vdz `cushion', Y. virzane (< *brzanaka-)
`cushion'
IE form: bhelgh-
IE meaning: to swell
Certainty: +
Idioms: `fuel and straw': Skt. idhm-barhis- (RV) YAv. asma ... barsma; `to spead the straw':
Skt. pra strnte ... barhih YAv. barsma (fra-)star-
Cognates in other languages: OIr. bolgaim [verb] `to swell'; ON bolginn `swollen'; SCr. blazina
`pillow'; Umb. felsva `feast after the sacrifice' (< IE *bhelgh-s-uo- `having pillows')
Notes: {1} With -i- instead of -a- due to the influence of *stari- `straw'.
Sanskrit: barhistha-
Meaning: `very strong, very elevated, very loud'
Link to RV concordance: barhistha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bharjh-istHa-
91
See also: brhant-
Avestan: Av. barzita- [sup] `highest'
Middle Persian: blist [sup] `highest'
IE form: bherjh-istHo-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: bhu-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: bhav [nom.acc.du.] (RV) = YAv. bzauua
Meaning: àrm, forearm, forefoot of an animal'
Link to RV concordance: bhu-; sahasrabhva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaHjhu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-bhuk [adv] ìn the same line, at the same height' (YV+), sahasra-
bhva- [adj] `with a thousand arms' (RV 08.045.26)
Avestan: OAv. darg.bzu- [adj] `having long arms'; YAv. bzu- [m] àrm'; ura.bzu- [adj] `having
strong arms'; uz-bzu- [adj] `having raised arms'; vbzu- [m] `fathom, measure of the outstretched
arms'
Khotanese: bysua- àrm' < PIr. *bzu-ka-
Middle Persian: b'dwky (Psalter) àrm' < SWIran. *bdu-
New Persian: bz àrm'
Ossetic: bazyg/bazug àrm'; ivazyn/ivazun [verb] `to extend, stretch' < PIr. *vi-bz-, a denominative
to PIr. *ui-bzu-.
IE form: bheh2ghu-
IE meaning: arm ,
Certainty: +
Idioms: àrm-strong': Skt. bhv-ojas- [adj] (RV) YAv. bzu.aojah- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ph~cuj [m] `forearm, arm, ell'; ON bgr [m] àrm, shoulder, prow';
MoHG Bug [m] `prow'; ToA poke àrm'; ToB poko* àrm'
Sanskrit: bhaj
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhajati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: abhaksi [1sg.med.] (RV); abhakta
[3sg.med.] (RV), abhkta [3sg.med.] (AB), abhksam [1sg.act.] (YV); SI-impv: bhaksi (RV);
Perfect: babhja [3sg.act.] (RV, SB); bheje [3sg.med.] (RV+), bhejire [3pl.med.] (RV+); Passive: vi-
bhjyamna- {1} [ptc.] `being shared out' (AV 12.5.28), vi-bhjyante {1} [3pl.] àre distributed' (MSp
2.2.13:25.13); vi bhajyate [3sg.] (YVp+); Fut: bhaksyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus: bhjayata
[2pl.impv.act.] `to make share, to make partake' (RV 10.009.02+); Desid: bhiksate [3sg.med.] `to
beg' (RV+); ta-ptc.: bhakta- `received, given' (RV+)
Meaning: `to share, partake, divide, distribute, apportion' ,
Link to RV concordance: bhaj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhag- / bhaj-
92
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pitu-bhj- [adj] ènjoying food' (RV); bhakti- [f] `distribution,
apportioning' (RV+); vi-bhaktar- [m] `distributor' (RV+), vi-bhaktar- [m] `distributor (+ acc.)' (RV
03.049.04)
See also: bhaga-; bhga-; bhiks
Avestan: OAv. baxt [3sg.aor.inj.med.] `to enjoy, partake' ( Y 31.10), baxait [3sg.aor.subj.],
baxhuu [2sg.impv.aor.] ( Y 33.10); YAv. baat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] `to distribute' ( Yt 19.8); baxta-
[ppp] àllotted; allotment'; baxtar- [m] `distributor'
Old Persian: bji- [m] `tribute, tax'
Khotanese: bss- [verb] `to give, distribute'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) b- [verb] `to give, bestow'; bxt `luck'
Middle Persian: baxtan [verb] `to distribute'; baxt `luck, fate'
Parthian: bxtg `divided'
IE form: bheh2g-
IE meaning: to become as a share, to get distributed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fagei~n [inf] `to eat, to digest, to swallow'; ToB pke `section,
chapter, part'; ToA pk `section, chapter, part'
Notes: {1} [LK] The long root vowel in these two forms is probably secondary and has nothing to do
with the causative stem bhj(ay)-; see Kulikov 2001: 125ff.
Sanskrit: bhan~j
Gramm. forms: Present VII: bhanakti [3sg.act.] (RV+); bhan~jant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); bhandhi
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); nir-abhanah (for *-abhanak-s) [2sg.impf.act.] (AV 3.6.3); Perfect: babhan~ja
[3sg.act.] (RV 08.004.05); Present IV/Passive: ni ... bhajyate [3sg.] (RV-Kh. 5.5.10), bhajyantm
[3pl.impv.] (AV 8.8.3, 8.8.4), bhajyamna- [ptc.] (AB 3.22.7) {1}; na-ptc.: bhagna- `broken' (Br.+)
,
Meaning: `to break, shatter'
Link to RV concordance: bhan~j-; abhiprabhangin-; bhangurvant-; vibhan~janu-; bhanga-; prabhanga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bha(n)g- / bha(n)j-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhi-pra-bhangin- [adj] `shattering' (RV 08.045.35); bhangurvant- [adj]
`treacherous, having crooked ways' (RV); pra-bhan~jana- [n] `shattering' (AVP+); vi-bhan~janu- [adj]
`shattering' (RV 04.017.13); bhanga- [adj] `breaking, splitting, shattering'; [m] `breaking down'
(RV+); prabhanga- [m] `crusher' (RV 08.046.19)
Sogdian: (Man.) bxt-wnyy ìnternal conflict, schism'
Middle Persian: (Man.) bxt-gyh òpposition, division, conflict'
Parthian: bx'dnft `disagreement, discord, schism'
IE form: bhe(n)g-
IE meaning: to break
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. bekane- [verb], e-bek [aor.] `to break'; Arm. bek `shattered'; OIr. -
boing [3sg.pres.act.] `to harvest, break' {2}
93
Notes: {1} [LK] There are semantic reasons to group this formation with class IV presents and to
presume fluctuating accentuation, i.e. bhajyate in RV-Kh. / bhajyate in AV; see Kulikov 1998;
Kulikov 2001: 361, 543. {2} Connection uncertain.
Sanskrit: bhar
Gramm. forms: Present I: bharati [3sg.act.] (RV+) `to bring';- , Present III: bibharti [3sg.act.]
(RV+; once bibharti 04.050.07), abibhran [3pl.impf.act.] (RV, with a unique ending) `to carry';
Present II: bharti [3sg.act.] (RV 01.173.06, 06.013.03) {1}; Aorist S: abhrsam [1sg.act.] (RV+),
abhr [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist mediopass: bhri [3sg.inj.] (RV); Perfect: jabhra [3sg.act.] (RV+),
jabhrire [3pl.med.] (RV+), babhre [3sg.med.] (RV); Passive: bhriyate [3sg.] (RV+), bhriyte
[3sg.subj.] {2} (RV 05.031.12+); Fut: abharisyat [3sg.cond.act.] (RV 02.030.02), bharisymas
[1pl.act.] (VS+), bharisyant- [ptc.act.] (YV+); Intensive: vi-jarbhrtas [3du.inj.act.] (RV), bharibhrati
[3pl.act.] (RV), +barbhriyamna- [ptc.med.] (AVP, JB); Desid: bubhrsati [3sg.act.] (SB 10.3.5.9 =
BAUM 1.3.20+); ta-ptc.: -bhrta- `brought, nourished' (RV+); Abs: -bhrty (RV); Inf: bhartave, pra-
bhartum, apa-bhartavai, bharadhyai (RV+)
Meaning: `to carry, bear, bring, maintain'
Link to RV concordance: bhr-; babhri-; anavabhrardhas-; bhara-; pustimbhara-; visvabharas-;
bhartar-; bhartar-; sahasrabharnas-; bharman-; bhra-; bhrabhrt-; bhrti-; bhrtha-; vibhrtra-;
vibhrtvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: babhri- [adj] `carrying' (RV, AV); an-avabhra-rdhas- [adj] `with
gifts which are not to be carried off' (RV); bhara- [m] `carrying away, gain, prize, booty' (RV+);
pustim-bhara- [adj] `bringing prosperity' (RV); bharas- [n] `cherishing' (AV; RV visva-bharas- [adj]
`cherishing everybody'); bhartar- [m] `preserver, maintainer, lord, master' (RV+); bhartar- [m]
`husband' (RV+); bhartr- [f] `nourisher, mother' (AV+); sahasra-bharnas- [adj] `with a thousandfold
offering (?)' (RV); bharman- [n] `support, maintenance, care' (RV); bhra- [m] `burden, load' (RV+);
()
bhrya- [gerundive] `to be supported' (AV+); bhry- [f] `wife' (Br.+); bhra-bhrt- [adj] `carrying
the burden' (RV); bhrti- [f] `support, maintenance' (RV+); bhrtha- [n] òffering' (RV); vi-bhrtra- [adj]
`to be borne about' (RV); vi-bhrtvan- [adj] `spreading (the wings) (?)' (RV)
Avestan: Av. bar- [verb] `to bring, carry': OAv. barait, YAv. baraiti [3sg.pres.act.], baraite
[3sg.pres.med.], OAv. bart [3sg.aor.impv.act.] ( Y 33.9), YAv. frabauuara [3sg.pf.act.], OAv.
bairiiante [3pl.pass.subj.] `they will be shifted' ( Y 32.15), YAv. hanbraiieinti [3pl.caus.act.],
brta- [ppp]; OAv. vaii.brt- [adj] `woeful'; YAv. bar- [m] `maintainer' ( Skt. bhartar-);
barr- [f] `carrier, mother; pregnant' ( Skt. bhartr-); vt.brta- [adj] `carried by the wind';
vstr.brt- [adj] `bringing pasturage'; paiti.briti- [f] òffering'; ham.bra- [n] `gathering' (
Skt. bhrtha-)
Old Persian: bar- [verb] `to bear, lift up, esteem': prbramiiy /paribarmiy/ [1sg.pres.], abriy /abariya/
[3sg.pass.impf.], brt[ni]y /bartanaiy/ [inf.]; ubrtm /u-brtam/ [ppp] `well-fostered'
Khotanese: bar- [verb] `to carry', (med.) `to ride'
Sogdian: br-, (Chr.) br- [verb] `to bear, take, perform'
Middle Persian: bl- (YBLWN-), (Man.) br- [verb] `to carry, bear, take, endure'
Parthian: br- [verb] `to carry, bear, bring'
New Persian: burdan/bar- [verb] `to carry off, take'
94
Ossetic: baryn / barun [verb] `to contemplate, measure; to forgive'; l?v?rd / l?vard [pret] `to give' (+
*fra-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. br- [verb] `to bring; to fast'; Bactr. bar- [verb] `to bear, bring, take',
ambaro-birsa(r)logo `store-keeper'; Wa. vr `load, burden'; Pash. wr-/wrl [verb] `to carry
(something)', Sh. vr-/vd [verb] `to bring'; Yzgh. var-/vg, Yghn. var-/vurta, vrta ìd.'
IE form: bher-
IE meaning: to carry
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to promote; to offer': Skt. pra-bhar- [verb] `to offer, present' (RV+) YAv. fra-bar- [verb]
`to bring (forward)' OP fra-bar- [verb] `to transport, carry over' Khot. haur-, hr- [verb] `to give';
Skt. pra-bhartar- [m] `promotor' (RV) YAv. frabrtar- [m] a type of priest (cf. Umb. arfertur [m]
title of a priest < *ad-fertor); Skt. pra-bhrti- [f] òffering' (RV+) YAv. hu-frabriti- [f] `good
offering'; `to carry the speech, voice (in mind)': Skt. vcam manas bibharti `carries the speech in
mind' (RV 10.177.02), vacas ... bhar- `to bring the word' (RV) OAv. vcm barait [manah]
`raises his voice (in accordance with his mind)'; `to bring existence': Skt. asum ... bhar- (AVS 8.2.1)
YAv. ahm bar- ; `to support Truth': Skt. rtam bhar- (RV+) OIran. *rtam-bara- PN; `to bring
homage': Skt. namas ... bhar- (RV+) YAv. nmo bar- NP (poet.) namz burdan; `to offer a praise':
Skt. stomam (pra-)bhar- (RV+) YAv. staomca ... barntu ; `to foster well, to treat well': Skt. su-
bhrtam bhar- (RV+) YAv. hubrtam bart_, OP ubrtm abrm /hubrtam abaram/
Cognates in other languages: Gr. frw [verb] Ì carry, I bear'; Lat. fer [verb] Ì carry, I bear'; Go.
bairan [verb] `to carry'
Notes: {1} Nonce formation, as well as bibhramna- 10.031.06. {2} [LK] The only subjunctive form
of a present passive in early Vedic; cf. also the Old Avestan 3pl. form and see Kulikov 2001: 131,
552ff. XXX set-forms, jabhara
Sanskrit: bharv
Gramm. forms: Present I: bharvati [3sg.act.] (RV 01.143.05), bharvant- [ptc.act.] (RV 06.006.02)
Meaning: `to chew, devour, eat' ,
Link to RV concordance: bharv-; sbharva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bharu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: s-bharva- [adj] `well-chewing, much devouring' (RV 10.094.03,
10.102.05)
Avestan: YAv. a.baouruua- [adj] `where there is much to eat'; baoiriia- [gerundive] `to be chewed
(meat)' ( Y 3.3)
Old Persian: gubruuv- /gaubaruva/ [m] PN = `cattle-eater' (?)
Middle Persian: 'p'l-, (Man.) 'wb'r- /br-/ [caus] `to swallow' (+ *aua-)
New Persian: auburdan [verb] `to swallow unmasticated' (+ *aua-)
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] Perhaps extracted from a -ua-present; see Werba 1997: 466.
Sanskrit: bhari
95
Gramm. forms: Present VI: bhurantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV), bhuranta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV); Present
ANYA: bhuranyati [3sg.act.] (RV); Intensive: jarbhurti [3sg.act.] (RV), jarbhurna- [ptc.med.] (RV)
Meaning: `to move rapidly to and fro, hurry, quiver'
Link to RV concordance: bhur-; bhurana-; bhuranyu-; bhurvani-; bhrni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bharH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhurana- [adj] àctive, quick, lively' (RV); bhuranyu- [adj] `stirring,
restless' (RV); bhurvani- [adj] `restless, wild' (RV); bhrni- ìndustrious, wild' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. barnti [ptc.act.loc.sg.] `when it storms' (loc.abs.)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) prbyr- [verb] `to cross (arms, legs)' (+ *pari-) (?)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m/br- `to tousle, card', m/brs- `to be tousled'
IE form: bherh2/3-
IE meaning: to quiver, hurry
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. parhzi [verb] `to chase, pursue; to hasten (intr.)' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] For Lat. ferv [verb] `to boil, bubble', MIr. berbaim [verb] `to boil' see XXX.
Sanskrit: bhayi
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhayate [3sg.med.] (RV); Aorist R: bhema [1pl.inj.act.] (RV), bhes
[2sg.inj.act.] (YVp+); bhiyna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist S: bhaish [2sg.inj.act.] (AV+); Perfect:
bibhaya [3sg.act.] (RV+); bibhvms- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Present III<Perfect: bibhyat- [ptc.act.] (RV+),
bibhtas [3du.act.] (AV+), abibhet [3sg.impf.act.] (YVp+); ta-ptc.: bhta- `frightened, afraid' (RV+)
{1}
Meaning: `to fear, be afraid' -
Link to RV concordance: bh-; bhayastha-; bhaya-; anbhayin-; bh-; bhma-; bhru-; abhru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhaya- [n] `fear, distress' (RV+); an--bhayin- [adj] `fearless' (RV
08.002.01); bhayya- [gerundive] `to be feared' (KS+); bh- [f] `fear' (RV+); bhma- [adj] `terrible,
horrible' (RV+); bhru- [adj] `fearful, afraid of' (RV+); a-bhru- [adj] `fearless' (RV); bhayastha-
[m/n] `perilous situation' (RV 02.030.06 )
See also: bhiyas-
Avestan: OAv. biient [3pl.pres.med.] `to be afraid' ( Y 34.8); YAv. bibiuu [3pl.pf.act.] àfraid,
scared'; niuuaiiaka- (< * biia-ka-) [adj] `filling with fear, scaring'
Khotanese: baya- `fear' -
Middle Persian: bm `fear, fright' ( Skt. bhma-)
New Persian: bm `fear, fright' ( Skt. bhma-)
IE form: bheih2-
IE meaning: to fear
Certainty: +
96
Cognates in other languages: Lith. bijoti(s) [verb] `to fear, to scared'; Latv. bi^tie^s [verb] `to fear, be
scared'; OCS bojati se [verb] `to fear'; OHG bibt [3sg.pres.act.] `to tremble' (< PGm. *?i-?ai-;
secondary present based on the perfect stem); CLuw. /pha-/, Lyc. pie-, pige- `fear'
Notes: {1} [AL] bhyante (AVP 2.57.5) is corrupt (cf. Zehnder 1999: ad loc.).

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Sanskrit: bh
Gramm. forms: Present II: bhti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: bhsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); ta-ptc.: bhta-
`shining' (Up.+)
Meaning: `to shine, be bright'
Link to RV concordance: bh-; bhtvaksas-; abhibh-; vibh-; bhs-; vibhvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bh-tvaksas- [adj] `having the power of light' (RV 01.143.03); abhi-bh-
[f] ìnauspicious omen' (RV 02.042.01+); vi-bh- [adj] `shining (far)' (RV 10.055.04 +); bh- [f]
`light, brightness' (YV+); bhs- [n] `light, beam' (RV+) (in the RV often disyllabic bhaas- < *bhaH-
as-); vi-bhvan- [m] `shining, beaming' (RV); vi-bhvar- [f] `shining, beaming' (RV)
See also: bhs; bhma-; bhnu-
Avestan: YAv. uu- [verb] `to shine': fra-uuiti [3sg.pres.], v-uuti [3sg.pres.act.] ( Yt 8.40) (
Forssman 2000a), vii--uuant- [ptc.pres.act.], vi-uuait- [ptc.pres.f.]; rmaniuuant- [adj] `radiating
peace downwards' ( Yt 8.9); vohuu--uuant- [adj] `shining hither the goods'; YAv. auuarrabah
[gen.sg.] PN ( Yt 13.106), bha- PN ( Yt 13.124) ( Skt. bhs- ?)
Khotanese: b'ya- `ray of light'; vv(a)- [verb] `to shine'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) prb's, (Chr.) prf'- [verb] `to change colour' (+ *pari-)
Ossetic: ivajyn / ivajun [verb] `to become pale, wither; to dawn' (+ *ui-), nyv / niv? ìmage, drawing,
painting, form' (< PIr. *ni-b-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bb's- [verb] `to become pale (of face)' (+ *apa-)
IE form: bheh2-
IE meaning: to shine
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the shining dawn': Skt. usas- vi-bht (RV) YAv. uhm ... vi-uuaitm Gr. fe... 'Hj
`the dawn appeared' (Hom.); `shines with shine(s)': Skt. bhnubhir / bhnun ... vibhti (RV) YAv.
viiuuaiti bnubii ( Yt 17.6)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fe [verb] `lighted up, appeared' (Hom.); Gr. fanw [1sg.pres.act.]
`to shine, to reveal'; OIr. bn [adj] `white, shining'
Sanskrit: bhma- {1}

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `light, splendour' ( )
97
Link to RV concordance: bhma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaHma-
See also: bh
Avestan: YAv. bmiia- [adj] `shining, giving light'; vsp.bma- [adj] `having all splendour'
Sogdian: b'm `glow, colour'
Middle Persian: b'm /bm/ `splendour, radiance'; b'myk /bmg/ `shining, brilliant'
Parthian: b'm `radiance, splendour; reason', b'myn `radiant, splendid'
IE form: bheh2-mo-
IE meaning: shine, splendour
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} bhma- [m] `passion, wrath, anger' (RV+), with derivetives bhmin- [adj] àngry' (RV
01.084.16), bhmita- [adj] ènraged' (RV 01.114.08, TS), is most probably identical with this word.
Sanskrit: bhnu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `light, ray, appearance, splendour'
Link to RV concordance: bhnu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaHnu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhnu-mant- [adj] `luminous, splendid' (RV+)
See also: bh
Avestan: YAv. bnu- [m] `ray of light'; bnumant- [adj] `shining'
Middle Persian: 'rtw'n `having the splendour of Rta'
Parthian: 'rtbnw `having the splendour of Rta'
Ossetic: bon `day'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. rta-bnu- PN (= `having the splendour of Rta'), Gr. 'Artbanoj
IE form: bheh2-nu-
IE meaning: ray of light
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: bhs
First attestation: AV, SV +
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhsati [3sg.act.] (AV+), bhsamna- [ptc.med.] (SV-MSm+)
Meaning: `to shine, be bright'
Link to RV concordance: bhs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaHas- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhsas- [n] `light' (RV)
See also: bh
Certainty: +
98
Notes: {1} Probably based on the reanalysis of bhs-, an -as-formation to the root bh-, as a root noun
bhs-.
Sanskrit: bhed
Gramm. forms: Present IX: bhinatti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: bhidyate [3sg.med.] (RV-Kh. 2.1.6,
TS); bhidyeta [3sg.opt.med.] {1} (MSp), bhidyate [3sg.med.] {1} (SB, KathA 3.234:100.15);
bhidyate [3sg.med.] (AVS, AVP, YVp+); Aorist A: abhedam [1sg.act.] (RV); Aorist S: abhaitsam
[1sg.act.] (AVP); bhitths [2sg.inj.med.] (KS+); Perfect: bibheda [3sg.act.] (RV+), bibhide [3sg.med.]
(AVP 5.9.5); Fut: bhetsyati [3sg.act.] (S.+); Desid: bibhitsa (RV 10.061.13); Abs: bhittv (RV+), vi-
bhidy (RV+); na-ptc.: bhinna- (RV+)
Meaning: `to split, break, destroy, cut up' ,
Link to RV concordance: bhid-; bhid-; prbhid-; prbhidya-; bhettar-; bheda-; bhindu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhid- [f] `splitting (nom.act.)' (RV 01.074.08; Br.), bhid- [adj] `splitting'
(RV), e.g. in pr-bhid- [adj] `breaking the walls' (RV) {2}; pr-bhidya- [n] `breaking the walls' (RV
01.112.14); bhettar- [m] `breaker' (RV+); bheda- [m] `breaker' (RV [name of a demon], S.+), bhedau
[m.du.] `chink' (of female genitals) (RV 09.112.04); bhindu- [m] `splitter' (RV 01.011.04); bhitti- [f]
`splitting; wall' (Kth., SB+); ava-bhedin- [adj] `splitting, dividing' (VS)
Avestan: YAv. bid- `breaking' in ast.bid- `who breaks a bone' ( V 4.37, V 4.39)
Khotanese: bid-/bista- [verb] `to pierce' , .
Middle Persian: (Man.) frbys- `to be tormented, suffer', prbysyn `suffering'
Other Iranian cognates: {3}
IE form: bheid-
IE meaning: to split, to break
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. find/fissum [verb] Ì split'; OE btan [verb] `to bite'; MoHG beien
[verb] `to bite'
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} [LK] See Scarlata
1999: 355f. {3} [JC] Wa. zbt- `to break' (cited in EWAia, following IIFL II: 556) = Wa. z()b-,
z()bt-, must derive from *uz-pat-. The Wa. form has a (voiced) stop -b-, which cannot refelct old Ir.
*b in this position, cf. Steblin-Kamenskij, l.c.
Sanskrit: bhiks
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhiksate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: bibhikse [3sg.act.] (Br.+)
Meaning: `to ask; beg, go begging' {2} ,
Link to RV concordance: bhiks-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhi-bh(H)j-s(a)- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhiks- [f] àct of begging, asking' (RV, AV+)
See also: bhaj
IE form: bhi-bhh2g-se-
99
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Extracted from the desiderative stem. {2} [LK] The meaning `to beg, to go begging'
develops from the language of the late mantras (YVm+) onwards ( Heenen 2006: 199).
Sanskrit: bhisaj-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. bhisak {1}
Meaning: `healer, physician' - , , ,
Link to RV concordance: bhisaj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhiaj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhisakti [denom] `heals' (RV) {1}; bhisaj-ya [denom] `to heal' (RV+);
bhesaja- [adj, n] `healing; medicine, drug, remedy' (RV+); bhesajya- [adj] `curative'
Avestan: OAv. bi- `healing, remedy'; YAv. bi- `healing, remedy'; biaziia- [denom] `to cure, to
heal'; baaza- [adj] `healing, medicinal'; baaziia- [adj] `medicinal, curative'
Middle Persian: bizek [m] `healer, doctor'
Parthian: bzyk `healer, doctor'
New Persian: bizik `healer, doctor'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `containing all remedies, all-healing': Skt. visva-bhesaja- (RV+) YAv. vsp.bi-; `healing
waters': Skt. pah ... bhesajs (RV) YAv. p...baazii
Notes: {1} [AL] The -k- is due to dissimilation. From there, -k- was introduced into the verb.
Sanskrit: bhiyas-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: bhiyasam [acc.sg.] (disyllabic /bhyasam/ in 2.28.6a and 9.19.6b), bhiyase [dat.sg.],
bhiyas [instr.sg.] (RV), but the original instr. is preserved in bhs [adv] òut of fear' (RV+)
Meaning: `fear'
Link to RV concordance: bhiyas-; bhyas-; bhs-; vibhsana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhiH-as-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhyas- [verb] `to fear' (nonce): abhyasetm [3du.impf.med.] (RV
02.012.01); bhs- [verb] `to scare': vi bbhisathh [red.aor.inj.med.] (RV 08.079.08), bh
sayamna- [ptc.pres.med.] (SB), bhsayitv [abs.] (AB), vibhsana- [adj] `terrifying' (RV
05.034.06), bhsma- [adj] `terrible' (TB, SB+)
See also: bhayi
Avestan: YAv. biiaha [instr.sg.f.] `fear' ( F 573)
IE form: bheih2-os-
IE meaning: fear
Certainty: +
100
Sanskrit: bhoj [1]
Gramm. forms: Present VI: bhujant- [ptc.act.] (RV 06.062.06), pari-bhujat [3sg.subj.act.] `(it)
embraces (both worlds)' (RV 01.100.14 +); Perfect: pari ... abubhojh [2sg.ppf.act.] `(you) have
embraced (both worlds)' (RV 01.033.09); na-ptc.: bhugna- `bent, curved' (S.+)
Meaning: `to bend, curve'
Link to RV concordance: bhuj- [1]; abhogghan-; bhoga-; satabhuji-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaug- / bhauj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tri-bhuj- `threefold' (AV); a-bhog-ghan- [adj] `slaying those who do not
bend (of Maruts and trees)' or `slaying the avaricious ones' {1} (RV 01.064.03); bhoga- [m] `winding,
curve, coil (of snake)' (RV+); sata-bhuji- [adj] `hundred-fold' (RV)
See also: bhoj [2]
Avestan: YAv. aipi-baoa- [adj] `bending from behind (?)' ( Yt 15.45)
Khotanese: ham-busd [verb] `bows down', nihujs- [verb] `to sink down, set'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. bog `joint, knot'
IE form: bheug-
IE meaning: to bend
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. biugan [verb] `to bend' {2}
Notes: {1} [LK] Depending on whether abhog- is connected with bhoj [1] `to bend' (thus Kiehnle) or
bhoj [2] `to enjoy' (thus AiGr II,2: 27); see Scarlata 1999: 682. {2} Connection uncertain because of
the final consonant (PGm. *-g- < PIE *-gh-). On the other hand, the connection with YAv. baoxtar-
[m] `liberator', MP bxtan [verb] `to free, to release', Gr. fegw [verb] `flee'; Lat. fugi [verb] ìd.' is
difficult because of the semantics.
Sanskrit: bhoj [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VII: bhun~jate, bhun~jate [3pl.med.], bhunajmahai [1pl.subj.med.] (RV+); -
bhun~jant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: m bhojam [1sg.inj.act.] `may I not atone (for other people's
deed)' (RV 02.028.09), (m) bhujema [1sg.opt.act.] {1} `may we (not) atone (for smth.)' (RV);
bhojate [3sg.subj.med.] `(people) lives on (cows)' (RV 01.072.08); Aorist SIS: +bhuksismahi
[1pl.med.] (MS); Perfect: bubhujmahe [1pl.med.] (RV 08.067.16), bubhujrire [3pl.med.] (RV
01.138.03); Fut: bhoksyate [3sg.med.] (S.+); Caus: bhojaya [2sg.impv.act.] `to make enjoy' (AV
19.50.6+); Inf: bhojase `for use' (RV), -bhogayam `for living on' (RV 01.110.02), -bhogaye `for
living on' (RV 01.113.05)
Meaning: `to benefit (tr.), to make benefit; to atone' [act.]; `to benefit (intr.), to enjoy, to consume'
[med.] {2}
Link to RV concordance: bhuj- [2]; bhuj-; purubhojas-; bhuji-; bhoga-; bhoja-; bhojya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaug- / bhauj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhuj- [f] ènjoyment, benefit' (RV+); -bhojas- `nourishment' (purubhojas-
RV+); bhuji- [f] `granting of enjoyment, favour' (RV); bhoga- [m] ènjoyment, eating' (RV+); bhoja-
[adj] `bountiful, liberal' (RV+); bhojya- [n] ènjoyment, advantage, profit' (RV+); bhujisya- [adj]
`granting food, useful' (AV); bhogya- [adj] ùseful' (AV+); bhukti- [f] ènjoyment' (Br.+)
101
See also: bhoj [1]
Avestan: OAv. bj- [f] àtonement, expiation' - , , , (
Y 31.13)
Khotanese: hambujs- [verb] `to enjoy'; bjsana- `feasting'
Ossetic: byxsyn / buxsyn [inchoat.] `to go through, tolerate, bear, endure'
IE form: bheug-
IE meaning: to enjoy
Certainty: +
Idioms: `providing many nourishments': Skt. puru-bhojas- [adj] (RV) YAv. pouru.baoxna- [adj]
`rich in refreshments (?)'; àtone(ment) for the transgression': Skt. enas ... bhujema (RV) OAv.
anah ... bjm ( Y 31.13)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fungor [verb] Ì enjoy, I suffer, I get rid of'
Notes: {1} [LK] Optative in the function of injunctive ( Lubotsky 1997a: 984, following Hoffmann
1967: 95ff.), with secondary thematicization (Insler's type gamema; see Insler 1975b). {2} [LK] See
Jamison 1983: 173.

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Sanskrit: [bhoj [3]]

Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaug- / bhauj- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Pli bhun~jati [3sg.pres.act.] `to clean' (?)
See also: bhoj [1]; bhoj [2]
Avestan: YAv. bu(n)j- [verb] `to release, liberate': bunjainti [3pl.act.pres.] ( Yt 14.46), bunjaiit_
[3sg.pres.subj.act.] ( V 7.71, Aog 57), bjat_ [3sg.pres.inj.] ( Yt 4.3), bjaiiamna- [ptc.med.] ( Yt 1.17);
baoxtar- [m] `liberator, saviour'; pouru.baoxna- [adj] `bringing salvation to many people (?)' ( Y
9.27) (cf. also s.v. bhoj [2]); az.bj- [adj] `saving from distress'
Sogdian: (Chr.) bwc, (Man.) bwc [verb] `to deliver, free'- , , ,
, () (), (), , ,
, ,
, bwxs `to be delivered, freed, get free'; , , , ,
() (), (),
(Buddh.) bwx, (Chr.) bw, (Man.) bw `liberation, deliverance'

Middle Persian: bwc-, (Man.) bwz- /bz-/ [verb] `to free, release', (Man.) bwxs- [inch.] `to be saved';
bwht'l , (Man.) bwxt'r /bxtr/ `saviour' ; bwcn /bzin/ `salvation'- ,
Parthian: bwj- [verb] `to free, liberate, save', bwxs- [inch.] `to be saved', bwg `redemption' ,
() ,
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|bwzy- [verb] `to drag, pull out, away'; Bactr. bogdo [3sg.pret.] `to
save' - ,
102
IE form: bheug-
IE meaning: to free, release (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fegw [verb] `to flee'; Lat. fugi [verb] `to flee'
Notes: {1} Possibly connected with bhoj [1].
Sanskrit: bhrajj
Gramm. forms: Present VI: bhrjjti [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 04.024.07+), bhrj(j)yeyur [3pl.opt.act.] {1}
(MSp 1.10.11:151.6 = KSp 36.6:73.1); ta-ptc.: bhrsta- `fried, roasted, baked' (GrS.+)
Meaning: `to fry, roast' , (), (), ,
Link to RV concordance: bhrajj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhrzjh- (?) {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bharjana- [n] `roasting; - frying-pan' (SrS.+);
bhrjjana- [n] `frying-pan' (KS+); bhrastra- [n] `frying-pan' (MS+)
Avestan: YAv. par.brjiia- `?' ( V 8.86: trm aoniiat_ haca par.brjiit_ `the fire from the food-
roasting oven (?)')
Khotanese: brjs- [verb] `to fry, to roast'
Sogdian: (Man.) xr'xs- [verb] `to be roasted'
Middle Persian: britan [verb] `to fry, to roast', (Man.) bryz- /brz-/ ìd.'
Parthian: bry'n `roasting'
New Persian: biritan [verb] `to fry, to roast'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bryz- [verb] `to roast, bake', Sariq. virz-/virzd [verb] `to fry, parch,
roast grain' (*brj-ia-), Wa. vr-/vrt- [verb] `to bake, roast', Yi. vro-/vrex- `to roast', Pash. writ
[ppp] `roasted'
IE form: bhrgh-sk- (?)
IE meaning: to roast
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OLat. fer(c)tum [n] à kind of sacrificial cake'; Lat. frg [verb] `to roast,
dry'; Gr. frugw [verb] `to roast, bake, dry'
Notes: {1} [LK] A hypersanskritized form of the regular 3pl.opt., i.e. +bhrjjeyur ( Hoffmann 1992:
813f.) or a 3pl. form of yet-optative ( Kulikov 2001: 608). {2} [AL] The only feasible option is to start
from an sk-present. Since the resulting cluster is voiced, the root-final stop must be a voiced aspirate.
For the further development (cf. Skt. majjan- < *mazj(h)an-) see Lubotsky2001a.
Sanskrit: bhram
First attestation: Up.+
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhramasi [2sg.act.] (BAU+), bhramyt [3sg.prec.] (S.); Present IV:
bhrmyate [3sg.med.] (Up.+); Caus: bhramay (S.+); Intensive: bambhramyamna- [ptc.med.]
(Up.+); ta-ptc.: bhrnta- `having wandered about, transmigrating' (Ep.+)
Meaning: `to move to and fro unsteadily, flicker, blaze up' ,
Link to RV concordance: bhrama-; bhrmi-
103
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhram- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhrama- [m] `whirling flame' (RV); the connection of
bhrmala- [adj] `deafened, numb' (?) (AV 12.1.46) and bhrmi- [adj] ìmpatient, (too) zealous' (?) (RV)
with our root is uncertain.
See also: bhari
IE form: bhrem-
IE meaning: flicker ,
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON brimi `fire'; ON brim `surf'
Notes: {1} Most probably, an anit-root; set-forms (bhrmyate, bhrnta-) are secondary and/or late.
Sanskrit: bhrams
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhramsate [3sg.med.] (AVP 6.23.1+); Present IV: bhra(m)syate [3sg.med.]
(TA+); Aorist A: bhrasat [3sg.inj.act.] {1} (RV 10.173.01); ta-ptc.: bhrasta- `fallen down' (AV
20.136.7, 20.136.8 (?), TSp+) {2}
Meaning: `to fall off, fall down'
Link to RV concordance: bhras- (recte: bhrams-)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhranc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vi-bhramsa- [m] `deprivation' (AVP 6.23.1); apa-bhramsa- [m] `falling
down' (TS+); pra-bhramsana- [n] `descent' (AV+); pra-bhramsuka- [adj] `falling off, vanishing'
(SB)
Khotanese: bras(s)- [verb] `to fall' (< *bras-ia-)
IE form: bhrenk-
IE meaning: fall off -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ToAB prnk- [verb] `to stay away, restrain oneself'; ToB prenke, ToA
prank ìsland' - ,
Notes: {1} [LK] Thus Got 1987: 231. Lubotsky 1997a: 1006, who takes bhrasat as pres. inj., must be
corrected. The causative bhrsayan (RV 10.116.05) probably belongs to another root, bhras `to
be/make sharp', contra Lubotsky 1997a: 1006; see Jamison 1983: 86; Got 1987: 232. {2} [AL]
bhrastksa- [adj] `having fallen eyes [demon]' (AVP), cited by EWAia, does not exist (AVP(O)
6.24.3 reads trastksa-). {3} [AL] Despite Adams' criticism (s.v.), this etymological connection, for
the first time suggested by Jasanoff, seems semantically and phonologically cogent. The nasal in the
root must be old, since the apparent forms without a nasal belong to another root, see fn. 1.
Sanskrit: bhras
Gramm. forms: Caus: ni ... bhrsayant- [ptc.act.] (RV 10.116.05); ta-ptc.: anibhrsta- `not blunted'
(RV)
Meaning: `to be sharp' (with ni `to be blunt')
104
Link to RV concordance: bhras-; anibhrsta-; bhrsya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhrac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhrsya- [n] `point' (RV 10.116.05); bhrsam [adv] `harshly, severely'
(ChUp.+)
See also: bhrsti-
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. br `sharpness, edge' (with --) (?)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: ?
Sanskrit: bhrj
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhrjate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: abhrt [3sg.act.] (RV), bhrjysam
[1sg.opt./prec.act.] (AV 17.1.20); Aorist mediopass: abhrji [3sg.] (RV 05.054.06); Aorist IS:
bhrjisya [1sg.opt.med.] (MS)
Meaning: `to shine, beam, sparkle' , .
Link to RV concordance: bhrj-; bhrj-; visvabhrj-; bhrja- ; bhrjas-; vibhrsti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhraHj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhrj- [f] `splendour' (RV+); visva-bhrj- [adj] àll-illuminating' (RV);
bhrja- [adj] `shining, glittering' (RV+); bhrjas- [n] `splendour, shining' (RV+); bhrjistha- [sup]
`shining very brightly' (VS); bhrji- [f] `shine' (MS); vi-bhrsti- [f] `flame, blaze' (RV 01.0127.01)
See also: bhargas-; bhrja-
Avestan: Av. brz- [verb] `to shine, beam': YAv. brzaiti [3sg.pres.act.], brznta [3sg.pres.inj.med.];
brz- [f.] `splendour'; brza- [adj] `shining, glimmering'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) br''z''nt `shining', br''zyntk, (Man.) br'zn(d)tyy àblaze'; (Chr.) 'br'z- [verb] `to
be lit up, become angry' (+ *-), 'bry- [caus.] `to light, set on fire', (Buddh.) ''brxs'kw, (Man.)
''brxsyy `wish, desire, lust'
Middle Persian: br'z- [verb] `to shine, beam' (LW), bl'h /brh/ `splendour, beauty'
Parthian: (wy)br'z- [verb] `to shine, gleam'
New Persian: barzdan [verb] `to shine, to beam'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'br'z- [verb] `to burn, light up', m|'br'zy- [caus.] `to lit (fire)' (+ *-
)
IE form: bhreh1g-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. brekti [verb] `to break (of day), dawn'
Sanskrit: bhrtar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `brother'
Link to RV concordance: bhrtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhraHtar-
105
See also: bhrtrvya-; bhrtra-
Avestan: OAv. brtar- [m] `brother'; YAv. brtar- [m] `brother'
Old Persian: brtar- [m] `brother'
Khotanese: brtar- [m] `brother'
Sogdian: br't [m] `brother'
Middle Persian: brd(ar) [m] `brother'
New Persian: birdar [m] `brother'
Ossetic: ?rvad/?rvad? `brother, kinsman'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. br'd `brother'
IE form: bhreh2ter-
IE meaning: brother
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. frthr [m] `member of a brotherhood'; Lat. frter [m] `brother'; Go.
bro?ar [m] `brother'
Sanskrit: bhrtra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `brotherhood, fraternity'
Link to RV concordance: bhrtra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhraHtra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mtur-bhrtra- [n] `fraternity of mothers' (MS)
See also: bhrtar-
Avestan: YAv. brra- `brotherhood, fraternity'; pouru.brra- [adj] `with numerous brotherhood'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: `friendship, brotherhood': Skt. sakhy ... bhrtr (RV 04.010.08), sakhyam ... bhrtram (RV
04.023.06) YAv. brra v haxaiia v ( V 4.40)
Cognates in other languages: Cf. Gr. frtra `brotherhood, fraternity'
Sanskrit: bhrtrvya-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `brother's son, nephew; rival, adversary, enemy' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhraHtruia-
See also: bhrtar-
Avestan: YAv. brtruiia- [m] `nephew'; brtruii- [f] `niece'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wrr [m] `nephew'; Pash. wrra [2.281.2.2] [f] `niece'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
106
Sanskrit: bhr
Gramm. forms: Present IX: bhrnanti [3pl.act.] (RV); Aorist S: bhresate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV)
Meaning: `to injure, hurt' ,
Link to RV concordance: bhr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhraiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhresa- [m] ìnjury, damage' (KS+; from the aorist stem)
Avestan: YAv. br- [verb] `to shave, shear': pairi.brnnte [3pl.pres.med.], pairi.brnaha
[2sg.pres.inj.med.]; brira-taa- [adj] `sharp at its blade'
Khotanese: OKh. brrai `sculptor'
Middle Persian: blyn- (PSKWN-), (Man.) bryn- /brn-/ [verb] `to cut off'
Parthian: bryn- [verb] `to cut off'
New Persian: burrdan [verb] `to cut off'
Ossetic: ?lvynyn / ?lvinun [verb] `to shave'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|bn- [verb] `to shave, shear'; Yghn. virin-/virita [verb] `to shear';
Wa. vrin-, vrun-/vrit [verb] `to shave, shear'; Yghn. v?rin-/v?rita [verb] `to shear off (wool)'
IE form: bhreiH
IE meaning: to cut off, shave
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS briti [verb] `to shave'; OIr. bronnaid [3sg.pres.act.] `to injure,
damage'

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Sanskrit: bhr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `(eye)brow'
Link to RV concordance: bhr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhr
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: siti-bhru- [adj] `with white brows' (TS+)
Avestan: YAv. bruuat_.biiam [dat.du.] èyebrows'
Khotanese: brrauka-l `brow'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) br'wkh èyebrow' (*br-k-)
Middle Persian: brg èyebrow'
New Persian: abr èyebrow'
Ossetic: ?rfyg/?rfug èyebrow'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')brwc [pl.tantum] èyebrow'; San. vrc èyebrow'
IE form: h3bhruH-
IE meaning: eyebrow
107
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fru~j [f] èyebrow'; OE br [f] `brow'; Lith. bruvis [f] `brow'; OCS
brv [f] `brow'
Sanskrit: bhrsti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `point, top, spike, corner' ,
Link to RV concordance: bhrsti-; caturbhrsti-; sahasrabhrsti-; tigmabhrsti-; bhrstimant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhrti- (bhrcti-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: catur-bhrsti- [adj] `four-cornered, four-pointed' (RV, AV); sahasra-
bhrsti- [adj] `thousand-pointed (lightning)' (RV); tigma-bhrsti- [adj] `sharp-pointed' (RV
04.005.03); bhrsti-mant- [adj] `provided with points' (RV 01.052.15)
See also: bhras (cf. also bhrams)
Avestan: YAv. vouru.barti- [f] name of a part of the earth which lies in the northwest
IE form: IIR
Certainty: ? {1}
Cognates in other languages: {1} The traditional connection with PGm. *bursti- `bristle' (OIc. burst,
OE byrst, OHG burst, borst) can only be upheld if we reconstruct the suffix -sti- for Germanic. PSlav.
*br (Russ. bor `hogweed; beet soup', etc.) is ambiguous as to the origin of its -s-, but can better
be taken together with the Germanic words.
Sanskrit: bhrja-
First attestation: KS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: à kind of birch' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhrHja-
See also: bhrj
Ossetic: b?rz/b?rz? `birch'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. vwzn `birch'
IE form: bhrHg-o-
IE meaning: birch
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG birka `birch'; MoHG Birke `birch'; Lith. beras `birch'; SCr.
bre?za `birch'
Sanskrit: bhs
Gramm. forms: Present I: bhsati [3sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to support, be active for someone, strengthen'
Link to RV concordance: bhs-
108
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhuH-s- ? {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -bhsenya- [gerundive] `to be glorified, - to be celebrated
, (?)' (RV 05.055.04) {2}
See also: bhavi
Avestan: OAv. bdiii [inf] `to make an effort, to strive for' ( Y 44.17); bt
[acc.pl.f.] èndeavours'- , ( Y 43.8)
IE form: bhHu-s-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Most probably, an -s-enlargement of the root bhavi `to be, to become'. {2} [AL]
bhsitavya- (JB), mentioned by Mayrhofer, does not exist. Read bubhsitavya-, a gerundive formed to
the desiderative stem of the root bh-.
Sanskrit: bja-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `seed, semen'
Link to RV concordance: bja-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: biHja-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) byz'k `seed, semen'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. bz `grain, seed-corn'
Certainty: - {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Most probably, a LW from an unknown source. The word cannot be of IE
provenance because of the initial b- and the combination of two unaspirated voiced stops within the
root.
Sanskrit: bodh
Gramm. forms: Present I {1}: bodhati [3sg.act.] `to perceive, to notice' ,
(RV+); Present IV: budhyamna- [ptc.med.] `to wake (intr.), to be awake' (RV+), `to
perceive, to notice' (AV+); Aorist R: budhanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: abhutsi [1sg.med.]
(RV+), abhutsata [3pl.med.] (AV+), ni-bodhisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 02.016.07); Perfect: bubodhas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV), bubudhna- [ptc.med.] (RV, Br.+); Fut: bhotsy (TS, Br.+); Caus: bodhay `to
wake (tr.), to make wake up' (RV+); Aorist mediopass: abodhi `to be awake' [3sg.], abudhran [3pl.]
(RV), abudhram [3pl.] (RV 10.035.01); ta-ptc.: prati-buddha- `perceived, recognized' (RV+)
Meaning: `to wake, awaken; to perceive, notice, heed, pay attention' ,
Link to RV concordance: budh-; budh-; usarbudh-; bodhayitar-; bodhinmanas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaudh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: budh- àwaking' (RV 01.137.02); usar-budh- [adj] àwake at dawn' (RV;
nom.sg. bhut); bodhayitar- [m] `making awake' (RV 01.161.13); bodhin-manas- [adj] `with an awake
mind, attentive' (RV); bodha- [m] `waking, becoming awake' (AV+); boddhar- [m] `the one who
comprehends' (Up.+)
See also: *bodhas-
109
Avestan: OAv. pait ... baodant- [ptc.pres.act.] `to heed, be aware' ( Y 30.2); YAv. baoaite
[3sg.pres.med.] ( Yt 17.6); biiiimaie [1pl.pres.opt.med.] `to become attentive'; baoaiieiti
[3sg.pres.act.] `to make recognizable'; hup.busta- (< *hu-upa ) [ppp] `well-smelling'; baozdr- [f]
`who gets to know sexually'; zani-bura- [adj] `zealously waking'; baoi- [f] `smell, fragrance'
Khotanese: butte [3sg.pres.] `to perceive, know'; b(d)- (buv-) [verb] `to be fragrant'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) bw [verb] `to smell', bwh [f] `smell, odour, perfume'; ptby-, (Chr.) ptbyd-
[verb] `to know, recognize, understand' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: bwd- [verb] `to smell [intr.]', bwd /by/ `perception, sense'; (Man.) pyws-
[inchoative] `to desire, yearn; to hope for' (+ *pati-)
Parthian: pdbws- [inchoative] `to desire, yearn; to hope for' (+ *pati-)
New Persian: bsdan [verb] `to kiss, embrace',
Ossetic: ?mbudyn / ?mbodun [verb] `to sense, feel' (+ *ham-); bud / bod? `fragrance, incense, scent'
Other Iranian cognates: Yagh. vud, wud, wod `scent'; Arm. (LW < Ir.) boyr `(good) smell, scent'
IE form: bheudh-
IE meaning: to become attentive {3}, to be awake, to perceive
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. peqomai [verb] `to learn, hear'; Lith. budeti [verb] `to wake'; Lith.
budrus [adj] `watchful'; OCS bljusti [verb] `to take care, look after'; Gr. (Cret.) peqw [verb] `to
proclaim, to summon'; OIr. ad-bond- [verb] `to proclaim, to declare' {2}; Go. ana-biudan [verb] `to
order'; Go. faur-biudan [verb] `to forbid'; MoHG Bttel [m] `court usher, executioner'
Notes: {1} According to Insler 1972: 560ff., subjunctive of the root aorist; see Got 1987: 217451 for a
discussion. {2} The transitive nasal present *bhu-n-(e)dh- `to hear someone in court, to summon
someone before court, to announce in court, to decree' is not preserved in Old Indo-Aryan, but may
have left traces in New Indo-Aryan. {3} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 332f.
Sanskrit: bradhna-
Meaning: `pale red, ruddy, yellowish, bay', [m] `(bay) horse, N of a horse, sun-horse, sun' (RV, AV)
, .
Link to RV concordance: bradhna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhradhna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sata-bradhna- [adj] `with hundred (shining) metal pikes (?)' (RV
08.077.07)
IE form: bhrodh-no- {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: RussCS bron [adj] `leukj, yarj (of horses)'
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection with Lith. blandus [adj] `dark' (< *bhlondh-no-) seems less probable
because Skt. and Slav. adjectives both refer to a horse color.
Sanskrit: bravi
Gramm. forms: Present II: bravti [3sg.act.] (RV+); bruvanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); brte [3sg.med.] (RV+)
110
Meaning: `to say, speak, talk' , ,
Link to RV concordance: br-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mlauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-ava-brava- [m] `whom nobady can refuse' (RV 10.084.05); vrtya-
bruva- [adj] `calling oneself Vrtya' (AV 15.13.6)
Avestan: OAv. mraom [1sg.pres.act.] `to say, speak', mraot_ [3sg.inj.act.], mruii [1sg.pres.med.] ( Y
49.6), mrit [inf]; YAv. mraoiti [3sg.pres.act.], framr(a)uuire [3pl.pres.med.] ( Yt 13.64), fra-mr (<
*fra-mruanh < *fra-mruHan(t)s; for the phonetic developments see de Vaan 2003: 313 f.)
[nom.sg.ptc.] `reading out, reciting'; bi-mrta- [adj] `to be recited twice'
IE form: mleuH-
IE meaning: to speak
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `to speak being the knowing one': Skt. vy abravt ... vidvm `[Agni] announced [the right
paths, since he is a] knowing one' (RV 01.145.05) OAv. vduu vdu mraot; YAv. vb mrii
Cognates in other languages: Cz. mluvati [verb] `to speak'; ORu. mlva `chatter, rumour'; Ru. molva
`chatter, rumour'; ToB plw- [verb] `to complain'
Sanskrit: brhant-
Gramm. forms: brhat- [f] (RV+), barhistha- [sup] (RV+)
Meaning: `great, large, abundant, lofty, high, strong, wide, compact, loud' ,
Link to RV concordance: brhant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhrjhant-
See also: barh; barhistha-
Avestan: YAv. brzant- [adj] `rising high, high, loud' (f. brzait-), barziiah- [comp] `higher' (for
the superlative see s.v. barhistha-), brzi in compounds, cf. brzi.caxra- [adj] `with high wheels' (
Yt 10.67), brzi.gra- [adj] `loud chanting' ( Yt 10.89), brzi.stna- [adj] `with high columns' (
Vyt 9), etc.
Old Persian: Brdiya- [m] PN Smerdis (a hypocoristic for a name with *brdi- as a first member)
Middle Persian: bwlnd /buland/ [adj] `high, big'; b'l'd /bly/ `height'
Parthian: bwrzynd /burzend/ [adj] `high, big'
New Persian: buland [adj] `high, big'; bl `height'
Ossetic: b?rzond [adj] `high'
IE form: bhrgh-ent-, [f] bhrgh-nt-ih2
IE meaning: high
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to bring out a loud word': Skt. vaco ... bharat brhat (RV 03.010.05) YAv. brzm bart_
... vcim ( Yt 10.113; Yt 17.61); `high mountain': Skt. brhad-giri- `coming from the high mountains'
(RV) YAv. garaii brzant; `high(est) sun': Skt. svar brhat (RV) OAv. barzitm
barzimanam ... huuar `the sun, the highest of the heights' ( Y 36.6), YAv. huuar barzitm
barzimanam ( Vr 19.2)
111
Cognates in other languages: Gall. Brigantes N of a people; OIr. Brigit [f] woman's name (< *bhrgh-nt-
ih2); Germ. Burgund place-name (< PGm. *?urgun-); Arm. barjr [adj] `high' (< PIE *bhrgh-u- ); ToA
prkr [adj] `long' (< PIE *bhrgh-ro-)
Sanskrit: budhna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `bottom, ground, depth' ,
Link to RV concordance: budhna-; budhnya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhudhna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: budhnya- [adj] `belonging to the depths' (RV+), esp. ahi- budhnya-, a
mythological figure ("dragon of the depths") (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. bna-, YAv. buna- [m] `ground' (< *budna-)
Khotanese: buna- `ground'
Middle Persian: bun `ground'
New Persian: bun `ground'
IE form: bhudh-n-o- {1}
IE meaning: ground
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. puqmn [m] `ground, basis' (From IE *bhudh-men-); Lat. fundus
`ground, seabed, piece of land' (< *bhudh-n-o-); OHG bodam `ground'; MoHG Boden [m] `ground'
{2}
Notes: {1} *bhudh-n-o- probably from *bhudh-mn-os, gen.sg. of *bhudh-men-. {2} [AL] For the
Germanic reflexes of this word see Kroonen XXX.

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Sanskrit: cakra-
Part of speech: [n (rarely m.)]
Meaning: `wheel (of a chariot, of the sun, of the year)' -
Link to RV concordance: cakra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: akra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: cakr- [f] `wheel' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 521
See also: cari
Avestan: YAv. caxra- [m/n] `wheel' (caxrm [acc.sg.], caxra [instr.sg.])
Middle Persian: hr `wheel'
Parthian: xr `wheel'
New Persian: arx `wheel'
Ossetic: calx `wheel'
Other Iranian cognates: Maz. al `wheel'
112
IE form: kwe-kwl-o- {1}
IE meaning: wheel
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with golden chariot-wheels': Skt. hiranya-cakra- (RV) Av. zaranii.caxra-; `"the wheel" of
the sun': Skt. sryasya cakra- ON sunnu ... hvel Gr. lou kkloj
Cognates in other languages: ON hvel `wheel'; OE hweohl `wheel'; WSA. hwol `wheel'; Gr. kkloj
[m] (also t kkla [nom.acc.pl.n.]) `circle, ring, wheel'; ToA kukl `cart'; ToB kokale `cart'
Notes: {1} Possible inflexion: *kwe-kwl-o-s [nom.sg.m.], *kw-kwl-eh2 [nom.acc.pl.n.].
Sanskrit: caks
Gramm. forms: Present II: caste [3sg.med.], caksate [3pl.med.] (RV+), caksase [2sg.subj.med.]
(RV); Present I: caksata [3sg.inj.med.] (RV 01.121.02, 09.071.09; a nonce formation); SI-impv:
caksi (RV); Perfect: cacaksa [3sg.act.] (RV 05.002.08), abhi caksur (< *a-kc-) [3pl.act.] (RV
10.092.15), acacaksam [1sg.ppf.act.] (RV 05.030.02), cacakse [3sg.med.] (Br.+); Caus: caksay `to
reveal' (RV); Abs: caksy (RV); Inf: caksase, cakse, sam-caksi `for seeing' (RV)
Meaning: `to see, cast a look' -
Link to RV concordance: caks-; abhicaksya-; paricaksya-; praticaksya-; caksana-; vicaksana-;
caksas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: akc-{1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: caksya- [gerundive] `to be looked at' (RV); caksana- [n] àppearance,
aspect' (RV, AV); vi-caksana- [adj] `seeing far, clever, wise' (RV+); caksas- [n] èye, look' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 523
See also: ks; ks; khy; caksus-; caksani-
Avestan: YAv. cate [3sg.pres.med.], cana- [ptc.med.] ( Y 13.3) `to teach'
Khotanese: tcs'ri [3pl.pres.] `to perceive, observe' (< PIr. *a-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) c- [verb] `to taste', (Buddh.) ptc- [verb] ìd.' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: c'tn' /tan/ [verb] `to teach'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'nc'h- [verb] `to show' (+ *ni-)
IE form: kwe-kwk-
IE meaning: to appear, to see, to show
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] There is no consensus on the origin of this root. Synchronically, caks- and khy / ks
belong to the same paradigm, the former supplying the present and the latter supplying the aorist. It is
therefore very attractive to assume that caste is the reduplicated present of the root *kwek- (see s.v.
ks). On the other hand, this origin has often disputed in the literature because -- in Iranian *a- is
considered incompatible with *kwe-kwk- > PIIr. *a-kc- (thus in recent times explicitly Kmmel 2000:
168, fn. 177, Rastorgueva - Edel'man: 2.235, who expect Ir. *cax- or *caxs-). However, I do not see
why Skt. ks, Ir. cannot reflect *kwk. We know that Skt. ks, Ir. can go back to PIE *tk (cf. Skt.
taks, Ir. *ta- `to fashion by cutting' < PIE *tetk-, Gr. tktwn), in spite of the fact that the exact details
of the phonetic development are not entirely clear. It therefore seems probable that *kwk developed in
a similar fashion (possibly, *kwekwk- > *akts- > *atts- > PIIr. *at-, yielding Ir. *a-, Skt. *cats-
> caks-, cf. Lubotsky 1997c: 562; as to the development of *kc- to Skt. ks- / khy-, Av. xs- in the root
ks, khy we may either assume that the initial reflex is different or that the cluster was restored
113
there). Alternatively, we may argue that the reflex Skt. ks, Ir. of *kwk is due to the heavy clusters in
the 2nd and 3rd singular (kwks and kwkt, respectively). Cf. also caksus- n. èye', which is best
analysed as an original perfect participle of PIIr. *kac-. LIV2 (s.v. *kuek-) takes caksas a
"desiderative" (i.e. a suffix -s-), which is semantically much less attractive.
Sanskrit: caksani-
Meaning: `looking'
Link to RV concordance: caksani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: acani- < akcani-
Page in EWAia: 524
See also: caks
Avestan: OAv. vourucaani- [adj] `far-looking' ( Y 33,13vourucan [voc.sg.m.]), cf. RV uru-
caksas-)
IE form: kwekwk-eni-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: caksus-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: Secondary caksu- (caksoh RV 10.090.13)
Meaning: èye (of the sun), sight, clearness'
Link to RV concordance: caksus-; caksusmant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: akcus- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: caksusmant- [adj] `furnished with eyes' (RV+); cksusa- [adj] òf
good sight, proper to the eye' (AV 16.7.7, KS+)
Page in EWAia: 524
See also: caks
Avestan: Av. caman- [n] èye' ( Skt. cksma- RV 02.024.09 of unclear meaning?)
Old Persian: cm /ama?/ èye' (an irregular form)
Khotanese: tcei'man- èye'
Sogdian: cmy èye'
Middle Persian: cm /am/ èye'
Parthian: cm /am/ èye'
New Persian: am èye'
Ossetic: casm / cans `loop (of a snare), noose', c?st / c?st? èye'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. cm èye'
IE form: kwekwkus-
IE meaning: looking
Certainty: +
Idioms: `shining eye, clear sight': Skt. tvesam caksuh (RV .008.06) OAv. camng bisr ( Y
31.13)
Notes: {1} [AL] An original ptc.pf. of the root ks, as already indicated by Leumann 1952: 105. The
Iranian word for èye' is derived from the present stem and is therefore a recent formation.
114
Sanskrit: cami
Gramm. forms: Present I: -cmati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: -cmay (Br.+); ta-ptc.: -cnta- (S.+) {1}
Meaning: `to sip, rinse' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (i)am- / (i)m- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -camana- [n] `sipping up, rinsing the mouth' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 530
See also: camasa-?
Avestan: YAv. am- [verb] `to swallow': (x)aamt_ [3sg.subj.act.] ( P 8) (< IIr. *-ciam-); ma- [m]
`sip'
Khotanese: tsm- [verb] `to swallow'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'm- [verb] `to swallow'; (Buddh.) '''m- [verb] `to drink, swallow' (+ *-)
Middle Persian: 'sm- [verb] `to swallow' (+ *-)
Parthian: 'b'm- [verb] `to swallow, consume' (+ *upa-)
New Persian: mdan [verb] `to drink'; amdan [verb] `to drink wine'
Ossetic: cymyn / cumun [verb] `to sip, gulp'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bs'm- [verb] `to drink' (+ *upa-); Pash. um- [verb] `to drink, gulp',
Yi. am-/amd, M. om-/amd [verb] `to drink'; Orm. m- [verb] `to sip'
IE form: kwem- (?)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: NIcel. hvma [verb] `to gulp, swill down'
Notes: {1} This form (the only evidence for a set-root) could be built analogically on the model pres.
krmati : ppp krnta-. {2} [AL] The Indo-Iranian reconstruction is not quite possible, the Iranian
evidence pointing to *iam- (cf. Cheung 2007 s.v.). This kind of variation is not exceptional in
onomatopoetic roots though.
Sanskrit: canas-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: only in canas dh- `to delight in, be inclined to'
Meaning: `delight, satisfaction, tendency' ,
Link to RV concordance: canas-; canasy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: anHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: canasy [verb] `to delight in, to enjoy' (canasyatam [2du.pres.impv.] (RV
01.003.01)); canasita- [adj] `gracious, welcome' (Br., S.+)
Page in EWAia: 528
See also: kani
Avestan: Av. cinah- `desire, affection' (e.g. aa-cinah- [adj] `having desire for Aa'); YAv.
utn.cinahiia- [n] `desire for life' ( Yt 19.48) ( Hintze 1994: 262)
Old Persian: aspa-canah- [m] PN 'Aspaqnhj (the bow-bearer of Darius) (= `having desire for horses')
Khotanese: dirsjsin [adj] `wishing to see'
Sogdian: p'-cn `the Reverend'; -cn- /-can-/ suffix of ptc.fut.
Parthian: 'd-cn `happy, glad'
Ossetic: -yn / -in, the future tense marker
115
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: cand / scand

Gramm. forms: Intensive: caniscadat- [ptc.act.] `shining brilliantly' (RV 05.043.04)
Meaning: `to shine, glitter' -
Link to RV concordance: cand-; candra-; hariscandra-; scandra-; suscandra-; candrams-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)and- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: candra- [adj] `shining, light' (RV+; in RV also scandra-); hari-scandra-
[adj] `glittering as gold' (RV), [m] PN (Br.+); su-scandra- (metrically, *su-candra-) [adj] `glittering
beautifully' (RV); candra-ms- [m] `moon, deity of the moon' (RV+) (from AV onwards, candra- [m]
ìd.')
Page in EWAia: 528
See also: chand; sad [2]
IE form: (s)kend-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. candre [verb] `to shine'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction and the relationship between the roots cand, chand and sad [2]
see Lubotsky 2001a.
Sanskrit: carmamna-
First attestation: RV, VS
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `tanner' ,
Link to RV concordance: carmamna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: armamr(H)a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: carmamna- [m] (TB) < *carma-mra-
Page in EWAia: 537
See also: carman-; ml
Certainty: +
Idioms: `tanned leather': Skt. carmni mltni YAv. mrtm carma
Sanskrit: carman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hide, (flayed) skin' ()
Link to RV concordance: carman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: arman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: carmanvant- [adj] `furnished with skin' (TS); rsabha-carma- [n] `bull's
skin' (TB)
Page in EWAia: 537
See also: carmamna-; kart [1] ?
Avestan: YAv. carman- [n] `hide, leather'
116
Old Persian: carman- [n] `skin, leather' (carm òn leather, parchment')
Khotanese: tcrman- `hide'
Sogdian: rm `hide'
Middle Persian: arm `hide'
New Persian: arm `hide'
Ossetic: carm `hide, skin'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. crm `hide'
IE form: (s)ker-men-
IE meaning: flayed skin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kerw [verb] `to cut off, shave'; OHG scirm, sc(h)erm `screen'; OPr.
krmens `body'
Sanskrit: cart
Gramm. forms: Present VI: vi ... crta [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); Perfect: vi cacarta [3sg.act.] (AVS
14.1.56 AVP 18.6.4); Passive: vi ... crtyantm [3pl.impv.] `let (the bonds) be released' (AVP),
crtyamna- [ptc.] `being untied' (YVm); ta-ptc.: vi-crtta- òpened, untied' (RV+)
Meaning: `to tie, bind' ,
Link to RV concordance: crt-; samcrt-; vicrt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: art- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: paricartana- [n.pl.] `N. of parts of horse's harness' (TS); avicartya- [adj]
`not to be loosened' (AVP+; avicrtya- VS); samcrt- [f] `connection' (RV 09.084.02); vicrt- [f]
`loosening, untying' (RV 09.084.02); [du] N. of two stars (AV)
Page in EWAia: 536
See also: kart [2]
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. tar- `to tie, to bind' (if < *tart-a- < *art-a- with assimilation)
IE form: kert-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The root is likely to have originally been a palatalized variant of kart [2].

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Sanskrit: caru-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `saucepan, pot; N of sacrificial food (KS+)' ,
Link to RV concordance: caru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aru-
Page in EWAia: 536
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. kra `large wooden vessel' (< *kwor- ?)
117
IE form: kwer-u-
IE meaning: kettle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON hverr `kettle'; OE hwer `kettle'; OIr. coire `kettle'; MW pair `kettle';
ToB kwrain~n~e `pertaining to (potter's) clay' ( Pinault 2000a: 82)
Sanskrit: cari {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: carati [3sg.act.] (RV+); vy-acalat [3sg.impf.act.] `to wander around'
, (AV+); Aorist IS: acrisam [1sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: cacra [3sg.act.] (AV+);
Fut: carisy (Br.+); Caus: cray (KS+), vi-clayati [3sg.act.] `to shake' (KS+); Aorist RED: accarat
[3sg.act.] `to make wander' (AV+); Intensive: carcarti [3sg.act.] (AV+), ni calcalti [3sg.act.] `to stir,
to quiver' (MS); carcryamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Desid: cicar(i)s (Br.); na-ptc.: crna- (Up.+); Inf:
caritave, caradhyai (RV)
Meaning: `to move, walk, go, wander; perform'
Link to RV concordance: car(i)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aRH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanva-cara- [adj] `wandering in the desert' (RVh); abu-car- [f] `female
servant' (SB+); pums-cal- [f] `whore (*"chasing men")' (AV+); carana- [n] `walking, going,
course' (RV+); caratha- [adj, n] `moving; movement, course' (RV); carcara- [adj] `movable, mobile'
(RV+), calcala- `moving to and fro, changeable' (RV+); caritra- [n] `foot' (RV+); cacara- [adj]
`movable, mobile' (?) (RV 10.106.08); vi-cali- [verb] `to move out' (AV+); abhicara- [m] `servant'
(Lex)
Page in EWAia: 534
See also: cakra-; carama-?
Avestan: OAv. carn [1sg.pres.subj.act.] `to move, approach' ( Y 44.17); YAv. -caraiti [verb] `to
approach, to visit'; fra-caraiti [verb] `to walk'; cart [3sg.subj.act.] `to stay'; tar-car- [adj] `who has
the movement of fire'; tr-carana- [n] `fire device'; v-carna- [n] `place where the road splits'; aipi-
cara- [adj] `following'; fra-cara- [adj] `preceding'; fra-carbant- [adj] `moving forwards'
Old Persian: abicri /bicar/ `servant' (vrddhi from PIr. *abi-cara-)
Middle Persian: wc'l-tn' /w-zardan/ [verb] `to explain'; clk' /arag/ `pasture'
New Persian: guzrdan [verb] `to explain'; ardan [verb] `to graze (trans)'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. arag [verb] `to walk around'
IE form: kwel(H)-
IE meaning: to move
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to wander between (heaven and earth / god and man)': Skt. antar ... carasi (of Agni) (RV
10.004.02) Av. antar.carait ( Y 51.1)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. plomai [1sg.med.] `to move (intrans)'; Gr. mfi-plomai [1sg.med.]
`to surround'; Gr. peri-plomai [verb] `to move around, to surround'; Gr. perpoloj [m] `guardsman';
Gr. mfpoloj [adj, m, f] `moving around someone; (female) servant, (female) priest'; Gr. (Myc.) a-pi-
qo-ro `servant'; Gr. bou-kloj [m] `cowherd'; Gr. (Myc.) qo-u-ko-ro [m] `cowherd'; Lat. col [verb]
`to till, to inhabit'; Lat. in-quil-nus [m] ìnhabitant'; Lat. anculus [m] `servant'; OIr. bua-chail [m]
`bouvier'
118
Notes: {1} With the l-variant cali , slightly differing in meaning (`to move, to quiver').
Sanskrit: cat(t)ra-
First attestation: GrS.+
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: also ct(t)ra-
Meaning: `spindle'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: a(r)ttra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Fi. kehr `spindle', possibly borrowed in the earlier form *kertstro- (< PIE
*kert-tro-)
Page in EWAia: 539
See also: kart [2]
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. cai `spindle' (< PIr. *astra-); Mun. sa [f] `the pin of a spindle' (<
PIr. *astra-)
IE form: kert-tro-
IE meaning: spindle
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: cru-
Meaning: àgreeable, welcome, beloved, pretty' , ,
Link to RV concordance: cru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaHru- aHru- {1}
Page in EWAia: 540
See also: kani; canas-
IE form: knH-ru-?
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Presumably, the palatal anlaut is due to secondary introduction of *- from the full grade.
Sanskrit: ctvla-
Meaning: `pit (dug for getting soil for the uttaravedi-altar)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: t-
Page in EWAia: 539
Avestan: YAv. ct- [f] `(dug) well'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) c't `well - , spring'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. sado `well, spring'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: cest
119
Gramm. forms: Present I: cestant- [ptc.act.] (AV+); Aorist IS: cestisi [1sg.med.] (HirGSm 1.23.1);
Abs: cestitv (SB=BAU+)
Meaning: `to move, stir' ( , !)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aist-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: cest- [f] àction, activity' , (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 550
See also: cyav
IE form: kei-st- ? {1}
IE meaning: to move
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cire [verb] `to set in motion'
Notes: {1} Perhaps an old root extension, related to ki-eh1- (cf. Lat. cire) and ki-eu- (cf. Skt. cyav).
Sanskrit: cet
Gramm. forms: Present I: cetati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present AYA: citayante [3pl.med.] (RV+), citayant-
[ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist mediopass: aceti [3sg.], ceti [3sg.inj.] `has/is appeared, has/is shown
(oneself)' (RV); Aorist S (< Aorist R): acait [3sg.act.] `has perceived' (RV 06.044.07); Aorist R:
citna- [ptc.med.] `making oneself perceptible, drawing attention to oneself' (RV 09.101.11); Perfect:
ciketa [3sg.act.], ciketa [3sg.act.], cikitvms- / cikitus- [ptc.act.] `to see, pay attention, respect'
(RV+), cikite [3sg.med.] `to appear, show (oneself); be known' (RV-YVm) {2}; Desid: cikits `to wish
to perceive, watch' (RV+); Caus: cetay , citay `to make perceived, reveal; to make perceive' (RV+);
ta-ptc.: citta-, also [n] `thought, mind' (RV+)
Meaning: `to perceive, - , take notice of; to shine, appear, be conspicuous'
,
Link to RV concordance: cit-; acit-; citti-; cikitu-; cikitvit; cettar-; cetana-; cetas-; sucetas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ait-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: cikitsu- [adj] `taking precautions, wise' (AV+); cit- [f] `thinking, intellect'
(YV); a-cit- [adj] ìgnorant' (RV); citti- [f] `thinking, understanding' (RV+); cikitu- [adj] `capable'
(RV, AV); cikitvit [adv] àttentively' (RV); cettar- [m] òbserver, guard' (RV+); cetana- [adj]
`conspicuous, visible' (RV); cintay [verb] `to think' (Br., Up.+); cint- [f] `thought' (Ep.+); cetas- [n]
ìntelligence, mind, soul' {3} (RV+), su-cetas- [adj] `sapient, wise' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 547
See also: keta-; cay [1]; ketu-; citra-
Avestan: Av. cit-/ci- [verb] `to perceive': OAv. fracinas [3sg.pres.inj.] ( Y 32.5), YAv. cinamaide
[1pl.pres.subj.med.] ( Vr 12.4); OAv. cist [3sg.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 51.5), OAv. ciat_ [3sg.aor.subj.act.]
( Y 46.9), OAv. ciaite [3sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 33.2); YAv. xcikaa [3sg.pf.act.] ( Yt 1.26),
cikitr [3pl.(p)pf.med.] ( Y 32.11) {4}, YAv. cikib [ptc.pf.act.]; OAv., YAv. cisti- [f]
`consciousness'; OAv. cicib [instr.sg.adj.] (stem *cicitu-) `the attentive one (?)' ( Y 43.2)
Middle Persian: cyhyn- /ihn-/ [verb] `to teach, make known, inform' , (< PIr.
*--)
Parthian: ncyh- [verb] `to teach' (< PIr. *--)
Ossetic: D. cetun [verb] `to keep an eye; to remind; to rebuke' (< PIr. *--)
IE form: (s)kweit-
120
IE meaning: to consider, to appear
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 636 - 637; 916 - 917
Idioms: `to appear in (his/her/its/their) greatness': Skt. mahin cikitre (RV 01.186.09) OAv. mazib
cikitr ( Y 32.11)
Cognates in other languages: Latv. kietu (kist) `to mean', Lith. skaitau~ (skaityti) `to count, gather',
OCS to (isti) `to count, read; to honour'; Go. haidu- (< IE *k(w)oit-u- or *k(w)oi-tu-) [m] `manner';
OHG heit `rank'; ON hei [n] `bright sky'; ON heir [adj] `bright, clear'; OHG heitar [adj] `shining';
MoHG heiter [adj] `bright, cheerful'
Notes: {1} [AL] Mayrhofer, following Got 1987: 137ff. distinguishes cet [1] `to consider' and cet [2]
`to appear, to shine'. The semantic distinction is clearly artificial (cf. German scheinen), whereas the
lack of labialization in the Germanic cognates is probably due to the loss of the labial feature in front
of o in this branch. {2} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 174ff. {3} Translations àppearance' or `splendour',
given for the Rgvedic attestations by some scholars are less plausible, but not impossible. {4} [AL]
For this form cf. recently Jasanoff 1997.
Sanskrit: chand
First attestation: RV, Br.
Gramm. forms: Present X: chadayati [3sg.act.] (RV, Br.); Aorist S: achn [3sg.act.] (RV); achntsur
[3pl.act.] (RV); chantsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); SI-impv: chantsi (RV); Aorist RED: acachadat [3sg.act.]
(AVP 5.27.1); Perfect: cachanda [3sg.act.] (RV 07.063.03), cachadyt [3sg.opt.act.] (RV 10.073.09);
Caus: chandayate [3sg.med.] `to take pleasure in' (RV 10.027.08, 08.050.05), chandayati [3sg.act.] `to
seem, please' (SA+)
Meaning: `to appear, appear good, please' ,
Link to RV concordance: chand-; prathamachad-; chandu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scand- < sand- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prathama-chad- [adj] `being the first to appear' (RV); chandu- [adj]
`pleasing' (RV 01.055.04)
Page in EWAia: 555
See also: cand; sad [2]
Avestan: Av. sand- [verb] `to appear, seem good': YAv. saaiieiti [3sg.pres.act.], OAv. sas
[2,3sg.aor.inj.act.], sast [2pl.aor.impv.act.], YAv. sndaiiavha [2sg.caus.impv.med.] `to please'
Old Persian: m qadaya [3sg.pres.inj.act.]; qadaytiy [3sg.pres.subj.act.] `to seem, appear'; u-qandu-
[adj] `pleasing'
Khotanese: (Old) sad- (sai-, sei-, sas-) [verb] `to appear, seem'; pasad- (pasai-, pasas-) [verb] `to seem
good' (+*pati-)
Sogdian: sy- [verb] `to seem, appear, show', (Chr.) ptsynt-, (Man.) ptsynd- [verb] `to consent' (+
*pati-)
Middle Persian: psnd-, (Man.) psyn-, psn- /passand-/ `to approve' (+ *pati-); (Man.) shyn àpparent;
prominent, splendid'
Parthian: psynd- [caus.] `to take a liking to' (+ *pati-)
New Persian: pasanddan [verb] `to approve; cherish'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|scy- [verb] `to appear'; Bactr.uo-sinamo, uo-sinhio `pleased' (+
*hu-); Wa. sdy- [verb] `to appear, seem'
IE form: skend-
121
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kkasmai [1sg.med.], kekadmnoj [ptc.med.] `to excel'
see Lubotsky 2001a.
Sanskrit: chard
First attestation: VS, TA+
Gramm. forms: Present VII: chrnatti [3sg.act.], chrndantu [3pl.impv.act.] (YVm+); Caus:
chardayati [3sg.act.] (SB+) `to make overflow'; chardayate [3sg.med.] (S.+) `to spit out, vomit'; na-
ptc.: an--chrnna- `not poured out' (YV+)
Meaning: `to pour out; spit out, vomit' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sard-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: chardana- [n] `nausea, vomiting' , (S.+); chardi-
[f] ìd.' (S.+) , ()
Page in EWAia: 557
Khotanese: e-saly- [verb] `to besmear', pi-sal- `to besmear' {1}
Ossetic: s?rdyn / is?rdun [verb] `to smear' {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Iranian cognates are uncertain.
Sanskrit: chav-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `skin, hide'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scau(H)iH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ahi-cchavi- [f] `snake skin' (JB)
Page in EWAia: 557
See also: skav
Avestan: YAv. suri `skin of a living man' ( F 107) (possibly, misspelled for *s()uui)
IE form: skeu(H)-ih2-
IE meaning: skin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cutis `skin', OHG ht `skin', Gr. sktoj [n] `skin' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 2001a: 33.

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Sanskrit: ch
122
Gramm. forms: Present IV/VI: chyati [3sg.act.] (AV+) {1}; ta-ptc.: ava-cchita- `pulled off (skin)'
(SB)
Meaning: `to cut open (skin), skin, pull off skin'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: go-vyacha- [m] `cow-driver' (YVm+)
Page in EWAia: 558
Avestan: Av. {2}
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. syag [verb] `to shave'
IE form: skeh2-
IE meaning: to make an incision
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. scw [verb], scsai [aor.inf.] `to make an incision'
Notes: {1} vichyati (AVP+) [3sg.act.] `to drive (by blows)' is a denom. of vyacha-, not a causative of
ch (Hoffmann 1976: 455ff.). {2} [AL] Hardly related to OAv. szdm [2pl.impv.med] `tear up!' ( Y
31.18); sii(z)dm [2pl.impv.med.] `banish [the fury]!' ( Y 48.7) See Lubotsky 2004a, contra
Humbach, Kellens/Pirart. For the phonetic development of *sk- see Lubotsky 2001a. {3} See Kulikov
2000b.
Sanskrit: chga-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `billy-goat'
Link to RV concordance: chga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scga-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: chg- [f] `goat' (SB); chagala- [m] `billy-goat' (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 558
Ossetic: s?g / s?g? `goat'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The lack of cognates outside IIr. and the imperfect correspondence with Oss. (-- : -a-
) points to a LW (cf. Lubotsky 2001).
Sanskrit: ched
Gramm. forms: Present VII: chindhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 01.133.02), chinatti [3sg.act.] (AV+);
Present IV/Passive: achidyamna- [neg.ptc.med.] (RV 02.032.04) ùnbreakable', chidyate [3sg.med.]
(AV+), chidyamna- [ptc.med.] (TS+), chidyate {1} [3sg.med.] (MS, SB); Aorist R: chedma
[1pl.inj.act.] (RV 01.109.03); Aorist A: achidan [3pl.inj.act.] (AV+); Aorist S: chitths [2sg.inj.med.]
(AV 8.1.4), chitsi [1sg.inj.med.] (YVp); Aorist IS: acchaitst [3sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist mediopass: achedi
[3sg.] (RV 01.116.15), chedi [3sg.inj.] (RV+); Perfect: cichiduh [3pl.act.] (AVP 2.39.2 = TBm
3.7.13.1), cicheda [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: chedayati [3sg.act.] (S.+); na-ptc.: chinna- (RV+)
Meaning: `to split, break, cut off' , ,
Link to RV concordance: chid-
123
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scaid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apa-cchid- [f] `chip, shred' (Br.); vi-chitti- [f] ìnterruption, disturbance'
(KS+)
Page in EWAia: 561
See also: chidra-
Avestan: YAv. auua.hisidiit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] `to split in two'; a-sista- [ppp] ùnsplit, unharmed'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'w-synd- [verb] `to crush, to break'
Middle Persian: wsstn' /wisistan/ [verb] `to break, to split'
New Persian: gusistan [verb] `to break, to split'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. sindag [verb] `to break'
IE form: skeid-
IE meaning: to split
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. sczw [verb] `to split, to cut through' {2}; Lat. scind [verb] `to cut
open, to tear up'
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} Gr. -c- is unclear.
Sanskrit: chidra-
First attestation: RV 01.0162.20+
Meaning: `cut up, torn asunder'; [n] `hole, opening' (YV+) ,
Link to RV concordance: chidra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scidra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-cchidra- [adj] ùnbroken, uninjured' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 560
See also: ched
Avestan: YAv. sidara- [n] `hole, split' ( N 100; lege: xsidra-)
IE form: skid-ro-
IE meaning: to split ,
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG sceter [adj] `thin, loose'; MoHG schtter [adj] `thin, meagre'
Sanskrit: citra-
Part of speech: [adj, n]
Gramm. forms: cetistha- [sup] `the most conspicuous' (RV, VS)
Meaning: `conspicuous, visible, shining, variegated, bright, bright-coloured; appearance, conspicuous
thing' ,
Link to RV concordance: citra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: itra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: citr- [f] `Spica virginis, the twelfth lunar mansion (in the old reckoning),
the beautiful star' (AV+); caitra- [m] `N of a spring month' (Br.+); citrya- [adj] `shining' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 542
See also: ketu-; cet
124
Avestan: Av. cira- òrigin, race'; OAv. cira- [adj, n] `shining; shining thing'; YAv. cira- [adj, n]
`shining, visible, conspicuous; appearance'
Old Persian: dipicica- `form of writing(?)' (DB IV 89); ariya(.)cica- [adj] òf Iranian origin' (Med.
*cira-)
Khotanese: cira- [adj] èvident, obvious'
Middle Persian: ihr `form, appearance'; ctly /ihr/ òrigin, race, gnoj' (Inscr.)
Parthian: yhrg `form'
New Persian: ihr `form, appearance'
IE form: kwit-ro-
IE meaning: conspicuous
Certainty: +
Idioms: `rich (and) bright': Skt. revat ... citram `(the) rich (Usas has) brightly (climbed both worlds)'
(RV 03.061.06) YAv. rauuat_ cirm OP *raiva-cica-, *raiva-ciqra-; `brillant, wonderful
assistances': Skt. citrbhir tibhih (RV), citroti- (RV 10.140.03); OAv. ciqr.auuah- [adj]; `(with)
bright shine': Skt. citra-bhnu- [adj] `with a bright shine' (RV+) OP *cica-bnu- (Onom.); `having
brilliant gifts': Skt. citra-rti- [adj] (RV+) OAv. ciqrrtaii; `with brillant goods, ornaments (=
shining stars)': Skt. citrvasu- [adj] (YVm+) OP *cicva(h)u- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: MoHG heiter (< PGm. *caira-) [adj] `bright, cheerful'
Sanskrit: cod
Gramm. forms: Present I: codmi [1sg.act.] (RV), codat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV), codate [3sg.med.] (RV);
Aorist IS: codh [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 01.063.04); Caus: codayati [3sg.act.] `to urge, impel' (RV+; since
AV, ousts codati)
Meaning: `to urge, impel, incite' , .
Link to RV concordance: cud-; coda-; coda-; codana-; coditar-; codayitr-; codistha-; acodas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: aud-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: coda- [m] ìmplement for driving (horses), goad, whip' (RV 05.061.03),
coda- [adj] ùrging' (RV), codana- [adj] ìmpelling' (RV), coditar- [m] ìmpeller, animator' (RV),
codayitr- [f] (RV+); codistha- [sup] `most urging' (RV 08.102.03), a-codas- [adj] `without
urging' (RV 09.079.01)
Page in EWAia: 551
New Persian: ust [adj] `fast, quick, active'
IE form: (s)keud-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE scotan [verb] `to sling, thrust'
Sanskrit: cyautna-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: Possibly, cyautana- in RV 06.047.02c
Meaning: ùndertaking, action, act, work' , ,
Link to RV concordance: cyautna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iutna- {1}
125
Page in EWAia: 554
See also: cyav
Avestan: OAv. iiaoana- (sometimes trisyllabic), YAv. iiaona- (also iiaona-, iiaoana-) [n]
ùndertaking, action, act, work'
IE form: kieu-ter-/kieu-ten- (?)
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] PIIr. *iutna- is usually explained as a vrddhi derivative of the PIE r/n-stem *kieu-
ter/n-, but this explanation is beset with difficulties: the r/n-stem is not attested and the meaning of the
word is hardly compatible with the usual meaning of vrddhi derivatives.
Sanskrit: cyav
Gramm. forms: Present II: cyavam [1sg.inj.act.] (RV 01.165.10; nonce); cyavante [3pl.subj.med.]
(RV+), cyavna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.115.06, usually PN); Present I: cyavate [3sg.med.] (AV+); Aorist
S: cyosths [2sg.inj.med.] (RV 10.173.02), acyosta [3sg.med.] (AB+); Perfect: cicyuse [2sg.med.]
(RV 04.030.22), cucyuve [3sg.med.] (RV 08.045.25); Caus: cyvay `to make stir' (RV+); Aorist
RED: acucyavuh [3pl.act.] (RV, AVP), -cucyuvmahi [1pl.opt.med.] (RV); ta-ptc.: cyuta- `movable,
shaken' (RV+), a-cyuta- ùnshakable' (RV+)
Meaning: `to move, stir; undertake' ()
Link to RV concordance: cyu-; bhuvanacyava-; cyavana-; trsucyavas-; acyutacyut-; hastacyuti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhuvana-cyava- [adj] `shaking the earth' (RV); cyavana- [adj] `moving,
shaking' (RV+); trsu-cyavas- [adj] `with a greedy movement' (RV 06.066.10); cyvayisnu- [adj]
àgitating' (AV); acyuta-cyut- [adj] `shaking the unshakable' (RV+); hasta-cyuti- [f] `quick movement
of the hand' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 552
See also: cyautna-; cest?
Avestan: Av. (ii)auu- [verb] `to move, go, undertake': OAv. auuait [3pl.pres.med.(?)]{1} ( Y 29.3),
iiauui [1sg.pres.subj.med.] ( Y 33.8), YAv. xfraauua [2sg.pres.impv.act.], auuant- [pres.ptc.act.],
frasaiti [3sg.pres.act.], fruuiit_ [3sg.pf.opt.] ( Yt 11.5), frauuaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.], xfrata-
[ppp] ( Vr 12.2), xaibiuiti [inf] ( N 4); arm.t- [adj] `moved by the arm'; mainiiu.ta- [adj] `driven
by mind'; fra-iti- [f] àpproach'; OAv. iiaoman- [n] `deed, work' ( Y 32.3)
Old Persian: a-iyava [3sg.impf.act.] `to go forth, march'
Khotanese: tsu-/tsuta- [verb] `to go'; (Tum.) cchami [1sg.pres.act.] (< PIr. *iaumi), acchu
[1sg.impf.act.] (< PIr. *a-iauam)
Sogdian: w- [verb] `to go, walk, move'
Middle Persian: wb- (`ZLWN-), (Man.) w- /aw-/ [verb] `to go'
Parthian: w-/d- [verb] `to go'; fr'w- (old caus.) `to send (off/forth)' (+ *fra-)
New Persian: udan/av- [verb] `to become; go'
Ossetic: c?wyn / c?wun [verb] `to go'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. ?ao- [verb] `to go'; Khwar. y'sw- [verb] `to go away to; defect' (+ *ui-
-); Yagh. au-/auta [verb] `to go'; Wa. aw- [verb] `to leave, depart'
IE form: kieu- {2}
IE meaning: to move, go
Certainty: +
126
Cognates in other languages: Arm. ògan [3pl.aor.] `to go'; Gr. seomai [verb] `to be in violent
motion, to walk, to rush (to)'; Gr. at-ssutoj [adj] `self-sped'; Gr. lao-ssoj [adj] `stirring the men'
Notes: {1} [AL] According to Insler 1975: 149, OAv. auuait can hardly be 3pl.pres., as is often
assumed, rather an infinitive. {2} [AL] For a detailed discussion of the Indo-European verbal forms
derived from this root see Garcia-Ramon 1994. XXX: -ti-, -as-, -man- separately?
Sanskrit: dabh
Gramm. forms: Present V: dabhnuvanti [3pl.act.] (RV 01.055.07 +); Aorist R: -dabhur [3pl.inj.]
(RV), dabhan [3pl.inj.] (RV), dabhat, dabhti [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), dabhanti [3pl.subj.act.] (RV);
Aorist A: adabhat [3sg.act.] (YV+); Perfect: dadbha [3sg.act.] (RV), debhur [3pl.act.] (RV);
dadambha [3sg.act.] (AV) (with secondary m in the root under the influence of the semantically close
root dambh); Passive: dabhyate [3sg.] (RV 01.041.01); Desid: dipsati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Inf: -dabhe
(RV 08.021.16); ta-ptc.: a-dabdha- ùndeceivable, unharmed, undeceived' (RV, AV)
Meaning: `to deceive, betray, outwit, hurt someone' ,
Link to RV concordance: dabh-; dabhya-; adbhya-; adbhuta-; adbhuti-; dabha-; naksaddbha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhabh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dabhya- [gerundive] `deceivable' (RV); a-dbhya- [adj] ùndeceivable,
invulnerable' (RV); dabdhi- [f] `disadvantage, injury' (KS, TS); adbhuta- [adj] `wonderful, infallible'
(RV+); adbhuti- [f] ùndeceitfulness' (RV 01.025.11); dabha- [m] `deceiver' (RV, AV); naksad-
dbha- [adj] `deceiving anyone who approaches' (RV 06.022.02);
Page in EWAia: 64, 695, 806
See also: dabhra- ; dambh
Avestan: Av. db- [verb] `to deceive': OAv. dbnaot [2pl.pres.act.] ( Y 32.5), m ... aip
.dbuuaiiat_ [3sg.inj.act.caus.] ( Y 31.17), dbaiieit [3sg.caus.] ( Y 43.6), dibaidiii [desid.inf.] ( Y
45.4), YAv. dauuaiiant- [ptc.pres.act.f.] `deceiving' ( Y 10.15); OAv. dbaoman- [m/n] `spell,
enchantment, caster of a spell' ( Y 30.6); YAv. a-daoiia- [adj] ùndeceivable, infallible'; a-daoiiamna-
[ptc.pass.] ùndeceivable'; dapta- [ppp] `deceived'; diba- [m] `deceit'; abda- (< IIr. *a-dhbh-ta-) [adj]
`wonderful'
Khotanese: bev- [verb] `to deceive, injure' (+ *ui-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) prdbn `deceit', wyd'b `harm'
Middle Persian: pldp- /frb-/ [verb] `to deceive' (+ *fra-)
Parthian: dbgyr [adj] `cheating'; db `trick, deception'; wdyfs- [verb] (inch.) `to be deceived' (+ *ui-)
New Persian: farftan / farb- [verb] `to deceive'
Ossetic: davyn / davun [verb] `to steal'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. pr-'by- [verb] `to deceive'; Wa. v()y- [verb] `to steal'
IE form: dhebh-
IE meaning: `to deceive, humble'
Certainty: +
Idioms: ùndeceivable eye': Skt. caksur ... mitrayor ... varunayor adabdham ùndeceivable eye of
Mitra and Varuna (= sun)' (RV 06.051.01), adabdha-caksus- (AV 13.2.44) Av. dirbii ...
adaoii ... mir ( Yt 10.82); `with infallible mental power': Skt. adbhuta-kratu- [adj] (RV) Av.
adaoii.xratu- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. tepnu- [verb] `to make little, decrease, humble'
127
Sanskrit: dabhra-
Meaning: `little, small, deficient' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dabhra-; dabhti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dabhra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dahra- [adj] `small, delicate, little' (KS+); dabhti- [m] PN, `deceiver'
(RV) (a Caland variant of dabhra-)
Page in EWAia: 696
See also: dabh
Avestan: YAv. daibi- [m] `deceiver'
IE form: dhebh-ro-
IE meaning: `to deceive, humble'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. tepu- [adj] `little'

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Sanskrit: dadhi / dadhan-

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: In the RV, only oblique cases (from the stem dadhan-) are attested, nom.sg. dadhi
appearing for the first time in the YV.
Meaning: `sour milk, whey'
Link to RV concordance: dadhan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dadhH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dadhy-sir- [adj] `mixed with sour milk' (RV); dadhanvant- [adj]
`containing sour milk' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 692
See also: dhayi [1]
IE form: dhe-dhh1-
IE meaning: (sour) milk
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Alb. djathe `cheese'; OPr. dadan `milk'
Sanskrit: dagh
Gramm. forms: Present V: daghnuyt [3sg.opt.act.] (KS, KpS); Aorist R: -dhak [2,3sg.inj.act.] (RV);
daghys [2sg.opt.act.] (RV 01.123.05); Fut: -daghisyante (JUB)
128
Meaning: `to almost reach, just miss, be almost enough' - ,
,
Link to RV concordance: dagh-; daghna-; apascddaghvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhagh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -daghna- [adj] (RV+), e.g. in -daghna- (< *s-d ) [adj] `(almost) reaching
to the mouth'" () ' (RV); a-pasc(d)-daghvan- [adj] `not staying behind,
not being too late' (RV+) " , '
Page in EWAia: 691
Avestan: OAv. aaonuuamna- [ptc.pres.med.] `what is not missed (?)' ( Y 28.3) "
(?)
IE form: dhegwh-
IE meaning: to miss the right moment, be off the mark , -
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fqnw [verb] `to be beforehand with' (< PGr. *fqnw <-- *fqneumi
< IE *dhgwhneumi); To. ktk- [verb] `to cross, cross over, miss (the right time)' " ,
, ( ) '
Sanskrit: dah
Gramm. forms: Present I: dahati [3sg.act.] (RV+); nir dahante [3pl.med.] (TS); Aorist S: adhk
[3sg.act.] (RV+); dhaksat-, daksat- [ptc.act.] (RV), SI-impv: dhaksi (RV); Aorist SIS: dhkst
[3sg.inj.act.] (GB+); Perfect: dadha [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Present IV/Passive: dahyase [2sg.med.],
dahyamna- [ptc.med.] (RV-Kh. 3.15.20), dahyante [3pl.med.] (AV 12.4.3 +), dahyamna- [ptc.med.]
(YVp+) {1}; Fut: dhaksy (RV+); ta-ptc.: dagdha- (AV+)
Meaning: `to burn (trans.)'
Link to RV concordance: dah-; dhaksu-; dhaksu-; daksus-; dhaksus-; dagdhar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhagh-/dhajh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: d(h)aksu-, d(h)aksus- [adj] `flaming, burning' (RV); dagdhar- [m] òne
who burns' (RV 05.009.04), dagdhar- [m] `burner' (SB); -dahana- [n] `burning place' (AV+); sava-
dahy- [f] `burning of a body' (SB); ni-dgha- [m] `heat, hot season, summer' (SB+); naidgha- [m]
`hot season' (AVS+); naidghya- [adj] `belonging to hot season' (AVP); nir-dha- [adj] `burning'
(AV)
Page in EWAia: 712
See also: ks [1]
Avestan: Av. da- [verb] `to burn': YAv. daaiti [3sg.pres.act.] (< *-ji-); du- [n] N. of an illness
(accompanied by fever)
Khotanese: dajs- (days-) [verb] `to burn', ds- [verb] `to make burn'; dag- (das-) [verb] `to ripen';
handaj- (hands-) [verb] `to be ripened', hamdaj- (handaj-) [caus.] `to ripen'; daj- `flame'
Sogdian: - [verb] `to burn', (Buddh.) xs- [inch.] `to ripen'; 'n àrdent, fierce'
Middle Persian: dc- /daz-/ [verb] `to burn, singe'
Parthian: 'wdjn `rigor, harshness' (<*aua-daana-)
New Persian: dg `hot; brand, mark(ing)'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. daan `violent, wild' (Iran. LW); Sariq. izd/iz- [verb] `to be ill'; Wa.
piic- [verb] `to catch fire, be ignited' (+ *pati-)
IE form: dhegwh-
129
IE meaning: to burn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. degu [1sg.pres.act.] `to burn'; OCS ego [1sg.pres.act.] `to burn';
To. tsk- [verb] `to burn'; Lat. fove [verb] `to make warm'
Notes: {1} [LK] Although some occurrences show passive meaning, the suffix accent may be
secondary and dahyate should be treated as a class IV present; see Kulikov 2001: 292ff.
Sanskrit: daks
Gramm. forms: Present I: daksat [2pl.impv.act.] (RV 07.032.09, 07.097.08), daksate [3sg.med.]
(RV 07.016.06+); Perfect: dadakse [3sg.med.] (SB); Fut: daksisy (Br.); Caus: daksay (MSp+),
daksaym kar- [pf.caus.] (SB); adadaksat [3sg.aor.act.(caus.)] (SB)
Meaning: `to be able' [med.], `to make agreeable to (dat.)' [act.] " , ,
' [med.], " (dat). ' [].
Link to RV concordance: daks-; daksa-; daksas-; daksyya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: daksa- [adj] àble, expert' (RV+); daksas- [n] `correct behaviour'
, (RV); daksyya- [adj] `to whom one has to be agreeable' (RV) daks- [f]
`vital power' (JB) , '
Page in EWAia: 689
See also: daksina-
Avestan: Av. dax- [verb] `to instruct, reveal': OAv. daxat_ [3sg.inj.act.] ( Y 43.15); fradaxaii
[2sg.impv.] ( Y 33.13), YAv. fradaxaii [2sg.pres.inj.act.] ( Yt 4.9); YAv. fradaxtar- [m] `teacher',
possibly OAv. *daxr [nom.pl.n.] `revelations' ( Y 43.7, cf. Insler 1975: 235). According to Insler
1962, the Avestan root dax- `to point out, reveal' is based on fradaxta- `pointed out', daxta- [n]
`sign, revelation', which originally was a ta-ptc. to the root dis- `to show' (Skt. des-), cf. paxta- to
pas- `to adorn'.
New Persian: dax `task, effort' ,
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: daksina-
Gramm. forms: also daksina- (RV 01.100.09, SB)
Meaning: `right, walking on the right side, southern' , ,
Link to RV concordance: daksina-; daksinatas; daksinatr; daksin; pradaksinit
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dac-i-na-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: daksinatas [adv] `from the right, on the right side' (RV+); daksinatr
[adv] òn the right' (RV); daksin [adv] òn the right' (RV+); pradaksinit [adv] `from left to right,
turning one's right side towards smth.' (RV; 05.036.04 pra daksinit); daksin- [f] `priest's fee,
sacrificial gift' (RV+); daksinya- [adj] `belonging to priester's fee' (AV+); daksin (dis-) `South'
(TS+)
Page in EWAia: 690
See also: daks
130
Avestan: YAv. daina- [adj] `right, south'
Middle Persian: dan `right hand'; d'[y]n `gift' (< PIr. *din-)
Parthian: dn `right hand'
Ossetic: d?sny / d?sni [adj] `dexterous, skilful' ,
IE form: deks-i-no- {1}
IE meaning: right
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. de~sinas [adj] `right'; OCS desn [adj] `right'; Gr. dexij [adj]
`right' (< PIE *deks-i-uo-); Go. taihswo [f] `right hand' (< PIE *deks-ueh2-); Gr. dexiterj [adj]
`located on the right side'; Lat. dexter [adj] `right'
Notes: {1} [AL] Also *deks-(i-)uo- and *deks-i-tero-. For a discussion of the various suffixes see
Beekes 1994.
Sanskrit: dam-
Part of speech: [n] (?)
Gramm. forms: patir dan [gen.sg.] (RV; also sisur dan RV 10.061.20), dam supatn (RV 06.003.07),
damm [gen.pl.] (RV 10.046.07), probably damsu [loc.pl.] (RV 01.134.04, 01.141.04)
Meaning: `house' ,
Link to RV concordance: dam-; dama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dam-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dama- [m] `house' (RV, AV, TS+)
Page in EWAia: 697
See also: dampati-; mna- [2]; damnas-
Avestan: Av. dam- `house' (OAv. dng, adas / dans/ ( Y 46.5) [gen.sg.] dam [loc.sg.]; YAv. dami
[loc.sg.], nm [gen.sg.])
IE form: dom- / dem- {1}
IE meaning: house
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. tun `house'- ; Lat. dom àt home'
Notes: {1} nom.sg. *dm , gen.sg. *dem-s, cf. the verbal root *dem- `to build'.
Sanskrit: dambh
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: dambhay (RV, Br.); Aorist IS: dambhisat [3sg.inj.act.] (MS)
Meaning: `to belittle, subjugate, destroy'
Link to RV concordance: dambh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhambh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: amitra-dambhana- [adj] `destroying the enemy'
(RV)
Page in EWAia: 699
See also: dabh
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nby- [verb] `to kill' -
IE form: dhebh-
131
IE meaning: `to humble'
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] The often proposed connection with Gr. tmbestai `to be disadvantaged, be deprived
of smth.'; Gr. tmbein `to cause damage, rob' is phonetically improbable. It seems more likely that
dambh- is a variant of dabh.
Sanskrit: dampati-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: dampat [nom.acc.du.] `husband and wife' (RV+)
Meaning: `master of the house'
Link to RV concordance: dampati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dams pati-
Page in EWAia: 699
See also: dam-
Avestan: OAv. dng pati [gen.sg.] `master of the house' (Y 45.11)
IE form: dem-s poti-
IE meaning: master of the house
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. despthj [m] `master of the house, lord'
Sanskrit: dams
Gramm. forms: Present I<VI: dasanti [3pl.act.] (MS+), dasa [2sg.impv.] (RV+), dasant- [ptc.act.]
(RV+); Aorist S: ? dnksur [3pl.inj.act.] (MGS 2.16.3); Perfect: dadasvms- [ptc.act.] (RV
04.038.06, AVP 3.16.6); Caus: damsay (S.+); Intensive: dandasna- [ptc.med.] `snapping (of
horses)' (RV 10.095.09); Abs: damstv (Br.+); ta-ptc.: dasta- (AV+)
Meaning: `to bite' ,
Link to RV concordance: dams-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: danc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: damsa- [m] `biting insect' (Up.+); sam-damsa- [m] `pliers' (AV+);
trpradamsin- [adj] `biting hastily (?)' (AVS 7.56.3 = AVP 20.14.9); trstadamsman- [adj] `with a
harsh bite' (AV); damstar- [m] `biter' (AV); damsuka- [adj] `biting' (KS+); dandaska- [adj]
`biting' (KS+); danksnu- [adj] `biting' (TS+); dasa- [m] `gadfly' (JB 2.182)
Page in EWAia: 688
See also: damstra-
Avestan: YAv. tii.dasura- [adj] `biting sharply'; kart.dasu- [m] N of a rooster (= `biting with a
knife' ?)
Khotanese: d(r)sta- [ppp] `bitten' (?)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. dus `wasp, bee, gadfly', Pash. luza `bee'
IE form: denk-
IE meaning: to bite
Certainty: +
132
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dknw [verb], dakei~n [aor.] `to bite'; OHG zanga `tongs'
Sanskrit: dams
Gramm. forms: Caus: damsayas [2sg.inj.act.] `make capable' (RV 10.138.01)
Meaning: `to have miraculous power, be capable of smth. wondrous' ,
Link to RV concordance: dams-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: dans-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: damsan- [f], damsana- [n] `miraculous power' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 688
See also: dasma-; dasra-; damsas-
Avestan: OAv. ddaih [1sg.pres.med.] `to learn, to get to know' ( Y 43.11); didas [3sg.pres.inj.act.]
`to teach, profess' ( Y 49.9); dastuu- [f] `knowledge (what must be known)' ( Y 46.7)
Khotanese: dasta- [ppp] `capable, proficient'
Middle Persian: dstwbl /dastuwar/ `priest, religious authority'
Parthian: dst [adj] àble, wise', dstbr /dastwar/ [adj] `having power, authority'
New Persian: dastr `priest, religious authority'
IE form: dens-
IE meaning: `to have miraculous power, be capable of smth. wondrous'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ddae [3sg.red.aor.] `to teach'; Hitt. dassu- [adj] `strong, powerful'

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Sanskrit: damsas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `miraculous ability' , , ,
Link to RV concordance: damsas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dansas-
Page in EWAia: 688
See also: dams
Avestan: YAv. (hizuu) dahah- [n] `miraculous power (of the tongue)'
IE form: dens-os-
IE meaning: miraculous ability
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dnea [n.pl.] `counsels, plans' (< *denses-h2)
Sanskrit: damstra-
133
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `fang' -
Link to RV concordance: damstra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: danctra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tksna-damstra- [adj] `with sharp teeth' (TA+)
Page in EWAia: 688
See also: dams
Avestan: YAv. tii.dastra- [adj] `with a sharp set of teeth' (with secondary -s- instead of --)
IE form: denk-tro-
IE meaning: to bite
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dami
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: damyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present ANYA: damanyat [3sg.inj.] (RV
10.099.06); dmyata [2pl.impv.act.] (SB=BAU); Aorist A: danah [2sg.inj.] (RV 01.174.02) (with
irregular -n-); Caus: damayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: dnta- (Br.+)
Meaning: `to control, restrain (oneself); to overpower, tame, subdue' ,
Link to RV concordance: dami-; damany-; damitar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: damH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: damitar- [m] `tamer, subduer, overpowerer' (RV, AVP 13.3.7);
mahdamatra- [m] N of a teacher (= òf great restrain') (S.); dama- [m] `self-command' (Up.)
Page in EWAia: 698
Khotanese: dm- / danda- [verb] `to tame'
Ossetic: domyn / d?mun [verb] `to tame, exhaust, demand', ud?ssyn / od?nsun [verb] `to suffer, bear,
forego, let go'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. my- [verb] `to tame'
IE form: demh2-
IE meaning: to tame
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dmnhmi [verb] `to tame, subdue'; Gr. dmthr [m] `tamer'; Gr. pan-
damtwr [m] àll-subduer, all-tamer'; Gr. -dmhtoj [ppp] ùnbroken, unwedded'; Lat. domre [verb]
`to tame, to overpower'; OIr. damnaim [1sg.pres.act.] `to bind, to overpower'; MoHG zhmen [verb]
`to tame'; Hitt. da-ma-a-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `to press, to oppress'
Sanskrit: dant-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: dan [nom.sg.], dantam [acc.sg.], datas [gen.sg.], etc. (RV)
Meaning: `tooth'
Link to RV concordance: dant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hdant-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: danta- [m] `tooth' (RV 06.075.11, AV+) {1}; dat-vant- [adj] `having
teeth' (RV, AV)
134
Page in EWAia: 693
See also: ad
Avestan: Av. daitika- [m] `wild, undomesticated animal'; YAv. vmt.dantan- [adj] `with shapeless
teeth (?)'; dathuua [adv] `between the teeth' ( V 15.4)
Khotanese: data- `wild animal'; dandaa- `tooth'
Sogdian: krw nt'k `with damaged teeth' {2}
Middle Persian: dandn `tooth'
New Persian: dandn `tooth'
IE form: h3d-ont- {3}
IE meaning: biting, tooth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dn, dont- [m] `tooth'; Arm. atamn `tooth'; Lat. dns, dent-
`tooth'; OHG zan(d) `tooth'; Lith. dantis `tooth'
Notes: {1} Based on acc.sg. dantam. {2} See kardatin-. {3} [AL] Gr. (Aeol.) dontej [nom.pl.]
`tooth' does not prove *h1, being a folk-etymological adaptation. The IE root-present of the verb
*h1ed- `to eat' clearly shows that the root was not resultative.
Sanskrit: darbh
Gramm. forms: Present VI: drbhati [3sg.act.] (SB); ta-ptc.: sam-drbdha- `bundled together, tied into a
bunch' (SB)
Meaning: `to tie together, join, tie in a bundle'
Link to RV concordance: drbh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: darbh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: darbha- [m] `tuft of grass, bunch of grass' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 703
Avestan: YAv. drbda- [n] `bundle of muscles' ( Yt 13.11)
Other Iranian cognates: Par. andarf- (< PIr. *ham-darb-) [verb] `to sew'; Wa. d()rvd [verb] `to sew'
IE form: d(h)erbh-
IE meaning: ?
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection with WRuss. dorob (< IE *d(h)orbh-o-) `basket, box', etc. seems
highly doubtful to me.
Sanskrit: darh
Gramm. forms: Present I<VII: drmhata [2pl.impv.act.] (RV+); Present VI<VII: drmhethe
[2du.impv.med.] (RV, AV); Present IV: drhya [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), drhyasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV);
Aorist IS: adrmht [3sg.act.] (KS+); Perfect: ddrhna- [ptc.med.] (RV), adadrhanta [3pl.ppf.med.]
(RV 10.082.01); Caus: adrmhayata [3sg.impf.med.] (AV 4.11.7), drmhayati [3sg.act.] (S.); ta-ptc.:
drdha- (< *drzdha-) `fixed, firm, solid' (RV+); drmhita- `firm, fastened' (RV)
Meaning: `to fix, make firm, become firm'
135
Link to RV concordance: drh-; drahyat
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(h)arjh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prna-drh- (nom.sg. dhrk) [adj] `making the breath firm' (KS+); drahyat
[adv] `firmly, steadily (?)' (RV 02.011.15); drmhana- [n] `making firm' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 706
Avestan: Av. drz- [verb] `to fasten, to tie': YAv. darzaiieiti [3sg.pres.act.], OAv. drt [3sg.root-
aor.inj.act.(?)] ( Y 49.2), ddr [2sg.desid.inj.act.] ( Y 44.15); OAv. drz- [f] `fetter'; YAv.
drzra- [adj] `firm, strong' (Caland-variant drzi , e.g. drzi-raa- `with a strong chariot'),
darzita- [comp] `firmest, strongest'
Khotanese: dals- [verb] `to make firm, fasten; load' (< PIr. *darzaia-); drsda- [adj] `firm, sure'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) b'yz- [verb] `to cover, wrap' (< PIr. *abi-darzaia-)
Middle Persian: hndlcyn- /handarzn-/ [verb] `to advise'
Parthian: drz- [verb] `to fasten; to pitch (a tent); to load'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. dy- [verb] `to load (up)'; Pash. ll [adj] `loaded'; Bactr. larzo
`subject to restrictions'
IE form: delgh-
IE meaning: to hold
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 212 - 213, 252 - 255 (with a diff. analysis)
Cognates in other languages: Go. tulgjan [verb] `to fasten'
Sanskrit: dars
Gramm. forms: Aorist R {1}: drsan [3pl.inj.act.] (RV+), darsan [3pl.subj.act.] (RV+); Aorist S:
adrksata [3pl.med.] (RV), drksase [2sg.subj.med.] (RV 01.006.07) {2}; adrksam [1sg.act.] (Br.+);
Perfect: dadarsa [3sg.act.] (RV+), dadrkse [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive: drsyate [3sg.] (RV 10.146.03
+); Aorist mediopass: adarsi [3sg.], adrsran, adrsram [3pl.] (RV+); Fut: draksyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+);
Caus: darsayati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Desid: didrks (RV+); Abs: drstya (RV 10.034.11), drstv
(AV); Inf: drastum `to see' (AV+); ta-ptc.: drsta- àpparent, visible' (RV+)
Meaning: `to see, appear, look, show' (. , )
Link to RV concordance: drs-; darsya-; drsya-; sudarsa-; darsata-; darsana-; drs-; didrksenya-;
didrkseya-; drs-; drsati-; samdrsti-; drska-; drsik-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: darc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: darsya- [gerundive] `worthy of being seen' (RV); drsya- [adj] `visible'
(RV+); darsa- [m] `the just visible new moon' (AV); su-darsa- [adj] èasily seen, conspicuous' (RV+);
darsata- [adj] `visible, beautiful' (RV+); darsana- [n] òbservation, perception' (RV+); drs- [f]
àppearance, sight' (RV, MS); drastar- [m] `seer' (AV+); didrksenya-, didrkseya- [desid.adj]
`worthy to see' (RV+); -drs- [adj] `such, endowed with such qualities' (RV+); drsati- [f] `look,
appearance' (RV 06.003.03); sam-drsti- [f] `view, sight' (RV); drska- [adj] `splendid' (RV);
drsik- [f] `look, appearance' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 706
Avestan: Av. dars- `to look': OAv. darsn [1sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 28.5), darsm [1sg.aor.inj.act.] (
Y 43.5), viidarsm [1sg.aor.act.] ( Y 54.8), YAv. ddarsa [1sg.pf.act.]; OAv. darsa- [m/n]
`looking' (darst_ [abl.sg.]) ( Y 32.13); xvng.darsa- [adj] `having the appearance of the sun' ( Y
43.16); darsata- [adj] `visible' ( Y 30.1); aib.drta- [adj] `seen, visible' ( Y 31.2, Y 50.5);
drta.anah- [adj, n] `(bringing) visible ruin' ( Y 34.4); darti- [f] àppearance' ( Y 33.6); YAv.
136
par.drs- [m] ( dar [nom.sg.]) N of a rooster (< *`forward-looking'); a-fra-drs-uuant- [adj]
`where there is no view'
Old Persian: *drika- [m] PN (?) (in Elamite)
Khotanese: dirsjsina- `wishing to see'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. dhr (< PIr. *drta-) `saw'; Yi. li- [verb] `to see' (pret. supplet. of wn-
); Tati (Esh.) undrd [verb] `to see'
IE form: derk-
IE meaning: to see, to look
Certainty: +
Idioms: `visible over a long distance': Skt. dre-drs- `visible far and wide' (RV) Av. dradartma-
`looking far'; `looking like sun / seeing sun-light': Skt. svar-drs- [adj] `looking like sun; seeing sun-
light' (RV) {3} Av. huuar.darsa- [adj] `looking like sun'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ddorka [3sg.pf.act.] `to look at' (with pres. meaning); Gr. drkomai
[1sg.pres.med.] `to see, to look'; Gr. drakej [ptc.R-aor.act.] `to look'; Gr. dus-drketoj [adj] ìll to
look upon, ugly'; Gr. p-dra [adv] `looking up from below'; OIr. derc èye'; Go. ga-tarhjan [verb]
`to expose, make public'; OE torht (< PGm. *turx-ta-) `clear'
Notes: {1} In suppletive relation with the root pas, which supplies present forms. {2} Nonce
formation. {3} [LK] For the relationship between these two meanings, see Scarlata 1999: 234ff.
Sanskrit: dar(i) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IV: dryeta [3sg.opt.med.] (YVp+), dryate [3sg.med.] (SB) {2}; Present IX:
drnyt [3sg.opt.act.] (SB); Aorist R: dart [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); Aorist S: darsasi [2sg.subj.act.] (RV);
darssta [3sg.opt.med.(prec.)] (RV 01.132.06); SI-impv: darsi (RV); Perfect: dadra [3sg.act.] `has
burst, has scattered (intr.)' (RV 06.027.04); dadrvms- [ptc.act.] `to burst' (tr.) (RV 04.001.14),
ddrhi [2sg.impv.act.] `to burst' (tr.) (RV 01.133.06), -dadrur [3pl.act.] (RV 04.019.05) {3}; Caus:
daray `to storm, to attack' (RV), dray `to split, to break' (Br.+); Intensive: dardarti [3sg.act.] `to
tear open' (RV); na-ptc.: drna- (Br.+)
Meaning: `to crack, scatter, split, break, burst'
Link to RV concordance: dr-; puramdara-; godari-; darman-; dartar-; dartnu-; darman-; darma-;
dardira-; dura-; avidriya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: puram-dara- [adj] `destroying strongholds' (RV+); go-dari- [adj]
`scattering the cows' (= òpening the stables') (RV 08.092.11); darman- [n] `splitting' (RV
01.129.08) {4}; dartar- [m] `breaker' (RV); dartnu- [adj] `breaking' (RV); darman- [m] `breaker'
(RV+); darma- [m] ìd.' (RV 03.045.02); kalasa-dir- [adj] `whose pitcher is broken' (SBr.); -dardira-
[adj] `crushing' (RV 10.078.16); dura- [m] `the one who obtains, knocks out (horses, cattle, grain)'
(RV 01.153.02 (3x)) {6}; a-vi-driya- [adj] ùnbreakable' (RV 01.046.15) {5}
Page in EWAia: 701
See also: pradara-; drti-
Avestan: YAv. auua.drnant- [ptc.pres.act.] `shattering' ( V 18.19); drnnti [3pl.pres.act.] `to
break' ( V 19.28); ni-dar.dairiit_ [3sg.int.opt.act.] `to tear out' ( V 18.38); drta- [ppp] `cut,
harvested'; pairi.diraiieinti [3pl.pres.act.] `to make (ears) burst (?)' ( Yt 14.56) {7}
Middle Persian: darrdan [verb] `to tear, cut'
New Persian: darrdan [verb] `to tear, cut'
137
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. b'r- [v.] `to pluck out (of hair, feathers), shake out (leaves)' (+ *apa-)
IE form: der- {1}
IE meaning: to split off, pull off skin, skin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. drw [verb] `to skin, to flay'; Gr. dratj [ppp] `flayed'; Go. dis-tairi?
[3sg.pres.] `to tear up'; Lith. dirti [verb] `to tear, to flay'; OCS drati [verb] `to tear'
Notes: {1} [LK] The set-forms are secondary and cannot serve as evidence for the final laryngeal; see
now Praust 2000. {2} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {3} Thus
Oldenberg, Geldner, Kmmel; the form may also belong to dr `to run' (thus Grassmann, Lubotsky);
see Kmmel 2000: 230f. {4} The form cannot serve as evidence for the set-character of the root. {5}
Based on the anit-variant of the -ya-present, probably preserved in the late Vedic -driyate (only with
) `to heed, care' (Br.+, but cf. also OAv. Y 46.5 ... drt [3sg.aor.opt.med.] `to respectfully receive',
Insler 1975: 266); the genetic relationships between dryate `to crack, to break, to burst' and -driyate
`to heed, to care' (< *`to make/become available' < `to open' ?) are unclear; see Kulikov 2001: 96f.
and 298f. {6} [AL] A nonce form, see Praust 2000: 425, fn. 2. {7} [AL] For a discussion of this form,
see Praust 2000: 438, fn. 40.
Sanskrit: das
Gramm. forms: Present IV: dasyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: dasat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV+), dasamna-
[ptc.med.] (RV 01.134.05) {1}; Aorist IS: dst [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 07.001.21); Perfect: -dadasvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV 02.002.06), -dadsa [3sg.act.] (MSp 4.6.6:88.6-9); ta-ptc.: an-upa-dasta- ìnexhaustible'
(KausS)
Meaning: `to waste, become exhausted, become extinguished' ,
Link to RV concordance: das-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jas- > Skt. das- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vi-dasya- [adj] ìnexhaustible' (RV 07.039.06)
Page in EWAia: 710
See also: jas
IE form: ges-
IE meaning: `to be hungry'
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 479 - 480 (with a different analysis)
Notes: {1} With secondary root accentuation. {2} [AL] das- is the result of dissimilation of *jas(y)-
[dyas(y)-].
Sanskrit: dasa
Gramm. forms: dasa [nom.acc.pl.], dasabhih [instr.pl.], dasnm [gen.pl.], dasasu [loc.pl.]
Meaning: `ten'
Link to RV concordance: dasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daca
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dasat- [f] à number of ten, decade' (AVP+; RV-Kh. dasata-); dasataya-
[adj] `tenfold' (RV); dasin- [adj] `consisting of ten parts' (Br.+)
138
Page in EWAia: 708
See also: dasama-; sata-
Avestan: OAv. das [Acc] `ten' ( Y 44.18); YAv. dasa [num] `ten' (dasanam [gen.pl.])
Old Persian: *daa `ten' (in Elam.)
Sogdian: s(') [num] `ten'
Middle Persian: dah [num] `ten'
Parthian: das [num] `ten'
New Persian: dah [num] `ten'
Ossetic: d?s [num] `ten'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. laso [num] `ten'; Pash. las [num] `ten'
IE form: dekm
IE meaning: ten
Certainty: +
Idioms: `ten months (pregnancy, foetus)': Skt. dasa-ms(i)ya- [adj] `ten months old (of a foetus)'
(RV+) YAv. dasa.mhiia- [adj] òf ten months (of a pregnancy)' Lat. decem menses `ten months'
Cognates in other languages: Go. taihun [num] `ten'; Go. -tigum `-ty'; Gr. dka [num] `ten'; Lat.
decem [num] `ten'; OIr. deich n- [num] `ten'; ToA sk [num] `ten'; ToB sak [num] `ten'; MoHG zehn
[num] `ten'; Lith. deimtis [num] `ten'; Lith. de~im(t)s [num] `ten'; OCS deset [num] `ten'

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Sanskrit: dasama-
Meaning: `tenth'
Link to RV concordance: dasama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dacama-
Page in EWAia: 708
See also: dasa; sata-
Avestan: YAv. dasma- [adj] `tenth'
Sogdian: smy(k) [adj] `tenth'
Middle Persian: dahom [adj] `tenth'
New Persian: dahom [adj] `tenth'
Ossetic: d?s?m / d?s?jmag [adj] `tenth'
IE form: dekmHo-
IE meaning: tenth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. decimus [adj] `tenth'; OIr. dechmad [adj] `tenth'
Sanskrit: dasasy
139
Gramm. forms: Present: dasasyati [3sg.act.] (RV) {1}
Meaning: `to render service, be helpful'
Link to RV concordance: dasasy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dacas-ia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dasasy- [f] `bringing service' (RV 07.099.03)
Page in EWAia: 710
See also: ds
Avestan: OAv. dasma- [m] `honouring, offering' ( Y 28.9)
IE form: dekes-ie-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. decus [n] èmbellishment, worth, honour'; Lat. decet [3sg.pres.act.]
ìs fitting, proper'
Notes: {1} A denominative from *dasas-.
Sanskrit: das-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `hem, fringe of a piece of cloth'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dacaH-
Page in EWAia: 710
Khotanese: dasa `thread'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. dasag `thread'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection with OIr. dual `lock, strand of hair', etc. is unlikely, the Indo-Iranian
word most probably being borrowed from a Central Asian language ( Lubotsky 2001).
Sanskrit: dasma-
Gramm. forms: dasmatama- [sup] (RV)
Meaning: `wondrous, masterly' ,
Link to RV concordance: dasma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dasma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dasmat kar- `to make masterly, to cause to succeed' (RV 01.074.04);
dasmya- [adj] `masterly, successful (of speech)' (RV 08.024.20)
Page in EWAia: 711
See also: dams
Avestan: OAv. dahma- [adj] `wondrous, miraculous' ( Y 32.16); YAv. dahma- [adj] `religiously
initiated, orthodox'
IE form: dns-mo-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dasra-
140
Gramm. forms: damsistha- [sup] `most capable, ablest, of greatest miraculous power' (RV)
Meaning: àccomplishing wonderful deeds, miraculously proficient, masterly'
Link to RV concordance: dasra-; damsistha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dasra-
Page in EWAia: 712
See also: dams
Avestan: Av. dara- [adj] `wise, capable'; YAv. dahita- [sup] `most capable, religiously most
proficient'
IE form: dns-ro-, in cmp. *dns-i-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `proficient adviser': Skt. dasra mantumah (RV) OAv. dar mant ( Y 46.17)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. da-frwn [adj] àrtful, experienced' (< *dns-i-)
Sanskrit: dav
Gramm. forms: Present V: dunoti [3sg.act.] (AV+); Passive: dyate [3sg.] (RV-Kh. 7.7.2, ChUp.+);
na-ptc.: dna- `burned, tormented' (AV+), duna- (SrS.); ta-ptc.: duta- `burned' (AA)
Meaning: `to kindle, burn' ,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: da(H)u-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: updutya- [gerundive] `to kindle' (KS+); dva- [m] `(forest) fire' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 707
IE form: deh2u-
IE meaning: to burn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. daw [verb] `to kindle'; Gr. ddha [1sg.pf.act.] `to blaze, to burn';
Gr. dioj [adj] `*burning' > `terrible'; OIr. doid [verb] `to singe, to burn'; MIr. condud `firewood';
OHG zuscen [verb] `to burn'
Sanskrit: day {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: dayate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive: dyate [3sg.] (AV+)
Meaning: `to destroy, make collapse' , ,
Link to RV concordance: di-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dai(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adyu- [adj] `not harming' (RV .034.12); maybe also here dna- [adj]
`scarce, scanty' (RV+), a-dna- [adj] `not depressed' (VS+), dnat- [f] `scarcity, weakness' (RV
07.089.03); dna-daksa- [adj] òf weak ability, understanding' (RV 10.002.05)
Page in EWAia: 699
Avestan: OAv. aidiiu- [adj] `not harming'
IE form: deih1- (?)
Certainty: ?
141
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. deilj [adj] `cowardly, miserable'
Notes: {1} [AL] For Mayrhofer's DAY2 see s.v. d [4].
Sanskrit: dayi [1]

First attestation: RV, SV, SB
Gramm. forms: Present IV: dyanti [3pl.act.] (RV), dyate [3sg.med.] (SV); Inf: dedyitavai [intensive]
`to fly away' (SB); Abs: -dya `having flown hither' (?) (RV 04.026.6, 04.026.7) (if not a derivative
of d- [1] `give' (-d- `take'), as is usually assumed)
Meaning: `to fly (of birds, horses, chariots, gods)'
Link to RV concordance: d- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daiH- (?)
Page in EWAia: 700
See also: dayi [2]?
IE form: ?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Connection with Gr. demai [1sg.pres.med.] `to hurry' is uncertain.
Sanskrit: dayi [2]

Gramm. forms: Perfect: ddya [3sg.act.] (RV+), ddayat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), addet [3sg.ppf.act.]
(RV+) (the pres. meaning accounts for the ptc. ddiyant-); Caus.: -dpayas [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 06.022.08
+), dday (JB)
Meaning: `to shine, radiate' ,
Link to RV concordance: d- [1]; sudti-; ddyagni-; ddivi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-dti- [adj] `shining beautifully' (RV); ddy-agni- [adj] `with shining
fire' (RV); ddivi- [adj] `shining' (RV); dp- [verb] `to blaze, to shine, to glow' (AV+) (extracted from
the causative stem dpay )
Page in EWAia: 701
See also: dyav-; dyot
IE form: deih2-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dato `shone'; Gr. dh~loj (< PGr. *dealoj) [adj] àpparent, clear'; Gr.
diqw `to flash, to shine'
Sanskrit: d [1]
Gramm. forms: Present III: dadti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dadat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), dehi [2sg.impv.act.]
(RV+), daddhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), datte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: adt [3sg.act.] (RV+), dti
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV), deym [1sg.opt.act.] (RV 08.001.05), di [1sg.med.] (KS-MS); Aorist A: dat (-
142
adat) [3sg.act.] (RV) (a secondary formation on the basis of 3sg.med. root-aor. *a-dH-a); Aorist S:
dsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), adisi [1sg.med.] (AV); Aorist mediopass: dyi [3sg.] (RV); Perfect: dadau
[3sg.act.] (RV+), dade [3sg.med.] (RV+) {1}; Passive: dyate [3sg.] (AV, SV+), dyamna- [ptc.]
(AV+); Fut: dsyati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Desid: ditsasi [2sg.act.] (RV+), didsant- [ptc.act.] (RV
10.151.02, AB 8.21.10); Abs: dattvya (RV), dya (RV+), dattv (AV+); Inf: dtum (RV+), dtave
(RV+), dtavai (RV), dtoh (RV 07.004.06), par-dai (RV 07.019.07), dvane (RV); ta-ptc.: datta-
(RV+, also tv-datta-); -tta- (< PIE *dh3-to-) in deva-tta- [adj] `given by the gods' (RV), par-tta-
(AV+), a-prat-tta- (AV); -dta- in tv-dta- (RV)
Meaning: `to give, present, grant'
Link to RV concordance: d- [1]; tvdta-; tvdatta-; devatta-; dna-; dattra-; dravinoda-;
dravinodas-; d-; destha-; dtu-; dman-; dman-; satadya-; dsvant-; suds-; rdhodeya-; desna-
; dna-; dnavant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dna- [m, n] `gift; liberality' (RV+) (< *daH-ana-, cf. Lubotsky 1988:
84f.), dna-vant- [adj] `bestowing gifts, liberal' (RV 08.032.12); dattra- [n] `gift' (RV); dravino-
da(s)- [adj] `giving wealth' (RV+); d- [m] `giver' (RV 06.016.26, de [inf.?] RV 05.041.01); destha-
[sup] `most liberal' (RV; to be scanned /daistha/ at 08.066.0d); dtu- [n] `gift' (RV 10.099.01);
dman- [n] `giving, gift' (RV); dman- [m] `giver, provider' (RV); sata-dya- [adj] `giving a hundred'
(RV+); rsabha-dyin- [adj] `granting bulls' (AV); dsvant- [adj] `liberal' (RV; often to be scanned
trisyllabically /daasvant-/); su-ds- [adj] àmply giving' (RV); deya- [gerundive] `worthy to be given'
(AV+); rdho-deya- [n] `giving of presents' (RV); desna- [n] `present, gift' (RV; often trisyllabic,
for which see Lubotsky 1995: 217)
Page in EWAia: 713
See also: dna-; dtra-; dtar-; dti-; duvas-
Avestan: Av. d- [verb] `to give, grant, bestow; to put, create, determine' {3}: OAv. dadmah
[1pl.pres.act.] ( Y 41.1), pair dadait [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y 46.1), dast [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 43.1), dad
[2sg.pres.inj.act.], dadt_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.], dadat_ [3sg.pres.subj.act.], dadnt [3pl.pres.subj.med.] ( Y
31.14), daidt_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.], daidt [3sg.pres.opt.med.], dasuu [2sg.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 33.12),
-dazdm [2pl.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 53.5); dt_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.], duuaid [1du.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 29.5),
dh [2sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 53.9), dh [2sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 36.1), diiam [1sg.aor.opt.act.] ( Y
44.14), dii [1sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 43.8), did [2sg.aor.impv.act.], dt [2pl.aor.impv.act.], dhuu
[2sg.impv.aor.med.] ( Y 50.2), dant- [ptc.aor.act.] ( Y 32.4); fradad [2sg.pf.act.] ( Y 40.1),
daduuh- [ptc.pf.act.] ( Y 58.6), duui [inf], didiii [inf] ( Y 51.20); YAv. daditi [3sg.pres.act.];
paiti.dani [1sg.pres.subj.act.], dazdi [2sg.pres.impv.act.]; more frequent in YAv. is the thematic
present daa- (daaiti [3sg.act.], para.daat_ [3sg.inj.act.], daaite [3sg.med.], etc.), uzdhiiamna-
[ptc.fut.med.] ( Vr 9.1, Vr 9.3), daiit_ [3sg.pass.subj.], dta- [ppp] ( V 13.1); {2} YAv. dastma- [sup]
`most giving'; pur.d- [adj] `giving sons'
Old Persian: dadtuv [3sg.impv.act.] `to give'
Khotanese: parth- [verb] `to sell' (< PIr. *par-daqa-)
Sogdian: pr'(y) [verb] `to sell' (+ *par-)
Middle Persian: dy-, dh- /dah-/ [verb] `to give'
Parthian: dh-, d'd [verb] `to give'
New Persian: ddan [verb] `to give'
Ossetic: d?ddyn / d?ddun [verb] `to give'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. d- [verb] `to give'; Bactr. la- [verb] `to give, assign, grant, allot, assign';
parala- [verb] `to sell'; Khwar. p'r- [verb] `to sell'
IE form: deh3-
143
IE meaning: to give
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to give life': Skt. asum ... dadtu (RV 10.059.07) Av. ahm dadt_ ( Y 46.13); dtar- ahu
( Y 50,11)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ddwmi [verb] `to give, grant'; Gr. n-dotoj [ppp] `to give back';
Lat. dare [verb] `to give'; Lat. datus [ppp] `given'; Lith. duoti [verb] `to give'; OCS dati [verb] `to
give'; Hitt. d- [verb] `to take'
Notes: {1} On the basis of pf.med. dade, a secondary root dad- `to keep' (RV+) has been formed, cf.
Got 1987: 171f.: dadate [3sg.], -dadyamna- [ptc.]. {2} [AL] Unclear remain the following forms,
which are sometimes considered to belong to this root: OAv. vdmna- ( Y 51.1), v dam ( Y 32.6),
diiet ( Y 31.11). {3} [AL] In Iranian, the PIIr. roots *daH- `to give' and *dhaH- `to put' have largely
merged into PIr. *daH-. Except for dazd [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 30.4), dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y
27.13), which unambiguously belong to PIIr. *dhaH- because of Bartholomae's Law, the forms are
indistinguishable. For this reason, all forms are given here together.

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Sanskrit: d [2] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present II {2}: dti [3sg.act.] (RV+), dyt [3sg.opt.act.] (KS+); na-ptc.: dina- `mown'
(RV+); ta-ptc.: dita- (Br.)
Meaning: `to mow, cut off (plants)' ,
Link to RV concordance: d- [2]; dtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dtar- [m] `mower'- (RV 05.007.07); possibly, da- in asida- [m]
`sickle' (ApSS+)
Page in EWAia: 716
See also: d [4]; dtra-
Avestan: YAv. vstr.dtainiia- [adj] `characterized by cutting of fodder (of Maiiiima-)'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. ndn `weeding' (< *ni-dna-)
IE form: IIR
IE meaning: to cut, mow ,
Certainty: - / +
Notes: {1} [LK] Perhaps originally the same root as d [4] `to divide, distribute, cut'; see Kulikov
2001: 494ff. {2} [LK] Perhaps originating in root aorist subjunctive ( Kulikov 2001: 502).
Sanskrit: d [3]
144
Gramm. forms: Present IV/VI {1}: adyah [2sg.impf.act.] (RV 02.013.09+); Perfect: dade [3sg.med.]
(RV); Passive: dyamna- [ptc.] (YVm+); Aorist mediopass: sam-dyi [3sg.] (RV 01.139.01); ta-ptc.:
ni-dita- `bound on' (RV); na-ptc.: a-sam-dina- ùnbound' (RV 08.102.14)
Meaning: `to bind'
Link to RV concordance: d- [4]; rsyada-; nidtar-; aditi-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rsyada- [n] `pit (for catching antelopes)' (RV 10.039.08); ni-dtar- [m]
`binder' (RV 08.072.05); a-diti- [f] `freedom, boundlessness; goddess Aditi' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 716
See also: dman-
Avestan: OAv. n.diitam [3sg.impv.med.] `to bind' ( Y 48.7)
IE form: deh1-
IE meaning: to bind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dw [verb] `to bind'; Gr. di-dhma [n] `band for forehead, diadem';
Gr. di-detoj [ppp] `bound'; Gr. dsij [f] `binding'; Gr. (Myc.) de-de-me-no [ptc.pf.med.] `bound';
Arm. sameti-k` [pl.] `straps of the pieces of wood of the yoke'; Alb. dua `sheaf'; Arm. tic` `diadem'
Notes: {1} [LK] See Kulikov 2000b.
Sanskrit: d [4] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: dayate [3sg.med.] (RV+) (< PIE *dh2-eie-), Present IV/VI {2}: ava-dyati
[3sg.act.] (YV+); Aorist S: ava ... disya [1sg.opt.med.] (RV 02.033.05); Aorist R: avdt [3sg.act.]
(MS+), ava ... admahi [1pl.med.] (VS), dsva [2sg.imp.act.] (VS+); ta-ptc.: (nir-)ava-tta-
`(completely) distributed' (KS+)
Meaning: `to divide, distribute, cut' ,
Link to RV concordance: d- [3]; dya-; adaya-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dya- [m] `share, inheritance' (RV+); nir-ava-tti- [f] `distribution of
shares' (KS+); a-daya- [adj] `pitiless' (RV 10.103.07); day- [f] `compassion' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 717
Avestan: OAv. diii [1sg.subj.med.] `to allot (?)' ( Y 29.8) (if for *daiii) {3}
IE form: deh2-
IE meaning: to distribute
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. datomai [1sg.pres.med.] `to distribute'; Gr. daetai [3sg.pres.med.]
`to divide'
Notes: {1} [LK] Possibly, the same root as d [2] `to mow, to cut off' and day [1] `to destroy'; see
Kulikov 2001: 494ff. {2} See Kulikov 2000b. {3} Uncertain. [AL] YAv. vdtu- [m] `decay,
decomposition' may rather be connected with d [3] `to bind'.
Sanskrit: d [5]
145
Gramm. forms: Present II: abhi-dti [3sg.act.] (SV 1.336=1.4.1.5.5); Present I: abhi-dsati [3sg.act.]
(RV+) (based on the subjunctive of the sigmatic aorist)
Meaning: `to be hostile to, be inimical'
Link to RV concordance: ds-
Page in EWAia: 717
Avestan: OAv. aib daint (for *dint) [3pl.pres.] `to ensnare` ( Y 32.15) ( Insler 1975: 209)
IE form: deh2-
IE meaning: to track down
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dw [1sg.act.] `to find' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Gr. dzhmai [1sg.med.] `to search, to investigate' < PIE *dieh2- can hardly be
connected.
Sanskrit: ddhrsi-
Meaning: `courageous, bold'
Link to RV concordance: ddhrsi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ddhri- {1}
Page in EWAia: 718
See also: dhars
Old Persian: dadri- /ddri-/ [m] PN
IE form: dhedhrs-i-
IE meaning: be bold
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The vowel length is secondary.
Sanskrit: dman-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: also dman- (RV 06.044.02, 08.072.06)
Meaning: `cord, rope, fetter, girdle'
Link to RV concordance: dman-; dman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daHman-
Page in EWAia: 716
See also: d- [3]
Sogdian: (Man.) 'm' `net'
Middle Persian: dm `net, snare, trap'
Parthian: d'mg `net'
New Persian: dm `net, snare, trap'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. luma `snare, trap'
IE form: deh1-mn-
IE meaning: to bind
Certainty: +
146
Notes: {1} [LK] See Kulikov 2000b.
Sanskrit: dna-
Meaning: `donation, gift'
Link to RV concordance: dna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daHna-
Page in EWAia: 718
See also: d [1]
Avestan: YAv. *dna- `gift' (in names)
IE form: deh3-no-
IE meaning: gift
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to give a gift': Skt. dnam d- (Mn., Yajn~.+) Lat. dnum dare Osc. dunum deded Umb.
dunum dede Ven. dono.m. doto
Cognates in other languages: Lat. dnum [n] `gift'; Osc. dunum [n] `gift'; Ven. dono.m [n] `gift'
Notes: {1} [AL] There are no indications for the neuter gender of this word. dna- [m, n] `gift;
liberality' (RV+), dna-vant- [adj] `bestowing gifts, liberal' (RV 08.032.12) contain suffix -ana- (cf.
Lubotsky 1988: 84f.) and do not belong here.
Sanskrit: dru-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: dros, drunah [gen.sg.] `wood' (RV+), drun [instr.sg.] (RV+)
Meaning: `wood' ,
Link to RV concordance: dru-; drughana-; sudru-; drupada-; drusad-; darvi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dru-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dru-ghana- [m] `wooden mace' (RV+); su-dru- [adj] `made of strong
wood' (RV, SV); dru-pada- [n] `wooden post' (RV+); dru-sad- [adj] `sitting on the wood/ tree'
(RV+); druna- [adj] `hard' (SB+); druvaya- [m] `wooden vessel, the wooden part of a drum' (AV);
darvi- [f] `spoon' (RV+), darv- [f] ìd.' (YV+) (the connection with the word for `wood' is uncertain)
Page in EWAia: 721
See also: druma-; drona-
Avestan: YAv. duru [n] (drao [gen.sg.]) `piece of wood, tree-trunk'; druu-ana- [adj] `wooden'
Old Persian: druv [n] `wood'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'rwq, 'rwk `wood'
Middle Persian: dr `wood, tree'
Parthian: d'lwg `tree'
New Persian: dr `wood, tree'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'r `stick'; Sh. rg `wood, block of (fire)wood'
IE form: doru, gen.sg. *dreu-s
IE meaning: wood
Certainty: +
147
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dru [n] `wood, tree-trunk'; Gr. dru~j [f] `tree'; Gr. dru-tmoj [m]
`lumberjack'; Gr. (Myc.) du-ru-to-mo [nom.pl.] `lumberjack'; Hitt. ta-ru , ta-a-ru [n] `wood, tree'; OE
tro(w) `tree'; OCS drevo [n] `tree'
Sanskrit: ds
Gramm. forms: Present II: dsti [3sg.act.] (RV 01.127.04 (bis)), dsat- [ptc.act.] (RV 07.014.03,
07.017.07 dsatah [nom.pl.]) {1}; Present I: dsati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present V: dsnoti [3sg.act.]
(RV 08.004.06); Perfect: dadsa [3sg.act.] (RV+), dsvms- [ptc.act.] (RV+) (< *de-dk-); Desid: d
ksate [3sg.med.] `to dedicate oneself, to consecrate oneself' (YVp+) (< *di-dk-) {2}
Meaning: `to offer, worship, sacrifice' , ,
Link to RV concordance: ds-; ds-; purods-; adsu-; dsuri-; dsvadhvara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ds- [f] (ds [instr.sg.]) `worship' (RV 01.127.07); purods- [m]
`sacrificial cake' (= òffered in advance') (RV+), purodsa- [m] ìd.' (AV+); dds- [adj] `badly
worshipping' (AV); a-dsu- [adj] `not worshipping' (RV); dsuri- [adj] `worshipping' (RV); dsv-
adhvara- [adj] òffering a sacrificial ceremony' (RV), dks- [f] `consecration' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 722
See also: dasasy
Avestan: OAv. dasma- [m] `honouring, offering' , ( Y 28.9) = YAv.
dasma- ( Y 11.9); YAv. par.dasma- [m] PN; possibly, dtni- [m] PN
Khotanese: ds- [verb] `to receive with honour'
IE form: dek-
IE meaning: to accept what is given, to take hesitantly; (fact.) to worship, offer
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to worship with an excellent praise': Skt. dsema sustut (RV 07.014.02) OAv. dasm
sttam òffering of praises' ( Y 28.9)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dcqai [inf] `to take in the hand'; Gr. dkomai (Ion., etc.), dcomai
(Att.) [1sg.pres.med.] `to take up, to accept'; Gr. dkto [3sg.aor.med.] `to accept (a sacrifice)' (Hom.);
Gr. dkthj [m] `beggar'
Notes: {1} [AL] The present dsti may derive from an original reduplicated present *di-dek-ti, *de-
dk-nti > *deh1k-nti with generalization of the weak stem. The aorist is supplied by vidh, cf. Garcia
Ramon XXX. {2} The stem dksa- has given rise to the secondary root dks-, which forms a separate
paradigm after the RV: caus. dksay (KS, TS+), sigm. aor. adksista (YV+), pf. didkse
[3sg.med.] (Br.+), ta-ptc. dksita- (AV+).
Sanskrit: dtar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `giver' ,
Link to RV concordance: dtar-; dtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daH-tar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dtar- [m] `giver' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 713
See also: d [1]
148
Avestan: OAv. dtar- [m] `giver, offerer'
IE form: deh3-tr-
IE meaning: to give
Certainty: +
Idioms: `giver of goods': Skt. dtar- vasnm (RV 08.051.05), vasu-d(van)- [adj] (RV+) YAv.
dtrm vohunam Gr. (Hom.) dwth~rej wn, dw~tor wn
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dotr, dwtr, dtwr [m] `giver, granter'

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Sanskrit: dti-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: Only in compounds
Meaning: `giving' -
Link to RV concordance: bhagatti-; havyadti-; dtivra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(a)Hti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: havya-dti- [adj] `giving oblations', [f] òblation' (RV); dti-vra- [adj]
`giving choice goods' (RV); bhaga-tti- [f] `gift of fortune' (RV); par-tti- [f] `delivering' (Br.) (with
unclear lengthening of the preceding vowel, also found in partta-, a-prattta-, etc.)
Page in EWAia: 713
See also: d [1]
Avestan: YAv. diti- [f] `giving, presenting'
IE form: d(e)h3-ti-
IE meaning: to give
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dsij [f] `gift'
Notes: {1} The zero-grade is original; it is quite probable that full grade was introduced independently
in Indo-Aryan and Iranian.
Sanskrit: dtra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `scythe, sickle' ,
Link to RV concordance: dtra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daHtra-
Page in EWAia: 716
See also: d [2]
Sogdian: r'''y `sickle' (< *drra-)
Middle Persian: d's /ds/ `sickle' (< SW-Ir. *da- < PIr. *dra-)
New Persian: ds `sickle' (< SW-Ir. *da- < PIr. *dra-)
149
Other Iranian cognates: Par. d `sickle' (< PIr. *dr-); Pash. lor `sickle', Wa. tr, tr `sickle' (<
PIr. *dra-)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: - / +
Sanskrit: dtra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `gift' ,
Link to RV concordance: dtra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daH-tra-
Page in EWAia: 713
See also: d [1]
Avestan: Av. dra- [n] `gift, alms'
IE form: deh3-tro-
IE meaning: to give
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: deh
Gramm. forms: Present II: pari ... dehat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 07.050.02), adihan [3pl.impf.act.] (JB),
dihna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.087.04), -degdhi [3sg.act.] (KausS); Aorist SA: adhiksan [3pl.act.] (JB);
ta-ptc.: digdha- (AV+)
Meaning: `to smear, anoint, plaster' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dih-; samdih-; deh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaijh- {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-dih- [f] `bank, wall' (RV 01.051.09); sam-degha-, sam-deha- [m]
`sticking together, connection' (SB+), `doubt, danger' (S.+); deh- [f] èmbankment, dam, wall' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 746
Avestan: YAv. daz- [verb] `to embank, construct': pairi.dazaiian [3pl.caus.subj.act.], uz-dita- [ppp]
( V 7.54){1}; uz-daza- [m] `wall, dam'; pairi.daza- [m] `wall'
Old Persian: did- [f] `wall, fortress, wall of a stronghold'; prdydam /paridaidam/ [acc.sg.m.] `pleasure
garden, game park' ( YAv. pairi.daza-)
Khotanese: ds- [verb] `to heap up' {2}
Sogdian: (pr)dys [verb] `to build' {2}
Middle Persian: diz `fortress'; dys- /ds-/ [verb] `to build, form, create' {2}
Parthian: dys- [verb] `to shape, form, build' {2},'ndy- `heaped together'
New Persian: diz `fortress'
Ossetic: f?ldisyn / f?ldesun [verb] `to make; dedicate to the deceased' {2}
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. liza / lizo (< PIr. *diz-) `stronghold, citadel'; Khwar. prdys- [verb] `to
repair (wall)' {2}, pryzk `garden'; Gr. pardeisoj `garden, paradise' (LW from Ir.), Arm. partz
`garden' (LW from Ir.),
IE form: dheigh-
IE meaning: to smear, plaster; to form, knead
150
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. digand- [ptc.] `kneading'; Go. daigs [m] `dough'; Gr. tei~coj [n]
`wall'; Lat. fing [verb] `to brush over, knead, form'; To. tsik- [verb] `to form'; ToA tseke `sculpture'
Notes: {1} [AL] The same form is used as 3sg.inj.med. at V 15.36, which is most probably nonce (
Kellens 1984: 14). {2} [AL] Middle and Modern Iranian lgg. show secondary -s-. {3} Forms with -gh-
in Sanskrit (-degdhi, digdha-, etc.) are analogical.
Sanskrit: des
Gramm. forms: Present III: didestu [3sg.impv.act.] (RV), dididdhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), didesati
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV); Present VI: disant- [ptc.act.] (RV 10.110.07 +), disamna- [ptc.med.] (RV
03.031.21 +); Aorist S (secondary): adiksi [1sg.med.] (RV), adista [3sg.med.] (RV); Perfect: didesa
[3sg.act.] (AV+); Intensive: dedisant- [ptc.act.], dediste [3sg.med.] (RV); dedisya (RV-Kh., AV+);
ta-ptc.: dista- `shown (direction)' (RV+)
Meaning: `to show, point out, point at, dedicate, bestow' ,
Link to RV concordance: dis-; destra-; destr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daic-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: desa- [m] `region, spot, place' (VS+); antar-desa- [m] ìntermediate
region of the compass' (AV+); destra- [n] ìndication, direction' (RV); destr- [f] N. of a goddess
(RV, AV)
Page in EWAia: 744
See also: disti-; dis-
Avestan: Av. das- [verb] `to show': OAv. dadit [3sg.int.inj.act.] ( Y 51.17), di [2sg.aor.inj.act.] (
Y 43.10), di [1sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 51.2), di [2sg.aor.si-impv.] ( Y 33.13), YAv. dasaiieinti
[3pl.caus.act.], disiit_ [3sg.pass.subj.act.]; YAv. dasa- [m] `sign, omen'. Possibly, fradaxta- `pointed
out', daxta- [n] `sign, revelation' originally was a ta-ptc. to the same root ( Insler 1962), cf. paxta- to
pas- `to adorn'; according to Insler, the Avestan root dax- `to point out, reveal' is based on this
participle.
Khotanese: ds- [verb] `to confess'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) p'ys- [verb] `to show' (+ *apa-)
Middle Persian: hndy- /hand-/ [verb] `to think, contemplate' (+ *ham-); 'wzdys /uzds/ ìdol' (+
*uz-)
Parthian: dys- [verb] `to form', 'dyg `sign' (+ *-), 'bdys- [verb] `to show' (+ *apa-)
Ossetic: dis / des àmazement'; ?v-dsyn / ?v-desun [verb] `to show, point'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|ys- [verb] `to give a sign'; Bactr. oilisto `disappeared (?)'; Wa. di-
/dit [verb] `to know, understand, be able'
IE form: deik-
IE meaning: to show
Certainty: +
Idioms: {1}
Cognates in other languages: Gr. deknumi [verb] `to show'; Gr. dkh [f] `manner, custom'; Lat. d
cere [verb] `to utter, say, proclaim'; Lat. dicre [verb] `to solemnly proclaim'
Notes: {1} [AL] The parallel, given in EWAia, viz. Skt. asn didesa (AV 12.2.55) YAv. disiit_ ...
auhe ( V 9.44) seems coincidental to me. The Avestan passage reads: disiit_ ahmi naire auuat_
151
midm par.asni avhe vazduuar vahitahe ahu Às a reward there in the future life, the
[continuous] duration of Good Existence will be indicated for this man'. There is therefore no
immediate connection between the verb and avhe ìn the (future) life'.
Sanskrit: deva-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `god'
Link to RV concordance: deva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daiua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: devya- [n] `divine power' (RV); daivya- [adj] (daiv- [f]) `divine, typical
of the gods' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 742
See also: dev-; dyav-
Avestan: OAv. dauua- [m] `dava, a pre-Zarathustrian god'; YAv. dauua- [m] `demon, monster,
idol'
Old Persian: daiva- [m] `false god, idol'
Khotanese: dy `demon'
Middle Persian: dw `demon'
New Persian: dw `demon'
IE form: deiu-o-
IE meaning: god
Certainty: +
Idioms: `god(s) and mortal(s)': Skt. deva- martya- (RV+) Av. dauua- maiia-; àll gods / davas':
Skt. visve devh (RV+) Av. dauu vsph; `most divine among the gods / most davic among
the davas': Skt. devnm devatama- (RV 02.024.03) YAv. dauu dauuanam dauu.tm; `to
worship the gods / davas': Skt. devayajn~a- [m] `sacrifice to the gods' (KS+); devayaj- [adj]
`sacrificing to the gods' (VS+) YAv. dauua-iiasna- [adj], dauua-iiaz- [adj] `worshipping the
dauuas'; `surrounded by gods/davas': Skt. devavant- [adj] (RV) YAv. dauuauuant-; àll
gods/davas': Skt. visve devh OAv. dauu visph ( Y 32.2); àgreeable to the gods / davas':
Skt. devajusta- [adj] (RV) OAv. dauu.zuta- [adj] ( Y 32.4), OP *baga-duta- [m] PN, Med.
*baga-zuta- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: OLat. deivos `god'; Lat. dvus, deus `god'; OIr. dia (de [gen.sg.]) `god';
ON tvar [pl.] `gods'; Lith. die~vas [m] `god'
Sanskrit: devar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `husband's brother' !
Link to RV concordance: devar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: da(H)iuar- {1}
Page in EWAia: 744
New Persian: (dial.) (h)war `husband's brother'
Ossetic: tiw / tew `husband's brother'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. lewar `husband's brother'; Yagh. sewir `husband's brother'
IE form: deh2i-uer-
152
IE meaning: husband's brother
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dar [m] `husband's brother'; Lith. dieveris [m] `brother-in-law',
dievere [f] `sister-in-law'; RussCS dever [m] `brother-in-law'; Lat. lvir `brother-in-law' (for
*daever with dialectal l- and -vir `man' instead of -ver)
Notes: {1} The Iranian forms reflect PIr. *aiuar- with unexplained -.
Sanskrit: dev-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `goddess'
Link to RV concordance: dev-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: daiuiH-
Page in EWAia: 744
See also: deva-; dyav-
Avestan: YAv. dauu- [f] `she-devil'
IE form: deiu-ih2-
IE meaning: goddess
Certainty: +
Idioms: `goddess dawn': Skt. devm usasam (RV) Gr. (Hom.) `Ha di~an, `Hj ... di~a
Cognates in other languages: Gr. di~a [f] `goddess' (Hom)
Sanskrit: dhami (dhm)

Gramm. forms: Present I: dhamati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: adhmsam [1sg.act.] (AVP); Passive:
dhamyate {1} [3sg.] (RV 10.135.07); dhmy (JB, Up.); ta-ptc.: dhmta- `blown up' (RV 07.089.02,
Br.+); dhamita- `fanned' (RV 02.024.07)
Meaning: `to blow, play a wind instrument, fan (the flame)' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dhami-; dhmtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhamH- / dhmaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhmtar- [m] `blower (of metal), (s)melter' (RV 05.009.05); sankha-
dhma- [m] `shellblower, player on the conch or horn' (VS+); upadhmn- [f] species of snake (=
`blowing up (?)') (AV 8.8.2); dhamani- [f] `vein, blood vessel' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 775
Avestan: YAv. dmainiia- [ptc.int.med.] species of frog (= `blowing up again and again (?)');
dudafra- [adj] `with difficult breathing (?)' ( V 19.43) (< *du-dam-ra-, but cf. also de Vaan
2003: 388f.)
Khotanese: dam- [verb] `to blow, to breathe'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) m's [verb] `to swell', m'k `breath'
Middle Persian: dm- [verb] `to breathe'
Parthian: dm- [verb] `to blow, breathe'; 'dm's- (+ *-) [verb] `to swell up'; 'ndm- (+ *ham-) [verb] `to
sigh; to bleat (of sheep)'
New Persian: damdan [verb] `to blow'
153
Ossetic: dymyn / dumun [verb] `to blow (up), smoke' (probably derived from or influenced by *duma-
(Skt. dhma-) `smoke', Cheung 2002: 124f.)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|m's- [verb] `to become fat, strong'
IE form: dhemH- / dhmeH-
IE meaning: to blow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. dumti [verb] `to blow (also of wind)'; OCS dmo [verb] `to blow';
ORu. dmu [1sg.pres.act.] `to blow'; SCr. du?ti [verb] `to blow'
Notes: {1} [LK] The short root vowel is not borrowed from the class I present stem (contra Got
1987: 181, fn. 320), but may represent the regular development of *-mHi- in an unaccented syllable
(cf. Lubotsky 1997b), the accent being on the suffix in the passive (see Kulikov 2001: 99f.).
Sanskrit: dhana-
Part of speech: [n.]
Meaning: `contest, prize of a contest, riches, booty' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhana-; dhanajit-; dhanamjaya-; dhanad-; dhanas-; dhanasti-; dhanin-;
dhanya-; pradhana-; pradhaniya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhana-jit-, dhanam-jaya- [adj] `winning the booty' (RV+); dhana-d-
[adj] `giving the booty' (RV, AV); dhana-s- [adj] `winning the prize' (RV+); dhana-sti- [f] `winning
of the prize' (RV, AV); dhanin- [adj] `possessing riches' (RV+); dhan(i)ya- [adj] `rich in booty'
(RV+); pra-dhana- [n] `contest, prize' (RV); pra-dhaniya- [adj] `forming the spoil, booty' (RV
10.099.04)
Page in EWAia: 771-2
See also: dhani {1}
IE form: dhonh2-o-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Connected with Gr. eqenw `to flourish, prosper' by M. Janda (Eleusis. Das
indogermanische Erbe der Mysterien, Innsbruck 2000; Ch. III).

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Sanskrit: dhanus-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `bow' -
Link to RV concordance: dhanur / dhanvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanur, dhanuan- (< *dhn-uen-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanvan- [2] [n] `bow' (RV+) {1}; dhanvsah- [adj] `victorious with a
bow' (RV); ugra-dhanvan- [adj] `with a powerful bow' (RV, AV); dhanvyin- [adj] `weaponed with a
154
bow' (KS+, TS dhanvvin-); tisr-dhanva- [n] `three (arrows) and a bow' (TS); isu-dhanva- [n] `bow
and arrow' (TA); indra-dhanus- [n] `rainbow' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 773
Avestan: YAv. anuuar, anuuan- [n] `bow' {2}
Old Persian: (u-)anuvaniya- [m] `(good) archer' {2}
IE form: dhen-ur
IE meaning: bow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. femur, feminis `thigh' [the connection with OHG tanna `fir' is
uncertain]
Notes: {1} The two words dhanus- and dhanvan- originally formed one paradigm, an r/n-stem. {2}
[AL] The initial - is explained by Hoffmann as being due to the influence of the Iran. verb ang- `to
pull (the string)', but since its - is also in need of explanation (its IE cognates point to *ten-gh-), the
influence probably went in the other direction. Ir. < *dh occurs in several other cases (cf. also Ir. f <
*bh), but its origin is obscure. {3} [AL] Janda 1998: 1ff. connects OHG tenar [m], tenra [f] `flat hand',
Gr. qnar `palm of the hand, foot sole', Av. danar `handful' ( V 16.7), tar.danan- `more than a
handful' (N).
Sanskrit: dhanvan- [1]

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `desert, steppe, dry land, beach' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dhanvan-; dhanvacara-; dhanvacyut-; dhanu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanva-cara- [adj] `moving around the desert' (RV); dhanva-cyut- [adj]
`shaking the land' (RV 01.165.05); dhanvanya- [adj] `located on dry land' (AV+); possibly here also
dhanu- [f] (RV), dhan- [f] (AV) of uncertain meaning (`flat land'?)
Page in EWAia: 774
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. an `waste land, flat land not surrounded by mountains' (< *dan(a)-)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. dannatta- [adj] èmpty, depopulated' [connection with dhanvan-
uncertain]

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `bow' ,
See also: dhanus-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dhani (dhanv) {1}

155
Gramm. forms: Present VA: dhanva (< IE *dhenh2-ue-) [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+) {2}; Perfect: dadhanyur
[3pl.opt.act.] (RV 04.003.12), dadhanat [3sg.inj.act.] `set in motion' (trans.) (RV 10.073.01),
dadhanvms- [ptc.act.] (both intr. and trans.) (RV); dadhanve [3sg.med.] (RV) {3}; Aorist IS:
adhanvisur [3pl.opt.act.] (RV, SB) {3}; Caus: dhanayan [3pl.inj.act.] `to make run, to set in motion'
(RV 01.071.03), dhanayante [3pl.med.] (RV)
Meaning: `to run, flow' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhan(i)- , dhanv-; dhanutar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanutar- [m], dhanutr- [f] `the running one' (RV) {3}
Page in EWAia: 772
See also: dhana-, dhr [1]; dhr [2];
Old Persian: dnuu[vtiy] /danu[vatiy]/ [3sg.pres.act.(?)] `to flow' (DZc 9)
New Persian: dandan [verb] `to hurry, run'
IE form: dhenh2-
IE meaning: to run, flow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fns `spring'; ToA tsn- [verb] `to flow'
Notes: {1} Extracted from the VA-present dhanva-. {2} Synchronically, class I present from the
secondary root dhanv. {3} Derived from the secondary root dhanv.
Sanskrit: dhar
Gramm. forms: Causative (Present X): dhrayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: dhriyate (< *dhr-ie-)
[3sg.med.] (RV 05.034.07 +), dhriyeran [3pl.opt.med.] (SB) {1}; Aorist R: dhrths [2sg.inj.med.] (AV
3.25.1); Aorist RED: addharat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: ddhra [3sg.act.] (RV+) = present; in later
texts rebuilt into a reduplicated present ddharti [3sg.act.] (JB), ddhrati [3pl.act.] (YVp) ( Kmmel
2000: 261ff.) {2}; dadhre [3sg.med.] (RV+), intrans.; Intensive: dardharsi [2sg.act.] (RV 05.084.03);
vi adardhar [3sg.impf.act.] (RV 02.038.04); ta-ptc.: dhrta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to hold, keep, preserve, bear, support' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dhr-; ddhrvi-; durdhara-; durdhartu-; durdhartu-; dharuna-; dharnasi-;
dharni-; dhartar-; sdhrana-; dhrayatkavi-; manodhrt-; dharman-; dharman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ddhrvi- [adj] àble to bear' (RV .066.03); dur-dhara-, dur-dhar()tu- [adj]
`difficult to hold up' (RV+); dharana- [adj] `holding' (VS+); dharyas- [comp] `holding more' (KS+);
dharuna- [adj] `bearing, holding', [n] `basis, foundation' (RV+); dharnasi- [adj] `powerful, able'
(RV+); dharni- [m] `supporter' (RV 01.127.07, probably nonce, cf. Lubotsky 1988: 39); dhartar- [m]
`bearer, supporter' (RV+); -dhra- [m] `support, prop, basis' (AV+); s-dhrana- [adj] `joint' (RV+);
dhrayat-kavi- [adj] `supporting sages' (RV); mano-dhrt- [adj] `holding the thought' (RV); dharman-
[m] `supporter, arranger' (RV); dharman- [n] `support, firm hold; arrangement, fixed order, law'
(RV+); dharma- [m] `decree, ordinance, law' (AV+); dhrti- [f] `holding, seizing' (KS+)
Page in EWAia: 778
See also: dhruva-
Avestan: Av. dar- [verb] `to hold': OAv. draiiat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] ( Y 31.7), draii [2sg.pres.inj.act.]
( Y 32.1), YAv. draiiehi [2sg.pres.act.], OAv. drt [3sg.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 44.4), drt
[3sg.aor.opt.med.] ( Y 46.5), drt [3sg.aor.inj.act.] (?) ( Y 43.13), drt (?) ( Y 49.2), YAv. dara
156
[3sg.pf.act.] ( Yt 13.67), OAv. ddr [3sg.pf.med.] ( Y 51.8), OAv. ddarat [3sg.desid.inj.med.] (?)
( Y 46.7), OAv. dridiii [inf.] ( Y 43.1), YAv. drta- [ppp]; draiiat_.raa- [m] PN, drt- (in
compounds) `holding'; ( )darna- [n] `stay'; Av. darra- [n] `maintenance'
Old Persian: dar- [verb] `to hold, have': draymiy [1sg.pres.act.], adariy [1sg.aor.med.] (DPe 8),
adriya [3sg.pass.impf.] (DB 2.75, DB 2.90); *draya-farnah- [m] PN
Khotanese: hamdr- [verb] `to care for', pader- [verb] `to maintain' (+ *pati-)
Sogdian: 'r- [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Middle Persian: dr- / dtan [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Parthian: d'r- [verb] `to hold, keep'
New Persian: dr- / dtan [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Ossetic: daryn / darun [verb] `to have, hold'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'ry- [verb] `to have, hold, keep'; Bactr. lhr- [verb] `to have, hold,
keep'
IE form: dher-
IE meaning: to hold
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to uphold the Truth': Skt. rtam ... dhray (RV) OAv. am dar-; `to uphold the Earth':
Skt. ksm ddhra (RV 01.067.05) OAv. drt zam ( Y 44.4); `to provide goods': Skt. vasni
dhraya (RV 09.063.30) OP draya-vau- [m] PN `Dareios' (< PIIr. *dhrayat-vasu-); `to support the
pillar': Skt. sthnm ... dhrayantu (RV 10.018.13) YAv. stun vraiieiti ( Yt 10.28)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fer àpproximately, nearly' < *dher-o- `tight, close by', ferm ìd.'
< superl. *ferim. Lat. firmus `firm, strong' < *dher-mo- `holding' (with sporadic e > i after labial);
Lith. deru [1sg.pres.act.] `to be useful, to fit'; Hitt. ter-/tar- [verb] `to state, say' (?)
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1997), attested only in the SB.
{2} [AL] As indicated by Jamison 1983: 96, the active pf. appears only in the sg. non-past indicative,
whereas dhraya-has a large number of imperfect and modal forms, as well as a participle.
Sanskrit: dhars
Gramm. forms: Present V: dhrsnuhi [2sg.imp.act.] (RV 01.080.03+); Aorist A: adhrsas [2sg.act.]
(SB), dhrsant- [ptc.act.] (RV), dhrsamna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: adharsisur [3pl.act.] (TA
5.1.3); Perfect: dadharsa [3sg.act.] (RV+), ddhrsuh [3pl.act.] (AV) {1}, dadharst [3sg.inj.] (RV);
Caus: dharsay (KS+); ta-ptc.: adhrsta- ìrresistible' (RV+), dhrsita- `bold, brave, daring' (RV+);
Inf: dhrs-e, -dhrsah (RV)
Meaning: `to attack, venture to do, be bold, be courageous' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhrs-; samdhrsaj-; durdharsa-; sudhrstama-; dhrsnu-; dadhrk
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dur--dharsa- [adj] ùnassailable' (RV+); su-dhrs-tama- [sup] `very
bold' (RV); sam-dhrsaj- [adj] `very courageous' (RV 05.019.05); dhrsnu- [adj] `bold, courageous,
strong' (RV+) (with secondary -n- from the present); dadhrk [adv] `firmly, courageously' (RV, AVP)
Page in EWAia: 780
See also: ddhrsi-; dhrsat
Avestan: dar- [verb] `to dare': YAv. upadarnuuainti [3pl.pres.ind.] ( Yt 8.44); dari- [adj] `bold,
strong', darita- [adj] ìd.'
Old Persian: a-drnau [3sg.impf.act.] `to venture'
157
Khotanese: darv- [verb] `to venture'
IE form: dhers-
IE meaning: to attack -> to venture
Certainty: +
Idioms: `courageous mind': Skt. dhrsan manas (RV), dhrsan-manas- [adj] òf courageous mind'
(RV) Gr. qrasu-mmnwn, mnoj poluqarsj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qrasj [adj] `bold' ( Skt. dhrsnu-); Gr. qrsoj [n] `boldness,
courage'; Gr. (Aeol.) qrsoj [n] `boldness, courage'; Gr. Qrrandroj [m] PN (= àttacking men'); Go.
ga-daursan [verb] `to venture'; Lith. dristi [verb] `to venture'; OPr. dyrsos [adj] `stout'
Notes: {1} [LK] Isolated forms with the long reduplication syllable, probably metrically conditioned;
see Kmmel 2000: 268.
Sanskrit: dhavi
Gramm. forms: Present V: dhnoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dhnutha [2pl.act.] (RV+); later dhunoti [3sg.act.],
dhunute [3sg.med.] (Br.+) with secondary short vowel; {1} Aorist S: adhsata [3sg.med.] (RV
01.082.02), adhsta [3sg.med.] (AVP); Perfect: dudhuvta [3sg.opt.med.] (RV 08.070.11), dudhuve
[3sg.med.] (AV 12.1.57); Intensive: dodhavti [3sg.act.] (RV); dodhuvat, davidhvat- [ptc.act.] (RV);
davidhva [3sg.pf.act.] (RV 01.140.06); ddhot [3sg.inj.act.] (RV) {2}; ta-ptc.: dhta- `shaken' (RV+)
Meaning: `to shake, move to and fro quickly, cause to tremble' ,
Link to RV concordance: dh-; dhv- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -dhava- [m] òne who stirs up, agitator' (RV); dhavana- [n] `shaking'
(SB); dhti- [m] `shaker' (RV) (mostly, in the voc.pl., which accounts for the accent and for the masc.
gender, Lubotsky 1988: 50)
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Avestan: Av. dauu- [verb] `to rub': YAv. auui fr-auuaite [3sg.pres.med.] ( V 5.24); fra-auuata
[3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( V 9.29)
Khotanese: du- [verb] `to strike, beat; clean'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'w- [verb] `to rub, brush'; (Buddh.) 'n'w, (Man.) 'nw [verb] `to smear, anoint'
(+ *ham-)
Middle Persian: (h)anddan [verb] `to smear, brush' -
Ossetic: dawyn / dawun [verb] `to smooth, polish'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'w- [verb] `to smear'; b'w- [verb] `to polish' (+ *apa-)
IE form: dheuH-
IE meaning: to shake
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIc. dyja [verb] `to shake'; Gr. qunw [verb] `to storm, move fast'; Gr.
qnw [verb] `to rage' (< *qun -)
Notes: {1} [AL] There are two more (synchonically separate) presents in Vedic from this root, which
have a different meaning: Present I: dhvati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Passive (or Present IV, cf. Kulikov
2001: 356): sam-dhvyete [3du.] (KS) `to rinse, clean, rub, polish'; Passive: -dhyamna- [part.]
`being cleansed' (TSm 4.4.9.1); Present VI: ni dhuvmi [1sg.act.] (AVS); upa dhuva [2sg.impv.] (AVP
2.20.2); ni dhveyur [3pl.opt.act.] (KS); Passive: ni dhyatm [3sg.impv.] (AVS 1.14.2) `to throw
158
down, shake down'. {2} [AL] For the analysis of this form see Narten 1981: 3-5 = Narten 1995: 235-7
and Kmmel 2000: 269.
Sanskrit: dhayi [1] / dh [2]

Gramm. forms: Present AYA {1}: dhayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist SIS: adhaist [3sg.act.] (HirGS
1.17.5); Perfect: dadhur [3pl.act.] `they have sucked' (RV 09.099.03) (?) {2}; Caus: dhpay (RV);
Inf: dhtave `to drink' (RV), Abs: dhtv (SB); ta-ptc.: dhta- (AV+)
Meaning: `to suck, drink mother's milk'
Link to RV concordance: dh- [2]; payodh-; dhen-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhH-ai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (payo)-dh- [adj] `sucking (milk)' (RV 07.056.16); dhen- [f] `stream of
milk, nourishing stream, stream of speech' (RV); dhtr- [f] `nurse' (Pn.+)
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See also: dadhi / dadhan-; dhyas-; dhru-; dhenu-; godh-
Middle Persian: dyag `wet nurse'
New Persian: dya `wet nurse'
Ossetic: d?jyn / d?jun [verb] `to suck'
IE form: dheh1(-i-)
IE meaning: to suck
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OSw. da (< PGm. *diiana-) [verb] `to suck'; OCS dojo [verb] `to
suckle'; Gr. qh-l [f] `mother's breast'; Latv. de^ju (< IE *dheh1-ie-) [1sg.pres.act.] `to suck'; Gr.
qh~sqai [inf] `to suck'
Notes: {1} [LK] Present I if derived from root dhayi (*dheih1-e-; thus Mayrhofer) or present AYA if
derived from root dh (*dhh1-eie-; thus Got 1987: 44f., Lubotsky 1989). {2} [LK] The form may also
mean `they have prepared' and thus belong to dh- [1] `to put'; see Kmmel 2000: 275.
Sanskrit: dh
Gramm. forms: Present III: dadhti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dhatthah [2du.act.] (RV+); dadhmasi [1pl.act.]
(RV+); dadhati [3pl.act.] (RV+); adadhuh [3pl.impf.act.] (RV+); dadhe [1sg.med.] (RV+); dhatse
[2sg.med.] (RV+); dhatte [3sg.med.] (RV+); dadhre [3pl.med.] (RV+); dadhat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+);
dhehi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); dhatsva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+); dadhat- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist R:
adht [3sg.act.] (RV+); adhuh [3pl.act.] (RV+); adhita [3sg.med.] (RV+); dhat, dhti [3sg.subj.act.]
(RV); dheym /dheyaam/ [1sg.opt.act.] (RV); dheyuh [3pl.opt.act.] (RV) (for the genesis of these
forms see Kortlandt 1987b, Lubotsky 1995 ); dhmahi [1pl.opt.act.] (RV); dhisva [2sg.impv.med.]
(RV+); dhtana, dhetana (with secondary -e-) [2pl.impv.act.] (RV); Aorist S: dhsuh [3pl.inj.act.]
(RV); adhisi [1sg.med.] (Br.+); Aorist mediopass: adhyi (RV); Perfect: dadhau [1sg.act.] (RV+);
dadhtha [2pl.act.] (RV+); Passive: dhyate (RV+); Fut: dhsyati [3sg.act.] (YV+); Caus: dhpay
(RV, AV+); Desid: dhitsate [3sg.med.] (RV+), didhismi [1sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: hita- (RV+), in
cmp. also dhita- (mitra-dhita-, yuva-dhita-, su-dhita-, etc.) (RV+; for the distribution see Lubotsky
1995a); Inf: dhtave (RV 01.024.08 pratidhtave), dhtoh (RV 01.041.09 nidhtoh); dhiyadhyai
(pass.) (RV 07.034.24)
159
Meaning: `to put, place, make, produce, make someone into something' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dh- [1]; ratnadh-; ratnadha-; durdh-; udadhi-; upadhi-; tridhtu-; dhna-;
ytudhna-; bhgadheya-; dhestha-; didhisu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ratna-dh-, ratna-dha- [adj] `providing treasures' (RV+); sam-dh- [f]
àrrangement' (AV+); dur-dh- [f] `disarrangement' (RV 10.109.04); su-dh- [f] `well-being' (AV+);
uda-dhi- [m] `cloud, lake (= water-receptacle)' (RV); upa-dhi- [m] `what is put upon (part between the
nave and the circumference of the wheel)' (RV+); tri-dhtu- [adj] `threefold' (RV+); dhna- (suffix -
ana-) [n] `receptacle' (RV+); ytu-dhna- [m] `magician, sorcerer' (RV+); abhi-dhn- [f] `halter'
(AV+); bhga-dheya- [n] `share, portion' (RV+); dhestha- [sup] `providing most' (RV; always
trisyllabic /dhaistha-/); didhisu- [m] `suitor' (RV) (from the desiderative stem); didhispati- [m]
`husband of a unlawfully married woman' (AVP+)
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See also: dhman-; (d)hiti-; dhtar-, dhtar-
Avestan: Av. d- [verb] `to place, put; create, accept, determine' {1}: OAv. dadmah [1pl.pres.act.] (
Y 41.1), pair dadait [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y 46.1), dazd ( Y 30.4), dast [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 43.1), dad
[2sg.pres.inj.act.], dadt_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.], dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13), dadat_
[3sg.pres.subj.act.], dadnt [3pl.pres.subj.med.] ( Y 31.14), daidt_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.], daidt
[3sg.pres.opt.med.], dasuu [2sg.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 33.12), -dazdm [2pl.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 53.5);
dt_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.], duuaid [1du.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 29.5), dh [2sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 53.9), dh
[2sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 36.1), diiam [1sg.aor.opt.act.] ( Y 44.14), dii [1sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 43.8),
did [2sg.aor.impv.act.], dt [2pl.aor.impv.act.], dhuu [2sg.impv.aor.med.] ( Y 50.2), dant-
[ptc.aor.act.] ( Y 32.4); fradad [2sg.pf.act.] ( Y 40.1), daduuh- [ptc.pf.act.] ( Y 58.6), duui [inf];
didiii [inf] ( Y 51.20); dazdiii [inf] `to create'; YAv. daditi [3sg.pres.act.], paiti.dani
[1sg.pres.subj.act.], dazdi [2sg.pres.impv.act.]; more frequent in YAv. is the thematic present daa-
(daaiti [3sg.act.], para.daat_ [3sg.inj.act.], daaite [3sg.med.], etc.), uzdhiiamna- [ptc.fut.med.] ( Vr
9.1, Vr 9.3), daiit_ [3sg.pass.subj.], dta- [ppp] ( V 13.1); OAv. hu-dh [adj.nom.pl.] `beneficient
(?)' ( Y 30.3); dudh [adj.nom.pl.] `maleficient (?)' ( Y 30.3) (possibly Skt. su-dh- and dur-dh-
); Av. dmi-, dami- [adj] `creating', [m] `creator' (Bartholomae's dmi- [f] `creation' probably does
not exist); YAv. gao-ana- [n] `milk vessel' (if for * dna- Skt. dhna-); yaodanahe [gen.sg.n.]
`razor' (< *purification instrument)' ( F 267); yaodni- [m] `fire poker' ( V 14.7)
Old Persian: d- [verb] `to create, make': adad [3sg.impf.act.], ad [3sg.aor.act.]; dta- [n] `law';
daiva-dna- [m] `daiva sanctuary' ( Skt. dhna-)
Khotanese: dta- `put, placed in; law'
Sogdian: 'ny (in cmp.) `reservoir'; (Chr.) pd'ty ìniquity' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: dd `law'; dhn /dahin/ `creation'
Parthian: dhyn `creation'; wd'n `tent'
New Persian: dd `law'
Ossetic: jdajyn / idajun [verb] `to begin' (+ *ui-)
IE form: dheh1-
IE meaning: to put
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to put down the feet': Skt. pado ni dadhti (RV 01.146.02) YAv. pa nidaaite ( Yt 17.6);
`to put inside': Skt. antar dh- `to hide, cover' Lat. inter-fici `to destroy, kill'; `to give a name': Skt.
nma dh- (RV+) OAv. nmam dadt_ ( Y 38.4+) Gr. noma tqesqai Lat. nmen indere Hitt.
SUM-an dai
160
Cognates in other languages: Arm. dnem [1sg.pres.act.] `to put'; Gr. tqhmi [verb] `to put down,
ground, create'; Gr. p-qetoj [ppp] àdded'; Lat. con-dere [verb] `to found' (ppp. con-ditus); Lat. f-
c [1sg.pfact.] Ì have made'; OHG tuon [verb] `to do' (< WGm. *d- < PIE *dhoh1-); Lith. deti [verb]
`to put, to place (in)'; OLith. demi [1sg.pres.act.] `to put' (< *de-d ); OCS deti [verb] `to put'; Hitt.
dai- [verb] `to put, direct, to give (a name)'; Luv. tuua- [verb] `to place, put'
Notes: {1} [AL] In Iranian, the PIIr. roots *daH- `to give' and *dhaH- `to put' have largely merged
into PIr. *daH-. Except for dazd [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 30.4), dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13),
which unambiguously belong to PIIr. *dhaH- because of Bartholomae's Law, the forms are
Sanskrit: dhman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `dwelling-place, abode (of gods, etc.), foundation, basis' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaHman-
Page in EWAia: 783
See also: dh
Avestan: OAv. dman- [n] `place, abode', YAv. dman- [n] `creature, creation'
Sogdian: 'm `creation, world'
Middle Persian: dm `creature, creation'
IE form: dheh1-mn
IE meaning: placement ,
Certainty: +
Idioms: {1}
Cognates in other languages: Gr. n-qhma [n] `votive offering (set up in a temple); delight, ornament'
Notes: {1} [AL] The idioms are doubtful: Skt. rtasya dhman àbode of Rta' (RV) does not seem to
correspond to OAv. ( Y 48.7) a ... dmam where the two words are not combined; Skt. visv ...
dhma àll abodes' (RV 09.109.04) and YAv. vspanam dmanam ( Yt 10.54) ìd.' are no standing
expressions.

Pages: 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Back: 1 20
Forward: 1 20 50 Sanskrit: dhanus-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `bow'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanur, dhanuan- (< *dhn-uen-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanvan- [2] [n] `bow' (RV+) {1}; dhanvsah- [adj] `victorious with a
bow' (RV); ugra-dhanvan- [adj] `with a powerful bow' (RV, AV); dhanvyin- [adj] `weaponed with a
bow' (KS+, TS dhanvvin-); tisr-dhanva- [n] `three (arrows) and a bow' (TS); isu-dhanva- [n] `bow
and arrow' (TA); indra-dhanus- [n] `rainbow' (AV)
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Avestan: YAv. anuuar, anuuan- [n] `bow' {2}
161
Old Persian: (u-)anuvaniya- [m] `(good) archer' {2}
IE form: dhen-ur
IE meaning: bow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. femur, feminis `thigh' [the connection with OHG tanna `fir' is
uncertain]
Notes: {1} The two words dhanus- and dhanvan- originally formed one paradigm, an r/n-stem. {2}
[AL] The initial - is explained by Hoffmann as being due to the influence of the Iran. verb ang- `to
pull (the string)', but since its - is also in need of explanation (its IE cognates point to *ten-gh-), the
influence probably went in the other direction. Ir. < *dh occurs in several other cases (cf. also Ir. f <
*bh), but its origin is obscure. {3} [AL] Janda 1998: 1ff. connects OHG tenar [m], tenra [f] `flat hand',
Gr. qnar `palm of the hand, foot sole', Av. danar `handful' ( V 16.7), tar.danan- `more than a
handful' (N).

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `desert, steppe, dry land, beach' , ,
Link to RV concordance: dhanvan-; dhanvacara-; dhanvacyut-; dhanu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanva-cara- [adj] `moving around the desert' (RV); dhanva-cyut- [adj]
`shaking the land' (RV 01.165.05); dhanvanya- [adj] `located on dry land' (AV+); possibly here also
dhanu- [f] (RV), dhan- [f] (AV) of uncertain meaning (`flat land'?)
Page in EWAia: 774
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. an `waste land, flat land not surrounded by mountains' (< *dan(a)-)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. dannatta- [adj] èmpty, depopulated' [connection with dhanvan-
uncertain]

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `bow'
See also: dhanus-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dhani (dhanv) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present VA: dhanva (< IE *dhenh2-ue-) [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+) {2}; Perfect: dadhanyur
[3pl.opt.act.] (RV 04.003.12), dadhanat [3sg.inj.act.] `set in motion' (trans.) (RV 10.073.01),
dadhanvms- [ptc.act.] (both intr. and trans.) (RV); dadhanve [3sg.med.] (RV) {3}; Aorist IS:
adhanvisur [3pl.opt.act.] (RV, SB) {3}; Caus: dhanayan [3pl.inj.act.] `to make run, to set in motion'
(RV 01.071.03), dhanayante [3pl.med.] (RV)
162
Meaning: `to run, flow' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhan(i)- , dhanv-; dhanutar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhanH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhanutar- [m], dhanutr- [f] `the running one' (RV) {3}
Page in EWAia: 772
See also: dhana-, dhr [1]; dhr [2];
Old Persian: dnuu[vtiy] /danu[vatiy]/ [3sg.pres.act.(?)] `to flow' (DZc 9)
New Persian: dandan [verb] `to hurry, run'
IE form: dhenh2-
IE meaning: to run, flow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fns `spring' - ; ToA tsn- [verb] `to flow'
Notes: {1} Extracted from the VA-present dhanva-. {2} Synchronically, class I present from the
secondary root dhanv. {3} Derived from the secondary root dhanv.
Sanskrit: dhar
Gramm. forms: Causative (Present X): dhrayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: dhriyate (< *dhr-ie-)
[3sg.med.] (RV 05.034.07 +), dhriyeran [3pl.opt.med.] (SB) {1}; Aorist R: dhrths [2sg.inj.med.] (AV
3.25.1); Aorist RED: addharat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: ddhra [3sg.act.] (RV+) = present; in later
texts rebuilt into a reduplicated present ddharti [3sg.act.] (JB), ddhrati [3pl.act.] (YVp) ( Kmmel
2000: 261ff.) {2}; dadhre [3sg.med.] (RV+), intrans.; Intensive: dardharsi [2sg.act.] (RV 05.084.03);
vi adardhar [3sg.impf.act.] (RV 02.038.04); ta-ptc.: dhrta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to hold, keep, preserve, bear, support' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhr-; ddhrvi-; durdhara-; durdhartu-; durdhartu-; dharuna-; dharnasi-;
dharni-; dhartar-; sdhrana-; dhrayatkavi-; manodhrt-; dharman-; dharman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ddhrvi- [adj] àble to bear' (RV .066.03); dur-dhara-, dur-dhar()tu- [adj]
`difficult to hold up' (RV+); dharana- [adj] `holding' (VS+); dharyas- [comp] `holding more' (KS+);
dharuna- [adj] `bearing, holding', [n] `basis, foundation' (RV+); dharnasi- [adj] `powerful, able'
(RV+); dharni- [m] `supporter' (RV 01.127.07, probably nonce, cf. Lubotsky 1988: 39); dhartar- [m]
`bearer, supporter' (RV+); -dhra- [m] `support, prop, basis' (AV+); s-dhrana- [adj] `joint' (RV+);
dhrayat-kavi- [adj] `supporting sages' (RV); mano-dhrt- [adj] `holding the thought' (RV); dharman-
[m] `supporter, arranger' (RV); dharman- [n] `support, firm hold; arrangement, fixed order, law'
(RV+); dharma- [m] `decree, ordinance, law' (AV+); dhrti- [f] `holding, seizing' (KS+)
Page in EWAia: 778
See also: dhruva-
Avestan: Av. dar- [verb] `to hold': OAv. draiiat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] ( Y 31.7), draii [2sg.pres.inj.act.]
( Y 32.1), YAv. draiiehi [2sg.pres.act.], OAv. drt [3sg.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 44.4), drt
[3sg.aor.opt.med.] ( Y 46.5), drt [3sg.aor.inj.act.] (?) ( Y 43.13), drt (?) ( Y 49.2), YAv. dara
[3sg.pf.act.] ( Yt 13.67), OAv. ddr [3sg.pf.med.] ( Y 51.8), OAv. ddarat [3sg.desid.inj.med.] (?)
( Y 46.7), OAv. dridiii [inf.] ( Y 43.1), YAv. drta- [ppp]; draiiat_.raa- [m] PN, drt- (in
compounds) `holding'; ( )darna- [n] `stay'; Av. darra- [n] `maintenance'
Old Persian: dar- [verb] `to hold, have' , : draymiy [1sg.pres.act.], adariy
[1sg.aor.med.] (DPe 8), adriya [3sg.pass.impf.] (DB 2.75, DB 2.90); *draya-farnah- [m] PN
163
Khotanese: hamdr- [verb] `to care for', pader- [verb] `to maintain' (+ *pati-)
Sogdian: 'r- [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Middle Persian: dr- / dtan [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Parthian: d'r- [verb] `to hold, keep'
New Persian: dr- / dtan [verb] `to have, hold, keep'
Ossetic: daryn / darun [verb] `to have, hold'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'ry- [verb] `to have, hold, keep'; Bactr. lhr- [verb] `to have, hold,
keep'
IE form: dher-
IE meaning: to hold
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to uphold the Truth': Skt. rtam ... dhray (RV) OAv. am dar-; `to uphold the Earth':
Skt. ksm ddhra (RV 01.067.05) OAv. drt zam ( Y 44.4); `to provide goods': Skt. vasni
dhraya (RV 09.063.30) OP draya-vau- [m] PN `Dareios' (< PIIr. *dhrayat-vasu-); `to support the
pillar': Skt. sthnm ... dhrayantu (RV 10.018.13) YAv. stun vraiieiti ( Yt 10.28)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fer àpproximately, nearly' < *dher-o- `tight, close by', ferm ìd.'
< superl. *ferim. Lat. firmus `firm, strong' < *dher-mo- `holding' (with sporadic e > i after labial);
Lith. deru [1sg.pres.act.] `to be useful, to fit'; Hitt. ter-/tar- [verb] `to state, say' (?)
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1997), attested only in the SB.
{2} [AL] As indicated by Jamison 1983: 96, the active pf. appears only in the sg. non-past indicative,
whereas dhraya-has a large number of imperfect and modal forms, as well as a participle.
Sanskrit: dhars
Gramm. forms: Present V: dhrsnuhi [2sg.imp.act.] (RV 01.080.03+); Aorist A: adhrsas [2sg.act.]
(SB), dhrsant- [ptc.act.] (RV), dhrsamna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: adharsisur [3pl.act.] (TA
5.1.3); Perfect: dadharsa [3sg.act.] (RV+), ddhrsuh [3pl.act.] (AV) {1}, dadharst [3sg.inj.] (RV);
Caus: dharsay (KS+); ta-ptc.: adhrsta- ìrresistible' (RV+), dhrsita- `bold, brave, daring' (RV+);
Inf: dhrs-e, -dhrsah (RV)
Meaning: `to attack, venture to do, be bold, be courageous'
Link to RV concordance: dhrs-; samdhrsaj-; durdharsa-; sudhrstama-; dhrsnu-; dadhrk
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dur--dharsa- [adj] ùnassailable' (RV+); su-dhrs-tama- [sup] `very
bold' (RV); sam-dhrsaj- [adj] `very courageous' (RV 05.019.05); dhrsnu- [adj] `bold, courageous,
strong' (RV+) (with secondary -n- from the present); dadhrk [adv] `firmly, courageously' (RV, AVP)
Page in EWAia: 780
See also: ddhrsi-; dhrsat
Avestan: dar- [verb] `to dare': YAv. upadarnuuainti [3pl.pres.ind.] ( Yt 8.44); dari- [adj] `bold,
strong', darita- [adj] ìd.'
Old Persian: a-drnau [3sg.impf.act.] `to venture'
Khotanese: darv- [verb] `to venture'
IE form: dhers-
IE meaning: to attack -> to venture
Certainty: +
164
Idioms: `courageous mind': Skt. dhrsan manas (RV), dhrsan-manas- [adj] òf courageous mind'
(RV) Gr. qrasu-mmnwn, mnoj poluqarsj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qrasj [adj] `bold' ( Skt. dhrsnu-); Gr. qrsoj [n] `boldness,
courage'; Gr. (Aeol.) qrsoj [n] `boldness, courage'; Gr. Qrrandroj [m] PN (= àttacking men'); Go.
ga-daursan [verb] `to venture'; Lith. dristi [verb] `to venture'; OPr. dyrsos [adj] `stout'
Notes: {1} [LK] Isolated forms with the long reduplication syllable, probably metrically conditioned;
see Kmmel 2000: 268.
Sanskrit: dhavi
Gramm. forms: Present V: dhnoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dhnutha [2pl.act.] (RV+); later dhunoti [3sg.act.],
dhunute [3sg.med.] (Br.+) with secondary short vowel; {1} Aorist S: adhsata [3sg.med.] (RV
01.082.02), adhsta [3sg.med.] (AVP); Perfect: dudhuvta [3sg.opt.med.] (RV 08.070.11), dudhuve
[3sg.med.] (AV 12.1.57); Intensive: dodhavti [3sg.act.] (RV); dodhuvat, davidhvat- [ptc.act.] (RV);
davidhva [3sg.pf.act.] (RV 01.140.06); ddhot [3sg.inj.act.] (RV) {2}; ta-ptc.: dhta- `shaken' (RV+)
Meaning: `to shake, move to and fro quickly, cause to tremble'
Link to RV concordance: dh-; dhv- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -dhava- [m] òne who stirs up, agitator' (RV); dhavana- [n] `shaking'
(SB); dhti- [m] `shaker' (RV) (mostly, in the voc.pl., which accounts for the accent and for the masc.
gender, Lubotsky 1988: 50)
Page in EWAia: 782
Avestan: Av. dauu- [verb] `to rub': YAv. auui fr-auuaite [3sg.pres.med.] ( V 5.24); fra-auuata
[3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( V 9.29)
Khotanese: du- [verb] `to strike, beat; clean'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'w- [verb] `to rub, brush'; (Buddh.) 'n'w, (Man.) 'nw [verb] `to smear, anoint'
(+ *ham-)
Middle Persian: (h)anddan [verb] `to smear, brush'
Ossetic: dawyn / dawun [verb] `to smooth, polish'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'w- [verb] `to smear'; b'w- [verb] `to polish' (+ *apa-)
IE form: dheuH-
IE meaning: to shake
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIc. dyja [verb] `to shake'; Gr. qunw [verb] `to storm, move fast'; Gr.
qnw [verb] `to rage' (< *qun -)
Notes: {1} [AL] There are two more (synchonically separate) presents in Vedic from this root, which
have a different meaning: Present I: dhvati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Passive (or Present IV, cf. Kulikov
2001: 356): sam-dhvyete [3du.] (KS) `to rinse, clean, rub, polish'; Passive: -dhyamna- [part.]
`being cleansed' (TSm 4.4.9.1); Present VI: ni dhuvmi [1sg.act.] (AVS); upa dhuva [2sg.impv.] (AVP
2.20.2); ni dhveyur [3pl.opt.act.] (KS); Passive: ni dhyatm [3sg.impv.] (AVS 1.14.2) `to throw
down, shake down'. {2} [AL] For the analysis of this form see Narten 1981: 3-5 = Narten 1995: 235-7
and Kmmel 2000: 269.
Sanskrit: dhayi [1] / dh [2]

165
Gramm. forms: Present AYA {1}: dhayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist SIS: adhaist [3sg.act.] (HirGS
1.17.5); Perfect: dadhur [3pl.act.] `they have sucked' (RV 09.099.03) (?) {2}; Caus: dhpay (RV);
Inf: dhtave `to drink' (RV), Abs: dhtv (SB); ta-ptc.: dhta- (AV+)
Meaning: `to suck, drink mother's milk'
Link to RV concordance: dh- [2]; payodh-; dhen-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhH-ai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (payo)-dh- [adj] `sucking (milk)' (RV 07.056.16); dhen- [f] `stream of
milk, nourishing stream, stream of speech' (RV); dhtr- [f] `nurse' (Pn.+)
Page in EWAia: 775
See also: dadhi / dadhan-; dhyas-; dhru-; dhenu-; godh-
Middle Persian: dyag `wet nurse'
New Persian: dya `wet nurse'
Ossetic: d?jyn / d?jun [verb] `to suck'
IE form: dheh1(-i-)
IE meaning: to suck
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OSw. da (< PGm. *diiana-) [verb] `to suck'; OCS dojo [verb] `to
suckle'; Gr. qh-l [f] `mother's breast'; Latv. de^ju (< IE *dheh1-ie-) [1sg.pres.act.] `to suck'; Gr.
qh~sqai [inf] `to suck'
Notes: {1} [LK] Present I if derived from root dhayi (*dheih1-e-; thus Mayrhofer) or present AYA if
derived from root dh (*dhh1-eie-; thus Got 1987: 44f., Lubotsky 1989). {2} [LK] The form may also
mean `they have prepared' and thus belong to dh- [1] `to put'; see Kmmel 2000: 275.
Sanskrit: dh
Gramm. forms: Present III: dadhti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dhatthah [2du.act.] (RV+); dadhmasi [1pl.act.]
(RV+); dadhati [3pl.act.] (RV+); adadhuh [3pl.impf.act.] (RV+); dadhe [1sg.med.] (RV+); dhatse
[2sg.med.] (RV+); dhatte [3sg.med.] (RV+); dadhre [3pl.med.] (RV+); dadhat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+);
dhehi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); dhatsva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+); dadhat- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist R:
adht [3sg.act.] (RV+); adhuh [3pl.act.] (RV+); adhita [3sg.med.] (RV+); dhat, dhti [3sg.subj.act.]
(RV); dheym /dheyaam/ [1sg.opt.act.] (RV); dheyuh [3pl.opt.act.] (RV) (for the genesis of these
forms see Kortlandt 1987b, Lubotsky 1995 ); dhmahi [1pl.opt.act.] (RV); dhisva [2sg.impv.med.]
(RV+); dhtana, dhetana (with secondary -e-) [2pl.impv.act.] (RV); Aorist S: dhsuh [3pl.inj.act.]
(RV); adhisi [1sg.med.] (Br.+); Aorist mediopass: adhyi (RV); Perfect: dadhau [1sg.act.] (RV+);
dadhtha [2pl.act.] (RV+); Passive: dhyate (RV+); Fut: dhsyati [3sg.act.] (YV+); Caus: dhpay
(RV, AV+); Desid: dhitsate [3sg.med.] (RV+), didhismi [1sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: hita- (RV+), in
cmp. also dhita- (mitra-dhita-, yuva-dhita-, su-dhita-, etc.) (RV+; for the distribution see Lubotsky
1995a); Inf: dhtave (RV 01.024.08 pratidhtave), dhtoh (RV 01.041.09 nidhtoh); dhiyadhyai
(pass.) (RV 07.034.24)
Meaning: `to put, place, make, produce, make someone into something'
Link to RV concordance: dh- [1]; ratnadh-; ratnadha-; durdh-; udadhi-; upadhi-; tridhtu-; dhna-;
ytudhna-; bhgadheya-; dhestha-; didhisu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-
166
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ratna-dh-, ratna-dha- [adj] `providing treasures' (RV+); sam-dh- [f]
àrrangement' (AV+); dur-dh- [f] `disarrangement' (RV 10.109.04); su-dh- [f] `well-being' (AV+);
uda-dhi- [m] `cloud, lake (= water-receptacle)' (RV); upa-dhi- [m] `what is put upon (part between the
nave and the circumference of the wheel)' (RV+); tri-dhtu- [adj] `threefold' (RV+); dhna- (suffix -
ana-) [n] `receptacle' (RV+); ytu-dhna- [m] `magician, sorcerer' (RV+); abhi-dhn- [f] `halter'
(AV+); bhga-dheya- [n] `share, portion' (RV+); dhestha- [sup] `providing most' (RV; always
trisyllabic /dhaistha-/); didhisu- [m] `suitor' (RV) (from the desiderative stem); didhispati- [m]
`husband of a unlawfully married woman' (AVP+)
Page in EWAia: 783
See also: dhman-; (d)hiti-; dhtar-, dhtar-
Avestan: Av. d- [verb] `to place, put; create, accept, determine' {1}: OAv. dadmah [1pl.pres.act.] (
Y 41.1), pair dadait [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y 46.1), dazd ( Y 30.4), dast [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 43.1), dad
[2sg.pres.inj.act.], dadt_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.], dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13), dadat_
[3sg.pres.subj.act.], dadnt [3pl.pres.subj.med.] ( Y 31.14), daidt_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.], daidt
[3sg.pres.opt.med.], dasuu [2sg.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 33.12), -dazdm [2pl.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 53.5);
dt_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.], duuaid [1du.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 29.5), dh [2sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 53.9), dh
[2sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 36.1), diiam [1sg.aor.opt.act.] ( Y 44.14), dii [1sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 43.8),
did [2sg.aor.impv.act.], dt [2pl.aor.impv.act.], dhuu [2sg.impv.aor.med.] ( Y 50.2), dant-
[ptc.aor.act.] ( Y 32.4); fradad [2sg.pf.act.] ( Y 40.1), daduuh- [ptc.pf.act.] ( Y 58.6), duui [inf];
didiii [inf] ( Y 51.20); dazdiii [inf] `to create'; YAv. daditi [3sg.pres.act.], paiti.dani
[1sg.pres.subj.act.], dazdi [2sg.pres.impv.act.]; more frequent in YAv. is the thematic present daa-
(daaiti [3sg.act.], para.daat_ [3sg.inj.act.], daaite [3sg.med.], etc.), uzdhiiamna- [ptc.fut.med.] ( Vr
9.1, Vr 9.3), daiit_ [3sg.pass.subj.], dta- [ppp] ( V 13.1); OAv. hu-dh [adj.nom.pl.] `beneficient
(?)' ( Y 30.3); dudh [adj.nom.pl.] `maleficient (?)' ( Y 30.3) (possibly Skt. su-dh- and dur-dh-
); Av. dmi-, dami- [adj] `creating', [m] `creator' (Bartholomae's dmi- [f] `creation' probably does
not exist); YAv. gao-ana- [n] `milk vessel' (if for * dna- Skt. dhna-); yaodanahe [gen.sg.n.]
`razor' (< *purification instrument)' ( F 267); yaodni- [m] `fire poker' ( V 14.7)
Old Persian: d- [verb] `to create, make': adad [3sg.impf.act.], ad [3sg.aor.act.]; dta- [n] `law';
daiva-dna- [m] `daiva sanctuary' ( Skt. dhna-)
Khotanese: dta- `put, placed in; law'
Sogdian: 'ny (in cmp.) `reservoir'; (Chr.) pd'ty ìniquity' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: dd `law'; dhn /dahin/ `creation'
Parthian: dhyn `creation'; wd'n `tent'
New Persian: dd `law'
Ossetic: jdajyn / idajun [verb] `to begin' (+ *ui-)
IE form: dheh1-
IE meaning: to put
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to put down the feet': Skt. pado ni dadhti (RV 01.146.02) YAv. pa nidaaite ( Yt 17.6);
`to put inside': Skt. antar dh- `to hide, cover' Lat. inter-fici `to destroy, kill'; `to give a name': Skt.
nma dh- (RV+) OAv. nmam dadt_ ( Y 38.4+) Gr. noma tqesqai Lat. nmen indere Hitt.
SUM-an dai
Cognates in other languages: Arm. dnem [1sg.pres.act.] `to put'; Gr. tqhmi [verb] `to put down,
ground, create'; Gr. p-qetoj [ppp] àdded'; Lat. con-dere [verb] `to found' (ppp. con-ditus); Lat. f-
c [1sg.pfact.] Ì have made'; OHG tuon [verb] `to do' (< WGm. *d- < PIE *dhoh1-); Lith. deti [verb]
167
`to put, to place (in)'; OLith. demi [1sg.pres.act.] `to put' (< *de-d ); OCS deti [verb] `to put'; Hitt.
dai- [verb] `to put, direct, to give (a name)'; Luv. tuua- [verb] `to place, put'
Notes: {1} [AL] In Iranian, the PIIr. roots *daH- `to give' and *dhaH- `to put' have largely merged
into PIr. *daH-. Except for dazd [3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 30.4), dazd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 27.13),
which unambiguously belong to PIIr. *dhaH- because of Bartholomae's Law, the forms are
Sanskrit: dhman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `dwelling-place, abode (of gods, etc.), foundation, basis' -
Link to RV concordance: dhman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaHman-
Page in EWAia: 783
See also: dh
Avestan: OAv. dman- [n] `place, abode', YAv. dman- [n] `creature, creation'
Sogdian: 'm `creation, world'
Middle Persian: dm `creature, creation'
IE form: dheh1-mn
IE meaning: placement
Certainty: +
Idioms: {1}
Cognates in other languages: Gr. n-qhma [n] `votive offering (set up in a temple); delight, ornament'
Notes: {1} [AL] The idioms are doubtful: Skt. rtasya dhman àbode of Rta' (RV) does not seem to
correspond to OAv. ( Y 48.7) a ... dmam where the two words are not combined; Skt. visv ...
dhma àll abodes' (RV 09.109.04) and YAv. vspanam dmanam ( Yt 10.54) ìd.' are no standing
expressions.

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Sanskrit: dhn-
Part of speech: [fpl]
Meaning: `roasted grains'
Link to RV concordance: dhn-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-naH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhnya- [adj] `consisting of roasted grains', [n] `corn' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 787
Avestan: YAv. dn.kar(a)- à species of ant' (= *carrying corn)
Khotanese: dn- `corn'
Middle Persian: dn, dnag `seed, corn'
New Persian: dna `seed, corn'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'n `corn'; Sh. un `roasted grain'; Yagh. don `roasted grain'
168
IE form: dhoH-neh2-
IE meaning: corn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. duona `bread, corn, grain'; Latv. duo~na `slice of bread, esp. at the
end of a loaf'; ToB tno [f] `grain' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Hardly a LW from Iranian. because its inflection is not productive. Most probably,
contains zero-grade of the root (*dhH-neh2-).
Sanskrit: dhr- [1]

Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `stream, gust, jet' ,
Link to RV concordance: dhr-; dhrapta-; dhravka-; dhrvara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-raH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhra-pta- [adj] `pure as a stream (of Soma)' (RV 02.027.02, 02.027.09);
dhra-vka- [adj] `sounding as streams (?)' (RV 05.044.05); dhr-vara- [adj] `rich in rain-streams (?)'
(RV 02.034.01)
Page in EWAia: 788
See also: dhr [2]; dhani
IE form: dhnh -reh -
2 2
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dhr- [2]
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `sharp edge (of knife, sword), blade'
Link to RV concordance: dhr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-raH- {1}
Page in EWAia: 789
See also: dhr [1]; dhani
Avestan: YAv. dr- [f] `blade'; tii.dra- [adj] `with a sharp blade'
Khotanese: dr- `sharp edge (of sword)'
Sogdian: (Chr.) xgry d'r `sword-blade'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. lr `side, edge'
IE form: dhnh -reh -

2 2
Certainty: +
Notes: {1}The two words PIIr. *dhaH-raH- may have been originally the same, under the assumption that blades were hardened by streaming water. {2}Gr. qoj
[adj] `sharp' is most probably unrelated.
Sanskrit: dhru-
First attestation: AVS 4.18.2 = AVP 5.24.2
Meaning: `suckling (calf)' -
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-ru-
Page in EWAia: 789
169
See also: dhayi [1]
IE form: dheh -lu-

1
IE meaning: suckling (in both meanings)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qh~luj [adj] `feminine' {1}; Lat. flx [adj] `fertile, bearing fruit, bringing luck' (if < *flv--)
Notes: {1} Connection with dhru- is not very certain.
Sanskrit: dhtar-, dhtar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `creator, arranger'
Link to RV concordance: dhtar-; dhtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaH-tar-
Page in EWAia: 783
See also: dh
Avestan: Av. dtar- [m] `creator'
Middle Persian: ddr `creator'
New Persian: ddr `creator'
IE form: dh(e)h -tr- {1}

1
IE meaning: creator
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) qetr tolmhtj, prkthj; Gr. diaqetr [m] òne who arranges, sets in order'; Lat. conditor, -{U+014D}ris [m] `maker,
builder, framer, establisher, founder'
Notes: {1} [AL] It is conceivable that all these words represent independent productive formations.
Sanskrit: dhv
Gramm. forms: Present IA: dhvati [3sg.act.] (RV+), dhvate [3sg.med.]; Present IB: dhavante [3pl.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: adhvista [3sg.med.] (RV
09.070.08); Aorist RED: adadhvat [3sg.act.] (RV 09.087.07, intrans., probably nonce); Caus: dhvay `to drive' (RV 10.146.02+) {1}
Meaning: `to walk, hurry, flow'
Link to RV concordance: dhv-; dhu-; dhauti-; dhavyams-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhau- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhauti- [f] `river' (RV 02.013.05) with the vocalism of the present; dhavyas- [comp] `running faster' (RV 06.012.05)
Page in EWAia: 789
Middle Persian: dw- /daw-/ [verb] `to run'
New Persian: dawdan [verb] `to run'
Ossetic: dawyn / dawun [verb] `to spawn'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. viw- [verb] `to ride'; Yaghn. dau- / dauta [verb] `to run'
IE form: dheu-
IE meaning: to walk, run
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qw [verb] `to walk'; Gr. qoj [adj] `quick'
Notes: {1} In prose, the present dhvati forms a suppletive paradigm with sar-, which supplies aorist and perfect. {2} The distribution points to act. dhvati vs.
med. dhavate, which can be explained from thematicization of the original static present.
170
Sanskrit: dhyas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `satisfaction, refreshment, precaution'
Link to RV concordance: dhyas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaHi-as-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ari-dhyas- [adj] `caring for the stranger' (RV 01.126.05); visva-dhyas- [adj] `caring for everybody' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 788
See also: dhayi [1]
Avestan: Av. drigu-diiah- [adj] `caring for the needy' ( Y 38.5)
Other Iranian cognates: Hung. tej `milk' (LW from IIr. *dhaHias-, cf. Katz 2003: 193)
IE form: dheh -i-os-

1
IE meaning: to suckle
Certainty: +
Idioms: `caring for the cows': Skt. go-dhyas- [adj] (RV 10.067.07) OAv. gao-diiah- [adj] ( Y 29.2)
Sanskrit: dhenu-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `cow, dairy cow, female animal'
Link to RV concordance: dhenu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaHi-nu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhenuk- [f] `mother-cow' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 797
See also: dhayi [1]
Avestan: YAv. danu- [f] `female animal'
Khotanese: dn `cow'
Middle Persian: dndag `female, milch'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y(n) `woman'
IE form: dheh i-nu-

1
IE meaning: to suck(le)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. (Zem.) dieni [adj.f.] `with young'
Sanskrit: dhruti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `delusion, deception'
Link to RV concordance: dhruti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhruti- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: varuna-dhrut- [adj] `deceiving Varuna' (RV 07.060.09), a-smrta-dhrut- [adj] `with whom no deception can be remembered' (RV
10.061.04)
Page in EWAia: 802
See also: drogh
Sogdian: (Chr.)'rdyw- [verb] `to seduce, lead astray'
Parthian: dr`w- [verb] `to seduce, delude'
171
IE form: dhru-ti-
IE meaning: `to deceive'
Certainty: +
Notes: {1}[AL] For the etymology see Schwartz 1966: 118 ff. It is important that Skt. dhvar-, which is usually connected with dhru- in the literature, only means
`to destroy' and never `to deceive'. Synchronically, these two roots must be distinguished for PIIr., but they may originally have belonged together, cf. also s.v.
dabh and dambh.
Sanskrit: dhruva-
Meaning: `fixed, firm, immovable, constant, lasting, cartain'
Link to RV concordance: dhruva-; dhruvas-; nidhruvi-; dhruvi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhruHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhruvase [quasi-inf.] `to stay' (RV 07.070.01; nonce); ni-dhruvi- [adj] `constant' (RV); dhruvi- [adj] ìmmovable' (RV 07.035.08)
Page in EWAia: 798
See also: dhar
Avestan: YAv. druua- [adj] `healthy'
Old Persian: duruva- [adj] `firm, certain, immune'
Middle Persian: drubut `stronghold'; drd `health, thriving'; drust [adj] `straight, right, healthy'
Parthian: drwd `health, thriving'
New Persian: dard `health, thriving'; durust [adj] `straight, right, healthy'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 214 - 217 {1}
Idioms: `firm power': Skt. ojah ... dhruvam (RV 07.082.06) YAv. druuahe aojah ( Yt 13.134); `firm earth': Skt. dhruvm bhmim (AV 12.1.11,17) OP
dahyu ... duruv `secure country' (DB IV 39)
Cognates in other languages: OCS s-drav [adj] `healthy' < PSl. *dorv (connection with dhruva- uncertain)
Notes: {1} Pokorny connects dhruva- with the word for `wood' (with dh- under the influence of dhar).
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Sanskrit: dhrsat
Meaning: `boldly, courageously, strongly'
Link to RV concordance: dhrsat
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhr-at-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhrsat [adv] `boldly, courageously, strongly' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 796
See also: dhars
Avestan: OAv. darat_ /drat / `courageous' ( Y 33.7)
Old Persian: drm /d(a)ram/ [adv] `very, violently'
IE form: dhrs-nt-
IE meaning: to dare
172
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dhur-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: dhr [nom.sg.], dhuram [acc.sg.], dhur [instr.sg.], dhrsu [loc.pl.], etc.
Meaning: `chariot pole, shaft'
Link to RV concordance: dhur-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhurH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhr-sad- [adj] `being on the chariot pole; being foremost' (RV); dhurya-
[adj] `fit to be harnessed, able to draw or bear (Pn.), being at the head of (AV+)'
Page in EWAia: 794
IE form: dhurh1-
IE meaning: chariot pole
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. turiia- [verb] `to harness'; Gr. qairj [m] `hinge, axle'; ToA tursko
`draught ox' (if from IE *dhurh1-es gwus ?)
Sanskrit: dhma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `smoke'
Link to RV concordance: dhma-; dh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhuH-ma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhmra- [adj] `grey, red, brownish red' (AV, YV+); vi-dhmay [denom.]
`to smoke (trans.)' (AVP 5.25.6+); dhmy [denom.] `to smoke (intr.)' (Br.+); dhpaya [denom.] `to
smoke (trans.), fumigate' (KS+), dhpya [denom] `to smoke (intr.)' (AV, MS+) (with unclear -p-;
from the secondary root dhp- are further formed dhpyate [pass.] (KS, SB+), -dhpya [pass.] (SBK+),
anu-dhpita- [ta-ptc.] `smoked out, clouded' (RV 02.030.10); dhpa- [m] ìncense, perfume, aromatic
vapour or smoke' (S.+))
Page in EWAia: 795
See also: dhvani; dhavi
Khotanese: dum `smoke'
Ossetic: dymyn / dumun [verb] `to blow up, smoke'
IE form: dhuh2-mo-
IE meaning: to smoke, pant, be excited
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fmus `smoke'; Lith. dmai [fpl] `smoke'; Latv. du~mi `smoke'; OCS
dym `smoke'; Gr. qumj `vital and mental energy, mind, mood, courage, anger'; Gr. qumiw [verb]
`to smoke'; Gr. qumh [f] ìnflammable perfumery'; Hitt. /duhhae-/ [verb] `to breathe heavily',
/duhhui-/ `smoke'
Sanskrit: dhvams
173
Gramm. forms: Present I: dhvamsate [3sg.med.] (AVP+); Present IV: -dhvasyati [3sg.act.] (Br.);
Present X: dhvasayah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV); dhvasayant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Aorist A: -dhvasan
[3pl.inj.act.] (RV 08.055.05); Perfect: -dadhvase [2sg.med.] (RV 10.113.07), dadhvasat [3sg.subj.act.]
(AVP); vi-dadhvamsur [3pl.act.] (Up.); Caus.: dhvamsay (YVp+); ta-ptc.: dhvasta- (AVP+)
Meaning: `to pulverize, crumble'
Link to RV concordance: dhvams-; dhvasani-; dhvasira-; dhvasra-; dhvasman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhuans-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhvamsa- [m] `falling down, destruction' (Br.); ava-dhvamsa- [m]
`sprinkling' (AV); dhvasani- [adj] `sprinkling (cloud)' (RV 01.164.29); dhvasira- [adj] `covered with
dust' (RV 07.083.03); dhvasra- [adj] òbscured' (RV+); dhvasman- [m] `polluting, darkening' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 799
See also: dhvani
IE form: dhuens
IE meaning: pulverize
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dhvan
Gramm. forms: Present I: adhvanat [3sg.impf.act.] (KS 27.3:141.8+)
Meaning: `to sound, roar, make inarticulate noises'
Link to RV concordance: dhuni-; dhuneti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhvani- [m] `sound, echo, noise, thunder' (AV+); dhuni- [adj] `roaring,
thundering' (RV+); dhunay [denom] `to roar, flow noisily' (RV); dhuneti- [adj] `with a roaring
course' (RV 04.050.02)
Page in EWAia: 801
IE form: dhuen-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON dynr [m] `drone, roar'; ON dynia [verb] `to drone, to make a noise'
Notes: {1} Uncertain is the appurtenance of the Iranian root *dau- `to mumble, speak' (YAv. dauuata
[3sg.pres.inj.med.], daomna- [ptc.pres.med.] `to mumble, speak (of Davic beings)'; daoir- [f]
`speech (of Davic beings)'; Oss. (Dig.) id?wyn [verb] `to question'; d?wccag / id?wccag
`questionable'; Sariq. war-w-/war-wd [verb] `to mumble, babble, mutter, rave')
Sanskrit: dhvani
Gramm. forms: Aorist IS<R: adhvant [3sg.act.] (RV 08.006.13) {1}; Caus: adhvnayat
[3sg.impf.act.] (RV 06.018.10); dhvanayt [3sg.inj.] (RV 01.162.15; nonce) ta-ptc.: dhvnta-, also [n]
`darkness' (RV+), [m] `name of a wind' (VS+)
Meaning: `to smoke'
Link to RV concordance: dhvani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhuanH-
174
Page in EWAia: 801
See also: dhma-
Avestan: OAv. duuanman- [n] `cloud'; YAv. dunman- [n] `cloud' (< *dun-); aipi-duuanara- [adj]
`cloudy'; probably, here also YAv. duuan- [verb] `to fly' (-duuasaiti [3sg.pres.act.], uzduuanaiiat_
[3sg.caus.inj.act.] ( Yt 5.61)) with its Iranian cognates: BSogd. b''n(y) `flame' (?), Khwar. m|b'ny-
[verb] `to twirl, whirl'; Pash. l(a)wan- [verb] `to winnow', Yaghn. devayn- [verb] `to winnow, swing'
Middle Persian: dwt' /dd/ `smoke' (< PIr. *dta-)
Parthian: dwd /dd/ `smoke'
New Persian: dd `smoke'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wd `smoke'
IE form: dhu-en-h2-
IE meaning: to smoke
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages:
Hitt. tuhhae- [v.] `produce smoke'
Notes: {1} Or 3sg.impf.act. of the root present, type bravti ( Jamison 1983: 115).
Sanskrit: dhvar
Gramm. forms: Present I <VA: dhrvanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present I (secondary): dhvarati [3sg.act.]
(TS, MS+); Aorist S: adhrsata [3pl.med.] (RV); *dhvrsur [3pl.inj.act.] (KS); Aorist IS: adhrvt
[3sg.act.] (SB); Desid: dudhrsati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Inf: dhrvane (RV); dhrvitum (SB)
Meaning: `to damage, hurt'
Link to RV concordance: dhrv-; dhrti-; satyadhvrt-; dhvaras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhuar(H)- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dhur- [f.] ìnjury' (MS); dhrti- [f] ìnjury, malice' (RV); satya-dhvrt-
[adj] ìnjuring the truth' (RV 10.027.01); dhvaras- [adj] `damaging' (RV); dhvar- [f] `damage' (MS);
a-dhvartavya- [gerundive] `not to be injured' (TS)
Page in EWAia: 802
IE form: dhuer(h1)-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. tuuarn(i)- [verb] `to break'
Notes: {1} [AL] The final laryngeal is uncertain. The Skt. forms are ambiguous as far as the root-final
laryngeal is concerned (for dhrvati see Lubotsky 1997b), but the Anatolian evidence seems to require
-h1 (for a recent discussion see Kloekhorst 2008 s.v.).
Sanskrit: dis-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: dik [nom.sg.]
Meaning: `direction, cardinal point'
Link to RV concordance: dis-
175
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dic-
Page in EWAia: 744
See also: des
IE form: dik-
IE meaning: to show
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dkh [f] `manner, custom' (probably, form a root-noun); Lat. dicis
caus `for form's sake'
Sanskrit: disti-
First attestation: Br.+ (RV+)
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `direction, prescription, measure of length'
Link to RV concordance: smaddisti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dicti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: smad-disti- [adj] `trained together' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 744
See also: des
Avestan: OAv. -diti- [f] `direction'; YAv. diti- [f] `measure of length'
IE form: dik-ti-
IE meaning: to show
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. dicti [f] `saying, uttering'; OHG ziht [f] àccusation', MDu. tiht [f]
ìd.'
Sanskrit: divya-
Gramm. forms: /div(i)ya-/
Meaning: `heavenly, divine'
Link to RV concordance: divya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: diuiHa- / diuiia-
Page in EWAia: 726
See also: dyav-
IE form: diu-iHo- / diu-iio-
IE meaning: heavenly
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. di~oj [adj] `coming from Zeus, divine, noble' (can be an independent
formation); Lat. dus [adj] `heavenly, divine'; Lat. dum [n] `space (of heaven)'

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176
Sanskrit: drgha-
Gramm. forms: drghyas- [comp] `lasting longer, longer (in length)' (RV+); drghistha- [sup]
`longest' (RV+)
Meaning: `long (in space and time), reaching far, lasting long'
Link to RV concordance: drgha-; drghyas-; drghistha-; drghman-; drghatamas-; drghyu-; d
rghasravas-; drghasrut-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drHgha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: drghman- [m] `length' (RV 10.070.04 instr.sg. drghm < *drghmn,
MS)
Page in EWAia: 728
Avestan: OAv. darga- [adj] `long'; YAv. dara- [adj] `long'; drjii [comp] `further'; drjitm
[sup] `longest'; drj ìn length'; drjah- [suff] `length'
Old Persian: dargam [adv] `long'
Khotanese: dra- [adj] `long' (< PIr. *darga-)
Middle Persian: dgl /dagr/ [adj] `long'; dl'c /drz/ [adj] `long'; (Man.) dgr --> dyr [adj] `long' {1}
New Persian: dr [adj] `long'; dirz [adj] `long'
Ossetic: darg [adj] `long'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. drj [adj] `long'
IE form: dlh1gh-o-
IE meaning: long
Certainty: +
Idioms: `long-lasting darkness': Skt. drghatamas- `long-lasting darkness' (RV), drgha-tamas- [m]
N. of a rsi (RV) OAv. dargm ii tmah `long life-time of darkness' ( Y 31.20); `long life-
time': Skt. drgha- yu(s)- (RV) OAv. dargm ii ( Y 31.20); `long-lived': Skt. drghyu- [adj]
(RV) OAv. dargiiu- [adj] Gr. dolicawn [adj.] `with a long life' (with analogical -a-); `long-
armed': Skt. drgha-bhu- [adj] (Ep.+) OAv. darg.bzu- [adj], YAv. dar.bzu- [adj]; `whose
fame reaches far and wide': Skt. drgha-sravas- [adj] (RV), drgha-srut- [adj] (RV+) OP *darga-
avah- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: OCS dlg [adj] `long'; SCr. du?g [adj] `long'; Lith. ilgas [adj] `long';
Gr. dolicj [adj] `long' (< PIE *dolh1-i-gh-o- ?); Gr. n-delecj [adj] `lasting long, uninterrupted'; Hitt.
daluki- [adj] `long'; OCS pro-dl-iti [verb] `to hesitate' (< PIE *delh1- ?)
Notes: {1} [AL] MP drang, NP dirang `delay, lateness' does not reflect IE *dl-on-gh-o-, but is rather a
derivative of the Iranian verb *drang- `to fix, hold'.
Sanskrit: drghyu(s)-
Meaning: `having a long life'
Link to RV concordance: drghyu-; drghyus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drHgha-Hiu-
Page in EWAia: 171
See also: yus-; drgha-
177
Avestan: OAv. dargiiu- [adj] `long-lasting' (trisyllabic, which proves the reconstruction *drHgha-
Hiu-)
Old Persian: *dargyu- [m] PN
IE form: d(o)lh1(-i-)gho-h2iu-
IE meaning: with a long life
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 17 - 18, 196 - 197
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dolicawn [adj] `with a long life' (with analogical -a-)
Sanskrit: dogh
Gramm. forms: Present II: dogdhi [3sg.act.] (TSp+), duhanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), adhok [3sg.impf.act.]
(RV, AV), dohat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), dugdhi [2sg.impv.act.] (AVP-S.m), duhe [3sg.med.] (RV+),
dugdhe [3sg.med.] (Br.+), duhre [3pl.med.] (RV+), duhate [3pl.med.] (RV+), duhrate [3pl.med.] (RV-
TSm); aduha [3sg.impf.med.] (MSp), aduhat [3sg.impf.med.] (RV+) {1}, dohate [3sg.subj.med.]
(RV+); dhuksva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+), duhm [3sg.impv.med.] (RV-Br.m), dohatm
[3sg.impv.med.] (KSm, TBm); Aorist S: adhuksata [3pl.aor.med.] (RV 09.110.08), adhuksata (MS
4.2.13:37.1); Aorist SA: adhuksat [3sg.act.] (RV), -aduksat [3sg.act.] (RV 01.033.10), adhuksas
[2sg.act.] (YVm), adhuksata [3sg.med.] (RV 09.002.03), d(h)uksata [3sg.inj.med.] (RV); Perfect:
dudoha [3sg.act.] (RV+); duduhe [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive: duhyate [3sg.] (RV+); Caus: dohayati
[3sg.act.] (SB+); Fut: dhoksyamna- [ptc.med.] (AVP 5.31.1); Inf: dohase (RV), duhadhyai (RV
10.061.17); ta-ptc.: dugdha- `milked out' (RV+)
Meaning: `to milk' [act.]; to give milk' [med.]
Link to RV concordance: dugh-; goduh-; ghrtaduh-; sudugha-; dugh-; dogha-; doha-; dohas-;
dohana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhaugh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: go-duh- (RV, AV+) [adj] `milking cows'; ghrta-duh- [adj] `yielding ghee'
(RV 09.089.05); prati-duh- [n] (nom.sg. dhuk) `fresh milk' (AV); su-dugha- [adj] `milking well,
yielding much' (RV, AV); kma-dugha- [adj] `yielding what one wishes' (AV+); dugh- (RV) [f]
`dairy cow'; dogha- [m] `stream of milk' (RV 05.015.05); doha- [m] `milking' (RV+); dohas- [n]
`milking' (RV 10.011.01); dohana- (RV+) [adj] `milking', [m] `milker'; dogdhar- [m] `milker' (AV+);
dogdhr- [f] `yielding milk' (VS+)
Page in EWAia: 747
Middle Persian: dw- /d-/ [verb] `to milk'
New Persian: dxtan [verb] `to milk'
Ossetic: ducyn / docun [verb] `to milk'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. ws- [verb] (inch.) `to milk', x- [verb] (+ *ati-) `to suck (milk)',
[caus.] w'xy- `to breastfeed (baby)'; Sh. u `buttermilk'; Pash. lwa `milking' (< PIr. *daugah-);
Pash. lwa- `to milk' (< PIr. *dauxaia-)
IE form: dheugh-
IE meaning: to be good for smth., to fit
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tugcnw [verb] `to reach the goal', Go. daug `to be good for smth., to
fit' {2}
178
Notes: {1} Secondary from aduha (+t). {2} [AL] In spite of Mayrhofer's reservations, the connection
must be correct, the semantic development being `(cow) fits' > `(cow) yields milk' (stative).
Sanskrit: dos
Gramm. forms: Present IV: dusyet [3sg.opt.act.] (AB+) {1}; Caus.: dsayanti [3pl.act.] (RV
07.104.09+) {2}; Aorist RED: ddusat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 03.003.01+); ta-ptc.: dusta- (Up., S.+)
Meaning: `to spoil'
Link to RV concordance: ds-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: du-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dusti- [f] `corruption' (AV+); dsana- [adj] `spoiling' (AV+); dsi- [f]
`poisonous substance' (AV); tan-dsi- [adj] `harming the body' (AV+)
See also: dus-
IE form: deus-
IE meaning: to miss, lack
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dw [verb] `to miss, want, need'
Notes: {1} [AL] For this form see Kulikov 2001. {2} [AL] In spite of Mayrhofer's opinion to the
contrary, the verbal root is clearly derived from dus- `bad'. The long vocalism can easily be
secondary. The oldest attested form of the verb is the red. aorist ddusat (RV 03.003.01), on the basis
of which the caus. dsayati with analogical long was created (type addharat : dhrayati).
Sanskrit: dos-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: doh [nom.acc.sg.] (RV, SB), dosnah [gen.sg.] (SB), dos [nom.du.] (KausS),
dosan [nom.du.] (AV+), dosnoh [gen.du.] (AVP 16.147.8+), dorbhym [dat.du.] (AVP 9.3.11+)
Meaning: àrm, fore-arm'
Link to RV concordance: dos-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dosan-ya- [adj] `located in the arm' (RV, AV); dosanisris- [adj]
`hanging on the arm' (AVS; AVP dosanislis-)
Page in EWAia: 749
Avestan: YAv. dao- [n.] ùpper arm' (du [nom.sg.], F daoa may be instr.sg.)
Middle Persian: d `shoulder'
New Persian: d `shoulder'
Ossetic: dys / dus `sleeve' (< *du- ?)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. lea ùpper arm'
IE form: dous-
IE meaning: arm
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. doe, gen.sg. doat àrm'; Latv. pa-duse àrmpit'; Sln. pa?z-duha
àrmpit'
179
Sanskrit: dos-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `dusk, evening'
Link to RV concordance: dos-; pradosam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dos [adv] ìn the evening' (RV); pradosam [adv] `by the dusk' (RV);
the s-stem dosas- `dusk' (AVS 16.4.6 = AVP 18.47.3; AVP 2.61.5; 19.1.1) is nonce, being analogical
after usas-
Page in EWAia: 750
Avestan: YAv. daoatara- [adj] `located towards the evening, westerly' (daoastara- is analogical after
the preceding uastara-)
Middle Persian: d `last night'
New Persian: d `last night'
Ossetic: dyson / ?dos? `last night, last evening'
IE form: deus-e/o-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. deeloj [adj, m] òf the afternoon, of the evening; evening'
Sanskrit: dram
Gramm. forms: Intensive: dandramyamna- [ptc.med.] (Up.)
Meaning: `to run, run about, walk about'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dram-
Page in EWAia: 755
See also: drav, dr [1]
Avestan: YAv. han-dramana- [n] `(place of) convergence' ( Yt 11.6, N 53)
Khotanese: drem [verb] `to drive away'
IE form: drem- {1}
IE meaning: to run
Certainty: +
Idioms: `meeting': YAv. han-dramana- [n] `(place of) convergence' Gr. sun-drom [f] `collecting,
accumulation'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. sun-drom [f] `collecting, accumulation'; Gr. dramei~n [inf] `to
walk'; Gr. drmoj [m] `walk'
Notes: {1} Probably root enlargement of the root *der- `run', preserved also with other extensions
(and similar meanings): *dr-eu-, *dr-eh2-.
Sanskrit: drapsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `drop (of Soma, rain), spark', `flag, banner (RV 04.013.02)'
Link to RV concordance: drapsa-; drapsin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drapsa-
180
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: drapsin- [adj] `carrying a banner (?)' (RV 01.064.02)
Page in EWAia: 754
See also: drpi-
Avestan: YAv. drafa- [m] `banner', `drop ? ( Y 10.14)'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'r'(y)p `banner'
Middle Persian: draf `banner'; drafdan [verb] `to tremble, shine' {1}
Parthian: drf `banner'; drf- [verb] `to shine'
New Persian: diraf `flag, banner; lightning; splendour'
IE form: drep-
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] May be a denominative formation and thus does not prove that the IIr. word is
derived from the verb `to tremble'. [[Oberlies MSS 51 (1990) 153ff., 167 XXX]]
Sanskrit: drav
Gramm. forms: Present I: dravati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: dudrva [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Fut: drosyati
[3sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist RED: adudrot [3sg.act.] (RV 02.030.03), dudravat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV) {1};
Caus: drvayati (RV+); Present AYA: dravayanta [3pl.inj.med] (RV 10.048.05); Intensive perfect:
dodrva [3sg.act.] (TS); ta-ptc.: (ud-)druta- `run (away)' (VS)
Meaning: `to run, hurry'
Link to RV concordance: dru-; drava-; dravat; dravara-; dravitnu-; raghudru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: drava- [adj] `running' (RV+); dravat [adv] `speedily, swiftly' (RV+);
dravara- [adj] `running quickly' (RV 04.040.02); dravitnu- [adj] `swift' (RV); ud-drva- [adj] `running
away' (VS+); raghu-dru- [adj] `running swiftly' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 755
See also: dram; dr [1]
Avestan: YAv. druuaiit_ [3sg.caus.subj.act.] `to take a run-up' ( Y 57.25); draoman- [n] àttack,
rush'; am.drta- [adj] `running up with fury' ( Yt 1.18) {2}
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')bzrw- [verb] `to stream' (< *abi-draua-), (')bzr'wy- [verb] `to
inundate' (< *abi-druaia-)
IE form: dreu- {3}
IE meaning: to run
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Possibly, Lat. amptru [verb] `to execute a figure or movement' with
devoicing in the cluster *-dr- (cf. de Vaan 2008: XXX)
Notes: {1} [LK] Or pluperfect and perfect subjunctive (see Kmmel 2000: 252f.). {2} [AL] All these
Avestan forms have been explained from the root dru- `to deceive' by M. Schwartz, JRAS 1966: 119-
122. This analysis is also accepted by Kreyenbroek 1985 (Sraoa). {3} [AL] THe root *dreu- may be a
root enlargement of the root **der- `run', preserved also with other extensions (and similar meanings):
*dr-em-, *dr-eh2-, etc., although it seems disquieting that there are no certain cognates outside Indo-
Iranian. The European river names (Dravos, Druentia, Druta, etc.) can hardly be cognate, cf. especially
the typical a-vocalism.
181
Sanskrit: dravinas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `movable property, wealth, goods'
Link to RV concordance: dravinas-; dravina-; dravinasvant-; dravinasyu-; dravinod-; dravinoda-
; dravinovid-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drauHnas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dravina- [n] `movable property, wealth, goods' (RV+); dravinas-vant-
[adj] òwing movable property' (RV+); dravin-vant- [adj] òwing movable property' (TS);
dravinasyu- [adj] `striving for movable property' (RV); dravinod-, dravinoda- [adj] òffering
goods' (RV+); dravino-vid- [adj] `finding the riches, property' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 756
See also: dravi
Avestan: OAv. draonah- [n] `share of sacrifice' ( Y 33,8); YAv. draonah- (draona-) [n] `share of
wealth, part'
Middle Persian: drn `sacrificial bread'
New Persian: darn `sacrificial bread'
Certainty: ?

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Sanskrit: dravi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: drnna- (metrically, drunna-) [ptc.med.] (RV 04.004.01), drunti,
drnti [3sg.act.] (MS), drunte [3sg.med.] (JB)
Meaning: `to cut down (RV), to damage, hurt (YV+)'
Link to RV concordance: dr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dravi- [m] `cutter' (RV 06.003.04); dravitar- [m] `mower, reaper' (RV
06.012.03)
Page in EWAia: 756
See also: dari? dravinas-
Khotanese: drv- [verb] `to bite, cut'
Middle Persian: drdan [verb] `to cut, to mow, to harvest'
New Persian: durdan [verb] `to cut, to mow, to harvest'
Other Iranian cognates: Pz. drn- [pres] `to cut, to mow, to harvest'; Khwar. ry- [verb] `to mow';
Wa. draw- [verb] `to reap; to mow, cut'
IE form: dreuH- ?
IE meaning: to cut ?
Certainty: ?
182
Sanskrit: dr [1]
Gramm. forms: Aorist R: drntu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 10.085.32 +); Aorist S: drsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV
08.047.07); Aorist SIS: adrst [3sg.act.] (KS-KpS); Perfect: dadrur [3pl.act.] (RV 01.062.11),
dadrna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.055.05); Intensive: dari-drat- [ptc.act.] (TS+)
Meaning: `to run, hurry'
Link to RV concordance: dr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: draH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dr- [adj] `running' (SV); daridra- [adj] `restless, wandering about' (YV+,
daridra- SB)
Page in EWAia: 757
See also: dram; drav
Avestan: YAv. paiti.dr- [f] `refuge'
Khotanese: drtaa [adj] `tremulous' (?)
IE form: dreh2- {1}
IE meaning: to run
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. po-didrskw [verb] `to run away, to flee'; Gr. p-dran [aor] `to run
away, to flee'
Notes: {1} [AL] Presumably, a root enlargement of the root *der- `run', preserved also with other
extensions (and similar meanings): *dr-em-, *dr-eu-, cf. also Kmmel 2000: 254, who suggests that
the present of dr- is provided by the root drav.
Sanskrit: dr [2]
Gramm. forms: Present II: ni-dryt [3sg.opt.act.] (Br.); Fut: drsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.)
Meaning: `to sleep, slumber'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: draH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-ava-drna- [adj] `not falling asleep' (AVS 8.1.13 = AVP 16.2.3);
nidr- [f] `slumber, sleepiness' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 757
IE form: dreh2- {1}
IE meaning: to sleep
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. nirh `slumber, sleepiness' (LW from Iran. *nidr-); Lat. dormre
[verb] `to sleep'; ORu. dremati [verb] `to slumber'; Gr. darqnw [verb] `to sleep'; draqon
[1sg.aor.] `to sleep'
Notes: {1} Attested also with other root extensions: *-em- (in Lat. and ORu.) and *-dh- (in Gr.).
Sanskrit: drpi-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `mantle, garment'
183
Link to RV concordance: drpi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drpi- (?)
Page in EWAia: 758
IE form: drep-?
IE meaning: to cut off
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Connections are very uncertain: Lith. dra~pana [f] `clothing, cloth', Gr.
drpw [verb] `to cut off' (?)
Sanskrit: drogh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: druhyati [3sg.act.] (AVP+); Aorist A: druhan [3pl.inj.act.] (RV+); Aorist
S: adruksas [2sg.inj.act.] (Br.+); Perfect: dudroha [3sg.act.] (RV, AV, JB); Fut: dhroksyati [3sg.act.]
(MS); ta-ptc.: drugdha- `deceitful, false' (RV+)
Meaning: `to deceive, cheat', later also `to hurt, harm'
Link to RV concordance: drugh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhraugh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: druh- [f] `deceit, malice' (RV+); druhvan- [adj] `deceitful, malicious'
(RV, AV); druhyu- tribe name (RV+) (lit. `deceitful, cheater' ?)
Page in EWAia: 760
See also: drogha-; dhruti-
Avestan: OAv. a-drujiiant- [adj] `not deceiving'; drug- [f] (nom.sg. drux-, acc.sg. druj-m, etc.)
`deceit, lie, principle of the Dauua-world'; drg-uuant- `fellow of Drug, Drug-believer'; YAv.
druinti [3pl.pres.act.] (< *-ji-); aibi.druaiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to deceive'; drug- [f] `deceit, lie';
druuant- [adj] `fellow of Drug, Drug-believer'
Old Persian: a-durujiya [3sg.impf.act.] `to lie'; duruxta- [ppp] `lied'
Khotanese: drrja- `falseness, lie'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) rmh, (Chr.) gm- `lie'
Middle Persian: druxtan [verb] `to deceive'
Parthian: drwj- [verb] `to lie'; drwgmyg [adj] `lying, false' (< PIr. *drug-ma(n)-)
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. drwgomigo `false'
IE form: dhreugh-
IE meaning: to deceive
Certainty: +
Idioms: `destroyer of evil': Skt. druho hant (RV 02.033.17) YAv. janta ... druj; `breaking
agreement, betraying friends, treacherous': Skt. droghamitra- (RV 10.089.12), mitra-druh- (MS+)
YAv. mir.drug-; mirm druinti ( Yt 10.45), Parth. drwxt-myhr, MP mihr-drz
Cognates in other languages: OHG triugan [verb] `to deceit'
Sanskrit: drogha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `lie, deceit' {1}
Link to RV concordance: drugh-
184
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhraugha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: droghamitra- [adj] `breaking agreement, betraying friends, treacherous'
(RV 10.089.12)
Page in EWAia: 760
See also: drogh
Avestan: YAv. draoa- [m] `lie'
Old Persian: drauga- [m] `lie, treason, felony'
Middle Persian: dr `lie, deceit'
New Persian: durg `lie'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. drogo, ddrwgo `falsehood, deceit'
IE form: dhrough-o-
IE meaning: deceit
Certainty: +
Idioms: `telling lies': Skt. drogha-vc- [adj] `saying deceitful words' (RV) YAv.
drao.vx.draojita- [sup] `most lying among those telling lies' ( Yt 3.9)
Cognates in other languages: OHG triugan [verb] `to deceit'
Notes: {1} [AL] drogha- in RV 06.062.09d droghya cid vacasa navya is the first member of a
compound in tmesis, see Lubotsky 1988: 64f.
Sanskrit: drona-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `wooden vessel, trough, bucket (also for Soma)'
Link to RV concordance: drona-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drauna-
Page in EWAia: 761
See also: dru-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) r'wn `bow, arc'
Middle Persian: drn `bow, arc'
New Persian: darna `bow, arc, rainbow'
Ossetic: ?rdyn / ?rdun?, ?ndur? `bow'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. n(y)k `bow'
IE form: dreu-no-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: druhila-
First attestation: SrS
Meaning: `rough'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(h)rugh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-drksna- [adj] `not harsh (of garments)' (AV 8.2.16 = AVP 16.4.6);
drksna- [adj] `harsh (epithet or a name of a demon)' (AVP 7.2.8, 8.16.5)
Page in EWAia: 759
IE form: dhreugh-
Certainty: ?
185
Cognates in other languages: ON draugr `withered tree-trunk'
Sanskrit: druma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `tree, plant'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: druma-
Page in EWAia: 759
See also: dru-
IE form: dru-mo-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. drum [n.pl.] `bushes, wood'; Gr. drumj [m] `bushes, wood' (with -
u- from dru~j); Russ. drom `thicket' (< PSl. *drm)
Sanskrit: drsad-
First attestation: RV, AV, KS+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `stone, lower mill-stone, mortar'
Link to RV concordance: drsad-; drsadvat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jrad- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: drsad-upale [nom.du.f.] `both lower and upper mill-stones' (SB);
drsadvat- [f] Name of a river (RV)
Page in EWAia: 741
Avestan: Av. zartuua- [n] `(flat) stone'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] See Insler 1999 for the etymology. He reconstructs an alternating paradigm for PIIr.:
nom.sg. *j(a)rd-s > *j(a)rt-s, obl. *jrad-. The Vedic form is due to dissimilation (cf. das < jas). Sh.
dixn `stone mortar' and Gr. deirj (-d-) [f] `hill, mountain ridge' are unrelated.

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Sanskrit: drti-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `leather bag (for holding water, etc.), pair of bellows'
Link to RV concordance: drti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dr-ti-
Page in EWAia: 741
See also: dari
IE form: dr-ti-
186
IE meaning: to tear
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. drsij [f] `skinning'; Gr. drrij [f] `leather cover, screen used in a
siege'
Sanskrit: duhitar-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `daughter'
Link to RV concordance: duhitar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhughdh, dhujhitr- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dauhitra- [m] `daughter's son' (Up.+)
Page in EWAia: 737
Avestan: OAv. dugdar- [f] `daughter'; YAv. duar- [f] `daughter'
Old Persian: *dux- [f] `daughter'
Khotanese: dutar- `daughter'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wt- `daughter'
Middle Persian: duxt, duxtar `daughter'
New Persian: duxt, duxtar `daughter'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. d `daughter' (< PIr. *duxt); Bactr. logda, logdo `daughter' (< PIr.
*dugd/duxt); Pash. lr `daughter'
IE form: dhugh2-ter-
IE meaning: daughter
Certainty: +
Idioms: `daughter of heaven/Zeus': Skt. duhit divas (RV+) Gr. (Hom) Dij qugthr
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qugthr [f] `daughter' (acc.sg. quga-tr-a / qug-tra); Gr. (Myc.) tu-
ka-te [cmp] `daughter'; Gr. qugatridou~j [m] `daughter's son'; ToB tkcer `daughter'; ToA ckcar
`daughter'; Lyc. kbatra `daughter'; HLuv. FILIAtu-ua/i-tara/i-na [Accs] `daughter' (< PAnat. *t(u)uatr );
Arm. dustr `daughter'; Osc. futir `daughter'; MoHG Tochter [f] `daughter'; MoHG (dial.) Tichter
`grandchild' (a vrddhi formation similar to Skt. dauhitra-); Lith. dukte~ [f] `daughter'; OCS dti [f]
`daughter'; Gall. dutir `daughter'
Notes: {1} [AL] Both forms must have been present in PIIr., most probably forming one paradigm.
Sanskrit: dus-
Part of speech: [pref]
Meaning: `bad, wrong, difficult, un-, -less'
Link to RV concordance: dus; ducchun-; ddh-; duskrta-; duhsamsa-; durpana-; durita-;
durukta-; durmanman-; durmati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: du-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ducchun- [f] `misfortune, calamity' (RV+) < *dus-suna-; ddh- [adj]
òf evil thoughts' (RV) < *duz-dh-
Page in EWAia: 735
See also: dos
187
Avestan: Av. du-, du- [pref] `bad'; du-dh- [adj] `badly working'; OAv. du.iiaoana- [adj] òf
bad actions'
Old Persian: duiyra- [n] `famine' (*du-yr- `bad year')
Sogdian: (Buddh.) -tw'n [adj] `poor'
Middle Persian: duj-, du- [pref] `bad'; dwgnd [adj] `smelling bad', (Man.) dwz `thief'
Parthian: dwjgnd [adj] `smelling bad'
New Persian: duzd `thief'
IE form: dus-
IE meaning: bad
Certainty: +
Idioms: `wrongly done': Skt. dus-krta- [adj] `wickedly done', [n] èvil action' (RV+) OP du-krta-
[adj] `badly done'; `speaking badly, insulting, slandering': Skt. duh-samsa- [adj] (RV+) YAv.
du.saha- [adj]; `difficult to reach': Skt. dur-pana- [adj] (RV), dur-pa- [adj] (SB+) YAv. du-
piia- [adj]; `difficult to access', `hardship, danger': Skt. dur-ita- [adj, n] (RV+) YAv. du-ita- [adj,
n]; `wrongly performed sacrifice': Skt. dur-isti- [f] (AV+) YAv. du-iiati- [f]; `bad, inauspicious
word': Skt. dur-ukta- [n] (RV+) YAv. du-uxta- [adj] `badly spoken' MP duhxt `bad words';
èvil-minded': YAv. du-mainiiu- [adj] èvil-minded', [m] ènemy' MP dwm(y)n' /dumen/, Parth.
dwmyn, NP duman ènemy'; èvil-minded': Skt. dur-manman- [adj] èvil-minded' (RV) OAv.
du-manah-, YAv. du-manah- [adj] Gr. (Hom.) dus-menj [adj]; cf. also Skt. dur-mati- [f] èvil
mind, hatred' (RV+), YAv. du-mata- [adj] `badly thought'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dus- [pref] `bad, wrong'; OIr. do-chlu [adj] ìnglorious'; Go. tuz-
werjan* [verb] `to doubt'; OHG zur-wri [adj] `suspicious'
Sanskrit: duvas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `gift, oblation, reverence, favour, friendship'
Link to RV concordance: duvas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duH-as- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: duvas- [m] `favourite, friend' (RV); duvasyati [denom] `to reward,
present, honour' (RV); duvasyu-, duvoyu- [adj] `reverent, worshipping' (RV); duvoy- [f] `worship'
(RV); duvanya-sad- [adj] `sitting among the favourites (?)' (RV 04.040.02)
Page in EWAia: 734
Avestan: OAv. dauuas `friendship' ( Y 31.10) if standing for *duuas-
IE form: d(e)h3-u-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. duim [1sg.subj.] `to give'; Fal. douiad [3sg.subj.] `to give'
Sanskrit: dra-
Gramm. forms: davyas- [comp] (RV), davistha- [sup] (RV)
Meaning: `far; distance, remoteness (in space and time)'
Link to RV concordance: dra-; davyas-; davistha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duH-ra-
188
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dram [adv] à long way off, a long period back' (RV+); drt [adv] `from
afar' (RV+); dre [adv] `far away' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 739
See also: dta-
Avestan: Av. drt_ [adv] `from afar'; OAv. dir [adv] `far'; YAv. dire [adv] `far'
Old Persian: draiy [adv] `far and wide'; duvaitam [adv] `very long, very far' {1}
Khotanese: dura- [adj] `far'
Sogdian: wr [adj] `far'
Middle Persian: dr [adj] `far'
New Persian: dr [adj] `far'
IE form: du(e)h2-ro-
IE meaning: far, lasting long {4}
Certainty: +
Idioms: `visible far and wide': Skt. dre-drs- [adj] (RV) YAv. dra-dar(tma)- [adj] {2}; `far-
renowned': dre-sravas- [adj] (SrS.) {3} YAv. dra-srta- [adj], MP drsraw [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dn [adv] `for a long time, far', Gr. (Dor.) dn, don [adv] `for a
long time, far' < IE *dueh2-m; Gr. dhrj [adj] `lasting long' < IE *dueh2-ro-; Hitt. tua- [adj] `far' < IE
*duh2-io-; Lat. ddum [adv] `for a long time already'
Notes: {1} This OP superlative reflects PIIr. *duaH-ito- and is more archaic than Skt. davistha-. {2}
[AL] Usually, this adjective, attested in Yt 1.12 and Yt 12.7, is rendered `seeing far', but `visible from
afar' also seems possible. {3} dauresruta- [m] PN is already attested in the Br. {4} The meaning of the
root seems to be `to extend in space and time'.
Sanskrit: drsa-
First attestation: AV, KausS
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: à kind of coarse garment, probably from (goat's) leather'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drca-
Page in EWAia: 740
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. irs `wool of a goat or a yak' {1}; Sh. oxc `wool of a goat or a yak;
body hair; coarse cloth' {2}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Grjunberg - Steblin-Kamenskij write drs. From PIr. *dars-. {2} [AL] For the
meaning see Karamoev s.v.
Sanskrit: dta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `messenger, negotiator, envoy, ambassador'
Link to RV concordance: dta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duH-ta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dt- [f] `female messenger' (RV+); dtya- [n] èmbassy, message, office
of a messenger' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 738
189
See also: dra-
Avestan: OAv. dta- `messenger (?)' ( Y 32.1, Y 32.13)
Old Persian: *dta- in PN attested in Elamite may mean `messenger' (?)
IE form: duh2-to-
IE meaning: far away
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Lat. dautia / lautia `welcome of foreign guests and messengers' is hardly related.
Sanskrit: dva-
Part of speech: [num.du.]
Gramm. forms: The forms in the RV are: d(u)v, d(u)vau [nom.acc.m.], d(u)ve [nom.acc.f./n.],
duvbhym [instr.dat.abl.], d(u)vayos [gen.loc.]
Meaning: `two'
Link to RV concordance: dva-; dvaka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: duv-duv [adv] `by two' (RV+); dvan-dvam [adv] ìn pairs' (KS+), dvan-
dva- [n] `couple' (TS+); dvaka- [adj] `two and two, twofold' (RV 09.059.09)
Page in EWAia: 761
See also: dvaya-; dvdasa; dvi-; dvit; dvitya-; dvis
Avestan: YAv. duua- [num.du.] `two': duua [nom.m.], duiie (< *duue), duua-ca [acc.f./n.], duuaibiia
[dat.abl.], duuaii [gen.]; (the interpretation of duucina ( Yt 10.84) is very uncertain)
Khotanese: duva [num] `two'
Sogdian: (Man., Buddh.) w, (')w' [num] `two'
Middle Persian: d [num] `two'
New Persian: du [num] `two'
Ossetic: dyww? / duw(w)? [num] `two'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')w(') [m], 'wy [f] `two'; Bactr. loo [num] `two'; Pash. dwa [num]
`two'; Sh. u [num] `two'
IE form: duo-
IE meaning: two
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. do [num] `two' (uninflected, older than dw); Arm. erku [num]
`two' (with er- from the word for `three'); Lith. du `two'; Lat. duo [num] `two' (< *du); OCS dva
[m.], dve [f/n] `two'; OIr. dauL [m], dauN [n] `two'; OW dou `two'; ToA wu [m], we [f] `two',
ToB wi [num] `two'
Sanskrit: dvaya-
Gramm. forms: dvay- [f]
Meaning: `twofold, in pairs', [n] ìnsincerity, falsehood'
Link to RV concordance: dvaya-; dvayvin-; dvayu-; advayas-; advayant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duaia-
190
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvayvin- [adj] `double-tongued, false' (RV, AV); dvayu- [adj] `double-
tongued, false' (RV); advayas-, advayant- [adj] `not double-tongued, sincere' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 763
See also: dva-
Middle Persian: bayaspn `messenger' (if from PIr. *duaia-aspa- `two-horse-' ?)
Parthian: dy'syh_ `door leaf' (?)
IE form: duoi-o-
IE meaning: double
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. doio [adj.pl.] `both, two' (doi [du]); Gr. doij [adj] `double'; Gr.
n doiV~ [adv] ìn doubt' (< IE dat.sg.f. *duoi-ieh2-ei, cf. Skt. dvay- [f]); OCS dvoj [adj] `twofold';
Lith. dveji `two'
Sanskrit: dvdasa
Gramm. forms: /duvdasa/
Meaning: `twelve'
Link to RV concordance: dvdasa-; dvdasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duaHdaca-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvdasa- [adj] `consisting of twelves' (RV, Br.), `twelfth' (KS+); [n] òne
twelfth' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 764
See also: dva-; dasa
Avestan: YAv. duua.dasa [num] `twelve'; duuadasa- [adj] `twelfth'
Sogdian: (Man.) w't_s [num] `twelve'
Middle Persian: dwzdah [num] `twelve' (with -z- from szdah `thirteen', etc.)
Ossetic: dywwad?s / du(w)wad?s [num] `twelve'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. dwlas [num] `twelve'
IE form: duoh1dekm
IE meaning: twelve
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ddeka, dudeka [num] `twelve'; Lat. duodecim [num] `twelve';
Arm. erkotasan [num] `twelve'

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Sanskrit: dvr-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: In the RV only du. and pl.: dvr, dvrau [nom.acc.du.], dvras [nom.pl.], duras
[acc.pl.]; dvr [nom.sg.] (AV+). From Br. on, dvra- [n].
191
Meaning: `door, gate' (du. = the two leaves)
Link to RV concordance: dvr-; satadura-; sahasradvr-; durya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: d(h)uar- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sata-dura- [adj] `with a hundred doors' (RV); sahasra-dvr- [adj] `having
a thousand doors' (RV 07.088.05); nava-dvra- [adj] `with nine doors' (AV+); dur(i)ya- [adj]
`belonging to the door, belonging to the house' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 764
See also: prduh
Avestan: YAv. duuar- [m] `gate, mountain pass'
Old Persian: duvara- [n] `gate'; duvari- [m] `portico'
Khotanese: vara- `door'
Sogdian: br- `door, gate'
Middle Persian: dar `gate, court, palace'
Parthian: bar `door'
New Persian: dar `door'
Ossetic: dwar `door'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. al(o)baro `court'; Khwar. br- `door'; Pash. war `door'; Wa. bar `door,
court, outside'
IE form: dhuer-
IE meaning: door, gate
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fors [pl.f.] `door, gate; the two leaves of a door'; ToB twere `door';
OCS dvor `courtyard'; Gr. (Hes.) qrda xw; Gr. qraze òut(doors)'; OHG turi `door'; East-Lith.
dures [nom.pl.] `door'; Lith. dur-is [acc.pl.] `door'
Notes: {1} [AL] The unexpected *d- in Indo-Aryan is usually explained by the influence of the
numeral `two'.
Sanskrit: dves
Gramm. forms: Present II: dvesti [3sg.act.] (RV+); dvismas [1pl.act.] (RV+); -dvisate [3pl.med.]
(AV+); Aorist SA: dviksat [3sg.inj.act.] (AV); Aorist RED: -adidvisat [3sg.act.] (AVP); Perfect:
didvesa [3sg.act.] (SB); ta-ptc.: (indra)dvista- (RV 09.073.05+)
Meaning: `to hate'
Link to RV concordance: dvis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-dvesa- [adj] `not hostile' (RV); adviseniya- [adj] `not inimical' (RV);
vi-dvesana- [adj] `provoking enmity' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 770
See also: dvis-; dvesas-; dvis
Avestan: Av. duui- [verb] `to hate, be hostile': OAv. daibint /dbi-/ [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y 32.1), YAv.
t_biavha [2sg.impv.med.] (them.) (Pahlavi citation of V 7.52), diduuaa [1sg.pf.act.] ( Y 1.21 = Y
1.22), diduuma [1pl.pf.act.] ( Y 68.1 = Y 1.22), YAv. t_baaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.], YAv. t_bita- [ta-
ptc.]; OAv. a-duuaa-, YAv. a-t_baa- [adj] `not hostile, friendly' ( Skt. advesa-)
Sogdian: (Man.) by- [verb] `to damage, torment'
Middle Persian: b- [verb] `to hurt, torment'
192
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|by- [verb] `to envy'
IE form: duei(s)- {1}
IE meaning: to be inimical
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: PIE *duei-: Gr. deinj [adj] `terrible'; Gr. dedw (< IE *de-duoi-h2e)
[1sg.pf.act.] `to be scared' {1}
Notes: {1} The IIr. root *duai- may be related to PIE *duei- `to threaten' and be eventually based on
the adverb *duis `twice, (split) in two' (see s.v. dvis). Also OAv. duuaa- [adj] ìnimical' in the
formula ii duua ìnimical threat' ( Y 32.16, Y 48.9) may belong to the unextended root *duei-.
Sanskrit: dvesas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hate, enmity, hater, enemy'
Link to RV concordance: dvesas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duaias-
Page in EWAia: 770
See also: dves
Avestan: OAv. duuaah-, YAv. t_baah- [n] `hostility, enmity'
Middle Persian: b- `torment, hatred'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to overcome hostilities': Skt. dvesmsi tari- (RV+) YAv. t_ba.tara- [adj]; `[let]
Aryaman [spare him] hostilities': Skt. ... dvesobhir aryam ... (RV 07.060.09) YAv. airiiamanm ...
vit_baahm; `protect [us] from hostility': Skt. phi ... dvisah (RV 08.071.01, 10.024.03) YAv.
nipt ... t_baahat_
Sanskrit: dvi-
Part of speech: [compound form of dva-]
Meaning: `two-'
Link to RV concordance: dvipad-; dvibarhas-; dvimtar-; dvisavas-; dvidh;
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvi-barhas- [adj] `with double strength' (RV); dvi-mtar- [adj] `with two
mothers' (of fire) (RV); dvidh [adv] `twofold, in two ways' (RV+); dvi-savas- [adj] `possessing
double power' (RV 09.104.02)
Page in EWAia: 765
See also: dva-; dvit; dvitya-; dvis; dvpa-; vi
Avestan: YAv. bi-taa- [adj] `double-edged'; bi.hastra- [n] `collection of pairs' (< *bi-a ); bi-
zangra- [adj] `with two feet'; bii-aran- [m] PN; biir.drjah- [n] `duration of two years' (< *bi-yr )
IE form: dui-
IE meaning: two
Certainty: +
193
Idioms: `two-footed, biped': Skt. dvi-pad- [adj] (RV+) Sogd. (Buddh.) yb-p''kw Khot. si-vva-
[adj] (< *dvi-pda-) Gr. d-pouj [adj] Lat. bi-ps [adj] OE twu-fte [adj]; `double-tongued': Skt.
dvi-jihva- [adj] (AV+) Sogd. (Buddh.) ybzb''k Lat. bi-linguis [adj]; `two-legged': Skt. dvi-
pratistha- [adj] (Br.) YAv. bi-paititna- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: OLat. dui-dns [adj] `with two teeth' (later bi-dns); Lat. bmus [adj]
`two years old' (< PLat. *bi-himo-); Lith. dvi-ko~jis [adj] `having two legs'
Sanskrit: dvis
Gramm. forms: /d(u)vis/
Meaning: `twice'
Link to RV concordance: dvis
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dui
Page in EWAia: 769
See also: dvi-
Avestan: YAv. bi [adv] `twice'
IE form: dui-s
IE meaning: twice
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dj [adv] `twice'; Lat. duis, bis [adv] `twice'
Sanskrit: dvis-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `hate, enmity', [m] ènemy'
Link to RV concordance: dvis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvis- (nom.sg. dvit) [adj] `hating' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 770
See also: dves
Avestan: OAv. daibi-uuant- /dbi-/, YAv. t_bi-uuant- [adj] ìnimical'; YAv. nfii.t_bi- [adj]
`hostile to the members of the family'; hai.t_bi- [adj] `hostile to the friend'; OAv. daibiiiant- /dbi-/
( Y 34.3), YAv. t_biiiant- [denom.ptc.act.] ìnimical, hating'
IE form: duis-
IE meaning: to be inimical
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: dvit
Meaning: `like before, for ever and ever'
Link to RV concordance: dvit
Proto-Indo-Iranian: duitaH
Page in EWAia: 767
194
See also: dvi-
Avestan: OAv. daibit /dbit/ [adv] ànother time, again' ( Y 49.2); daibitn /dbitn/ [adv] ànother
time, again' ( Y 32.3, Y 48.1)
Old Persian: duvit-paranam [adv] `like before'
IE meaning: two
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to be king as ever': Skt. mama dvit rstram (RV 04.042.01) OP duvit-paranam vayam
xyaiy amahiy (DB I 10f)
Sanskrit: dvitya-
Meaning: `second', [m] `companion, fellow, friend' (Br.+ )
Link to RV concordance: dvitya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dui-t()ia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dityavah- [m] `two-year-old bull' (YV) (< *dvitya-vah-); dvityatv- [f],
dvityatva- [n] `friendship' (KS+)
See also: dvi-
Avestan: OAv. daibitiia- /dbi-/ [adj] `second'; YAv. bitiia- [adj] `second'; bitm [adv] `two times'
Old Persian: duvitiym /duvityam/ [adv] `for the second time'
Sogdian: (Man.) btyk, (Buddh.) (y)btyk [adj] `second'
Middle Persian: dtykl /dudgar/ [adj] `second'
New Persian: dgar [adj] `second'
IE form: dui-t(i)io- {1}
IE meaning: second
Certainty: +
Idioms: `for the second time': Skt. dvityam [adv] (RV+) OAv. daibitm [adv] ( Y 45.1), YAv. bitm,
t_bitm [adv] OP <duuviitiym> [adv] Umb. duti ìterum'
Cognates in other languages: Umb. duti ìterum' (cf. terti `for the third time')
Notes: {1} [AL] It is probable that the form is analogical after the word for `third', cf. Skt. trtya-,
Umb. terti `for the third time', but this analogy may be of IE date.
Sanskrit: dvpa-
Part of speech: [n/m]
Meaning: ìsland, island in a river, sandbank'
Link to RV concordance: dvpa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dui-Hpa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvpin- [m] `(snow) leopard, panther', lit. `having islands = spots' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 769
See also: dvi-; ap-
Avestan: YAv. duuap [acc.pl.m.] ìsland' ( Yt 5.81) {1}
IE form: dui-h2p-o-
IE meaning: having water on two sides
195
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 51 - 52, 228 - 232
Notes: {1} [AL] The Avestan form is acc.pl. and not loc.sg., cf. Oettinger 1983: 91, de Vaan 2003:
492. Mayrhofer reconstructs PIIr. *duai-Hp-a-, but it is more likely that the Avestan form is due to the
introduction of the productive Iranian form *duai- `two-, bi-', cf. Av. ba-rzu- `length of two
fingers'.
Sanskrit: dyav-
Part of speech: [mf]
Gramm. forms: dyauh [nom.sg.], dyauh [voc.sg.], dym / divam [acc.sg.], div [instr.sg.], dive
[dat.sg.], divas / dyoh [gen.abl.sg.], dyavi / divi [loc.sg.], dyv [nom.du.], dyvas [nom.pl.], dyn /
divas [acc.pl.], dyubhih [instr.pl.]
Meaning: `heaven, god of the sky, Father Sky, day'
Link to RV concordance: dyu-; dyubhakta- ; divit-; dyuksa-; tridiva-; div; divisti-; dyumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: diau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: div-it- [m] `light' (RV 10.076.06) (< *'coming from heaven'); dyu-ksa-
[adj] `reigning in heaven' (RV); tri-div-a- [n] `the third heaven' (RV+); su-div-a- [n] `beautiful day'
(AV); div [adv] `by day' (RV+); div-isti- [f] `sacrifice of the (current) day, early sacrifice' (RV);
dyu-mant- [adj] `heavenly, bright, splendid' (RV+); dyu-bhakta- [adj] àllotted by heaven' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 750
See also: dyot; dayi [2]; adya; deva-; dev-; divya-; dyumna- ; jyot; jyok; madhyamdina-
Avestan: YAv. diiao [gen.sg.] `hell' ( Yt 3.13); OAv. fraidiuu [adv] àgain and again' ( Y 32.14)
IE form: dieu-
IE meaning: day(light), heaven
Certainty: +
Idioms: `father heaven': Skt. dyaus pit, dyaus pitar [voc.] (RV+) Gr. Zej (...) patr, Zeu~ pter
[voc.], Umb. Iupater [voc.], Lat. Iup(p)iter, Gr. Deipturoj qej par Stumfaoij; `time and again':
Skt. pra-div-i [adv] (RV) OAv. fraidiuu [adv] ( Y 32.14)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nu-dius tertius [adv] `the day before yesterday' (contains Lat. *dis
`god, day' < *dieus, lit. ìt is now the third day'); Lat. V-dius `god of the underworld'; Gr. Zh~n
[acc.sg.m.] `Zeus' (< IE *dim < *dieu-m); Gr. (Myc.) di-we [dat.sg.], (Cypr.) ti-we-i [dat.sg.], (Att.)
Diei [dat.sg.] (in PN) (/diwei/ < IE *diu-ei); Gr. Dij [gen.sg.m.] `Zeus' (< IE *diu-os); Lat. Iove
[loc.sg.] Ìuppiter' (< IE *dieu-i); Mess. zis Ìuppiter'; OIr. dia, die `day'; MW dydd [m] `day'; Hitt.
d
iu `(sun)god'

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Sanskrit: dyot
Gramm. forms: Present I: dyotamna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.177.02), dyotate [3sg.med.] (AV+); Present
AYA: dyutayanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 02.034.02); Aorist S<R: adyaut [2,3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R:
196
dyutant- [ptc.act.] (in dyutad-yman- [adj] `with shining driving' (RV), dyuta(d)dyu- [adj] `with
shining days' (MS)), dyutna-, dyutna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Perfect: (vi) didyute [3sg.med.] (RV+);
adidyutat [3sg.ppf.act.] (RV); didyota [3sg.act.] (AV); Caus: dyotay (RV, AV); Intensive: davidyot
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV+); davidyutat [ptc.act.] (RV+) {1}
Meaning: `to flash, shine'
Link to RV concordance: dyut-; dyut-; vidyut-; vidyunmant-; dyotana-; dyotani-; sudyotman-;
dyutadyman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: diaut-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dyut- [f] `shine' (RV+); vi-dyut- [f] `lightning' (RV+); vidyun-mant- [adj]
`flashing' (RV); dyotana- [adj] `shining' (RV+, dyotan- 01.123.04); dyotani- [f] `splendour,
brightness' (RV+); su-dyotman- [adj] `shining beautifully' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 753, 2.555
See also: dyav-; jyot
IE form: dieu-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Old is root-aorist, which supplies the aorist forms to roc. The present is secondary. See also
jyot.
Sanskrit: dyumna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `splendour, glory, majesty'
Link to RV concordance: dyumna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: diumna-
Page in EWAia: 752
See also: dyav-
Avestan: OAv. diuuamnm (for diiumnm) [n] `majesty of heaven, heavenliness' ( Y 31.20)
IE form: diu-mn-o-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `heavenliness v. darkness': Skt. tamas ... dyumnam (RV 01.054.10) OAv. diuuamnm ...
tmah ( Y 31.20)
Sanskrit: edh
Gramm. forms: Present VII: indhe [3sg.med.] (RV+); indhate [3pl.med.] (RV+); probably here Present
I edhate [3sg.med.] `to thrive, fare well' (RV+); Aorist IS: aindhidhvam [2pl.med.] (SB); indhisya
[1sg.opt.med.] (TS 1.5.8.5); Perfect: dhe [3sg.med.] (RV+); dhire [3pl.med.] (RV+); Fut: indhisy
(S.); ta-ptc.: iddha- (RV+)
Meaning: `to set alight, kindle'
Link to RV concordance: idh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haidh-
197
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agnim-indha- [m] `priest kindling fire' (RV 01,162,05); agnidh- [m]
`priest kindling fire' (RV); agndh- [m] ìd.' (VS+); gndhra- [adj] `belonging to Agndh' (RV
02.036.04); edha- [m] `firewood' (RV+); edhas- [n] `firewood' (AV+)
See also: idhma-
Avestan: YAv. asma- [m] `firewood'
Middle Persian: 'ysm (CYBA) /sm/ or /zm/, (Man.) `ymg `firewood'
New Persian: hmah, hzum `firewood'
IE form: h2eidh-
IE meaning: to burn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. aqw [verb] `to kindle'; Gr. aqoj [m] `fire'; OHG eit [m] `stake,
glow'
Sanskrit: eh
Gramm. forms: Present III>I: sam hase [2sg.med.] (VS+)
Meaning: `to strive for, desire'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haijh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: eha- [adj] `desirous' (AV 12.3.33)
Page in EWAia: 273
Avestan: OAv. izii [1sg.pres.act.] `to desire' ( Y 33.6; Y 49.3); YAv. iziieiti [verb] `to desire'; aza-
[m] `desiring' ( Yt 19.82); azah- [n] `desire' ( Y 19.82)
IE form: Heigh-
IE meaning: to desire
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. canw, canw [verb] `to desire, to strive'; Go. aihtron [verb] `to
beg, to ask for oneself' (?)
Sanskrit: ej
Gramm. forms: Present I: ejati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Caus: ejayati (KS+, but cf. RV visvam-ejaya-),
ingayati (RV+) {1}
Meaning: `to move, stir, tremble (of wind, forest, sea, etc.)'
Link to RV concordance: ej-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haig-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visvam-ejaya- [adj] `setting all in motion' (RV); ejathu- [m] `trembling'
(AV); ejatka- [m] `stirrer' (AVS 5.23.7)
IE form: Heig(w)-
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: ON eikinn `furious, raging'; OCS igrati [verb] `to hop, frolic, play'
198
Notes: {1} Possibly, derived from the nasal present *inagmi, *in~janti.
Sanskrit: eka-
Meaning: òne, alone, single' ([pl.] `some' (AV+))
Link to RV concordance: eka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hai-ka-, Hai-ua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ekaka- [adj] àlone, single' (RV+); ekkin- [adj] àlone, solitary' (AV+);
eka-vrt- [adj] `simple' (AV+); eka-eka- [adj] `singuli, one by one' (RV+); ekaika- [adj] `singuli, one
by one' (KS+); Hitt. (Kikkuli) a-i-ka-ua-ar-ta-an-na òf one turn' (LW from Indo-Aryan)
Page in EWAia: 262
See also: eva
Avestan: Av. auua- [num] òne, alone'
Old Persian: aiva- [num] òne, alone'
Sogdian: 'yw [num] òne'
Middle Persian: 'ywky /wak/ [num] òne, alone' (< PIr. *aiua-ka-)
Parthian: 'ywg /wag/ [num] òne, alone' (< PIr. *aiua-ka-)
New Persian: yak [num] òne, alone'
Ossetic: iw / ew [num] òne'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'yw [num] òne'; Bactr. iwgo [num] òne, alone' (< PIr. *aiua-ka-)
IE form: Hoi(-ko)-
IE meaning: one
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ooj [adj] àlone, lonely', (Cypr.) ooj [adj] ìd.' (< PIE *Hoi-uo-);
OLat. oinos [num] òne' (< PIE *Hoi-no-), Go. ains [num] òne'
Sanskrit: es [1]
Gramm. forms: Present SK: ichati [3sg.act.] (RV+); ichant-[ptc.pres.act.] (RV+); ichase [2sg.med.]
(RV+); Aorist A: isema [1pl.opt.act.] (RV 08.044.27), aisanta [3pl.med.] (RV 01.126.05), ise
[1sg.inj.med.] (RV) {1}; Aorist IS: aisisma [1pl.act.] (KB), aisisur [3pl.act.] (SB); Perfect: sur
[3pl.act.] (RV 03.001.02 {2}, SV, Ep.+), iyesa [3sg.act.] (Br.+); se [3sg.med.] (RV 10.098.03,
Br.+), sire [3pl.med.] (AV, Br.+); Fut: esisyati, -te [3sg.act., med.] (Br.); Passive: isyate [3sg.]
(RV 09.069.01, AVP, S.); Inf: isani (RV 02.002.09), istaye (RV), -estum (KSp); ta-ptc.: ista-
`wished for, loved', also [n] `wish' (RV+)
Meaning: `to wish, strive after, seek'
Link to RV concordance: is- [2]; isti-; gavisti-; esa-; gavis-; gavisa-; gavesana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hi-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: isti- [f] `search' (RV+); gav-isti- [f] `searching for cows' (RV); esa-
[m] `searching, wanting' (RV+); gav-is- [adj] `wanting cows' (RV); gav-isa- [adj] `being after cows'
(RV); gavesana- [m] `searcher for cows' (RV, AV)
Page in EWAia: 270
Avestan: i- `to wish, seek': YAv. isaite [3sg.pres.med.], OAv. isii [1sg.opt.med.] ( Y 43.8), OAv.,
YAv. ismna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Y 46.6+), YAv. isaiti [3sg.act.], YAv. isant- [ptc.act.]; OAv. i
199
[2sg.act.s-aor. (?)] ( Y 33.1, Y 50.10), YAv. xaiian [3pl.act.s-aor.opt.] ( V 8.2), YAv. iiaa
[3sg.pf.act.], YAv. amna- [ptc.fut./aor.med.] ( Yt 13.66); OAv. ita- [ta-ptc.] ( Y 40.4); ti- [f]
àspiration, aim'; OAv., YAv. aa- [m] `desire, search' ( Y 28.4+); YAv. a.- [adj] `searching for
Aa' ( Y 42.6)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|h- [v.] ìntend, have in mind'
IE form: h2eis-
IE meaning: to seek, to want
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 16
Cognates in other languages: OHG eiscn [verb] `to desire, to demand'; Eng. ask; Lith. (j)iekoti
[verb] `to seek'; OCS iskati [verb] `to seek'
Notes: {1} [AL] See Got 1993: 125f., Kmmel 2000: 127f. {2} [AL] See Kmmel 2000: 126ff.
Sanskrit: es [2]
Gramm. forms: Present IV: isyati [3sg.act.] (RV+), -isye [1sg.med.] (RV 04.033.01); Present IX:
isnsi [2sg.act.] (RV+), isnant- [ptc.act.] (RV+), isnna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.061.13); Present X:
isayema [1pl.opt.act.] (RV 01.185.09), isayant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Present ANYA: isanyati [3sg.act.]
(RV); (Perfect: sire [3pl.med.] (AV) (?) {1}); Aorist ANA: isanat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); Inf: isadhyai
`to drive on' (RV 07.043.01), isayadhyai (RV); ta-ptc.: isita- ùrged' (RV+)
Meaning: `to set in motion, send'
Link to RV concordance: is- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hais(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: isti- [f] `despatch, urging on' (RV); istaye `for (his) quick coming'
(RV 09.097.042); esa- [m] `hurrying' (RV); esa- [adj] `quick' (RV); isany- [f] ìnstigation' (RV
08.060.18)
Page in EWAia: 271
See also: is-; isu-; isira-
Avestan: OAv. fraii [1sg.pres.act.] `to urge' ( Y 49.6); iant- [ptc.pres.act.] `pressing on' ( Y 47.6);
ama- [m] ànger, rage' (YAv. a()ma-)
Old Persian: friayam [1sg.impf.] `to send out'
Middle Persian: plystk' (frstag) ènvoy, apostle, angel'
Parthian: frytg ènvoy, apostle, angel'
IE form: h1eish2-
IE meaning: to send
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nw [verb] `to empty'; Gr. anw [verb] `to refresh, to warm'; Gr.
oma [n] `stormy attack, instigation'; Lat. ra ànger, rage'; ON eisa [verb] `to storm in'
Notes: {1}[LK] Thus according to Got 1993: 130. This and other perfect forms built on the stem
iyes-/s- are likely to belong to es [1] `to wish', see Kmmel 2000: 126ff.
Sanskrit: gabhasti-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hand, fore-arm' {1}
200
Link to RV concordance: gabhasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(h)abha(sti)-
Page in EWAia: 463
Avestan: YAv. gauua- [m] `hand (of davic beings)' (if standing for *gaba-); YAv. asng.gauua-
[adj] `with hands of stone' ( Yt 19.43)
Khotanese: ggost `hand'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. gawust `fist'
IE form: ghabh-
IE meaning: to take
Certainty: ? {2}
Cognates in other languages: Lat. habre [verb] `to have, hold'; Lith. gabana [f] àrmful'
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning of gabhasti- in the compound symagabhasti- (RV), which is an epithet
of a chariot, is not quite certain. Also the passage RV 01.054.04d -sitm gabhastim asanim prtanyasi
`you fight the sharp ...' remains unclear. {2} [AL] The etymology remains uncertain because of -a- in
Latin and the interchange Skt. -bh- : Ir. -u-. Also the remarkable make-up of the Indo-Iranian word
(suffix -sti- ?) does not inspire confidence in the connection with the European lgg.
Sanskrit: gabhra-
Meaning: `deep, unfathomable, inexhaustible'
Link to RV concordance: gabhra-; gambhra-; gabhravepas-; gambhravepas-; gambhracetas-;
gambhara-; gahana-; durgaha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jambhH- / gabhH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gambhra- [adj] `deep, staying in the deep; depth' (RV+; with secondary -
m- from gambhan-); ga(m)bhra-vepas- [adj] òf deep inspiration' (RV); gambhra-cetas- [adj] òf
profound mind' (RV); Caland's form gabh-i- in gabhisak [adv] `deep inside' (AV 7.7.1c = AVP
20.1.6c); gambhan- [n] `depth, ground' (VS loc.sg. gambhan) and gambhara- [n] àbyss, depth' (RV
10.106.09) may point to an old heteroclitic; here further probably belong (with -h- < -bh-, for which
see Lubotsky 1995a) gahana- [n] àbyss, depth, hiding-place, thicket' (RV+); gahman- [n] (MS),
gahman- [m] (TB 2.7.7.6) `depth'; gahvara- [n] `hiding-place, thicket' (AV+), [adj] `deep, impervious,
impenetrable' (TS+); dur-gaha- [n] ìmpenetrable place, danger' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 464
Avestan: YAv. jafra- [adj] `deep', Caland's form in jaibi.vafra- [adj] `with deep snow' (j- from forms
with full grade of the root); jafnu- [m] `hollow'
Khotanese: ggampha- èxtent, expanse' (with secondary g-)
Parthian: jfr [adj] `deep'
New Persian: arf [adj] `deep'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Szemerenyi's connection (Glotta 38 [1960] 213) with Gr. baqj [adj] `deep' (when < PGr.
*bafj) seems rather far-fetched, but may be correct. YAv. gufra-, MP zwwpr `deep' are probably due
to various contaminations.

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201
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Sanskrit: gad-
First attestation: Up., S.+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `club'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gad-
Page in EWAia: 460
Avestan: YAv. ga- [f] `club'
Middle Persian: gad `club'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Probably, a loanword from a Central Asian language ( Lubotsky 2001). Note the
impossible root structure.
Sanskrit: gam
Gramm. forms: Present SK: gachati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: agan [3sg.act.] (RV+) (< PIE *h1e-
gwem-t with secondary g- from the present); Aorist A: gamat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: ajgamat
[3sg.act.] (AV); Perfect: jagma [3sg.act.] (RV+); jagme [3sg.med.] (RV+); Fut: gamisy (AV+);
Caus: gamayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); gmaya [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 05.005.10) `let go, bring!'; Inf: gantave
(RV+), gamadhyai (RV); ta-ptc.: gata-(RV+)
Meaning: `to go, come'
Link to RV concordance: gam-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gam- / jam-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gati- [f] `going, motion' (RV+) (cf. Av. aibi.gaiti-); prva-gatvan- [adj]
`preceding, forerunner' (RV 07.067.07); gantar- [adj] `going, coming' (RV+); gantu- [m] `walk, road'
(RV); gama- [suff] `coming, going' (RV+); gamistha- [sup] `coming in the best way, coming
readily' (RV, AV); jamad-agni- [m] PN of a rsi {1}
Page in EWAia: 465
See also: g [1]
Avestan: OAv. jn [3sg.aor.ind.act.], aib.gmn [3pl.aor.ind.act.] ( Y 46.11), jamait, jimait
[3sg.aor.subj.act.] `to go, come'; YAv. gata- [ppp] `gone, come'; mata- [ppp] `come'; aibi.gaiti- [f]
`coming towards, coming in' (cf. Skt. gati-); jasaiti [3sg.pres.] `to go' (< PIE*gwm-ske/o- with
secondary j- from the aorist); jmaiiati [3sg.caus.] `to cause to go'
Old Persian: -jamiy [3sg.opt.] `may he come'; han-gmata- [ppp] `come together, gathered'
Khotanese: ta- [ppp] `come' (< PIr. *-gata-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) tt- `to go' (< PIr. *ati-gata-)
Middle Persian: madan [verb] `to come' (< PIr. *-gmata-)
Parthian: 'gd [ppp] `to go'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. agado [ppp] `to come', Chor. z'my- [caus.] `to bring, present'
IE form: gwem-
IE meaning: to go
Certainty: +
202
Idioms: `may you come to us for...': Skt. s nah sudnur mrlayant dev prati dravant suvitya
gamyh (RV 05.041.18) OAv. uruuzit huu n ytii pait.jamii `May you, the most blissful
one, come to us at our request' ( Y 36.2) ( Narten 1986a: 149)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. banw [verb] `to go' (< PGr. *bam-i-w); Gr. bske [2sg.impv.act.]
`go!' (< PIE *gwm-ske-); Lat. veni [verb] `to come' (< PLat. *vemi ); Go. qiman [verb] `to come' (<
PIE subj. *gwem-e-); OLat. ad-ven-at [3sg.subj.] `to go'; Osc. kum-ben-ed [3sg.] `convenit'
Notes: {1} [AL, LK] Based on the sentence jamad agni[h] Àgni will come' (pace Mh. `zu Agni
gehend'), where jamat probably represents the root aorist subjunctive, with the regular palatalization
(i.e. < *gwemet).
Sanskrit: gandh
Gramm. forms: Intensive: jangahe [3sg.] (RV, AV) {1}
Meaning: `to smell, be fragrant'
Link to RV concordance: gamh- / gandh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(h)andh/t- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gandha- [m] `fragrance, scent' (RV+); dhma-gandhi- [adj] `smell of
smoke' (RV+); gandhay [denom] `to fill with fragrance' (KausS)
Page in EWAia: 461
Avestan: YAv. gainti- [f] `stench'; du-gainti- [adj] `smelling badly'
Middle Persian: gand `stench, bad smell'
Parthian: gnd'g `smelling badly'
New Persian: gand `stench, bad smell'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} For the interpretation of this form see Lubotsky 1997c: 562f and Griffiths - Lubotsky 1999.
{2} The vacillation dh/t in the root strongly suggests borrowing.
Sanskrit: gandharva-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `N of mythical beings, connected with Soma'
Link to RV concordance: gandharva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(h)andh(a)rua-/g(h)andh(a)rbha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gandharv- [f] (RV+); gndharva- [adj] (f --) `pertaining to Gandharvas'
(RV, SB+)
Page in EWAia: 462
Avestan: YAv. gandrba- or gandarba- [m] N. of a mythical being; N. of a religious man
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. indrv `werewolf' (< PIr. *gandarba-); Sh. indrv [f] `female werewolf'
(< PIr. *gandarb-); Elam.-Iran. *gand(a)rva- [m] PN
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
203
Notes: {1} [AL] The differences between Skt. and Iranian strongly suggest borrowing. Connection
with Gr. Kntauroi can only be envisaged if the Greek is also a loan word, presumably from the same
source.
Sanskrit: garbha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: èmbryo, womb'
Link to RV concordance: garbha-; garbhatva-; garbhin-; garbhadhi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: garbha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: garbhatva- [n] `pregnancy' (RV); garbhin- [adjf] `pregnant, with young'
(RV+); garbhadha- [adj] ìmpregnatory' (VS 23.19); garbhadhi- [m] `nest' (RV 01.030.04)
Page in EWAia: 474
Avestan: YAv. garba- [m] `womb', grbu- [n] `young (of a sheep, pasu)'
Parthian: gr'b `womb'
IE form: gwolbh-o-
IE meaning: womb
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. delfj [f] `womb'; Gr. -delfej [m] `brother'
Sanskrit: gardh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: grdhyant- [ptc.act.] (RV 02.038.03, SB+); Aorist A: agrdhat [3sg.act.]
(RV 10.034.04); Perfect: jgrdhuh [3pl.act.] (RV 02.023.16) {1}, jagrdhur [3pl.act.] (SB 3.9.3.21);
Fut: gardhisyati [3sg.act.] (Br.)
Meaning: `to be/become greedy, eager'
Link to RV concordance: grdh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gardh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-gardhin- [adj] `striving forwards' (RV); grdhnu- [adj] `hasty, quick'
(RV); grdhra- [adj, m] `greedy, desirous; vulture' (RV+); grtsa- [adj, m] `skilful, smart' (RV+) {2}
Avestan: YAv. grda- [adj] `greedy' ( Yt 15.47) {3}
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. gereno èagle' {4}
IE form: geldh-
IE meaning: be greedy
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: RussCS ldeti `to hunger for, to yearn for'; Russ. golod [m] `hunger'
Notes: {1} With present meaning `they are greedy'. {2} Regularly < PIIr. *g(h)rdh-sa-. The reflex of
*grdzha- may be found in Pa. gijjha- `greedy, vulture'. {3} For *grdra- = Ved. grdhra- (?).
Connection of other Avestan forms (e.g. OAv. grzdi-) with gardh- is uncertain. {4} = Skt. grdhnu-
(?), cf. grdhra- `vulture' for the meaning.
Sanskrit: garh
204
Gramm. forms: Present II: grhate [3pl.med.] (RV 05.032.12), garhase [2sg.subj.med.] (RV 04.003.05),
grhta [3sg.opt.med.] (MS); Present VI: grhe [3sg.med.] (MS), grhmahi [1pl.inj.med.] (RV); Present
I: garhate [3sg.med.] (S.+); Perfect: jagrhe [3sg.med.] (RV 10.012.05); Inf: grhaye (KS)
Meaning: `to complain'
Link to RV concordance: grh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: garjh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: grhu [m] `beggar' (RV 10.117.03)
Avestan: Av. grz- [verb] `to complain, lament': OAv. grzi ( Y 46.2), grz ( Y 32.9)
[1sg.pres.med.]; grd [3sg.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 29.1), YAv. grzna- [pres.ptc.med.]; OAv. j
grzat_ [3pl.pres.inj.act.] ( Y 32.13); YAv. grzaite [3sg.pres.them.med.] ( Yt 10.53), grzata
[3sg.pres.them.opt.med.]; YAv. grz- [f] `complaint'; jarzi- [adj] `complaining'
Middle Persian: garz- [verb] `to complain'; gry-, gl(y)dy- /griy-/ [verb] `to weep' (< OP *grd-ia-);
gilag `complaint'
Parthian: grzyn `complaint'
New Persian: gilah `complaint'
Ossetic: q?rzyn / g?rzun [verb] `to groan', qast / gast `complaint, grief'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. girz- [verb] `to complain'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Connections outside IIr. (OIr. glam `shouting, curse', MoHG klagen `to complain') are
very uncertain.
Sanskrit: gari [1]

Gramm. forms: Present IX: grnti [3sg.act.] (RV+); grnte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present I: jarate
[3sg.med.] (RV+) {1}; Aorist R: grta [3sg.inj.med.] (RV 01.173.02); Aorist A: gurasva
[2sg.impv.med.] (RV; in the Br. transformed into a present, e.g. TB gurate); Perfect: juguryt
[3sg.opt.act.] (RV); Abs: abhigry àpproving, accepting' (RV); ta-ptc.: grta- `welcome' (RV+)
Meaning: `to praise, honour, welcome'
Link to RV concordance: gr- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: garH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: grti- [f] `praising, song of praise' (RV); -gur- [f] `consent' (Br.+); sam-
gara- [m] `promise' (AV+); jar- [f] èulogy, invocation' (RV); jaritar- [m] `singer, praiser' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 468
See also: gir-
Avestan: OAv. aib.jartar- [m] `the one who welcomes'; YAv. aibijartar- [m] ìd.'; aibigairiia-
[gerundive] `to be welcomed'; aibi (auui) grnte [3sg.pres.med.] (nasal pres.) `to welcome'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. jar- [verb] `to say'
IE form: gwerH-
IE meaning: to welcome
Certainty: +
205
Cognates in other languages: Lat. grtus [adj] `welcome, wished for'; Lat. grts, -ium [pl.f.] `thanks';
Osc. brateis [pl.f.] `gratiae'; Osc. bratwm `mnus'; Paelign. Brata [f.] PN `Grata'; Lith. girti [verb] `to
praise'; OPr. girtwei [inf] `to praise'
Notes: {1} [AL] Thus e.g. Got 1987: 153f. Some of the scholars only accept jarate `to become
awake'.
Sanskrit: gari [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VI: girati [3sg.act.] (AV+), gilati (Br.+); Aorist A: garan [3pl.inj.act.] (RV);
Aorist IS: grt [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); Perfect: jagra [3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: garisy (Br.+); Intensive:
jalgulas [2sg.subj.act.] (RV 01.028.01), galgalti [3sg.act.] (VS); na-ptc.: grna- (RV 10.088.02 +)
Meaning: `to devour, swallow'
Link to RV concordance: gr- [2]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gara-grna- [adj] `who has swallowed poison (?)' (AV+); gara- [m]
`drink, liquid' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 469
See also: gala-; grv-; jigarti-; tuvigra-
Avestan: YAv. asp.gar- [adj] `devouring horses'; nr.gar- [adj] `devouring men'
Ossetic: (+ ni) nyqqwyryn / niq(q)w?run `to swallow' (contaminated with qoyr/qur `throat')
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. n()r-/n()rd-, n()r-/n()rd [verb] `to swallow' (+ ni);
Pash. grai `glutton' (< PIr. *garaka-)
IE form: gwerh3-
IE meaning: to devour, swallow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. e-ker [3sg.act.] àte'; Gr. bibrskw [verb] `to eat, to digest'; Gr.
brwtj [adj] èdible'; Gr. bor [f] `fodder'; Lat. vorre [verb] `to devour, to eat greedily'; Lith. gerti
[verb] `to drink'; Lith. girtas [adj] `drunk'; OCS po-reti [verb] `to eat (of animals), to devour'{2}
Notes: {2} Connection of OIr. gelid [verb] `to eat (of animals), to devour' with gari- [2] is unlikely.
Sanskrit: gari [3]

Gramm. forms: Present VI: ud-guramna- [ptc.med.] (VS); Intensive: apa-jargurna- [ptc.med.]
`raising the arm (for striking)' (RV 05.029.04); Abs: apa-gry (RV 05.032.06); na-ptc.: ud-grna-
(Cl.)
Meaning: `to raise the arm (for striking), raise a weapon'
Link to RV concordance: gr [1] [WRONG!]
Page in EWAia: 470
Avestan: YAv. nirire [3pl.med.] `they are flung down' {1}
IE form: gwelh1-
IE meaning: to throw
Certainty: +
206
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bllw [verb] `to throw, to hit'; Gr. blh~ma [n] `throw, projectile'
Notes: {1} Or mistake for *nignire? (Insler).

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Sanskrit: gati-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `going, motion'
Link to RV concordance: gati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gati-
Page in EWAia: 465
See also: gam
Avestan: Av. Av. aibi.gaiti- [f] `coming towards, coming in'
IE form: gwm-ti-
IE meaning: going
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bsij [f] `step, basis', Lat. con-venti- [f}`gathering', Go. gaqum?s
[f] `gathering'
Sanskrit: gavaya-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `Bos gavaeus'
Link to RV concordance: gavaya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(H)auaia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gavay- [f] `female Bos gavaeus' (YV)
Page in EWAia: 480
See also: gav-
Avestan: YAv. gauuaiin- [m] PN (probably = *gauaia- + poss. suff. *-H(a)n-)
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: gav(i) {1}

Gramm. forms: Intensive: joguve [3sg.med.(stat.)] `to call, to announce' (RV 01.127.10 = 05.064.02),
joguvna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.064.14, TB 2.7.13.5); agangyat [3sg.impf.act.] {2} `to rejoice, to
jubilate' (PB 14.3.18)
Meaning: `to call, invoke, praise'
Link to RV concordance: gu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gau(H)- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jogu- [adj] (joguvm [gen.pl.]) `singing loudly, singing songs of praise'
(RV 10.053.06)
207
Page in EWAia: 478
Avestan: {3}
Parthian: (?) 'ng'w- [verb] `to end, make an end' (+ *ham-)
Ossetic: argawyn / argawun [verb] `to perform a church service; [D.] to read'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wy- [verb] `to praise'
IE form: geuh2-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gow [1sg.pres.act.] `to lament, to complain', OHG gi-kewen `to
call'
Notes: {1} [LK] For a discussion of the evidence for the final laryngeal see Schaefer 1994: 114, fn.
305. {2} [LK] Nonce formation based on gaungava- (N of a sman); see Schaefer 1994: 115. {3}
YAv. gao `?' ( Yt 10.85) does not represent *gauu- `calling', which might be compared to Skt. gav(i).
Sanskrit: gavyti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `pasture, meadow for cattle'
Link to RV concordance: gavyti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(H)au-HiuH-ti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ytha- [n] `herd' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 481
See also: gav-; yavasa-
Avestan: YAv. gaoiiaoiti- [f] `pasture'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Idioms: `having, providing spacious pastures': uru-gavyti- [adj] (RV+) YAv. vouru.gaoiiaoiti-
[adj]; `land and pasture': Skt. a-gavyti ksetram `land without pastures' (RV 06.047.20) YAv.
irsca gaoiiaoitca `lands and pastures'
Notes: {1} The formation looks IE (*HiuH-ti-), although no cognates outside IIr. have been found.
Sanskrit: g [1]
Gramm. forms: Present III: jigti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: agt [3sg.aor.act.] (RV+); Perfect:
jagyt [3sg.pf.opt.act.] (RV); Inf: gtave (RV)
Meaning: `to put down the foot (while going), step, stride'
Link to RV concordance: g-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gaH-: R-aor. gaH-t ; gaH-man- [n] `step'; gaH-ia- [m] `step'
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: puro-g- [m] `who goes in front, leader' (RV+); vi-gman- [n] `step'
(RV); prthu-pra-gman- [adj] `with a broad road' (RV); uru-gya- [adj] `having a wide step, stepping
widely' (RV+); jagat- [n] ànimated world; pl. the living creatures' (RV+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 482
See also: gam; gtu-; gtra-
Avestan: OAv. gt_ [3sg.aor.inj.] `to go' ( Y 46,6); YAv. gman- [n] `step'; giia- [m] `step';
auu.giia- [n] `length of a step'
Khotanese: js- [verb] `to go'
208
Middle Persian: gm `step'
New Persian: gm `step'
IE form: gweh2-
IE meaning: to go
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bibj [ptc.pres.] `going on, continuing'; Gr. bhn [3sg.aor.act.] `to get
ready to go'; Gr. bh~ma [n] `step, rostrum'; Lith. (dial.) goti [verb] `to go'; Lith. at-goti [verb] `to
arrive'; Latv. ga~ju [verb] `to go'
Notes: {1} Originally, n. of the participle to jigti. [AL] This indicates that some of the forms of the
reduplicated present had -a- in the reduplication syllable.
Sanskrit: g [2]
Gramm. forms: Present IV: gyanti [3pl.act.], gye [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: gsi [1sg.inj.med.]
(RV); Aorist SIS: agsisur [3pl.act.] (RV+); Perfect: jagau [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Fut: gsy (Br.+);
Passive: gyamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: gta- (RV+: RV only abhigta-)
Meaning: `to sing'
Link to RV concordance: g(y)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gaH-i-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sma-g- (RV), sma-ga- (AV) [m] `Brhman who chants the Smans';
ud-gtar- [m] ùdgtar, principal priest who sings the Smans' (RV+); gyatra- [m,n] `singing, song'
(RV+); gyatr- [f] `N of a metre' (RV+); anu-gyas- [adj] èchoing to the singing' (RV 08.053.04); g
ti- [f] `song' (S.+); ud-gtha- [m] `singing of the Smans, activity of a udgtar' (AV+); gesna- [m]
`singing of the Smans' (Ar.+)
Page in EWAia: 482
See also: gtha-
Avestan: YAv. pairi.g.vacah- [adj] `singing the words around (?)' ( Y 57.20); gr.raiiant- [adj]
`crying out the songs'; brzi.gra- [adj] `singing in a high voice' ( Yt 10.89); fragra- (<*-g-tra-)
[n] `prayer' (Àbsingen, Abbeten')
Sogdian: (Chr.) 'y, (Man.) j'y [verb] `to speak, talk'
Parthian: {1}
Other Iranian cognates: Yagh. oy- / oyta [verb] `to read, sing; to study', Yazg. ay- / ayd
[verb] `to call', Yi. y-/it-, M. y-/t- [verb] `to say, speak'
IE form: g(w)eH-i-
IE meaning: to sing
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ORuss. gajati [verb] `to croak (of a raven)'; Lith. giedoti [verb] `to sing'
(giedu, older gie(d)mi ), giesme~ [f] `festive song'
Notes: {1} [AL] Parth. ng'y- [verb] `to pray, supplicate' rather belongs to the Ir. verb *jad- `to ask,
demand'.
Sanskrit: gh
209
Gramm. forms: Present I: ghate [3sg.med.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: ava-gdha- `penetrated into the water,
dived in' (SrS.+)
Meaning: `to plunge, enter (into the water), wade in'
Link to RV concordance: gh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gaHjh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gha- [m] `depth' (RV 09.110.08)
Page in EWAia: 486
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'z- [verb] `to walk, to hurry'
IE form: g(wh)eh2gh-
IE meaning: to wade
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Sln. gaziti [verb] `to wade'; SCr. ga?ziti [verb] `to step, to wade'
Sanskrit: gtha-
First attestation: RV, SV
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `song'
Link to RV concordance: gtha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gaH-tHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gth- [f] `song, verse' (RV+); gthin- [adj] `skilful in singing', [m]
`singer, PN' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 484
See also: g [2]
Avestan: YAv. g- [f] `form of strophe, metre, N of each of the five collections of Zarathutra's
songs'
Khotanese: ggha- `verse'
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ghana-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `weapon, sword, hammer, club'
Link to RV concordance: ghana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghana-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghanghana- [adj] `fond of slaughter, easily striking down, fond of strife'
(RV, Ep.) (an intensive formation)
Page in EWAia: 512
See also: han
Avestan: YAv. vadaana- [m] PN (?)
IE form: gwhon-o-
IE meaning: slayer
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ghar
210
Gramm. forms: Present III: jigharmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); aghriyata [3sg.impf.med.] (YVm) (nonce
formation); Caus: ghray (AV+)
Meaning: `to sprinkle, drip'
Link to RV concordance: ghr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghar {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jaghri- [adj] `spraying, shedding' (RV 01.162.15); a-ghrin- [adj] `not
anointing' (AV); -ghra- [m] `sprinkling clarified butter upon the fire at certain sacrifices' (TS, KS+)
Page in EWAia: 512
See also: ghrta-?; gharma-; ghrna-; ghramsa-; haras-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) w'yr- `to soak, steep' (+ *aua-), (Chr.) z'r `moisture' (+ *uz-)
New Persian: rdan [verb] `to mix, to soak'
Ossetic: qaryn/qarun `to permeate, seep through (of liquid)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. r- `to become wet, moist' (+ *fra-)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] In spite of Mayrhofer's reservations, the connection with the Iranian family for `to
moisten' seems reasonable, whereas etymological relationship with the PIE root *gwher- `to heat' (Gr.
qromai [1sg.pres.med.] `to warm oneself', OIr. fo-geir [verb] `to heat') can be excluded. No other
Indo-European parallels (pace Pokorny).

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Sanskrit: gharma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `glow, heat, warmth, hot pot with milk'
Link to RV concordance: gharma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gharma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: haras- [n] `flame, glow (?)' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 513
See also: ghrna-, ghrta-
Avestan: Av. garma- [adj] `warm', [n] `heat'
Old Persian: garma-pada- `N of the fourth month (June-July)'
Middle Persian: garm [adj] `warm, hot'
New Persian: garm [adj] `warm, hot'
IE form: gwhor-mo-
IE meaning: warm
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. formus [adj] `warm'; Gr. qermj [adj] `warm' (< PIE *gwhermo-)
211
Sanskrit: ghora-
Meaning: àwful, terrible, dreadful', PN (Br.+)
Link to RV concordance: ghora-; ghoracaksas-; ghoravarpas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghau-ra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghora-caksas- [adj] `with an evil eye' (RV 07.104.02); ghora-varpas-
[adj] òf a frightful appearance' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 517
Avestan: YAv. gaori- [m] PN
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. (XXX) *gauraka- PN (Persepolis)
IE form: ghou-ro-
IE meaning: awful ?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Go. gaurs [adj] `sad, depressed'; OHG grag [adj] `deplorable'
Sanskrit: ghrna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `heat, glow, blaze of the sun'
Link to RV concordance: ghrna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghrna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghrni- [f] `hot time, heat' (RV+); ghrnvant- [adj] `glowing, shining'
(RV); -ghrni- [adj] `glowing' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 515
See also: gharma-; ghrta-
IE form: gwhr-no-
IE meaning: heat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. fornus, furnus [m] òven'; RuCS grno [n] `cauldron, pot, oven'
Sanskrit: ghrta-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `melted butter, ghee'
Link to RV concordance: ghrta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghrta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghrtavant- [adj] `having ghee' (RV+); ghrtc- [f] `sacrificial laddle [=
abounding in ghee, sprinkling ghee' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 516
See also: gharma-, ghrna-
IE form: gwhr-to- {1}
IE meaning: to heat
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 446, 493 - 495
212
Notes: {1} [AL] Considering the fact that `ghee' is `melted butter', derivation from the verb `to heat'
is more probable that connection with ghar `to sprinkle'. For MIr. gert à product of cattle excluding
calves, esp. milk or manure' see Schrijver 1996.
Sanskrit: gir-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. gr, acc.sg. gir-am, instr.sg. gir-, instr.pl. gr-bhih (RV+)
Meaning: `song of praise, invocation'
Link to RV concordance: gir-; girvanas-; girvanasyu-; girvhas-; samgir-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: girvanas-, girvanasyu- [adj] `finding the songs pleasing' (RV); girvhas-
[adj] `for whom songs of praise are sung' (RV); sam-gir- [f] `consenting; promise' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 486
See also: gari [1]
Avestan: OAv. gar- [f] (instr.pl. garb) `song of praise'; gar dmn, dmn gar ìn the house of
the song of praise', YAv gar nmna-
IE form: gwerH-
Certainty: +
Idioms: to offer songs of praise': Skt. giras ... dh- (RV+), grdhay [2sg.impv.] `praise!' (RV
08.019.01) OAv. gar ... d- MW bardd `bard'
Cognates in other languages: MW bardd `bard' (< PCelt. *bardos)
Sanskrit: giri-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `mountain, hill'
Link to RV concordance: giri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grHi-
Page in EWAia: 487
Avestan: YAv. gairi- [m] `mountain, mountain range'
Khotanese: gara-, ggari- `mountain'
Sogdian: r /gar/ `mountain'
Middle Persian: gl /gar/ `mountain'
New Persian: (Bakht.) gar `mountain'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. gar `mountain; pile (of stones)'; Yi. ar `hill, mountain', Yazg. r
`stone; cliff, crag'
IE form: gwrH-i-
IE meaning: mountain
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Alb. gur `rock, stone'; OCS gora [f] `mountain'; Lith. giria [f] `woods';
Gr. boraj `north wind'
Sanskrit: giri- [1]

First attestation: GrS. {2}
213
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `husband's sister'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grHi- {1}
Page in EWAia: 487
See also: giri- [2] ?
IE form: glh2-i-
IE meaning: husband's sister
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gr. glwj [f] `husband's sister'; Gr. (Hes.) glij galaj; Arm. tal
`husband's sister'; Lat. gls [f] ìd.'; OCS zlva [f] ìd.'; Russ. (dial.) zolva [f] ìd.'
Notes: {1} [AL] Slav. *z- clearly points to an initial palato-velar, but it is unclear why it became
depalatalized in Skt. It seems improbable to me that FU *k > Fin. kly `sister of the husband or the
wife' is a borrowing from PIIr. (!) *glh2im (acc.sg.) (as argued for in Katz 2003: 179). This word
might be of Nostratic origin. {2} [AL] The word has been identified by Eichner-Khn 1976: 28-32 in
a late mantra (ApMB 2.22.5). In spite of Eichner-Khn's argumentation that girer in this mantra must
be abl.sg. of the word for `sister-in-law' rather than of the word for `mountain', the late attestation
makes the identification doubtful.
Sanskrit: glau-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: glauh [nom.sg.] (AV), glvam [acc.sg.] (AVP), glvah [nom.pl.] (AB 1.25.13),
glaubhih [instr.pl.] (VS 25.8)
Meaning: `bump, tumour'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gla(H)u- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: galanta- [m] `bump (?)' (AVP) [AVS 6.83.3c galunto is probably also to
be read galanto with some of the mss.]
Page in EWAia: 511
New Persian: gulla `ball'
Other Iranian cognates: Kurd. gulr, gulk `ball'
IE form: gleH-u-
IE meaning: ball, bump
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS ly, ely ùlcer, sore'; Gr. gloutj [m] `buttocks (du. and pl.)';
Sln. glu^ta, gluta `bump, tumour'
Notes: {1} The appurtenance of the Iranian words, especially because of their -l-, is uncertain.
Sanskrit: gn-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: {1}
Meaning: `divine female, mistress, lady'
Link to RV concordance: gn-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gnaH-
214
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gnvant- [adj] `connected with divine women' (RV 02.001.05b voc.sg.
gnvas, SrS.); gns-pati- [m] `husband of a divine woman' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 503
See also: jani-
Avestan: OAv. gn- [f] `woman'; YAv. n- [f] `woman'
IE form: gwneh2-
IE meaning: woman
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gun [f] `woman'; Gr. ban (Boeot.) [f] `woman'; OIr. ben [f]
`woman'; Go. qens `woman'; OPr. genno `woman'; OCS ena [f] `woman'; ToA sm [f] `woman';
ToB sana [f] `woman'; Luv. uana-/uanatti- `woman' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] The forms with disyllabic gan- are inexistent: they all in reality reflect disyllabic ,
like in root nouns in -aH-. {2} Uralic *nxi `woman' may be a LW from IE.
Sanskrit: godh- [1]

Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: godh(s) [nom.sg.]
Meaning: Ìguana, a species of big lizard'
Link to RV concordance: godh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gau-dhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: godh- [2] [f] à musical instrument' (RV 08.069.06) (short form of a
compound like SrS. godh-vnak- à small string instrument, whose sound-board was covered with
the skin of a godh- [1]')
Page in EWAia: 498
See also: gav-; dhayi [1]
IE form: gwou-dheh1-
IE meaning: sucking cows
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. bf `toad'

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Sanskrit: goh
Gramm. forms: Present I {1}: ghate [3sg.med.] (RV+), aghat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV+); Aorist A:
guhah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 08.006.17), guhamna- [ptc.med.] (RV 04.001.11); Aorist SA: aghuksat
[3sg.act.] (RV+); Passive: guhyamna- (RV 04.058.04, AVP, VS); Desid: juguksatah [3du.act.] (RV
08.031.07); Abs: gdhv (RV 07.080.02); ta-ptc.: gdha- `hidden, invisible' (RV+)
Meaning: `to hide'
Link to RV concordance: g uh-
215
Proto-Indo-Iranian: g(h)aujh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: guh- [f] `hiding-place' (RV), guh-am [adv], guh- [adv] (RV), guh [adv]
(RV+) ìn secret'; avadya-gohana- [adj] `concealing mistakes' (RV 01.034.03); goha- [m] `hiding-
place, storehouse' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 502
Avestan: YAv. guzata [3sg.opt.med.], aguze [1sg.impf.med.], fraguzaiianta [3pl.opt.med.] `to hide';
zmar()-guz- [adj] `hiding (oneself) in the earth'
Old Persian: apa-gaudaya [2sg.inj.caus.act.] `to conceal'
Sogdian: pt-gwz- [verb] `to cover'; p-gwt- [ppp] `concealed' {2}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} With the secondary zero grade, probably built on the model ppp. dha- : pr. -hati (vah
`carry'), see Got 1987: 296f., fn. 704. {2} [AL] Sogd. ''gwnd- `to cover' < PIr. *gaud-/*gud- cannot
belong here (to Gr. keqw `to hide' ?). {3} Gr. keqw [verb] `to hide' < PIE *gheudh- may contain a
different root-enlargement.
Sanskrit: granthi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: grathnti [3sg.act.] (TS+); Fut: granthisyant- [ptc.act.] (KS 25.8); Abs:
grathya (KS, TS); ta-ptc.: grathita- (RV+)
Meaning: `to tie, knot'
Link to RV concordance: granthi-; granthi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grantH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: granthi- [m] `knot' (RV+); grathna- [m] `bunch, tuft' (S.+); sam-granthi-
[m] `knotting together, attachment' (AVP)
Page in EWAia: 504
Khotanese: grantha- `knot'; hamgra(m)tha- àttachment'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) r'n `knot, bond, joining' (< *grania-)
Middle Persian: glyh /grih/ `knot'
Parthian: gryh_ `knot'
New Persian: girih `knot'
Ossetic: ?lxync' / ?lxij `knot' (formal details unclear)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Connection with OE cradol `cradle', OHG kratto `basket' is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: gras
Gramm. forms: Present I: grasetm [3du.impv.med.] (RV+); Perfect: jagrasna- [ptc.med.] (RV);
Caus: grsay (Br., S.); Abs: grasitv, abhi-grsam (Br.+); ta-ptc.: grasita- (RV), grasta- (SBK+)
Meaning: `to devour, digest'
Link to RV concordance: gras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: gras-
216
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: grasistha- [sup] `devouring the most' (RV+); grsa- [m] `fodder, food'
(S.+)
Page in EWAia: 507
Avestan: OAv. grhm, grhm PN (?) {1}
IE form: gres-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. grw [verb], grs-qi [2sg.impv.act.] `to eat, gnaw'; Gr. grstij [f]
`green fodder'
Notes: {1} [AL] Henning 1944: 139, fn. 5, followed by Insler 1975, assumed that these Avestan forms
are related to Sogd. r'myy, Parth. gr'mg `property, wealth'. Insler assumes an original s-stem,
emends grhm ( Y 32.12) to *grhm [nom.sg.] `rich' and takes grhm ( Y 32.13, Y 32.14) as a
neuter `riches'.
Sanskrit: grma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `train, troop, soldiers of a settlement, village community, inhabited place' train
Link to RV concordance: grma-; grmajit-; grman-; grmya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: grma-jit- [adj] `winning trains' (RV, AV); grma-n- [m] `leader of a
troop' (RV+); samgrma- [m] `troop, host, coming together of two armies, battle' (AV+); grm(i)ya-
[adj] `relating to a village, domesticated' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 507
Sogdian: (Buddh.) gr'm'k `riches'
Middle Persian: grmag `wealth, property'
Parthian: gr'mg `riches'
Ossetic: (I) ?rgom `bundle of firewood, burden, load'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rm `weight, burden'
IE form: (h2)grom-o-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Russ. gromada [f] `mass, bulk, pile'; Pol. gromada `pile, multitude,
village community, gathering'; Lat. gremium [n] àrmful, lap'; possibly to the root of Gr. gerw [verb]
`to gather'
Sanskrit: grv-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `neck'
Link to RV concordance: grv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: griHuaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krsna-grva- [adj] `with a black neck' (KS+; [f] krsna-grv- (TS));
graivya- [adj] `pertaining to the neck' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 509
See also:
Avestan: YAv. gruu- [f] `neck (of davic beings)'
217
Middle Persian: glyw' /grw/ `neck, throat'; glywp'n /grwbn/ `neck-guard, gorget'
New Persian: girbn `neck-guard, gorget'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. grwa, grawa `collar bone, collar'
IE form: gwriH-ueh2-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Russ. griva [f] `mane'; Sln. gri?vna `necklace, name of a monetary unit';
Latv. gri~va [f] `river mouth'
Sanskrit: grda-
First attestation: AV, TS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `penis'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grda-
Page in EWAia: 494
Avestan: YAv. grd.krta- [adj] `cutting off the genitals (?)' ( V 7.24)
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The absence of connections outside IIr. and the impossible root structure point to
borrowing.
Sanskrit: guda-
First attestation: VS, TS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: ìntestine, rectum, arse, vagina'
Link to RV concordance: gud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: guda-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gud- [f] ìntestines' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 488
Avestan: YAv. guda- [m] `N of a drainage or subsidiary arm of the river Rah' (= ìntestine' ?) ( Yt
15.27)
IE form: IIR {1}
IE meaning: intestine
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the root structure *gud- is impossible for PIE, it seems unlikely that the word is
of IE origin. The apparent cognates are all uncertain. Gr. (Hes.) ga [n.pl.] ìntestines' (ga ntera.
Makenej H. ) is rather to be read gla and connected with klon. MoG kt ìntestine', Bavarian
ktz à part of the intestines' cannot be separated from other Germanic forms cited by Pok. [XXX]
Sanskrit: guru-
Gramm. forms: gurv- [f] (AVP, S.+) {3}; garyas- [comp] (KS, TB+); garistha- [sup] (Pn, Cl.)
Meaning: `heavy, hard, vehement' (RV+); [m] à respectable person, esp. teacher, "guru" ' (S.+)
Link to RV concordance: guru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: grH-u-
218
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: gariman- [m] `heaviness, weight' (VdhS.+); grumusti- [f] `great
handful' (TS, GrS. vs. KS, MS gurumusti-) {2}
Page in EWAia: 490
See also: agr-; grvan-
Avestan: {1}
Khotanese: ggarkha- [adj] `heavy, reverend'
IE form: gwrh2-u-
IE meaning: heavy
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. barj [adj] `heavy, weighty'; Lat. gravis [adj] `heavy'
Notes: {1} [AL] According to de Vaan 1997, YAv. gouru.zaora- ( Yt 10.113) must be emended to
*pouru.zaora- [adj] òf many oblations'. The Middle Iranian adjective for `heavy, difficult' is *garn:
MP gl'n, (Man.) gr'n, Parth. gr'n, Sogd. r'n (Buddh.Sogd. r'nh `pregnant'), which most probably
represents an extension of *gar < PIr. *garu- with a suffix -n. {2} [AL] In view of the late attestation
of this term and its rather technical meaning, I would hesitate to explain gru- by compositional
laryngeal loss. Maybe a simple dissimilation? {3} [AL] For the short vowel in the root cf. Lubotsky
1997b.
Sanskrit: gtha-
First attestation: Susr.
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `filth'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: guH-tHo-
Avestan: YAv. mat_.ga- [adj] `covered with excrements, impure'
Middle Persian: gh èxcrements'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. (w)ul èxcrements', Bal. gt ìd.' [[XXX Bailey 85a + EmmSkj I 38]]
IE form: g(w)uH-tHo-
IE meaning: excrements
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: RuCS govno `shit, dung, garbage' (< PSl. *govno)
Sanskrit: hamsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `goose'
Link to RV concordance: hamsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jh(H)ansa-
IE form: ghh2ens-
IE meaning: goose
Certainty: +
219
Cognates in other languages: Gr. cn [m] `goose', nom.pl. cnej, Dor., Boeot. cn; Lat. nser [m]
`goose' (<*h ); OHG gans `goose'; Lith. asis `goose' (Dial. nom.pl. a~s-es, gen.pl. as-u~); Latv.
zuoss `goose'; OE gs [nom.pl.] `geese'; OE ganot `gander'
Notes: {1} Derivation from the PIE root for `to yawn' *ghh2-en- (Gr. canon, etc.) seems probable.

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Sanskrit: han
Gramm. forms: Present II: hanti [3sg.act.] (RV+), ghnanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), jahi (< *gwhn-dhi)
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); Present I<III: jighnate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: jaghna [3sg.act.] (RV+);
Fut: hanisyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Passive: hanyate [3sg.] (RV+); Caus: ghtayati (Br.+); Intensive:
janghanti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Desid: jighmsati [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: hata- `killed, slain' (RV+);
Abs: hatv (RV+), Inf: hantave, hantavai
Meaning: `to strike, slay, kill'
Link to RV concordance: han-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhan/ghn
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-hati- [f] `non-killing' (RV); hatnu- [adj] `slaying' (RV); han- `slaying,
killing' (RV+); hantar- [m] `killer' (RV+); ghna- [n] `killing' (RV)
See also: ghana-
Avestan: OAv. jaidiii [inf] `to kill'; jn.nar- /jnar-/ `killer of men'; YAv. jainti [3sg.pres.act.] `to
slay, kill'; jan- `breaking'; na- [n] `breaking'; paiti.jaiti- [f] `striking back, defence'; jaba- [adj] `to
be killed'; jantar- [m] `killer'
Old Persian: jantiy [3sg.pres.act.] `to slay'; ava-jata- [ppp] `killed'; jantar- [m] `killer'
Khotanese: jsan- [verb] `to kill, to slay'
Middle Persian: zadan, zan- [verb] `to strike, to hit'
Parthian: jn- [verb] `to strike'
New Persian: zadan, zan- [verb] `to strike, to hit'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wzn~- [verb] `to kill, to exterminate'; Bal. jan- [verb] `to strike'
IE form: gwhen-
IE meaning: to slay
Certainty: +
Idioms: `Vrtra-slayer': Skt. vrtra-han- (RV) OAv. vrrm[.]j
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ku-(e-)en-zi [3sg.pres.act.], ku-na-an-zi [3pl.pres.act.] `to kill'; Gr.
qenw [1sg.pres.act.], qenw~ [1sg.fut.act.], pefnei~n [aor.] `to kill'; Gr. fnoj [m] `murder'; Gr. fnthj,
Myc. qo-ta = / kwhonts/ `murdering'; OIr. gonim [1sg.pres.act.] `to hurt, to kill'; Lith. gin~ti [verb] `to
hunt, to drive'; Lith. ginti [verb] `to defend'; Latv. dzit [verb] `to drive, to pursue'
Sanskrit: hanu-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `jaw'
220
Link to RV concordance: hanu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhanu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: adhara-hanu- [f] `lower jaw-bone' (AV); hanavya- [adj] `belonging to the
chin' (AV)
Avestan: YAv. +zanauua [du.] `both jaws' ( Yt 1.27)
Khotanese: ysanuva `jaw'
Parthian: znx `chin'
New Persian: zanax `chin'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zana `chin'; Sh. zingun `chin'
IE form: genu- {1}
IE meaning: jaw
Certainty: +
Idioms: `grind up the two jaws (of the wolf)': Skt. han ... jambhaya (AV 19.47.9) YAv. ham
+
zanauua zmbaiiabm ( Yt 1.27)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gnuj [f] `jaw, chin'; Go. kinnus [f] `cheek' (acc.sg. kinnu); OE cinn
`chin'
Notes: {1} The origin of Skt h- (instead of expected *j-) is unknown.
Sanskrit: harmya-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: / harmiya-/
Meaning: `firm structure, palace' (for the meaning see Elisarenkova 1995: 28f.)
Link to RV concordance: harmya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jharm(i)ia-
Avestan: YAv. zairimiiuuant- [adj] `with a permanent house (said of a moon)'; zairimiiaura- [m]
`tortoise, turtle' (= *with toes in a house)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: hars {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: harsate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present IV: hrsyati [3sg.act.] (RV 10.086.07,
Br.+); Perfect: jhrsna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.101.02); Intensive: jarhrsanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV); Caus:
harsayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: hrsita- `glad, excited' (RV+)
Meaning: `to be delighted, be excited'
Link to RV concordance: hrs-; ghrsu-; ghrsvi-; harsumant-; harsy; hrsvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhar- / jhar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghrsu- [adj] `lively, agile' (RV), ghrsvi- [adj] `lively, agile' (RV); sepa-
harsana- [adj] `penis-erecting' (AV 4.4.1); harsumant- [adj] èxciting, stimulating' (RV 08.016.04);
harsy [adv] ìn impatient excitement' (RV); hrsvant- [adj] `full of joy' (RV)
221
Avestan: YAv. zariiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] èxcited' ( Yt 14.20)
Khotanese: ysra- [adj] `rough'
Sogdian: w- [verb] `to be glad'
Parthian: g- [verb] `to be happy'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zi [adj] `rough, stiff'
IE form: ghers / *g(w)hers
IE meaning: to be stiff, to be excited
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. horrre [verb] `to be stiff, to ruffle up'
Notes: {1} [AL] Contrary to what is stated in the EWAia, it is unnecessary to assume that in
hars/ghrs, two IIr. roots have fallen together, viz. *jhar- and *ghar-. Since the IE facts
unequivocally point to *ghers-, we must rather assume that in zero-grade *ghrs-, the palatovelar was
depalatalized (Weise's Law). Forms like hrsvant- can easily be restored.
Sanskrit: hari
Gramm. forms: Present IX: hrnse [2sg.med.] (RV); Present IX+YA: hrnyant- [ptc.act.] (RV
01.132.04), hrnyamna- [ptc.med.] (RV 05.002.08, AVP 5.16.5); Aorist RED: juhuras [2sg.inj.act.]
(RV 07.004.04), juhrths [2sg.inj.med.] (RV 07.001.19), juhuranta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV), juhurna-
[ptc.med.] àngry, furious' (RV)
Meaning: `to be angry'
Link to RV concordance: hr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jharH
Avestan: OAv. zaranam [1pl.pres.opt.] `to be angry'; YAv. zaranimna- [adj] àngry' (parallel to Skt.
hrnyamna-); zarta- [ppp] ìncensed'
Khotanese: ysurr `wrath'
Sogdian: (Man.) ''zyr- [verb] `to be ill'
Middle Persian: zrdan [verb] `to hurt'
New Persian: zrdan [verb] `to hurt'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. pz'r- [verb] `to rebuke'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: har(i) [2]

Gramm. forms: Present IV: haryati [3sg.act.] (RV-TBm, SB=BAU), haryamna- [ptc.med.] (RV);
Caus: harayanta [3pl.inj./subj.med.] (RV 04.037.02)
Meaning: `to enjoy, like'
Link to RV concordance: hary-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhar(H)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: haryata- [adj] ènjoyable' (RV, TBm) (based on the stem of the -ya-
present)
222
Avestan: OAv. zara- àim, goal(?)'
IE form: gherH
IE meaning: to like
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. carw [1sg.pres.act.] `to be glad'; Gr. crij [f] (< *ghrH-i-) ènjoying,
favour, pleasure'; Lat. horior [1sg.pres.med.] `to cheer up'; Osc. herest [3sg.pres.] `volet'; OHG gerno
èager, readily'
Sanskrit: has
Gramm. forms: Present III: jaksat- [ptc.pres.act.f.] (SBK) = jajjhat- (dialect form) (RV 05.052.06);
jaks(y)uh [3pl.opt.] (SrS.); Present I: hasati [3sg.act.] (ChU+)
Meaning: `to laugh'
Link to RV concordance: has-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ghas- / jhas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hasa- [m] `joke, play, laughter' (RV+); hasan- [f] `jest' (RV 09.112.04),
hasr- [f] `laughing woman, a prostitute' (RV 01.124.07), has `laughter' in has-kra- [adj] `frisky'
(RV 01.023.12), haskrti- [f] `merriment' (RV 08.089.06) {1}; P. jagghati [3sg.pres.act.] `to laugh'
Page in EWAia: 562, 2.811
Avestan: YAv. jah-, jahik- [f] `prostitute'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 697f.
Sanskrit: hasta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hand, upper arm'
Link to RV concordance: hasta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhasta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hastavant- [adj] `having hands' (RV); hastin- [adj] `provided with hands,
handy, provided with a hand/arm, being on the hand (finger)' (RV), hastin- mrga- `game with a hand
= elephant'
Avestan: Av. zasta- [m] `hand'; zastauuant- [adj] `with the hands'
Old Persian: dasta- [m] `hand'
Khotanese: dasta- `hand'
Sogdian: st `hand'
Middle Persian: dast `hand'
Parthian: dst `hand'
New Persian: dast `hand'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. st `hand'; Bactr. listo `hand' (< *dasta-), listo-baro `manuscrupt',
listo-bandigo `bracelet'; Pash. ls `hand'; Sh. ust `hand'
223
IE form: ghes-to-
IE meaning: hand
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. pa-astis àrm-pit'; Lat. praest [adv] àt hand' (< *preh2i ghestd).
Cf. aslo *ghes-r-: Arm. jern `hand' (< *ghesr-m); Arm. jerk` `hands' (< *ghesr-es); Gr. cer `hand' (<
*ghes-r-), Dor. chr-j, Aeol. crr-aj, Hitt. ki-e-ar `hand', ToA tsar, ToB sar `hand'
Sanskrit: hav
Gramm. forms: Present III: juhoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: juhve [3sg.med.] (RV); Aorist S: hausam
[1sg.inj.act.] (TS+), ahausur [3pl.act.] (KS); SI-impv: hosi (RV 06.044.14); Aorist mediopass: ahvi
[3sg.] (RV); Fut: hosyati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Passive: hyate [3sg.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: huta- `poured;
worshipped with a sacrifice' (RV+)
Meaning: `to sacrifice, offer, pour (an oblation, ghee etc.)'
Link to RV concordance: hu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhau
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sarva-hut- [adj] `sacrificed completely' (?) {2} (RV 10.090.08,
10.090.09); -huti- [f] òffering' (RV+); havis- [n] `libation, sacrificial liquid, sacrificial substance'
(RV+); havya- [n] `libation' (RV+); -hava- [m] `bucket' (RV)
See also: hotar-; hotr-; homan-
Avestan: Av. -zuiti- [f] `clarified butter, sacrificial fat'
Khotanese: ysun- [verb] `to pour, to strain'; bu-ysuta- [ppp] èxtinguished'
IE form: gheu
IE meaning: to pour
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. cw [1sg.pres.act.] `to pour, to spill'; Gr. cutj [ppp] `spilled'; Gr.
pg-cu [adv] `completely, totally'; ToB. ku- [verb] `to pour'
Notes: {1} [AL] As made probable by Beekes 2000a,Germanic word for `god' (Go. gu? [n] `god',
etc.) is not related. {2} [AL] See Scarlata 1999: 702f.
Sanskrit: hay
Gramm. forms: Present V: hinoti [3sg.act.] (RV); Perfect: jighya [3sg.act.] (AVP+); Aorist R: ahema
[1pl.act.] (RV); Aorist S: ahesata [3pl.med.] (RV), ahait [3sg.act.] (AV), ahaist [3sg.act.] (Br.+); ta-
ptc.: hita- (RV+); Inf: pra-hye `to send' (RV)
Meaning: `to impel, set in motion, hurl; to help'
Link to RV concordance: hi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhai
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: heti- [f] `missile, weapon' (RV+); heman- [m] ìmpulse, zeal, driving'
(RV); haya- [m] `horse' (RV+)
224
Avestan: OAv. zaman- [n] `state of waking'; YAv. frazaiiaiimi [1sg.caus.act.] `to let penetrate';
zana- [m] `weapon'
Middle Persian: zn àrmour'
Parthian: zyn àrmour'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -

Pages: 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
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Sanskrit: h
Gramm. forms: Present III: jahti [3sg.act.] (RV+), jihte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present IV: hyate, hyate
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: jahur [3pl.act.] (RV+), jah [3sg.act.] `he has abandoned' (RV 10.071.08)
{1}; Aorist S: ahs [2,3sg.act.] (RV+), ahsata [3pl.med.] (RV); Aorist SIS: hsistam [2du.inj.act.]
(AV+); Fut: hsyanti [3pl.act.] (AV+); Caus: vi hpaymasi [1pl.act.] 'to make open, to spread apart'
(AV+); Aorist RED: ava jhipas [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 03.053.19); na-ptc.: hna- (RV+); Abs: hitv (RV+)
Meaning: `to leave (behind), abandon, fall off, omit'
Link to RV concordance: h- [1], h- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-h- [f] `lead' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. auua-zazat_ [3pl.pres.inj.act.] `to leave'; zaznt [3pl.pres.act], zam(-c)
[1pl.aor.opt.act.] `to win' (< `to leave behind'); YAv. zazmi [1sg.pres.act.], zaziti [3sg.pres.act.] `to
leave'
Khotanese: vas- [verb] `to avoid'
Sogdian: (Chr.) py-wz'y `heirloom'
Parthian: wzyh-/w(y)z'd [verb] `to leave' (+ *ui-)
Ossetic: zajyn/izajun [verb] `to stay behind' (+ *ui-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wzy- [verb] `to be left, to remain'
IE form: gheh1
IE meaning: to leave (behind)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kchmi [1sg.pres.act.] `to overtake, reach, arrive, meet' (kchn,
kicmenoj)
Notes: {1} [LK] Or, rather, 1sg.pres.subj.act. Ì will abandon you' (see Kmmel 2000: 608f.).
Sanskrit: hyana-
Part of speech: [m, n]
Meaning: `year'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhaian-a- {1}
225
See also: hima-; heman-; hemanta-
Avestan: YAv. zaiiana- [adj] `wintry', [n] `wintertime'
IE form: gheimn-o-
IE meaning: winter
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The Skt. form is most probably a vrddhi formation to it.
Sanskrit: heman
Part of speech: [loc.sg.]
Meaning: `winter'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhaiman
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: haimana- [adj] `winter-' (AV+)
See also: hemanta-; hima-
IE form: gheimen(-) {1}
IE meaning: winter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. cema [n] `winter'; Gr. ceimn [m] `winter, winterstorm'; Hitt.
gimaniie/a-zi [verb] `to spend the winter'; Alb. (Geg.) dimen `winter'
Notes: {1} As clearly indicated by the Skt. form, *gheimen was originally loc.sg. of the word for
`winter', so that an n-stem is secondary.
Sanskrit: hemanta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `winter'
Link to RV concordance: hemanta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhaiman-ta-{1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: haimanta- [adj] `winter-' (AVP+)
See also: heman; hima-
IE form: IIR (?)
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] A derivative with the suffix *-ta- from the locative attested in Skt. heman, for which
we find no parallels outside Skt. Hitt. gemmant- [c] `winter' is derived from dat.-loc. gimmi < *ghimn-
(cf. recently Kloekhorst 2008). The etymology of ToB sin~catstse* [adj] `snowy, winter-' is unclear.
Sanskrit: hi
Part of speech: [emphatic particle]
Meaning: `surely, indeed, well'
Link to RV concordance: hi
226
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhi
Avestan: Av. z `then, well, indeed'
IE form: ghi
IE meaning: surely, indeed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. na-ci `surely, indeed, well'
Sanskrit: hima-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `cold, frost'
Link to RV concordance: hima-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhim-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: him- [f] `winter' (RV+)
See also: heman; hemanta-; hyana-
Avestan: OAv. zim [gen.sg.] `winter'; YAv. zii [nom.sg.m.] `winter' (acc.sg. ziiam(ca), gen.sg.
zm, zmahe); hazar.zma- [adj] `consisting of a thousand winters'
Middle Persian: zam `winter'
Ossetic: zym?g/zum?g `winter'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. may `winter'
IE form: ghiem-/ghim-
IE meaning: winter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ds-cimoj [adj] `storming, horrible'; Lat. bmus [adj] `biennial' (<
*bi-himo-); Lat. hiems [f] `winter' (< *ghiem-)
Sanskrit: hiranya-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `precious metal, gold'
Link to RV concordance: hiranya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhrHania-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hiranyakra- [m] `goldsmith' (VS)
See also: hari-
Avestan: YAv. zaraniia- [n] `gold' (acc.sg nim, instr.sg. niia)
Old Persian: daraniya- [n] `gold'; drniykr- = /daraniyakara-/ [m] `goldsmith'
Khotanese: ysrra- `gold'
Sogdian: (Man.) zyrn `gold'; (Man.) zyrnkryy `goldsmith'
Ossetic: z?rin/z?rin? `gold'
IE form: ghlh3-en-
IE meaning: gold
Certainty: +
227
Cognates in other languages: OCS zelen [adj] `green'; OCS zlato `gold'; Latv. zelts `gold'; Go. gul?
`gold'
Sanskrit: hir-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `vein'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhiraH-
Avestan: YAv. zira-an- [adj] `striking the veins (?)' ( Aog 57)
Certainty: ? {1}
Notes: {1} If YAv. zira-an- is connected, then *-i- must be original (quasi-IE *ghiR , for which no
comparanda are available). Otherwise, we may reconstruct PIE *ghrH- and connect Lat. haru-spex [m]
`priest inspecting the organs of sacrificial animals', etc.
Sanskrit: hotar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `chief priest, sacrificial priest, hotar'
Link to RV concordance: hotar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhau-tar-
See also: hav
Avestan: Av. zaotar- [m] òfficiating priest'
IE form: gheu-ter-
IE meaning: pourer
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: hotr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `sacrificial pouring, sacrifice'
Link to RV concordance: hotr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jautraH-
See also: hav; hotar-
Avestan: YAv. zaor- [f] `sacrificial pouring, libation'; zaora- [n] `sacrificial pouring, function of
priest'
Sogdian: (Chr.) wy `sacrifice'
Middle Persian: zhr `libation, offering'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *daua- [n] `libation'
IE form: gheu-tr-eh2-
IE meaning: libation
Certainty: +
228
Cognates in other languages: Arm. zoh `sacrifice' (loan word from Iranian)

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Sanskrit: hras
First attestation: Gobh.+
Gramm. forms: Caus: hrsay (Gobh.+); ta-ptc.: nir-hrasta- (SrS.)
Meaning: `to diminish, smallen, shorten'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhras-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrasva- [adj] `short, small' (VS+; hrasyas- [comp] (TS+), hrasistha-
[sup] (Br.)); nir-hrsa- [m] `shortening, abbreviation' (SrS.)
Avestan: YAv. +zraheh- [f] `the shorter one' (< PIr. *zrah-iah- Skt. hrasyas-) ( P 23 (24))
IE form: ghres / ghers
IE meaning: to shorten
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. gerr [adj] `short'
Sanskrit: hrd
Gramm. forms: Present I: hrdate [3sg.med.] (S.+); Caus: ni(r)-hrday (KS, MS+) 'to cause to sound,
to beat (the drum)'
Meaning: `to sound'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhraHd-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrda- [m] `sound, noise, roar (of thunder)' (Up.+)
See also: hrduni-
Middle Persian: dr'y- [verb] `to shriek, call, cry out', Pahl. dl'(d)y- /dry-/ [verb] `to howl, talk
(daevic)'
New Persian: darydan [verb] `to speak, to chatter'; dary `bell'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. balga (< *upa-zrdaka- ?) `weeping'
IE form: ghreh1d- (?)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Go. gretan [verb] `to weep'
Sanskrit: hrduni-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: also n- [f] (TS+), hlduni- [f] (Br.)
229
Meaning: `hail(stone)'
Link to RV concordance: hrduni-; hrdunvrt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhraHduni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrdun-vrt- [adj] `covering with hail' (RV 05.054.03; probably a
compound with vr, which has an initial laryngeal); hrduni-hata- [adj] `hit with hail' (MS+)
See also: hrd
Sogdian: ydn `hail'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. lo `hail'; South-Bakard dryen, dr'en `hail' < SW-Iran. *drduni-
IE form: ghreHd-
IE meaning: hail
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. grand `hail' (< *ghrHdn-); OCS grad `hail'; Lith. gruodas `frozen
dirt or earth'.
Sanskrit: hrd-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.acc.sg. hrdi, gen.sg. hrdas, loc.pl. hrtsu
Meaning: `heart'
Link to RV concordance: hrdi / hrd-; hrdaya-; suhrd-; sarvahrd; hrdya-; hrdayya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhrd-/jhard-/jhrd-; jhrdaia-{1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrdaya- [n] `heart' (RV+); su-hrd- [adj] `with a good heart, friendly'
(RV+); dur-hrd- [adj] èvil-minded, malignant' (AV); sarva-hrd- [adv] `with all one's heart' (RV);
hrdya- [adj] `beloved' (RV+); hrdayya- [adj] `being in the heart' (RV+)
See also: sraddh-
Avestan: OAv. zrd- [n] `heart'; YAv. zraiia- [n] `heart'
Khotanese: ysra- `heart'
Middle Persian: dil `heart' (< *drd-)
Parthian: zyrd `heart'
New Persian: dil `heart'
Ossetic: z?rd? `heart' (< *zrdaia-)
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. zr `heart'
IE form: krd-/krd-
IE meaning: heart
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ker / kard(i)- [n] `heart' (gen.sg. /krdias/); Arm. sirt `heart'; Gr. kh~r,
karda `heart'; OPr. seyr `heart' (< *r(d)); Lith. irdis `heart'; Latv. sirds `heart'
Notes: {1} *jh- must be due to contamination with another word. The original *c- is preserved in
sraddh-.
Sanskrit: id-
Part of speech: [f]
230
Gramm. forms: RV only il [instr.sg.], ilas [gen.sg.]
Meaning: `refreshing draught, libation offered to the gods'
Link to RV concordance: id-; il-; aila-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: id-, il- [f] `refreshing draught, libation, refeshment, strengthening,
divine Id' (RV+; MS+ also il-); aida- [m] `son of Id' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 187
See also: ir-; is-
Avestan: OAv. - [f] `(milk-)libation, personified I'; iia- [adj] `refreshing, strengthening'; YAv.
i-, - [f] `(milk-)libation, personified I'
IE form: -
Certainty: + {1}
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `footstep of Id/I': Skt. ilys pade, ilas pade (RV) OAv. padi ... aii
Notes: {1} An internal development of PIIr. *i-.
Sanskrit: id
Part of speech: [part]
Meaning: emphatic particle
Link to RV concordance: it; ned
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hid
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ned `not' (RV+) (< *na id)
Page in EWAia: 190
See also: ay- [2]
Avestan: OAv. t_, YAv. it_ [part] emphatic particle
IE form: h1id {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. imm [part] `rather, no, but, truly' (< *id-m )
Notes: {1} Originally, nom.acc.sg.n. of the pronoun *h1e/ *h1i- (cf. s.v. ay- [2]).
Sanskrit: id
Meaning: `now'
Link to RV concordance: id; idnm
Proto-Indo-Iranian: idaH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: idnm [adv] `now, in this instant, just' (RV+); ednam [adv] ùntil now'
(SBK) (Avyaybhva-compound with )
Page in EWAia: 190
See also: ay- [2]
Avestan: YAv. ida [adv] `now'
IE form: h1i-deH
IE meaning: now
Certainty: +
231
Sanskrit: idhma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `firewood'
Link to RV concordance: idhma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hidhma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: idhmavant- [adj] `having firewood' (TB)
Page in EWAia: 191
See also: edh
Avestan: YAv. asma- [m] `firewood' {1}
New Persian: hzum `firewood'
IE form: h2idh-mo-
IE meaning: firewood
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to carry firewood': Skt. idhmam bhar- (RV), idhma-bhrti- [adj] `busy bringing firewood'
(RV) YAv. asmm ... brtm, asm.briti-, `firewood and straw': Skt. idhm-barhis- (MS)
YAv. asma(ca) barsma(ca)
Notes: {1} [AL] Iranian shows a suffix -sma-, which is also conceivable for Skt., although I know of
no parallels. Since s disappears between two stops in this language, and m often behaves as a stop (cf.
vocalization in initial *mnV-, for instance), we may assume that s also disappears in the cluster Csm.
It is remarkable that the Hittite word for `firewood', (GIS)uarma-, also contains this suffix (or are these
words compounds, cf. Hitt. aminu-zi `to burn (something)', ameiie/a-zi, imiiie/a-zi `(act.) to burn
(something) for fumigation; (midd.) to burn for fumigation (intr.)'?).
Sanskrit: iha
Meaning: `here, here on earth, now'
Link to RV concordance: iha
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hidha
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Pa. idha [adv] `here' (also in Buddh. Skt.); Pkt. idha, iha(m) [adv] `here'
(Asoka idha, iha, hida)
Page in EWAia: 202
See also: ay- [2]
Avestan: OAv. id [adv] `here'; YAv. ida [adv] `here, here on earth, in the same way'
Old Persian: id [adv] `here'
IE form: h1i-dhe
IE meaning: here
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ibi, ib [adv] `there' (< * ibei); possibly Gr. qa(i)genj [adj] `born
from a lawful marriage, indigenous'
Sanskrit: ilay
232
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: ilayat [2pl.impv.] (RV 01.191.06, AV+)
Meaning: `to be still, calm down'
Link to RV concordance: il-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrH-aia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anila- [m] `wind (= not still)' (VS+)
Page in EWAia: 196
See also: rm; rtr-
Avestan: Av. rman- [n] `rest'
IE form: Hrh1-ei-e-
IE meaning: to be quiet
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: OHG rwa, rouwa `rest'

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Sanskrit: indra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: Ìndra'
Link to RV concordance: indra-; indratama-; indrn-; indriya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: indra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: indratama- [adj] `most like Indra' (RV+); indrn- [f] `N of Indra's wife'
(RV+); indriya- [adj] `belonging to Indra; power, powerful act' (RV+); din-da-ra, din-tar Ìndra'
(Mitanni-IA)
Page in EWAia: 192
Avestan: YAv. indra- [m] N. of a dauua
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Neither Gr. odw `to swell', nor SCr. jedar [adj] `powerful, fresh, strong, full',
ORuss. jadr < PSl. *jedr is likely to be related. The primary meaning of the Slavic word is `pit,
kernel'. Note the "wrong" vocalization, if this were an IE formation (from *(H)indro- we expect IIr. **
iadra-). Lubotsky 2001: 311.
Sanskrit: ir-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `refreshing draught, draught of milk, refreshment'
Link to RV concordance: ir-; irvant-; anira-; anir-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: irvant- [adj] `having a refreshing draught' (RV+); anira- [adj] `without
juice' (RV+); anir- [f] `want of vigour, languor' (RV+)
233
Page in EWAia: 195
See also: id-; is-
Certainty: + {1}
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} An internal development of PIIr. *i-.
Sanskrit: Ir. *iaHh-

Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaHs-
See also: rsn-
Avestan: Av. yh- [verb] `to gird': YAv. aibiihaiinte [3pl.pres.subj.med.], aibiihaiiata
[3sg.pres.opt.med.], aibiihaiiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Yt 1.17), aibiista- [ppp] `girded' ( N 37);
YAv. aibiihana- [n] `girdle, garment'; auui.yh- [n] `belt' ( Yt 8.14; cf. Schindler 1972: 71)
Khotanese: yna- `belt, girdle' (< PIr. *abi-ihana- = YAv. aibiihana-)
Parthian: `zy'h- [verb] `to gird on'
New Persian: prhan `shirt' (< PIr. *pari-ihana-); hamyn `girdle, belt' (< PIr. *ham-ihana-)
IE form: ieh3s-
IE meaning: `to gird'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. znnumi, OCS po-jao (po-jasati) Ì gird', OLith. juosti (3sg.), Alb.
n-gjesh `girds'
Sanskrit: is-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: isam [acc.sg.], is [instr..sg.], isas [gen.sg.], ise [dat.sg.], isas [nom.acc.pl.], more
rarely isas [acc.pl.], ism [gen.pl.]
Meaning: `refreshment, refreshing draught, libation, strength, freshness'
Link to RV concordance: is-; isavant-; isastut-; iskartar-; iskrti-; is-kr-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: isavant- [adj] `strong' (RV 01.129.06); isastut- [f] `praise of prosperity'
(RV 05.050.05); isa- [m] N of a month in autumn (KS+); iskartar- [m] `healer' (RV); iskrti- [f.]
`healing' (RV 10.097.09); is-kar- [verb] `to heal' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 198
See also: id-; ir-; es- [2]
Avestan: Av. - [f] `strength'
IE form: h1eish1/2-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to give strength': Skt. isam ... dadran (RV 07.048.04) OAv. did ... m ( Y 28.7);
`through strength': Skt. is ... dvisas taret (RV 06.068.05) YAv. a ... t_ba ( Y 65.8) XXX
Cognates in other languages: ToB aise `strength'
Sanskrit: isira-
Meaning: `strong, active, fresh, flourishing'
234
Link to RV concordance: isira-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HisHra-
Page in EWAia: 199
See also: is-; es [2]
Avestan: Av. aa- [adj] `powerful'
IE form: Hish1-ro-
IE meaning: active
Certainty: +
Idioms: àctive mind': Skt. isirena ... manas (RV 08.048.07) Gr. ern mnoj (Hom.); `powerful
speech': Skt. vcam isirm (RV) OAv. vx a
Cognates in other languages: Gr. erj [adj] `full of power, vital, holy'; Gr. (Myc.) i-je-ro, Gr. (Dor.)
arj, Gr. (Aeol.) roj, Gr. (Ion.) rj
Sanskrit: istak-
First attestation: VS, Br.+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `brick'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: it-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: istik- ìd.' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 201
Avestan: YAv. itiia- [n] `brick', zmituua- [n] `mud brick' (?)
Old Persian: iti- [f] àir-dried brick'
Middle Persian: xit àir-dried'
New Persian: xit àir-dried'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: ToB iscem `loam', ToB iscake (< *iscke) `kind of clay' ( Pinault 2002:
325ff.)
Notes: {1} [AL] The IIr. word as well as the Tocharian ones seem to be borrowed from a Central
Asian language (Lubotsky 2001; Pinault 2003: 176).
Sanskrit: isu-
Part of speech: [f], [m]
Meaning: àrrow'
Link to RV concordance: isu-; isukrt-; isumant-; isy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)iu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: isuk- [f] àrrow' (AV); isukrt- [m] àrrow-maker' (RV 01.184.03);
isumant- [adj] `possessed of arrows' (RV+); isavya- [m] àrcher' (KS+); isyant- [ptc.] of unclear
meaning (RV 01.128.04) is probably a denominative of isu-
Page in EWAia: 200
See also: es- [2]
Avestan: YAv. iu- [m] àrrow'
IE form: IIR + Greek {1}
IE meaning: arrow
235
Certainty: -
Idioms: `with arrows in the hand': Skt. isu-hasta- [adj] (RV) Gr. ocaira [adj] (epithet of Artemis)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. j [m] àrrow' {2)
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection with es- [2] (and, consequently, the reconstruction of PIE *h1ish2-u-)
seems doubtful to me. Just like in the case of parasu-, borrowing is a more probable option. The
accentuation of isu- is also highly irregular for an IE word, cf. Lubotsky 1988: 42. {2} [AL] Hitt.
ishuua(i)- does not mean `to throw, to shoot', but rather `to pour, scatter' and has nothing to do with
isu-.
Sanskrit: itara-
Part of speech: [adj] ([comp] to i-)
Meaning: `the other (of the two), another'
Link to RV concordance: itara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)itara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: itaratas [adv] `different from, otherwise than' (SB+); itarath [adv] ìn
another manner' (AitB+)
Page in EWAia: 188
See also: ay- [2]
Other Iranian cognates: Kn-dialect of Vonitun tr `the other' (< PIr. *itra- ?), Kurd. tir `the
other' (?)
IE form: h1itero-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. iterum [adv] àgain, for the second time'
Sanskrit: iti
Meaning: `so, in this manner'
Link to RV concordance: iti
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiti
Page in EWAia: 189
See also: ay-[2]
Avestan: OAv. it [adv] `so, in the following manner'; YAv. uiti [adv] `so, in the following manner'
{1}
Sogdian: (Chr.) yty [adv] `so' (/ti/ < PIr. *uti )
IE form: h1iti
IE meaning: thus (orig. instr.?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. it [adv] `just like, in a manner of speaking'; Lat. ita [adv] ìn the
same way as, thus'
Notes: {1} [AL] Possibly, Iranian has adopted the onset of *uta.
Sanskrit: iva
236
Part of speech: [part.]
Gramm. forms: Also "monosyllabic" {1}
Meaning: às, like, in the same manner; indeed'
Link to RV concordance: iva
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iua
Page in EWAia: 197
See also:
IE form: iue?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. iuar `like, in the manner of' (presumably, an orig. nom.act. `gait,
way'); Lat. ceu [adv, conj] `like, as if' (< *ke-iue ?)
Notes: {1} [AL] The monosyllabic scansion of iva is probably not a Prkritism (cf. P., Pkt. iva, va),
but is rather due to secondary replacement of na ìd.' by iva during the transmission.

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Sanskrit: d
Gramm. forms: Present II: de [1sg.med.] (RV+); tte [3sg.med.] (RV+); dna- [ptc.med.]
ìnvoking, praising' (RV); ta-ptc.: dita- (RV+)
Meaning: `to invoke, worship'
Link to RV concordance: d-; denya-; dya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hid- /Hisd-/
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: d- [f] `worship' (RV 08.039.01 d, a nonce formation); ditar- [m]
`praiser' (AV); denya- [gerundive] `to be invoked, to be praised' (RV+); dya- [gerundive] `to be
praised' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 204
Avestan: OAv. iasit_ [3sg.pres.opt.] ( Y 50.2), OAv. ias [1sg.pres.subj.] ( Y 31.4), OAv. iasant-
[ptc.pres.act.] ( Y 51.19) `to implore' (for /is-/ < PIr. *id-s-, an inchoative present)
IE form: h2eisd-
IE meaning: to fear, honour
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 16
Cognates in other languages: Gr. adomai [verb] `to fear, venerate'; Go. aistand [3pl.pres.act.] `to
fear'; Go. aistands [ptc.pres.act.] àfraid'
Sanskrit: rma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `foreleg'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrHma-
237
Page in EWAia: 205
Avestan: YAv. arm.t(a)- [adj] `moved by the arm' ( Yt 13.72); auu.arma- [adj] `with one arm'
Khotanese: rra- àrm'
Sogdian: 'p-'rm'y `with arms behind'
Middle Persian: arm àrm'
New Persian: arm àrm'
Ossetic: arm / arm? àrm, thill', (D) ar(?) `shaft; thill'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. yrme `foreleg, shoulderblade', Wa. yurm ìd.'
IE form: h2rH-mo-
IE meaning: shoulder, arm
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 58
Cognates in other languages: Lith. irm-ede [f] `gout ("arm-eating")'; Lat. armus [m] `shoulder (of an
animal)'; Go. arms [m] àrm'; OCS ramo `shoulder'
Sanskrit: rm
Meaning: `quiet, still, being in the same place'
Link to RV concordance: rm
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrHma-
Page in EWAia: 206
See also: ilay ; rtr-
Avestan: YAv. arma-ad- [adj] `sitting still'; arma-t- [adj] `standing still'
Sogdian: 'rmyh ny [verb] `to sit still'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. arm-auimo [1sg.pres.], armasto [3sg.pret.] `to be present, be
(temporarily) resident, stay' (< *arma- + *h-/sta-)
IE form: Hrh1-mo-
IE meaning: quiet
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: rs
Gramm. forms: Present IV: rsyant- [ptc.act.] (TSp 2.3.5.1, DhS.)
Meaning: `to be angry'
Link to RV concordance: rs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rsy- [f] ènvy, jealousy' (AV+); rsyu- [adj] `jealous' (AV+); irasyati
[3sg.denom.act.] (RV) `to be angry, envious'; irasy- [f] ènvy' (RV 05.040.07) (to irasyati) {1}
Page in EWAia: 206
Avestan: YAv. ariiant- [adj] ènvious' (< IIr. *HrH-s-); araska- [m] ènvy' (< IIr. *HrH-as-)
Khotanese: arejsa ènvy'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'rsk ènvy'
IE form: Hrh1es- ?
238
IE meaning: to envy
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /arsaniia-/ [verb] `to be envious'; OHitt. ar-a-ne-e-i [2sg.pres.act.]
`to be envious'; Gr. rei [f] `threats' (?)
Notes: {1} [AL] The Indo-Iranian forms are clearly of denominal origin (cf. Klingenschmitt 1982:
149, fn. 9), being formed from an s-stem iras-, rs- < *HrHas, *HrHs- (type bhiyas- `fear', instr. bh
s) [Pronk]
Sanskrit: s
Gramm. forms: Present II: se [1sg.med.] (RV+); ste [3sg.med.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to be master of, be powerful, rule, command'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (Hi-)Hic- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sna-, sna- [ptc.med.] `possessing, wealthy' (RV+); sna-krt- [adj]
àcting like a ruler' (RV); s- [m] `lord' (VS+) (instr.sg. s); sa- [m] `lord, ruler' (Br.+); s- [f]
`dominion' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 207
See also: svara-
Avestan: Av. is- [verb] `to have power': OAv. is [3sg.pres.med.], YAv. ite [3sg.pres.med.], isna-
[ptc.pres.med.]; ti- [f] `capability, ability'
IE form: h2eik-
IE meaning: to own
Certainty: +
Idioms: às far as I can': Skt. yvad se (RV 03.018.03) OAv. yauuat_ isi; `to possess ruling power':
Skt. se ... ksatriyasya (RV 04.055.08) YAv. is.xarii.tma- [adj] `possessing the greatest ruling
power'
Cognates in other languages: Go. aih [1sg.pret.-pres.] `to have, own'; Go. aigun [3pl.pret.-pres.] `to
have'; Go. aihts [f] `possession'; OHG eigen [adj] òwn'; OHG hs-eigo [m] `house-owner'
Notes: {1} [AL] The consistent short vowel in Avestan may indicate that, whereas in Skt. the long
vowel of the perfect spread to the nominal derivatives, the opposite development occured in Avestan
(cf. also de Vaan 2002).
Sanskrit: s-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `pole or shafts of a carriage or plough', [du.] `thill'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: H(a)iHaH-
Page in EWAia: 208
Avestan: YAv. aa [du.m.] `the two shafts' ( V 14.10; or rather, with Skj?rv? 1997a: 119f., nom.sg.f.
`pole')
New Persian: x `plough(share)'
IE form: h2iHs-eh2-
239
IE meaning: shaft
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. GIShi-is-sa-an [acc.sg.c.], GIShi-is-si [dat.loc.sg.c.] `carriage pole';
Gr. oa?x [m] `handle of rudder, tiller, helm', [pl.] `rings of the yoke'; Gr. oion [n] `handle of
rudder'; Sln. oje? [n] `thill', Fin. aisa `pole in a stack' (LW from Baltic *aisas or *ais)
Notes: {1} Katz 2003: 252 considers PPerm.*ia `shaft' (Komi vo, Udmurt wa), FP *aija `pole'
(Mordvin *aja (Erzya aija, Moksha aje)) as LW from Proto-Indo-Iranian.
Sanskrit: svara-
Part of speech: [adj, m]
Meaning: àble; lord, ruler'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hic-uar/n-
Page in EWAia: 207
See also: s
Avestan: OAv. isuuan- [m] `ruler, powerful person'
Ossetic: Alan. (Tzetzes) mesfili `my lord' (Viredaz 2003)
IE form: h2ik-uer/n-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: jahak-
First attestation: KS, TS+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `hedgehog'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jajha/uka-?
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jhaka- [m] `hedgehog' (Cl.)
Page in EWAia: 582
Avestan: YAv. duuka- `hedgehog'
New Persian: a `hedgehog'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. jajuk, duux `hedgehog'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: jambh [1]

Gramm. forms: Aorist IS: jambhisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 10.086.04); Intensive: abhi-jan~jabhna-
[ptc.med.] (AV), jan~jabhyate [3sg.med.] (TS)
Meaning: `to rip up (mouth, jaws), snap'
Link to RV concordance: jambh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jambh-
Page in EWAia: 572
See also: jambha-
240
Avestan: YAv. zafar-/n- [n] `snout' (nom.acc.sg. zafar); rizafan- [adj] `with three snouts' (acc.sg.
rizafanm, voc.sg. rizafam; nom.sg. rizaf is secondary); v-zafra- [adj] `with open snout' ( Yt
19.41, cf. Hintze 1994: 220f.)
Middle Persian: 'bhwm- [verb] `to disclose, reveal' (+ *apa-/*abi-)
Ossetic: z?mbun / z?mbyn [verb] `to yawn'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. zamb `mouthful, bit', Wa. zmb()y- / zombovd- [verb] `to yawn, open
the mouth', zim `yawn'; Sariq. vzom(b)-, vjom(b)- [verb] `to yawn, gape' (+ *abi-)
IE form: gembh-
IE meaning: to bare one's teeth
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: jambh [2]

Gramm. forms: Present AYA: jambhayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: ajjabham [1sg.act.] (AV
7.56.5)
Meaning: `to crush, destroy'
Link to RV concordance: jambh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jambh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jambhana- [adj] `crushing' (AV); hemanta-jabdha- [adj] `depressed by the
winter(?), numb' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 572
Avestan: YAv. ham ... zmbaiiabm [2pl.impv.med.] `to grind up, crush' ( Yt 1.27)
Parthian: zmbg `fight'
Ossetic: z?mby / z?mbu `claw'
Other Iranian cognates: Sariq. vizmb-, vzmd [verb] `to grind' (+ *abi-); Wa. vzm- / vzmd-,
wzm- / wzmd- [verb] `to squeeze, grind' (+ *aua-)
IE form: gembh-
IE meaning: to destroy
Certainty: +
Idioms: `grind up the two jaws (of the wolf)': Skt. han ... jambhaya (AV 19.47.9) YAv. ham zanuua
zmbaiiabm ( Yt 1.27)
Cognates in other languages: Lith. embiu [verb] `to cut, cut up'; OCS zebo [verb] `to tear, pull up'

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Sanskrit: jambha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `tooth, the two rows of teeth, jaws (du.), teeth (pl.)'
Link to RV concordance: jambha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jambha-
241
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jambha- [m.] àn illness (lockjaw?)' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 572
See also: jambh [1]; jambhya-
Khotanese: ysim `teeth'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zma `jaw-bone'
IE form: gombh-o-
IE meaning: tooth, row of teeth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS zob `tooth'; Latv. zuobs `tooth'; ToA kam `tooth'; ToB keme
`tooth'; ON kambr `comb, jagged edge'; Lith. am~bas [m] `(sharp) corner, edge'; Gr. gmfoj [m] `pin,
nail'
Sanskrit: jambhya-
First attestation: KS, VS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `molar (tooth), incisor'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jambhia-
Page in EWAia: 573
See also: jambh [1]; jambha-
IE form: gombhio-
IE meaning: belonging to the teeth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gomfoj [m] `molar (tooth)'
Sanskrit: jamhas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `wing'
Link to RV concordance: jamhas-; krsnajamhas-; raghupatmajamhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhanghas- / jhanjhas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krsna-jamhas- [adj] `with black wings' (RV 01.141.07); raghupatma-
jamhas- [adj] `with fast-flying wings' (RV 06.003.05)
Page in EWAia: 562
See also: jangh-
IE form: ghengh-os-
IE meaning: wing (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. en~gs-nis, in~gs-nis `step'
Sanskrit: jana-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `creature, human being, race, tribe, people'
Link to RV concordance: jana-
242
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janHa-
Page in EWAia: 566
See also: jani
Avestan: YAv. sruu.zana- [adj] `belonging to the race of the horned ones'
Old Persian: paru-zana- [adj] `consisting of many tribes'; vispa-zana- [adj] `containing all the tribes'
(Median, cf. OP *visa-dana- in Elam. mi-i-a-da-na )
Sogdian: (Chr.) zng `sort' (< PIr. *zana-ka-)
IE form: gonh1-o-
IE meaning: race
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gnoj [m] òffspring, race, seed'
Sanskrit: janas-
First attestation: RV 02.002.04: janas ubhe `both races (gods and men)'
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `race'
Link to RV concordance: janas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janHas-
Page in EWAia: 567
See also: jani
IE form: genh1-os-
IE meaning: race
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gnoj [n] `race'; Lat. genus [n] `race'
Sanskrit: jangh-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: ànkle' {2}
Link to RV concordance: jangh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jhanghaH- {1}
Page in EWAia: 564
See also: jamhas-
Avestan: YAv. zanga- [m] ànkle', rdb.znga- [adj] `with upright shanks'; bi-zangra- [adj]
`bipedal (about Davic creatures)'; cabar-zangra- [adj] `quadrupedal (about Davic creatures)'
Middle Persian: zang ànkle, shank'
Ossetic: z?ng / z?ng? `shank, stalk'
IE form: gheng(w)h-
IE meaning: step
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. gaggan [verb] `to go'; Lith. en~gti [verb] `to step'
Notes: {1} [AL] The reconstruction of an -stem for PIIr. follows from Ossetic (D. z?ng? points to PIr.
-). {2} [AL] The rendering `shank', often found in the dictionaries, is imprecise, at least for older
Vedic.
243
Sanskrit: jani-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `woman, wife'
Link to RV concordance: jani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janH- (original paradigm nom.sg. *janH-s, gen.sg. *gnaH-s)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jany [verb] `to wish for a wife' (RV+); bhadra-jni- [adj] `having a
beautiful wife' (RV), saha-jni- `together with a wife' (TS) (<< IE * gwonh1-)
Page in EWAia: 568
See also: gn-
Avestan: OAv. jni- [f] `woman, wife'; YAv. jaini- [f] `woman, wife'; jani- [f] `woman'
(contemptuously) (cf. Skt. -jni-)
Middle Persian: zan `wife'
Parthian: jn `wife' (pl. jnym)
New Persian: zan `wife'
IE form: gwenh2-
IE meaning: woman, wife
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: janiman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `birth, origin, creature, kind'
Link to RV concordance: janiman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janHman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: janman- [n] `birth, origin' (RV+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 570
See also: jani
IE form: genh1-men-
IE meaning: offspring
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. germen [n] `germ, offshoot, offspring' < PLat. *genmen- <
*genamen
Notes: {1} [AL] The distribution of janiman- and janman- is not quite clear. One of the options is
*genh1-mn [nom.acc.sg.] > janima, *genh1-mn-ei [dat.sg.] > janmane (thus G. Schmidt, M. Peters),
but the opposite is likewise possible.
Sanskrit: janitar-
Meaning: `progenitor, father'
Link to RV concordance: janitar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janHtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: janitar- [m] `progenitor' (in the RV only with jajna)
244
Page in EWAia: 569
See also: janitr-; jani
Avestan: {1}
IE form: genh1-tor-
IE meaning: progenitor
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gentwr [m] `progenitor'; Lat. genitor [m] `progenitor'
Notes: {1} OAv. za ( Y 44.3) can hardly be misspelled for *zant = Ved. janit.
Sanskrit: janitra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: òrigin, place of origin, birthplace, procreative matter'
Link to RV concordance: janitra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janH-tra-
Page in EWAia: 569
See also: jani
Avestan: YAv. zara- [n] `birth'
IE form: genh1-tro- / IIR
IE meaning: birth-place
Certainty: +

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Sanskrit: janitr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mother'
Link to RV concordance: janitr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janHtriH-
Page in EWAia: 569
See also: janitar-; jani
IE form: genh1-trih2-
IE meaning: mother
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. genteira [f] `mother'; Lat. genetrx [f] `mother, genetrix'
Sanskrit: jantu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `creature, being, human being, tribe, race'
245
Link to RV concordance: jantu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janH-tu-
Page in EWAia: 570
See also: jani
Avestan: OAv. hu-zntu- [adj] òf good lineage, noble' ( Y 43.3) (and its derivative haozaqba- [n]
`good relationship' ( Y 45.9)); YAv. zantu- [m] `region'
IE form: genh1-tu- /IIR
IE meaning: tribe
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: jani
Gramm. forms: Present I: janmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: jyate [3sg.med.] `be born' (RV+);
Aorist R: ajani [1sg.med.] (RV 08.006.10; later ajn~i TB); Aorist IS: ajanista [3sg.med.] (RV+),
janisva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+); Aorist RED: ajjanat [3sg.act.] `has produced, has created' (RV+);
Aorist mediopass: ajani [3sg.] (RV), jani [3sg.inj.] (RV 01.141.01), jni [3sg.inj.] (RV 08.007.36);
Perfect: jajna [3sg.act.] `has produced, has given birth (to)' (RV+), jajn~e [3sg.med.] ìs born' (RV+);
Fut: janisyate [3sg.med.] `will be born' (RV 01.081.05+); Caus: janayati [3sg.act.] `to produce'
(RV+); Abs: janitv (RV 10.065.07); Inf: janitoh (RV 04.006.07); ta-ptc.: jta-, also [m] `born man,
son, living being', [n] `birth, origin, race' (RV+)
Meaning: `to be born, produce, create'
Link to RV concordance: jani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: janH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: janana- [m] `progenitor, creator' (RV+); janus- [nmf] `birth, origin,
creation, race, tribe' (RV+); j- [mf] `child, creature, family, descendance' (RV+); pra-jti- [f] `birth,
production' (KS, Br.+); jtya- [adj] `closely related, of the same family' (SB+), `noble' (Ep.+); nu-
jvara- [adj] `born after' (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 567
See also: jana-; janas-; janitar-; janitra-; janiman-; jantu-; jtu; jn~ti-; jmi-; jy-
Avestan: YAv. zan- [verb] `to give birth': zzannti [3pl.pres.act.], zzant_ [3sg.pres.subj.act.],
zizanit [ptc.act.f.], zzann [3pl.pres.inj.act.], zaiinte [3pl.pres.subj.med.] `to be born' (< *zia-
with shortening), zahiiamna- [ptc.fut.med.], zta- [ppp] `born'; ni-zntm `born (in one's own
house)' ( F 730); fra-zainti- [f] òffspring'; -sna- (< IE * gnh1-o- `born') [adj] ìnherent'
Khotanese: ysan- [verb] `to give birth'; ysai- [pass.] `to be born', ysyn~- [caus.] `to cause to be born'
Sogdian: zn- [verb] `to bring forth'; (Buddh.) z'tk `son', bz'yn òffspring, son'; (Man.) pz't `birth
place', pz'tyk `homeland-' (+ *upa-); nyz'tcw [f] `born (in one's own house)' (+ *ni-)
Middle Persian: z'- /z-/ [verb] `to be born; to give birth, bear'; z'yn- [caus.] `to bear, give birth to,
bring forth'; zdag [ppp] `born'; 'z'd, 'c't /zd/ `noble, free'
Parthian: z'y- [verb] `to give birth to; be born', z'dg `son'; '(')jy- [verb] `to be reborn', ''z'd `noble'
(+ *-); frzynd /frazand/ `child, son'
New Persian: zyad ìs born'; zd `free'
Ossetic: zajyn / zajun [verb] `to bear, bring forth [usually of animals]; to be born, grow'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. z'd [ppp] `born', z'dk `son'; Bactr. zado, zad(a)go `born, native',
x
abzanano [pl] `descendants' (+ *abi-), azii- [verb] `to be born, be produced' (+ *-), frozindo,
forzindo `descendant' (+ *fra-), nizadago `born (in one's own house)' (+ *ni-)
246
IE form: genh1-
IE meaning: to bear, to produce
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ggnomai (< *gi-gn-e- < IE *gi-gnh1-e-) [1sg.pres.med.] `to become,
come into being'; Gr. ggone (< IE *ge-gonh1-e) [3sg.pf.act.]; Gr. kas-gnhtoj [ppp] `brother'; Gr.
gnth [f] (inscr.); Lat. ntus [ppp] `born'; Go. air?a-kunds [ppp] òf earthly origin'; Arm. cnanim
[verb] `to be born, produce, bear'; OLat. genunt [3pl.pres.act.], genat [3sg.conj.act.] `to produce'; OIr.
gainethar [med] `to descend from, be produced'; Lat. pr-gign [verb] `to beget, bear, bring forth,
produce'
Sanskrit: jar
Gramm. forms: Present I: jarase [2sg.med.] (RV); Present III (<Perfect): jgrat- [ptc.act.] (RV X),
jgrati [3pl.act.] (AV), jgarti [3sg.act.] (MS); Perfect: jgra [3sg.act.] `he is awake' (RV+);
jgrvms- [ptc.act.] (RV+); jgrhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); ajgar [3sg.ppf.act.] (RV+); Caus: jray
(RV) (<< *gray , cf. Av.); Aorist RED: ajgar [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to wake up (intr.)'
Link to RV concordance: gr-; jgarka-; jgrvi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hjar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jgarka-, jgrvi- [adj] `watchful' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 574
Avestan: YAv. jara [3sg.pf.act.] `to be awake'; jaauruuhm [ptc.pf.act.] ( Yt 10.7); graiieiti
[verb] `to wake up (trans.)'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'r- [verb] `to watch'
Middle Persian: wgl's- /wigrs-/, (Man.) wygr'- (orig. inch.) `to wake up' (+ *ui-)
Parthian: wygr's- (orig. inch.) `to wake up', (caus.) wygr'n- `to awaken, arouse' (+ *ui-)
New Persian: bdr [ppp] àwake' (with metath. & loss of -- < *uird)
Ossetic: qal / igal àwake' (+ *ui-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'r- [verb] `to protect, guard' , m|r's- (inch.) `to be awake, awake',
m|r'sy- (caus.-inch.) `to wake up'
IE form: h1ger-
IE meaning: to wake
Certainty: +
Idioms: `waking Mitra': Skt. jgrvms ... mitrah ... (RV 01.136.03, 01.136.04) `waking Mitra [and
Varuna]' YAv. mirm ... jagauruuhm ( Yt 10.17)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. grgora (< *ggora) [1sg.pf.act.] `to be awake'; Gr. gerw [verb]
`to watch, to wake'; Gr. ngretoj (< IE *n-h1gr-e-to-) [adj] `without waking up'; Lat. expergscor
[verb] `to wake up (intr.)'
Sanskrit: jarant-
Gramm. forms: [f] jarat- (RV, AV).
Meaning: òld, infirm'
247
Link to RV concordance: jarant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jarH-ant-
Page in EWAia: 576
See also: jari
Avestan: Av. zarautra- [m] PN (=òf old camels' ?)
Ossetic: z?rond [adj] òld'
Other Iranian cognates: Sarmat. PN Zarandoj
IE form: gerh2-nt-
IE meaning: to be old
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. grwn, gront- [adj, m] òld; old man'; Gr. (Myc.) ke-ro-t [adj] òld'
Sanskrit: jaras-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: Already in the RV (2x) acc.sg. jarm, from where jar- [f ] (AV+).
Meaning: òld age, infirmity'
Link to RV concordance: jaras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jarHas-
Page in EWAia: 576
See also: jari
Khotanese: ysare òld age' (< *zarh)
IE form: gerh2-os-
IE meaning: old age
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. graj [n] `honour, tribute'
Sanskrit: jaryu-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `the cast-off skin of a snake, covering; outer skin of an embryo, placenta, after-birth'
Link to RV concordance: jaryu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jru- `membrane' (JB); jalyuk- [f] `leech' (JB) [MP zalg, NP zal
`leech', etc. are probably LW from Indo-Aryan]
Page in EWAia: 576
See also: jari
IE form: gerh2-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. graj [n] àge; old, cast-off skin of snakes'
Notes: {1} [AL] The formation is unclear. In spite of the parallels like jrn- [f] name of a snake
(AVS 2.24.5) and jrna- [adj] òld (of a snake skin)' (RV 09.086.44), it cannot be excluded that this
word is due to borrowing.
248
Sanskrit: jari
Gramm. forms: Present I: jaranti [3pl.act.] (RV) `to make age'; Present IV: jryati [3sg.act.] (RV), j
ryati [3sg.act.] (AV+) `to become decrepit'; Aorist IS: jrisur [3pl.inj.act.] (RV); Aorist A or Present
VI {1}: juratam [2du.impv.act.] `make decrepit!' (RV 01.182.03); jurant- [ptc.act.] (RV) òld,
decrepit'; Perfect: jajra [3sg.act.] `has become old' (AV 10.8.26), jujurvms-, jujurus- [ptc.act.]
(RV); Caus: jaray `to make age' (RV+) {2}; na-ptc.: jrna- (RV), jrna- (AV+) {3}
Meaning: `to age, grow old; to make old, decrepit'
Link to RV concordance: jr-; jara-; ajara-; jarana-; jaran-; jaranipr-; jarany-; jariman-; ajur-;
ajurya-; jrya-; jaradasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jarH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jara- [m] `wearing out, exhaustion' (RV); a-jara- [adj] `not aging' (RV+);
jarana- [adj] òld, decayed' (RV); jaran- [f] àge' (RV); jarani-pr- [adj] àchieving old age' (RV
10.100.12); jarany- [f] `decrepitude' (RV); jariman- [m] `weakness through old age, old age' (RV+);
a-jur-, a-jurya- [adj] `not aging, undying' (RV+); jrya- [adj] òld' (RV 06.002.07); jaradasti- [adj]
`very old, attaining great age' (RV+), [f] `longevity' (RV 07.037.07 (?), AV 8.2.1) {4}
Page in EWAia: 577
See also: jarant-; jaras-; jaryu-; jrv
Avestan: YAv. a-zarant- [adj] `not aging'; zarta- [adj] `weak through old age'; a-zarma- [adj]
`not decreasing'; zairina- [adj] èxhausting, slackening'; zaurura- [adj] `weak through old age,
decrepit'; zauruuan- [m] òld age'; zruuan- [n] `lifetime, time span' (gen.sg. zr < *zruuanh), for which
see Lubotsky 1997b, Lubotsky 1998b
Khotanese: ysr- [verb] `to become old' (3pl. ysrre < *zria-)
Sogdian: (Man.) zrw òld age'
Middle Persian: zarmn òld man, old age, deterioration'; zrd [adj] ìnfirm (from old age)'
New Persian: zarmn òld man, old age, deterioration'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zr [adj] òld'
IE form: gerh2-
IE meaning: to make decayed, to make old
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. cer [adj, m] òld; old man'; Gr. graj òld age'; Gr. grwn [m] òld
man'; Lat. grnum (< IE *grh2-no-) [n] `grain'
Notes: {1} [LK] Treated as a thematic aorist by Whitney 1885, Narten 1964: 121 and Joachim 1978:
83, as a class VI present by Got 1987: 152). {2} [AL] In RV 01.179.01, jarayanth must probably be
scanned with a long root vowel, see Jamison 1983: 154. {3} [AL] The distribution RV -r- : AV -r- is
unparallelled. Since -r- only occurs in the RV (ajurya- in later texts is a loanword from the RV), this
reflex must be due to a specific development in this text. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the
verb jrv `to destroy, eradicate', most probably derived from the same root and only attested in the RV,
played a crucial role. For a similar -r- / -r- interplay see tari. {4} [AL] RV jivri-, AV jirvi- [adj]
`helpless, weak, decrepit', often connected with this root, can hardly reflect PIIr. *jrH-u- (+ -i-),
because the latter would most probably have yielded **juru-.
Sanskrit: jas
249
Gramm. forms: Present IV: jasyata [2pl.impv.] (RV), Aorist A: jasamna- [ptc.med.] (RV), Perfect:
jajsa [3sg.act.] (AV), jajastam [3du.impv.] (RV); Caus: jsay (Br.+), Aorist RED: ajjasah [2sg.act.]
(AVP+)
Meaning: `to be exhausted, hungry'
Link to RV concordance: jas-; jasu-; jasuri-; ajasra-; jasvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jas- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jasu- [f] èxhaustion' (RV); jasuri- [adj] `hungry' (RV); a-jasra- [adj]
ìnexhaustible, perpetual' (RV+); jasvan- [m] `needy, hungry' (RV 06.044.11)
Page in EWAia: 581
See also: das; ksudh-
IE form: ges-
IE meaning: `to be hungry'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. kat-, kitant- `hunger', ToA kast `hunger', ToB kest `hunger';
Hitt. kit- `to become extinct'
Notes: {1} [AL] Khot. ysah-, quoted by EWAia, cannot be related as it means `to be quiet', rather than
`to cease'; OKhot. yseh- means `to make quite', and not `to give up' (see Cheung XXX for the
references).
Sanskrit: jatu-
First attestation: S.+
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `lac, gum'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jatu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jtusa- [adj] `made from lac or gum' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 565
New Persian: (dial.) ad `gum'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wla `resin'
IE form: gwetu-
IE meaning: resin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE cwidu `resin' (< PWGm. *kweu-); Lat. bitmen à kind of mineral
pitch found in Palestine and Babylon' (reflects a from of a different dialect)

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Sanskrit: javi
First attestation: RV, YV+
Gramm. forms: Present I: javete [3du.med.] (RV 03.033.01), javate [3sg.med.] (YVp+); Perfect:
jjuvur [3pl.act.] `they drive (us), they impel (us)' (RV 07.021.05), jjuvms- [ptc.act.], jjuvna-
[ptc.med.] `quick, hurried, in a hurry' (RV); ta-ptc.: jta- (RV+)
250
Meaning: `to be quick, hurry'
Link to RV concordance: j-; java-; javana-; javas-; javas-; javin-; juvas-; j-; javyas-; javistha-; jti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: java- [m] `speed' (RV+); javana- [adj] ìmpelling' (RV); javas- [n]
`speed' (RV); javas- [adj] `quick' (RV); javin- [adj] `hurrying, quick' (RV+); juvas- [n] `drive,
urging' (RV); j- [adj, m] `hurrying; race horse' (RV+); javyas- [comp] `quicker' (RV+); javistha-
[sup] `quickest' (RV+); jti- [f] `speed, incitement, instigation' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 580
Avestan: OAv. zauuah- [n] `speed, quickness'; zuutiia- [sup] `quickest' ( Y 28.9); YAv. uziti- (<
*uz + *zti-) [adj] `bubbling up'
Middle Persian: zwt' /zd/ [adj] `quick'
New Persian: zd [adj] `quick'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. (South) zt [adj] `quick'
IE form: IIR {1}
IE meaning: to hurry
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Connection of ON keyra [verb] `to drive, travel' with javi- is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: jay
Gramm. forms: Present I: jayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: ajaisam [1sg.act.] (RV), jes [2sg.inj.act.]
(RV 06.004.04), jesma [1pl.inj.act.] (RV) {1}; jesat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); SI-impv: jesi [2sg.impv.]
(RV); Perfect: jigya [3sg.act.] (RV+), jigvms-, jigyus- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Caus: jpay (KS+);
Aorist RED: ajjapata [3sg.med.] (KS+); Desid: jigs (< *jijs {2}) (RV+); ta-ptc.: jita- (RV+)
Meaning: `to win, conquer, defeat'
Link to RV concordance: ji-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jaya- [m] `victory, winning' (AV+); jyu- [adj] `victorious, winning'
(RV); jigyu- [adj] `victorious' (RV); jit- [adj] `winning X' (RV+); jiti- [f] `winning, victory' (RV+);
jisnu- [adj] `triumphant' (RV+); jetar- [m] `conqueror' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 573
Avestan: OAv. jjint [3pl.desid.act.] `to win'; jji- [f] `wish to win something'; jaiia- [m]
`victory' ( Y 50.7); ?jii `?' ( Y 32.7); YAv. jaiii [1sg.pres.subj.act.] ( V 18.5), jaiiant- ( AZ 7), j
jiiti [3sg.desid.subj.act.]; jjiavha [2sg.desid.impv.med.] ( V 15.13) `to win'
IE form: gwei- ? IIr. {3} ?
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Cf. Kortlandt 2004: 7f. {2} The original palatal is preserved in Avestan (jji). {3}
Connection of Gr. ba [f] `force, violence', etc. with jay- is uncertain.
Sanskrit: jmtar-
First attestation: RV, Yajn~.+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `son-in-law, husband of the daughter'
Link to RV concordance: jmtar-; vijmtar-
251
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jma-, jmaHtar- (?) {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vi-jmtar- [m] `not a real son-in-law' (RV 01.109.02)
Page in EWAia: 585
Avestan: YAv. zmtar- [m] `son-in-law'; zmaoiia- /zmauia-/ [m] `son-in-law' ( F 630; mss.
zmaoi) {1}
Sogdian: (Man.) z'mt'yty [pl] `son-in-law'
Middle Persian: dmd `son-in-law'
New Persian: dmd `son-in-law'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. zm `son-in-law'; Par. zm `son-in-law'
IE form: gomo- (+ -Hter-) ?
IE meaning: son-in-law
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gambrj [m] `son-in-law, brother-in-law, father-in-law' {2}; Lat.
gener `son-in-law' (possibly, with -n- from *genh1-); Alb. dhenderr / dha~n(d)err `son-in-law,
bridegroom'; Lith. entas [m] `son-in-law, brother-in-law'; OCS zet `bridegroom'; Russ. zjat' `son-
in-law, brother-in-law' (possibly, with analogical influence of *genh1-)
Notes: {1} [AL] YAv. zmaoiia- has taken over the suffix of YAv. brtruiia- [m] `nephew' and tiriia-
[m] `father's brother' < PIIr. *pHtruia- and may indicate that PIIr. had a form without the suffix -tar-
(which, in its turn, has been taken from the word for `brother'). {2} [AL] The relevance of Gr.
gamerj, attested in inscriptions, seems doubtful to me. {3} [AL] It is clear that no reconstruction
would account for all forms and that we have to reckon with secondary associations with other words
and roots. The long vowel in Indo-Iranian is the major crux, although it is seldom treated as such. Both
IIr. and Gr. seem to point to a form without any laryngeal, *gomo- (+ *-Hter-) and *gmro-,
respectively. The connection with Gr. gamw (< *gmH-eio-) `to marry' is then indirect, the verbal root
being extended with a laryngeal, cf. further s.v. PIr. *zamH- (XXX).
Sanskrit: jmi-
Meaning: `closely related (of brothers and, usually, sisters), consanguineous', [n] `consanguinity'
Link to RV concordance: jmi-; jmitva-; ajmi-; vijmi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jaHmi-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jmitva- [n] `consanguinity, relation' (RV), a-jmi- [adj] `not of kin', [n]
ìncest' (= `not allowed between close relatives') (RV); vi-jmi- [adj] `pretending to be
consanguineous' (RV 10.069.12); anujmika- [adj] `following the kin (?)' (AVP 5.25.1)
Page in EWAia: 586
See also: jani
Avestan: YAv. hu-zmi- `good, easy birth' ( Yt 5.87)
IE form: gnh1-mi-
IE meaning: birth, related by birth
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Connected with jmtar-, which is probably wrong.
Sanskrit: jnu-
252
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `knee'
Link to RV concordance: jnu-; jn~ubdh-; abhijn~u; mitajn~u-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jnu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jn~u-bdh- [adj] `bending the knee' (RV 06.001.06); abhi-jn~u [adv] òn the
knees, up to the knees' (RV); mita-jn~u- [adj] `with a firm knee' (RV); asita-jn~u- [adj] `with black
knees' (AV+); jnu-daghna- [adj] `reaching to the knee' (YV+)
Page in EWAia: 584
Avestan: YAv. nm [acc.sg.m.] `knee' (probably, from compounds); nubiiascit_ [abl.pl.] ùp to the
knees'; fra-nu- [adj] `holding the knee forward'; znu.drjah- [adj] `showing the length of the knee' (
V 18.11)
Khotanese: ysn `knee'
Middle Persian: d'nwg /dng/ `knee' (z'nwg /zng/ is most probably a LW from Avestan)
Parthian: z'nwg `knee'
New Persian: zn `knee'
IE form: gonu- / gnu-
IE meaning: knee
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gnu [n] `knee' (dat.pl. gnus); Gr. gnx [adv] òn the knees'; Hitt.
gi-[e-]nu- `knee'; Hitt. ga-nu-ut `with the knee'; Lat. gen [n] `knee'; MoE knee
Sanskrit: jra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `lover'
Link to RV concordance: jra-; jrin-; jrya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jaH-ra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jrin- [f] `woman who has a lover' (RV 10.034.05); jrya- [n]
`friendship' (RV 05.064.02)
Page in EWAia: 588
See also: jn~
Avestan: YAv. zaini- `wise' (in zaini-parta- [adj] àsked from a wise man'), a compound form of *z-
ra-.
IE form: gnh3-ro-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. gnrus [adj] `wise, known'
Sanskrit: jtu
First attestation: RV 10.027.11, SB+
Meaning: `by birth, by nature'
Link to RV concordance: jtu; jtbharman-; jtsthira-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jaHtu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: deva-jtu- [adj] `having his birth from the gods' (Br.+); jt-bharman-
[adj] `protector by birth' (RV 01.103.03); jt-sthira- [adj] `solid by birth' (RV 02.013.11)
253
Page in EWAia: 583
See also: jani
Old Persian: datu[u]vhy- /dt-vahya-/ [m] PN, "Med." *zt in Akkad. za-'-tu-'-a
IE form: gnh1-tu-
IE meaning: birth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nt [adv] `by birth, of age'; Lat. ntra [f] `birth, essence, nature'
Sanskrit: jy-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `woman, wife'
Link to RV concordance: jy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jaHiaH-
Page in EWAia: 587
See also: jani
IE form: gnh1-ieh2- {1}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} It is unclear whether this word is the same formation as PGm. *kunja- (Go. kuni, OHG
chunni, etc. `race') < *gnh1-io-.
Sanskrit: *bodhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhaudh-as
Avestan: YAv. baoah- [n] òbservation, recognition, perception'
Ossetic: bud / bod? `fragrance, incense, scent' XXX
IE form: bheudh-os-
IE meaning: perception
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. -peuq-j [adj] ìgnorant'; Gr. bedoj [n] `statue of a god; sumptuous
woman's dress' (LW from Phrygian); OPhr. bevdos [n] `statue, image (of Kybele)'
Sanskrit: jihma-
Meaning: òblique, transverse, athwart'
Link to RV concordance: jihma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jijhma- < dijhma-
Page in EWAia: 591
IE form: dh3gh-mo-
IE meaning: athwart
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. docmj [adj] òblique, transverse'
Notes: {1} ON keikr [adj] `bent backwards' is not related to jihma-, but reflects PIE *geig(h)-.
254
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Sanskrit: jihv-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `tongue'
Link to RV concordance: jihv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jijhuaH- < *dijhuaH- (<< *dajhuaH-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: juh- [f] `tongue, "tongue" of Agni, sacrificial spoon' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 591
Avestan: Av. hizuua- / hiz- [m] `tongue' (YAv. hizuua [nom.sg.]; YAv. hizuuam [acc.sg.], Av.
hizuu /hizuah/ [gen.sg.]; Av. hizuu /hizua/ [instr.sg.]; YAv. hizub [instr.pl.]); OAv.
hizuu.uxi /hizu-/ [instr.pl.] `words (pronounced) by the tongue' ( Y 47.2, Y 51.3) ( Kuiper 1978:
80); YAv. hit.hizuu (< *--h) [adj.nom.sg.] `with a chained tongue' ( Y 65.9)
Old Persian: hzanm /hiznam/ [acc.sg.] `tongue'
Khotanese: bis- `tongue'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) zb''k `tongue' (< PIr. *hizbka-)
Middle Persian: uzwn `tongue' (< PIr. *hizbn-am)
Parthian: `zb'n `tongue' (< PIr. *hizbn-am)
New Persian: zabn `tongue'
Ossetic: yvzag / ?vzag `tongue'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')zb'k `tongue'
IE form: dnghueh2- / dlnghueh2-
IE meaning: tongue
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to pronounce (Truth) with the tongue': Skt. rtasya jihv ... vakt OAv. am ... vacaham
... hizuu; Skt. uvaktha ... jihvay OAv. vaoc hizuu ... h
Cognates in other languages: OLat. dingua `tongue'; Go. tuggo `tongue'; ToA kntu `tongue' (with
metathesis from *tankw ); Lat. lingua `tongue' (with l- from *leigh- `to lick' ?); OIr. tenge `tongue';
OPr. insuwis `tongue'; OCS jezyk [m] `tongue'
Sanskrit: jn~
Gramm. forms: Present IX: jnti [3sg.act.] (RV+) (< *jn-n-aH- with restored laryngeal in the root);
jnte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: jn~eys [2sg.opt.act.] (RV 02.010.06) {1}; Precative: jn~esam
[1sg.act.] (AV, VS); Aorist S: ajn~sths [2sg.med.] (AV+); Aorist SIS: ajn~sisma [1pl.act.] (JB);
Perfect: vi-jnus- [ptc.act.] (RV 10.077.01; nonce), jajn~au [1sg.act.] (late Br.+) {2}; Passive: vi
jn~yante [3pl.] (RV 04.051.06), +sam jn~yate [3sg.] (AV 20.129.11), -jn~yate [3sg.] (YVp+); Aorist
mediopass: ajn~yi [3sg.] (RV 06.065.01); Caus: sam jn~apay `to make agree, to slaughter' (AV+);
jn~apay `to teach, to make know' (Br.+); Desid: jijn~sate [3sg.med.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: a-jn~ta-
ùnknown' (RV+), jn~ta- `known, recognized' (AV 19.15.6 +)
255
Meaning: `to know, recognize, understand'
Link to RV concordance: jn~-; rtajn~-; jn~ti-; jn~s-; ajn~s-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jnaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rta-jn~- [adj] `knowing Rta' (RV, AV); ksetra-jn~a- [adj] `knowing the
field' (Br.+); jn~tar- [m] àcquaintance, surety' (AV+); jn~tra- [n] ìntellectual faculty' (VS+); pra-
jajn~i- [adj] `knowing' (SB); jn~ti- [m] `close relative' (RV+), jn~s- [m] ìd.' (RV 01.109.01); a-jn~s-
[adj] `having no kindred' (RV 10.039.06)
See also: jra-
Avestan: Av. zn- [verb] `to know, recognize': YAv. paiti.znnti [3pl.pres.act.] ( Yt 13.46), OAv.
pait.znat (for * zn-t) [2pl.pres.impv.act.] ( Y 29.11), YAv. paiti.zant_ (them.) [3sg.pres.subj.act.]
( Yt 13.50), auua.zanan [3pl.pres.subj.act.] ( V 6.45), zixnhmna- [ptc.desid.med.], paiti.zanta-
[ppp] (irregular for *zta- < *gnh3-to-) `welcome', ntar- [m] `knower'; nita- [sup] `who knows
the best'; zaini [in compounds] `wise' {3}; OAv. fraxn ( Y 44.7), YAv. fraxni [adv] `cautiously'
Old Persian: xn- [verb] `to know, recognize': a-dn [3sg.impf.act.]; xnstiy [3sg.subj.act.] (inch.)
Khotanese: ysn- [verb] `to appear, shine'; paysn- [verb] `to recognize' (+ *pati-), haysn- [verb] `to
be aware' (+ *fra-)
Sogdian: ''z'n- [verb] `to know, recognize' (+ *-); ptz'n [verb] `to recognize' (+ *pati-); (Buddh.)
zn'kh `knowledge, jn~na'
Middle Persian: (`)n's- /ns-/ [verb] (inch.) `to recognize, get to know', d'n- /dn-/ [verb] `to know'
Parthian: `n's- [verb] (inch.) `to recognize, get to know', z'n- [verb] `to know';''zynd, ''znd `story'
(+ *-)
New Persian: inxtan/ins- [verb] `to recognize, distinguish'
Ossetic: zonyn / zonun [verb] `to know, be able', zynyn / zinnun [verb] `to be seen, appear'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|n's- [verb] `to become acquainted, accustomed'; Bactr. zan- [verb]
`to acknowledge, (bear) witness'
IE form: gneh3-
IE meaning: to know
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gignskw [1sg.pres.act.] `to recognize'; Gr. gnmwn [mf] `knower';
Gr. gnwstr [m] `witness'; Lat. nsc [verb] `to know'; Lith. inoti [verb] `to know'; OCS znati [verb]
`to know'; Arm. canea- / cani- [verb] `to recognize'; Go. kunnan [verb] `to know, be able'; OHG
kunnan [verb] `to know, be able'; Lat. ntus [ppp] `known' (irregular)
Notes: {1} Isolated form, probably built analogically on the model of deym, dheym ( Narten 1964:
122). {2} [AL, LK] Most forms tradionally taken as perfects of jn~ (weak stems) belong in fact to jani
`to be born'; see Kmmel 2000: 203f. Also pra-jajn~ivms- (RV 03.002.11) rather belongs to this root.
{3} See jra-.
Sanskrit: jos
Gramm. forms: Aorist A: jusanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: ajusran [3pl.med.] (RV 01.071.01),
josat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), jusna- [ptc.med.] (RV); SI-impv: josi (RV); Aorist IS: josisat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV 02.035.01); Perfect: jujosa [3sg.act.], jujuse [3sg.med.] (RV+); Caus: josayate
[3sg.med.] `to enjoy (mutually)' (RV); Abs: justv (RV); ta-ptc.: justa-, justa- `welcome, wished,
agreeable' (RV+)
256
Meaning: `to like, be pleased, enjoy'
Link to RV concordance: jus-; josa-; sajosas-; devajusta-; josya-; jostar-; sajs; sajosa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: josa- [m] `satisfaction' (RV+); josya- [adj] `welcome' (RV+); jostar-
[m] `loving, cherishing' (RV+); sa-josas- [adj] àssociated, united with' (RV+); sa-js [adv] `together'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 599
See also: justi-
Avestan: Av. zaoa- [m] `pleasure'; YAv. zu- [verb] `to like': zzute [3sg.pres.med.] {1} ( P 43),
zuta- [ppp]
Old Persian: dautar- [m] `friend'
Khotanese: yss- [verb] `to value, approve'
Middle Persian: dwst /dst/ `friend'; dw- /d-/ [verb] `to like, love'; dag [adj] `dear, expensive'
Parthian: zw `love'
New Persian: dst [m] `friend'
IE form: geus-
IE meaning: to taste, to be pleased
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to enjoy according to the wish': Skt. usan ... jujosa (RV 04.025.01) YAv. utm zaomca;
`to be agreeable to the gods': Skt. deva-justa- (RV), justam devebhih (RV 10.125.05) OAv.
dauu.zuta- `desired by the Dauuas, favourite of the Dauuas'; òf the same wish': Skt. sa-josa(s)-
[adj] `being in harmony with, united' (RV+) OAv. ha-zaoa- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. geomai [1sg.pres.med.] `to taste'; Lat. gust [verb] `to taste'; Lat.
gustus `taste, enjoyment'; Go. ga-kiusan [verb] `to test'; MoHG kiesen [verb] `to choose'; MoHG
kosten [verb] `to taste'
Notes: {1} [LK] Reduplicated present, probably based on perfect ( Kmmel 2000: 671f.).
Sanskrit: jrayas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: èxpanse, flat surface'
Link to RV concordance: jrayas-; prthujrayas-; jri-; jrayasna-; urujri-; parijri-; urujrayas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jraias-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upa jrayati [3sg.pres.act.] `to extend, stretch out' (RV 09.071.05);
jrayasna- [adj] èxtending' (RV), uru-jri- [adj] èxtending widely' (RV), pari-jri- [adj] èxtending on
all sides' (RV); uru-jrayas- [adj] `having a wide expanse' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 606
Avestan: YAv. zraiiah- [n] `sea, lake'
Old Persian: drayah- [n] `sea'
Middle Persian: dray(b) `sea'; zrh `sea, lake'
Parthian: zryh `sea, lake'
New Persian: dary(b) `sea'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Idioms: òf wide expanse/lakes': Skt. prthu-jrayas- [adj] (RV) YAv. pru.zraiiah- [adj] `forming
wide lakes' ( Yt 8.2)
257
Sanskrit: *svara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suara-
Avestan: YAv. xvara- [m] `wound, sore'
New Persian: xrndan [verb] `to scratch'
Ossetic: x?ryn / xw?run [verb] `to itch, scratch (oneself)'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. xr-/xird, Rosh. xrt [verb] `to itch, scratch (oneself)'; Pash. xwar `skin,
bark, peel, scurf', Sangl. xur, M. xur ìtching'
IE form: suer-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG sweran `to have a sore, hurt'
Sanskrit: justi-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `favour, proof of love'
Link to RV concordance: justi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: juti-
Page in EWAia: 599
See also: jos
IE form: geus-
IE meaning: to taste, to be pleased
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Goth. gakusts `test', OE cyst `preference', OFris. kest(e) `choice, statute'
Sanskrit: jrv
Gramm. forms: Present I: (ni-)jrvati [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to destroy, eradicate'
Link to RV concordance: jrv
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jrH-u- (?) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-jur- [f] èxtermination' (RV 02.029.06)
Page in EWAia: 597
See also: jari
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] The IIr. date of this present cannot be ascertained, but cf. YAv. zauruuan- [m] òld
age, decrepitude'; zruuan- [n] `lifetime'; zaurura- [adj] `weak through old age, decrepit', which point
to PIIr. *jrH-uan-/-ur- (cf. Lubotsky 1998b) and Gr. (Hom.) grau~j [f] òld woman', dat.sg. grh, (Ion.)
grhj, grhu~j. It is conceivable that on the basis of these forms a secondary present *jrHua- was created
in Skt., semantically parallel to jvati and formally to trvati. See further s.v. jari.
Sanskrit: *vadh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uadh-
258
See also: vadh-
Avestan: Av. vad- [verb] `to lead': OAv. vadmna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Y 53.5) {1}, YAv. vaiieiti
[3sg.caus.act.], vaiiamna- [ptc.caus.med.], upa.vaiiata [3sg.caus.opt.med.] ( V 14.15) `to marry
(a woman)'
Khotanese: *bad- (by-) [verb] `to produce', by- [caus.] `to lead', OKh. ttuvy- (tvy-) [verb] `to
convey across' (+ *ati-)
Sogdian: (Man.) ptwy [caus.] `to hand over' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: xwywdg'n, wydwtk'n /waydagn/ `nuptials, marriage' (< *uadu-uad- `home-taking
of the bride')
Parthian: w'd- [verb] `to lead', w'd'g `leader, pilot', '(')w'y- [verb] `to lead to, bring' (+ *-)
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. ohl- [verb] `to lead, take, bring; exert', porooato `fared' (+ *pari-);
Khwar. w'zy- [caus.] `to lead to, to let go; chase away'; Pash. -wal-/-wastl [verb] `to bring, lead
along (someone)', Yzgh. wa-/west [verb] `to marry a woman'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. fedid [verb] `to bring, lead'; MW dy-weddio `to marry'; ORuss.
vesti [verb] `ro lead', vesti enu `to marry a woman'; Lith. vedu, vesti [verb] `to lead, to bring, to
marry' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] The form vadmn is difficult to interpret. Insler 1975 suggests an emendation to
*vadmn [voc.pl.] `bridegrooms'. Kellens - Pirart 1990: 296 translate is as `(en) paranymphe',
Humbach 1959: 158 as ìn meiner Eigenschaft als Brautfhrer'. {2} [AL] Other often cited cognates
are most probably unrelated: Gr. (Hom.) edna [n.pl.] `bride-gift', nednoj [adj] `having no bridal
gift'; OHG widamo [m] `bridal gift'; OE weotuma [m] ìd.', OCS veno ìd.' point to *h1ued-. Hitt.
?uet-/?uittiia- `to draw, pull, pluck' can hardly be related to either of the two groups.
Sanskrit: jvari
Gramm. forms: Present I: anusamjvaret [3sg.opt.act.] (BAUv 4.4.12)
Meaning: `to suffer'
Link to RV concordance: navajvra-; jrni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: juarH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nava-jvra- [m.] `new suffering' (RV); anga-jvara- [m] `pain in the limbs'
(AV); a-jvara- [adj] `without pain' (JB); jrni- [f] `glow, flame, fiery weapon' (RV); here also jvali-
[verb] `to burn' (jvalati [3sg.pres.act.] (Br.+), jajvla [3sg.pf.act.] (Br.+), ajvlt [3sg.aor.act.] (Br.),
jvalita- [ta-ptc.] (Br.)); jvalana- [m] `fire' (MS+); jvalana- [adj] `burning' (Br.+); jvla- [m] `coal'
(MS+)
Page in EWAia: 607
Avestan: YAv. zbauruuant- [m] PN (probably unrelated)
IE form: guelH- ?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lith. vilti [verb] `to be brilliant'; MoHG Kohle `coal' {2}
Notes: {1} With different analysis. {2} Connection with jvar-/jval- uncertain.
Sanskrit: jy- [1]

259
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: jiy-
Meaning: `bow-string'
Link to RV concordance: jy-; jyk-; rtajya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jiaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jyk- [f] `bow-string' (RV, AV); rta-jya- [adj] `having the rta as bow-
string' (RV 02.024.08)
Page in EWAia: 603
Avestan: YAv. jii- [f] `bow-string'; aiiah.jiia- [adj] `with iron bow-strings'
Middle Persian: zh `bow-string'
New Persian: zih `bow-string'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. a, ja `bow-string'; Yi. o `bow-string'
IE form: gwieH- / gwiH-
IE meaning: bow-string
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bij [m] `bow' (< PIE *gwiH-o- `containing a string'); Lith. gija [f]
`thread (in warp)'; Russ. (dial.) ica [f] `thread, coloured woollen yarn'

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Sanskrit: jyok
Gramm. forms: /jiyok/
Meaning: à long time, still a long time, already a long time'
Link to RV concordance: jyok
Proto-Indo-Iranian: diauk {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jyokti- [f] `long life' (SrS.)
Page in EWAia: 604
See also: dyot; dyav-; jyot
IE form: dieu-g
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. igis [adj] èverlasting, enduring'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonetic development *diau- > jyo- see aan de Wiel 2000.
Sanskrit: jyot
Gramm. forms: Present I: jyotatm [3sg.impv.med.] (MS); Passive: ava-jyotyamna- [ptc.] (SB);
Caus: jyotay (AV); Abs: ava-jyotya (Br.+)
Meaning: `to be brilliant, shine'
Link to RV concordance: jyut-
260
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dyaut- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jyotis- [n] `light, brightness' (RV+); jyotratha- [adj] `whose chariot is
light' (RV); jyotsn- [f] `moonlight night' (MS+); jyotayammaka- [m] `will-o'-the-wisp' (AVS
4.37.10) (from jyotaya mm `shine on me!' + suff. -aka-)
Page in EWAia: 753
See also: dyot
IE form: dieu-t-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonetic development *diaut- > jyot- see aan de Wiel 2000.
Sanskrit: kad
Meaning: `when'
Link to RV concordance: kad
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kadaH
Page in EWAia: 295
See also: ka- [1]
Avestan: OAv. kad [adv] `when'; YAv. kada [adv] `when'
Sogdian: kd(') [adv] `when'
New Persian: kai [adv] `when'
IE form: kwo-deH
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. kada [adv] `when' is, most probably, a different formation.
Sanskrit: kadru-
Meaning: `reddish brown'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kadru-
Page in EWAia: 295
Avestan: YAv. kadruua.aspa- [m] PN (`with brown horses')
New Persian: kahar [adj] `light brown'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection of Gr. Kdroj PN with kadru- is highly uncertain.
Sanskrit: kalyna-
Gramm. forms: In the RV, m. only (agne ...) kalyna [voc.sg.m.] 01.031.09, elsewhere kalyn- [f]
(vrk-inflection); AVS only fem. {1}
Meaning: `beautiful, lovely < with beautiful hips'
261
Link to RV concordance: kalyna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kali-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: P. kalyna-, kallna- [adj] `beautiful, good'
Page in EWAia: 325
See also: ni-
IE form: kol-i- (Caland's form) / kluo-
Certainty: + {2}
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kalj [adj] `beautiful, noble, good' (Ep., Ion. ka, Boeot.
kal oj) < *kal oj < *kluo-
Notes: {1} [AL] Accentuation kalyna- is only attested from the MS on. At AVP 4.10.8a, 6.9.7a, we
find kalyna- [m] in reference to a bull. In RV 1.31.5, Agni is also called a bull, so that it becomes
reasonable to assume that 1.31.9d kalyna characterizes Agni as a bull, too. {2} [AL] For the
etymology see Pinault 2003a. Doubts remain, however. Since ni- is a loanword, it is not
unreasonable to assume that kalyn- is a loanword, too, and that *kali- or *kalya- meant, for
instance, `broad' and has thus nothing to do with Gr. kalj.
Sanskrit: kam
Gramm. forms: enclytic kam after nu, su, hi
Meaning: final particle after datives
Link to RV concordance: kam
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: e.g. drse kam `to be looked at', amrtya kam `for immortality', vryya
kam `for a heroic deed'; possibly here kantva- [n] `well-being' (KS, MS+); kamvant- [adj] `blissful'
(SB); kantama- [sup] `the most loved' (JB)
Page in EWAia: 304
Avestan: OAv. kam [part] (aibii kam Y 44.20), presumably for *km
Certainty: ? {1}
Notes: {1} It is unclear whether we may equate Skt. nu kam èven now' (RV+) with Gr. n ken and
Hitt. nu-kkan.
Sanskrit: kami
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: kmayate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: cakamna- [ptc.med.] `desirous'
(RV, RV-Kh., AV); cakame [3sg.med.] (SB+)
Meaning: `to desire, want'
Link to RV concordance: kam-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaHmaia- {1}
Page in EWAia: 306
See also: kma-
Khotanese: OKhot. tm- [verb] `to desire' (< * kamaia- with hiatus filler -t-); tama- `desire'
Sogdian: k'm-, (Chr., Man.) q'm [verb] `to want, wish'
Middle Persian: k'm- [verb] `to wish, want'; (Man.) frg'm- [verb] `to desire' (+ *fra-)
Parthian: k'm- [verb] `to wish, want'
262
Ossetic: komyn / komun [verb] `to consent, yield'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. k'my- [verb] `to desire, wish'; Sh. mb-/mt, Sariq. omb-/imd,
Yzgh. kam-, Sangl. kmay-, Wa. km()y-/kmt- [verb] `to wish, want; to consent'; Arm. kamim
[verb] `to want' (Iranian LW)
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} A denomivative formation from kma- with secondary short vowel in the root in a number
of forms.
Sanskrit: kani
Gramm. forms: Aorist IS: aknisam [1sg.act.] (RV), knisas [2sg.subj.act.] (RV), canistam
[2du.impv.act.] `be glad' (RV 07.070.04; a nonce form); Perfect: ckana [3sg.act.] (RV); ckanas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV); ckantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 01.122.14; haplology); ckananta [3pl.subj.med.]
(RV) {1}
Meaning: `to be pleased with, enjoy'
Link to RV concordance: kani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kanH- / anH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: canistha- [sup] `most welcome, pleasing' (RV) (canisthat RV
08.074.11 is a nonce form, cf. Hoffmann 1952: 131-132 = Hoffmann 1976: 367)
Page in EWAia: 296
See also: canas-; cru-
Avestan: Av. kan- [verb] `to be glad, take pleasure in, desire': OAv. cxnar [3pl.pf.] ( Y 33.6), YAv.
cakana [3sg.pf.] ( H 2.11); YAv. cinman(a)- [n] `desire' (cf. Hintze 1994: 188f.)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] For the meaning of the perfect forms cf. Kmmel 2000: 132f. Connection with k is
conceivable (an original nasal present?).
Sanskrit: kapota-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `pigeon'
Link to RV concordance: kapota-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kapauta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kapot- [f] `pigeon' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 303
Old Persian: kapautaka- [adj] `blue'; ksaka- ... kapautaka- `lapis lazuli'
Khotanese: kavta- [adj] `blue, gray'
Middle Persian: kabd `grey-blue; pigeon'; kabtar `pigeon'
New Persian: kabtar `pigeon'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] In view of its form and meaning, the word is likely to have been borrowed from a
Central-Asiatic language (cf. Lubotsky 2001).
263
Sanskrit: kaprth-
First attestation: RV 10.086.16, 10.086.17
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. kaprt
Meaning: `penis' -
Link to RV concordance: kaprth-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaprt(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kaprtha- `penis (?)' (RV 10.101.12 acc.sg. kaprtham)
Page in EWAia: 302
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Connections with MoP kahra [n] `kid' or with Lat. caper are very uncertain.

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Sanskrit: karna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: èar'
Link to RV concordance: karna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: asta-karn- [f] `with marked ears' (RV); karna-sla- [m] èar-ache'
(AV); krsna-karna- [adj] `with black ears' (AV; MS krsna-karn- [f]); vi-karna- [adj] `wide-
eared' (AV); karna- [adj] àuritus' (AV+; VS `with long ears (of a donkey)', MS+ `defect in the
ears')
Page in EWAia: 314
Avestan: YAv. karna- [m] èar [davic]' in ( Yt 11.2); karna- [adj] `deaf' ( Yt 5.93)
Khotanese: krra- [adj] `deaf'
Sogdian: krn [adj] `deaf'
Middle Persian: kl, (Man.) qr /karr/ [adj] `deaf'
New Persian: kar(r) [adj] `deaf'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. n [adj] `deaf'
IE form: kwor-no-
Certainty: ? {1}
Cognates in other languages: CS krn [adj] `mutilated (with ears slit or cropped)', Latv. kur~ns [adj]
`deaf' or CS ren [m] `handle'
Notes: {1} The Indo-Iranian forms seem to point to the original meaning èar', which makes
connection with CS krn [adj] `mutilated', Latv. kur~ns [adj] `deaf' difficult.
Sanskrit: kars
264
Gramm. forms: Present IX: ava-krsnyt [3sg.opt.act.] `to make lean' (MS 3.6.9:73.8); Present IV:
krsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Perfect: cakarsa [3sg.act.] (AV 12.3.16); Caus: ava-karsayanti [3pl.act.] `to
make lean' (RV 06.024.07); ta-ptc.: krsita- èmaciated' (Br.)
Meaning: `to be/become lean'
Link to RV concordance: krs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karc-
Page in EWAia: 318
See also: krsa-
IE form: k(w)erk-
IE meaning: to be lean
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON horr [m] èmaciation'; Lith. karti [verb] `reach the end of one's life,
become frail with age, die' {1}; Cz. krsati [verb] `to decrease'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the acute tone in Lithuanian see Derksen 1996: 285-294.
Sanskrit: kars
Gramm. forms: Present VI: vi krsantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV); krsasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV); krsatu
[3sg.impv.act.] (RV); Present I: karsat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); karsathas [2du.act.] (RV); karsa
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV), karset [3sg.opt.act.] (AV+); Aorist SA: (sam) akrksat [3sg.act.] (YV+);
Passive: krsyate [3sg.] (MSp+); Fut: kraksye [1sg.med.] (Br.); karsisyant- [ptc.act.] (Br.); Aorist
RED: ackrsam [1sg.act.] (RV); Intensive: carkrsa (RV+); ta-ptc.: krsta- (AV+)
Meaning: `to pull, drag, plow'
Link to RV concordance: krs-; krsi-; akrsvala-; krsman-; krsti-; carsani-; pracarsani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krsi- [adj] `pulling' (YV); krsi- [f] `ploughing, field' (RV 10.034.13+);
krsman- [n] `goal of racing' (RV); krsti- [f] `boundary', [pl.] `boundaries, tribes' (RV+); carsani-
[f.pl.] `people' (< `boundary'; RV 01.046.04 [f.sg.] `boundary, protection' ?) (RV+); pra-carsani-
[adj] `without boundaries' (RV+); kars- [f] `furrow, incision, trench' (SB+); a-krsvala- [adj]
`without farmers' {1} (RV 10.146.06); krsvana- [m] `plower' (AV) {2}
Page in EWAia: 319
See also: krsvala-
Avestan: YAv. auua.karnti [3pl.pres.act.] ( V 5.5), pairi.karit_ [3sg.pres.opt.] `to draw' ( V
19.21); karta- [ppp] `sown'; akarta- [adj] `not plowed, not sown'; yaokarti- [f] `cultivating barley';
kariuuant- [m] `plower, farmer'; kara- [mn] `furrow'; kari- [f] `furrow'; karuuar-/-n- [n]
`continent' (< *kruar-); YAv. karuii [gen.sg.f.] `plowed (land)' ( F 284, Y 11.2) {3}
Middle Persian: (Man.) krytn' [verb] `to pull'; kywl /kiwar/ `region, continent' ( YAv. karuuar-)
Parthian: ky- [verb] `to sow, plant'
New Persian: kadan [verb] `to pull'
IE form: kwels-
IE meaning: to plow
Certainty: +
265
Idioms: `to cultivate barley': Skt. yavam ... karsathah, yavam ... carkrsat (RV) YAv. yauuanam ...
(a)kartanam, yaokarti- [f] `cultivating barley'; `to make a furrow': Skt. krsim ... krsasva (RV)
YAv. karim kraiieiti
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. gul-a-an-zi [3pl.pres.act.] `they scratch into'; Gr. tlson [n] `last
furrow of the field'
Notes: {1}[AL] For the meaning see Griffiths 2004: ad 6.9.7. {2} [AL] krsyu- [adj] `plowing (of
oxen)' (AVP), given by Mh, does not exist. Instead of Kashmir krsyavah, the Orissa mss. read AVP
9.10.11d [']nadvhah kris iva (for *krs iva) `like lean oxes'. {3} [AL] The easiest way to account
for this form is to assume the stem *karu- (cf. vahuui [gen.sg.f.] to vavh-), pace Klingenschmitt
1968: 103, who assumes haplology from *karuiiaii.
Sanskrit: kart [1]

Gramm. forms: Present VI<VII: krntati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: akrtas [2sg.act.] (RV); Aorist IS:
karts [2sg.inj.act.] (Br., S.); Perfect: cakarta [3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: kartsy (AV); Abs: vikrtya (RV);
ta-ptc.: krtta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to cut, cut off, split, break'
Link to RV concordance: krt- [1]; krntatra-; samskrtatra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)kart-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krntatra- [n] ìncision, depth' (RV+); mna-skrt- [m] `worker in leather (=
measure-cutter)' (VdhS.); samskrtatra- [n] `slaughtering-table' (RV 06.028.04)
Page in EWAia: 315
See also: karta-; krti-; krtti-; krtvas; sakrt
Avestan: YAv. kart- [verb] `to cut': (apa-, aipi-) krntaiti [3sg.pres.act.], krntaiieiti [3sg.pres.act.]
(nonce, Yt 14.62), auua.krqiit_ [3sg.pass.subj.] ( V 4.50); krsta- [ppp]; krti- [f] `garment' (if
not from kart [2] `to spin')
Khotanese: patlt- (pa's-) [verb] `to cut off' (+ *pati-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'skr'nt(-) [verb] `to cut up' (+ *us-), ptkr'nt- [verb] `to cut through, off' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: klyn- /kirrn-/ [verb] `to cut, create [daevic]' (+ *fra-), plglt /fragard/ `chapter,
section'
Ossetic: k?rdyn / k?rdun [verb] `to cut (to pieces)'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. xiand- [verb] `to cut' (< PIr. *skrnta-); Khwar. knd- [verb] `to measure
off (before cutting off the leather)' (+ *upa-)
IE form: (s)kert-
IE meaning: to cut
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG scrinden [verb] `to split (intrans)'; Lith. kertu [1sg.pres.act.] `to
fell, to cut down'; OCS oresti [verb] `to cut'; Hitt. kartae- [verb] `to cut'
Sanskrit: kart [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VII: ut-krnatti [3sg.act.] (RV 10.130.02); krnatti [3sg.act.] (AV, TS+)
Meaning: `to spin, twist threads'
Link to RV concordance: krt- [2]
266
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kart-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Possibly here krtsna- [adj] èntire, whole' (Br.+); krtsnavta- [adj]
`completely covered or mailed' (TS), cf. Hitt. kar-za, kar-za-na-a.
Page in EWAia: 316
See also: cat(t)ra-
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. kncy- [verb] `to turn (one's head)' (< PIr.*krntaya-);'nknc [f] `needle'
IE form: kert-
IE meaning: to plait
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. kar-za, kar-za-na-a `weaver's tool to make yarn (a spool, bobbin
?)' < *kert-s, krt-s-n-
Sanskrit: karta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hole, pit'
Link to RV concordance: karta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karta-
Page in EWAia: 317
See also: kart [1]
Avestan: YAv. vouru.kaa- [adj] `with wide bays' ( kaa- ìncision, cut' < PIr. *karta-), cf. also
nasu.kaa- [adj] `cutting up the dead'
Sogdian: k'rt (W. Sundermann, Ein manichisch-sogdisches Parabelbuch. Berlin 1985, p. 50) XXX
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. g-dil `below the heart, the pit of the stomach' (if < PIr. *kart-)
IE form: kort-o-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether kta- [m./n.] (AV+) belongs here. This word seems to refer to a
(large) body of water, where you can fall (= a well?; for the meaning see further Griffiths - Lubotsky
2003: 203).
Sanskrit: kardatin-
Gramm. forms: Nom.sg. karlat, epithet of a god (Psan ?, cf. Geldner RV ad loc.) < *karuz-dat .
Meaning: `with damaged teeth'
Link to RV concordance: kardatin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karu(s)-
Page in EWAia: 313
See also: kharva-
Sogdian: 'krw nt'k' [adj] `with damaged teeth' (< PIr. *kar-ua-)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
267
Sanskrit: kari [1]
Gramm. forms: Intensive: carkarmi [1sg.act.] (RV), carkirma [1pl.subj.act.] (RV), carkrdhi
[2sg.impv.] (AVP 5.34.8), carkrse [3sg.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: akrt [3sg.act.] (RV+); akrisam
[1sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to commemorate, praise'
Link to RV concordance: kr- [2]; carkrti-; carkrtya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: carkrti- [f] `praising mention, praise' (RV); carkrtya- [adj] `worthy to be
praised, famous' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 310
See also: krti-; kru-
Avestan: YAv. kar- [verb] `to praise': carkrmah [1pl.int.pres.act.] ( Y 58.4); OAv. carkrqra-
[n] `song of praise' ( Y 29.8) {1}
Ossetic: ?pp?lyn / ?pp?lun [verb] `to praise' (? with assimilation mk > pp)
IE form: kerh2/3- / kreh2/3- {2}
IE meaning: to praise
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. hro?eigans [adj.] (acc.pl.) `triumphant'; OHG hruom `fame' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] Possibly, also YAv. kraiia- `+_ to announce, perform', MP hng'r- `to (ac)count,
reckon', hng'l- /hangr-/ `to perform, offer (thanks); calculate, determine; consider' ( Kellens 1984:
147f.) may belong here. Other possible cognates are Bactr. pi-agghr- `to agree, settle', Khwar.
m|nk'ry- `to settle (a score) with someone; to say goodbye'. {2} [AL] The mechanism of the
Schwebeablaut in this root is not quite clear.
Sanskrit: kari [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VI: kirsi [2sg.subj.act.] (RV+); akirat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV+); kirate
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS: sam ... krisat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 06.048.15); akrt [3sg.act.] (JB);
Passive: kryate [3sg.] (KSp+); na-ptc.: krna- (Br.+)
Meaning: `to scatter, strew, pour out'
Link to RV concordance: kr- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: karH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kirana- [m] `dust, lightbeam' (RV+); khu-kiri- [m] `mole-hill' (KS,
MS); khtkara- [m] `mole-hill' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 311
Avestan: YAv. kraiieiti [verb] `to strew seed, cultivate' {3}
Khotanese: (Old) ker- [verb] `to plant'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) kyr- [verb] `to plant, sow'
Middle Persian: k'l-, (Man.) qr- /kr-/ [verb] `to make furrows; sow'; 'gyrd ùnploughed, untilled'
Parthian: k'r- [verb] `to sow, plant'
New Persian: kr- [verb] `to plant, sow'
Ossetic: kalyn / kalun [verb] `to pour, spill; throw on the ground'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. k'ry- [verb] `to till; sow, plant'
268
IE form: *(s)kerH- ?
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems utterly improbable to me that kula- [adj] `filled out, full, fulfilled' (not in
the AVP!); samkula- [adj] `full, amply provided with' (Ep. +), and klayati `to drive before one's self,
persecute' (S., Ep.+) are related to this root. Also karsa- [n] `dung, dry cow dung' (SB+) with its
derivatives and compounds karsin- [adj] `rich in dung' (AV); karsa-ja- [adj] `born from dung'
(AVP); khu-karsa- [n] `heap of mole dung' (SB, TB) cannot be derived from kari- because of
unusual suffixation and different meaning. I am also doubtful about the etymological appurtenance of
kalila- [n] `thicket, tangle' (Up.+). The original form and meaning of kirika- [adj] `flashing, spraying
(?)' (VS), girika- (MS) are uncertain. {2} [AL] Mayrhofer hesitatingly follows Burrow in connecting
our root with Gr. skllw [verb] `to hack, to scrape'; Gr. skllw [verb] `to tear (up)'; OIr. scailid [verb]
`to strew', but this etymology is untenable (cf. LIV2 s.v. 3.*kerH-). {3} [AL] In Iranian, *kraia-
forms one suppletive paradigm with *kar-.
Sanskrit: kas {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: apkasan [3pl.impf.act.] (AV 10.7.20)
Meaning: `to scratch, shave'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kar- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nis-ksa- [m] `scrapings, what is scraped off from a pan' (KS+); ksma-
ksa- [m] `burnt scrapings' (SrS.) (= SB ksma-karsa )
Page in EWAia: 332
See also: kars
IE form: kers-
IE meaning: to plow
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Skt. kas- is a popular form of kars.

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Sanskrit: kasu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: N of a Cedi-king
Link to RV concordance: kasu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kacu- {1}
Page in EWAia: 330
Avestan: OAv. kasu- [adj] `small, little': YAv. kasiiah- [comp], kasita- [sup]; YAv. kasu-pna- [adj]
`with small heels' ( Yt 14.17); kasu-pitu- [m] PN ( Yt 13.100)
Khotanese: kastara- ìnferior, without authority'
269
Sogdian: ky- [verb] `to diminish'
Middle Persian: keh `smaller'; kasist, kehist `smallest'
New Persian: kih `smaller'; kastar `younger', kastan [verb] `to diminish'
Ossetic: k?st?r `younger' (< *kasutara-)
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. kasoko [adj, adv] `little, a little, slightly' (< *kasuka-); Arm. kasem
[verb] `to cease' (Iranian LW)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: MoHG hager [adj] `lean, thin' (< *kok-ro- ?)
Notes: {1} The Skt. name can also be of Iranian provenance.
Sanskrit: kasyapa-
Meaning: `turtle', N of a divine being (AV+) , N of a wise man, skilled in magic (RV+)
Link to RV concordance: kasyapa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kacyapa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kacchapa- [m] `turtle' (Mn.+); kasyap- [f] à musical instrument' (JB
2.404)
Page in EWAia: 331
Avestan: YAv. kasiiapa- [m] `turtle'
Sogdian: kyph `turtle'
New Persian: kaaf, ka(a)p `turtle'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: katama-
Meaning: `which (of more than two)'
Link to RV concordance: katama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: katamHa-
Page in EWAia: 293
See also: ka- [1]; katara-
Avestan: YAv. katma- [pron] `who (of more than two)' (the origin of -- is not well explained)
Sogdian: (Man.) kt'm [pron] `which'
Middle Persian: kt'm /kadm/ [pron] `which, who'
New Persian: kudm [pron] `which (of more than two)'
IE form: kwo-tmHo-
IE meaning: which (of more than two), a "superlative" of *kwo- `which, who'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OLat. quotumus [pron] `what, which, "der wievielte"' {1}
Notes: {1} It is not quite certain that this is a IE formation.
Sanskrit: kavi
270
Gramm. forms: Present VI: kuvate [3sg.med.] (?) (KS)
Meaning: `to intend to'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -kti- [f] ìntention, plan' (RV+); -kta- [n] ìntention' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 328
See also: kavi-
Sogdian: pckwyr [verb] `to fear'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nkwr ìntention, purpose'
IE form: (s)keuH-
IE meaning: `to observe, shine'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kow [verb] `to notice, to hear'; Lat. cave [verb] `to take care';
OHG scouwn [verb] `to look at', Go. skauns [adj] `beautiful'
Sanskrit: k
Gramm. forms: Present IV: kyamna- [ptc.med.] (RV 03.009.02); Perfect: () cake [3sg.med.] (RV);
cakna- [ptc.med.] (RV)
Meaning: `to desire, like'
Link to RV concordance: k-; kyya-; rnakti-; kmakti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kyya- [adj] `desirable' (RV 04.029.05); rna-kti- [adj] `demanding a
debt' (RV 08.061.12); kma-kti- [adj] `wishing a wish' (RV 08.092.14)
Page in EWAia: 334
See also: kma-; kami; kani
Avestan: YAv. k- [verb] `to take pleasure, desire': cakue [ptc.pf.act.] (dat.sg.m.); kta- [ppp]
`desired' (maybe, also *kta in names) {1} {2}
IE form: keh2-
IE meaning: to love, desire
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. crus [adj] `dear, loved'; Go. hors [m] àdulterer, fornicator'
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning and interpretation of OAv. kaii ( Y 33.6) (= 1sg.pres.?) and YAv.
khmaide ( Vyt 22) (= 1pl.aor.subj.?) are controversial. {2} [AL] The Iranian words for `game,
play' may be related: MP k'tk /kdag/ `game, joke'; Sogd. (Buddh.) k't'k `game, play', Khwar. k't
`game' (cf. Cheung 2007: 227).
Sanskrit: kca-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `gleaming piece of ornament, pearl (?)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kca- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: P. kca- [m] `glass-like substance'
271
Page in EWAia: 335
See also: ks
Old Persian: ksa-ka- `semi-precious stone' (an East-Iranian form, cf. *kika- in Elamite)
IE form: kwok-o-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The Skt. and form is most probably a LW from Nristn *kt's'a-.
Sanskrit: kma-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wish, desire'
Link to RV concordance: kma-; gokma-; ryaskma-; kmin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaHma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: go-kma- [adj] `desiring cows' (RV+); pati-kma- [adj] `desiring a
husband' (AV+); ryas-kma- [adj] `desiring wealth' (RV) (with gen.sg. in the first member); dhana-
kmy [adv] `with the wish for property' (AV 12.2.51); anna-kmy [adv] `with the wish for food'
(AVP); kmin- [adj] `feeling like, desiring' (RV+); kmuka- [adj] `desiring, loving, in love' (TS+);
kmay [denom] `to desire, to love' (see s.v. kami)
Page in EWAia: 338
See also: kami; k
Avestan: Av. kma- [m] `wish, desire'; YAv. xar.kmiia [adv] `because of the wish for the power'
( Skt. kmy)
Old Persian: kma- `wish, desire'
Middle Persian: k'm /km/ `wish, desire'
Parthian: k'm `wish, will'
New Persian: km `will, desire, purpose'
Ossetic: kom `consent' (kom d?ddyn / d?ddun `to agree')
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. coa-kamo, cogamo àcting willingly'; Arm. kamk` `wish' (Iranian LW)
IE form: keh2-mo-
IE meaning: wish
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to accept a wish': Skt. kmam etya (RV 10.066.14) OAv. kmahii ... it (?) ( Y 43.13); `to
grant a wish': Skt. kmam prna (RV) OAv. prn ... kmm ( Y 28.10)
Sanskrit: kru-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `singer of praise, singing priest, proclaimer, poet'
Link to RV concordance: kru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaHru- ? {1}
Page in EWAia: 340
See also: kari [1]
IE form: keh2/3-r-u- ?
Certainty: ?
272
Notes: {1} [AL] The ablaut relationships in this root are not well explained. Beekes 2003: 112ff. has
persuasively argued that kru- cannot be related to Gr. krux [m] `herald, messenger' (Dor., Aeol.
krux).
Sanskrit: ks
Gramm. forms: Present I: ava-ksate [3sg.med.] (SB+); Caus: samksay (AV+) `to look at, show';
avaksay (Br.+) `to make to look at'; Intensive: (abhi) ckasti [3sg.act.] (RV+) `to consider';
avackasat [ptc.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to become visible, appear'
Link to RV concordance: ks-; praksa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kac- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-pra-cankasa- [adj] `without the power to see' (AV); praksa- [m]
`brightness, light' (RV+); ksa- [m] `free space, air, opening' (AitB+); ksin- [adj] `-looking' (KS+)
Page in EWAia: 344
See also: ks; caks; kca-
Avestan: YAv. kasat_ [3sg.inj.] `to catch sight of' ( V 22.2)
Khotanese: kas- [verb] `to appear, to be seen'
Sogdian: (Chr.) 'qsy òverseer' (+ *-)
Middle Persian: 'k'syn- /ghn-/ [verb] `to inform (someone)'; 'k's /gh/ [adj] àware, knowing'
Parthian: 'gs [adj] `visible, apparent'
New Persian: gh [adj] àware, knowing'
Ossetic: k?syn / k?sun [verb] `to look; to read; to wait; to appear'; ?ngas / ?ngast `look, appearance'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'ks- [verb] `to observe' (+ *-)
IE form: kwek-
IE meaning: to look
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tkmwr, tkmar [n] `sign, mark'
Notes: {1} [AL] The long vowel in the Skt. root is only based on the late and poorly attested present
ksate, which is likely to be secondary. Its long vowel may have been taken from the causative and
from the forms like avaksa-, praksa-. [[Also the present in Iranian does not look old. At any rate, the
non-palatalized initial k- shows that this is not an old thematic present. LIV2 s.v. *kuek- proposes
dissimilation of inital *- to *k-, which is hardly plausible.]] Due to various phonetic developments,
the original forms of the IIr. root *kac- are now divided between three roots: ks (original intensive),
caks (original reduplicated present), ks / khy (original thematic aorist).
Sanskrit: ks-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: acc.sg. ksam, instr. ks, abl. ksas, etc.
Meaning: `cough'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaHs-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksik- [f] `cough' (AV); ks- [verb] `to cough' (Susr.)
Page in EWAia: 346
IE form: kweh2s-
273
IE meaning: cough
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG huosto `cough'; Alb. kolle `cough'; Lith. kosiu (OLith. kosmi)
[verb] `to cough'; Lith. kosuly~s `cough'

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Sanskrit: kekara-
First attestation: Mn.+
Meaning: `squint-eyed'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ka(H)ika-
IE form: keh2iko-
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. caecus [adj] `blind, dark, invisible'; OIr. caech [adj] òne-eyed', Go.
haihs [adj] òne-eyed'
Notes: {1} In spite of the very late attestation, the connection is tempting.
Sanskrit: kesa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hair on the head' -
Link to RV concordance: harikesa-; kesavant-; kesin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaica- / gaica-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hari-kesa- [adj] `with golden hair, blonde' (RV+), [f] kes- (AV);
kesavant- [adj] `with a mane' (RV); kesin- [adj] `long-haired (also of flames, horses)' (RV+); kesya-
[adj] `located in the hair' (AV); kesara- [n] `hair, mane' (VS+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 401
Avestan: YAv. gasa- [m] `curly hair' ( F 102), viti.gasa- [m] N. of a mountain ( Yt 19.2); gasu-
[adj] `with curly hair'
Middle Persian: gs `curls'
New Persian: gs `curls'
IE form: IIR {2}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The vacillation s/s in this word (for instance, the name of a woman AVS 5.18.11c
kesaraprbandh (`with braided hair') appears at AVP 9.18.6c as kesaraprbandh) makes probable
that kesara-/kesara- is a derivative of kesa-. This vacillation is especially characteristic of words that
are not attested in the RV (e.g., vsit-/vsit- `cow in heat', musala-/musala- `pestle', vas- / vas-
274
`melted fat'). {2} [AL] The variation Skt. k- Ir. g- is a strong indication that the word is of non-IE
origin.
Sanskrit: khani
Gramm. forms: Present I: khanmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); khanamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Perfect: cakhna
[3sg.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: khta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to dig'
Link to RV concordance: khani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kanH- {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: khana-, khani- [adj] `grubbing' (AV); khantaka- [adj] `dug out with a
spade' (S.); khanitar- [adj] `digging out' (RV+); khanitra- [n] `spade' (RV+); khanitrima- [adj]
ùncovered by digging' (RV+; AV khanitrima-); khanya- [adj] `coming from pits' (TS); bisa-kh-
[adj] `digging out lotus-roots' (RV 06.061.02)
Page in EWAia: 445
Avestan: YAv. kan- [verb] `to dig': us-knti, ni-kainti [3sg.pres.act.], aipi.kaniit_ [3sg.opt.act.],
auua.kani [2sg.opt.act.] and hankanaiin [3pl.] (them.), auua-kanta [3sg.inj.med.], vknaiit_
[3sg.caus.subj.act.], nikanta- [ppp], v-kante, parakantaiiaca [inf]; kastra- [n] `spade' ( Skt.
khanitra-) {1}
Old Persian: kan- [verb] `to dig', (+ viy) `to destroy', (+ niy) `to bury': ni-kantuv [3sg.pres.impv.], viy-
akanam [1sg.impf.], viy-akan [3sg.impf.], akaniya [3sg.pass.], kantanaiy [inf], ka(n)ta- [ppp] --> [n]
èxcavation, ditch'
Khotanese: kamggan- [intens.] `to dig'
Sogdian: kn-, (Chr.) qn- [verb] `to dig'; (Buddh.) kn- [verb] `to put out (eye)'; knh, (Buddh.) knyh,
(Chr.) qq(-) `town'
Middle Persian: kn-, (Man.) qn- /kan-/ [verb] `to dig (up); to raze, destroy'
Parthian: kn- [verb] `to dig (up); to raze, destroy'
New Persian: kandan [verb] `to dig'
Ossetic: (I.) k?nd `building'; nyg?nyn / nig?nun [verb] `to bury' (+ *ni-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. kn- [verb] `to dig; to break out (of teeth)'; Bactr. nakan- [verb] `to dig'
(+ *ni-); Pash. kan- [verb] `to dig', Wa. kn-, Yghn. kan-, Sh. n-, Yzgh. kan- ìd.'
IE form: IIR {2}
Certainty: -
Notes:
{1} [AL] Cheung 2007 distinguishes three different Iranian roots: *kan1 `to throw, place, put; to
destroy', *kan2 `to fill' and *kanH1 `to dig' (see s.v. for the earlier literature), but this is unwarranted.
The three roots are all used with different preverbs, and it seems clear that various combinations with
preverbs have led to the deviant semantics. The overlap is negligible, so that we can safely start with a
single Proto-Iranian root *kan(H)- `to dig'. Here is the list of Iranian combinations with a preverb:
Without preverbs: OP kan- `to dig'; MMP qn- `to dig (up); to raze, destroy'; BMP kn- (HPLWN-)
/kan-/ `to dig (out); engrave'; Parth. kn- `to dig (up); to raze, destroy'; OKh. kamggan- `to dig' (< old
intens.); BSogd. kn- `to put out (eye)', BSogd. kn-, CSogd. qn-, MSogd. kn- `to dig', SSogd. knh,
BSogd. knyh, CSogd. qq(-) `town'; Khwar. kn- `to dig; to break out (of teeth)'; NP kandan/kan-,
Kurd. (Sor.) kandin/kan- `to dig (out)'; Pash. kan-/kandl, (Waz.) (pret.) wu-knd, Wa. kn-/kot,
275
Yghn. kan-/kanta, Sh. n-/nt, Rosh. n-/nt, Bart. n-/nt, Yzgh. kan-/kont `to dig', Oss. I. k?nd
`building'
(+ *abi-) OKh. byn~- `to cover'; Oss. I. ?vg?nyn/?vg?d, D. ?vg?nun/?vg?d `to pour in, fill, out; to
draw'
(+ *apa-): MMP 'bgn- (BMP LMYTWN-) `to throw away'; MParth.'bgn- `to throw'; NP afgandan `to
throw, cast away'; Arm. (LW) apakanel `to destroy';
(+ *api-) YAv. api-kan- `to fill out by digging, fill (a pit)'
(+ *ati-): Khwar. m|ckn- `to pick up';
(+ *aua-): YAv. auua-kan- `to establish by digging, excavate'; OP ava-kan- `to establish'; Oss. D.
(w)og?n `secret hiding place (made by mice, etc.)';
( + *-) Parth. 'gn-, ''gn- `to fill'; MSogd. ''kn `to fill'; NP gandan/gn- `to fill, stuff', (caus.) gan
dan/gan- `to stuff, fill, cram'
(+ *fra-): BMP plkn- /fragan-/ `to throw, lay (the foundations)'; MMP prgnd'n (ppp., pl.) `built'; Oss.
D. r?g?nun/r?g?d `to shake, spread (salt, pepper for seasoning)';
(+ *ham-) YAv. han-kan- `to cover up (clothes with earth)'; MMP hangn- `to fill in';
(+ *ni-): YAv. ni-kan- `to bury'; OP ni-ka(n)- `to tear down, bury', Khwar. nkn- `to bury'; Kurd.
(Kurm.) nikndin `to bury'; Bactr. nakan- `to dig'; Oss. I. nyg?nyn/nyg?d, D. nig?nun/nig?d `to bury';
Oss. D. nik'?d `carve, cut'; Pash. njat-/njan- `to implant, imbed, thrust';
(+ *para-) YAv. para-kan- `to dig around'
(+ *para--): Parth. pr'gn- `to scatter, sow'; BSogd. pr'kn- `to sow, scatter'; Khwar. pr'kn- `to sow,
scatter, apply (medicine) on'; Bactr. paragano `sowing'; NP pargandan/pargan-,
parkandan/parkan- `to disperse; sow; diffuse', (ppp.) NP pargandah `dispersed, scattered,
disbanded; dissipated';
(+ *pari-): MMP prgn-, BMP plkn- /pargan-/ `to scatter, sow'; MParth. prgn- `to scatter'; NP
pargandah `dispersed, scattered';
(+ *pati-): LKh. pyan- `to cover'; Khwar. pckn- `to fulfil/perform (prayer), settle a debt; to take in
(medicine)'; MMP phykn- `to fill, enter, penetrate'; NP paykandan/paykan- `to join; to collect; to draw
out';
(+ *upa-) Khwar. bkn- `to fill, load', bkny- (intr./pass.) `to become full'
(+ *us-) YAv. us-kan- `to dig out'; BSogd. sknt'k, CSogd. sqnty (ppp.) `destroyed'; BSogd. skn- `to
incise, engrave', BSogd. 'sk''n `lign'; Khwar. m|'sk'ny- `to carve'; Khwar. m|sk(y)n- `to take out
(sword, ink)', `to take (revenge)'; NP sikinah, iskinah `(wood-)chisel'
(+ *ui-) YAv. v-kn- `to destroy, ruin', OP vi-kan- `to destroy'; MMP gwg'n-, BMP gwk'n- /gugn-/
`to destroy'; MParth. wygn- `to be destroyed, perish', (caus.) wyg'n- `to destroy', wyg'n `destruction',
wyg'ng `destroyer, destroying', w(y)g'nyn `destruction'; MSogd. ykn- `to destroy', MSogd. wyn-
(pass.) `to be destroyed' (< Pth.); OKh. buvan- `to be harmed, ruined', (caus.) OKh. buvn~- `to
destroy'; Khwar. wkny- `to wear out, become old; be ruined', (tr./caus.) wk'ny- `to wear out; ruin, tear
down'.
{2} [AL] The connection with OPhr. keneman, presumably à monument or a part of it' is highly
uncertain and is clearly insufficient to reconstruct the root as *kenh1-.
{3} [AL] The initial kh- of Skt. khani is not well explained. Usually, contamination with kh- `source,
spring' is assumed. Kmmel 2000: s.v. presents a very different account. He reconstructs the root as
*kaH- with a nasal present *kanH-. In my opinion, even this reconstruction does not explain the rise of
the aspirate: *kH-C- does not yield *khiC (cf. Skt. pitar- < *ph2ter-).
Sanskrit: khara-
276
First attestation: AVP+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `donkey'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kHara-
Page in EWAia: 447
Avestan: YAv. xara- [m] `donkey'
Khotanese: khara- `donkey'; khadara- `mule' (< *xara-tara-, cf. Skt. asva-tara- `mule')
Sogdian: (Buddh.) rtr'k `mule' (< *xara-tara-, cf. Skt. asva-tara- `mule')
Middle Persian: xar `donkey'
New Persian: xar `donkey'
Ossetic: x?r?g `donkey'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. xar `donkey'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: kh-
First attestation: RV ( 02.028.05, 06.036.04)
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `spring, source'
Link to RV concordance: kh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kH-
Page in EWAia: 451
Avestan: YAv. x- [f] `spring, source' (x [nom.sg.], [nom.acc.pl.], xam [gen.pl.]); xaniia-, xaiiana-
[adj] `belonging to a spring'
Khotanese: khh- `spring, fountain'; kh- [verb] `to open' (?)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) x'xh , (Man.) x'x `source'
Middle Persian: h'n /xn/, h'nyk /xng/ `source, spring'
Parthian: x'n `source, spring'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. xw `well'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Idioms: `spring of Truth': Skt. khm rtasya (RV 02.028.05) YAv. aahe x ( Y 10.4)
Cognates in other languages: {1} Most probably, not related with khani `to dig'.
Sanskrit: khd [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I: khdati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: cakhda [3sg.act.] (JB); ta-ptc.: khdita-
(SB+), sukhdita- (AVP+)
Meaning: `to chew, bite, eat, digest'
Link to RV concordance: khd-; khdi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kHaHd- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: khdaka- [m] èater' (Mn.+); possibly, here also khdi- [m] `bangle, an
ornament of the Maruts' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 451
Khotanese: khs- [denom.(?)] `to eat, drink'
277
Parthian: x'z- [verb] `to devour' (< *xd-s-)
New Persian: xydan [verb] `to chew, gnaw, eat'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. khi-/kh- [verb] `to chew'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: 634 ("mit sekundrer expressiver Aspiration als *knd- zu lit. kandu `beie'")
Cognates in other languages: Arm. xacanem (aor. xac(e)- < *xd-s-) [verb] `to bite', possibly an
Iranian LW
Notes: {1} [AL] As indicated by Cheung 2007: 445, PIr. *xd- `to devour, eat, gorge' must be
separated from the PIr. root *xad- `to beat, strike, inflict a wound, hurt' (see khd [2]) .
Sanskrit: khy
Gramm. forms: Aorist A: akhyat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Passive: upa ... khyyate [3sg.med.] (Br.+) ìs/can
be seen, is known'; Caus: khypay (KS+) `to make known, to proclaim'; ta-ptc.: sam-khyta-
`calculated, counted' (AV+) {1}
Meaning: `to look (at), seem'
Link to RV concordance: khy-; abhikhy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kc(aH)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-sam-khyeya- [adj] ìnnumerable', [n] ìnnumerable multitude' (AV+);
abhikhy- [f] `look, sight' (RV); abhikhytar- [m] `supervisor' (RV 04.017.17); khytar- [m]
`proclaimer' (KS+); anu-khyti- [f] `revealing' (TS+); -khyna- [n] `story, legend' (Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 456
See also: ks; ks
IE form: kwk(-eH-)
IE meaning: to look
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: For cognates see s.v. ks.
Notes: {1} This root is just another spelling for ks. Other spelling variants are: ks-, ksy-, ksy-.
Sanskrit: krti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mention, fame, report'
Link to RV concordance: krti-; krtenya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krHti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krtay [denom] `to mention' (AV+); krtenya- [adj] `worthy to be praised'
(RV)
Page in EWAia: 357
See also: kari [1]
IE form: krh2/3-ti-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: kloman-
278
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `the right lung', [pl.] `the lungs'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: plauman- > klauman-
Page in EWAia: 419
See also: plav
IE form: pleu-mon-
IE meaning: lung
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. plemwn [m] `lung'; Lat. pulm `lung' (if from *plum with
metathesis); cf. also Lith. plau~iai [pl.] `lungs' and OCS pljuta [pl.] `lungs' < PBSl. *ple/ou-tio-.
Sanskrit: kop
Gramm. forms: Caus: kopayati [3sg.act.] `to make quake (RV); to make angry (Ep.)'; ta-ptc.: pra-
kupita- `trembling, quaking' (RV 02.012.02, JB+) {1}
Meaning: `to tremble, quake, be angry'
Link to RV concordance: kup-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kup- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kopa- [m] ànger' (Mn.+); kopana- [adj] àngry' (Ep.+)
Page in EWAia: 402
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cupi [verb] `to desire violently, wish' (?)
Notes: {1} [AL] Other forms are late or unreliable: a-kupyant- [ptc.act.] is attested in a corrupt
passage (AV 20.130.8), kupyati [3sg.act.] is epic. For a discussion see Kulikov 2001. Also kupyu-
(AV 20.130.8) cannot be used; this is a conjecture of ed. Roth/Whitney; mss. kupyukuh. {2} [AL]
Since the original meaning of the verb in Skt. is clearly `to (make) tremble', we may probably connect
the Iranian root *kup- `to pound, beat': MP kwp- /kb-/ [verb] `to beat, pound, crush'; Parth. kwbg,
qwbg `vexation', Khwar. m|kwby- [verb] `to churn (milk)', kwbyk `dasher', NP kftan [verb] `to
break, bruise, knock, strike', kbidan [verb] `to beat, hit'. Then, Lat. cupi [verb] `to desire violently,
wish' is probably unrelated. Because of long in the root, Lith. kpeti [verb] `to boil', OCS kypeti
[verb] `to simmer, boil' can hardly belong here.

Pages: 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
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Sanskrit: krami
Gramm. forms: Present I: ati krmema [1pl.opt.act.] (RV+), apa krma [2sg.impv.act.] (RV); kramate
[3sg.med.] (RV+); krmati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Aorist IS: akramt [3sg.act.] (RV+); akramista
[3sg.med.] (JB); Perfect: cakrma [3sg.act.] (RV+); cakrame [3sg.med.] (RV+); Fut: kramsy (AV+);
279
Passive: kramyate (TS) (cf. Kulikov 2001: 54f.); Caus: -kramayati (TS+), -krmayati (MS, SB);
Intensive: cankramata [3pl.inj.med.] (RV+); Abs: -kramya (AV+), -kramayya (from caus.) (SB); ta-
ptc.: krnta- (AV+), vikrnta- [n] `step' (VS+)
Meaning: `to stride, go' ,
Link to RV concordance: krami-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kramH- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krama- [m] `step' (AV+); -kramana- [n] `stepping upon, ascending'
(AV+), [adj] àpproaching' (VS); abhi-krnti- [f] àpproach' (YV+); ut-krnti- [f] `stepping up to'
(YV+)
Page in EWAia: 409
See also:
Sogdian: (Buddh.) xr'm- [verb] `to come'
Middle Persian: hl'm- /xrm-/ [verb] `to stride to'
New Persian: xirmdan [verb] `to stride'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} The forms seem to point to a static paradigm: 3sg. *krmH-ti, 3pl. *kremH-nti (>> kremH-
e/o-)
Sanskrit: krapi
Gramm. forms: Present VI: krpate [3sg.med.] (RV, AV); Present AN: krpananta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV
10.074.03); Present ANYA: krpanyati [3sg.act.] (RV 08.039.04); Present AYA: krpay (RV); Aorist
RED: cakrpanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 04.001.14); Aorist IS: akrapista [3sg.aor.med.] (RV 07.020.09)
Meaning: `to mourn, long for, wail, beg'
Link to RV concordance: krapi-; krpana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krpana- [n] `misery' (RV 10.099.09); krpana- [adj] `lamenting, woeful'
(AV+)
Page in EWAia: 409
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. krb- [verb] `to moan, mumble, babble'
IE form: IIR (?)
Certainty: ?
Sanskrit: kratu-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: instr. kratv, dat. kratve, etc. (a HD inflection)
Meaning: `will-power, power of the mind; magical power, power of a ruler'
Link to RV concordance: kratu-; kratumant-; kraty-; kratvmagha-; sukratu-; adbhutakratu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kratu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kratyanti [3pl.pres.act.] `to show power' (RV); kratvmagha- [adj]
`constituting a reward gained through the will-power' (RV 05.033.09)
Page in EWAia: 408
280
Avestan: Av. xratu- [m] `power of the mind, will-power'
Old Persian: xratu-, xraqu- [m] `power (of the mind)'
Middle Persian: hlt' /xrad/ `wisdom, reason'
Parthian: xrd `wisdom, reason'
New Persian: xirad `wisdom, reason'
IE form: kretu-
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 531 - 532 (diff. analysis)
Idioms: `with will-power, enthusiastic': Skr. kratumant- (RV+) Av. xratumant-; `with good power
of the mind': Skt. su-kratu- (RV+) Av. hu-xratu-; `the will and the mind': Skt. kratv manas (RV
04.033.09) OAv. xratu manahasc ( Y 46.18); òf infallible will-power': Skt. adbhuta-kratu- (RV
) YAv. aaoii.xratu-; `to be endowed with power of the mind': kratv sacate (RV 01.145.02)
YAv. hacaite ... xratu ( Yt 10.107)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kratj [adj] `strong, magically powerful'; Gr. krtoj [n] `power,
authority' (also krtoj, Aeol. krtoj) {1}
Notes: {1} Other cognates (e.g. ON horskr [adj] `clever, fast, courageous') are uncertain.
Sanskrit: krayi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: krnti [3sg.act.] (RV 04.024.10+); vi krnte [3sg.med.] (AV+); Abs: kr
tv (AV+); ta-ptc.: krta- (RV a-vi-krta- +)
Meaning: `to buy'
Link to RV concordance: kr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kraiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kraya- [m] `buy' (VS, TS+); soma-vikrayin- [adj] `selling Soma' (YV,
Br.+); pra-kr- [adj] `for sale' (AV); krayya- [gerundive] `to buy' (Br.+); P. kinti [verb] `to buy'
(with expected short -i- (from PIE *kwri-neh2-)
Page in EWAia: 410
Khotanese: ggn- (gn-) [verb] `to buy'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) xr'yn- [verb] `to buy'; (Man.) xryc `buying' (< PIr. *xr-ti-)
Middle Persian: (Man.) xryn- [verb] `to buy'
New Persian: xardan [verb] `to buy'
Ossetic: ?lx?nyn / ?lx?nun [verb] `to buy'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|xn- [verb] `to buy', Bactr. cir- [verb] `to buy, acquire', oicrino,
oicrhgano, oicarhgano (+ *ui-) `hire, rent'
IE form: kwreih2- {1}
IE meaning: to buy
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prasqai [verb] `to strike a bargain'; Gr. (Myc.) qi-ri-ja-to
[3sg.impf.med.] `to buy'; OIr. crenaid [verb] `to buy'; OLith. krienas [m] `purchase price'; ORuss.
krnuti, krenuti [verb] `to buy'; ToB kry- [verb] `to buy'
Notes: {1} IE nasal present *kwri-ne-h2-ti with ppp. *kwrih2-to-.
Sanskrit: krd
281
Gramm. forms: Present I: krdanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); krdant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Perfect: cikrda
[3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: krday (S.+)
Meaning: `to play, jest, flirt, frolic, move vehemently'
Link to RV concordance: krd-; krda-; krdi; krdu-; krdumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krda- [adj] `frolicing, playing' (RV+); krdi-, krdu-, krdumant- [adj]
èlated, frolicing' (RV); krdin- [adj] ìd.' (VS+)
Page in EWAia: 413
IE form: krisd-
Certainty: ? {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection with ON hrista [verb] `to shake' seems doubtful to me.
Sanskrit: krodh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: krudhyati [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh., AV 4.36.10, Br.+); Aorist A: krudhat
[3sg.inj.act.] (AV+); Perfect: cukrodha [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: krodhayati [3sg.act.] (AV 4.36.9+);
Aorist RED: acukrudhat [3sg.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: kruddha- (RV+)
Meaning: `to be/become angry'
Link to RV concordance: krudh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kraudh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krudhmi(n)- (attested only krudhm) [adj] `furious' (RV 07.056.08);
krodha- [m] ànger' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 415
Avestan: Av. xru- [verb] `to enrage': OAv. xraodat_ [3sg.subj.aor.act.] ( Y 46.11); xraodait
[3sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Y 51.13)
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Note the impossible root-structure for PIE.
Sanskrit: kros
Gramm. forms: Present I: krosant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); krosamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Aorist SA:
akruksat [3sg.act.] (RV, Br); ta-ptc.: abhy-ut-krusta-`proclaimed' (AitB)
Meaning: `to call aloud, call to'
Link to RV concordance: krus-; krosana-; klosa-; krostar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krauc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krosa- [m] `cry, call, ear-shot' (VS+); krosana- [adj] `calling' (RV);
klosa- [m] `calling to' (RV 06.046.14); krostar- [m] `jackal' (RV+); abhikrosaka- [m] `reviler' (VS)
Page in EWAia: 416
Avestan: Av. xraos- [verb] `to cry, call': OAv. xraosntam up [3pl.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 53.8), YAv.
fra(-ca) xxraosit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] ( A 3.13), LAv. xraosiieiti [3sg.pres.act.] ( V 15.5), YAv. pa-
xruta- [ppp] `driven away by calling out' ( V 21.17); YAv. apa.xraosaka- [adj] `reviling'
Khotanese: grs- [verb] `to call'
282
Sogdian: (Chr.) nxrys- (+ *ni-) [verb] `to rebuke'
Middle Persian: hlws- /xrs-/ [verb] `to call, cry'
Parthian: xrws- [verb] `to call, evoke'
New Persian: xurdan [verb] `to call'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: krmi-
First attestation: AV, YV+
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: also often written krimi-
Meaning: `worm, maggot'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krmi-
Page in EWAia: 394
Sogdian: (Man.) kyrm- `snake'
Middle Persian: klm /kirm/ `worm, dragon, snake'
Parthian: krm `comet'
New Persian: kirm `worm, snake'
Ossetic: kalm `snake, worm'
Other Iranian cognates: Yaghn. kirm `worm'; M. krm ìd.'
IE form: kwrmi- {1}
IE meaning: worm
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. cruim `worm'; MW pryf `worm'; Lith. kirmis `worm, maggot,
snake'; OCS rmn [adj] `red'
Notes: {1} Next to a rhyme formation *urmi- (Lat. vermis `worm', MoHG Wurm `worm', etc.).
Sanskrit: krsa-
Meaning: `lean, thin, emaciated, slim, weak'
Link to RV concordance: krsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krca-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: krsa-gu- [adj] `with lean cattle' (AV); krsa-pasu- [adj] `with lean
sacrificial cattle' (SB); krssva- [m] PN (Ep.+)
Page in EWAia: 395
See also: kars
Avestan: YAv. krsaoxan- [m] PN; krsspa- [m] PN
IE form: k(w)rk-o- {1}
IE meaning: lean
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} According to Thieme, *k(w)rk-o- < PIE *k(w)rk-ro-.
Sanskrit: krsnu-
283
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: N. of a divine archer that guards the celestial Soma
Link to RV concordance: krsnu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krcnu- / krcni-
Page in EWAia: 396
Avestan: YAv. krsni- [m] N. of a hostile king, driven away by Haoma ( Y 9.24)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: - {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] A non-IE name of PIIr. date.

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Sanskrit: krti-
Part of speech: [m/f]
Meaning: `sword, knife'
Link to RV concordance: krti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krti-
Page in EWAia: 390
See also: kart [1]
Avestan: YAv. kartaiias-(ca) [pl] `knives' ( V 17.9) is probably rather identical with YAv. karta-
[m] `knife, dagger' (= Sogd. krt `knife', MP krt `knife', NP krd `knife', Oss. kard `knife, sword',
Yagh. kort `knife'), but with the ending taken from the preceding artaiias(ca)
IE form: krt-i-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: krtti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `skin, blanket, leather cover'
Link to RV concordance: krtti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krtti-
Page in EWAia: 391
See also: kart [1]
IE form: krt-ti-
IE meaning: cut
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE heor?a `deer-skin'
Sanskrit: krtvas
284
Part of speech: [adv] {1}
Gramm. forms: RV bhri krtvah `many times', AV dasa krtvah `ten times'
Meaning: `-times'
Link to RV concordance: krtvas
Proto-Indo-Iranian: krtuas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: From AV on, in compounds, cf. AV astakrtvah, etc.
Page in EWAia: 392
See also: kart [1]
IE form: krt-u- {2}
IE meaning: - times
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. kar~tas [m] `time' (viena kar~ta ònce'); OCS tri kraty `three times';
OCS sto krat à hundred times'
Notes: {1} Most probably, acc.pl. of *krtu-. {2} Derivation from *kwer- `to do' is less attractive. Osc.
petiro-pert `four times' could also be related to Lat. sem-per, etc.
Sanskrit: ksan [2]

First attestation: AVP
Gramm. forms: Present I: viy-aksanan [3pl.impf.act.] (AVP 15.5.5), vi-ksanant- [ptc.act.] (AVP
2.31.4)
Meaning: `to card (wool)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kan-
Page in EWAia: 423
See also: ksnav
IE form: ks-en-
IE meaning: to card wool
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. xanw [1sg.pres.act.] `to card wool, to comb'
Sanskrit: ksap-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: ksap [instr.sg.], ksapas [gen.sg.], ksapm [gen.pl.]; ksapbhis [instr.pl.] is based
on instr.sg.
Meaning: `night'
Link to RV concordance: ksap-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksap- [f] `night' (Br.+) (based on instr.sg.)
Page in EWAia: 424
Avestan: Av. xapan-/xafn- [f] `night'; YAv. xap- [f] ìd.'; xapara- [n] `period of ... nights'
Old Persian: xap- [f] `night' (xapav raucapativ àt night or during the day')
Khotanese: ssav- `night'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'xp, xp, (Buddh.) 'ph `night'
Middle Persian: p, b `night'
285
New Persian: ab `night'
Ossetic: ?xs?v / ?xs?v? `night', ?xs?v?r `supper'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. pa `night' (< *xap)
IE form: k(w)sep-
IE meaning: night
Certainty: +
Idioms: `night and day': Skt. ksapbhir ahabhisca (RV 04.053.07) YAv. asnamca xafnamca ( V
4.45); `night and dawn': Skt. ksapa usrasca (RV 07.015.08) OAv. u ... xapc ( Y 44.5)
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /ispant-/ [c] `night'
Sanskrit: ksatriya-
Meaning: `ruling, like a ruler'; [m] `ruler (RV+), member of the second varna (AV+)'; [n] `power of
a ruler' (RV, AV)
Link to RV concordance: ksatriya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: katr-iHo-
Page in EWAia: 421
See also: ksatra-; ksay [1]
Avestan: YAv. xariia- [adj] `ruling', [m] `commander, ruler'; OAv. .xariia- [adj] `possessing
rule through power' ( Y 29.9); YAv. is.xarii.tma- [adj] `having the most power to rule' ( Skt.
se ... ksatriyasya, see s.v. s)
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ksav
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ksuvant- [ptc.act.] (Br.+); ksauti [3sg.act.] (GautDhS); Perfect: cuksva
[3sg.act.] (Br.); Desid: cukss (JB)
Meaning: `to sneeze'
Link to RV concordance: kau- / knau-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksuta- [n] `who has sneezed; sneezing' (Yajn~.+); ksava- [m] `sneezing'
(AV+)
Page in EWAia: 429
Middle Persian: nwk /nag/ `sneeze' (< PIr. *xnau)
New Persian: unah `sneeze'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. xnwy- [verb] `to sneeze' (< PIr. *xnau); Pash. nl [verb] `to
sneeze'; Yghn. xunu- [verb] `to sneeze'
IE meaning: to sneeze
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. iaudeti, skiaudeti [verb] `to sneeze'; ON hnjosa [verb] `to sneeze';
OE fneosan [verb] `to sneeze'; MoHG niesen [verb] `to sneeze'
Notes: The root is no doubt onomatopoetic and is susceptible to various deformations.
286
Sanskrit: ksay [2]
Gramm. forms: Present II: kseti [3sg.act.] (RV+), ksiyanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), ksayat [3sg.subj.act.]
(RV+); Aorist S: ksesat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 06.003.01); Fut: ksesiyant- [ptc.act.] (RV 02.004.03);
Caus: ksayay [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 03.046.02); ksepayat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 05.009.07)
Meaning: `to live, stay'
Link to RV concordance: ksi-; ksaya-; rathaksaya-; diviksit-; ksema-; ksemakma-; ksemayant-;
ksemya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tcai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksaya- [m] `dwelling, residence' (RV+); ratha-ksaya- [adj] `sitting in a
chariot' (RV 06.035.01); ksayana- [adj] `habitable' (VS, KS; TS ksayana-, MS ksena-); (divi-
)ksit- [adj] `living (in heaven)' (RV+); ksema- [m] `secure living, quiet, rest, security' (RV+);
ksema-kma- [adj] `longing for peace' (RV), ksemayant- [adj] `desiring secure living' (RV),
ksemya- [adj] `resting' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 427
See also: ksiti-; ksetra-
Avestan: Av. i- [verb] `to live': OAv. ait [3sg.pres.act.], iieint [3pl.pres.act.], YAv. ana-ita-
[ppp] `no (longer) inhabitable' ( Yt 10.38)
IE form: tkei-
IE meaning: to live
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to abide the roads': Skt. patho ... ksiyema (AV 6.117.3) OAv. pa ... ait ( Y 43.3)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Myc.) ki-ti-je-si /ktijensi/ [3pl.pres.act.] `to live'; Gr. ktzein,
ktssai `to found, build'; Gr. (u) ktmenoj [adj] `well habitable'; Lat. situs, -s [adj] `situated', [m]
`position, site'
Sanskrit: ksay [3] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IX {2}: ksinti [3sg.act.] (RV+); ksinanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present V:
ksinomi [1sg.act.] (AV+); Present IV: ksyante [3pl.med.] `to be destroyed, perish' (RV+); ksyate
{3} [3sg.med.] (AV, SB, TB); Aorist S: ksesta [3sg.inj.med.] (AV+), ksesths [2sg.inj.med.]
(VS+); Aorist mediopass: ksyi [3sg.] (TS-MSm); Caus: kspayati [3sg.act.] (AV); ta-ptc.: ksita-
èxhausted, decreased' (RV, KS+); a-ksita- (RV+); na-ptc.: ksna- {2} (AV, Br.+)
Meaning: `to destroy, perish'
Link to RV concordance: ks-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhjhai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: (a-)ksayya- [adj] `(im-)perishable' (YV+); (arya-)ksayana- [adj]
`destroying (evil)' (AV); aksit- [adj] ìmperishable' (MS); ksesnu- [adj] `perishable' (MS); Pkt.
jhijjai ìs destroyed', jhna- `destroyed, weak'
Page in EWAia: 428
See also: ksiti-
Avestan: {4}
IE form: dhgwhei-
287
IE meaning: to destroy
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fqnw (< PGr. *kwhthi-, cf. Myc. qi-ti < IE *dhgwhi-) [verb] `to
disappear'; Gr. fqh [f] `tuberculosis'; Lat. situs [m] (-u-) `mud, dirt'
Notes: {1} With the secondary set-variant of the root (ksayi) extracted from the -ya-present. {2}
Derived from the secondary set-variant ksayi. {3} With the secondary suffix accentuation (see
Kulikov 1998). {4} Iranian cognates are uncertain (OAv. anuuamnm [neg.ptc.med.] ùndamaged
(?)' ( Y 28.3), OAv. djt_.arta- [adj] `violator of Truth' ( Y 53.9) ?)
Sanskrit: ks
First attestation: MS, KS {1}
Gramm. forms: Aorist A: aksat [3sg.act.] (MS)
Meaning: `to look (at), seem'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kac- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anu-kstar- [m] `proclaimer' (KS)
Page in EWAia: 420
See also: khy; ks; caks
Avestan: OAv. xs- [verb] `to look': -xs [2sg.aor.inj.act.] ( Y 46.2); xsi [1sg.aor.subj.med.] /xsaai/
( Y 28.4); YAv. xs- [verb] `to teach': caxse [3sg.pf.med.] ( Y 65.9), xsta- [ppp]; a-ha-xta- [adj]
ìnnumerable (= 100.000)' ( Skt. a-sam-khyeya- ìd.')
IE form: kwk-(eH-)
IE meaning: to look
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: For cognates see s.v. ks.
Notes: {1} [AL] This spelling is practically limited to the Maitryanya school. For other spellings
see s.v. khy. {2} [AL] The reconstruction of the PIIr. root *kc- may be dispensable. In both Indo-
Aryan and Iranian it seems to have secondarily arisen out of the thematic aorist.

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Sanskrit: ks [1]
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ksyati [3sg.act.] (KS+); Caus: kspay (TS+), Aorist RED: ciksipas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV 10.016.01+)
Meaning: `to burn'
Link to RV concordance: ks- [1]; ksti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhjhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksti- [f] `singeing, heat' (RV 06.006.05); ksma- [adj] `scorched, dried
up' (YV+), avaksma- [adj] `burned' (AVS 6.37.3), ksma-vant- [adj] `charred, burned up' (YV+);
P. jhyati [verb] `to burn (intr.)', P. jhpeti [verb] `to burn (trans.), cook', P. jhma- [adj] `burning'
288
Page in EWAia: 430
See also: dah
Avestan: OAv. djmspa-, LAv. jmspa- [m] PN (?)
IE form: dhgwh-eh1 {1}
IE meaning: to burn
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 240 - 241; 624
Notes: {1} [AL] The Pli (and other MI and NI) forms clearly point to a voiced initial cluster, which
makes connection with dah very attractive. I reconstruct *-eh1- because otherwise we cannot account
for the Indo-Aryan reflexes. The appurtenance of OAv. djmspa-, LAv. jmspa- remains uncertain,
since we seem to have Av. ar- / gar- < *dhgwher- (see s.v. ksar).
Sanskrit: ks [2]
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: ksayati [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to rule, have power, own'
Link to RV concordance: ks- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kH-aia-ti
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksayad-vra- [adj] `ruling over men' (RV); rbhu-ks- [m] `ruler of the
Rbhu's (epithet of Indra, Vta, Maruts)' (RV); dyuksa- [adj] `ruling the sky (?)' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 426
See also: ksatra-
Avestan: Av. x- [verb] `to rule, have power': OAv. xaiia [2pl.pres.act.], xaiieh [2sg.pres.act.],
xaiiant- [ptc.pres.act.], YAv. xaiiehe [2sg.pres.med.], xaiiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] `being able to',
OAv. xnt [3pl.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 48.5), xat [3sg.aor.opt.med.] ( Y 41.2), xntam
[3pl.aor.impv.med.] ( Y 48.5)
Old Persian: patiy-a-xayaiy [1sg.impf.med.] `to rule, have lordship over'; xayamna- [pres.ptc.med.]
`ruling'; xyara /xaya-'r/ [m] PN `Xerxes' (=`ruling over heroes', cf. Ved. ksayad-vra-);
xyaiya- [m] `king'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'x'y-, (Chr.) xy- [verb] `to rule'; (Chr.) xwny `king'
Middle Persian: 'y- [verb] `to rule, have power; be able, worthy [+ inf.]'; h `king'
Parthian: h- [verb] `to be able [+ inf.]', pd(y)x'- [verb] `to rule, be lord of'
New Persian: h `king'; yistan [verb] `to become, to fit'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|xh- [verb] `to rule, govern'; Bactr. ?ii- `to be able; can'
IE form: tkeh1- {1}
IE meaning: to own, obtain
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ktw~mai [1sg.med.] `to obtain'; Gr. kth~sij [f] òbtaining'; Gr. ktata,
kth~mata [n.pl.] `property, goods'
Notes: {1} [AL] The reconstruction *tkeh2- seems hardly possible, because we need palatalization in
order to account for the Indo-Iranian facts. The consistent -vocalism in Greek is consistent with this
reconstruction.
Sanskrit: ksep
289
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ksipa [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+), ksipat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: ksipta-
(RV+)
Meaning: `to lash, hurl'
Link to RV concordance: ksip-; ksipani; ksipanu-; ksepnu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kuaip-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksipani- [f] `lash, whip' (RV 04.040.04); ksipanu- [m] `projectile' or
àrcher' (RV 04.056.06); ksepnu- [m] `tossing' (RV 10.051.06)
Page in EWAia: 437
See also: ksipra-; sepa-
Avestan: YAv. xuuaba- [adj] `vibrant'; xuuabaiiat_.atra- [adj] `making whips lash'
Khotanese: ksv- [verb] `to throw'
Sogdian: xwyp `whip' (< PIr. *xuaipa-)
Middle Persian: yb- /b-/ [verb] `to move quickly, be confused'
Parthian: 'yft, 'yft_ [past stem] `to trouble, vex' (+ *-)
New Persian: bdan [verb] `to be mixed; mix; tremble, shake'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. xb-/xvd [verb] `to thrash, pound, mince'; Wa. p-/vd- [verb]
`to hit, pound, thrash', vi()v-/viovd [verb] `to wipe' (+ *abi-), rp, rip `whip' (+ *fra-)
IE form: kwsueip- {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON svifa [verb] `to ramble, swerve, bustle'; PGm. *swaip(p)an- (ON
sveipa `to sweep, cast, wrap', OE swpan `to seep'), PGm. *swip(p)n- `whip' (ON svipa, OE swipe)
have -p(p)- due to Kluge's Law
Notes:
{1} [AL] On semantic grounds, Cheung 2007 assumes two different Iranian roots, viz. *xuaip/b `to
vibrate, tremble, shake' and *xaip/b `to throw, hurl', of which only the latter be cognate with Skt.
ksep. This seems unnecessary to me. Formally, the two roots can hardly be distinguished, whereas the
meanings are fairly similar (note that the Skt. transitive forms are related to the class VI inflexion).
The loss of *-u- before labials in Skt. is for example parallelled by siti-pad- [adj] `white-footed', siti-
prstha- [adj] `white-backed' < *sviti (see svitra-). The Iranian verb must have undergone strong
influence of the root *xaub- `to rustle, tremble' (see ksobh), which may account for the shift of
meaning and the final voiced stop.
The Slavic forms (Ru. ibat' `to throw, hit', SCr. i?bati `to flog, whip', Sln. ibati ìd.') are likely to
have been borrowed from Iranian.
Sanskrit: ksetra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `field, ground, region, land'
Link to RV concordance: ksetra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caitra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksetriya- [n] N. of a disease (= `chronic'?) (AV+), [n.pl.] ènvirons'
(AV); ksetriya-nsana- [adj] `driving off the K.-disease' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 436
290
See also: ksay
Avestan: OAv. ira- [n] `district'; YAv. ira- [n] `private home'; iriia- [adj] `belonging to the
home' ( Skt. ksetriya-)
Khotanese: ksra- `country, kingdom', Tumuq. xera-
IE form: tkei-tRo-
IE meaning: land
Certainty: +
Idioms: `lord of the ground': Skt. ksetrasya pati- (RV+), ksaitrapatya- [n] `dominion, property' (RV,
AVP), ksaitrapatya- [n] `belonging to the lord of the ground' (YV+) YAv. irahe paiti- ( Y 2,16);
`land with(out) good pasturage for cattle': Skt. agavyti ksetram (RV 06.047.20) YAv. ira-
gaoiiaoiti-
Sanskrit: ksipra-
Gramm. forms: ksepyas- [comp], ksepistha- [sup] (KS+)
Meaning: `swift, swiftly shooting (of bow, bow-string)'
Link to RV concordance: ksipra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kuip-ra- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksipra-dhanvan- [adj] `with a swift bow' (RV, AV); ksipra-hasta- [adj]
`swift-handed' (AVP+)
Page in EWAia: 432
See also: ksep
Avestan: YAv. xuuibra- [adj] `swift' ( Y 62.4) (with Caland's form xuuibi in xuuibi.iu- `with
swift arrows', xuuibi.vza- `swiftly driving' ( Yt 8.37))
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with swift arrows': Skt. ksipresu- [adj] (RV 07.046.01) YAv. xuuibi.iu- [adj] `with
swift arrows', xuuibi.iuuatma- [sup] ( Yt 8.6); `with swift horses': Skt. ksiprsva- [adj] (JB 2.113)
YAv. xuuibrspa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: {1} [AL] See ksep for the reconstruction.
Sanskrit: ksiti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `perishing, downfall'
Link to RV concordance: aksiti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dhjhi-ti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-ksiti- [adj] ìmperishable' (RV+), [f] ìmperishableness' (AV+); asura-
ksiti- [adj] `destroying the Asuras' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 431
See also: ksay [3]
IE form: dhgwhi-ti-
IE meaning: perishing, decrease
Certainty: +
291
Idioms: ìmperishable fame': Skt. aksiti sravah, sravas- ... aksita- (RV) Gr. (Hom.) kloj fqiton
Cognates in other languages: Gr. fqsij [f] `decrease, emaciation'; Lat. sitis [f] `thirst'
Sanskrit: ksiti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `residence, settlement', [pl.] `settlements, tribes, people'
Link to RV concordance: ksiti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tciti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-ksiti- [f] `good place to live' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 431
See also: ksay [2]
Avestan: OAv. hu-iti- [f] `good place to live' (hu-iti [gen.sg.]); YAv. huiti- [f] `good living (N.
of a deity)'; (a)iti- [f] `house'
IE form: tki-ti-
IE meaning: living
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ktsij [f] `foundation, creation' (not necessarily an inherited
formation)
Sanskrit: ksnav
Gramm. forms: Present II: ava ksnaumi [1sg.act.] (RV); ksnuvna- [ptc.med.] (AV+); ta-ptc.:
ksnuta- (SB)
Meaning: `to whet, sharpen'
Link to RV concordance: ksnu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: knau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksnut- [adj] `-sharpened' (YV+); ksnotra- [n] `whetstone' (RV
02.039.07)
Page in EWAia: 441
See also: ksura-; ksan [2]
Avestan: OAv. xnu [3sg.aor.act.], xnuu [2sg.pres./aor.opt.med.] `to hear' {1} {2}; YAv. hu-
xnuta- [adj] `well-sharpened'
Old Persian: -xnu- [verb] `to hear': -xnmiy [1sg.pres.act.], -xnauvaiy [1sg.pres.med.], -xndiy
[2sg.pres.impv.act.]
Sogdian: 'xnybnt `hospitable'
Middle Persian: 'nwtn' /ndan/ [verb] `to hear'
New Persian: undan [verb] `to hear'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bxnwr'wc ìngratitude'
IE form: ks-n-eu- {3}
IE meaning: to sharpen
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. novcula [f] `knife, razor, dagger' (to *novre `to whet, shave' )
292
Notes: {1} [AL] Usually, xnuu is taken as pres.opt., but since in OAv. only aorist is attested, it
seems reasonable to assume that this form is aor.opt. (as is well known, the sigmatic aorist does not
form optative, which is being supplied by the root aorist). The same is probably valid for YAv. xnuii
[2sg.opt.act.] ( Y 68.9). The YAv. present to the root seems to be kuxnuua [2sg.opt.med.],
kuxnuuana- [ptc.med.] (if not perfect). {2} For the meaning of Iran. *xnau- `to hear' cf. Skt.
ksnav- + vc- `to sharpen the speech'. {3} [AL] In view of the meaning, ks-n-u- is likely to be an
original nasal present to *kseu- `to be sharp' (see s.v. ksura-), rather than *ks-en- `to comb, to card'
(ksan- [2] to OCS esati [verb] `to comb') + -eu-.
Sanskrit: ksobh
Gramm. forms: Present I: vi-ksobhante [3pl.med.] (SB); Present V: vi-ksubhnuyuh [3pl.opt.act.]
(JB); Perfect: vi-cuksubhe [3sg.med.] (AV 7.59.1); ta-ptc.: a-vi-ksubdha- `not caused to stagger'
(SB); Inf: vi-ksobdhoh `to begin to swing' (SB)
Meaning: `to stagger, begin to swing, tremble'
Link to RV concordance: ksubh-; ksubh-; ksobhana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaubh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksubh- [f] `violent emotion, excitement' (RV 05.041.13); ksobhana-
[adj] èxciting, causing to stagger' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 440
Avestan: YAv. xufsan [3pl.pres.subj.] `to tremble' ( Yt 10.113)
Middle Persian: -b `confusion', wwp- /wib-/ [verb] `to destroy, disturb'
Parthian: wb, ''wb `turmoil'
New Persian: -b `confusion'; uftan [verb] `to agitate, disturb'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. ufag, upta [verb] `to be angry'
IE form: k(w)seubh-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Pol. chybac [verb] `to rock, move to and fro'; possibly, also Lith. skubus
[adj] `hasty, fast', Go. afskiuban [verb] `to shove'; OEngl. [verb] scfan `to shove'
Sanskrit: ksod
Gramm. forms: Present I: ksodante [3pl.med.] (RV 05.058.06), ksodanti [3pl.act.] (RV 07.058.01);
Caus: ksoday (RV), aksodayat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV 04.019.04) `to pulverize, to make small' or `to
make shake' ( Jamison 1983: 153)
Meaning: `to disperse' [med.]; `to spray, pulverize' [act.]
Link to RV concordance: ksud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaud-
Page in EWAia: 439
See also: ksudra-; ksodas-
Avestan: Av. xusta- [ppp] `melted, liquid (of metals)'
Khotanese: ksusti- `serum'
Middle Persian: ustan [verb] `to wash'
New Persian: ustan [verb] `to wash'
293
IE form: k(w)seud-
IE meaning: to disperse
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS xud [adj] `mikrj' (< *ksoudo-) {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The circumflex accent in Slavic can be due to Meillet's Law.

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Sanskrit: ksodas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `water in agitation, swell of the sea'
Link to RV concordance: ksodas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kaudas-
Page in EWAia: 439
See also: ksod
Avestan: YAv. xaodah- [n] `swell of the water' ( Yt 10.14)
IE form: k(w)seud-os-
IE meaning: dispersal
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ksudh-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `hunger'
Link to RV concordance: ksudh-; ksudh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cudh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ksudhmra- [m] `death from hunger' (AV); ksodhuka- [adj] `hungry'
(YV+); ksodh- [denom.] `to be hungry, starve' (RV+): ksudhyant- [ptc.pres.act.] (RV), aksudhyan
[3pl.impf.act.] (TS, TB); ksudhat [3sg.aor.inj.act.] (AVS 2.29.4)
Page in EWAia: 434
Avestan: YAv. um [acc.sg.m.] `hunger' (from where the thematic nom.sg. u V 7.70)
Khotanese: ks `hunger'
Middle Persian: wd /uy/ `hunger'
Ossetic: syd / sud? `hunger'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: - {1}
Notes: {1} Connection with Hitt. kat- `hunger, famine', etc., which presupposes the analysis *gs-udh-
, remains very uncertain.
Sanskrit: ksudra-
294
Meaning: `minute, tiny'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kudra-
Page in EWAia: 434
See also: ksod; ksodas-
Avestan: YAv. xudra- [adj] `liquid, fluid'
IE form: k(w)sud-ro-
IE meaning: dispersed, small
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: ksura-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `razor, sharp knife'
Link to RV concordance: ksura-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kura-
Page in EWAia: 435
See also: ksnav
IE form: ksuro-
IE meaning: razor
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. xurn [n], xurj [m] `razor'; Gr. xw [verb] `to plane, smoothe';
Lith. sku-s-ti [verb] `to plane'
Sanskrit: kuc
First attestation: KausS+
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ut-kucant- [ptc.act.] (KausS)
Meaning: `to contract, bend'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ku-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bhu-kucana- [n] `bending of the arm (?)' (KS 20.13:33.14; Schroeder's
emendation for bahu-kucana-)
Page in EWAia: 361
Khotanese: us-kuj- [verb] `to rise up (against)'
Sogdian: (Buddh.)''k'wc,''kwyc , (Chr.) 'qwc, (Man.)''qwc [verb] `to suspend, hang' (+ *-)
Middle Persian: n-gw- [verb] `to bow, prostrate, bend (the knees)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|'kwcy- [verb] `to submerge' (+ *-)
IE form: keuk- ?
IE meaning: to be crooked, to bend
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: OIr. cuar [adj] `crooked'
Sanskrit: kulva-
First attestation: SrS. (in cmp. since VS)
295
Meaning: `bald, thin-haired'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: kRHua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ati-kulva- (VSM 30.22), ati-klva- (VSK 34.4.4) [adj] èxceedingly thin-
haired' (cf. Lubotsky 1997b: 142); klvlkrta- [adj] `made bald (said of the earth without plants and
trees)' < *kulv (?) (SB 2.2.4.3) {1}
Page in EWAia: 344, 377, 450
Avestan: YAv. kauruua- [adj] `bald' ( Yt 8.21); also in cmp. kauruu.gaoa-, kauruu.bara-,
kauruu.dma- 'with thin-haired ears, with a thin-haired mane, with a thin-haired tail' (ibidem)
IE form: klH-uo-
IE meaning: bald
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. calvus [adj] 'bald', Oscan gentilicia Kaluvieis (gen.), Kalaviis
(nom.)
Notes: {1} [AL] There are also a couple of Vedic words of a similar meaning with initial kh-: khalati-
[adj] `bald-headed' (AVP+), khlatya- [n] `baldness' (AV); cf. also kharva- [adj] `mutilated,
deformed' (AV+; a-kharva- RV 07.032.13+), but they can hardly be related. Also NP kal [adj] `bald'
must be of a different origin. The relationship of *klHuo- and *golHuo- `bald', attested in Germanic
(OHG kalo) and Balto-Slavic (OCS gol `naked', Lith. galva, Ru. golova `head') is unclear.
Sanskrit: kumbha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `jar, pitcher' ,
Link to RV concordance: kumbha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: k(H)umbha- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: kumbh- [f] èarthen cooking vessel' (AV+); kumbhamuska- [m] N of a
demon (= `with testicles like jars') (AV); kumbhnasa- [m] a kind of snake (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 370
Avestan: YAv. xumba- [m] `pot'
New Persian: xumb `pot'
Certainty: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kmbh [f] `cup, bowl', kmboj [m] `hollow vessel'
Notes: The variations in the consonantism can only be explained if this was a Wanderwort.
Sanskrit: lobh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: a-lubhyant- [ptc.act.] (AV), -lubhyet [3sg.opt.act.] (SB); Perfect:
*lulobha [3sg.act.] (AVP 19.51.2) ìs broken'; Caus: lobhay (RV+); Aorist RED: allubhan [3pl.act.]
(JB 2.384); ta-ptc.: lubdha- `confused' (KS+), lubhita- (S.+)
Meaning: `to be disturbed, become disordered, go astray' {1}
Link to RV concordance: lubh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: laubh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-lobha- [m] `non-confusion' (AitB)
296
Middle Persian: (Man.) pdrwb- [verb] `to throw into confusion, rout' (< Pth.)
Parthian: pdrwb- [verb] `to throw into confusion, rout' (+ *pati-)
New Persian: luftan [verb] `to rage, grow mad (with love); to be confounded, afflicted, enamoured'
(the origin of -l- is unclear)
Ossetic: {2}
IE form: leubh
IE meaning: to be disturbed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. lubd `desire'; Lat. libet [3sg.impers.] ìt is pleasing'; OHG liob
[adj] `dear, sweet'; OCS ljubiti [verb] `to love'
Notes: {1} The meaning `to desire greatly or eagerly, long for' is only attested since Mn. {2} [AL]
Oss. (D) ilivd `pitiful, wretched' is not related and goes back to *ui-ripta-.
Sanskrit: loha- {1}

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `reddish metal'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraudha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: loha- [adj] `copper-coloured, reddish, made of iron' (S.+); lohamaya-
[adj] `copper, iron' (SB+)
See also: rudhira-
Middle Persian: ry `copper, brass'
New Persian: ry `copper, brass'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. rd `copper'; Arm. aroyr `brass' (Iranian LW)
IE form: h1roudh-o-
IE meaning: red metal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON rau?i `red iron ore'; OCS ruda `mtallon'; Ukr. ruda òre'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the development -dh- > -h- in Skt. see Lubotsky 1995a.
Sanskrit: lop
Gramm. forms: Present VII>VI: lumpmi [1sg.act.] (AVP), lumpet [3sg.opt.act.] (AVS); Present
IV/Passive: lupyate [3sg.med.] (AV+), lupyeta [3sg.opt.med.] (TS) {1}; Aorist A: aplupat [3sg.act.]
(AVP 8.15.12+); Aorist mediopass: lopi [3sg.inj.] (S.); Perfect: lulopa [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus.: lopay
(Br.+); Abs: sam-lupya (AVS 10.1.30), lumpam (MS); ta-ptc.: ul-lupta- (AV+)
Meaning: `to tear, destroy'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraup- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ava-lupti- [f] `falling off' (PB); lop- [f] `kind of bird' (TS); lopa- [m]
àbsence, disappearance' (S.+); lopmudr- [f] N of Agastya's wife (RV 01.179.04+)
See also: rop
297
IE form: Hreup
IE meaning: to break, to tear
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rumpere [inf], ruptum [ppp] `to break'; OE rofan [verb] `to break,
to tear'; OE bi-rafian [verb] `to rob'
Notes: {1} [LK] The suffix accentuation is likely to be secondary (see Kulikov 1998). {2} The root
was originally identical with rop, q.v.

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Sanskrit: lopsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `jackal, fox (?)'
Link to RV concordance: lopsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: laupca-, laupi-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: PIAr. *laupi- `fox' (Khowr lw, Sin li, cf. Turner 1966: 11142)
Avestan: YAv. raopi- [m] `fox' ( V 13.16); urupi- /rupi-/ [m] `mink, ermine (?)'; +urupi.azinauuant-
[adj] `wearing urupi-fur' (cf. de Vaan 2000a: 280ff.)
Khotanese: rrvsa- `jackal'
Sogdian: rwps- [f] `fox' (< *-as-)
Middle Persian: rwp'h /rbh/ `fox'; gurbag `cat' (< *ulpaka-)
Parthian: rwb's `fox'
New Persian: rbh `fox'; gurba `cat' (< *ulpaka-)
Ossetic: ruvas, rubas / robas `fox'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *raupqa- PN; Khwar. rwbs- [f] `fox' (< *-as-), M. rausa `fox' (<
*-as-); Orm. rawas `fox' (< *-as-); Bal. ropsk `fox'; Sh. rupc(ak) [f] `vixen'
IE form: lup-i- < ulp-i- {1}
IE meaning: fox
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. volps, -is [m] `fox'; Lith. vilpiy~s `wild cat'
Notes: {1} [AL] Other Indo-European words for fox, viz. Gr. lphx, Arm. aus, PCelt. *loperno- (W.
llywarn, MCorn. lowarn, Bret. lowern etc., Schrijver 1998) and PBalt. *lap- (Lith. la~pe, Latv. lapsa)
point to a PIE root noun *h2lp-, which can hardly be connected with our word (cf. de Vaan 2000a).
Indo-Iranian has two stems, *laupca- and *laupi- (the short -a- is attested in several Iranian lgg.).
Sanskrit: madhya-
Meaning: `middle, located in the middle'
Link to RV concordance: madhya-; madhy; madhyyu-
298
Proto-Indo-Iranian: madhia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: madhy [adv] ìn the middle' (RV); madhyyu- [adj] `seeking a man in
the middle = chief' (RV 01.173.10)
See also: madhyama-; madhyamdina-
Avestan: OAv. maidiia- [adj] `middle, the middle'; maidii.mha- [m] PN (= `born in the middle of
the month'); YAv. maiiia- [adj] `middle, the middle'; maiiina- [n] `middle, centre'
Sogdian: myn `middle'
Middle Persian: mdy'n = /mayn/ `centre, within, between'
Parthian: mdy'n `middle'
New Persian: miyn `centre, within, between'
Ossetic: mid- / med- ìn, within, amongst, in the midst of'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. m `middle, waist'
IE form: medhio-
IE meaning: middle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. msoj [adj] `middle'; Gr. mssoj [adj] `middle'; Gr. (Chr., Boeot.).
mttoj [adj] `middle'; Lat. medius [adj] `located in the middle'; ON mir [adj] `located in the middle';
OHG mitti [adj] `located in the middle'
Sanskrit: madhyama-
Meaning: `middle, middlemost'
Link to RV concordance: madhyama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: madham(H)a- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mdhyama- [adj] `belonging to the middle part (= family-books of the
RV)' (AVP+)
See also: madhya-
Avestan: YAv. mama- [adj] `middle'
IE form: medh-mHo-
IE meaning: middlemost
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON mjom [f] `middle of the body, waist'; OE medeme [adj] àverage';
OE midemest [adj] `midmost'
Notes: {1} The -y- in Skt. madhyama- is analogical after madhya-.
Sanskrit: madhyamdina-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `midday, noon'
Link to RV concordance: madhyamdina-; mdhyamdina-; purudina-; sudina-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: din-a-
299
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mdhyamdina- [adj] `belonging to midday, meridional' (RV+); puru-din-
a- [adj] `containing many days' (RV 10.029.01); su-dina- [adj] `dawning beautifully', [n] `light of the
day, auspicious day' (RV+)
See also: madhya-; dyav-
IE form: di-n-
IE meaning: day
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 183 - 187; 706 - 707
Cognates in other languages: OCS dn-e [gen.sg.] òf the day'; Lat. nn-dinum [n] `periode of nine
days'; Lat. perendinus [adj] òf the day after tomorrow'
Sanskrit: majjan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `marrow, pith'
Link to RV concordance: majjan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mazj(h)an- / mazgha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: majj- [f] `marrow, pith' (SB+); majjanvant- [adj] `having marrow' (TS)
See also: mastrhan-
Avestan: YAv. mazga- `marrow, brain'; mazgauuant- [adj] `having marrow'
Khotanese: mjs [loc.sg.] `brain, marrow'
Sogdian: mz- `brain, marrow'
Middle Persian: mazg `brain, marrow'
New Persian: magz `brain, fat, marrow, kernel'
Ossetic: magz `brain, marrow'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. mag `marrow'; Pash. maz [m] `marrow, kernel'; Yaz. muz `brain,
marrow'
IE form: mosgh-en-, mosgho- {1}
IE meaning: marrow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG marg, marc `marrow'; OE mearg `marrow'; ORuss. [m] mozg
`marrow'; Russ. mozg [m] `brain, marrow'; OPr. mosgeno `marrow'; Lith. sma~genes `marrow (of
bones), brain'; OCS modan [adj] `filled with marrow'
Notes: {1} [AL] In view of PIIr. *mastrghan- / mastrjhan- and *mast(i)- (cf. s.v. mastrhan-), it seems
attractive to assume that *mosgho- reflects earlier *mostgho-.
Sanskrit: maks
Meaning: `quickly, rapidly, promptly'
Link to RV concordance: maksu-; makstama-; maksjavastama-; maksyu-; maksumgama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: macu {1}
300
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: maksbhih [adj] (instr.pl.) `quick' (RV 08.026.06; nonce); maks-tama-
[adj] `most prompt' (RV); maks-javas-tama- [adj] `speeding most promptly' (RV); maksyu- [adj]
`rapid, fleet' (RV); maksum-gama- `coming quickly' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. mou(-ca) [adv] `(and) soon'; YAv. mou [adv] `soon'
IE form: moks(u)
IE meaning: soon
Certainty: +
Idioms: `come quickly to help': Skt. maksumgambhir tibhih `with quickly coming help' (RV
08.022.16) YAv. mou ... +jasa auuahe `come quickly to help' ( Yt 5.63)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. mox [adv] `soon'; MW moch [adv] `soon'
Notes: {1} [AL] The final length in Sanskrit may be due to the influence of n (M. de Vaan, p.c.).
Sanskrit: mandhtar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thoughtful man, one who focuses his attention on smth.'
Link to RV concordance: mandhtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mans dhaH- {1}
See also: medh-
Avestan: Av. mn(g) d- [verb] `to bear in mind': OAv. mnc [maz]dazdm [2pl.pres.med.] ( Y
53.5); mn[g] ... dad [1sg.pres.med.] ( Y 28.4); mn-c daidiii [inf] ( Y 31.5), YAv. mas ...
dana- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Y 9.31)
IE form: mens dheh1
IE meaning: bear in mind, be thoughtful
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} PIIr. *mans < *mens represents the old acc.sg. of *menos, see s.v. manas-.
Sanskrit: mar
Gramm. forms: Present IV: mriyase [2sg.med.] (RV ), mriyate (< *mr-ie-) {1} [3sg.med.] (AV+);
Aorist R: mrths [2sg.inj.act.] (RV ), marti [3sg.subj.act.] (RV) {2}, marate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV),
murya [1sg.opt.med.] (RV ); Aorist S: mrsi [1sg.inj.med.] (AVP); Perfect: mamra [3sg.act.] (RV+),
mamrvms- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Fut: marisyati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: mrayati [3sg.act.] `to kill'
(AV+); Desid: mumrsati [3sg.act.] 'to desire to die' (S.+); Inf: martave `to die' (AVP); ta-ptc.: mrta-
`died, dead' (RV+); a-mrta- (< *n-mrto-) [adj] ìmmortal' (RV+)
Meaning: `to die'
Link to RV concordance: mr-; pramara-; maryu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-mara- [m] `death' (RV); marana- [n] `death, dying' (Br.); mrana-
[n] `killing, destruction, death' (MS+); maryu- [adj] `mortal, perishable' (RV); a-mamri- [adj] `not
dying, immortal' (AV)
301
See also: marta-; martya-; marman-; mrtyu-
Avestan: Av. ama- [adj] ìmmortal'; amrtatt- [f] ìmmortality'; YAv. fra-miriiete
[3sg.pres.med.]; auua ... miriiite [3sg.subj.pres.med.] `to die'; mrta- [ppp] `died'; ma- [ppp]
`died'
Old Persian: amriyta /am(a)riyat/ [3sg.impf.med.] `to die'; mrt- /m(a)rta-/ [adj] `dead'
Khotanese: mar- [verb] `to die'; muda- [ppp] `died'
Middle Persian: mr- [verb] `to die'; murdan [ppp] `died'
Parthian: myr- [verb] `to die'; mwrd [ppp] `died'
New Persian: mr- [verb] `to die'; murdan [ppp] `died'
Ossetic: m?lyn/m?lun [verb] `to die'; mard [ppp] `died'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'my [verb] `to die'
IE form: mer-
IE meaning: to disappear, to die
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /merzi/ [3sg.pres.act.] `disappears'; Hitt. /merta/ [3sg.impf.act.] `he
died'; Arm. merani- [verb] `to die'; Gr. (Hes.) morten [3sg.impf.act.] 'pqanen'; Gr. mbrotoj [adj]
ìmmortal'; Lat. morior [1sg.pres.med.] `to die'; Lat. immortalis (< `*immortus' ?) [adj] ìmmortal';
Go. maurr `murder'; Lith. mir~ti `to die'; OCS mreti [verb] `to die'
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation, see Kulikov 1997. {2} With double
characterization.
Sanskrit: marc
Gramm. forms: Present IV: pra-mrcyati [3sg.act.] (JB 2.138:2); Caus: marcayati [3sg.act.] (RV);
Aorist SIS (Prec.): mrkssta [3sg.med.] (RV 01.147.04); ta-ptc.: mrkta- `hurt' (RV)
Meaning: `to damage, hurt, injure'
Link to RV concordance: mrc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mark- / mar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: marka- [m] `destruction, death' (RV 10.027.20); mrc- `the injuring,
injure' (RV 08.067.09, AVP 17.15.7)
See also: mar
Avestan: OAv. v-mrncait [3pl.pres.med.] ( Y 31.1); mrngduii [2pl.pres.med.] ( Y 53.6),
mrngidiii [inf] ( Y 46.11); mraiit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] ( Y 45.1); marxait [3sg.aor.subj.med.]
`to destroy'; marka-c ànd in ruin'; YAv. mrncta [3sg.pres.opt.med.]; mimarxite
[3sg.des.subj.med.] ( V 15.14) `to destroy'; mahrka- [m] `death'; ahu-mrx [nom.sg.adj.]
`destroying life'; mrx [nom.sg.f.] `ruin'
Sogdian: mrync- [verb] `to destroy'; mrc `death'
Middle Persian: marg `death'
New Persian: marg `death'
Ossetic: marg `poison'
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. ma^t `wilted'
IE form: melkw- {1} / merk- {2}
IE meaning: to damage
Certainty: +
302
Idioms: `(let the one who tries) to hurt us (will hurt oneself) with evil speeches': Skt. mrkssta ...
duruktaih (RV 01.147.04), abhisastim ... yo no marcayati dvayena (RV 05.003.07) OAv. daibitm
du.sasti...mraiit_ ( Y 45.1); àn enemy tries to hurt (us)': Skt. marcayt ... artv (RV 02.023.07)
YAv. artica ga.mrnciinahe ( Yt 13.137)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. blptw (< *melku-) [verb] `to disable, to hinder' / Hitt. mrk-hhi (<
*merk-) [verb] `to disjoin, divide'
Notes: {1} If connected with Gr. blptw. {2} If connected with Hitt. mrk-hhi.
Sanskrit: mard(i)
Gramm. forms: Present IX: mrdnti [3sg.act.] (SrS.+); Passive: -mrdyeta [3sg.opt.] (MS 2.2.5:19.2),
mrdyamna- [ptc.] (SB+); Inf: sam-marditoh (TS); ta-ptc.: mrdita- `smashed, crushed' (AV+) {1}
Meaning: `to crush'
Link to RV concordance: mrad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)mard-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-mrada- [m] `crusher' (KS+); un-mardana- [n] `rubbing off, fragrant
essence used for rubbing' (SB+)
See also: mrd-
Avestan: OAv. mrndat_ (< *mr-n-d-) [3sg.pres.inj.act.] `to ruin, to crush'

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Sanskrit: marta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `mortal, man'
Link to RV concordance: marta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: marta-
See also: mar; martya-
Avestan: OAv. marta- [m] `mortal, man' (< *marta-); maa- `mortal' (< *marta-)
Old Persian: Elamite pir-a-mar-da (< *prsa-marta-) [m] PN `punisher of men'
Sogdian: mrt_ mrt_ èveryone'; /martxm/ (< *marta-tauxma-ka-) `man'
Middle Persian: mard `man'; mardm `man, humanity'
Parthian: mrd `man'
New Persian: mard `man'; mardum `man, humanity'
IE form: mer-to- / mor-to- {1}
IE meaning: mortal
Certainty: +
Idioms: See martya-
303
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) mortj nqrwpoj, qnhtj; Gr. (Kallimachos) morto [pl]
Notes: {1} LW in FU (Komi-Zyryan mort `man' < *mert) seem to point to *merto-.
Sanskrit: martya-
Part of speech: [m; adj]
Gramm. forms: /martiya-/
Meaning: `mortal, man'; [adj] `mortal'
Link to RV concordance: martya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: martia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-mart(i)ya- [adj] ìmmortal, divine' (RV+); awle^MES a mar-ti-a[n-n]i
[?] (Mitanni-IA, Nuzi)
See also: marta-
Avestan: Av. maiia- [m] `man'
Old Persian: martiya- [m] `man, vassal, follower'
Sogdian: mrtyy `man'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mrc `man'; Pash. mer `husband'; Waneci mr `husband'
IE form: mor-tio-
IE meaning: mortal, man
Certainty: +
Idioms: `rich mortal': Skt. martah ... revn (RV 07.001.23) YAv. rauua maiia ( Yt 14.36);
maiinam rauuatam ( Vd 20.1); see also gaya-; deva-; paras
Sanskrit: mari [3]

Gramm. forms: Perfect (?): mumurat [2sg.subj.act.] `shall hinder' (RV 08.097.03) {1}; Intensive:
marmartu [3sg.impv.act.] `let (Brhaspati) hinder (him)' (RV 08.097.03) {2}
Meaning: `to hinder'
Link to RV concordance: mr [3]-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: marH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -martar- [m] `the one who hinders' (RV); -mur- [f] òbstacle' (RV); an-
-mrna- [adj] `having no obstacle' (RV)
See also: mardi
IE form: merH-
IE meaning: to hinder
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Lat. mora [f] `delay, obstacle' {3}; OIr. maraid [verb] `to stay' {3}
Notes: {1} [LK] The form is taken as perfect by several scholars ( Whitney 1885: 124; Lubotsky
1997a: 1085), but it is missing from the corpus of Kmmel 2000 (thus not qualified as perfect by him)
and Bendahman 1993 (thus not a redupl. aor.). {2} [LK] The form is connected with mari [3] by Insler
1972b and Lubotsky 1997a: 1085), but with mari [2] `to crush' by Mh and Schaefer 1994: 166 or,
alternatively, with mardi `to crush' (Schaefer). {3} Connection uncertain.
304
Sanskrit: mastrhan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `brain'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mastrghan- / mastrjhan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mastiska- [m.n.] `brain' (RV+), mastaka- [m.n.] `brain-pan, head' (Up.+),
mastulunga- [m.n.] `brain' (Susr., Buddh.+), P. mattha(ka)- [m] `head', matthulunga- [m] `brain',
Paai (dial.) mastrak `brain'
See also: majjan-
Avestan: YAv. mastran- [m] `brain'
Khotanese: mstai `brain, head' (< *masta-ka-)
Middle Persian: mastarg, masturg `brains'
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. mastrg `brain'
IE form: mest-(m)rgh-n- {2}
IE meaning: brain
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ToA mssunt `marrow' (< *mscunt- < *mesti-uent-); ToB mrestwe
`marrow'; Gr. brecmj [m] `front part of the head'; OE br?gen `brain' (< PGm. *brana-)
Notes: {1} [AL] The first attestation is AVP 17.21.1 (cf. Griffiths - Lubotsky 2003: 201f), before
KausS 11.16, for which see Eichner-Khn 1976: 23-25. {2} [AL] The word has not yet received a
plausible explanation. Neither dissimilation *mazgh- to mast-, nor contaminaton of * st-r-gh and * st-
an- is a viable option. There are two variants of the word for `brain' in IIr.: *mast(i)- and *mastrghan-.
The latter should not be analysed as *mast- plus a bunch of suffixes, but rather as a compound. It can
hardly be coincidental that -rgh-an- shows the same sequence of phonemes as we encounter at the end
of Gr. brecmj [m] `front part of the head'; OE br?gen `brain' (< PGm. *brana-) < PIE *mre/oghn-
(Greek may have assimilated -n- to -m-). ToB mrestwe `marrow' may have an "intrusive" -r- from a
similar compound.
Sanskrit: maykha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `peg for stretching the woof'
Link to RV concordance: maykha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maikha-
See also:
Old Persian: myux- [m] `doorknob (?)'
Sogdian: mygk `peg'
Middle Persian: mx `peg, nail'
New Persian: mx `peg, nail'
Ossetic: mix/mex `stake'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
305
Notes: {1} [AL] The current etymology derives the word from the root may- [1] `to build, erect',
which explains neither its morphology (suffix *-kha- ?), nor semantics (the verbal root only means `to
fix in the ground'). The meaning `stake' is only attested in Ossetic and is clearly secondary. In view of
its meaning, PP *majk / majg `stake' ( Redei 72) is probably borrowed from Pre-Ossetic.
Sanskrit: mayi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: minti [3sg.act.] (RV), mint [3sg.inj.] (AV); Present IV: myate
[3sg.med.] (RV+), myate [3sg.med.] (MS, SB); Aorist S: mesi [1sg.inj.med.] (AV), mesmahi
[1pl.inj.med.] (YV+); Perfect: mimya [3sg.act.] (RV), mmya [3sg.act.] (AV); Aorist mediopass:
amyi [3sg.] (YVp, SB); Intensive: -memyna- [ptc.int.med.] (RV 01.096.05) {1}; Desid: mimsati
[3sg.act.] (AVP 5.32.10); Inf: pra-miye `to harm' (RV 04.054.04); pra-miyam (RV 04.055.07)
Meaning: `to damage, diminish, violate'
Link to RV concordance: m-; amtavarna-; manyum-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-mta-varna- [adj] òf undiminished colour' (RV); manyu-m- [adj]
`diminishing the (hostile) fury' (RV); pra-mayu- [adv] `dying' (AV); a-pra-myuka- [adj] `not dying
prematurely' (AV, Br.)
Avestan: Av. vmiti- `destruction (?)' ( N 65); maiiat_ [3sg.inj.act. (?)] `to destroy' (?) ( F 309)
IE form: meiH
IE meaning: to diminish, to disappear
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to make the fury disappear': Skt. pra ... manyum ... minti (RV 07.036.04), manyu-m- [adj]
`diminishing the (hostile) fury' (RV) Gr. (Hom.) minqei mnoj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mewn [comp] `smaller'; Gr. minqw [1sg.pres.act.] `to disappear,
to lessen'; Lat. minor [comp] `smaller, less'; Lat. minu [1sg.pres.act.] `to dminish, to lessen'; Go.
mins [comp] `less'
Notes: {1} [AL] Rather here and not to may [2]. Mh does not mention this form.
Sanskrit: m
Part of speech: [prohibitive particle]
Meaning: `not'
Link to RV concordance: m
Proto-Indo-Iranian: m
Avestan: Av. m prohibitive particle
Old Persian: m prohibitive particle
Khotanese: ma prohibitive particle
Middle Persian: ma prohibitive particle
New Persian: ma prohibitive particle
Ossetic: ma prohibitive particle
IE form: meh1 {1}
IE meaning: prohibitive particle
306
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. mi prohibitive particle; Gr. m prohibitive particle; To. m `not';
Hitt. memma [verb] `to refuse' (?)
Notes: {1} impv. of an aor. root *meh1- `halt, stop', cf. Hitt. memma- `to refuse' ?
Sanskrit: m [2]
Gramm. forms: Present III: mimhi [2sg.impv.act.], mimte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: mhi
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV), msva [2sg.impv.med.]; Aorist S: amsi [1sg.med.] (AV), mstai
[3sg.subj.med.] {1} (AV); SI-impv: msi (RV); Perfect: -mamur [3pl.act.] (RV 01.110.05), mamatur
[2du.act.] (RV 03.032.07), mame [3sg.med.] (RV-YVm); Abs: -mya (RV), mitv (RV); ta-ptc.: -mita-
(RV+); Inf: prati-mai, pra-me (RV)
Meaning: `to measure, measure out, assign, grant'
Link to RV concordance: m- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: m- [f] `measure of one syllable' (KS+); pra-m- [f] `basic measure'
(RV+); prati-m- [f] ìmage, symbol' (RV+); mtar- [m] òne who measures' (RV); a-sa-mti- [adj]
ùnparalleled' (RV); mtr- [f] `measure, degree' (RV+); mna- [n] `measure, measuring-cord'
(RV+); mna-skrt- [m] `worker in leather' (= cutting according to measure) (VdhS.); meya-
[gerundive] `to be cut' (AV+); miti- [f] àccurate knowledge' (Up.)
See also: ms-
Avestan: Av. m- [verb] `to measure': OAv. fra-mmaq [2pl.pres.subj.act.], YAv. -maiinte
[3pl.caus.med.], maiiaiianta [3pl.caus.opt.med.], mta- [ppp]; yaqa(.)mam [adv] àccording to the
measure'
Old Persian: fra-mta- [adj] òrdained, ordered'; framn [f] òrder'
Khotanese: pamta- [adj] `measured out'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ptm'k, ptm''k, ptm'ky, (Chr.) ptm'q `measure' (+ *pati-); (Chr.) prm'qycq
èxperience', (Buddh.) m'ny-prm't'y `thought, intention' (+ *pari-); prm'(')y, (Chr.) frm'y, (Man.)
frm'y [verb] `to command, say' (+ *fra-)
Middle Persian: ptm'd-, (Man.) pym'd /paymy-/ [pret.] `to measure' (+ *pati-); framn òrder'
Parthian: pdm'd- [pret.] `to measure (against)' (+ *pati-); frm'y- [pret.] `to order' (+ *fra-)
New Persian: paymdan/paymy- [verb] `to measure' (+ *pati-), farmdan/farmy- [verb] `to order,
command'; farmn òrder'
Ossetic: nymajyn / nimajun [verb] `to count, value, esteem; to read'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. pcmy- [verb] `to weigh, measure' (+ *pati-); m'- [verb] `to order,
turn (into)' (+ *fra-); Bactr. froma- [verb] `to order, command' (+ *fra-); Wa. rm()y-/rmt- [verb]
`to command, order; to send' (+ *fra-)
IE form: meh1-
IE meaning: to measure
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. mtior [verb] `to measure, measure out'; Go. mel `time, hour'; OHG
ml `moment'; Russ. mera `measure'; Sln. mera `measure'
307
Notes: {1} Hypercharacterized form. {2} [AL] Iranian maH- [2] `to be, become' (cf. Cheung 2007) is
probably a specific usage of the same root.
Sanskrit: mmsa-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `meat'
Link to RV concordance: mmsa-; ms; mmspacan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mnsa-, ms-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mms-pacan- [adj.f.] ùsed for cooking meat' (RV); ms [acc.sg.n.]
`meat' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. mhm `meat, board' (?)
IE form: mms-(o)-, ms-
IE meaning: meat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. mis `meat'; Go. mimz `meat'; OPr. mens `meat'; OPr. menso
`meat'; OCS meso `meat'; ToB msa [pl tantum] `meat'
Sanskrit: mna- [2]

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `house, building, dwelling'
Link to RV concordance: mna- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dmna-
See also: dam-
Avestan: OAv. dmna- [n] `house'; YAv. nmna- [n] `house'
Old Persian: mniya- [n] `house servant' (derived from *mna- `house')
Middle Persian: mn `house'
Parthian: m'nyst'n `dwelling-place, monastery'
New Persian: mn `house'
Ossetic: mon / mojn? `husband' (< *(d)mnia-) ( Cheung 2002: 205f.)
IE form: dm-on-o- (?) {1}
IE meaning: house
Certainty: +
Idioms: `mistress of the house': Skt. mnasya patn- (AV) YAv. nmnahe pan-, nmn.pan- [f]
Notes: {1} [AL] Or a derivative of the instr.sg. *dm-eh1 ?

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Sanskrit: ms- [1]
308
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `moon, month'
Link to RV concordance: ms-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maHas-; also maHas-ia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: msa- [m] `month' (RV+); ms(i)ya- [cmp] `...months old, ...monthly'
(AV(?))
See also: m [2]
Avestan: OAv. m [nom.sg.] `moon' (disyllabic /maHah/); YAv. m [nom.sg.], mh [gen.sg.]
`moon'; mha- [m] `moon, month'; mhiia- [cmp] `...monthly'
Old Persian: mh- `month'
Sogdian: m'g `moon, month'
Middle Persian: mh- `moon, month'
New Persian: mh- `moon, month'; mng `moon' (< PIr. *mnha- ?)
Ossetic: m?j/m?j? `moon, month' (< *mhi)
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. mao `moon, month'
IE form: meh1-ns-
IE meaning: moon, month
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Att.) mn [m] (mhnj [gen.sg.]) `moon'; Gr. (Ion.) mej [m]
`moon'; Gr. (Lesb.) mh~nnoj [gen.sg.] `moon'; Lat. mnsis `month'; Go. mena `moon'; OHG mno
`moon'; Lith. menuo (menesio [gen.sg.]) `moon, month'; ToA man~ `moon, month'; ToB men~e
`moon, month'
Notes: {1} From IE *meh1- `to measure'.
Sanskrit: mtar-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: mt [nom.sg.], mtaram [acc.sg.], mtur [gen.sg.], mtar [nom.acc.du.] `parents',
etc.
Meaning: `mother'
Link to RV concordance: mtar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maHtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mtula- [m] `maternal uncle' (Br.+) (= *mtur-a- ?)
Avestan: Av. mtar- [f] `mother'
Old Persian: ha-mtar- [adj] `having the same mother' {1}
Khotanese: mta [f] `mother'
Middle Persian: md [f] `mother'; mdar [f] `mother'
Parthian: m'd [f] `mother'
New Persian: mdar [f] `mother'
Ossetic: mad/mad? [f] `mother'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. mor [f] `mother'
IE form: meh2ter-
IE meaning: mother
309
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mthr [f] `mother' (mhtr-a [acc.sg.]); Gr. (Dor.) mthr [f] `mother';
Gr. (Myc.) ma-te [f] `mother'; Lat. mter [f] `mother'; OE mdor [f] `mother'; OCS mati [f] `mother';
Sln. mati [f] `mother'; Lith. mote [f] `wife, (dial.) mother' (moteri [acc.sg.], moter[e]s [gen.sg.])
Notes: {1} [AL] Although this compound can be interpreted in three ways (1. haplology < *hama-
mtar-, cf. OP hama-pitar-, Gr. mo-mthr; 2. = ham-mtar-, cf. RV sam-mtar-; 3. < *sm-, cf. Gr. -
patroj), the first option is by far the most credible one, in view of the parallel OP formation.
Sanskrit: medh-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mental power, wisdom, intelligence'
Link to RV concordance: medh-; sumedh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maz-dhaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-medh- [adj] `wise, inteligent' (RV+; medhs [nom.sg.], medhm
[acc.sg.], in book X also s-stem forms on the basis of the nom.); Mitanni-IA * priia-mazdha- [m] PN
See also: mandhtar-; medhira-
Avestan: Av. ahura- mazd- [m] `Wise Lord' (for the interpretation of this name see Kuiper 1976 =
Kuiper 1997: 418-435): Av. mazd /mazdah/ (scanned in two syllables), OAv. mazds-c [nom.sg.],
Av. mazdam /mazdaam/ [acc.sg.], mazdi / mazdaai/ [dat.sg.], mazd /mazdaah/ [gen.sg.], etc.;
OAv. mazd- [f] `wisdom' ( Y 40.1, cf. Narten 1986: 270f.); OAv. mazda- [n] `what must be borne
in mind' ( Y 30.1); OAv. mazd.vara- [adj] `chosen by the Wise One' ( Y 27.3); YAv. mazdaiiasna-
[adj] `worshipping Mazd'
Old Persian: aura-mazd- [m] N of the highest god, Ahuramazda (once separated aura- mazd- in
gen.sg.)
IE form: mns-dheh1-
IE meaning: wise
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. maqei~n [verb] `to learn to know, experience' (?)
Sanskrit: medhira-
Meaning: `wise'
Link to RV concordance: medhira-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: manz-dhHra- {1}
See also: medh-
Avestan: OAv. hu-mazdra- [adj] `very learned', YAv. mazdra- [adj] `wise'
IE form: mens-dhh1ro-
IE meaning: wise
Certainty: +
310
Cognates in other languages: OCS modr [adj] `frnimoj, sofj'; Lith. mandrus [adj] `cheerful,
lively'
Notes: {1} [AL] On the basis of Avestan and Slavic forms, we may conclude that Skt. has introduced
zero-grade from *mazdhaH- (see s.v. medh-).
Sanskrit: megha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `cloud, overcast weather'
Link to RV concordance: megha-; mih-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hmaigha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: meghyant-, meghayant- [adj] `forming clouds' (TS+); meghita- [adj]
`cloudy' (TS); mih- [f] `mist, precipitation' (RV,TS)
Avestan: YAv. maa- `cloud'
Middle Persian: m `cloud, mist'
New Persian: m `cloud, mist'
Ossetic: mig/meg? `cloud, mist'
IE form: h3moigh-o-
IE meaning: cloud
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mclh [f] `mist' (< PIE *h3migh-leh2-); OCS mgla [f] `mist, haze';
Lith. [f] migla `mist, haze'
Sanskrit: meh
Gramm. forms: Present I: ava mehanti [3pl.act.] (RV); Aorist R: amiham [1sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist SA:
amiksat [3sg.act.] (Br.); Fut: meksymi [1sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: mehay 'to make urinate' (RV); ta-
ptc.: pari-mdha- (S.); Inf: mihe (RV)
Meaning: `to urinate'
Link to RV concordance: mih-; mehana-; mehan; mehanvant-; mehatn-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)mijh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: medhra- [n] `penis' (AV+); mehana- [n] `penis, urinator' (RV+); mehan
[adv] àbundantly flowing' (RV); mehanvant- [adj] àbundant' (RV); a-meha- [m] `retention of
urine' (TS+); mehatn- [f] `N of a river' (RV 10.075.06)
Avestan: Av. miz- [verb] `to urinate': YAv. maznti [3pl.pres.act.], fra-mazaiti [3sg.pres.act.];
YAv. masman- [n] ùrine'
Khotanese: mysai ùrine'
Middle Persian: mz-/mistan [verb] `to urinate'; mycwk /mzg/ 'penis'
New Persian: mzdan [verb] `to urinate'
Ossetic: mizyn/mezun [verb] `to urinate'; mizg? / mezg? ùrethra'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. myz- [verb] `to urinate, rain'; Wa. mizg ùrine'; Par. mz; Orm. miz
ùrine'
IE form: h3meigh-
311
IE meaning: to urinate
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mecw [1sg.pres.act.] `to urinate'; Lat. mei/ming [1sg.pres.act.]
`to urinate'; OE mgan [verb] `to urinate'; Lith. my~ti [verb] `to urinate'; SCr. miati `to urinate'
Sanskrit: men-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `concubine'
Link to RV concordance: men-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mainaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: menmenam `Tausch fr Tausch (?)' (JB)
See also: may [2]
IE form: moi-neh2
IE meaning: exchange
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. mai~nas èxchange'; OCS mena èxchange'
Sanskrit: meni-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `revenge, harming, magical power, vengeance as a magical potenty,wrath'
Link to RV concordance: meni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mai-ni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: meni-han- `hitting with the power of revenge' (AVP)
See also: may [2]
Avestan: YAv. maini- [f] `punishment, castigation'
Old Persian: yu-maini- `power of revenge'
IE form: (h2)moi-ni-
IE meaning: exchange
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. im-mnis [adj] `free or exempt from a public service, burden, or
charge'; Go. ga-mainei* [f] `participation, fellowship'
Sanskrit: mes
Gramm. forms: Present VI: misati [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist RED: ammisat (Up.)
Meaning: `to open the eyes (+ ni `to close the eyes, blink')' !
Link to RV concordance: mis-; nimis-; animis-; animisa-; animesam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mais-
312
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-mis- [f] `closing of the eyes, blinking' (RV+); animis-, animisa-
[adj] `vigilant, not closing the eyes' (RV+); animesam [adv] `watchful' (RV); nimesa- [m] `closing
the eyes' (AVP+); atimemisa- [adj] òpening the eyes too much, staring' (TB)
See also: ml
Khotanese: n-msdi [3sg.pres.act.] `winks, blinks'
Middle Persian: mzin `blinking, winking'; mij[ag] èye-lash'
New Persian: mua, mia èyelash'
Other Iranian cognates: Isk. nu-mul- `closing the eyes' (<*ni-mi-)
IE form: (H)mei-s- {1}
IE meaning: to close the eyes
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS po-meiti (oi) [verb] `to close the eyes' (< PIE *(H)meigh-) {2}
Notes: {1} extension of IE root *(H)mei-. {2}[AL] MoHG miseln `to rain lightly' is hardly cognate.
Janda 1998: 18ff. argues that the original meaning of the uncompounded root mis- is `to close the
eyes, to blink', which is a distinctive possibility. He further suggests an assimilation *ni-mus- (`to
close', see s.v. musti-) > ni-mis-. I would rather assume contamination of two roots, viz. *h3meigh-
`close the eyes, blink' (Lith. miegoti `sleep', SCr. mi?gati `blink, twinkle, move', etc.) and meus-
`close the mouth'.
Sanskrit: mesa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `ram, male sheep'
Link to RV concordance: mesa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: maia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mes- [f] èwe'
Avestan: YAv. maa- [m] `ram'; ma- [f] èwe'; maina- [adj] `pertaining to sheep'
Khotanese: min~a svida `milk of sheep'
Middle Persian: m `sheep'
New Persian: m `sheep'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'mh `sheep' (< PIr. *mai-); Khwar. mhny `ram' (< *maiina-ka-);
Pash. ma [m] `ram'; Pash. me [f] `sheep'; Sh. ma [f] `sheep'
IE form: moiso-
IE meaning: sheep, skin of sheep
Certainty: +
Idioms: `hundred rams': Skt. satam mesn (RV) Elam.-Iran. *qata-maa- `having hundreds of
rams'
Cognates in other languages: Lith. mai~as `big bag'; Latv. maiss `bag'; Russ. mex `skin, fur'; ON
meiss `wicker-basket'

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Sanskrit: mdha-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `battle, booty, prize, profit'
Link to RV concordance: mdha-; mdhvms-; mdhusmant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: midh(H)a-; midh(H)-us-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mdhvms- [adj] `bestowing richly, merciful, liberal, generous' (RV+);
mdhusmant- [adj] `generous' (RV); Hurritic-Akkad. mitannu `reward for the catch of a fugitive'
See also: medh-
Avestan: Av. mda- [n] `reward, prize'
Khotanese: msdn(a)- [adj] `generous'
Sogdian: myzd `reward, payment'
Middle Persian: mizd `reward, payment'
New Persian: muzd `reward, payment'
Ossetic: myzd/mizd `reward'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. midu- [f] `name of a goddess'
IE form: mis-dhh1-o- {1}
IE meaning: reward
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. misqj [m] `reward, rent'; Go. mizdo [f] `misqj'; OCS mzda [f]
`misqj'
Notes: {1} [AL] The first part of the cmp. is likely to be derived from the root *mei- `to exchange'
(see may [2]), if the root does not contain an initial *h2, rather than *mei(H)-es- (mayas-).
Sanskrit: ml
Gramm. forms: Present I: sam-mlate (KS), Fut. sam-mlisyate (KS); ta-ptc.: sam-mlita- `with eyes
closed' (KS); Abs: sam-mlya `with eyes closed' (RV 01.161.12)
Meaning: `to close the eyes'
Link to RV concordance: ml-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-mlin- [m] Name of a demon (AV) (?)
See also: mes
IE form: mis-d-
IE meaning: to close the eyes
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Probably, a nursery form of *ml- < *miz-d- ( Got 1987: 74, fn. 48)
Sanskrit: mv (m)
314
Gramm. forms: Present I: -mvant- [ptc.act.f.] 'pushing down' (AV-Br.); Passive: -mvyamna- [ptc.]
(KSp); ta-ptc.: mta- (< *muh1-to- < *miuh1-to-) in kma-mta- ìmpelled by love' (RV 10.010.11); m
vita- (TB+)
Meaning: `to move (trans.), push, press'
Link to RV concordance: mv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: miHu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-mavisnu- [adj] `what cannot be pushed aside' (RV 10.094.11) (derived
from the secondary root m < *miuh1-)
Avestan: OAv. auu[.]mr `?' (?); a-muiiamna- [adj] `motionless'; YAv. auua.muumahi
[1pl.pres.act.] `to clear away'
Khotanese: mvr- [verb] `to move'
Parthian: pr-mws- [verb] `to be destroyed'
Ossetic: mi/miw? `thing, matter; work, affair'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. -mwy- [verb] `to let go, come off' (+ *fra-)
IE form: mih1u-V / miuh1-to- {1}
IE meaning: to set into motion (by shoving and pushing)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. movre [verb] `to move'; Hitt. mu-u-ta-iz-zi (< *muh1to-ie-)
[3sg.pres.] `to stir up'; ToB miw- [verb] `to shake', ToA mew- [verb] `to shake'
Notes: {1} [AL] The position of the laryngeal is not quite clear. It does not seem very probable that
PIE *miuh1- would have given *mih1u- > Ved. mv- before a vowel with metathesis (Rasmussen, Mh).
I would rather reconstruct *mih1-u- and *mih1uC- > *miuh1-C. Important are the Tocharian cognates,
for which see Adams s.v.
Sanskrit: moc
Gramm. forms: Present VI<VII: mun~cmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: mucyate [3sg.med.] (RV+),
mucyate [3sg.med.] (AV, SB) {1}; Present I: moksamna- [ptc.med.] (KSp-MSp) {2}; Aorist R:
amugdhvam [2pl.med.] (RV); Aorist A: amucat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: muksata [3pl.inj.med.]
(RV+); Perfect: mumucmahe [1pl.med.] (RV+), mumucah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV), mumocati
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV 08.018.12), mumoca [3sg.act.] (TAm, SB+); Fut: moksyati [3sg.act.] (AVP+);
Desid: mumuksamna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.111.09); ta-ptc.: ati-mukta- èscaped, avoided' (SB)
Meaning: `to release, be/become free, liberate, free'
Link to RV concordance: muc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)mauk
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vi-mucya- [adj] ùnyoking' (RV); amho-muc- [adj] `freeing from
distress' (RV,VS); mukti- [f] `liberation' (SB+); vi-moktar- [adj] `releasing' (VS+); prati-moc [verb]
`to put on (clothes)' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. fra-muxti- [f] `binding loose (shoes)'; paiti.muxta- [adj] `wearing shoes'
Khotanese: pamjs- [verb] `to put on'
Sogdian: (Man.) pt_-mync- [verb] `to put on'
315
Middle Persian: pay-mxtan [verb] `to put on'; mzag `shoe'
Parthian: pd-mwxtn [verb] `to put on'
New Persian: mza `shoe'
Ossetic: r?mygd/r?mugd [verb] `to pull loose, to pull away'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mc- (< *fra-mua-) [verb] `to take off'
IE form: (s)meuk
IE meaning: to brush, to take off (of bridles, bindings, clothes and snot)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. mau~kti [verb] `pull, peel, skin'; Lith. mukti [verb] `to walk away';
Lith. smukti [verb] `to glide (off)'; Pol. smukac [verb] `to brush'; Russ. (dial.) smykat' [verb] `to
milk'; Gr. mssomai [1sg.pres.med.] `to blow one's nose'; Lat. -mung [verb] `to wipe or blow the
nose'
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} Secondary present,
probably based on the desiderative stem ( Got 1987: 246, fn. 547).
Sanskrit: mos(i) - !
Gramm. forms: Present IX: amusnt [3sg.impf.act.] (RV); Present AYA: musya (RV); Aorist IS:
moss [2sg.inj.] (RV+); Aorist R: mosath [2sg.subj.med.] (RV); Passive: musyate [3sg.] (Br.,
DhS.+); ta-ptc.: musta- `taken away, robbed' (RV)
Meaning: `to steal, take away, rob'
Link to RV concordance: mus(i)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mau(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -mosa- [adj] `stealing, robbing' (SB)
See also: musti-
Khotanese: mussa [pl] `robbers'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. m-/mt [verb] `to conceal'
IE form: meus- {1}
IE meaning: to steal, snatch
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG (Lex Salica) chro-msido `robbing the corpses'; ToA, ToB mus-
[verb] `to lift, move aside' (ToB musntr [3sg.pres.med.])
Notes: {1} [AL] Neither connected with IE *m(i)euh1- `to move' (pace Pokorny), and nor with the
word for `mouse' (pace Mh). The connection with musti- seems much more probable. Since the
Tocharian verb has a deviating meaning, it is less certain that it belongs here.
Sanskrit: mrad
Gramm. forms: Present I: vi mrad [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 06.053.03), vi mradate [3sg.med.] (MS
1.6.3:90.6); Caus: mraday `to make soft' (TS) {1}
Meaning: `to be weak, soft (med.); to make weak, soft (act.)'
Link to RV concordance: mrad-; rnamradas-
316
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrad-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rna-mradas- [adj] `soft as wool' (RV+)
See also: mrdu-
IE form: mled- / meld-
IE meaning: to be soft
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hom.) meldmenoj [ptc.pres.med.] `melting'
Notes: {1} The roots mard(i) and mrad have early become confused in Vedic, cf. Got 1987: 250.
Sanskrit: mroc/mloc
Gramm. forms: Present I: mrocati [3sg.act.] (AV+); mlocanti [3pl.act.] (SB); Aorist A: amrucat
[3sg.act.] (AVP, JB); Aorist S: *amrauk [3sg.act.] (AVP 1.43.4, cf. Hoffmann 1968: 8 = Hoffmann
1975: 235); Perfect: upa-mumloca [3sg.act.] (SB); Abs: upa-mrucya (SB); ta-ptc.: apa-mlukta-
`hidden, disappeared' (RV), ni-mrukta- `disappeared' (YV), upa-mlupta- (< *-mlukta-) ìd.' (TB)
Meaning: `to set (of the sun), disappear; withdraw, hide'
Link to RV concordance: nimruc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mru-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-mruc- [f] `sunset, evening' (RV+); ni-mroca- [adj] `setting' (AV); ni-
mrukti- [f] `sunset' (KS+); mroka- `hiding' (AV); malimluca- [m] N of a demon (= `constantly
disappearing') (AV+), ìntercalary month' (KS+)
Avestan: OAv. para(c) mraocant- [ptc.pres.] `sneaking' ( Y 53.7); YAv. ni-mraoka- [m] `junction (of
a river), tributary' ( Yt 8.46); xupa.mraoka- [m] `lurking-place' ( N 53; cf. Hoffmann 1967a =
Hoffmann 1975: 195ff.)
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} If Gr. (Hom.) pbruca [adv] ùnder water' belongs here (with secondary -c- instead of -
k-), then PIE *mreuk-.
Sanskrit: mrd-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: èarth, clay'
Link to RV concordance: mrd-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrd-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mrn-maya- [adj] èarthen' (RV 07.089.01); mrttik- [f] èarth, clay, loam'
(VS+); mrtsn- [f] `good earth or clay' (Pn.); mrtsna- [adj] `ground fine, pulverised' (SB); su-
mrtsna- [adj] `very fine' (SB)
See also: mard(i)
Khotanese: mla `clay'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. milgo `clay'
IE form: h2merd-
317
IE meaning: to bite, crush
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: mrdu-
Gramm. forms: mradyms- [comp] (JB), mradistha- [sup] (S.)
Meaning: `delicate, weak, soft, mild'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrdu-
See also: mrad
Old Persian: mrduuniy- /marduniya-/ [m] PN ` '
Other Iranian cognates: Par. mar `soft'
IE form: mld-u-
IE meaning: soft, weak
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. mollis `weak, soft' [adj] (< *moldu-i-); Gr. bladj [adj] `weak'
Sanskrit: mrga-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wild animal, game, forest animal, antelope'
Link to RV concordance: mrga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrga-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mrga- [m] `way, path, track, methode' (RV-Kh.+); mrgay [denom] `to
hunt' (RV+), mrgayu- [m] `hunter' (AV+)
Avestan: YAv. mra- [m] `bird'
Khotanese: mura- `bird'
Sogdian: mrg- `bird'
Middle Persian: murw `bird'
Parthian: mwrg `bird'
New Persian: murg `bird'
Ossetic: marg `bird'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')mg- `bird'; Wa. merg [f] `female ibex'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Connection with Gr. mrgoj [adj] `crazy, raging, greedy' is improbable (pace Frisk s.v.).

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318
Sanskrit: muhur
Meaning: `suddenly, at once, immediately'
Link to RV concordance: muhur ; muhuka-; muhrta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrjhu- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: muhuke, muhukaih [adv] ìn an instant, suddenly' (RV); muhrta- [m/n]
`moment, short period of time' (RV+) (< PIE *mrghu-h2rto- ?)
Avestan: YAv. mrzu.jti- [adj] `short living'
Khotanese: mulysga- [adj] `short'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) mwrz(k) [adj] `short'
Ossetic: (D) morz [adj] `short' (< PIr. *mrzu-; for the vocalism see Cheung 2002: 129)
IE form: mrghu-
IE meaning: short
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. bracj [adj] `short'; Lat. brevis [adj] `short'
Notes: {1} [AL] Skt. -u- in the root is due to dissimilation *mrhur [mrhur] > [murhur] > muhur , cf.
*srthira- [srthira-] > [sirthira-] > sithira-; *durhrn- [durhrn-] > durhan- ( Narten 1982: 140).
Sanskrit: muska-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `testicle'
Link to RV concordance: muska-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: muka-
Middle Persian: muk `musk' {1}
New Persian: muk `musk' {1}
IE form: IIR {2}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Presumably, `pocket for the musk-gland' < `testicle'. The Iranian words can also be LW
from Indo-Aryan. {2} [AL] Connection with the words for `mouse' (MHG miuseli^n `little mouse,
penis'; Lat. ms-culus [m] `little mouse, muscle', etc.) is improbable, because the latter contain a
laryngeal.
Sanskrit: musti-
Part of speech: [m,f]
Meaning: `clenched hand, fist; a handful'
Link to RV concordance: musti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: muti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: grumusti- [m] à great handful (e.g. of the darbha-grass)' (TS 5.4.5.2,3,
GrS vs. KS, MS gurumusti-)
319
See also: mos(i)
Avestan: YAv. muti.masah- [adj] às big as a fist'
Khotanese: mustu [acc.sg.] `fist'
Middle Persian: mut `fist'
New Persian: mut `fist'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. mut `fist'
IE form: mus-ti-
IE meaning: fist
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: ToB msce [f] `fist' (acc.sg. masc) {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Janda 1998: 14ff. convincingly argues that this word is not related to Lith. muti `to
beat, to thrash', but rather with Gr. mw `to close (eyes, mouth)', Hitt. mu- `to eat one's fill' (= `to
close [the mouth]'?) < PIE *mus- `to close'. Possibly, also the Skt. root mos(i) `to steal' belongs here
(orig. `to snatch' ?).
Sanskrit: mrdhan-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `head, forehead, summit, point'
Link to RV concordance: mrdhan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mrHdhan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dvi-mrdhan- [adj] `two-headed' (AVP+); dvi-/tri-mrdha- [adj] `two-
/threeheaded' (Pn.); mrdhanya- [adj] `top', [pl.] `top-parts' (AVP 19.34.8)
Avestan: YAv. ka-mrda- [n] `head (of a daevic creature)'
Khotanese: kamala- `head, start'
Middle Persian: kaml `head (of a daevic creature)'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. kymalo `skull'
IE form: mlh3dh-r-/-n-
IE meaning: head, crown
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE molda [m] `top of the head'; Gr. blwqrj [adj] `tall'
Sanskrit: ms-
Part of speech: [m,f]
Meaning: `mouse, rat'
Link to RV concordance: ms-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: muHs-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: msik- [f] `mouse, rat' (VS+)
Avestan: YAv. m- [f] `name of a Pairik'
Middle Persian: muk `mouse, rat'
New Persian: m `mouse, rat'
Ossetic: myst/mist? `mouse'
320
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mwf (< *m-) `mouse'; Pash. mak `mouse'
IE form: muHs-
IE meaning: mouse
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mu~j `mouse'; Lat. ms `mouse'; OHG ms `mouse'; Sln. mi `mouse'
(< PSl. *my?) {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The laryngeal further follows from the probable Toch. B cognate masctse* `mouse,
rat' (lys no mka krui tkam /// salap masctsi sp peseli saissene mskentr pkri ìf, however,
there are many thieves, grasshopper[s], mice and worms appear in the world' (K-8b1)). The Tocharian
word reflects PToch. *mst'tse < *m(w)asti- <*muHs-ti- with a diminutive suffix of some kind.
Sanskrit: mtra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: ùrine'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: mtra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: mtrya- [adj] `belonging to urine' (AitB)
Avestan: Av. mra- [n] ùrine' (mura- F 495)
IE form: muH-tro-
IE meaning: urine (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MIr. mun [m] ùrine'; OCS myti se [verb] `to bathe'; Czech. mydlo
`soap'; Pol. mydo `soap'; Mnd. modder `mud' (?)
Sanskrit: na [1]
Part of speech: [neg, pref]
Meaning: `not'
Link to RV concordance: na
Proto-Indo-Iranian: na
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: na-mura- [n] `not-dying (?)' (AV); natamm [adv] `not in the least'
(MS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.1
See also: a(n)- [1]; na [2]
Avestan: Av. nit_ [neg] `not'; OAv. na [neg] `not'
Old Persian: naiy, nai [neg] `not'
Khotanese: na, ne [neg] `not'
Middle Persian: n [neg] `not'
Parthian: ny [neg] `not'
New Persian: na [neg] `not'
Ossetic: n? [neg] `not'
IE form: ne
IE meaning: not
Certainty: +
321
Idioms: `(certainly) not': Skt. ned (RV+) Av. nit_; `certainly not': Skt. ned eva (RV 10.051.04)
OAv. nit_ auu; òr not': Skt. na v (RV+) YAv. na-uua ( V 5.26) Lat. nve, neu; `not at all': Skt.
na vai (RV+) YAv. na-uua; `no-one': Skt. na-kih (RV, AV) Av. na-ci Oss. n-cy / ne-ci Lat.
ne-quis; `there is no ...': Skt. nsti (RV+) OCS nest
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ne-sci [verb] `to not know'; Go. ni [neg] `not'; Lith. ne [neg] `not';
OCS ne [neg] `not'
Sanskrit: na [2] {1}

Meaning: às, like'
Link to RV concordance: na
Proto-Indo-Iranian: na
Page in EWAia: 2.2
See also: na [1]
IE form: ne
IE meaning: not
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. ne às'
Notes: {1} = na [1]
Sanskrit: nabhas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `moisture, cloud, mass of clouds, mist'
Link to RV concordance: nabhas-; nabhasvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nabhas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nabhas [nom.acc.du.n.] `heaven and earth' (AV); nabhasvant- [adj] `rich
in water, moist, misty' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.13
See also: abhra-
Avestan: OAv. nabah- [n] `cloud' (acc.pl. nabs-c Y 44.4); YAv. napta- [adj] `moist'; aibi.naptm
[absol.] `moistening' ( V 7.12, V 7.13)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) nbt'k [adj] `moist'
Middle Persian: nmb `moisture', npt `moist, damp, naphtha', npt /naft/ `moist, damp; naphtha'
Parthian: xnft `moist, damp; naphtha'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nbdk [adj] `moist, humid'; Yi. nov-/nvd, M. nav-, nv-/nvd- [verb]
`to rain', Wa. nv-/novd [verb] `to moisten, make wet'
IE form: nebh-os-
IE meaning: moisture, cloud, mist
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nfoj [n] `cloud, mass of clouds'; Hitt. /nepis-/ [n] `sky'; OCS nebo,
nebes-e [n] `heaven'; Gr. neflh [f] `cloud'
Sanskrit: nabhya-
322
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hub (of wheel)'
Link to RV concordance: nabhya-; nbhi-; nbhnedistha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnbh-, Hnabhia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nbhi- [f] `hub, centre, navel (of the body or the world), origin,
relationship, family' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.13
Avestan: YAv. nabnazdita- [adj] `next-of-kin'; nfa- [m] `navel, origin, blood relationship' {1}
Middle Persian: nfag `navel'; nf `family'
Parthian: n'p `family'
New Persian: nf(a) `navel'
Ossetic: (D) naf(f)? `navel'
IE form: h3nebh-
IE meaning: navel, hub (of wheel)
Certainty: +
Idioms: `next-of-kin': nbh-nedistha- [m] PN (RV 10.061.18, TS+) YAv. nabnazdita- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: OPr. nabis `hub, navel'; OHG naba `hub'; OHG nabalo `navel'; Gr.
mfalj [m] `navel, umbilical cord'; Lat. umbilcus [m] `navel'
Notes: {1} The Iranian -f- is not well-explained.

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Sanskrit: nad
Gramm. forms: Present I: nadant- [part.act.] (AV+); Present X / Caus: naday `to resound' {1} (RV);
Intensive: nnadati [3pl.act.] `to resound, roar loudly' (RV), nnadat- [part.act.] (RV, AV); nnadya
(JB)
Meaning: `to thunder, roar, howl, rustle'
Link to RV concordance: nad-; nada-; nda-; nadanu-; nadanumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nad-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nada- [m] `roarer, bull' (RV+); nda- [m] `roaring, rustling' (RV+);
nadanu- [m] `noise, din' (RV 08.021.14); nadanumant- [adj] `sounding' (RV 06.018.02)
Page in EWAia: 2.8
See also: nada-; nad-
Avestan: OAv. nadnt- [ptc.pres.act.] `crying' or `speaking falsely' ( Y 33.4)
Khotanese: nt- [verb] `to sound', nyai `sound', pany- [verb] `to sound, make a noise' (< PIr. *pati-
nday )
Ossetic: n?tyn / n?tun [verb] `to moan, sigh, pant, groan' with irregular -t- < *-- (?)
IE form: ned-
IE meaning: to roar, to rustle
Certainty: +
323
Notes: {1} [LK] Thus according to Jamison 1983: 60f., contra most scholars' causative analysis (`to
make resound'). Jamison's analysis is again disputed by Got 1987: 192, fn. 356 ("nicht
wahrscheinlich").
Sanskrit: nada-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `reed'
Link to RV concordance: nada-; nada-; nd-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nada-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nadval- [f] `reed land' (AVP, VS, TB); nada- `reed' (RV 01.032.08,
possibly also 02.034.03) {1}; nala- [m] `reed, cane' (S.+); nd- [f] `pipe, tube, flute' (RV+);
ndik- [f] `windpipe, trachea' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 2.7
See also: nad
Middle Persian: n'd /ny/ `reed, cane; tube, pipe, flute, clarion'
Parthian: nd `pipe, flute; cane, rod'
New Persian: ny `windpipe'; nay `flute, reed'
IE form: ned-o- / nod-o-
IE meaning: reed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. nta/i- `reed, arrow, drinking straw'; Luv. ntatta [coll.pl.] `reeds';
Arm. net (gen.sg. net-i) àrrow'
Notes: {1} The original form of the word is nada- with unexplained -d-.
Sanskrit: nad-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: vrk-inflexion: nadyam [acc.sg.], nadyah [gen.sg., nom.acc.pl.], nad [loc.sg.]
Meaning: `river'
Link to RV concordance: nad-; ndya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nad-iH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nd(i)ya- [adj] `coming from a river' (RV, TS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.9
See also: nad
Avestan: YAv. anaim [adv] àcross the water (?)' ( V 6.40)
IE form: ned-ih2-
IE meaning: resounding, rustling (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. Nda [f] N of river in Arkadia; Gr. Ndwn [m] N of a river in
Messenia; MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river
Sanskrit: nagna-
324
Meaning: `naked'
Link to RV concordance: nagna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nagna-
Page in EWAia: 2.5
See also: nga-
Avestan: YAv. mana- [adj] `naked' (< PIr. *magna-)
Khotanese: bnaa- [adj] `naked' (< PIr.*bagnaka-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) bn'k [adj] `naked', (Chr.) bny [adj] `naked'
Middle Persian: brahnag [adj] `naked' (with secondary -r-)
Ossetic: b?gn?g [adj] `naked'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bnn'k [adj] `naked'
IE form: negw-no- {1}
IE meaning: naked
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. merk `naked'; Gr. gumnj [adj] `naked'; Gr. gumnj [adj] `naked';
ON nakinn [adj] `naked'; Lith. nuogas [adj] `naked'; OPr. nognan `leather'; Lat. ndus [adj] `naked' (<
*nogw-e/o-dho- ?); OIr. nocht [adj] `naked' (< *nogw-to-)
Notes: {1} [AL] For a discussion of the various suffixes in this word see Beekes 1994.
Sanskrit: nagnahu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `ferment, substance used for fermenting spirituous liquor'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nagna-
Page in EWAia: 2.6
Sogdian: (Chr.) ngny `bread'
Middle Persian: nn `bread'
New Persian: nn `bread'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. nagan `bread'; Pash. naan `bread'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] See Lubotsky 2001.
Sanskrit: nakha-
Meaning: `(finger-, toe-) nail, claw'
Link to RV concordance: nakha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nkHa- / nkha- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nakhin- [adj] `having claws' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 2.4
See also: anghri-
Khotanese: nhune [pl] `nails'
Middle Persian: nxun `fingernail'
325
New Persian: nxun `fingernail'
Ossetic: nyx / nix `nail'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. nkun `nail'
IE form: h3engh- / h3negh-
IE meaning: nail, claw
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. unguis `nail'; Lith. na~gas `nail'
Notes: {1} Loss of voice in the IIr. word is possibly due to the influence of other body parts with
voiceless aspirates, like angustha-, kulpha-.
Sanskrit: nakt-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. nak, acc.sg. naktam, nom.acc.du. nakt; acc.pl. nakth (analogical after rtr
h), instr.pl. naktabhih (after ahabhih)
Meaning: `night'
Link to RV concordance: nakt-; naktan-; nakt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nakt-, naktar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: naktay [adv] àt night' (RV 02.002.02); naksatra- [n] `star, sun, house of
the moon' (RV+) (< *nakt-ksatra- `having dominion over the night'?)
Page in EWAia: 2.2
See also: aktu-?
Avestan: Av. upa.naxturuu [adj.loc.pl.] `bordering on the night' ( V 7.79; upa.nuxturuu N 68 for
naxtr-, cf. de Vaan 2003: 522f. for a discussion);
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. nagd `night'
IE form: nokwt- [nom.sg. *nokwt-s, gen.sg. *nekwt-s]
IE meaning: night
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ne-ku-[uz]-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `to become night' (< PIE *negw-ti);
Hitt. nekuz [adv] ìn the evening' (= gen.sg.); Gr. nx (nkt-) `night'; Lat. nox, noctis `night'; Go.
nahts `night'; Lith. naktis `night' (gen.pl. nakt-u); OCS not `night'; Gr. nktwr [adv] àt night'; Lat.
nocturnus [adj] `nocturnal'
Sanskrit: nam
Gramm. forms: Present I: namanti [3pl.act.] `to bend' (tr.) (RV+), namate [3sg.med.] `to bend
(oneself)' (intr.), `to bend (for oneself)' (tr.) (RV+); Aorist S: ann [3sg.act.] (KS), anamsata
[3pl.med.] (Br.), namsante [3pl.subj.med.] (RV); Perfect: nnma [3sg.act.] `has bent (oneself)' (intr.)
(RV), neme [3sg.med.] (RV 01.057.05); nanamas [2sg.subj.act.] {1} `to turn away' (RV 01.174.08 =
02.019.07); Fut: namsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus: namay `make bow' (RV+), namay (Up.+); Aorist
RED: nnamas [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 08.024.27); Intensive: namnamti [3sg.act.] (RV+); namnate
[3sg.med.] (RV 01.140.06); nannamat [ptc.act.] (RV 01.140.06); Passive: namyate [3sg.] (RV-Kh.
5.22.3, TaiU +); Inf: ni-nam-e `to bend down' (RV 03.056.01); ta-ptc.: an--nata- ùnbent, inflexible'
(RV)
326
Meaning: `to bend (oneself), bow'
Link to RV concordance: nam-; nantva-; namayisnu-; anmin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nam-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nantva- [n] `the flexible one, what can be bent' (RV 02.034.02);
namayisnu- [adj] `bending, causing to bend oneself' (RV 08.020.01); sam-nati- [f] `regard, favour'
(AV+); a-nmin- [adj] ìnflexible' (RV); ku-nannam- [f] N of a female demon (RV 10.136.07: from
the intensive stem)
Page in EWAia: 2.14
Avestan: YAv. fr ... nmante [3pl.pres.m] `to flee'; v ... nmaiieinti [3pl.caus.act.] `to drive apart'
Khotanese: ha-nam- [verb] `to bend, to bow down'
Sogdian: nm- [verb] `to consent, agree, accept'
Middle Persian: fra-nm-, fra-nftan [verb] `to lead, to conduct, to promote'
Parthian: frn'm- [verb] `to lead, bring'
Ossetic: nymd/nind? `bashfulness, customary submissive attitude [of the bride]'
IE form: nem-
IE meaning: to bend (intr.)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: To. nm- [verb] `to bend oneself'
Notes: {1} [LK] Probably perf.subj. rather than reduplicated aor.; see Bendahman 1993: 145, Kmmel
2000: 279.
Sanskrit: namas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `worship, honour, respectful greeting'
Link to RV concordance: namas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: namas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: namasya `to worship' (RV+); namasvant- [adj] `respectful' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.16
See also: namra-
Avestan: Av. nmah- [n] `worship, homage, expression of respect'; OAv. nmaxiimah
[1pl.pres.act.] `to pay homage' (< PIIr. *namas-ia ); nmaxvait- [f] `having worship'; YAv. nmah-
[n] `loan'
Sogdian: (Man.) nm'c `worship'
Middle Persian: namz `worship, prayer'
Parthian: nm'c `worship'
New Persian: namz `worship, prayer'
IE form: nem-os-
IE meaning: distribution
Certainty: +
Idioms: `homage to you (greeting)': Skt. namas te (RV+) YAv. nmas.ti, nmas.t ; `to bring
homage': Skt. namas- bhar- (RV+) YAv. nm bar-; `sacrifice with homage': namas miyedhah
(RV) OAv. miiazdm ... nmah
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nmoj [n] `holy forest'; Lat. nemus [n] `holy forest'; Gr. nmw [verb]
`to distribute'
327
Sanskrit: namra-
Meaning: `submissive, reverential, humble'
Link to RV concordance: namra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: namra-
Page in EWAia: 2.17
See also: namas-
Avestan: OAv. namita- [sup] `worshipping in the best way' ( Y 36.2); YAv. namra.vac- [adj]
`speaking respectful words'; namiasu- [adj] `with tender asu-plants'
Sogdian: (Man.) nmr- [adj] `humble, soft'
Middle Persian: narm [adj] `soft, humble'
Parthian: nmr `soft'
New Persian: narm [adj] `soft, humble'
IE form: nmro-
Certainty: +
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Sanskrit: nan-
First attestation: RVh
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mother, mum'
Link to RV concordance: nan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nanaH-
Page in EWAia: 2.9
See also: nanndar-
New Persian: nana `mother'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. nn `mother'; Wa. nan `mother'
IE form: neneh2- (?)
IE meaning: mum
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny:
Cognates in other languages: SCr. nana, nena `mother'
Sanskrit: napt-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: napt [nom.sg.] (RV+); naptam [acc.sg.] (RV+); naptr [instr.sg.] (RV+); naptre
[dat.sg.] (RV+); naptuh [gen.abl.sg.] (RV+); naptas [nom.pl.] (RV+), naptrbhih [instr.pl.] (RV+);
nadbhyas [dat.pl.] (RV 10.060.06); later naptram [acc.sg.] (KS+), etc.
Meaning: `descendant, grandson'
328
Link to RV concordance: napat-; pranapat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)napt-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pranapt [voc.sg.] `great-grandson' (RV 08.017.13)
Page in EWAia: 2.11
See also: napt-; naptriya-
Avestan: OAv. nafu [loc.pl.m.] `grandson' ( Y 46.12) (< PIIr. *napt-su); YAv. nap, naps (t-)
[nom.sg.], naptm [acc.sg.], naptrm [acc.sg.] nafr [gen.sg.] (< *naptras) `grandson'
Old Persian: nap [nom.sg.m.] `grandson'
Middle Persian: nab `grandson'
New Persian: nawa, nawda, nawsa `grandson'
IE form: h2nepot-
IE meaning: grandson
Certainty: +
Idioms: `grandson of the waters': Skt. apm napt (RV+) YAv. apam napt-/naptar-
Cognates in other languages: Lat. neps, nept- [m] `grandchild, offspring', later `nephew'; OLith.
nepuotis `grandson, nephew' (gen.pl. nepoiu); OE nefa `grandson, nephew'; Gr. neyij [m]
Sanskrit: napt-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: vrk-inflection
Meaning: `daughter, granddaughter'
Link to RV concordance: napt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)napt-iH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: napti- [f] `daughter, granddaughter' (AV); naptr- [f] `granddaughter'
(AVP+)
Page in EWAia: 2.11
See also: napt-; naptriya-
Avestan: YAv. napti [f] `granddaughter'
IE form: h2nept-ih2-
IE meaning: granddaughter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. neptis [f] `granddaughter', later `niece'; OIr. necht `neptis'; OHG
nift(a) `niece'
Sanskrit: naptriya- {1}

First attestation: Br.
Gramm. forms: only in compounds
Meaning: `belonging to the grandson'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)naptiHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apo-naptriya- [adj] `related to Apm Napt' (Br.+), apm-naptrya (KS),
apo-naptrya- (MS, TS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.11
See also: napt-; napt-
329
Avestan: OAv. naptiia- [adj] `belonging to the offspring (?)' ( Y 46.12); YAv. nauua.naptiia- [n]
`kinsmen of the nine degrees of kinship of a family'; naptiia- [m] PN
IE form: h2neptiHo-
IE meaning: belonging to the offspring
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. neyij [m] `cousin'; SerbCS netii `nephew'
Notes: {1} Originally, *naptiya-, adapted to naptar-.
Sanskrit: nar-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: naram [acc.sg.] (RV+); nare [dat.sg.] (RV+); naras [nom.pl.] (RV+); nrn [acc.pl.]
(RV+), narm [gen.pl.] (RV+)
Meaning: `man, human, hero, warrior'
Link to RV concordance: nar-; nri-; nr-; narya-; nrmna-; nrptar-; nrmanas-; nrhan-; nrmedha-;
nrsac-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nara- [m] `man, etc.' (AVP+); nri-, nr- [f] `woman, wife' (RV+);
nar(i)ya- [adj] `manly, male' (RV+); nrmna- [n] `manhood, manly power, manly deed' (RV+);
nryana- [m] `(N of a god, often identified with Visnu)' (MS, Br.+) (probably from *naryana-
[n] `refuge of men'); visvnara- (< *-Hnara-) [adj] `belonging to all men' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.19
See also: nn; narsamsa-; snara-; tva- [1]
Avestan: Av. nar- [m] `man' (OAv. n [nom.sg.], narm [acc.sg.], nr [gen.sg.], nari [dat.sg.], nar
[nom.pl.], naram-c [gen.pl.], YAv. nar [voc.sg.]); nir- [f] `woman, wife'; OAv. kamnnar- [adj]
`with few men' (< PIIr. *kamna-Hnar-); YAv. nara- [m] `man'; nairiia- [adj] `male'
Khotanese: nr `wife'
Middle Persian: nar `man; male'; nrg `woman, wife'; nrg `strength'
Parthian: nr `manly, heroic'
New Persian: nar `man; male'; nr `strength'
Ossetic: n?l [adj] `male'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. nar [adj] `male'
IE form: h2ner-
IE meaning: man
Certainty: +
Idioms: `protector of men': Skt. nr-ptar- [m] (RV), nr-pa- [m] `king' (S.+) Gr. Pomandroj [m]
PN; `with the courage of a hero': Skt. nr-manas- [adj] (RV) YAv. naire.manah- [adj] Gr. mnoj
ndrw~n, 'Andromnhj [m] PN; `glory of men': Skt. sravo ... nrnm (RV) Gr. kla ndrw~n; `killing
men': Skt. nr-han- [adj] (RV) OAv. jnar- [adj] Gr. ndrofnoj [adj]; `wisdom of men': Skt. nr-
medha- [m] PN (RV, TS+) YAv. narm mazdrm; `following the hero': Skt. nr-sac- [adj] (RV)
YAv. haxne narm ( V 19.26) (?)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nr [m] `man'; Arm. ayr `man'; NPhr. anar `man'; Osc. ner-um
[gen.pl.] `man'; MW ner `hero'
Sanskrit: narsamsa-
330
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: nar ... samsam (in tmesis) RV 09.086.42, 10.064.03; narm na samsah (RV
02.034.06), samso narm (RV 06.024.02)
Meaning: epithet of Agni and Psan
Link to RV concordance: narsamsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HnaraHam cansa-
Page in EWAia: 2.20
See also: nar-; sams
Avestan: YAv. nairii.saha- [m] N of a god, of the divine messenger, N of the fire as a god, also
gen.sg. nairiiehe ... sahahe, acc.sg. nairm ... sahm
Middle Persian: narseh [m] PN
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. (Elam.) *narya-sanha- N of a god
IE form: h2ner- + kens-
Certainty: +
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Sanskrit: nard
Gramm. forms: Present I: nardati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: ni-nardayati [3sg.act.] (Br.)
Meaning: `to hum (during singing Smans), roar, bellow (of animal, human, cloud)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nard-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-narda- [m] `humming' (Br., SrS.); vi-nardin- [adj] `humming, singing
the Smaveda' (Up.)
Page in EWAia: 2.22
Sogdian: (Buddh.) nr- `to lament'
Middle Persian: nl- [verb] `to lament, to moan'
New Persian: nl- [verb] `to lament, to moan'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nr- `to lament'; Pash. narl `to roar, to start to cry'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Onomatopoetic?
Sanskrit: nas
Gramm. forms: Present I: nasate [3sg.med.] (RV); Present III: nimsate [3pl.med.] (RV+), nimsata
[3sg.inj.med.(them.)] (RV), *nimsta [3sg.opt.med.] (AVP 8.15.5) `to visit'; Aorist R: nasmahi
[1pl.opt.act.] (for *asmahi) (RV 02.016.08)
Meaning: `to come together (at home), join'
Link to RV concordance: nas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nas-
Page in EWAia: 2.30
See also: asta-; nsatya-
IE form: nes-
331
IE meaning: to return home safely
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nomai [verb] `to return home, to arrive happily, to get off (from
trouble)'; Gr. nstoj [m] `returning home'; Go. ga-nisan [verb] `to be saved'; Go. nasjan [verb] `to
save'; MoHG genesen [verb] `to heal'
Sanskrit: nas
Part of speech: [1pl. pers. pron.] (acc.gen.dat.pl.)
Meaning: ùs, our'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ns [acc.pl.]; nas [gen.dat.pl.] (encl.)
Page in EWAia: 2.30
See also: asma-; nau; vayam
Avestan: OAv. n [1pl. pers. pron.] (acc.) ùs'; n [1pl. pers. pron.] (gen.dat.) ùs, our'; YAv. n [1pl.
pers. pron.] (acc.gen.dat.) ùs, our'
Khotanese: n ùs, our'
Ossetic: n? ùs, our, from us'
IE form: nos, ns
IE meaning: us
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Alb. na [1pl. pers. pron.] `we' (< PIE *nos); Lat. ns [1pl. pers. pron.]
`we'; Go. uns [1pl. pers. pron.] ùs'
Sanskrit: nas-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: ns [nom.du.] (RV 02.039.06), nas-os [gen.du.] (RV+), nasi [loc.sg.] (in compound
nasy-ota-)
Meaning: `nose'
Link to RV concordance: nas-; nsik-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)nas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ns- [f] `nose' (AV+); nasy-ota- [adj] `grabbed at the nose' (TS+);
nsik- [f] `nose' (RV 10.163.01+); rjnas- [m] PN (RV .052.02); urnasa- [adj] `with a broad nose'
(RV 10.014.12); pavnasa- [adj] `with a nose like a felloe' (AV); nasvant- [adj] `nosed' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 2.30
Avestan: YAv. nha [nom.acc.du.?] ( F 123), nhanat_ [abl.sg.] `nose'
Old Persian: nh-am [acc.sg.] `nose'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) nns `nose'; (Buddh.) nyc `nostrils'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. nj `nose'
IE form: Hn(e)h2s-
IE meaning: nose
Certainty: +
332
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nris [f] `nose' (nom.pl. nrs, gen.pl. nr(i)um); Lith. nosis `nose';
OHG nasa `nose'; RussCS nos `nose'

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Sanskrit: nas [1] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present V: asnoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present AYA: asyata [3sg.inj.med.] (RV), -
asyah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV); nasyathah {2} [2du.act.] (RV 10.040.06); Aorist R: nat (< IE *h1e-
h2nek-t) [3sg.act.] (RV+), nat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 07.104.23), pra nak [3sg.inj.act.] (RV), nasat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV), asym [1sg.opt.act.] (RV+), sta [3sg.med.] (RV), sata [3pl.med.] (RV),
nasate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV), asmahi, nasmahi [1pl.opt.med.] (RV); Aorist S: ksata [3pl.med.] (TB
1.3.10.3), ksi [1sg.med.] (TA 2.3.1); {3} Perfect {4}: namsa [3sg.act.] (< IE *h2e-h2no(n)k-e)
(RV-YVm), nasur [3pl.act.] (RV, YVm); nsa [3sg.act.] (RV, YVm); sa [3sg.act.] (RV 08.047.06),
sur [3pl.act.] (RV); Desid: iyaksati [3sg.act.] `to desire to reach, to strive after' (RV, VS), inaksati
[3sg.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: a-sam-asta- `not yet reached' (RV); Inf: astave (RV+), parnase (RV),
samnase (RV)
Meaning: `to reach, attain'
Link to RV concordance: nas- [1]; aks- [2]; jaradasti-; namsa-; dnasa-; dnsa-; naks-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnac
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: iyaksu- (< IE *h2i-h2nk-s ) [adj] `desiring to reach' (RV 10.004.01);
asti- [f] àttainment' (AV+); jaradasti- [adj] àttaining old age' (RV+); namsa- [m] àcquisition'
(RV); d-nasa-, d-nsa- [adj] `difficult to reach' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.27
See also: amsa-
Avestan: Av. nas- [verb] `to reach, attain': YAv. auua.anaoiti [3sg.pres.act.], OAv. frat
[3sg.aor.med.] ( Y 43.14); frsiit_ /fra asit/ [3sg.aor.opt.act.] ( Y 46.8); nm /nam/ [1pl.s-
aor.subj.act.] ( Y 44.13), nasat_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.] ( Y 51.16); ata- [ppp] ( Y 51.12); diii [inf] ( Y
51.17); n `to bring' ( Y 44.14); n [loc.pl.] àttainment' ( Y 38.5); aibinasastma- (<
*aibi.nasant ) [sup] `who attains the most'; frati- [f] `reaching, meeting'; vahita.nsm `to obtain
the best'
Khotanese: ns- [verb] `to take'; nasa- `share'
Sogdian: ''s- (< PIr. *-asa-) [verb] `to take'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. nas-, nis- / nwul [verb] `to take, seize, catch', Yagh. nos- / nota- [verb]
`to take (away); to buy; to seize, catch'
IE form: h2nek- {6}
IE meaning: to reach
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nancre [verb], nancsc [pf], na(n)ctus [ppp] `to reach, to attain';
OIr. ro-icc [3sg.pres.act.] `to reach'; OIr. ro-anaic (< *h2e-h2nok-e) [3sg.pf.] `to reach'; Gr. pod-
hnekj [adj] `reaching down to the feet'; Gr. dihnekj [adj] `continuous'; Gr. (Att.) dianekj [adj]
`continuous'
333
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary root variants as (based on the zero grade of nas) and nams
(extracted from the perfect stem); see Kmmel 2000: 284ff. {2} With the secondary full grade in the
root. {3} [AL] The forms ksisur [3pl.aor.act.] (RV 01.163.10) and aksat [3sg.aor.subj.] (RV
10.011.07) are likely to be nonce ( Narten 1964: 160), cf. the RV conc. s.v. aks- [2]. {4} Derived
from three stem variants: nams- (< IE *h2e-h2no(n)k-/nas-, ns-/ns-, s-; see Kmmel 2000:
284ff. {5} [AL] Unclear is the status of the Vedic root naks- `to arrive at, reach' (Present I: naksati
[3sg.act.] (RV+), naksate [3sg.med.] (RV+), naksamna- [part.med.] (RV+); Perfect: nanaksur
[3pl.act.] (RV+), nanakse [3sg.med.] (RV+)), cf. Narten 1964: 160 for a discussion. Most probably,
this root is based on the sigmatic aorist and is not an old present with the suffix *-se/o-. The YAv.
forms nmna- [part.pr.med.] and nite [3sg.subj.med.] ( Yt 19.12) do not prove an old thematic
inflection (cf. also YAv. athematic nma [1pl.aor.opt.act.] Y 70.4). {6} Some forms of the root
*h1nek- `to carry' (Gr. negkei~n `to bring, to carry away') could have been secondarily included into
the paradigm of *h2nek- in PIIr.
Sanskrit: nas [2]

Gramm. forms: Present IV: nasyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED (intr.): nesat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV),
anesan [3pl.act.] (YV); Perfect: nansa [3sg.act.] (RV 09.067.30 , 10.017.01), -nesur [3pl.act.] (BAU
1.3.7 = SB 14.4.1.8); Fut: nasisyati [3sg.iact.] (AV+); Caus: nsay `to make disappear, to destroy'
(RV+); Aorist RED (tr.-caus.): annasat [3sg.act.], nnasah [2sg.inj.] `to damage' (RV+); ta-ptc.:
nasta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to perish, disappear'
Link to RV concordance: nas- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: jva-nas- [adj] `causing living beings to die' (MS); nsa- [m]
`disappearance, loss' (AVP+); nsana- [adj] `destroying' (AV, VS+); nsayitar- [m] `destroyer' (VS);
nsuka- [adj] `disappearing' (TS; KS+ namsuka-); nstr- [f] `destruction, evil demon' (AV+); a-
para-namsa- [n] `non-disappearing' (KS)
Page in EWAia: 2.28
Avestan: OAv. nasiiant- [ptc.pres.act.] `straying from' ( Y 32.4); anasat_ [3sg.aor.act.] ( Y 53.7), nasat_
[3sg.aor.inj.act.] `to disappear' ( Y 53.6); v.nns [3sg.pf.act.] ( Y 32.15), nasuuah- [ptc.pf.act.] `to
disappear' ( Y 51.13); YAv. nasiieiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to stray from'; nata- [ppp] `having missed'; apa-
nata- [ppp] `disappeared'; nasita- [sup] `most destroying'
Old Persian: vinayatiy [3sg.pres.act.] `to damage'; vinasta- `damage'
Khotanese: panassre [3pl.pres.] `to perish'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) n's `ruin'; (Buddh.) nt- [ppp] `ruined'
Middle Persian: winhdan [verb] `to spoil, to damage, to destroy'; winastag `spoilt'
Parthian: 'bns- `to perish','bn's- [caus.] `to destroy' (+ *apa-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bn'sy- `to loose' (+ *apa-)
IE form: nek-
IE meaning: to disappear. perish
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nec- [f] `murder, death'; Lat. necre [verb] `to kill, to destroy'; Lat.
nocre [verb] `to damage, to hurt'; Gr. nekrj [m] `body, dead person'; To. nk- [verb] `to ruin'
334
Sanskrit: nau
Part of speech: [1du. pers. pron.] (gen.dat.acc.)
Meaning: ùs both'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naH (?)
Page in EWAia: 2.58
See also: vam
Avestan: YAv. n ùs both' ( Yt 16.3; the interpretation of this form as well as of n at OAv. Y 45.2 is
uncertain)
IE form: neh3 (?)
IE meaning: us both
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Att.) n [1du. pers.pron.] ùs both' (< PGr. *n-ue); Go. ugkis [1du.
pers.pron.] ùs both' (PGm. *un- < PIE *nH- ?)
Sanskrit: nau-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `boat'
Link to RV concordance: nau-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naHu-
Page in EWAia: 2.59
See also: nvja-; nvya-
Khotanese: no `boat'
Sogdian: (Chr.) nw `boat'
Ossetic: naw/naw? `boat'
IE form: neh2-u-
IE meaning: ship
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nau~j `ship'; Gr. nhu~j `ship' (ep., Ion.); Lat. nvis `ship' {1}; OIr. nau
`ship'; ON nr `ship'
Notes: {1} Formed on the basis of Acc.sg. nv-em.
Sanskrit: nav [2]

First attestation: TSp+
Gramm. forms: Present II: -nauti [3sg.act.] (GrS.); Caus: ati-nvayet [3sg.opt.act.] (TSp 6.3.4.4, SB)
Meaning: `to move'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nau-
Page in EWAia: 2.23
Khotanese: van(a)u- [verb] `to become inactive' (+ *aua-)
Sogdian: (Man.) nw- [verb] `to go slowly', n'w- [verb] `to shake'
Parthian: nwy- [verb] `to move (intrans.), go'
New Persian: navdan/nav- `to shake, tremble; to move (esp. when rising from a place)'
335
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|nw- [verb] `to collide' (+ *ham-)
IE form: neu-
IE meaning: `to make a short movement, nod'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. new `to nod', Lat. ad-nit `nodded', Lith. niau~sti `to nod'
Sanskrit: nava
Gramm. forms: navnm [gen.pl.] `nine' (RV I, X+)
Meaning: `nine'
Link to RV concordance: nava
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnaua `9', Hnauadaca `19'
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nava-dasa [num] `nineteen' (YV+); Hitt. (Kikkuli) na-a-ua-ar-ta-an-na,
na-ua-ar-ta-an-ni òf nine turns' (for *naua-uartana-; LW from Indo-Aryan)
Page in EWAia: 2.24
See also: navama-; navati-
Avestan: YAv. nauua [num] `nine'; nauuanam [gen.pl.] `nine' ( V 22.20); nauua.dasa- [adj]
`nineteenth'
Khotanese: nau [num] `nine'
Sogdian: nw' [num] `nine'
Middle Persian: n [num] `nine'
Ossetic: nd?s / n?wd?s [num] `nineteen'
IE form: h1neun
IE meaning: nine
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. inn [num] `nine'; Gr. nna [num] `nine'; Lat. novem [num] `nine';
Go. niun [num] `nine'; OHG niun [num] `nine'
Sanskrit: nava-
Gramm. forms: nav()yas- [comp] (RV), navatara- [comp] (Br.+), navistha- [sup] (RV)
Meaning: `new, fresh, young'
Link to RV concordance: nava-; navyas-; navyas-; navistha-; navas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nava [pref] `recently' (RV): nava-s- [f] `cow that has recently calved'
(RV 04.034.05)
Page in EWAia: 2.25
See also: navya-; nu
Avestan: YAv. nauua- [adj] `new, fresh'
Middle Persian: ng [adj] `new, fresh'
Parthian: nw'g [adj] `new'
New Persian: naw [adj] `new, fresh'
Ossetic: n?w?g [adj] `new'
336
IE form: neuo-
IE meaning: new, young
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. neua- [adj] `new, young'; Gr. noj [adj] `new, young'; Gr. (Myc.)
ne-wo [adj] `new, young'; Gr. (Cypr.) ne-statoj `new, young'; Lat. novus [adj] `new, young'; OCS
nov [adj] `new, young'; ToA n~u [adj] `new, young'; ToB n~uwe [adj] `new, young'
Sanskrit: navama-
Meaning: `ninth'
Link to RV concordance: navama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HnauamHa- {1}
Page in EWAia: 2.24
See also: nava; navati-
Avestan: YAv. naoma-, numa- [adj] `ninth'
Old Persian: navama- [adj] `ninth'
Khotanese: nauma- [adj] `ninth'
Sogdian: nwm'y [adj] `ninth'
Middle Persian: nohom [adj] `ninth'
IE form: h1neunHo-
IE meaning: ninth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. nnus [adj] `ninth'
Notes: {1} Changed from *HnauanHa- under the influence of other ordinals in -ma-.
Sanskrit: navanta-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `fresh butter'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nta-misra- [adj] `not yet entirely made into butter' (TB+); netra- [n]
`string by which the churning-stick is whirled around' (Br.+)
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Khotanese: nyaka- `fresh butter'; n~(y)e `buttermilk'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. nay-, nid [verb] `to churn'; Tal. niy `to churn'; Sh. nm-rg `churnstaff';
Yi. nya `sour milk'; Wa. prnc `to churn'
IE form: neiH- {1}
IE meaning: to churn butter
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Latv. sviestu nt [verb] `to churn butter'; Latv. pa-nijas, pa-ni~nas
`buttermilk'
Notes: {1} A technical usage of nayi ?
337
Sanskrit: navati-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms:
Meaning: `ninety'
Link to RV concordance: navati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnauati-
Page in EWAia: 2.24
See also: nava; navama-
Avestan: YAv. nauuaiti- [f] `ninety'
Middle Persian: nawad `ninety'
New Persian: nawad `ninety'
IE form: h1neun-ti-
IE meaning: ninety
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON niund `number of nine'

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Sanskrit: nav(i) [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I: navate [3sg.med.] (RV+); navant- [ptc.act.] (RV 06.017.10); Present VI:
nuvant- [ptc.act.] (RV 01.029.05) {1}; pra nauti [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Aorist S: ansata [3pl.med.]
(RV+); Aorist IS: anavista [3sg.med.] (RV 09.071.07); Aorist RED {2}: annot [3sg.act.] (RV);
Intensive: anonavur [3pl.act.] (RV), navnot [3sg.inj.act.] (RV); Intensive perfect: nonva [3sg.act.]
(RV 01.079.02)
Meaning: `to roar, shout'
Link to RV concordance: nu-/n-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nau(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nva- [m] `shout of joy, song of praise' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.23
New Persian: nawdan [verb] `to lament'
Ossetic: nwyn / newun [verb] `to howl'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. nw- [verb] `to cry'
IE form: neu(H)-
IE meaning: to roar {3}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. nuall `cry, sound'; To. nu- [verb] `to roar'
Notes: {1} Created on the model of ruva- `roar'. {2} [LK] Differently Narten (< *anonot by
dissimilation); see Kmmel 2000: 283. {3} Probably an onomatopoetic root.
338
Sanskrit: navya-
Meaning: `new, fresh, young'
Link to RV concordance: navya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nauia-
Page in EWAia: 2.25
See also: nava-; nu
IE form: neuio- {1}
IE meaning: new
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Ion.) neoj [adj] `new'; Go. niujis [adj] `new'; Lith. nau~jas [adj]
`new'
Notes: {1} [AL] Beekes 1994: 90 convincingly argues that this adjective is derived from the locative
*neui.
Sanskrit: nayi
Gramm. forms: Present I: nayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present II (nonce): netha [2pl.act.] (RV 10.126.02),
antam [3du.impf.med.] (RV 01.121.05); Aorist S: anait [3sg.act.] (AV+), anaisam [1sg.act.] (MS),
naista [3sg.inj.med.] (RV), nesat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); SI-impv: nesi (RV+); Perfect: ninya
[3sg.act.] (RV+), ninyt [3sg.opt.act.] (RV); Passive: nyate [3sg.] (RV+); Fut: nesyati [3sg.act.]
(AV+); Intensive: nenya (RV+); Desid: ninsasi [2sg.act.] (RV 08.103.04 +); Inf: nesani `to lead'
(RV); ta-ptc.: nta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to lead'
Link to RV concordance: n-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: n- [suf] `leading; leader' (RV+); nayistha- [sup] `leading in the best
way' (RV); ( )nti- [f] `leading' (RV+); netra- [n] `leading, guiding' (AV); nestar- [m] òne of the
principal priests at the soma-sacrifice' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.17
Avestan: OAv. naat_ [3sg.aor.subj.act.] `to lead' ( Y 31.20); YAv. naiieiti [3sg.pres.act.], naiieiti
[3sg.fut.] ( FrK 6) `to lead away'; aibi.nti- [f] `leading towards'; ratu-naiia- [m] `layman, led by the
ratu'; n- [suff] `leading' (?)
Old Persian: anaya [3sg.impf.act.], anayat [3sg.impf.med.(pass.)] `to lead, to bring'
Sogdian: n(')y- [verb] `to lead'
Middle Persian: nay-, ndan [verb] `to lead'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bny- [verb] `to remove' (+ *apa-), Kurd. -nn [verb] `to bring, to lead
to'
IE form: neiH-
IE meaning: to lead
Certainty: +
339
Idioms: `to lead a horse': Skt. asvam ... nay (RV+), *asva-n- PN (`led by the horse' (?)) (Mitanni-IA)
YAv. aspa ... naii OP. asam frnayam; `to lead away the bound one': Skt. baddham nay (RV
10.034.04) YAv. bastm naii OP. basta anayat
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. nai-, ne- [verb], na-it-ti [2sg.pres.act.], ne-ia-an-zi, ne-e-an-zi
[3pl.pres.act.], ne-e-a-ri [3sg.stat.] (< IE *neiH-e/o-) `to lead'
Sanskrit: ndh
Gramm. forms: Present I: ndhamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+), ndhai [1sg.subj.med.] (SBK 4.5.1.16); ta-
ptc.: ndhita- òppressed' (RV) {1}
Meaning: `to be in distress, be oppressed'
Link to RV concordance: ndh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naHdh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ndhas- [n] `distress' (RV 10.065.05)
Page in EWAia: 2.34
See also: dhra-
Avestan: OAv. nidiiah- [comp] `poorer, weaker'; YAv. nata-ca [3sg.subj.med.] `to be in trouble'
IE form: neh3dh-
IE meaning: to be in distress
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nwqrj [adj] `sluggish' ( Skt. dhra-)
Notes: {1} Also nthita- (RV+) with -th- taken from the root nth- `to seek aid'.
Sanskrit: nga-
First attestation: AitB+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: èlephant'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nga-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nga- [m] `snake' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 2.33
See also: nagna-
IE form: nogw-o-
IE meaning: naked
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. nuogas [adj] `naked'; OCS nag [adj] `naked'
Sanskrit: nman-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: instr.sg. nmn /nman/ , nom.pl. nm, nmni
Meaning: `name, characteristic mark, nature, kind'
Link to RV concordance: nman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HnaHman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nma (after a name) `called, by name' (RV+)
340
Page in EWAia: 2.35
Avestan: Av. nman- [n] `name'; YAv. nama (after a name) `called, by name'
Old Persian: nma (after masc. names), nm (after fem. names) `called, by name'
Khotanese: nma `name'
Sogdian: n'm `name' {1}
Middle Persian: n'm /nm/ `name'
Parthian: n'm `name'
New Persian: nm `name'
Ossetic: nom / non, nom `name, fame'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nmak `name'; Bactr. namo `name', namago `list'
IE form: h3neh3-men-
IE meaning: name
Certainty: +
Idioms: `having many names': Skt. puru-nman- [adj.] (RV) Gr. polunumoj [adj]; `dear name':
Skt. priya- nman- (RV) OE fro nama `surname, cognomen'; `famous name': Skt. srutya- nman-
(RV) Gr. noma klutn ToA n~om-klyu, ToB n~em-klywe `fame'; `to call the name': Skt. ahve ...
nma (RV 03.056.04) YAv. nama zbaiiaa ( Yt 15.49); Àsurian names': Skt. asuryni nma (RV
10.054.04) OAv. hirii nmn ( Y 37.3); ùsing a good name': Skt. su-nman- [adj] (AV)
Elam.-Iran. *hu-nman- [m] PN XXX (Hinz)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. noma [n] `name' {2}; Gr. (Hom.) nnum(n)oj [adj] `without a
name'; Arm. anun `name'; Lat. nmen `name'; Go. namo `name'; OIr. ainm n- `name'; OCS ime
`name'; Hitt. lman- `name'; ToB n~em `name'; ToA n~om `name'
Notes: {1} [AL] Middle-Iranian suffix nmn (< PIr. acc.sg. * nmn-am) in Sogd. and Parth. nmn, NP
mn, cf. also Sogd. t'nm'n, Parth.'w'nm'n, NP bahmn `so-and-so' can hardly be old. XXX Sims-
Williams JRAS 1990. {2} [AL] Gr. (Dor.) numa- in a personal name 'Enumakratdaj, attested on one
inscription, must be secondary.
Sanskrit: nvja-
First attestation: SB
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `skipper, boatman'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naHu-Hj-a-
Page in EWAia: 2.38
See also: nvya-; nau-
Avestan: YAv. nauuza- [m] `skipper'
Sogdian: nw''z `skipper'
Parthian: nwz `skipper'
IE form: neh2u-h2ogo-
IE meaning: skipper
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. nawaz `skipper' (LW from Iranian); Lat. nvigre [verb] `to
nagivate, to sail'
Sanskrit: nvya-
341
Meaning: `to be crossed by a boat'
Link to RV concordance: nvy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naHu-iHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nvy- [f] `deep river' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.39
See also: nvja-; nau-
Avestan: YAv. nuuiia- [adj] an epithet of waters, `deep (?)'
Old Persian: nviya- [adj] `deep, to be crossed only by a boat'
Sogdian: (Man.) n'ywq an epithet of water (most probably, `deep')
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nioj [adj] `belonging to ships'; ToA new- `flood' (most probably, a
LW from Iranian)
Sanskrit: ned [1] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I<VII: nindati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist IS: anindisur [3pl.act.] (RV 01.161.05,
SrS.) {2}; Aorist R: nidna- [ptc.med.] `blamed' (RV 04.005.12); Perfect: ninidur [3pl.act.] (RV
10.027.06), nindima [1pl.act.] (RV 01.161.01); Passive: nidyamna- [ptc.] (RV 06.052.03); nindyate
[3sg.] (DhS.+) {2}; Desid: ninitst [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: nindita- {2} `mocked, defective'
(RV+)
Meaning: `to revile, blame, mock'
Link to RV concordance: nid-; nid-; nid-; nindya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hnaid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nid- [f] `blame, mocking, mocker' (RV); nid- [f] `blame' (RV
06.012.06); nindya- {2} [gerundive] `blameworthy' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.54
Avestan: YAv. nid- [verb] `to abuse, curse': nism [1sg.pres.act.], nist [3sg.pres.act.] {3}; nsta
[2pl.impv.act.]; OAv. na-nastr [nom.pl.m.] `(we are) not revilers' ( Y 35.2)
IE form: h3neid-
IE meaning: to abuse, curse
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. anicanem [verb] `to curse'; Gr. neidoj [n] `reprimand, abuse'
{4}; Go. ganaitjan [verb] `to taunt, abuse'; Lith. niedeti [verb] `to despise'; Latv. ni^de^t [verb] `to hate'
Notes: {1} With the secondary root variant nind- extracted from the thematic nasal present. {2}
Derived from the secondary root variant nind-. {3} [AL] Probably reflecting an old athematic root-
present, cf. also Tremblay 1999. The lengthened grade and -s- of nismi come from the monosyllabic
3sg. nist. {4} [LK] See also Fenart & Manessy-Guitton 1974.
Sanskrit: ned [2]

First attestation: YV+
Gramm. forms: Present I: -nedanti [3pl.act.] (YVp+)
Meaning: `to flow over, overflow, flood'
342
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-ati-neda- [m] `not foaming over' (MS, JB)
Page in EWAia: 2.55
Khotanese: gga-nh- [verb] `to moisten'
IE form: neid-
IE meaning: to flow
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gall. Nida river name; Lith. Nieda river name

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Sanskrit: nedyas-
Meaning: `closer, very close'
Link to RV concordance: nedyas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nazd(i)ias-/nazditha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nedyas [adv] `close' (RV+); nedistha- [sup] `closest, next' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.55
Avestan: Av. nazdita- [sup] `closest, next'; asna- [adj] `close' (OAv. asnt_ [adv./abl.sg.], YAv. asne
[loc.sg.], asnat_ca [abl.sg.], snaca [loc.sg.]) {1}; YAv. nazdii [adv] `closer'
Old Persian: ana- [adj] `close' (anaiy [loc.sg.]) {1}
Khotanese: naysda- [adj] `close'
Middle Persian: nazd [adj] `close'; nazdist [sup] `first'
New Persian: nazd [adj] `close'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. nid [adj] `close'
IE form: nesd-ios-
IE meaning: closer
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Osc. nessimas `proximae' (?)
Notes: {1} Positive of *nazdias-, probably reflecting PIE *nsd-no-.
Sanskrit: nej
Gramm. forms: Present III: ninikta [2pl.impv.act.] (RV 10.132.06); Aorist R: nir-nijna- [ptc.med.]
(RV 09.069.05); Aorist A: anijam [1sg.act.] (AV 10.4.19 +), anijan [3pl.act.] (AV+); Aorist S:
aniksmahi [1pl.med.] (AVP 16.149.12), niksi [1sg.inj.med.] (AV 10.5.15-21); Aorist SIS: anaikst
[3sg.act.] (AV 2.7.1); Caus: nejay (Br.+); Intensive: nenikte [3sg.med.] (RV 09.071.03 +); ta-ptc.:
nikta- `washed clean' (RV+)
Meaning: `to wash, cleanse'
Link to RV concordance: nij-; nirnij-
343
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naig- / naij-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nir-nij- [f] `party clothes, ornaments' (RV); pn-nejana- [n] `vessel in
which the feet are washed' (SB+); ava-negya- (SBM) / ava-nejya- (SBK) [adj] `serving for washing'
(SB)
Page in EWAia: 2.54
Avestan: YAv. naniaiti [3sg.intens.act.] `to wash down' ( Yt 8.43)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wnjl [verb] `to wash, cleanse'
IE form: neigw-
IE meaning: to wash, to clean
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nzw [verb] `to wash, to clean'; Gr. niptoj [ppp] ùnwashed'; OIr.
nigim [verb] `to wash'; OIr. necht [adj] `clean'
Sanskrit: nema-
First attestation: [[RV+]]
Meaning: òne, another, some' (RV+); `half-' (MS+)
Link to RV concordance: nema-; nemadhiti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nai-ma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nemadhiti- [f] `separation' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.56
Avestan: YAv. nama- [adj] `half-'; [m] `half, side'
Middle Persian: nm [adj] `half'
Parthian: nym [adj] `half'
New Persian: nm [adj] `half'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} The origin is unclear.
Sanskrit: ni
Meaning: `downwards, down, back'
Link to RV concordance: ni
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ni
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-dhna- [n] `place for depositing anything, receptacle' (RV+); ni-
dhruvi- [adj] `constant, persevering, faithful' (RV); m. ni-pda- [m] `lowland' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.40
See also: nitarm; nimna-; nda-; npa-; nyan~c-
Avestan: OAv. n [adv] `down'; n ... dadat_ [3pl.pres.inj.act.] `to put in' ( Y 32.14); YAv. ni-iti- [f]
`putting down'; nii-pm [adv] `downstream'
Old Persian: ni-padiy òn the track of, close after'; ni-pita- [ppp] `written down'
Khotanese: ni , n [pref] `down'
Sogdian: n-pys- [verb] `to write down'
Middle Persian: ni-astan [verb] `to sit'
Parthian: nstn [verb] `to sit'
344
New Persian: ni-astan [verb] `to sit'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. n-ps- [verb] `to write down'; Bactr. no-bicto [ppp] `written'
IE form: ni
IE meaning: down
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to sit down': Skt. ni-sad- [verb] `to sit down, to mate (with a woman)' (RV+) YAv. ni-ad-
[verb] `to sit down', ni-asti- [f] `mating' OP niy-a-dayam [1sg.impf.act.] `to put down' MP ni-
astan [verb] `to sit', Parth. nstn [verb] `to sit' Arm. n-stim
Cognates in other languages: OHG nidar `down'; OCS niz `downwards'
Sanskrit: niks
Gramm. forms: Present I: anu-niksanti [3pl.act.] (AV), niksa [2sg.impv.act.] (AV); Inf: vi-nikse `to
spear, to pierce' (RV 05.002.09)
Meaning: `to pierce'
Link to RV concordance: niks-; nksana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nij-, nc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nksana- [n] (RV 01.162.13) neksana- [n] `sharp stick, spear, fork'
(AV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.41
Avestan: YAv. naza- [n] `point of a needle'
Middle Persian: nzag `lance'
New Persian: n `point, prickle'; ntar `lancet'; nza `lance'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Arm. ntir `lancet' (LW from Iranian)
Sanskrit: nimna-
Meaning: `going down, pointed downwards; depression, depth, lowland'
Link to RV concordance: nimna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nimna-
Page in EWAia: 2.44
See also: ni
IE form: (ni-)mno-
IE meaning: downwards
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pru-mn-j, pr-mno-j [adj] àppearing, being at the front'; Hitt.
/sar-mna-/ [adj] `located above'; Gr. lmnh [f] `marshland, swamp' (dissimilated from *nmnh ?)
Sanskrit: nirrtha-
345
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `destruction'
Link to RV concordance: nirrt?a-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrtHa-
Page in EWAia: 2.45
Avestan: YAv. ham-ra- [m] àdversary'
IE form: nis-h2r-tHo- {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 332 - 333 (wrong analysis)
Notes: {1} The word may also belong to PIE *h1er- (see ar [2]).
Sanskrit: nirrti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `ruin, destruction, dissolution; goddess of death, goddess of ruin'
Link to RV concordance: nirrti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrti-
Page in EWAia: 2.45
See also: nis
IE form: nis-h2r-ti- {1}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The word may also belong to PIE *h1er- (see ar [2]).
Sanskrit: nistya-
Meaning: èxternal, foreign, strange'
Link to RV concordance: nistya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nitia-
Page in EWAia: 2.48
See also: nis
IE form: nis-tio- {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: OCS nit [adj] `poor, destitute' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Within Sanskrit, this word is a transparent derivative of nis with the suffix -tya- (cf.
apatya-, nitya-). OCS nit [adj] `poor, destitute' can be related, but shows an unexpected length /
acute, possibly taken from *niz [adv] `down, below'.
Sanskrit: nitarm
First attestation: Br
Part of speech: [adv, comp] {1}
Meaning: `downwards, in a low tone'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nitara-
Page in EWAia: 2.43
See also: ni
346
Avestan: YAv. nitma- [sup] ùndermost'
IE form: ni-tero-
IE meaning: lower
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG ni-dar `down'

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Sanskrit: nitya-
Meaning: òwn, native, lasting'
Link to RV concordance: nitya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nitia-
Page in EWAia: 2.43
IE form: ni-tio-
IE meaning: own, native
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. ni?jis [m] `relative'; Gall. Nitio-broges Name of a tribe
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems unnecessary to distinguish between *ni `down' and *ni ìn' (< *h1ni-). The
second *ni is only found in *nitio- (both Ved. nija- ìnnate' and Av. nizntm F 730 are secondary
formations, cf. Hoffmann 1982: 88f. = Hoffmann 1992: 794f.), which may have originally meant
`settled down, sedentary', then `native'.
Sanskrit: nda-
Meaning: `nest, lair, bird's nest'
Link to RV concordance: nla-; nli-; nlay-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nida-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ndi- [m] `house-mate' (RV 10.092.06); nday- [denom] `to place in a
nest' (RV 06.035.02)
Page in EWAia: 2.49
See also: ni; sad
IE form: ni-sd-o-
IE meaning: nest
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ndus [m] `bird's nest, residence'; MIr. net `nest'; OHG nest `nest';
OE nest `nest'
Sanskrit: npa-
347
First attestation: KS
Meaning: `lying low, low'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: niHpa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: npya- [adj] `being low, on the ground' (VS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.50
See also: ni; ap-
Avestan: YAv. nii-pm [adv] `downstream'
IE form: ni-h2p-o-
IE meaning: down to the water
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: nod
Gramm. forms: Present VI: anudas [2sg.impf.act.] (RV+), nudasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+); Aorist
R/S: nutths [2sg.inj.med.] (RV), anutta [2pl.med.] (SB); Aorist IS: nudisths [2sg.inj.med.] (AV);
Perfect: nunude [3sg.med.] (RV, JB); Fut: notsyate [3sg.med.] (KS+); Caus: noday (MS+); Intensive:
anonudyanta [3pl.impf.med.] (Br.); ta-ptc.: nutta- (AV+), anutta- (RV); Inf: par-nude (RV)
Meaning: `to push, thrust, impel'
Link to RV concordance: nud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: naud- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vi-nud- [f] `thrust' (RV); (bhrtrvya)parnutti- [f] èxpulsion' (TS); vi-
nutti- [f] `removal' (KS+); a-prati-noda- [m] `not repelling' (MS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.58
IE form: ?
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Perhaps a rhyming formation to khod and tod, also meaning `to thrust'.
Sanskrit: nu, n {1}

Meaning: `now, just, but'
Link to RV concordance: nu; ntna-; ntana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: n
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nu kam `right now' (RV+); n cid `right now; in no way'; nt(a)na- [adj]
`present, new' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.52
See also: nava-; nnam
Avestan: Av. n [adv] `now'
Sogdian: (Man.) nw-kr `nor, then'
IE form: nu, n
IE meaning: now
Certainty: +
348
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nu [encl.part., adv] `now'; Lat. nu- `now' (in nu-dius 'the day after
tomorrow'); Hitt. nu [conj] `now, and'; Hitt. nuuan, numan `never'; Go. nu `now'; Lith. nu, nu~ `now,
today'
Notes: {1} [AL] At the beginning of a sentence only n.
Sanskrit: nnam
Meaning: `now, at present, certainly, indeed'
Link to RV concordance: nnam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: nn-am
Page in EWAia: 2.53
See also: nu
Avestan: OAv. nrm-ct_ `"bis jetzt noch"' ( Y 31.7); YAv. nrm, nram `now'{1}
Old Persian: nram `now'
Sogdian: (Chr.) nwr `now'
Middle Persian: nn `now'
New Persian: nn `now'
Ossetic: nyr/nur `now'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. nan, nn `today'; Sh. nur `today'
IE form: nu-no- / n-no-
IE meaning: now
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nu~n `now', OCS nyne
Notes: {1} Iranian *nram is either due to dissimilation or, rather, to the influence of other adverbs,
e.g. *aparam `later', cf. apara-.
Sanskrit: nyan~c-
Meaning: `directed downwards, going downwards'
Link to RV concordance: nyan~c-; ncna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ni-Ha(n)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nyak [adv] `down, downwards' (RV+); nc [adv] `down' (RV+); ncna-
[adj] `directed downwards' (RV+); nyag-rodha- [m] `banyan-tree (Ficus religiosa)', lit. `growing
downwards' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.60
See also: ni
Avestan: YAv. niinc- [adj] `going downwards, directed downwards'; nisiia [adv] `down'
IE form: ni-h3kw-
IE meaning: in the direction downwards
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS nic [adj] `prostrated, lying face downwards'
Sanskrit: o
349
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: vayati (< IE *h2u-eie-) [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: vur [3pl.act.] (RV
001.061.08); Fut: vayisyant- [ptc.act.] (RV; based on the present stem); Passive: yate [3sg.] (YVp+);
Inf: otum (RV); otave (RV 10.130.02); otavai (RV 01.164.05); vtave (AV); ta-ptc.: uta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to weave'
Link to RV concordance: u-; otu-; vsovya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hau- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: otu- [m] `the woof of a web' (RV+); vso-vya- [adj] `weaving garments'
(RV)
Page in EWAia: 275
Sogdian: {2}
IE form: Heu- {3}
IE meaning: to weave
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. austi [verb] `to weave' (d-present, which is also responsible for the
acute in the root)
Notes: {1} The Skt. root variant v- is secondary, based on reinterpretation of the present vayati (like
dayati from d- `to suck'). {2} [AL] The Sogdian verb prw'y- [verb] `to envelop'; ptw'y- [verb] `to
roll', cited by Mayrhofer, is rather derived from the verb *uiaH-, see vy. {3} [AL] The colour of the
laryngeal is not quite clear.
Sanskrit: oc
Gramm. forms: Present IV: ucyasi [2sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: uvoca [3sg.act.] (RV), cise [2sg.med.]
(RV 08.082.02), okivms- (RV 06.059.03) for *okvms- < IE *He-Huk-us-, c-us- [ptc.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to be accustomed, be used to, live, take pleasure in'
Link to RV concordance: uc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hauk- / Hau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: okya- [adj] `belonging to home', [n] `pleasure, dwelling' (RV); ny-ocan-
[adj.f.] `charming, lovely' (RV 10.085.06); ny-ocara- [adj] `fit for a place' (AV 5.22.5)
Page in EWAia: 277
See also: okas-
Khotanese: byka- `chamber'; ggch- (ggs-) [verb] `to deliver, set free; [intr.] to escape' (+ *ui-); nys-
[verb] `to learn, teach' {1}
Sogdian: yxs- [inch.] `to acquire, contract a habit', (Buddh., Chr.) ywxs- [inch.] `to learn, study, be
taught', ywc- [caus.] `to teach'; (Buddh.) mwck `teacher' {1}
Middle Persian: hmwc- [verb] `to teach', MMP hmwxs- [verb] `to learn' {1}
Parthian: 'mwc- [verb] `to teach' {1}
Ossetic: nymuyn / nimoun [verb] `to point out; to carry to, out; to recommend' {1}
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mxs- [verb] `to learn', mwcy- [caus.] `to teach, instruct'; Yi. yuxs-
/yuxt-, M. yuxs-/yuxt- [inch.] `to learn', Yghn. yxs-/yxta- [verb] `to get used, accustomed to, to
contract an (annoying) habit' {1}
IE form: Heuk-
IE meaning: to be accustomed to
350
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. bi-uhts `wonted'; Lith. junkti [verb] `to become accustomed to';
Lith. kis [m] `farm(stead), housekeeping'; OCS vyknoti [verb] `to become accustomed to'
Notes: {1} [AL] The Ir. roots *iau- `to learn, teach' and *mau- ìd.', which are only attested from
Middle Iranian onwards, are most probably due to a wrong analysis of prefixed formations in *abi-,
*ni- and *ham-, respectively ( Cheung 2007 s.vv. with ref.).
Sanskrit: od
Gramm. forms: Present VII: unatti [3sg.act.] (RV+); undanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); undant- [ptc.act.]
(RV+); Perfect: dur [3pl.act.] (AV); Passive: udyate [3sg.] (RV); ta-ptc.: utta- (Br.)
Meaning: `to well up, moisten'
Link to RV concordance: ud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ud- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: odat- [adj.f.] `voluptuous, in heat (of a cow)' (RV 01.048.06, 08.069.02);
odman- [n] `waving, flood, moisture' (VS+)
Page in EWAia: 279
See also: udan-
Avestan: YAv. aoa- [m] `spring'
IE form: ued-
IE meaning: to make wet
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. unda [f] `wave'; OPr. unds [m] `water'; OPr. wundan [n] `water'
Notes: {1} [AL] Full grade *(H)aud- must be secondary in Indo-Iranian.

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Sanskrit: ogana-
Gramm. forms: also ugan [nom.sg.m.]!
Meaning: `powerful'
Link to RV concordance: ogana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: -
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ugana- [adj] `powerful' ?, rather `terrible' (VS+)
See also: ojas-
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The old explanation of this form as a prakritism from *ogr-na- (YAv. aogar- [n]
`strength') is utterly implausible, see Kuiper 1991: 80-81.
351
Sanskrit: oh
Gramm. forms: Present II: ohate [3pl.med.] (RV), ohna- [ptc.med.] (RV), ohase [2sg.subj.med.]
(RV); ohate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: auhista [3sg.med.] (RV 06.017.08) {1}
Meaning: `to praise, announce'
Link to RV concordance: uh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha(H)ugh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: oha- [m] `praising' (RV); ohas- [n] `praise' (RV 06.067.09); abhy-
ohasna- [adj] `boastful' (RV 06.017.09); go-nyoghas- [adj] `praising the cows' (RV 09.097.10)
Page in EWAia: 283
See also: vghat-
Avestan: Av. aoj- [verb] `to announce' (med. tantum): OAv. aoji [1sg.pres.] ( Y 32.7), aogmada(-
c) [1pl.pres.] ( Y 41.5), YAv. aojaite [3pl.pres.], OAv. aoj [1sg.inj.] ( Y 43.6), pairiiao [2sg.inj.] (
Y 43.12), aogd ( Y 32.10), YAv. aoxta (sec.) [3sg.inj.], aojana- [ptc.]. ## On the basis of the
secondary forms aoxta [inj.], aoxte [pres.], YAv. developed the root aoc- `to say' (ia-pres. aoete ( V
18.26, etc.), caus. aocaiiata ( V 22.7).
IE form: h1eh1ug(w)h- {2}
IE meaning: to announce
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to say the word': Skt. vacas ... ohase (RV 01.030.04) YAv. vcim aoxta Gr. ecmenoj
poj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ekto [3sg.impf.med.] `he asked'; Gr. ecomai [verb] `to say, to
speak praisingly, to verify, to ask'; Gr. ecoj [n] `glory'
Notes: {1} [LK] To be distinguished from the forms of the root vh `to respect'; see Insler 1996;
Kmmel 2000: 488. vcam ... hise probably does not belong here; see Insler 1996: 184 (`[like a
messenger his] word, I respect [you]'). {3} [AL] This is an original reduplicated present of *h1uegwh-
(attested in e.g. Lat. voveo), cf. Lindeman 1972: 67.
Sanskrit: ojas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `strength, vitality, power'
Link to RV concordance: ojas-; ojasvant-; ojodtama-; bhvojas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haugas- / Haujas-; Haujas-uant-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ojasvant- [adj] `strong' (RV, AV); ojasvin- [adj] `strong' (KS+); ojasna-
[adj] `proving to be powerful' (TS)
Page in EWAia: 278
See also: ogana-; ojman-; ugra-
Avestan: Av. aojavant- [adj] `strong'; OAv. aog [acc.sg.n.] `power, strength'; aojah [instr.sg.n.]
`power'; YAv. aojah- [n] `strength'; cf. also YAv. a.aojah- [adj] `very strong', a.aojastma- [adj]
`the strongest'
Khotanese: ona- [adj] `powerful' (< PIr. *ux--na- ?)
Middle Persian: 'w /z/ `strength'; pyrwz /prz/ `victorious'
Parthian: prywj /pary/ `victory'
IE form: h2eug-os- / h2eug-es-
352
IE meaning: growth, power
Certainty: +
Idioms: `giving the most power': Skt. ojodtama- [adj] (RV) YAv. aogaz-dastma- ; `the most
powerful power': Skt. ojistham ojas (RV) YAv. aojaha aojita; `to slay with power': Skt. ghnantv
ojas (AV) YAv. nine ... aojaha; `dominion and power': Skt. ksatram ... ojas (RV) OAv. aog
... xaramc, cf. also YAv. aogar ... xaqrm ( Yt 13.12); `firm power': Skt. ojas ... dhruvam (RV)
YAv. druuahe ... aojah; `power of the arm': Skt. bhv-ojas- [n] `power of the arm', [adj] `powerful
in the arm, arm-strong' (RV) YAv. bzu.aojah- [adj] `powerful in the arm'
Cognates in other languages: Lat. augustus [adj] èlevated'; Lith. auktas [adj] `high'; Lat. augre
[verb] `to increase'; ON auka [verb] `to increase (intrans.)'
Sanskrit: ojman-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `strength, power'
Link to RV concordance: ojman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haugman-
Page in EWAia: 278
See also: ojas-; ugra-
IE form: h2eug-men- {1}
IE meaning: growth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. augmentum [n] ìncrease, growth'; Lith. augmuo~ `growth'
Notes: {1} This proto-form must have given **ogman-. The -j- is taken from ojas-, ojyas-, etc-. [AL]
These forms may also have influenced the meaning of the Skt. word.
Sanskrit: okas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `pleasure, liking; house, dwelling'
Link to RV concordance: okas-; duroka-; durokasocis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haukas-/Hauas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dur-okam [adv] ùnpleasantly' (RV), durokasocis- [adj] `burning
unpleasantly' (RV), a secondary a-stem
Page in EWAia: 276
See also: oc
Avestan: OAv. an-aocah- [adj] an epithet of two hosts = `hostile, sharing no wonts' (?) ( Y 44.15)
IE form: Heuk-os-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: oman-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `support, favour, help, protection'
353
Link to RV concordance: oman-; oman-; omanvant-; omyvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hau(H)man-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: oman- [m] `patron, protector' (RV 05.043.013); omanvant- [adj] `rich in
protection, favourable' (RV+); omy- [f] `favour' (MS+); omyvant- [adj] `favourable' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 281
See also: avi
Avestan: YAv. aoman- [adj] `helping, supporting' ( Yt 13.146)
IE form: h1euH-men-
IE meaning: help
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: os
Gramm. forms: Present I: osati [3sg.act.] (RV+), osas [2sg.inj.act.] (RV); Present IX: usnant-
[ptc.act.] (RV) {1}; Aorist IS: osistam [2du.inj.act.] (SB+); Perfect: uvosa [3sg.act.] (Br.); Passive:
praty-usyamna- [ptc.] `being scorched' (PB); Caus: osaya [2sg.impv.act.] (AVP(O) 2.48.4); ta-ptc.:
usta- `scorched' (Br.+)
Meaning: `to burn, scorch'
Link to RV concordance: us-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: usna- [adj] `hot' (RV+); osam [adv] `with flames, burning' (RV
10.119.10), [adv] `quickly' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 281
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. atruan `fire-temple' (LW from Iran.)
IE form: h1eus-
IE meaning: to burn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ew [verb] `to sing'; Lat. r [verb] `to burn, scorch'; Lat. ustus
[ppp] `burned'
Notes: {1} [AL] usnti is not attested in the AVP. At AVP 9.16.5 read asnti with the Orissa mss.
Sanskrit: ostha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `(upper)lip'
Link to RV concordance: ostha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ha(H)uta-
Page in EWAia: 282
See also: s-
Avestan: YAv. aota(-ca) ( V 7.59), aotra ( F 126) [nom.acc.du.m.] `lips'
Khotanese: aust `lip', vuste [pl] `lips'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 't [att(i)] `lip'
IE form: h1eh3-us- (< h1eh3-(e)s- ?) {1}
Certainty: +
354
Cognates in other languages: OCS usta [nom.pl.n.] `mouth'; ustna [f] `lip', Lith. uostas [m] `port,
harbour, (dial., arch.) mouth of a river', OPr. austo `mouth'
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems attractive to assume a special development within the paradigm of the word
for `mouth'. The acute in Baltic points to a laryngeal.
Sanskrit: pac
Gramm. forms: Present I: pacanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present IV/Passive: pacyate [3sg.med.] `to ripen'
(RV 01.135.08 +), pacyate [3sg.med.] `to be cooked, to ripen, to be digested' (RV+) {1}; Aorist S:
paksat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 08.069.15, 10.027.18); Perfect: papca [3sg.act.] (AV+), pece [3sg.med.]
(RV+), apeciran [3pl.plpf.med.] (AV 5.18.11); Fut: paksyate [3sg.med.] (Br.+); Inf: paktave (AV+)
Meaning: `to cook; to ripen'
Link to RV concordance: pac-; pakti-; pacana-; ksrapka-; pacata-; pakthin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pak- / pa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: paktar- [m] `cook' (AV+); pakti- [f] `cooking, cooked food' (RV+), pakti-
[f] `cooking, cooked food' (VS); pacana- [n] `cooking device' (RV 01.162.06 +); ksra-pka- [adj]
`cooked in milk' (RV); pacata- [adj] `cooked, boiled' (RV+); pakthin- [adj] `cooking the oblation'
(RV 06.020.13)
Page in EWAia: 2.64
See also: pakva-
Avestan: YAv. ham.pacaiti [3sg.pres.act.] ( Y 62.7), pacata [3sg.inj.med.], pact_ [3sg.pres.subj.] ( V
16.17), pacaiin [3pl.opt.act.] `to cook'; a-pacina- [adj] `with big cooking-pots'; nasu-pka- [adj]
`cooking parts of a body'
Khotanese: pajs- [verb] `to cook'
Sogdian: (')pc- [verb] `to cook'
Middle Persian: paz- [verb] `to cook'
New Persian: paz- [verb] `to cook'
Ossetic: fycyn/ficun `to boil, be boiled; to bake, be baked'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. pc- [verb] `to cook, to bake'; Khwar. ps- [verb] `to be cooked, to
become ripe'
IE form: pekw-
IE meaning: to cook, become ripe
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS peko [verb] `to bake'; Lith. kepu (< *peku with metathesis) [verb]
`to bake, to roast'; Lat. coqu (< *kwekw- < *pekw- with assimilation) [verb] `to cook'; Gr. pssw /
pttw [verb] `to bake, to cook, to ripen'; Gr. rto-kpoj [m] `baker'; Gr. (Myc.) a-to-po-qo /arto-pokwo-/
`baker'
Notes: {1} [LK] The difference in meaning only partly correlates with accent placement; some Vedic
dialects/schools have generalized the suffix accentuation (AV, MS); see Kulikov 2001: 300ff.
Sanskrit: pad
355
Gramm. forms: Present IV: padyate [3sg.med.] (RV+), ni padyate `to lie down, to copulate' (RV+);
Present III>I: ( )pibdamna- `to tread on one and (then) another foot, to stamp' [ptc.med.] (RV, Br.);
Aorist mediopass.: pdi [3sg.inj.] (RV-YVm), apdi [3sg.] (AV+), apadran [3pl.] (RV 06.020.04);
Aorist R: padsta [3sg.opt.med.] (RV), padti [3sg.subj.act.] (with double characterization) (RV
09.073.09), -patths [2sg.inj.med.] (AV), apadmahi [1pl.med.] (VS), apadi [1sg.med.] (SB) padm
[3sg.impv.med.] (AVP 5.15.7); Aorist S: apatsi [1sg.med.] (AV 6.120.2, ChU 8.14.2), apatsata
[3pl.med.] (AB 7.14.6); Perfect: papda [3sg.act.] (RV), pede [3sg.med.] (Br.+); Fut: ni-patsyate
[3sg.med.] (YV+); Caus: pday `to make fall' (RV 02.011.10 +), api-pday `to make enter' (KS+);
Aorist RED: appadat [3sg.act.] `to make fall' (AV+); Desid: pits (Br.+); Inf: pattave `to fall, to be
ruined' (RV 04.018.01), ava-pad-as `(to protect) from falling' (RV 02.029.06); na-ptc.: sam-panna-
`successful, accomplished' (Br.+)
Meaning: `to move, go, fall'
Link to RV concordance: pad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pad-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nis-pad- [f] èxcrement' (RV, YV), pari-pad- [f] `trap' (RV), sam-patti-
[f] àgreement, acquisition' (KS+); ava-pda- [m] `falling' (KS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.76
See also: pad-; pada-
Avestan: YAv. n ... paiiiamn [ptc.pres.med.] `to lie down, to copulate'; paiiiite
[3sg.pres.subj.med.] `to go in'
Old Persian: ni-padiy ìn ambush'
Khotanese: nu-vad- [verb] `to lie down'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) np'y- [verb] `to lay down' (< PIr. *ni-pday )
Middle Persian: nibastan [verb] `to lie down'
IE form: ped-
IE meaning: to step, to fall
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE ge-fetan [verb] `to fall'; OCS pasti [inf], pado [1sg.pres.] `to fall';
Lat. pessum [adv] `to the bottom, to the ground, downward'

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Sanskrit: pad-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: pt [nom.sg.], pad [instr.sg.], etc.
Meaning: `foot'
Link to RV concordance: pad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pad-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pda- [m] `foot' (RV+) (formed to the acc.sg. pdam) {1}
Page in EWAia: 2.77
See also: patti-; pad; upabda-; pada-; padti-; padya-
Avestan: YAv. pad- [m] `foot'
356
Old Persian: pda- [m] `foot'
Khotanese: pa- `foot'
Middle Persian: py `foot'
Parthian: p'd `foot'
New Persian: py `foot'
Ossetic: fad `foot'
IE form: ped-
IE meaning: foot
Certainty: +
Idioms: `bipeds and quadrupeds': Skt. dvi-pad- catus-pad- (RV+) MP dwp'd- ch'lp'd- Lat.
bipedum ... quadripedum Umb. dupursus peturpursus
Cognates in other languages: Arm. otn `foot'; Gr. (Dor.) pj [m], podj [gen.sg.] `foot'; Gr. (Myc.)
po-de [dat.sg.] `foot'; OE ft (< PGm *ft-iz) [nom.pl.] `foot'; Lat. ps [m], ped-is [gen.sg.] `foot'
Notes: {1}The feminine in pad-- seems to be inherited (< IE * ped-ih2), cf. a-pad- [adj.f.] `footless',
catus-pad- [adj.f.] `having four feet' (RV), YAv. am.pai- [f] `wearing sandal straps on the feet',
Gr. rgur-peza [f] `with silver feet'.
Sanskrit: pada-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `step, footstep, footprint, track'
Link to RV concordance: pada-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pada-
Page in EWAia: 2.78
See also: pad; pad-
Avestan: OAv. pada- [n] `footstep'; YAv. paa- [n] `footstep'
Old Persian: pati-padam kar- `rckgliedern'; garma-pada- [m] N of the fourth month (June-July)
Middle Persian: pay `footprint'
New Persian: pay `footprint'
Ossetic: f?d `footprint'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. pal `footprint'
IE form: pedo-
IE meaning: step, footprint
Certainty: +
Idioms: àt the place of Id' (= refreshing draught): Skt. ilys pade (RV) OAv. padi ... aii ( Y
50.8); `the tracks of the cattle': Skt. padni pasvah (RV 01.067.06) YAv. pasu ... pam ( V
2.24)
Cognates in other languages: Arm. het `footprint, track'; ON fet `step'; Gr. pdon [n] `floor, ground',
Hitt. /pdan/ [n] `floor, ground'
Sanskrit: padti-
First attestation: TB, S.
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `pedestrian, footman'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: padaHti- {1}
357
Page in EWAia: 2.79
See also: pad-
Khotanese: pt, pyai `pedestrian' (< PIr. *padtiia-)
Middle Persian: pd'tk' /paydag/ `going on foot, foot-soldier'
New Persian: piyda `going on foot, foot-soldier'
IE form: ped-eh1
IE meaning: by foot
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Possibly, derived from the instr.sg. *padaH `by foot', contaminated with patti-.
Sanskrit: padya-
Meaning: `pertaining to the foot, belonging to the foot'
Link to RV concordance: padya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: padia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pad(i)y- [f.pl.] `footsteps, hoofbeats' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.80
See also: pad-
Avestan: YAv. paiii- (< PIr. *padi-) [f] `tendon (of humans and animals)'
IE form: ped-io-
IE meaning: pertaining to feet
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pezj [adj] `going on foot' {1}
Notes: {1} It is unclear whether Lat. pedius [suff] and Lith. pe~dis `having ... feet' is an IE formation.
Sanskrit: paksman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: èyelashes'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pacman-
Page in EWAia: 2.62
Avestan: YAv. pana- [n] èyelash, eyelid'
Middle Persian: pam `wool'
New Persian: pam `wool'
Ossetic: f?sm / fans `wool'; fasyn / fasun [verb] `to comb'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. pm `wool'; San. pm `wool'
IE form: pek-s-(men)
IE meaning: wool
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pk(t)ein [inf] `to comb, to pluck'; Gr. pkoj [n] `wool, fleece'; Lith.
peti [verb] `to pluck'; ON fax `mane'
Sanskrit: paktha-
358
Meaning: `fifth' (pakthe ahan òn the fifth day' in RV 10.061.01); [m] N of a man protected by the
Asvins, [m.pl.] N of a tribe, friends of Indra (RV 07.018.07)
Link to RV concordance: paktha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paktHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pan~catha- [num] `fifth' (KS) (secondary formation); pasthavh- [m]
`five year old bull' (VS+) (with -st- after sastha- `sixth')
Page in EWAia: 2.61
See also: pan~ca
Avestan: YAv. puxa- [adj] `fifth' (with secondary -u- from *utHa- `sixth', Hoffmann 1965: 254 =
Hoffmann 1975: 190)
Khotanese: pha- [adj] `fifth'
IE form: pnkw-tHo-
IE meaning: fifth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. quintus [adj] `fifth', also PN
Sanskrit: pakva-
Meaning: `cooked, baked, ripe'
Link to RV concordance: pakva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pakua-
Page in EWAia: 2.62
See also: pac
Khotanese: paha- [adj] `cooked, ripe'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. px [adj] `cooked, ripe'; Sh. abx (< PIr. *a-paxua-) [adj] `dumb'
IE form: pekwuo- / pokwuo-
IE meaning: ripe, cooked
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Employed as a ppp. of pac `to cook, to ripen'.
Sanskrit: palita-
Gramm. forms: palikn- [f]
Meaning: `grey, turned grey, grey of old age, aged'
Link to RV concordance: palita-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: palita-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: plitya- [n] `greyness of old age' (AV); p/baritta-nnu [adj] `grey (of
horses)' (Mitanni-IA)
See also: parusa-; palvala-
IE form: pel(H)it-o- {1}
359
IE meaning: pale
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pelitnj [adj] `bluish black, pale, greyish'; Lat. pallidus [adj] `pale';
Lith. palas [adj] `pale, pale yellow'; Lith. pilkas [adj] `grey'
Notes: {1} [AL] The laryngeal, which is mainly reconstructed on the basis of the Balto-Slavic facts
(Latin is ambiguous), is doubtful. I would expect *paRHita- to have given *palta-.
Sanskrit: palvala-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `pool, pond, small tank'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: palua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: palvalya- [adj] `marshy, boggy' (KS+)
See also: parusa-; palita-
Ossetic: f?rv / f?rw? àlder' (if = *`swamp tree', cf. OHG fel(a)wa `willow')
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. pals, pald- [f] `fen, swamp'; Lith. pal~vas [adj] `pale'
Sanskrit: pan~ca
Gramm. forms: pan~cnm [gen.pl.] (YV+)
Meaning: `five'
Link to RV concordance: pan~ca(-)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pana
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pan~cama- [adj] `fifth' (AV+) (a secondary formation, cf. s.v. paktha-);
pan~cadasa [num] `fifteen' (RV+); pan~ca-dasa- [adj] `fifteenth' (AV+); Hitt. (Kikkuli) pa-an-za-(ua-ar-
ta-an-na) `with five turns' (LW from Indo-Aryan)
Page in EWAia: 2.65
See also: paktha-; pankti-; pan~csat-
Avestan: YAv. panca [num] `five'; pancanam [gen.pl.] `five'; panca.dasa [num] `fifteen';
pancadasa- [adj] `fifteenth'
Old Persian: *pancauva- [adj] à fifth' (in Elamite)
Khotanese: pamjsa [num] `five'; panjssu [loc.pl.] `fifteen'; (Tum.) pamtsi [num] `five'
Sogdian: pnc [num] `five'; (Buddh.) pncm [adj] `fifth'
Middle Persian: panj [num] `five'; pnzdah [num] `fifteen'
New Persian: panj [num] `five'; panjum [adj] `fifth'; pnzdah [num] `fifteen'
Ossetic: fondz [num] `five'; f?ndz?m [adj] `fifth'; fyndd?s / findd?s [num] `fifteen'
IE form: penkwe
IE meaning: five
Certainty: +
360
Cognates in other languages: Arm. hing [num] `five'; Gr. pnte [num] `five'; Gr. (Thess., Lesb.) pmpe
[num] `five'; Lat. qunque [num] `five'; Go. fimf [num] `five'; ToA pn~ [num] `five'; ToB pis [num]
`five'

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Sanskrit: pan~csat-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `fifty'
Link to RV concordance: pan~csat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: panaHcat-
Page in EWAia: 2.66
See also: pan~ca
Avestan: YAv. pancsat- [f] `fifty'
Khotanese: pamjss `fifty'
Sogdian: panc's `fifty'
Middle Persian: panjh `fifty'
New Persian: panjh `fifty'
IE form: penkwe-dkmt- > *penkwe-h1kmt-
IE meaning: fifty
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. yisun [num] `fifty'; Gr. pentkonta [num] `fifty'; Lat. qunqugint
[num] `fifty' (with qunqu- instead of *qunqu- under the influence of quadr-, etc. )
Sanskrit: pankti-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: also often spelled panti- in texts
Meaning: `set of five, flock, troop'
Link to RV concordance: pankti-; panktirdhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pankti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pankti-rdhas- [adj] `giving fivefold as a gift' (RV 01.040.03); pnkta-
[adj] `fivefold' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.63
See also: pan~ca
Avestan: YAv. *pati-, indirectly attested in patavha- [n] à fifth' ( Hoffmann 1965: 252f. =
Hoffmann 1975: 188f.)
IE form: penkw-ti-
IE meaning: group of five
Certainty: +
361
Cognates in other languages: Umb. ponte `group of five people'; ON fimt [f] `number of five, period
of five days'; OCS pet [num] `five'; Alb. (Geg) pe^se / (Tosk) pese [num] `five'
Sanskrit: panth-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: panths [nom.sg.], panthm [acc.sg.], pathibhis [instr.pl.], pathas [gen.-abl.sg.], pathi
[loc.sg.], panths [nom.pl.] (panthnas (AV+)), pathas [acc.pl.] (all: RV+)
Meaning: `road, path, course'
Link to RV concordance: panth-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pantaH-/pntH- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pathi- (e.g., pathi- [adj] `setting off (for)' (RV)); panth- (e.g.
atrtapanth- [adj] `whose path has not been crossed' (RV)); pathy- [f] `road' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.81
Avestan: OAv. pa [abl.sg.], pai [loc.sg.], pa [acc.pl.], padb [instr.pl.], YAv. pant
[nom.sg.], pantam [acc.sg.], paa [instr.sg.] (secondary pantnm [acc.sg.], pantn [nom.pl.])
Old Persian: pim [acc.sg.] `road' {2}
Khotanese: pande `road, path'
Middle Persian: pand `path, advice'
New Persian: pand `path, advice'
Ossetic: f?nd?g `path, road'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. pund `road'
IE form: pont-eh1-s {3}
IE meaning: road
Certainty: +
Idioms: `comfortable road': Skt. syonn pathah (RV) YAv. huuiiaonh pantn; `the path of
Truth': Skt. rtasya panthh (RV) YAv. aahe pantam; cf. also s.v. rju-, rad
Cognates in other languages: OCS pot [m] `road'; OPr. pintis `road'; Gr. ptoj [m] `road'; Gr. pntoj
[m] `sea'; Arm. hun `ford'; Lat. pons [m] `bridge, path'
Notes: {1} -thin Sanskrit has been generalized from the oblique cases. {2} Most probably, /panim/,
cf. Beekes 1989. {3} [AL] The reconstruction given in the EWAia, viz. *pent-oh2-s / *pnt-h2-es, is
improbable. The *-o- in the root follows from Greek, Latin, Armenian, OCS. If the laryngeal in the
suffix had been *h2, it would have yielded an -stem somewhere. The reason (not explicitely
mentioned in the EWAia) for reconstructing *h2 is the theory that Skt. aspiration can only be caused
by the second laryngeal. This theory is refuted by 2pl. ending *-th1e > Skt. -tha.
Sanskrit: par
Gramm. forms: Present III: piparti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S {1}: parsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), parsa
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV 01.097.08); SI-impv: parsi [2sg.] (RV); Aorist IS: prisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV);
Caus: pray `to make cross over' (RV+); play `to bring across, to save, to protect' (AV 18.3.1, RV-
Kh.+)
Meaning: `to bring across/over (safely), assist, save, protect'
Link to RV concordance: pr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: par-
362
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: partar- [m] `saviour' (RV); papri- [adj] `bringing over, saving, helping
out' (RV+); pla- [in compounds] `shepherd, protector' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.85
See also: parvan-; pra-
Avestan: Av. prtu- [m] `crossing, bridge'; OAv. (fra)fr [1sg.subj.aor.act.] `to cross' ( Y 46.10);
YAv. fra-praiihe [2sg.caus.subj.act.] `to bring over' ( Yt 71.16); ni-praiieinti [3pl.caus.act.] `to
lead to'
Middle Persian: puhl `bridge'; xwarfrn, (Man.) xwrwpr'n `sunset, west'
New Persian: pul `bridge'
IE form: per-
IE meaning: to come through, to penetrate, to cross (water)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. perw [verb] `to pierce, penetrate'; Gr. proj [m] `way through,
ford'; Lat. portus [m] èntrance, port, refuge'; MoHG Furt `ford'; ORuss. porom `ferry'
Notes: {1} Indicative and injunctive are not attested.
Sanskrit: para-
Meaning: `farther, utmost, highest, on the other side of, surplus'
Link to RV concordance: para-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: par-a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pare [adv] `further, future' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.86
See also: par; parama-; paras; par; pari; parut; puras?
Avestan: YAv. par.asti- [f] èxistence on the other side'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. parn `yesterday' (< PIr. *para-azna-)
IE form: per-o-
IE meaning: further
Certainty: +
Idioms: `higher life': Skt. asum param (RV 01.140.08), parsu- [adj] `dying, dead' (Ep.+) OAv.
parhu- `(containing) higher life' ( Y 46.19); `farther-off day': Skt. paratare ... ahan òn a farther-off
day' (RV 10.095.01) YAv. par.asna- [adj] `future', Pash. parn `yesterday'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pra [adv] `moreover, on the other side'; Gr. pran [adv] `(to) the
other side, opposite'
Sanskrit: parama-
Meaning: `farthest, utmost, chief, highest'
Link to RV concordance: parama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paramHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parama-jy- [adj] `robbing those who are farthest' (RV); parame-sthin-
[adj] `standing at the head, supreme', [m] N. of a supreme being (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.87
363
See also: para-
Sogdian: prbtm [sup] `last' (< PIr. *parama-tama-); ( )prm(w) `postposition' (< PIr. *paramam)
IE form: pero-mHo-
IE meaning: farthest
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. peren-di `the day after tomorrow' (?)
Sanskrit: paras
Meaning: `far, in the distance, further, beyond'
Link to RV concordance: paras
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paras
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parastaram [adv] `further away' (RV); parastt [adv] `further on, further
away, above' (RV+); parah-sahasra- [adj] `more than a thousand' (AV+); paro-'ksa- [adj] `beyond
the range of sight, invisible, unintelligible' (AV+); paro-'mhu- [adj] `narrow at the top' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 2.88
See also: para-
Avestan: OAv. par `beyond, more than, superior'; YAv. par èxcept'; par.arjastara- [comp] `more
expensive' ('*beyond the price')
Old Persian: para òn the other side (of)'
Ossetic: far-ast [num] `nine' (*'more than nine')
IE form: per-os
IE meaning: beyond
Certainty: +
Idioms: `beyond the mortals (and the gods)': Skt. paro hi martyair ... (devair uta) (RV 06.048.19)
OAv. par ... (dauuic ...) maiiic ( Y 34.5)
Sanskrit: parasu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: àxe, hatchet'
Link to RV concordance: parasu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paracu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parasu-mant- [adj] `having an axe' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.87
Khotanese: pada- àxe' (< *par(a)ta-) [?]
Ossetic: f?r?t àxe' (LW from SW-Iran. *parau-)
Other Iranian cognates: Yazg. parus àxe' (< *parasu-)
IE form: IIR + Greek
IE meaning: axe
Certainty: - {1}
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: plekuj [m] àxe, hatchet'; ToA porat àxe', ToB peret àxe' (LW from
Middle Iranian)
364
Notes: {1} [AL] The form of the word with two full grades and the limited attestation suggest
borrowing, cf. Lubotsky 1988: 42. Cf. also s.v. isu-.
Sanskrit: pard
First attestation: Class.
Meaning: `to fart'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pard-
Avestan: YAv. prn [3pl.pres.act.] `to fart' ( V 3.32)
Khotanese: naspul- [verb] `to hiss' or `to spit' (+ *ni-)
Middle Persian: pwlyt, pwwlyt /puld/ [pret. stem] `to break wind'
Other Iranian cognates: M. pikyem, Yi. pil-/pi-im [verb] `to break wind', M. pili, Yi. pilo
`flatus'
IE form: perd-
IE meaning: to fart
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prdomai [verb] `to fart'; Lith. perdiu [verb] `to fart'
Sanskrit: parna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `wing, feather (also of an arrow), leaf'
Link to RV concordance: parna-; parnin-; suparna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parnin- [adj] `winged' (RV) {1}
Page in EWAia: 2.97
See also: par?
Avestan: YAv. parna- [n] `feather'; parnin- [adj] `winged' ( Skt. parnin-)
Khotanese: prra- `wing'
Middle Persian: parr `feather, wing'
New Persian: parr `feather, wing'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. pn `feather'; Pash. pna `feather'
IE form: (s)por-no-
IE meaning: wing, feather
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with beautiful wings': Skt. su-parna- [adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-parna- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: OHG farn `fern'; Lith. spar~nas [m] `wing'
Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether parna- [m] `Butea frondosa or Butea monosperma' (RV+) is the
same word. {2} From IE root *(s)per- {3} Not related to parna-, but from IE root *pter- ; RussCS
pero `feather' {2}; Gr. ptern [n] `feather' {3}

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365
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Sanskrit: parsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `sheaf, bundle' {1}
Link to RV concordance: parsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: para-
Avestan: YAv. para- [m] èar (of corn)'
IE form: pers-o-
IE meaning: ear of corn
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `to thresh the ears of corn': Skt. parsn hanmi Ì thresh the ears of corn' (RV 10.048.07)
YAv. yaa n satmca hazarmca bauuarca paranam nijatm hiit_ às if a man would thresh a
hundred, a thousand, a hundred thousand of ears of corn' ( Yt 13.71; Geldner's edition reads
pairitanam nijam, although the best ms. F1 has paranam)
Cognates in other languages: Wachter (Kratylos 2006) conncets Gr. Persefnh, Pers-fassa (A.), Pers-
fassa (S., E.), Ferr-fatta.
Notes: {1} [AL] A translation èar of corn' seems a likely alternative to the tradition `sheaf'.
Sanskrit: parsu-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `rib'; `curved knife, sickle' (AV+)
Link to RV concordance: parsu-; prsva-; prthuparsu-; prsti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: p(a)rcu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prsva- [n] `flank, side' (RV+); prthu-parsu- [adj] `carrying broad
billhooks' (RV 07.083.01); prsti- [f] `rib' (RV+)
Avestan: YAv. prsu.masah- [adj] `having the size of a rib'; parsui `rib, area of the ribs' ( F 184)
Khotanese: plsu- `rib, side; spoke of a wheel'
Middle Persian: pahlg `side, rib'
New Persian: pahl `side, rib'
Ossetic: fars `side, flank' (< PIr. *prcua-, cf. Cheung 2002: 182)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. puta `rib', Wa. purs `rib' (< PIr. *prsu-)
IE form: perk-u- {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS prsi `breast', Lit. pirys [pl.] `horse breast'
Notes: {1} Alternatively, one may connect OHG felga `rim of a wheel' and reconstruct *pelk-u-.
Sanskrit: parusa-
366
Gramm. forms: parusn- [f], also name of a river (RV+)
Meaning: `grey, grey-brown (a colour of cattle, wool), dirty-coloured'
Link to RV concordance: parusa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pruseya- [adj] `descending from a grey-brown one' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 2.95
See also: palita-; palvala-
Avestan: YAv. pourua- [adj] `grey (of hair)'; pouruaspa- [m] N of Zarathustra's father (=`with grey
horses')
IE form: pel- {1}
IE meaning: grey, pale
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. pal~vas [adj] `light yellow, straw-coloured'; OIc. folr [adj] `faded'
(< PGm. *falua-); Lat. pullus [adj] `drab-coloured, sombre' (< *poluos)
Notes: {1} [AL] There is no evidence for a laryngeal in this word.
Sanskrit: parut
First attestation: Pn.+
Meaning: `last year'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parut
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parutna- [adj] `last year's' (AVP+; SrS. parukna-, parutka-); parut-trna-
[n] `kind of fuel (last year's grass)' (VdhS.); parucchepa- [m] PN (= `with a last year's [i.e.
shrunken] penis' ?) (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 2.94
See also: pari; vatsa-
New Persian: pr, pr-sl `last year'
Ossetic: faron / far? `last year'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. prd [adv] `last year'; Par. para^sur [adv] `last year'
IE form: per+ut(i)
IE meaning: in a year, on the other side of a year
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 810 - 816; 1175
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prusi [adv] `last year'; Gr. (Dor.) pruti [adv] `last year'; Arm. heru
[adv] `last year'; MHG vert [adv] `last year'
Sanskrit: parvan-
Part of speech: [n] {1}
Gramm. forms: Originally, a heteroclitic paradigm (RV): parur [nom.acc.], parvan [instr.sg.],
parvanas [gen.abl.sg.], parvani [loc.sg.], parva, parvni [nom.acc.pl.]; later parva [nom.sg.] (AVP,
TS+) and parus [instr.sg.], parusas [gen.abl.sg.], parusi [loc.sg.] (all RV+); later also paru- (AV+)
Meaning: `joint (in men and animals); member between two joints, knot (of a plant), time section' {1}
Link to RV concordance: parvan-; parus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parur / paruan-
Page in EWAia: 2.99
367
See also: parvata-
IE form: per-ur / per-u(e)n-
IE meaning: coming through (place where one can get through, place until which one can get through)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pei~rar (perat-) [n] ènd, boundary, goal'
Notes: {1} [AL] Already in the earliest Vedic, we encounter semantic differentiation between the two
stems, parus- referring to the joint proper, and parvan- referring to a piece between the joints, often =
`bone' ( Griffiths - Lubotsky 2003: 197).
Sanskrit: parvata-
Meaning: `rocky, rugged'; [m] `mountain, mountain-range'
Link to RV concordance: parvata-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paruata-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parvatya- [adj] `belonging to a mountain' (RV, TS), [adj.f.] parvat-
(KS+); parvatya- [adj] `belonging to a mountain' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 2.99
See also: parvan-
Avestan: YAv. pauruuat- [f] `mountain-range'
IE form: perunto-
IE meaning: rocky, furnished with rocks
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. peru [nom.acc.sg.n.], perun-i [dat.loc.sg.n.] `rock' (< PIE *perur,
perun-i)
Sanskrit: pari [1] (pr/pur, pr) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IX: prnti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IX>VI: prnati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present
III>I: apiprata [3sg.impf.med.] (RV 05.034.02) {2}; Present III: piparti [3sg.act.] (AV 13.3.4) {2};
Present IV: pryamna- [ptc.med.] `to become full' (RV 01.051.10 +), pryate [3sg.med.] (MS+) {3};
Aorist S: aprs [2,3sg.act.] (RV, Br.); SI-impv: prsi (RV); Aorist R: aprt [3sg.act.] (AV-YVm) {4};
Aorist IS: prisths [2sg.inj.act.] (TAm 1.14.2) {5}; Perfect: papr [3sg.act.] (RV\ X2 01.069.01),
paprau [3sg.act.] `has filled' (RV+), pupre [3sg.med.] `has become full' (MSp 4.6.6:88.10ff.) {6};
Aorist (medio)pass: apryi [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh., AV 19.47.1), -apri [3sg.act.] (VdhS.); Caus: prayati
[3sg.act.] (AV+); Aorist RED: ppurantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 07.062.03); na-ptc.: prna- `full' (RV+);
ta-ptc.: prta- `filled' (RV 07.016.08\x)
Meaning: `to fill'
Link to RV concordance: pr- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: papuri-, papri- [adj] `fulfilling, filling up' (RV); antariksa-pr- [adj]
`filling the air' (RV); parman-i [n.loc.sg.] `completely, wholly' (in Flle) (RV 09.071.03)
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See also: parnas-; pur-; puru-; purandhi-; prna-
368
Avestan: OAv. prn [2sg.pres.impv.act.] `to fulfil, grant'; pafr [3sg.pf.med.] ( Y 49.1), YAv.
ham.pfrite [3sg.pf.subj.med.] `to fill (oneself)' ( V 4.48); zast.frn.masah- [adj] `whose size fills
the hand'
Khotanese: pr- [verb] `to be filled'
Middle Persian: hambrdan [verb] `to fill'
New Persian: anbrdan [verb] `to fill'
IE form: pelh1- / pleh1-
IE meaning: to fill
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to fulfil/grant a wish': Skt. kmam ... prna (RV 01.016.09 +), kmam ppurantu (RV
07.062.03), kma-pra- [adj, n] `fulfilling wishes' (RV 01.158.02 +) OAv. kmm prn ( Y 28.10)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pmplhsi [3sg.pres.act.] `to fill'; Gr. plhse [3sg.aor.act.] `to fill';
Arm. lnu- [verb] `to fill'; Lat. plre [verb] `to fill'; OIr. linaid [3sg.pres.act.] `to fill'
Notes: {1} [LK] The root variant pr has been extracted from ppp. prna-; see Albino 1999. pr and
the Schwebeablaut root variant pr are synchronically distinct roots in the Vedic prose; see Kmmel
2000: 325ff. {2} The original reduplicated stem *pipr- < IE *pi-pleh1- is based on pr. {3} [LK]
With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {4} Secondary replacement of the RVic
sigmatic aorist aprs [3sg.act.]. {5}A nonce fromation ( Narten 1964: 173). {6} [LK] On the hapaxes
papr (the only certain 3sg.pf.act. form in - [not in -au] derived from an -root (pr) and pupre, see
Kmmel 2000: 325ff.
Sanskrit: pari [2]

Gramm. forms: Present IX: prnti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: prdhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV); Perfect: -
puprys [2sg.opt.act.] (RV 05.006.09) {1}
Meaning: `to give, grant'
Link to RV concordance: pr- [2]; sadprna-; prta-; istprta-; prti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: parH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sad-prna- [adj] `granting continually' (RV); prta- [n] `gift, pay, reward'
(RV+); ist-prta- [n] `sacrificed and granted' (RV+); prti- [f] `gift, reward' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.90
Middle Persian: p'lk, (Man.) p'rg /prag/ `gift, offering, bribe'
New Persian: prah `gift'
IE form: perh2-
IE meaning: to provide
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. porei~n [inf] `to provide, give, grant'; Gr. pprwtai [3sg.impf.med.]
`to be given, to be determined'; OIr. ernaid [3sg.pres.act.] `to grant'
Notes: {1} [AL] Less plausible is the analysis of this hapax as belonging to pari [1] (root variant pr)
`to fill'; see Kmmel 2000: 304f. [[XXX the note can be removed]]
Sanskrit: paryrin- {1}

Part of speech: [f]
369
Meaning: `cow which has its first calf after a year'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)iaHr/n-
Page in EWAia: 2.98
See also: pari
Avestan: YAv. yr [n] `year' (y / y [gen.sg.] < *ynh < PIIr. *(H)iaH-ans)
IE form: (H)ieHr / (H)ioHr
IE meaning: year
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG jr `year', Gr. ra [f] `season, time of a day, year'
Notes: {1} Based on *pari-yram à year long'.
Sanskrit: pas {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IV: pasyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R/Aorist S {2}: aspasta [3sg.aor.med.]
(RV 01.010.02); Perfect: paspase [3sg.med.] `to look at, to guard, to notice' (RV); Caus: spsayasva
[2sg.impv.med.] `to make visible, spied out' (RV 01.176.03); ta-ptc.: anu-spasta- `guarded' (RV
10.160.04), spasta- `(clearly) perceived, clear, visible' (TSp+)
Meaning: `to see (pas-); to observe, watch, spy (spas-)'
Link to RV concordance: pas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)pac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: spas- [m] `spy' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. spasii [1sg.pres.act.] `to look at' ( Y 44.11); YAv. spasiieiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to
discover, perceive'; auui.spata- [ppp] `threatened'; spas- [m] `spy'; spatar- [m] `spy'
Khotanese: spss- [verb] `to see, to appear'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'sp's àttention, respect'
IE form: spek-
IE meaning: to see
Certainty: +
Idioms: `Sun, the spy': Skt. sryam ... spasam (RV 04.013.03), spal ... sryah (RV 10.035.08) Gr.
(Hom.) 'Hlion ... skopn {3}
Cognates in other languages: Gr. skptetai [3sg.pres.med.] `to look around, to look at'; Lat. speci
[verb] `to see'; Lat. haru-spex [m] `priest examining the entrails'; MoHG sphen [verb] `to spy'
Notes: {1} Synchronically distinct from, but genetically related to the root variant spas- (see Jamison
1983: 167, Kmmel 2000: 586f.). {2} [LK] According to Kmmel 2000: 586, fn. 1261, the
interpretation of this form as a sigmatic aorist is supported by its durative meaning. {3} Gr. skopj
replaces IE *spek-s.

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Sanskrit: pasas-
370
First attestation: RV-Kh., AV+
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `penis'
Link to RV concordance: pasas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pasas-
IE form: pes-os-
IE meaning: penis
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. poj [n] `penis'; Lat. pnis `penis' (< PIE *pes-ni-); OHG fasel `seed,
fruit, descendant'; Hitt. /pesna-/ `man'
Sanskrit: pasc
Meaning: `behind, after, back, later'
Link to RV concordance: pasc
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pas(t)-a {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pasct [adv] `from behind, afterwards, backwards' (RV+) (a secondary
form, cf. YAv. paskt_); pascima- [adj] `being behind, later' (Br.+)
Avestan: YAv. pasca [adv] àfter, behind, later'; paskt_ [adv] `from behind, afterwards'
Old Persian: pas àfter'; pasva `thereupon, then'
Khotanese: ptcu àfterwards'
Middle Persian: pas `then, afterwards, behind'
Parthian: pa `then, afterwards, behind'
New Persian: pas `then, afterwards, behind'
Ossetic: f?s- `behind'
Other Iranian cognates: Ir. *pasa [pref] ùnder-, post-, vice-' (Elamite)
IE form: pos-
IE meaning: behind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. post [prep] `behind, after'; OLat. poste [prep] `behind, after'; Gr.
(dial.) pj [prep] àt, to'; Lith. pas [prep] àt, on'; OCS poz-de `late'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 2001a.
Sanskrit: pat [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I: patati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present AYA: patay `to fly' (RV+); Aorist RED:
apaptat [3sg.act.] `flied' (RV+); Perfect: paptur [3pl.act.] (RV), petatur [3du.act.] (RV), paptivms-
[ptc.act.] (RV); Fut: patisyati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: patay `to make fly' (RV+); Aorist RED: ap
patat [3sg.act.] `made fly' (RV+); Intensive: -ppatti [3sg.act.] `to shoot again and again' (RV
06.006.05), -vi ... ppatan [3pl.inj.act.] `to fall asunder' (RV 08.020.04); Desid: pipatis (AV+); ta-
ptc.: patita- (AV+); Inf: patitum' (TS+)
371
Meaning: `to fly, fall, fall down'
Link to RV concordance: pat-1; patistha-; patvan-; supatvan-; raghupatvan-; patana-; patara-;
pataru-; patanga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pat-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: patistha- [sup] `flying best' (RV+); patvan- [adj] `flying', [n] `flight'
(RV+); su-patvan- [adj] `flying fast' (RV); raghu-patvan- [adj] `flying quickly' (RV); patana- [n]
`coming down' (RV+); patara-, pataru- [adj] `flying, fugitive' (RV); patanga- [adj] `flying' (RV
01.118.04, 01.118.05), [m] `bird, flying horse, sun' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.71
See also: patra-
Avestan: Av. auuapasti [abl.sg.] `from falling' ( Y 44.4); YAv. patnti [3pl.pres.act.] `to fly';
ham.pataiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to fall down'
Old Persian: ud-apatat [3sg.impf.med.] `to fall down, to become unfaithful'
Khotanese: pat- [verb], ptt (< PIr. *patati) [3sg.] `to fall'
Middle Persian: pt- /pad-/ [verb] `to fall'; `wpt- /ft-/ [verb] `to fall'
New Persian: uft- [verb] `to fall'
IE form: pet- {1}
IE meaning: to fly
Certainty: +
Idioms: `flying quickly': Skt. su-patvan- [adj] (RV 04.026.04) Gr. kupthj; `flying quickly': Skt.
raghu-patvan- (RV) Gr. lafrtatoj petehnw~n (Hom); `let the arrows fly': Skt. isavah patantu (AV
2.3.6) YAv. iunam ... patnti; `birds fly': Skt. pra ... vayah ... paptan (RV) YAv. fr vaii patan
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ptomai [verb] `to fly'; Gr. pot [f] `flying'; Lat. pet [verb] `to rush
at, to direct one's course to'; OW hedant [3pl.pres.act.] `volant'; Hitt. pit-ti-ia-an-zi [3pl.pres.act.] `to
run'
Notes: {1} The root-final laryngeal is improbable.
Sanskrit: pat [2]

Gramm. forms: Present IV: patyate [3sg.med.] (RV-YVm)
Meaning: `to be master, rule, control, possess'
Link to RV concordance: pat- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pat-
Page in EWAia: 2.72
See also: pati-
Avestan: YAv. paiimna- [ptc.pres.med.] `having in possession' ( Y 57.20); paiiete [3sg.pres.med.]
`to become lord over'; paiimna- [pres.ptc.med.] `possessing' ( Yt 13.42); paiiieiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to
dispose of' ( V 18.76)
IE form: poti-e/o-
IE meaning: to be lord over
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. poti [verb] `to acquire, to take control of'; Lat. potior [verb] `to
take control of, to attain'
372
Sanskrit: pati-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: patye [dat.sg.] (RV+), etc.
Meaning: `lord, master, possessor, husband'
Link to RV concordance: pati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pati-
Page in EWAia: 2.73
See also: pat [2]; patn-; ksetra-; dampati-
Avestan: OAv. paiti- [m] `lord, husband'; paiiia-c [dat.sg.] ànd to the husband'; YAv. paiti- [m]
`lord, husband'
Old Persian: *daa-pati- `commander of ten soldiers'
Middle Persian: sph-bed `general, commander of an army'
New Persian: siph-bud `general, commander of an army'
IE form: poti-
IE meaning: lord, master, husband
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. spara-pet `general, commander of an army' (LW from Iranian); Gr.
psij [m] `husband'; Lat. potis sum (> possum) [1sg.pres.act.] Ì am master, I am able, I can'; Lat.
hospes [m] èntertaining a stranger, host'; Go. bru?-fa?s [m] `bridegroom'; Lith. pats [m] `husband,
spouse', OLith. patis; ToA pats `husband'
Sanskrit: patman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `flight, course, way'
Link to RV concordance: patman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: patman-
Page in EWAia: 2.71
See also: pat [1]; patra-
Avestan: OAv. paman- [n] `flight' ( Y 46.4)
IE form: pet-men-
IE meaning: flight
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: patn-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mistress, female possessor, wife'
Link to RV concordance: patn-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: patniH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sapatn- [f] `concubine' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.74
See also: pati-
Avestan: YAv. dman.pan-, nmn.pan- [f] `mistress of the house'; ha-pan- [f] `concubine'
373
Sogdian: (Man.) b'm-bn `lady'; (Man.) pn'nc `concubine'
Middle Persian: bm-bin `queen'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. pn('-m) (< PIr. *hapan) `concubine'; Pash. bn (< PIr. *hapanii )
`concubine'
IE form: pot-n-ih2-
IE meaning: mistress
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ptnia [f] `mistress'; Gr. (Myc.) po-ti-ni-ja [f] `mistress'; OLith.
vie-patni [f] `high lady, mistress'
Sanskrit: patra-
First attestation: RV (in compounds), YV+
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `wing (of a bird), feather'
Link to RV concordance: patra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pat-r- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sata-patra- [adj] `with 100 wings' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 2.75
See also: pat [1]
Avestan: YAv. patar-ta- [adj] `winged'
IE form: pet-r/n-
IE meaning: wing
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. pattar [n] `wing', gen.sg. paddan-a; MoHG Feder `feather'; OW
eterin `bird', atan `wing'
Notes: {1} Possibly, patanga- [adj] `flying' [m] `bird' (RV+) (see pat [1]) contains a trace of the
heteroclytic stem, i.e. patan-ga-.
Sanskrit: patti-
First attestation: AV, KS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `pedestrian, footman, foot-soldier, infantry'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: patti-
Page in EWAia: 2.74
See also: pad-; padti-; pad
Old Persian: pasti- [m] `foot-soldier'
Ossetic: fist?g / fest(?g) `pedestrian'
IE form: ped-ti-
IE meaning: going on foot
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. pesias `going on foot'
Sanskrit: pavasta-
First attestation: RV 10.027.07 +
374
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `cover'
Link to RV concordance: pavasta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pauast-
Old Persian: pavast- [f] `thin clay envelope used to protect unbaked clay tablets'
Middle Persian: pst `skin, hide'
New Persian: pst `skin, hide'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -

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Sanskrit: pavi
Gramm. forms: Present I: pavate [3sg.med.] `to become clean' (RV+); Present IX: punti [3sg.act.] `to
clean' (RV+); Aorist IS: apavista [3sg.aor.med.] (RV, MS); Perfect: pupuvur [3pl.act.] (Br.+);
Passive: pyate [3sg.] (RV+); Caus: pavay (TS+); pvay (AVP, KS+); Abs: ptv `having cleansed'
(RV), ptv (AV+); ta-ptc.: pta- {1} (RV+)
Meaning: `to become clean, clean oneself'
Link to RV concordance: p-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ghrta-p- [adj] `clarifying ghee' (RV); pavana- [n] `strainer' (AV+); pav
tar- [m] `purificator' (RV), pavitar- [m] (AV+), potar- [m] sacrificial priest' (analogical after hotar-)
(RV+); pavitra- [n] `means of purification, soma-strainer, sieve' (RV+); pvaka- (metrically, *pavka-
) [adj] `clean, clear' (RV+); ptrima- [adj] `purified, clean' (AV)
Avestan: YAv. pitika- [adj] `serving for purification'
Middle Persian: pk [adj] `clean'
Parthian: pw'g [adj] `clean'
New Persian: pk [adj] `clean'
IE form: peuH-
IE meaning: to clean
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. prus [adj] `clean'; MIr. ur [adj] `new, fresh, noble'; OHG fouwen,
fewen [verb] `to sieve, to sift'
Notes: {1} [AL] Koivulehto's theory that Fin. puhdas/puhtaan `clean' < PUral. *putas was borrowed
from *puH-to-s, is improbable (pace EWAia). A more likely source of borrowing is Baltic *puotas
(Liukkonen, K. Baltisches im Finnischen. Helsinki 1999, p. 108, V. Blaek, Indo-European
Conference at UCLA, Archiv Orientalni 70 (2002), 221-230; p. 226).
375
Sanskrit: payas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `milk, stream of milk (also juice, sperm, life-force, etc.)'
Link to RV concordance: payas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paiHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: payasvant- [adj] `rich in milk, rich in juice' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.83
See also: payi [1]
Avestan: YAv. paiiah- [n] `milk'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. py `sour milk' (< PIr. *payh ?)
IE form: peiH-os-
IE meaning: milk (?)
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: payi [1]

Gramm. forms: Present V>I: pinvate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: piyna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.079.03)
(nonce); Present I: payate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.164.28) (nonce form based on the adjacent payobhih);
Perfect: ppya [3sg.act.] (RV); pipyathur [2du.act.] (RV); appema [1pl.ppf.act.] (RV); ppivms-
[ptc.act.] (RV); pipyus-- [ptc.act.f.] (RV); ta-ptc.: pra-pta- òverflowing' (RV 07.041.07), -pta-
`swollen' (RV 08.009.19); na-ptc.: pra-pna- òverflowing' (AV+), -pna- `swollen' (AV+)
Meaning: `to swell, overflow, be full, flow lavishly'
Link to RV concordance: p- [1], pinv-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paiH- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pay- [f] N of a river (lit. `the swelling one') (RV 03.032.04); a-pi-t-
[adj] `dried up' (RV 07.082.03)
Page in EWAia: 2.83
See also: payas-; pysa-; pvan-; pvas-; py
Avestan: YAv. fra-pinaoiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to make thrive, to make swell' ( V 3.31); fra-pinuuata
[3sg.inj.act.] `to swell up'; (a)pipii- [(neg.)ptc.pf.act.f.] `(not) suckling' ( V 15.8); paman- [n]
`mother's milk'
Khotanese: p [adj] `fat'
Middle Persian: pm `milk'; ph [adj] `fat'
New Persian: pnu `sour milk'
IE form: peiH-
IE meaning: to swell (with milk)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. pyti [verb] `to give milk'; Lith. papijusi karve `milch cow'; Lith.
pienas `milk'; Gr. pimel [f] `fat, lard'
Notes: {1} [AL] The anit forms (ppivms-; a-pi-t-) are clearly secondary.
Sanskrit: payi [2]

376
Gramm. forms: Present IV: pyati [3sg.act.] (RV-TBm)
Meaning: `to blame, revile, scorn'
Link to RV concordance: p- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: p(a)iH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: piyru- [adj] `scornful' (RV); pyu- [adj] `scornful' (RV 01.174.08 =
02.019.07); deva-pyu- [adj] `reviling the gods' (AV, VS, SB); pyatnu- [adj] `scornful' (RV
08.002.15); pyaka- [adj] `scornful (name of a class of demons)' (AV 16.6.8)
Page in EWAia: 2.85
See also: ppa-?; pman-?; pyu- [2]?
Middle Persian: pm `pain, sorrow' (?) (connection uncertain)
IE form: peiH-
IE meaning: to scorn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Got. fijands [m] ènemy', OHG f(j)ant [m] ènemy', OE fon [verb] `to
hate'
Sanskrit: p [1]
Gramm. forms: Present II: pti [3sg.act.] (RV+), phi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+), pna- [ptc.med.] (RV
09.070.04); Aorist S: psati [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 10.017.04), psatas [3du.subj.act.] (RV 07.034.23)
Meaning: `to protect, keep'
Link to RV concordance: p- [1]; gop-; tanp-; ptar-; goptha-; gopthya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: p- [adj, m] `keeping; keeper' (RV+) {1}, go-p- [m] `cowherd' (RV+),
tan-p- [adj] `protecting the body' {2} (RV+); tan-pvan- [adj] `protecting the body' (AB); ptar-
[m] `defender, protector' (RV+); go-ptha- [n] `protection' (RV+); go-pthya- [n] `granting pretection'
(RV 10.095.11)
See also: ptra-; pyu-
Avestan: p- [verb] `to protect': OAv. ni-ph [2sg.pres.med.]( Y 28.11, Y 49.10), pt_
[3sg.pres.inj.act.] ( Y 46.4), pt_ /paat (?)/ [3sg.pres.subj.act.] Y 32.13), piit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] ( Y
46.8), pi [inf], YAv. piti [3sg.pres.act.], nipaiiemi [1sg.pres.act.] ( Yt 5.89), nipiii [2sg.pres.opt.]
( Yt 1.24); p- [adj] `protecting'; ptar- [m] `protector'; hu-pta- [adj] `well-protected'
Old Persian: pdiy [2sg.impv.act.], ptuv [3sg.impv.act.] `to protect'; apayaiy [1sg.impf.med.],
patipayauv [2sg.impv.med.]; pta- [ppp] `protected'; xaa-pvan- [m] `satrap'
Khotanese: p- (pai-) [verb] `to protect'
Sogdian: p'y [verb] `to protect, observe, watch over, guard', ''p'y- [verb] `to watch, observe' (< PIr.
*-pia-); np'k(h) `pawn' (< PIr. *nipka-)
Middle Persian: p'y- /py-/ [verb] `to protect, guard; wait, stand', p'n'g `watching'
Parthian: p'y- [verb] `to protect, guard', p'ng `guard'
New Persian: pydan [verb] `to wait, expect; to watch, waylay; to fix the look steadily on any object',
bd ìnhabited, cultivated (place, settlement); prosperous' (< PIr. *pta-)
Ossetic: fippajyn / feppajun (+ *pati-) [verb] `to remark, guess'
377
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. nb'k `pawn, pledge', Bactr. nabago `pawn, pledge, hostage' (< PIr.
*nipka-), abado `cultivated' (< PIr. *pta-)
IE form: peh2-(i-) {3}
IE meaning: to protect
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pw~ma [n] `lid, cover' < *poh2-mn; Lith. piemuo~ [m] `shepherd,
shepherd's boy' (Fin. paimen `shepherd' is a LW from Baltic) < *poh2i-mn; Gr. poimn [m]
`shepherd' < *poh2i-mn; Hitt. /pahs-/ [verb] `to protect'; ToA ps- [verb] `to look after, guard'; Lat.
psco [verb] `to put out to graze', pstor- [m] `shepherd'
Notes: {1} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 299ff. {2} [LK] In some contexts also `protecting oneself', e.g. in
RV 07.066.03, 08.009.11. {3} [AL] The fact that nouns in *-men- do not usually have o-grade in the
root does not seem to be a sufficient argument to reconstruct h3 in the root and to separate it from
*peh2s-.
Sanskrit: p [2]
Gramm. forms: Present III>I: pibati [3sg.act.] (RV+) {1}; Aorist R: apt [3sg.act.] (RV+), pnti
[3pl.subj.] (RV), pthas [2pl.subj.] (AV); Aorist S: aps [3sg.act.] (RV 05.029.08); Perfect: papau
[3sg.act.] (RV+), pape [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive: pyate [3sg.] (AV+); Fut: psyate [3sg.med.]
(Br.+); Desid: pipsati [3sg.act.] (RV 01.015.09); pipsati `to be thirsty' [3sg.act.] (RV+); Caus:
pyay (RV+); Abs: ptv (RV), ptv (RV+); Inf: ptave [inf] (RV); ta-ptc.: pta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to drink'
Link to RV concordance: p- [2]; ptar-; ptar-; devapna-; papi-; pti-; prvapyya-; prvapeya-;
somaptha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pa- `drinking' (RV); p- ìd.' (RV+); ptar-, ptar- [m] `drinker' (RV+);
pna- [n] `drink' (AV+, but devapna- [n] `serving as a drink to the gods' RV+), papi- [adj] `drinking'
(RV 06.023.04), pti- [f] `beverage' (RV); prva-pyya- [n] `first drink' (RV); prva-peya- [n] `first
drink' (RV+); soma-ptha- [m] `Soma-drink' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. vsp.paiti- [adj] `having drinks for all' ( Y 38.5) (for * pti-)
New Persian: nabd `wine, date-wine' (< PIr. *ni-pta-)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. pv- [verb] `to drink'; San. pv- [verb] `to drink'
IE form: peh3-(i)
IE meaning: to drink
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pnw [verb], (Aeol., Dor.) pnw [verb], Gr. pi~qi [2sg.impv.act.]; Gr.
(Aeol.) pw~qi [2sg.impv.act.], Gr. pqhn [1sg.aor.] `to drink'; Gr. potn [n] `drink, beverage'; Lat.
ptus [ppp, adj] `drunk'; Lith. puota `drinking-bout'; OPr. pot [verb] `to drink'; OCS piti [verb] `to
drink'; Hitt. pss-hhi [verb] `to take a sip'; OIr. ebait [3pl.pres.act.] `to drink' (< *pibonti); Lat. bibere
[verb] `to drink'; Arm. mpe- [verb] `to drink'
Notes: {1} < PIE *pi-b-e/o- < *pi-ph3-e/o- or, rather [AL] < *bi-bh3-e/o- with *b- > p-.
Sanskrit: p [3]
378
Gramm. forms: Present III: vi-pipna- [ptc.med.] `separating, moving apart' (RV); ut-pipna-
[ptc.med.] `rising' (AV); ut-pipte [3sg.med.] (MS, TS) {1}
Meaning: `to go, move, pull' (?) to rise against, rebel;
Link to RV concordance: p- [3]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rjipya- (< *-p(H)-io- `moving'?, rather < *-p(t)-io- `flying') [m] epithet of
eagle, Maruts, racehorse (RV), see s.v. rjipya-
See also: rjipya-
IE form: peH-
IE meaning: to move
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. pippa- ( < *pe-poH- or *pi-poH-) [verb] `to overturn'
Notes: {1} [AL] The active form pratyutpipti at AVP 2.65.2a yas tvotpipnam pratyutpipti `who
shall march against you, when you are marching... (to a chief)' may be nonce, cf. Zehnder 1999: 148.
Sanskrit: pman-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `kind of skin-disease, scabies'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paHman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pmana- [adj] `having skin-disease, scabby' (KS+); pmanam-bhvuka-
[adj] `becoming scabby' (TS)
See also: ppa-
Avestan: YAv. pma, pama [nom.sg.] `scabies' (most probably, -man- [m])
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. pam `scabies'
IE form: peh1-men-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ph~ [n] `calamity, suffering, distress'
Sanskrit: pra-
Meaning: `bringing across; further bank, further shore, opposite end, goal'
Link to RV concordance: pra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prya- [adj] `belonging to the end, or the other side (of the year)' (RV;
YV prya-)
See also: par
Avestan: YAv. dra-pra- [adj] `whose shores are in the distance' (cf. RV dre pre àt the farthest
end')
Khotanese: pra- `boundary' -
379
Middle Persian: br `shore, bank'; rd-br `shore of a river'
New Persian: br `shore, bank'; rd-br `shore of a river'
IE form: por-o-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. proj [m] `way through, ford'
Sanskrit: prsni-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `heel' -
Link to RV concordance: prsni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prn/i-
Avestan: YAv. pna- [n] `heel' {1}; kasu.pna- [adj] `with small heels' ( Yt 14.17), zairi.pna-
[adj] `with golden heels' ( Yt 5.38, Yt 19.41)
Khotanese: prr- `heel'
Sogdian: pn' `heel'
Middle Persian: pnag `heel'
New Persian: pna `heel'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. prnak `heel'
IE form: (t)persneh2- {2}
IE meaning: heel
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ptrnh [f] `heel'; Go. fairzna [f] `heel'; OS fersna `heel'{3}; Lat.
perna [f] `calf of the leg'; Hitt. parina- [c] `buttock (?)' (/parsna-/); Hitt. parni- [verb] `to squat
down'
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the other Iranian languages point to an -stem, we may also consider an
original -stem for Avestan, which is attested at V 2.31 and V 23.2 pnbiia, whereas pnaibiia at
V 8.70, V 8.71, V 9.25, V 9.26 is likely to be due to the preceding or following uzgrptaibiia
angutaibiia. {2} [AL] The word for `heel' seems to be related to the family of the root sphari- `to
kick with the foot', which also points to a heavy initial cluster (*pd-sperh1- ?), cf. YAv. ( V 2.31)
aih zm pnbiia vspara `trample this earth with your heels'. {3} [AL] It is improbable that OE
fiersin [f] `heel' contains lengthened grade (pace Pok. 823, EWAia 124) because would have been
shortened in Proto-Germanic anyhow due to Osthoff's Law. For the etymology see Lubotsky 2006.

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Sanskrit: ptra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `bowl, vessel, cup, dish, receptacle'
Link to RV concordance: ptra-
380
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paHtra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rajataptra- [n] `silver bowl' (AV); ptr- [f] `vessel, bowl' (Br.+)
See also: p [1] (p [2])
Avestan: YAv. pra-uuant- [adj] `granting protection'
Sogdian: p'r `watch, protection'
Middle Persian: ps `watch, protection'; pahrz `defence, protection'
Parthian: p'hr `watch, protection'
New Persian: ps `watch, protection'
IE form: peh2-tro- {1}
IE meaning: vessel, protection
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. fodr [n] `sheath'; ON f?r [n] `lining (of clothes)'
Notes: {1}The poets clearly considered Skt. ptra- as a derivative of the verb p- `to drink'. Possibly,
this word partly reflects PIE *peh3-tlo- `drinking vessel' (Lat. pculum [n] `cup').
Sanskrit: pyu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `guard, protector, protective spirit'
Link to RV concordance: pyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paHiu-
See also: p [1]
Avestan: Av. piiu- [m] `guard, protector, shepherd'
IE form: poh2-iu-
IE meaning: protector / herd
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pw~u [n] `herd'
Sanskrit: pec
First attestation: VdhS.(+)
Gramm. forms: Present VI: picati [3sg.act.] (VdhS.); Intensive: sam pepicati [3sg.act.] (VdhS.),
+
nipepicat [ptc.act.] (TA); Abs. nipicya; na-ptc.: nipikna- (VdhB)
Meaning: `to pinch, squeeze'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paik- / pai-
Avestan: OAv. pi- `to squeeze (?)': piiieinti [3pl.pres.] ( Y 44.20), piiiant- [ptc.pres.] ( Y 50.2,
possibly also Yt 14.19) {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] See de Vaan 2000.
Sanskrit: pedu-
381
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: N. of a man, protected by the Asvins (by whom he was presented with white honing that
killed snakes)
Link to RV concordance: pedu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pazdu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: paidva- [m] `snake-killing horse of Pedu' (RV, AV), àn insect, harming
horses' (KausS)
Avestan: YAv. pazdu- [m] `beetle, maggot' ( V 14.6)
Middle Persian: pzdwk' `beetle, maggot'
IE form: pesd-u-
IE meaning: insect
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. pdis `louse'
Sanskrit: pes
Gramm. forms: Present VII>VI: pimsati [3sg.act.] (RV+), pimsate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist A: pis
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV 07.018.02); Aorist R: pisna- [ptc.med.] àdorning' (RV 07.057.03); Perfect:
pipesa [3sg.act.] (RV+), pipise [3sg.med.] `has adorned; has adorned oneself (refl.); is adorned (pass.)'
(RV+); Passive: pisyamna- [ptc.med.] (AV 12.5.36); ta-ptc.: pista- àdorned' (RV+); pisita- `cut to
size'; also [n] `meat, cut in pieces' (AV+)
Meaning: `to adorn, hew out, carve (out), form, decorate'
Link to RV concordance: pis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: paic-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visva-pis- [adj] àdorned with all ornaments' {1} (RV); pesana- [adj]
`beautiful, adorned' (RV, AV)
See also: pisa-; pisanga-; pisuna-; pestra-
Avestan: YAv. fra-pixta- [ppp] àdorned' ( Yt 14.27); pis- àdornment'
Old Persian: api /a-pinan/ [3pl.impf.act.] `to adorn'; ni-pita- [ppp] `written down'
Middle Persian: nibitan [verb] `to write'; psdan [verb] `to adorn'
Parthian: nbytn [verb] `to write'
New Persian: nibitan [verb] `to write'
Ossetic: fyssyn/finsun [verb] `to write'
IE form: peik-
IE meaning: to cut (out), to scratch, to paint
Certainty: +
Idioms: àdorned with all ornaments, richly decorated': Skt. visva-pis- [adj] {1} (RV), visva-pesas-
[adj] YAv. vsp.pis- [adj], vsp.pasah- [adj]; `to put on dainty clothes, decorated with stars': Skt.
vastrni ... pesanni vasna (RV 10.001.06); pipesa ... strbhih (RV 01.068.10); strbhih ... pipise
(RV 06.049.03) YAv. vaste vahanm sthrpasahm ( Yt 13.3); àdorned with gold, wearing
golden adornments': Skt. hiranya-pesas- [adj] (RV) YAv. zaranii.pas- [adj, f], zaranii.pis- [adj]
382
Cognates in other languages: Gr. poikloj [adj] `multicoloured, coloured, stitched with many colours';
OHG fh [adj] `multicoloured'; Lith. pie~ti [verb] `to draw lines, to draw, to adorn'; OCS psati [verb]
`to write'
Notes: {1} [LK] See Scarlata 1999: 319.
Sanskrit: pes
Gramm. forms: Present VII: pinasti [3sg.act.] (RV+), pimsanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: apiksan
[3pl.act.] (SB); Perfect: pipesa [3sg.act.] (RV+); sam ... pipise [3sg.med.] (pass.) (RV 01.032.06);
Fut: peksyati [3sg.iact.] (JB, Up.); Passive: pisyamna- [ptc.med.] (AVP 6.15.5, SB+); ta-ptc.:
pista- (RV+)
Meaning: `to crush, grind, destroy'
Link to RV concordance: pis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pai-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pipisvat- [adj.f] `crushing' (?) (RV 01.168.07)
Avestan: YAv. piant- [ptc.act.] `crushing, bruising'; pitra- [m] `bruise, injury'
Middle Persian: pist `flour'
New Persian: pist `flour'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. pixt `mulberry flour'
IE form: peis-
IE meaning: to grind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ptssw [verb] `to bruise, to husk'; Gr. -pistoj [adj] ùnground'; Lat.
pnsere [inf], pistus [ppp] `to crush'; Lith. paisyti [verb] `to cut off the beards of chaff, to peel'; Lith.
pisti [verb] `to mate'; RussCS pchati [verb] `to thrust, to sprout'; OCS peno `millet'
Sanskrit: pitar-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: pit [nom.sg.] (RV+); pitaram [acc.sg.] (RV+); pitre [dat.sg.] (RV+); pitaras [nom.pl.]
(RV+); pitrbhyas [dat.pl.] (RV+); pitar, pitarau [nom.acc.du.] `parents, father and mother' (RV+);
Meaning: `father'
Link to RV concordance: pitar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pHtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tvat-pitras [nom.pl.] `having you for a father' (TS 1.5.10.2) (< IE *
ph2tor-es in compounds); pitmaha- [m] `grandfather on the father's side' (AV+)
See also: pitrvya-; pitrya-
Avestan: OAv. pt [nom.sg.m.] `father'; patarm /ptrm/ [acc.sg.m.] `father'; pir [dat.sg.] `father'
( Y 44.7), fri /frai/ [dat.sg.] ( Y 53.4); YAv. pita [nom.sg.m.] `father'; pitarm [acc.sg.m.]
`father'; fr [acc.pl.m.] `father'; ptrbii [dat.pl.] `for (the father) and the adult family members';
pitar [acc.du.] `parents'
Old Persian: pit [nom.sg.m.] `father'; pia [gen.sg.] `father'
Khotanese: ptar- `father'; ptaru [acc.sg.] `father'
383
Sogdian: 'ptr- `father'
Middle Persian: pid, pidar `father'
New Persian: pidar `father'
Ossetic: fyd/fid? `father'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. plr `father'
IE form: ph2ter-
IE meaning: father
Certainty: +
Idioms: `father's fame': Skt. pitr-sravana- [adj] `who takes care of his father's fame' (RV) Gr.
(Hom.) patrj ... kloj; Gr. Patroklhj [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. patr [m] `father'; Lat. pater [m] `father'; OHG fater [m] `father'
Sanskrit: pitrya-
Gramm. forms: pitriya-
Meaning: `pertaining to the father, ancestral, living under the ancestors'
Link to RV concordance: pitrya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pHtriHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pitryvat [f] Èrbtochter' (RV 09.046.02)
See also: pitrvya-; pitar-
IE form: ph2tr-iHo-
IE meaning: paternal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ptrioj [adj] `paternal, hereditary'; Lat. patrius [adj] `paternal, native'
Sanskrit: pitrvya-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `father's brother, paternal uncle'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pHtruia-
See also: pitar-
Avestan: YAv. tiriia- [m] `father's brother'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (')fcwr (< PIr. *ftria-), Pash. tr ùncle' (< *ptr(u)iia-)
IE form: ph2tr-uio-
IE meaning: paternal uncle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. patruus `father's brother'; OHG fatureo, fetiro `father's brother' (<
PGm. *faur(u)i-n); Gr. ptrwj `male relative, esp. father's brother'
Sanskrit: pitu-
384
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `nourishment, food'
Link to RV concordance: pitu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pitu-
See also: pitva-
Avestan: YAv. pitu- [m] `food'
Middle Persian: pid `meat'
Parthian: pyd `meat'
Ossetic: fyd/fid `meat'
IE form: peitu-/pitu- {1}
IE meaning: food
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. ith `corn'; Arm. hiwt` `juice, substance, matter'; Lith. pie~ts
`midday, afternoon, afternoon meal'
Notes: {1} [AL] Usually, this word is analysed *pi-tu- and taken as a derivative in -tu- from an anit
variant of *piH- `to swell', but this analysis is arbitrary and not very probable.

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Sanskrit: pitva- {1}

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `food'
Link to RV concordance: pitva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pitua-
See also: pitu-
Avestan: OAv. arm.pib [instr.sg.] `midday' ( Y 44.5) {2}; YAv. rapib- [f] àfternoon';
tar.piba- [adj] `suffering food shortage'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) rypbh àfternoon'
Middle Persian: rabih àfternoon'
Ossetic: r?ft? àfternoon'
IE form: pitu-(o-)
IE meaning: food
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Only as a second member of compounds, e.g. apa-pitva- èating time' (RV 03.053.24), pra-
pitva- `daybreak, time before eating' (RV). {2} Possibly, hypostasis of *aram piqvah (vi)bgya
`ready for the distribution of food'. {3} See for this analysis s.v. pitu-.
Sanskrit: pd
385
Gramm. forms: Perfect: piple [3sg.med.] ìs pressed out' (pass.) (RV 04.022.08); Present AYA/Caus:
pday `to press; to hurt, to pain, to vex' (AV 12.5.70 +); Passive: apdyata [3sg.impf.] `was squeezed
out' (TS 2.6.7.1)
Meaning: `to press, squeeze (out)'; in later texts, also `to hurt, pain, vex'
Link to RV concordance: pd-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: caksu-pdana- [adj] `hindering the eye' (Up.)
See also: pes
IE form: pisd- {1}
IE meaning: to crush
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pizw [verb] `to press, to oppress' {3}
Notes: {1} Most probably, a root enlargement of *pis- (Skt. pes `to crush'); definitely not from
*([h1]e)pi-s(e)d-, because Greek would have had an initial . {2} With a different analysis (*(e)pi-
s(e)d-). {3} [AL] Usually considered a rebuilding of *pzw (after zw), but an IE ablaut *piesd-/pisd-
cannot be excluded (cf. Avestan siiazd-/sid-).
Sanskrit: pvan-
Part of speech: [adj, m, n]
Gramm. forms: pvar- [f] (RV+)
Meaning: `fat, swelling'
Link to RV concordance: pvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: piHuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pvar- [f] `fat, swelling' (RV+)
See also: payi [1]; pvas-
IE form: piH-uen- / piH-uer-ih2-
IE meaning: fat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pwn [adj.m.n.] `fat, fertile, rich'; Gr. peira [adj.f.] `fat, fertile, rich'
Sanskrit: pvas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `fat'
Link to RV concordance: pvas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: piHuas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pvo-asva- [adj] `having fat horses' (RV); pvasa- [adj] `fat, greasy,
swelling' (RV, Br.)
See also: pvan-; payi [1]
Avestan: YAv. puuah- [n] `fat'
386
Khotanese: p [adj] `fat' (< PIr. *puah- ?)
Ossetic: fiw/few [noun] `fat'
IE form: piH-uos-
IE meaning: fat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pi~ar [n] `fat, tallow' (< IE *piH-uer-)
Sanskrit: pysa-
Meaning: `biestings, milk of a cow during the first seven days after calving'
Link to RV concordance: pysa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pia-
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. pyix `beestings'; Mun. fy `beestings'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: - {1}
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The traditional connection with the verb payi- `to swell', payas- `milk' is
phonologically impossible, cf. Lubotsky 2001.
Sanskrit: plhan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `spleen'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: spljhan- (?)
Avestan: YAv. sprzan- [m] `spleen' (Nom.sg. sprza)
Khotanese: spuljei `spleen'
Middle Persian: spurz `spleen'; spul `spleen' (< SWIr. *sprdan-)
New Persian: sipurz `spleen'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. sprz `spleen'
IE form: splghen- (?) {1}
IE meaning: spleen
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. lin `spleen' (< *lihn < *(sp)lihn); Gr. spln `spleen'; SerbCS
slezena `spleen'; Lith. blunis `spleen'; Latv. lie^sa `spleen' < *lielsa; MBret. felch `spleen' {2}
Notes: {1} With tabooistic sound-replacements in the daughter-languages (Skt. plhan- after snhan-
`snot'?). {2} [AL] Misprinted in EWAia as felc'h.
Sanskrit: plusi-
First attestation: RV, MS, VS+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `flea'
Link to RV concordance: plusi-
387
Proto-Indo-Iranian: plui-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'b'h `flea' < PIr. *fru-
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. fro `flea' (< PIr. *frui-k-); Pash. wra `flea' (< PIr. *fru-)
IE form: plusi- {1}
IE meaning: flea
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. lu `flea' (< PIE *plus ); Lat. plex `flea' (< PIE *pusl ); Gr. ylla
`flea' (< PIE *psul ); OHG flh `flea'; Lith. blusa `flea'; RussCS blcha `flea'; Cz. blecha `flea'
Notes: {1} "Die vielen Varianten beruhen auf euphemistischer, spielerischer od[er]
volksetymologischer Verdrehung" (Frisk).
Sanskrit: pos
Gramm. forms: Present IV: pusyati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: pusema [1pl.opt.act.] (RV); Perfect:
puposa [3sg.act.] (RV+), pupusys [2sg.opt.act.] (RV); Caus: posay (RV+); ta-ptc.: pusta-
`flowering, thriving', also [n] `well-being, prosperity' (RV+); Inf: pusyase (RV)
Meaning: `to prosper, thrive, flower'
Link to RV concordance: pus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: posayisnu- [adj] `causing to thrive, nourishing' (AV); visv-pus- [adj]
`nourishing all' (RV); puspa- [n] `flower, blossom' (RV, AV+); pusiya- [n] `blossom, flower' (RV
01.191.12 +)
Avestan: YAv. apaoa- [m] N. of a Dauua {1}
IE form: IIR {2}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} If from *a-paoa- `without thriving'. {2} Connection with Nw. f?ysa `to swell up', Russ.
pynyj èxuberant' is improbable.
Sanskrit: pradara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `cleft'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: dara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-dra-srt- [adj] `not falling into a cleft' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 701
See also: dar
Sogdian: (Buddh.) r- `cleft, ravine'
Parthian: dr `valley, cleft'
New Persian: dar `ravine'
Other Iranian cognates: Sariq. er, Yaz. ur, Wa. ur `ravine'
IE form: dor-o-
Certainty: +
388
Sanskrit: pras {1}

Gramm. forms: Present SK: prchmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: aprt [3sg.act.] (RV 10.032.07), ...
prksase [2sg.subj.med.] (RV 10.022.07); aprkst [3sg.act.] (AVP+); Perfect: papraccha [3sg.act.]
(YVp+) {2}; Passive: prchyamna- [ptc.] (RV, Ep.+) {2}; Fut: praksyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Inf:
prastum (RV+); ta-ptc.: prsta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to ask, ask about, long for'
Link to RV concordance: pras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: bandhu-prch- {2} [adj] `(being) asked about the relatives' {3} (RV
03.054.16); prs- [f] `dispute, questioning, statement or assertion in a debate or lawsuit' (AV 2.27.1-
7); prstha- [2] [n] `riddle' (RV)
See also: prasna-
Avestan: OAv. prs [1sg.pres.subj.act.]; fra [1sg.aor.med.], frat [3sg.aor.inj.med.], frauu
[2sg.aor.impv.med.] `to ask'; f()ras- [f] `question'; parta- [n] `question, dicussion' {4}; YAv.
prsahi [2sg.pres.act.] `to ask'; prsaniieiti (< PIIr. *prc-ania-) [3sg.pres.act.] `to ask'; parta- [ppp]
àsked'; parti- [f] ìnquiring, argument'; paiti.fraxtar- [m] ìnquirer'
Old Persian: pati-prstiy [3sg.subj.act.] `to read'; prsmiy [1sg.pres.act.] `to interrogate, punish'; u-
frastam prs- `to ask questions, ask thoroughly'
Khotanese: puls- [verb] `to ask'; brasta- [ppp] àsked'
Middle Persian: pursdan [verb] `to ask'
Parthian: pwrs- [verb] `to ask'
New Persian: pursdan [verb] `to ask'
IE form: prek-
IE meaning: to ask
Certainty: +
Idioms: Ì am asking you (about)': Skt. prchmi tv ... (RV) tat_ b prs ( Y 44, 1-19) ON ?ic
vil ec fregna
Cognates in other languages: Arm. (e-)harc` [aor] àsked'; Lat. posc [verb] `to demand, to ask'; Lat.
prex, Pl. prec-s [f] `request'; Lat. precor [verbmed] `to ask, to pray'; Go. fraihnan [verb] `to ask';
Lith. prayti [verb] `to ask, to demand'; OCS prositi [verb] `to ask'; ToA prak- [verb] `to ask'; ToB
prek- [verb] `to ask'
Notes: {1} With the secondary root variant prch- extracted from the SK-present. {2} Derived from the
secondary root variant prch-. {3} On the passive interpretation, see Renou, EVP IV, 49. {4} Probably
related to Ved. prstha- [2] `riddle'.

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Sanskrit: prasalavi
389
First attestation: SB, SrS.
Meaning: `towards the right side, right, walking on the right'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prasal(H)u-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apa-salavi [adv] `towards the left side' (SB+)
See also: pra; sarva-
Old Persian: frhrvm /fraharavam/ [adv] àll round' (DB I 17)
IE form: solh2-u-
IE meaning: whole
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] According to Plath 2000, this is an original locative of the u-stem *salu-.
Sanskrit: prasna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `question, point at issue, inquiry'
Link to RV concordance: samprasna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pracna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-prasna- [m] ìnquiry' (RV+)
See also: pras
Avestan: YAv. frana- [m] `question'
Middle Persian: fran `question'
IE form: prek-no-
IE meaning: question
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE friccea `herald' (< PGm. *frekka- < *prek-no-); ON fregna [verb] `to
ask'
Sanskrit: prasna-
First attestation: AVP 5.26.2, KausS
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `turban'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pracna-
Avestan: YAv. rzat.frana- [adj] `having a silver helmet / coat of mail (?) (epithet of Mithra)' ( Yt
10.112) {1}
IE form: plek-
IE meaning: to plait
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. plkw [verb] `to plait'; Lat. (ex-)plic [verb] `to fold (apart)'; OHG
flehtan [verb] `to plait'; Russ. plesti [verb] `to plait'
390
Notes: {1} Gershevitch 1959: 261, however, follows Bartholomae's connection of Av. frana- with
Phl. pl `spear (or sim.)' and translates `pike'.
Sanskrit: prasvdas-
Meaning: `pleasant, pleasing, joyful'
Link to RV concordance: prasvdas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pra-suaHdas-
See also: pra, svdu-, svad
IE form: sueh2d-es-
IE meaning: to be sweet
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. doj [n] `joy, pleasure'; Gr. meli-hdj [adj] `honey-sweet'
Sanskrit: prataram
Meaning: `further, farther'
Link to RV concordance: prataram
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pratara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pratarm [adv] `further, farther' (YV)
See also: prathama-
Avestan: YAv. fratara- [adj] `being in the front'
Old Persian: fratara- / fraara- [adj] `superior'
IE form: pro-tero-
IE meaning: more to the front
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prteroj [adj] ìnitial, superior'
Sanskrit: prathama-
Gramm. forms: partly pronominal inflection
Meaning: ìnitial, earliest, first'
Link to RV concordance: prathama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prat(H)amHa- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pratamm [adv] èspecially, preferably' (Br.) (with younger suffix)
Avestan: YAv. fratma- [sup] `first, front'
Old Persian: fratama- [sup] `first, front'
Middle Persian: pahlom `best, first, excellent'
IE form: pro-tmHo-
391
IE meaning: first, front
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} The antiquity of Skt. -this confirmed by MP pahlom and (indirectly) by OP fraara- [adj]
`superior' (see prataram). Presumably, we must assume contamination of the superlative suffix *-tHa-
and *-tamHa- < *-tmHo-.
Sanskrit: prathas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `width, breadth, extension'
Link to RV concordance: prathas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pratHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sa-prathas- [adj] èxtending, spacious, wide' (RV+)
See also: prathi
Avestan: YAv. fraah- [n] `breadth'
IE form: pleth2-os-
IE meaning: breadth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MW lled `breadth'; Gr. pltoj [n] `width, breadth' (for *pltoj)
Sanskrit: prathiman-
First attestation: RV, YV+
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: prathin [instr.sg.] (RV) (< *prathimn)
Meaning: `breadth, extension'
Link to RV concordance: prathiman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pratHman-
See also: prathi; prthu-
IE form: pleth2-mon-
IE meaning: breadth, extension
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. platamn [m] `flat stone, flat rock' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Gr. plqanon `dough-board' is hardly related.
Sanskrit: prathi
Gramm. forms: Present I: prathate [3sg.med.] `to spread, extend' (intr.) (RV+); aprathatam
[2du.impf.act.] `to make spread, to make extend' (RV 06.069.05, 06.072.02), prathantu [3pl.impv.act.]
(VS, SB); Aorist IS: aprathista [3sg.med.] (RV 02.011.07), prathista [3sg.inj.med.] (RV); Aorist R:
prathna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.092.12, 06.064.03; nonce); Perfect: paprathat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV);
392
paprathe [3sg.med.] (intr.) (RV-TBm); Caus: prathayant- [ptc.act.] `to make spread, make extend'
(RV+), prathayase [2sg.med.] `to spread (oneself)' (intr.) (RV+)
Meaning: `to spread, extend'
Link to RV concordance: prathi-; prthak
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pratH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: path- [verb] `to recite, read aloud' (RV-Kh., Up.+) (with MIA
development -rth- > -th-); prthak [adv] `separately, differently, singly, one by one' (RV+)
See also: prthu-; prathas-; prathiman-
Avestan: YAv. fraa.sauuah- [adj] èxtending power' (this compound seems to point to the thematic
present praticiple *fraant-)
IE form: pleth2-
IE meaning: to spread, to extend
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to extend power': Skt. paprathac chavah `(Indra) extended his power' (RV 08.003.06)
YAv. fraa.sauuah- [adj] èxtending power'
Cognates in other languages: OIr. lethaim [1sg.pres.act.] `to extend'; Lith. ple~sti [verb] `to extend,
stretch out'
Sanskrit: pratka-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `surface, face, image'
Link to RV concordance: pratka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pratiHka-
See also: prati
IE form: proti + h3()kw-
IE meaning: front look (?)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prswpon [n] `face, look, mask'; ToA pratsak `breast'; ToB pratsko
`breast'

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Sanskrit: pratpa-
First attestation: SrS.+ (adv. RV+)
Meaning: àgainst the stream'
Link to RV concordance: pratpam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: p(r)ati-Hp-a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pratpam [adv] àgainst, backwards' (RV+)
393
See also: prati; ap-
Avestan: YAv. paitip àuf der umbrandeten' ( Yt 5.81) (?) {1}; paitii-pm [adv] ùpstream' ( V
6.40)
IE form: p(r)oti + h2p-o-
IE meaning: against the stream
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Oettinger 1983: 91 reads paiti[p] duuap `ber die Inseln'.
Sanskrit: pratyan~c-
Gramm. forms: pratyan [nom.sg.m.], pratyan~c-am [acc.sg.m.], pratyak [nom.sg.n.], pratc-as [abl.sg.,
acc.pl.], etc. (RV+)
Meaning: `turned towards, faced towards, turning the back, averted'
Link to RV concordance: pratyan~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: p(r)ati-Ha(n)k-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pratyak [adv] `back' (RV+)
See also: prati; pratka-
Avestan: YAv. paitiianc- [adj] `turned against' (paiti.ya [nom.sg.m.])
Middle Persian: pyt'k' /paydg/ [adj] `visible' (in inscriptions also pty'k)
IE form: proti-h3kw-o-
IE meaning: turned towards, looking towards
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: prayi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: prnanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present IV: apryamna- [neg.ptc.med.] (JB
3.232), priyantm {1}, pryantm [3pl.impv.med.] (S.m+); Aorist S: presat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV
01.180.06), apraisam [1sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist SIS: apraist [3sg.act.] (SB); Perfect: pipriye [3sg.med.]
(RV), piprayat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), piprhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), apipres [2sg.ppf.act.] (RV-Kh.,
YVm); ta-ptc.: prta- `pleased, satisfied' (RV+)
Meaning: `to please, satisfy; to be pleased, enjoy'
Link to RV concordance: pr-; prayas-; preman-; pretar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: praiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pr- [suff] `pleasing, friendly' (RV); prayas- [n] `love, affection, delight,
enjoyment' (RV+); pretar- [m] `friend, lover' (RV+); preman- [m] `friendship, affection' (RV
10.071.01 pren [instr.sg.], TS+)
See also: priya-; pr-
Avestan: OAv. friianmah (for *frinmahi) [1pl.pres.act.] `to satisfy' ( Y 38.4); frni
[1sg.sub.pres.med.] `to please' ( Y 49.12); YAv. frnmahi [1pl.pres.act.] `to satisfy'; huu-frita- [adj]
`very much loved'; fria- [adj] `dear, loved'; -fr- [f] `wish, blessing, curse'; frnspa- [m] PN
394
Sogdian: (Man.) 'frywn `blessing, prayer'
Middle Persian: frn `blessing, praising'
New Persian: farn `blessing, praising'
IE form: preiH-
IE meaning: to satisfy, to please
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to worship and please (gods)': Skt. yaksat ... piprayac ca (RV) OAv. yazamaid ...
friiamah ( Y 38.4); YAv. k yazite ... k frnt_ ( Yt 13.50); `having satisfied horses': IAr. *prtsua-
PN (Mitanni-IA) YAv. frnspa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: OE frd-hengest `horse that is well-cared for'; OHG frten [verb] `to look
after' {2}
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary shortening of the root vowel; see Kulikov 2001: 359f., 203ff. {2}
Connection of Gr. praj [adj] `soft, mild' with prayi- is uncertain.
Sanskrit: prduh
First attestation: AV, RV-Kh.+
Meaning: `+ bh- to become manifest, + kr- to make visible'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prd(h)ur
See also: pra; dvr-
IE form: pro + dhur- {1}
IE meaning: outdoor
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. andur-za [adv] ìnside, indoors', Hitt. antur-iia- [adj] ìnterior,
native', Gr. qrasi, qraze [adv] òutdoors' (cf. also Gr. (Il.) prquron [n] `place before the gate,
forecourt')
Notes: {1} [AL] For the etymology, see Forssman 2000 with reff. Originally, the etymology was
proposed by Theodor Benfey in 1839. Rastorgueva - Edel'man 2: 501 (s.v. *2duar-/dur-) mention
several Iranian formations, illustrating the connection `door' òutdoor', e.g. Ishk. p-var, tar-var
òutdoors', Yaghn. divari òutside', Oss. dwarm? òutside, outdoors', Bactr. albaro `court(yard)'.
Sanskrit: priya-
Meaning: `dear, beloved, wished for, desired, own'
Link to RV concordance: priya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: priH-a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: priya-medha- [m] N of a rsi (RV+); prestha- [sup] `dearest' (RV+);
*priia-mazdha- [m] PN (Mitanni-IA)
See also: prayi
Avestan: Av. friia- [adj] `dear, befriended'; OAv. frata- [sup] `most dear'
Khotanese: bria- [adj] `dear'
Sogdian: (Man.) fry- [adj] `dear'
395
IE form: priH-o-
IE meaning: dear
Certainty: +
Idioms: `we would like to be (your) dearest friends': Skt. syma ... presthh (RV 06.026.08) OAv.
frath hm; `lord of the beloved one': Skt. priya-pati- (YV+) Elam.-Iran. *friyapati-;
`having desired horses': IAr. *priia-asua- [m] PN (Mitanni-IA) Elam.-Iran. *friyspa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Go. freis [adj] `free'; OHG fr [adj] `free'; MW rhydd [adj] `free'
Sanskrit: pros
Gramm. forms: Present V: prusnuvanti [3pl.act.] (RV), prusnute [3sg.med.] (RV); Present IX:
prusn (YV); Present IV: vy-aprusyat (SB 4.5.10.4); Present AYA: prusya (RV); Aorist A:
prus [1sg.subj.act.] (RV 10.077.01) {1}; Fut: prosisyant- [ptc.act.] (KS+); ta-ptc.: prusita-
`sprinkled' (RV)
Meaning: `to (be)sprinkle, spurt, shower, wet, pour (out)'
Link to RV concordance: prus-; prusitapsu-; abhraprus-; ghrtaprus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prusita-psu- [adj] `with spraying breath' (RV); abhra-prus- [f] `rain
shower' (RV 10.077.01); ghrta-prus- [adj] `sprinkling ghee' (RV)
See also: prusv-; proth
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. purx- [verb] `to sprinkle, splash water' (?)
IE form: (s?)preus(H)-
IE meaning: to sprinkle
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 808- 809
Cognates in other languages: Possibly, related to Lith. prau~sti [verb] `to wash', etc.
Notes: {1} Nonce formation, perhaps class VI present (see Joachim 1978: 112f.).
Sanskrit: proth
Gramm. forms: Present I: prothant- [ptc.act.] (RV+), prothamna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Intensive:
popruthant- [ptc.act.] (RV 01.030.16); Caus: prothay (S.); Abs: pra-pruthy `puffing out' or (?)
`producing the bilabial vibrant [tpRR(u)] ("whoa") sound to stop the horses' {1} (RV 03.032.01)
Meaning: `to pant, puff, wheeze, snort'
Link to RV concordance: pruth-; prothatha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prautH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prothatha- [m] `snorting' (RV 10.094.06)
See also: pros (?)
Avestan: YAv. rauu.frao()man- [adj] `with a furious snorting'
IE form: preuth2- {2}
Certainty: +
396
Idioms: `snorting horse; to snort like a horse': Skt. prothad asvo na `he snorts like a horse' (RV
07.003.02) YAv. fraoat_.aspa- [adj] `having snorting horses'
Cognates in other languages: Possibly, related to ON frau [n] `foam, saliva'; ON froa [f] `foam,
saliva'
Notes: {1} [LK] See Geldner ad loc. {2} [LK] May be onomatopoetic in origin (cf. [tpRR(u)]).
Sanskrit: prusv-
First attestation: AV 18.3.60, YV (prusv-)+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `drop of dew, cool drop'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pru-uaH- {1}
See also: pros
IE form: prus-u-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. pruna [f] `rime, frost ([pl.] snow)' (< *prusun-); OHG friosan
[verb] `to freeze'; OHG frost `frost'
Notes: {1} Iran. cognates are uncertain (M. prx [f] `hoar-frost, hail', Sh. pirx ìd.', YAv. paruiia-
`kind of water').
Sanskrit: prdku-
First attestation: AVP+ (RV in cmp.)
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: prdk- [f] (AV+)
Meaning: `panther, kind of snake (with pantherine pattern = Russell's viper ?) {1}
Link to RV concordance: prdkusnu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prd- ?
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prdkusnu- [adj] `wearing panther's skin' (RV 08.017.15)
Sogdian: pwrnk `panther'
Middle Persian: palang `panther'; zn-e palang `panther's skin'
Ossetic: f?lank / f?rank `panther, leopard'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. plyk `panther'; Bactr. Parlaggozino PN (= `wearing panther's skin');
Pash. prng `panther'
IE form: IIR +
Certainty: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. prdalij [f], prdoj [m] `panther'; Gr. pardalh [f] `panther skin'
Notes: {1} [AL] See Lubotsky 2004b for the meaning of this word. The word itself most probably
stems from the Middle East and is the same in origin as Hitt. pars(a)na-, NP prs / frs `panther,
leopard', cf. also Hattic ha-prassun òf the leopard' (Gamkrelidze - Ivanov, p. 500ff.) XXX
Sanskrit: prtha-
First attestation: SB+ (AV in cmp.)
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `flat of the hand'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prtHa-
397
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visvatas-prtha- [adj] `having the flat hand everywhere' (AV 13.2.26)
See also: prthu-; prathas-
IE form: plth2-o-
IE meaning: flat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. platei~a [f] `flat of the hand'; Hitt. paltana- àrm, shoulder (blade)' (<
IE *plth2-(o)no-); Gr. mo-plth `shoulder blade'; MIr. leithe [f] `shoulder blade'

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Sanskrit: prthu-
Gramm. forms: prthv- [adj.f.] (RV+); prathyas- [comp] `broader, wider' (SB+)
Meaning: `broad, wide, expansive, big, numerous, large, extensive'
Link to RV concordance: prthu-; prthusravas-; prthujrayas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prtHu-, f. prtHu-iH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prthu [adv] `far away' (RV)
See also: prathi
Avestan: OAv. pru- [adj] `broad' ( Y 50.7); YAv. pru- [adj] `broad, wide'; prb- [adj.f.]
`broad, etc.'; pru [adv] `far away'
IE form: plth2-u-
IE meaning: broad
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(of) wide fame': Skt. prthu sravas (RV); prthu-sravas- [m] PN (RV+) Gr. kloj er,
Eruklh~j [m] PN; òf wide expanse/lakes': Skt. prthu-jrayas- [adj] (RV) YAv. pru.zraiiah-
[adj] `forming wide lakes' ( Yt 8.2); `wide waters': Skt. pah ... prthvh (RV) YAv. p ... prb
; `with broad hips': Skt. prthu-sroni- [adj] (SB+) YAv. pru.sraoni- [adj]; `broad place': Skt.
prthum yonim ... sasda (RV 10.099.02) YAv. pru.yaona- [adj] `with a broad place'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. platj [adj] `wide, broad, flat, level'; Lith. platus [adj] `broad, wide,
extended' (< IE *ploth2-u-)
Sanskrit: prthv-, prthiv-

Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: èarth, Mother Earth, deified earth'
Link to RV concordance: prthv-,
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prtHuiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prthiya- [adj] `terran, born from the earth, inhabitant of the earth' (RV+)
398
See also: prthu-
Avestan: YAv. zam prbm, prbe ... zm `broad earth'
IE form: plth2-uih2-
IE meaning: broad (earth)
Certainty: +
Idioms: `broad earth': Skt. ksm ... prthvm (RV 10.031.09) YAv. zam prbm, prbe ... zm
Cognates in other languages: Gr. Pltaia Plataia PlN; ON fold `field, plain'; OE folde èarth'
Sanskrit: ps
Gramm. forms: Present II: pshi [2sg.impv.act.] (AV, SB+); Abs: -psya (BAU); ta-ptc.: psta-
`chewed, eaten, consumed' (KS, SB)
Meaning: `to chew, consume'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: bhzhaH-
See also: bhas [1]
IE form: bhseH-
IE meaning: to chew
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. yh~n [inf] `to rub, to scratch' (?)
Sanskrit: pur-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: pr [nom.sg.], puram [acc.sg.], etc. (RV+)
Meaning: `rampart, wall made of mud and stones, fortification, palisade'
Link to RV concordance: pur-; puramdara-; prbhid-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: puram-dara- [m] `destroyer of walls' (usually Indra) (RV+); pr-bhid-
[adj] `breaking down the walls' (Indra) (RV)
See also: pari [1]
IE form: plh1-
IE meaning: stronghold
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. pilis `castle, stronghold'; Latv. pils `castle, stronghold'; Gr. plij
[f] `fortress, stronghold'
Sanskrit: puru-
Gramm. forms: prv- [adj.f.] (RV+); purutama-, purtama- [sup] `very much, in great numbers, very
often, occurring very often' (RV)
399
Meaning: `much, abundant' , ( )
Link to RV concordance: puru-; purutama-; purtama-; purudamsa-; purudamsas-; purunman-;
purupesa-; purupesas-; pulukma-; pulvagha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prHu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: puru [adv] òften, very' (RV+); pulu-kma- [adj] `desiring much' (RV
01.179.05); pulv-agha- [adj] `doing much evil' (RV 10.086.21); pryah, pryena [adv. < comp.] `for
the most part' (S.+)
See also: pari [1]
Avestan: OAv. pouru- [adj] `much' (parao [gen.sg.], pouru [loc.pl.], etc.); pourutma- [sup] ìn
greatest number'; YAv. pouru- [adj] `much, abundant' (paoir- [f]); pouru [adv] ìn abundance, very';
friiah- [comp] `more, very much, too much'; frata- [sup] `most'
Old Persian: paruv `much, too much, very'; parnm (<pruu(v)nam>) [gen.pl.] `many'
Khotanese: pha `much' (OKhot. pharu)
Sogdian: fry-tar, ()fy-tar, fre-tar `more' (< PIr. *friah-/*fraita-)
Middle Persian: fry, frey [comp] `more'
New Persian: firih [comp] `more'
Ossetic: fyr/fur `much'
IE form: plh1-u-, f. *plh1-u-ih2-, comp. *pleh1-ios-, sup. *pleh1-ist(h2)o-
IE meaning: much
Certainty: +
Idioms: òf many wonderful deeds': Skt. puru-damsa(s)- [adj] (RV) Gr. (Hes.) polu-dnhj [adj]; òf
many names': Skt. puru-nman- [adj] (RV) Gr. polu-numoj [adj]; òf many colours': Skt. puru-
pesa(s)- [adj] (RV) Gr. polu-pokiloj [adj] (?)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. polj [adj] `much'; Gr. plei~stoj [sup] `most, biggest'; Lat. pls [adv]
`more'; OIr. il [adj] `much'; Go. filu `much, very'; OHG filu `much'; ON fleistr [sup] `most'
Sanskrit: putra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `son, child, young of an animal'
Link to RV concordance: putra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: putra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: putrin- [adj] `having sons' (RV+); putravant- [adj] `having sons' (VS+);
su-putra- (su-putr- [f]) [adj] `having excellent sons' (RV+); putrya [denom] `to wish for a son' (RV;
AV putriya )
Avestan: OAv. pura- [m] `son'; YAv. pura- [m] `son, child, young of an animal'; purn- [adj]
`having sons'; purauuant- [adj] `furnished with sons'; hupura- (hupuqr- [f]) [adj] `having
excellent sons'
Old Persian: pua- [m] `son'
Khotanese: pra- `son'
Middle Persian: pus, pusar `son'
Parthian: pwhr `son'
New Persian: pus, pusar `son'
Ossetic: fyrt / furt `son'
400
Other Iranian cognates: Med. *Visah-puqra- [m] PN; Sh. puc `son'
IE form: putlo-
IE meaning: son
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Osc. puklum [acc.sg.m.] `son' (< PItal. *puklo- < *putlo-); Lat. putillus
`small boy'; Lat. puer [m] `son, boy'
Sanskrit: puvas-
First attestation: AVP 4.14.3
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `pus'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: puHas-
Page in EWAia: --
See also: p(y)
IE form: puH-es-
IE meaning: pus
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. poj [n] `pus'; Lat. ps [f] `pus'
Sanskrit: prna-
Meaning: `full, filled (RV+); whole, complete (Br.+)'
Link to RV concordance: prna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prHna-
See also: pari [1], parnas-
Avestan: Av. prna- (< PIr. *prna-, the vocalism being taken form the present) [adj (ppp)] `full,
filled'
IE form: plh1-no-
IE meaning: full
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(of) full moon': Skt. prna-ms-a- [m] `sacrifice at full moon' (KS+) YAv. prn.mha-
[m] N of god (divinity of the full moon) MP purr-mh `full moon'; `(having) full life(time)': Skt.
prnyus- [m] N. of a Gandharva (= `having full life-time') (Ep.) YAv. prniiu- [adj] òf age'
{1}
Cognates in other languages: OIr. lan [adj] `full'; Go. fulls [adj] `full'; Lith. pilnas [adj] `full'; Latv.
pil~ns [adj] `full'; OCS pln [adj] `full'; SCr. pu?n [adj] `full'; Lat. plnus [adj] `full' {2}
Notes: {1} It is not certain that this is an Indo-Iranian formation. {2} Possibly, for *plnus to avoid
homonymy with plnus `flat'.
Sanskrit: prva-
401
Meaning: `being before, going in front, first, former, eastern'
Link to RV concordance: prva-; prvya-; aprvya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: prHua- (also prHui(H)a-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prv(i)ya- [adj] `former, previous, earliest, excellent' (RV+); a-prvya-
[adj] ùncomparable, incredible, excellent' (RV)
See also: pra
Avestan: Av. pauruua-tt- [f] `being in front, excellence'; OAv. pouruuiia- [adj] `first, intial, former';
apaouruum [adv] às never before' ( Y 28.3); YAv. pauruua-, paouruua-, pouruua- [adj] `being in
front, first, former'; paoiriia- [adj] `first, initial, former'
Old Persian: paruviya- [adj] `former, initial' (in hac paruviya-ta `from of old')
IE form: prH-uo- (prh3-uo- ?)
IE meaning: first
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS prv [adj] `first'
Sanskrit: psan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `N of a god, who protects and furthers herds, protector of roads, inspector of creatures'
Link to RV concordance: psan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: puHan- < pHuan-
IE form: p(e)h2-us-on-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. Pn, Arc. Pwn (< *pausn) [m] N of god

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Sanskrit: p(y)
First attestation: YV, Br.+
Gramm. forms: Present IV: pyati [3sg.act.] (AVP 13.4.4, YVp+); ta-ptc.: an--pyita- `non-putrified'
(SB 1.1.3.5)
Meaning: `to rot, become putrid, stink'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: puH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pti- [adj] `foul, tasting foul, stinking' (AV+); pya- [m] `pus' (SBM
3.1.3.10 {1}), ka-pya- [adj] `stinking' (ChU)
See also: puvas-
402
Avestan: YAv. puiieti-ca [3sg.pres.act.] `to decay'; a-puiiant- [adj] `not becoming foul, not
decaying'; piti- [f] `becoming foul, decay'
Khotanese: ham-bta-, ham-bva- [adj] `festering'
Middle Persian: pdag [adj] `foul, rotting'
New Persian: pda [adj] `foul, rotting'
Ossetic: ?mbyjyn / ?mbujun [verb] `to rot'
IE form: puH-
IE meaning: to rot
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pon [n] `pus'; Gr. poj [n] `pus'; Gr. pqomai [verbmed] `to rot,
to decay'; Lat. ps [f] `pus'; ON fuinn [adj] `rotten'; Lith. pti [inf] `to rot, to decay'
Notes: {1} With the accent on the suffix (pya-) in the corresponding form in the Knva recension
(SBK 2.1.3.2).
Sanskrit: py
Gramm. forms: Present IV: -pyyamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+), -pyyasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+);
Aorist IS: pyyismahi [1pl.med.] (MS); Aorist SIS: pysismahi (AV ms. pysi ) [1pl.med.] (AV
7.81.5, VS); Perfect: -pipyna- [ptc.med.] (RV 04.027.05), pra ... pipye [3sg.med.] (RV) (?) {1}; ta-
ptc.: pra-pyta- (TS)
Meaning: to swell, fill
Link to RV concordance: py-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: piaH- {2}
See also: payi [1]
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [LK] According to Kmmel 2000: 316f., both forms belong to py rather than to payi [1]
because of the preverbs and pra (which are common with the former) and resultative meaning. {2}
The root is most probably an Indo-Aryan innovation.
Sanskrit: rad
Gramm. forms: Present I: radati [3sg.act.] (RV); SI-impv: ratsi (RV 05.010.01); Perfect: rarda
[3sg.act.] (RV 07.049.01); ta-ptc.: radita- {1} `gnawed, bitten' (AV+)
Meaning: `to dig, furrow, open, pave the way'
Link to RV concordance: rad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hra(H)d- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: radvasu- (< *rada-Hvasu-) [adj] òpening goods' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. raiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to prepare (the way)' ( Yt 10.68), probably also xpaim.rm
[acc.sg.] `paver of the path' ( Y 9.23), cf. Wst 1966: 261
403
Old Persian: rsta- [adj] `paved (path)' (cf. Wst 1966: 258ff., who takes it from Ir. *raHd- `to
prepare', however, s.v. rdh)
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. rasth / raag [verb] `to tear up the ground'; Sh. rar- / ruxt [verb] `to
dig, excavate, hollow out' (+ *fra-)
IE form: Hreh3d-
IE meaning: to gnaw, furrow
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to prepare the way': Skt. patho radant (RV+) YAv. pa raiti OP paim rstam
`paved path'
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rdere [verb] `to gnaw (at)'
Notes: {1} The connecting vowel -i- must be secondary. {2} [AL] For the short vowel in Skt. see
Lubotsky 1981. {3} [AL] Lat. rdere `to scratch, to plane' and MW rhathu point to *razd-. The Iranian
verb rand- `to make smooth' (e.g. MP and NP randdan `to scratch, scrape (off)', Oss. r?ndun `to iron')
does not seem to belong here either (to randh ?).
Sanskrit: raghu-
Gramm. forms: raghv- [adj f] (RV+); raghyas- [comp] `faster, very fast' (TS) (replacing *ramh , cf.
YAv. rnjita-)
Meaning: `fast, hastening, going speedily'
Link to RV concordance: raghu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HRaghu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: laghu- [adj] `light, small, not heavy, not difficult' (AV+); laghyas-
[comp] `faster, very fast' (AV+)
See also: ramh
Avestan: YAv. ruu- [adj f] àgile, fast, quick' (< *ragu-); rauu.manah- [adj] `whose thinking is
quick'; rao-raa- [adj] `riding on a fast car'; raom [adj acc.sg.] `fast, quick' (< *ragum); rnjita-
[sup] `quickest'
Khotanese: rraysga- [adj] `fast, light'
IE form: h1lngh-u- < h1lngwh-u-
IE meaning: fast, quick
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lacj [adj] `small, little'; Gr. lafrj [adj] `light, dexterous, fast,
little'; OHG lungar [adj] `fast, cheerful'; Lith. len~gvas [adj] `light'; Lat. levis [adj] `light' (possibly
reflecting the nasalless form *h1legwh-)
Sanskrit: raj [1]

Gramm. forms: Present IV: arajyata [2pl.impf.med.] (AV 15.8.1), -rajyante [3pl.med.] (SB 5.6.2),
rajyate [3sg.med.] (Ep.+), rajyati [3sg.act.] (Ep.+); Present I<IV: lajjamna- [ptc.med.] `become shy'
(< `become red') (AB 3.22.7 +); Caus: rajaya [2sg.impv.act.] (AV 1.23.1 = AVP 1.16.1) {1}; ta-ptc.:
rakta- `dyed, red' (Br.+)
404
Meaning: `to colour, become red'; `to be excited' (Ep.+)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: rag-/raj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rajayitr- [f] `paintress' (VS= TB); rga- [m] `(red) colour, passion, love'
(KB +); root variants laj, lajj (based on the stem of the -ya-present *lajya-)
Khotanese: rrsa- [adj] `dark-coloured'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rxtk [adj] `red'
IE form: (s)reg (*sHr ?)
IE meaning: to paint, to dye
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. zw [verb] `to dye, paint'; Gr. goj [n] `carpet, rug'; Gr. (inscr.).
ogej [m] `dyer'
Notes: {1} [AL] Jamison 1983: 151 suggests to read +rjaya, but since the same form is attested in the
AVP and since the cadence of the uneven pdas in the AV anustubh is irregular, the emendation is
unlikely (cf. also rajayitr- [f] `paintress').
Sanskrit: raj [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VII, VII>VI: rn~janti [3pl.act.] (RV 03.043.06), rn~jate [3pl.med.] (RV), rn~jate
[3sg.med.] (RV), rn~jata [3pl.inj.med.]/[2pl.impv.act.] (RV 05.087.05); Present IV: -rjyate [3sg.med.]
(RV 01.140.02), rjiyant- [ptc.act.] (RV 06.037.02, 06.037.03) {1}; Present YA: irajya- `to direct, to
direct straightforwardly, to lead' (RV); Present VII+AS: rn~jase [1sg.med.] (RV), rn~jasna- [ptc.med.]
(RV)
Meaning: `to stretch, direct (oneself)'
Link to RV concordance: raj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: raji- [f] `direction' (RV 10.100.12); rji- [f] `streak, row, line' (MS, TS+)
See also: rju-
Avestan: YAv. xrzaiieiti ( Yt 4.9), rzaiieinti ( Yt 14.56) `to draw a line; to lead', ham.rzaiiete `to
rise, become erect'
Old Persian: rast- /rsta-/ [adj] `straight, right, true', [n] `justice'
Khotanese: rrays- [verb] `to drive'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ptr'yz- `to raise, erect'
Middle Persian: l'dyn- /ryn-/ `to arrange'
Parthian: r'z-/r't- [verb] `to march'
Ossetic: ar?zyn/ar?zt `to be arranged, done', arazyn/arazun `to set up'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'rz- (rz-) `to be straight, just, in order; `to be extended'; r'zy- `to make
straight; to demand (justice from)'
IE form: h3reg
IE meaning: to stretch
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rgw [1sg.pres.act.] `to stretch'; Lat. reg [1sg.pres.act.] `to lead
straight, to keep straight'; OIr. rigim [1sg.pres.act.] `to stretch'; OHG re(c)chan [verb] `to stretch'
405
Notes: {1} < rji-yant- `geradeaus gehend' ? (K. Hoffmann apud Joachim 1978: 61f.).
Sanskrit: rajas- [1]

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `space, air, space between heaven and earth'
Link to RV concordance: rajas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrajas-
See also: raj [2]
Avestan: YAv. razah- [pl.n.] `region'
IE form: h3reg-es-
IE meaning: space, region
Certainty: +
Idioms: àt the far (end) of the space': Skt. dre pre rajasah (RV 10.049.06d) YAv. dire asahi
razaham ( V 8.97)
Sanskrit: rajas- [2]

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `dust, mist, vapour, gloom, dirt'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrajas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rajasa- [adj] ùnclean, dark' (AV); rajasya- [adj] `dusty, dark' (AV); vi-
raja- [adj] `clean, dustless' (SB+)
Avestan: OAv. raj [nom.] `darkness' ( Y 53.9; the stem is unclear: raji- [n] or, rather, raj- [f])
IE form: h1regw-es-
IE meaning: darkness
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. reboj [n] `the dark of the underworld'; Arm. erek èvening'; Go.
riqiz [n] `dark, twilight'
Sanskrit: rajata-
Meaning: `silver-coloured, shining white, made of silver', [n] `silver' (AV+)
Link to RV concordance: rajata-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hr(a)jata-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rajata- hiranya- `whitish precious metal = silver' (KS+)
See also: arjuna-; rjra-
Avestan: YAv. rzata- [n] `silver', rzatana- [adj] `made of silver'
Old Persian: ardt- /rdata-/ [n] 'silver'
Khotanese: ljsata- `silver' {1}
Ossetic: ?rz?t òre' (< `silver ore'?) with irregular -t instead of -d.
406
IE form: h2rg-nt-o-
IE meaning: silver
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. arcat' `silver'; Lat. argentum [n] `silver'
Notes: {1} [AL] The Khotanese form and Yazdi ld `money' seem to point to full-grade *arz- (cf.
Cheung 2002: 164).
Sanskrit: rajju-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `rope, string'
Link to RV concordance: rajju-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrazgu- / Hrazju-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-rajju- [adj] `without a string' (RV); rajjudla- [m] `Cordia myxa' (SB);
rajjavya- [n] `material for a rope' (SB); rajju-dhna- [n] `part of the neck of a domestic animal around
which a rope is fastened' (KausS)
Sogdian: rgzy (ragzi) `(woollen?) cloth'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. rogz `woman's cloak'
IE form: Hresg-u-
IE meaning: rope
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. rezgu, rezgiu [verb] `to braid, bind'; Lat. restis [f] `rope'

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Sanskrit: raksas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `damage, a nocturnal demon'
Link to RV concordance: raksas-; raksas-; raksastva-; raksasvin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: rak
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: raksas- [m] `demon, evil being' (RV, AV); raksastva- [n] `damage,
bewitching' (RV 08.018.13); raksasvin- [adj] `malignant, bewitching' (RV, AV)
Avestan: Av. ra- [verb] `to damage': YAv. raiiente [3pl.pres.med.], OAv. raieh [inf.]; OAv.
raah- [n] `damage'
New Persian: radan/ra- [verb] `to pour out, spill, shed'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
407
Notes: {1} The often advocated connection with Gr. rcqw [verb] `to pull, jerk' is formally and
semantically hardly acceptable.
Sanskrit: raks(i)
Gramm. forms: Present I: raksati [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist IS: raksisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), rakss
[2sg.inj.act.] (AV 5.7.1), arakst [3sg.act.] (MSm 1.5.14:84.10); Perfect: raraksa [3sg.act.] (RV, SB);
ta-ptc.: raksita- (RV+)
Meaning: `to protect, guard, watch, save'
Link to RV concordance: raks(i)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrak
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: raksana- [n] `protection' (RV+); pasu-raksi- [m] `herdsman' (RV);
raksitar- [m] `protector, guard'
Khotanese: prssa- àntidote' (< *pati-raxa-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ''r'xs- `to rely on, trust, take refuge with'; ''r'xs'k `refuge'
Ossetic: ar?xsyn/ar?xsun `to fit, match; to deal, cope with; to be able'
IE form: h2lek-s (-s- is a root extension; see Gr. lk-)
IE meaning: to defend
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 32
Cognates in other languages: Arm. eraxi-k' (from Iran. *raxi-) `warranty, guarantee'; Gr. lxw [verb]
`to ward off, to defend'; Gr. lk- (< *h2lk-) [f] `defence, help, power'
Sanskrit: ram
Gramm. forms: Present I: ramate [3sg.med.] `to become appeased' (RV+), rama [3sg.impv.act.]
àppease, make quiet' (VS+); Present IX: aramnt [3sg.impf.act.] `to quiet, to appease' (RV); Aorist
S: aramsta [3sg.med.] (RV-AV); Aorist RED: arramat [3sg.act.] (RV, AVP); Perfect: reme
[3sg.med.] (Br.+); Fut: ramsya (Br.+); Caus: rmaya `to make stop' (RV+), ramaya id. (RV+); Abs:
ratv (Br.); ta-ptc.: rata- `pleased, delighted, devoted' (Br.+)
Meaning: `to stop, stand still, rest, become appeased, appease'
Link to RV concordance: ram-; rantar-; nirmin-; ranti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hram
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rati- [f] `rest, repose' (VS+); rantar- [adj] `staying' (RV); ramanya- [adj]
`pleasant, agreeable' (AVP+); -rma- [m] `pleasure' (Br.+); ramya- [adj] ènjoyable' (Br.+); ni-
rmin- [adj] `waiting, lurking' (RV 02.023.16); ranti- [f] `pleasure (?)' (RV 07.018.10, 09.102.05)
Avestan: YAv. ram- [verb] `to stay, rest': rmibm [2pl.pres.opt.med.], rmiiat_ [3sg.inj.act.];
rmaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.] `to bring to rest'; rarma- [adj] `bringing to peace' ( Yt 13.40)
Old Persian: ariyramna- (< *ariya-Hram ) [m] PN
Khotanese: ram- [verb] `to enjoy oneself '
Sogdian: (Buddh., Chr.) 'wr'm [m] `peace, quietude' (+ *aua-); ptr'm(-) [verb] `to calm down (tr.)',
(Buddh.) ptr'm(-) [verb] `to stop, extinguish', ptr'ms(-) [inch.] `to calm down (intr.)' (+ *pati-)
408
Middle Persian: l'm- /rm-/ [verb] `to rest', MMP r'myn-, BMP l'myn- [caus.] `to give peace,
pleasure'
Parthian: r'm /rm/, r'myn /rmin/ `peace', 'r'm /ram/ àbode'
New Persian: rmin `joy'
Ossetic: D. r?mun [verb] `to stand, stay', uromyn / oramun [verb] `to restrain, detain; to leave behind'
(+ *aua-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rm- [verb] `to abstain from', 'my- (< *ati-rmaya ) [verb] `to make
stay'; Khwar. pcrm- (< *pati-rama ) [verb] `to rest, come to rest', Bactr. rim- [verb] `to be convenient,
suit, please'
IE form: h1rem
IE meaning: to stop, to come to rest
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rma [adv] `quietly, softly'; Go. rimis [n] `rest'; Lith. ra~mas `rest';
Lith. rimti [verb] `to become quiet'
Sanskrit: ramb / lamb

Gramm. forms: Present I: rambate [3sg.med.] (RV); lambate [3sg.med.] (MSp+)
Meaning: `to hang down limply (of the breasts, penis)'
Link to RV concordance: ramb-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Ramb (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an--rambana- [adj] `without support' (Up.); lambanastan- [adj.f.] `with
hanging breasts' (AVP)
IE form: (s)lemb
IE meaning: to hang down limply
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Eng. limp [adj] `limp'; MHG lampen, slampen [verb] `to hang down
limply'
Sanskrit: randh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: radhyatu [3sg.impv.act.] (AV 17.1.6 +); Aorist A: radham [1sg.inj.act.]
(RV 01.050.13), radhma [1pl.inj.act.] (RV 10.128.05); Aorist IS: randhs [2sg.inj.act.] `to subjugate,
make subject' (RV); Aorist R: randhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 04.022.09) {1}; Perfect: rradhur [3pl.act.]
'to be subject' (RV 07.018.18), rrandhi [2sg.impv.act.] `to make subject' (RV 06.025.09); Caus:
randhay `to subjugate, make subject' (RV+); Aorist RED: (m) rradhas [2sg.inj.act.] ìd.' (RV) {2};
ta-ptc.: raddha- `succumbed, subject to' (RV)
Meaning: `to be subject'
Link to RV concordance: randh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)randh {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: radhra- [adj] èxhausted, weak' (RV), randhi- [f] `subjugation' (RV
06.018.04)
409
See also: randhra-
Khotanese: haran-/harasta- (< *fra-rand-) [verb] `to throw'
New Persian: razda [adj] `tired, exhausted'
IE form: lendh ?
IE meaning: to sink, to fall (?)
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Probably isolated nonce formation (Neubildung). {2} [LK] Forms with the nasal in the root
(full grade) are used transitively (`to make subject'), forms without nasal (zero grade), except for
red.aor. rradhas, are intransitive ('to be subject'); see Narten 1964: 218; Bendahman 1993: 128f.;
Schaefer 1994: 29f.; Kmmel 2000: 415f. {3} [AL] The Indo-Iranian etymology is difficult. The
Iranian root rand- means `to scrape, to make smooth' (see s.v. rad), and NP razda `tired, exhausted'
can easily belong there (with a semantic development typical of colloquial speech). It is even
conceivable that this Iranian root is etymologically related to randh, cf. English wipe out for a
semantic parallel. The further IE connections are doubtful.
Sanskrit: randhra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `part of body of animals, loin'
Link to RV concordance: randhra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: randhra-
See also: randh
IE form: londh-uo- {1}
IE meaning: *to sink, to fall > *`deepening' > ìndentation' (a body area)' (?)
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 675, 865
Cognates in other languages: Lat. lumbus [m] `loin' (< *londhuo-); ON lend `loin'; OHG lent `loin';
OCS ledvje [f. pl.] `loins, insides, kidneys'; Go. land `land' (< IE *londh-o-) {2}
Notes: {1} Possibly, replacing **randhva- with ra- by analogy with udara-, jathara- `stomach'. {2}
See aslo Schrijver 1993 for Celtic cognates (OIr. land `free land', MW llan àrea', etc.).
Sanskrit: ran(i)
Gramm. forms: Present I: rananti [3pl.act.] (RV, YVm); Present IV: ranyati [3sg.act.] (RV, AVP
1.39.2); Present VA: ranva [2sg.impv.act.] (TSm), ranvatu [3sg.impv.act.] (TSm); Aorist IS: arnisur
[3pl.act.] (RV 08.013.16), ranistana [2pl.impv.act.] (RV 02.036.03); Perfect: rrana [3sg.act.] (RV,
AVP); Caus: ranay `to enjoy; to make enjoy' (RV); ta-ptc.: ranvita- (RV 02.003.06)
Meaning: `to rejoice, be pleased'
Link to RV concordance: ran(i)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ran(H)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ran- [f] `happiness' (RV: instr.sg. ran, dat.sg. rane, loc.sg. ran); rana-
[m] `pleasure, enjoyment, joy, battle' (RV+); ranitar- [adj] `delighting in (loc.)' (RV 08.096.19);
ranya- [adj] `delectable, pleasant, fit for fighthing' (RV+); ranva- [adj] `pleasant, delightful,
410
agreeable; fond of fighting' (RV); ranvan- [m] `warrior' (RV 05.044.10); rantya- [adj] `pleasant,
comfortable' (RV, AV) (secondary from ranti- after ranya-)
Avestan: YAv. rna- [n] `battle, fight'
Middle Persian: (Man.) rn `refreshment'
Parthian: rn- [verb] `to battle'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `providing joy': Skt. rana-krt- [adj] (RV 10.112.10) OAv. rnii.skriti- [adj] Elam.-
Iran. *rana-kara- name of a stream
Sanskrit: rasa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `juice (of plants), liquid, essence'
Link to RV concordance: rasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrasa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-rasa- [adj] `powerless, sapless' (RV+), rasavant- [adj] `juicy' (RV+);
rasin- [adj] `juicy' (RV, YV); ras- [f] `name of a mythical stream at the end of the world, a tributary
of the Indus' (RV); rasay [verb] `to taste'
Avestan: YAv. rah- [f] `name of a mythical stream' (= Skt. ras-)
Khotanese: rr [pl] `veins' (< PIr. *raha-ka-)
Sogdian: (Man.) r'k `vein, blood vessel' (< PIr. *raha-ka-)
Middle Persian: rhg, rg `vein, blood vessel' (< PIr. *raha-ka-)
Parthian: rhk `vein, blood vessel' (< PIr. *raha-ka-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. r'k `vein, blood vessel' (< PIr. *raha-ka-)
IE form: Hros- {1}
IE meaning: dew
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rs [m] `dew'; Lith. rasa `dew'; OCS rosa `dew'
Notes: {1} Originally, a root noun. The Greek name of Volga `R presumably comes from Iranian.
Sanskrit: ratha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `light two-weeled war-chariot'
Link to RV concordance: ratha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HratHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ratha-prostha- [m] PN (= `who has the chariot as his field bed') (RV);
rathan-tara- [n] name of a Sman (RV+); rathira- [adj] `driving the car' (RV); rath- [m] `charioteer,
chariot-fighter' (RV+); rathin- [m] `chariot-fighter' (RV+); rathe-sth- [adj] `standing on the
chariot', [m] `chariot-fighter' (RV, VS); rath(i)ya- [adj] `belonging to the chariot, chariot-horse'
(RV+); ratharya [verb] `to go by chariot' (RV); Near-Eastern names *tuaia-ratha-, rathiia-
411
Avestan: OAv. raim (< *raiiam) [acc.sg.m] `charioteer' (= RV rath-); YAv. raa- [m] `car';
raat- [m] `warrior'; raatar- [m] `warrior'; rait- [m] `warrior'; raiiia- [adj] `belonging to
the car'
Old Persian: u-raa- `good car'; [u]raara- [adj] `with good chariot-warriors'
Khotanese: rraha- `car'
Middle Persian: (Man.) <rh[y]> /rah/ `car'; rahg `page, boy'; rh (< *rqa-) `street, way'
New Persian: rah `page, boy'
IE form: Hrot-h2-o- {1}
IE meaning: car
Certainty: +
Idioms: `standing on the chariot': Skt. rathe-sth- (RV+) Av. raa-t- `warrior'
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rota [f] `wheel, disc'; OIr. roth `wheel'; OHG rad `wheel'; Lith.
ra~tas `wheel'; OIr. rethim [verb] `to walk'; OIr. roithim [verb] `to drive'
Notes: {1} Derivative of PIE *Hrot-eh2- `wheel', cf. PIE *Hret `to roll, to walk' (OIr. rethim, roithim).
Sanskrit: rav
Gramm. forms: Aorist IS: rvisam [1sg.subj.act.] (RV ); Aorist R / Present II: ravat [3sg.subj.act.]
(MSm-KSm); ta-ptc.: ruta- `wounded, hurt' (RV, AV)
Meaning: `to break, hurt'
Link to RV concordance: ru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ravitar- [m] ìnjurer' (MSm-KSm); vaha-rvin- [adj] `galled by a yoke'
(AB)
See also: roman-
IE form: Hreu(H) [rather h3reu(H), if Gr. rssw `to dig' belongs here]
IE meaning: to tear up
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ru [verb] `to fall down, go to ruin'; Lat. obrutus [ppp]
òverwhelmed, buried (under)'; Lith. rauti [verb] `to pluck, tear up'

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Sanskrit: ravi-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `sun, sun-god'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ravi-putra- [m] `son of the Sun' (KB)
412
IE form: h2reu-i-
IE meaning: sun
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Arm. arew `sun'; Hitt. haruanai- [verb] `to become bright, dawn'
Sanskrit: ravi
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ruvati [3sg.act.] (RV); Present II: rauti [3sg.act.] (SrS.+), ruyt
[3sg.opt.act.] (SB); Present I: aravanta [3pl.impf.med.] (MS+; secondary after navate); Aorist IS: arv
t [3sg.act.] (RV); arvisuh [3pl.act.] (RV); Caus: rvay (S.+); Intensive: roravti [3sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to roar'
Link to RV concordance: r-; purravas-; ruvanyu-; tuvrava-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ruta- [n] `calling, crying' (SrS.+; short vowel is secondary); rava- [m]
`roaring, howling, noise' (RV+); brhad-ravas- [adj] `loudly sounding' (VS); pur-ravas- [m] PN (RV);
ruvanyu- [adj] `loud' (RV); ruvatha- [m] `roaring' (KS, MS); tuv-rava- [adj] `mightily roaring (in
battle)' (RV 10.099.06)
Avestan: YAv. uruuat [gen.sg.] `roaring' (< *ruuatah)
Ossetic: arawyn/arawun [verb] `to echo strongly'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rw- [verb] `to grunt'
IE form: h3reu(H)
IE meaning: to roar
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. romai [1sg.pres.med.] `to howl, to roar, to complain'; OCS rjuti
[verb] `resqai'; Lat. rmor [m] `muffled noise'
Sanskrit: ray(i)
Gramm. forms: Present IV: ryate [3sg.med.] (intr.) (RV, YVm); Present IX: rinti [3sg.act.] (trans.)
(RV+); Present V: arinvan [3pl.impf.act.] (MS); Intensive: lelya [3sg.pf.] (KS, MS), alelet [3sg.ppf.]
(KS), alelyata [3sg.ppf.med.] (KS), --> pres. lelya- (TS, SB+; here also SB lelay [adv] ìn a
tremble') (cf. Praust 1999: 51ff.)
Meaning: `to flow, whirl, run, bubble up (intr.); to make flow, to make run (trans.) {1}' XXX
Link to RV concordance: r- XXX
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rit- [adj] `flowing, dripping' (RV); rti- [f] `stream, motion' (RV+); renu-
[m] `dust' (RV+); a-renu- [adj] `not dusty (usually of celestial roads)' (RV); brhad-renu- [adj]
`stirring up thick dust' (RV 06.018.02); retas- [n] `flow of semen, seminal fluid; flow of rain or water'
(RV+); retin- [adj] àbounding in seed, productive, impregnating' (RV 10.040.11); retas-vant- [adj]
ìd.' (MS); retas-vin- ìd.' (TS)
413
Avestan: YAv. aibi.iritm ah- [verb] `to be defiled with excrements' ( V 7.12, V 7.13); airiti- [f]
`defecating' ( V 13.48)
Khotanese: rrma `faeces', ryai ànus'
Sogdian: (Chr.) rym [m] `dirt, impurity'
Middle Persian: ld- /riy-/ [verb] `to defecate, void'
New Persian: rdan [verb] `to defecate'
Ossetic: lyjyn / lijun [verb] `to defecate'; Pash. rma, rima `mucus, dysentry'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rymyc (pl.) `dirty (spots)'
IE form: h3rei(H) {2}
IE meaning: to flow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rvus [m] `brook'; MIr. ran `river, sea'; OE r `stream, brook';
OHG rinnan [verb] `to drip'; Russ. rejat' [inf.] `to stream fast, flow'; Russ. rinut'sja [inf.] `to stream,
flow'; Go. reiran [verb] `to tremble'; Go. reiro [f] `trembling, earthquake'
Notes: {1} [LK] For the meaning, see now Praust 2001?. XXX {2} Perhaps an enlargement of the root
*h3er `move'.
Sanskrit: r [2]
First attestation: RV-TAm
Gramm. forms: Present IV: ryasi [2sg.act.] (RV 07.055.03), rya [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 07.055.03, TAm
4.30), ryant- [ptc.act.] (RV 01.182.04, AVP 5.34.5)
Meaning: `to bark'
Link to RV concordance: r- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: raH-
Avestan: YAv. gr.raiiant- [adj] `crying out the songs' ( Yt 13.105)
Khotanese: rrai- [verb] `to make noise'
Sogdian: (Buddh., Chr.) r'y- [verb] `to weep, cry'
Parthian: ghr'y- (< *gqra-ria-) [verb] `to be boastful' (?)
Ossetic: r?jyn/r?jun [verb] `to bark'
Other Iranian cognates: Y. ry-/royta- `to weep', Wa. ry-/royd- `to bark'
IE form: leh2 {1}
IE meaning: to bark
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS lajati [verb] `to bark', Lith. loti [verb] `to bark' Lat. ltrre [verb]
`to bark'
Notes: {1} [AL] In view of semantics, the connection with a r-root (*Hreh1-: ON rmr `hoarse', Russ.
(dial.) rajat' `to sound') is much less probable.
Sanskrit: rdh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: rdhyatm [3sg.impv.med.] (AV+); Present V: rdhnoti [3sg.act.] (YV+);
Aorist R: rdhat(i) [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); Aorist S: artss [2sg.act.] (AV+); Aorist IS: rdhisi
414
[1sg.inj.med.] (AV+), rdhisya [1sg.opt.med.] (AVP); Perfect: rardha [3sg.act.] (RV 10.107.06 +);
Fut: rtsy (AV+); Caus: rdhay 'to make succeed' (AV+); ta-ptc.: rddha- `brought about,
accomplished' (AV, Br.+)
Meaning: `to succeed, be successful'
Link to RV concordance: rdh-; rdhas-; rdhya-; satyardhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraHdh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rdhas- [n] `favour, generosity, gift' (RV+); satya-rdhas- [adj]
`bestowing real generosity' (RV); krsta-rdhi- [adj] `successful in what is cultivated' (AVS 8.10.24);
rdhya- [gerundive] `to be accomplished, to be appeased' (RV+); rddhi- [f] `success, luck' (AV+);
an-rdha- [adj] àccomplishing welfare' (AV)
Avestan: OAv. rdat_ [3sg.aor.subj.act.], rdnt [3pl.pres.act.], YAv. rsta- [ppp] `to do right, to fit';
OAv. rdah- [n] `generosity, care', [adj] `generous'; OAV. rda- ( Y 19.9), YAv. ra- ( Y 9.23) [m]
`caretaker'; YAv. *rsti- (in PN) `success'; possibly also Av. ardra- [adj] `(religiously) active,
zealous, faithful' (if from *HrHdhra-);
Old Persian: rdiy [postposition] òn account of (+ gen.)' (most probably, orig. instr.sg. of the noun
*rdi- àccomplishment', cf. Skt. rdhi-), avahayardiy [adv] `for this reason'
Khotanese: ttry- (< *ati-rday-) [verb] `to protect'
Middle Persian: rstan [verb] `to prepare', ry [postposition] òn account of'
Parthian: rd [postposition] òn account of'
New Persian: rstan [verb] `to prepare', r [postposition] òn account of'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'r [postposition] òn account of' (with metathesis ?)
IE form: h2reh1dh
IE meaning: to be successful, to succeed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. ga-redan [verb] `to make precautions'; Go. ur-redi? [3sg.pres.] `to
decide' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] ORuss. raditi [verb] `to care for', OCS ne-raditi [verb] `to neglect, to be carefree' are
most probably of Iranian origin, based on Slav. *radi [postposition] borrowed from Ir. *rd.
Sanskrit: rj
Gramm. forms: Present II: rsti [3sg.act.] (RV 01.104.04), rt [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 06.012.05), Present
I: rjati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vi-rjni [1sg.subj.act.] (RV); Aorist S: arjisuh [3pl.act.] (RV); Intensive:
rrajat [ptc.act.n.] (RV); Inf: rjase (RV)
Meaning: `to rule, be king; to shine, glitter'
Link to RV concordance: rj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraHj-
See also: rj-
IE form: h3rg-
Certainty: +
415
Sanskrit: rj-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: rt [nom.sg.]
Meaning: `king, ruler' ([f] `lady, sovereign' in RV 05.046.08b)
Link to RV concordance: rj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-rj- [m] `supreme chief, sovereign' (RV+); adhi-rja- [m] `chief'
(RV+); rjya- [n] `rule, reign', [adj] `royal' (RV+); rjan- [m] `king, nobleman, man of a royal tribe'
(RV+); rjan- [n?] `rule, reign (?)' (RV 10.049.04c); rjanya- [adj] `noble' (RV+)
See also: rjn~-; raj [2]; rj
Avestan: OAv. rzar- / rzan- [n] `rule, direction' (YAv. only rzar-); YAv. brzi-rz- [adj] `reigning
in the height' ( Yt 13.100)
IE form: h3rg- ([f] h3rg-n-ih2-)
IE meaning: ruler, ruling
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rg- [m] `king, sovereign, chief'; OIr. rige `kingdom' (= rjya- [n]
`rule, reign'); OIr. ri (gen.sg. rig) [m] `king'
Sanskrit: rjn~-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `queen, wife of the ruler'
Link to RV concordance: sam-rjn~-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraHjniH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-rjn~- [f] `queen who is superior in rank, female sovereign' (RV+);
ekarjn~- [f] `the only queen' (AVP 7.12.1)
See also: rj-
IE form: h3rg-n-ih2-
IE meaning: queen
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rgna [f] `queen' (< *rgn ); OIr. rigain [f] `queen'
Sanskrit: rsn-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `girdle'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaHsnaH- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rsnk- [f] `small band, girdle' (KS); rsnva- [adj] `girdled' (SB+)
See also: Ir. *iaHh-
416
Avestan: Av. yh- [verb] `to gird': YAv. aibiihaiinte [3pl.pres.subj.med.], aibiihaiiata
[3sg.pres.opt.med.], aibiihaiiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Yt 1.17), aibiista- [ppp] `girded' ( N 37);
YAv. aibiihana- [n] `girdle, garment'; auui.yh- [n] `belt' ( Yt 8.14; cf. Schindler 1972: 71)
Khotanese: yna- `belt, girdle' (< PIr. *abi-ihana- = YAv. aibiihana-)
Parthian: `zy'h- [verb] `to gird on'
New Persian: prhan `shirt' (< PIr. *pari-ihana-), hamyn `girdle, belt' (< PIr. *ham-ihana-)
IE form: ieh3s-neh2-
IE meaning: girdle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. znh [f] `girdle'
Notes: {1} Presumably, rsn- is due to contamination of *ysn- `girdle' with rasan- `rope, cord,
bridle'.
Sanskrit: rstra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `kingdom, realm'
Link to RV concordance: rstra-; rstr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrc-tra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rstr- [f] `female ruler, female sovereign' (RV+)
See also: rj-
Avestan: YAv. *rtar- `sovereign' in rtar.vanti- [m] PN
IE form: h3rg-tr-
IE meaning: sovereign ?
Certainty: +

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Sanskrit: rtr-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: rtri- (AV+)
Meaning: `night'
Link to RV concordance: rtr-; ati-rtra-; ahortra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HraHtriH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ati-rtra- [adj] `prepared or performed over-night' (RV 07.103.07+);
ahortra- [n], later also [m] `day and night' (RV+)
See also: rm
Avestan: Av. rman- [n] `rest'
IE form: Hreh1-tr-ih2
417
IE meaning: bringing to rest
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: rec
Gramm. forms: Present VII: rinakti [3sg.act.] (RV+), rinak [3sg.impf.act.] (with a secondary long
augment); Present IV: ricyate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: raik [3sg.act.] (RV) (with a secondary
long augment), rikths [2sg.inj.med.] (RV); Aorist S: riksata [3pl.med.] (Br.); Aorist mediopass: reci
[3sg.inj.] (RV 04.016.05); Perfect: rireca [3sg.act.] (RV+), ririce [3sg.med.] (RV+), arirect
[3sg.ppf.act.] (RV); ririkvms- [ptc.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: atirikta- `left over' (RV 08.058.03), rikta-
èmptied, empty' (AV+)
Meaning: `to leave, let, release, set free'
Link to RV concordance: ric-; riktha-; prarikvan-; prareka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: raik-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: riktha- [n] ìnheritance' (RV+); pra-rikvan- [adj] `reaching beyond' (RV
01.100.15); pra-reka- [m] àbundance' (RV)
See also: reku; reknas-
Avestan: Av. ric- [verb] `to leave, let, abandon': YAv. irinaxti [3sg.pres.act.] ( Yt 10.68), paiti raxa
[2sg.aor.opt.med.] ( P 40), paiti racaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.], irrixite [3sg.des.subj.med.] ( Y 65.7),
OAv. irixta- [ppp]
Khotanese: parrj- [verb] `to deliver, rescue' (+ *pari-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) rxm'k, (Man.) rxmyh_ `remains', (Buddh.) pr'yc-, (Chr., Man.) pryc- [verb] `to
leave behind, desert' (+ *pari-)
Middle Persian: phryz- [verb] `to keep away from, abstain, avoid' (+ *pati-)
Parthian: wryxs- [inch.] `to flee' (+ *ui-)
Ossetic: liyn / leun [verb] `to run away; to abandon a settlement'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rycy- [verb] `to spread out'; pryx- [verb] `to leave behind' (+ *apa-);
Bactr. rhgo `remains, what is left'; Sh. ris-/rd, Rosh. rays-/rayd [verb] `to remain, be left'
IE form: leikw
IE meaning: to leave
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. lk'anem [verb] `to leave' (aor. lk`[e] ); Gr. lepw [verb] `to let,
leave' (limpnw [1sg.pres.act.]); Lat. linqu [verb] `to leave'; (O)Lith. liekmi [1sg.pres.act.] `to stay'
(dial. i-linku); OPr. po-lnka [3sg.pres.] `stays'; Go. lei?an [verb] `to lend'
Sanskrit: rej
Gramm. forms: Present I: rejate [3sg.med.] (RV+), rejati [3sg.act.] `make tremble' (RV); Caus:
rejayati [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to tremble, shake'
Link to RV concordance: rij-
418
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)raij-{3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: red- `trembling' (YVm) {1}
Khotanese: rrys- [verb] `to tremble'
Ossetic: rizyn / rezun [verb] `to shake'
IE form: h1leig {2}
IE meaning: to (make) shake
Certainty: +
Idioms: èarth quakes': Skt. rejata ksh èarth quaked' (RV 04.022.04) Gr. lel-cqwn [adj]
`shaking the earth'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lelzw [verb] `to cause to tremble'
Notes: {1} Only attested in the Yajurvedic mantra red asi `you are trembling', probably resulting
from the reintrepretaton of rejasi `you tremble' (see Got 1987: 272). {2} The root is not directly
related to *(H)leig- `to spring'. {3} [AL] In Middle and Modern Iranian we further find the root *larz-
`to shake, tremble', which seems to reflect a reduplicated *ra-r(i)z-: Sogd. (Chr.) wlrz-, wdrz [verb] `to
tremble, shake' (+ *ui-); MP llc- /larz-/ [verb] `to shake, tremble'; Parth. lrz- [verb] `to tremble'; NP
larzdan [verb] `to shake'; Khwar. bryk `shaking fever, ague' (+ *abi-); Pash. rdedl [verb] `to
shake, tremble'.
Sanskrit: reknas-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: sometimes scanned in three syllables /ra(y)iknas-/ in the RV (cf. Lubotsky 1995:
218f. for a discussion; possibly under influence of rayi-)
Meaning: `property left by bequest, wealth, goods'
Link to RV concordance: reknas-; reknasvant-; sureknas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: raiknas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: reknasvant- [adj] `remunerative, gainful' (RV 10.063.16); su-reknas-
[adj] `rich, wealthy' (RV 06.016.26)
See also: rec
Avestan: OAv. raxnah- [n] ìnheriance'
IE form: loikw-no(s)-
IE meaning: property left by bequest
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG, OS lhan `loan, tenure' (< PGm. *laixw-na-)
Sanskrit: reku-
Meaning: only in the formula reku padam (RV 04.005.12, 10.108.07) `footprint left behind'
Link to RV concordance: reku-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: raiku-
See also: rec
419
IE form: loik(w)-u-
IE meaning: left behind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. relicuos [adj] `remaining' (< *lik(w)-u-o-)
Sanskrit: rod
Gramm. forms: Present II: rudanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), arodt [3sg.impf.act.] (YVp+) {1}; Aorist A:
arudat [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: roday 'to make weep' (RV+); Abs: ruditv (S.+)
Meaning: `to weep, bewail'
Link to RV concordance: rud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrud-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: agharud- [adj] `lamenting of a misfortune (a professional lamenter of
death?)' (AV); roda- [m] `crying, lament, whine' (AV+); abhi-roruda- [adj] `constantly weeping'
(AV)
Avestan: Av. rud-/ru- [verb] `to lament, weep': OAv. raost [3sg.pres.(?)inj.med.] ( Y 29.9 with an
unexpected full grade), YAv. urun [3pl.pres.inj.act.] ( V 3.32), urunta [3pl.pres.inj.med.] ( V
19.45); uraiant- PN (the interpretation of OAv. urdiiat Y 44.20 is uncertain)
Other Iranian cognates: Par. ruh- [verb] `to weep'
IE form: Hreud-
IE meaning: to weep, to cry
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. raudoti (rauda) [verb] `to weep. lament'; Lat. rd [verb] `to roar,
bellow'; OE rotan [verb] `to complain, weep'
Notes: {1} [AL] The set character of the root seems to be secondary, introduced in order to preserve
the endings. In late Vedic texts we also encounter sporadic thematic forms like rodanti (JUB), cf. Got
1987: 275).
Sanskrit: rohita- {1}

Gramm. forms: rohin- [f] (RV+)
Meaning: `red, reddish', [m] `red horse'
Link to RV concordance: rohita-; rauhina-; rohit-; rohidasva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraudhita-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rauhina- [m] N. of a demon (RV+); lohita- [adj] `red, reddish' (AV+; f.
lohin-); nla-lohita- [adj] `dark-blue and red' (AV+); rohit- [adj] `reddish brown, sorrel, reddish'
(RV); rohid-asva- [adj] `with sorrel horses' (RV)
See also: rudhira-
Avestan: YAv. raoiita- [adj] `red, reddish'
IE form: h1reudh-it-o- (?)
IE meaning: red
420
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] For the development -dh- > -h- in Skt. see Lubotsky 1995a.
Sanskrit: roman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hair, body hair'
Link to RV concordance: roman-; romanvant-; romasa-; loman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrauman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: romanvant- [adj] `hairy' (RV 09.112.4); romasa- [adj] `(very) hairy'
(RV+); loman- [n] `body hair' (RV+); lomavant- [adj] `hairy' (TS+); lomasa- [adj] `hairy' (AV+)
See also: rav [2]
New Persian: rum(a), rm(a), runb(a) `pubic hair'
IE form: Hreu-men-
IE meaning: hair
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MoIr. ruaimneach `long hair'; ON rogg [f], roggr [m] `long hair, long
wool' (< PGm. *rau(u)a-)
Sanskrit: rop
Gramm. forms: Present IV: arupyan [3pl.impf.act.] (AVP 8.15.7+); Caus: ropay 'to cause racking
pain' (AVP+); Aorist RED: arrupas [2sg.act.] (AV); rrupas [2sg.subj.act.] 'to cause racking pain'
(AV)
Meaning: `to suffer from abdominal pain, have racking pain'
Link to RV concordance: rup-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hraup-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ropana- [adj] `causing racking pain' (AV); ropi- [f] `racking pain' (AV);
ropus- [f] `female destroyer (?)' (RV)
See also: lop
Avestan: OAv. urpaiieint [3pl.caus.act.] `to cause racking pain (?)'
Khotanese: rrv- [verb] `to remove, peel off'; br(r)v- (burvn~-) [verb] `to destroy' (+ *ui-)
Sogdian: rwp [verb] (Buddh.) `to gather', (Man.) `to harvest'
Middle Persian: lwp(k) /rb(ag)/ `pillage, plundering'; hrwb- [verb] `to collect, gather; receive' (+
*ham-)
New Persian: rubdan [verb] `to rob, seize, carry off'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rwby- [verb] `to rob, take away'; Yghn. rup-, rub- [verb] `to harvest'
IE form: Hreup
IE meaning: to break, to tear
Certainty: +
421
Cognates in other languages: Lat. rumpere [inf], ruptum [ppp] `to break'; OE rofan [verb] `to break,
to tear'; OE bi-rafian [verb] `to rob'
Sanskrit: rudhira-
Meaning: `red, blood-red, bloody'
Link to RV concordance: rudhikr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrudhra- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rudhira- [n] `blood' (AVP+), rudhikr- [m] N. of a demon defeated by
Indra (RV 02.014.05) (= `scattering blood' (?), `sprinkled with blood' (?))
See also: rohita-; loha-
Sogdian: rwz `red (?)'
Middle Persian: lwhl'sp PN (?)
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. rrv `red'
IE form: h1rudh-ro-
IE meaning: red
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ruqrj [adj] `red'; Lat. ruber [adj] `red'
Notes: {1} The -i- in rudhira- is probably due to contamination of *rudhra- with the compound form
rudhi (possibly attested in rudhikr-).

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Sanskrit: rksa-
First attestation: MS+
Meaning: `rough, dry, emaciated, thin'
Link to RV concordance: arksita-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HruHca-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: lksa- [adj] `dry' (TS+); a-rksita- [adj] `sleek, unruffled' (RV
04.011.01)
Avestan: OAv. urua- [adj] èmaciated' ( Y 29.7)
IE form: HruHkso-
IE meaning: rough
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG rh [adj] `rough' (< PGm. *rh(w)a-)
Notes: {1} Khwar. m-x- [verb] `to become wrinkled, to become rough' (< PIr. *uz-ruxa-) and Lith.
rukti [verb] `to become wrinkled' cannot be directly connected because of the "wrong" velar.
422
Sanskrit: rc-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: rc-am [acc.sg.], rc- [instr.sg.], rg-bhis [instr.pl.]
Meaning: `song of praise, poem, stanza, verse'
Link to RV concordance: rc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrk- / Hr-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rgma- [adj] `like an rc-' (AitB); rgm(i)ya- [adj] `consisting of rc-verses'
(KS+); rkmya- [adj] `consisting of rc-verses' (JB); rgmin- [adj] `praising, singing' (RV); rgmiya-,
rgmiya- [adj] `worthy of praise' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 249
See also: arc
Other Iranian cognates: Iran. PN *rk ?
IE form: h1rkw-
IE meaning: song of praise
Certainty: +
Notes: XXX Tucker
Sanskrit: rjipya-
Meaning: èpithet of an eagle, Maruts, racehorse, arrow', [m] èagle' (RV 02.034.04)
Link to RV concordance: rjipya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrjipia-
Page in EWAia: 250
See also: rjra-
Avestan: YAv. rzifii.parna- [adj] `having eagle-feathers'; rzifiia- [m] name of a mountain
Old Persian: (Elam.) ir-tup-pi-ia [m] PN (= *rdifya-)
Middle Persian: ''lwf /luf/ èagle'; luh èagle'
New Persian: luh èagle'
IE form: h2rg-i-pt-io- (or -p(H)-io- p [3]) ?
IE meaning: eagle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) rxifoj etj par Prsaij (= *rzifoj, LW from PIr. *rzifia-);
Arm. arcui, arciw èagle'
Sanskrit: rjisvan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: PN (= `with fast dogs')
Link to RV concordance: rjisvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrjicuan-
Page in EWAia: 251
See also: rjra-; svan-
IE form: h2rg-i-kuon-
423
IE meaning: with fast dogs
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hom.) knej rgo `fast dogs'; Gr. (Eretria) Knargoj [m] PN
Sanskrit: rjra-
Meaning: `shining reddishly, brightcoloured; quick, hurrying'
Link to RV concordance: rjra-; rjti-; rjpin-; virrjka-; gorjka-; bhrjka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrjra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Caland's form (as first member of compounds) rji-, cf. rjisvan-, rjipya-,
rjti- [adj] `flying forwards, hurrying straight forward (of reins, rivers, libations, arrows)' (RV); rjpin-
[adj] `storming ahead' (RV 04.026.06; 08.033.12); rjka- (in compounds vir-rjka-, go-rjka-, bh-rj
ka-) `foam = looking whitish (?)' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 253
See also: rjisvan-; rjipya-; arjuna-
IE form: h2rg-ro-
IE meaning: shining (white), quick
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(with) fast horses': Skt. rjra- asva-, rjrsva- [m] PN (RV) YAv. rzrspa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rgj [adj] `shining white, quick' (< *rg-r-j); Gr. rgi-dwn [adj]
`with blindingly white teeth'; Gr. rgpouj [adj] `with fast feet'; Hitt. /harki-/ [adj] `white'
Sanskrit: rju-
Gramm. forms: rjyams- [comp] (RV+); rajistha- [sup] (RV+)
Meaning: `straight, right, correct'
Link to RV concordance: rju-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrju-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rjyant- [ptc.denom.] `walking straight' (RV); rjy [adv] ìn a straight
line' (RV 01.183.05); rjvan~c- [adj] `going straight forward' (RV 04.006.09); rjiman- [m]
`straightness' (Cl.); rjava- [n] `straightness, straight direction' (Up.+)
Page in EWAia: 252
See also: raj- [2]
Avestan: Av. razita- [sup] `straightest, most correct'; OAv. rzu- [adj] `straight, correct (of path)';
rzuua- (< *rzauua- (?)) `that which is straight' ( Y 33.1); YAv. rzu- [m] PN
IE form: h3rg-u-
IE meaning: straight
Certainty: +
Idioms: `straight path': Skt. rjun path (RV 01.041.05) OAv. rz pa
Sanskrit: rksa-
424
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `bear'
Link to RV concordance: rksa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrtca-
Page in EWAia: 247
Avestan: YAv. ara- `bear'
Khotanese: arr `bear'
Sogdian: 'h `bear' XXX
Middle Persian: 'rs, hrs `bear'
New Persian: xirs `bear'
Ossetic: ars `bear'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. hrs `bear'; Sh. yr `bear'; Pash. ya `bear'
IE form: h2rtko-
IE meaning: bear
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ?ar-tak-ga-, ?ar-ta-ga- `bear'; Gr. rktoj `bear'; Lat. ursus `bear'
(with irregular initial u-); MIr. art `bear'
Sanskrit: rna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `debtor (or in debt)'
Link to RV concordance: rna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrna- / Harna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rna- [n] `duty, debt' (RV+); rna-cit- [adj] `collecting a debt' (RV);
rnam-caya- [m] `N of a king' (RV); rna-y- [adj] `going after debts, obligations' (RV); rna-yvan-
[adj] ìd.' (RV); rnvan- [adj] ìndebted, under obligation' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 254
Avestan: YAv. arna in arnat_.caa- [adj] `punishing guilt' ( Y 10.35, cf. Skt. rna-cit-)
Khotanese: rra- `wrong act, fault
Sogdian: 'rn `wrong act, fault'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection of Hitt. ar-nu- [verb] in the meaning `to pay for debts, make up
damage', proposed by Klingenschmitt, seems unwarranted.
Sanskrit: rsabha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `bull'
Link to RV concordance: rsabha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hran-, Hrabha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ajarsabha- [m] `male goat' (SB+)
Page in EWAia: 260
425
See also: ars- [1]; vrsan- ?
Avestan: OAv. arnauuait- [adj] `(mare) with a stallion' ( Y 44.18) (< *arnuuait-); YAv. aran- [m]
`man, male'
Old Persian: ariyara /ariya-ra/ [nom.sg.m.] PN; arma- [m] PN
IE form: h1rsn(-bho)-
IE meaning: bull
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rshn `male' (Ion., Lesb., Kret., etc.) < IE *h1rsn; Gr. Erafithj [m]
`nickname of Dionysos' < PIE *h1rsn-bho-
Sanskrit: rsi-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `poet, singer, seer'
Link to RV concordance: rsi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)ri-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rsi- in compounds, e.g. maharsi- [m] `great rsi' (AV+), saptarsayas
[nom.pl.] `seven rsis' (RV); rsika- [m] `rsi of low rank' (JB)
Page in EWAia: 261
Avestan: OAv. ri [m] `seer' ( Y 31.5); riia- [adj] `seer-like' ( Y 40.4); YAv. ariia- [m] PN
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -

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Sanskrit: rsti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `spear, lance'
Link to RV concordance: rsti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rstimant- [adj] `furnished with spears (of the Maruts)' (RV);
rstividyut- [adj] `with lightnings as spears (of the Maruts)' (RV); bhrjad-rsti- [adj] `with glittering
spears (of the Maruts)' (RV); srstit- [f] `cooperation' (Br.+); srsta- [m] `person of equal rank'
(SrS.)
Page in EWAia: 261
See also: ars- [2]
Avestan: YAv. arti- [f] `spear, lance', rtii.barzan- [adj] `high as a spear' ( Y 9.11)
Old Persian: arti- [f] `spear, lance'
Khotanese: hlsti- `spear'
Middle Persian: art, a(r)tr `spear'
New Persian: xit `spear'
426
Ossetic: arc / arc? `lance, spear'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'c [f] `spear'
IE form: h2rs-ti-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: rsva-
Meaning: èlevated, high'
Link to RV concordance: rsva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrua-
Page in EWAia: 262
See also: ar [1]
Avestan: OAv. ruua- [adj] `high, high placed, noble'
IE form: h3rs-uo-? {1}
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: \X4 326 - 332\x
Cognates in other languages: Gr. roj [n] `mountain' (< IE *h3er-os-)
Notes: {1} [AL] Or from *urs-uo- (see vars [2] `to rise') with dissimilation? For the suffix see rdhva-
.
Sanskrit: rsya-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `male antelope'
Link to RV concordance: rsya-; rsyada-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrcia-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rsyada- [n] `pit for catching antelopes' (RV 10.039.08); rsa- [m] `male
antelope' (AV); rsa- [adj] `belonging to the antelope' (AV 4.4.5); rsya- [m] `male antelope' (MS+)
Khotanese: rs(a) [cmp] òvis Poli (?)'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. r `wild mountain sheep'
IE form: h1l-k-io-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MoHG Elch [m] èlk'
Sanskrit: rta-
Part of speech: [adj], [n]
Meaning: `truthful; truth, (world-)order; oath'
Link to RV concordance: rta-; anrta-; rtay-; rty-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: an-rta- [adj] ùntruthful', [n] `perjury' (RV+); rtayati, rtyati
[3sg.pres.act.] `to act according to truth' (RV);
Page in EWAia: 254
427
See also: rtvan-; ara-; aram
Avestan: YAv. rta- in PN (astuuat_.rta-, uxiiat_.rta-, etc.); Av. aa- [n] `truth' (< *arta-); arta-
(< *arta- in OAv. djt_.arta-, YAv. an-arta-), YAv. aaii [denom.] `to act according to Aa' (
Skt. rty-)
Old Persian: art- /rta-, rta-/ in PN, e.g. artx- /rtaxaa-/ (Elam. spelling ir-da-ik-a-i-a) Artaxerxes
Ossetic: ard òath'
IE form: h2r-to-
IE meaning: fitted
Certainty: +
Idioms: `residence of Truth': Skt. rtasya dhman- (RV); rta-dhman- [adj] `who has Truth as
residence' (KS+); Ar-ta-ta-a-ma PN (Mitanni-IA) OAv. a ... dmam ( Y 48.7); `reverence -
Truth': Skt. rtam ... namas (RV) OAv. nmah ai-c ( Y 34.3), aa-nmah- PN; `master (?) of
Truth': Skt. vedh rtasya (RV 10.086.10) YAv. aauuazdah- PN, 'Artbasdoj PN (Iranian), Arm.
Artavazd PN (< Iran.); `to serve Truth': Skt. rtam sapmi (RV 05.012.02); rtasap- [adj] `serving
Truth' (RV) OAv. am ... hapt ( Y 31.22); `yoked with Truth': Skt. rta-yukti- [f] `connection with
Truth' (RV 10.061.10) OAv. a yuxt ( Y 49.9); `source of Truth': Skt. khm rtasya (RV
02.028.05) YAv. aahe x
Sanskrit: rtvan-
Gramm. forms: rtvne [dat.sg.] (four syllables); rtvar- [f] (RV+)
Meaning: `belonging to Truth'
Link to RV concordance: rtvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrtaHuan-
Page in EWAia: 256
See also: rta-
Avestan: OAv. aauuan- [adj] `follower of Aa' (aauuan [nom.pl.], aaon [acc.pl.], aunam
[gen.pl.], auuairiis-c [gen.sg.f.] ( Y 58.4))
Old Persian: artava /rtv/ (Elam. ir-da-ma) [adj.nom.sg.] `characterized by Rta, righteous'
Sogdian: 'rt'w [adj] èlectus, righteous, truthful'
Middle Persian: 'lt'y [adj] èlectus'; (Man.) 'rd'w [adj] èlectus'
IE form: h2rteh2-uen-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: rtu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `fixed time, right or fit time; menstruation period'
Link to RV concordance: rtu-; rtuth; rtviya-; rtvya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrtu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rtuth [adv] àt the due or proper time, properly' (RV+); rtviya- [adj]
`being in proper time, regular, proper' (RV+); rtv(i)ya- [adj] `menstruating, during the time favourable
for procreation' (RV+); rtava- [m] `section of the year, a combination of several seasons' (AV+) {1}
Page in EWAia: 257
428
See also: ara-; rta-
Avestan: Av. ratu- [m] `judgment, judge'; YAv. ratu- [m] `section of time, period'; rabiia- [adj]
àccording to the right time, proper' {2}
Sogdian: rtw `10 seconds'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'rd, ryd `festive period' (< PIr. *ratu-)
IE form: h2r-tu-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `proper speech': Skt. rtviy[h] ... vcah (RV 01.190.02) YAv. rabiia vaca ( Yt 10.30)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rtj sntaxij (Hes); Gr. rtw [verb] `to equip, to prepare'; Arm. ard
(gen.sg. ardu) òrder'; Lat. artus (-s) `joint, limb'
Notes: {1}[AL] rtvij- [m] `priest' (RV+) can hardly be an original adj. 'sacrificing at the right time
(rtu- + yaj-)'. This word must contain the same suffix as usij-, which has a velar -g-. {2} The peculiar
full-grade in Iranian is not sufficiently explained.
Sanskrit: sad
Gramm. forms: Present III>I: sdati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sasda [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A:
asadat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: satsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 10.053.01); SI-impv: satsi (RV); Aorist
mediopass: asdi `has sat down' (RV+); Fut: satsy (Br.+); Caus: sday (RV+); ta-ptc.: satta- `put,
settled down' (RV+); na-ptc.: -sanna- `set down' (AV+)
Meaning: `to sit'
Link to RV concordance: sad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sad
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sadana- [n] `seat, abode' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. hasat_ [3sg.des.act.], niasii [1sg.subj.act.] Ì shall sit down' (XXX); hadma-
àbode'; YAv. niaiiat_ [3sg.inj.caus.act.] `has removed' (XXX); n...hazdiit_ [3sg.pf.opt.act.] `would
sit down' ( Yt 13.13) {1}; maiiii-ad- [adj] `sitting in the middle'
Old Persian: niyadayam [1sg.impf.caus.act.] `to set down, to establish'
Khotanese: (OKh.) nta'st (< *niasta-) `he sat down'
Middle Persian: niastan [verb] `to sit'
Parthian: nstn [verb] `to sit'
New Persian: niastan [verb] `to sit'
Ossetic: badyn/badun (< *upa-had) [verb] `to sit, to settle'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|nh'zy- [verb] `to set, to put'
IE form: sed
IE meaning: to sit, to sit down
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. zomai [1sg.pres.med.], Gr. zw [1sg.pres.act.] `to sit down, to take a
seat'; Gr. dra [f] `seat, abode'; Lat. sedre [verb] `to sit'; Go. sitan [verb] `to sit'; Lith. sedeti [verb]
`to sit'; Latv. se^de^t [verb] `to sit'; OCS sedeti [verb] `to sit'; Arm. nsti- (< *ni-sisde-) [verb] `to
sit'; Lat. sd [1sg.pres.act.] `to sit down'
Notes: {1} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 676f.
429
Sanskrit: sad [1]
Gramm. forms: Perfect: sasda [3sg.act.] (SB+), sedur [3pl.act.] (SB+); Fut: satsyanti [3pl.act.] (AVS
11.3.37); na-ptc.: pari-sanna- (S.) {1}
Meaning: `to fall (off), decay'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cad- < *caHd- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: parna-sada- [m] `falling of leaves' (AV+; MS, KS -sda-); prasda- [m]
`falling off' (TS+)
IE form: keh2d
IE meaning: to fall
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cadere [verb] `to fall, sink'
Notes: {1} Forms a suppletive pair with the -ya-present syate `to fall (out)'. {2} [AL] For the loss of
the laryngeal see Lubotsky 1981.
Sanskrit: sad [2]

Gramm. forms: Perfect: ssadur [3pl.act.] (RV 02.020.04), ssadre [3pl.med.] (RV 01.141.09),
ssadmahe [1pl.med.] (RV 10.120.05, AVP 19.2.5), ssadna- [ptc.med.] (RV, RV-Kh., AV)
Meaning: `to distinguish oneself, feel strong, triumph'
Link to RV concordance: sad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)cand- < (s)and- {1}
See also: chand
IE form: (s)kend-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kkasmai [1sg.pres.med.], kekadmnoj [ptc.med.] `to excel'
see Lubotsky 2001a.
Sanskrit: sah
Gramm. forms: Present I: sahant- [ptc.act.] (RV, AVP), sahante [3pl.med.] (RV+); Perfect: ssha
[3sg.act.] (RV-YVm), shvams-, ssahvams- [ptc.act.] (RV), sashe [3sg.med.]; Aorist R (precative):
sahys [3sg.opt.act.] (RV); Aorist S: saksat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), saksv [2sg.impv.med.] (RV),
asksi [1sg.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: asahista [3sg.med.] (RV); SI-impv: saksi (RV 05.033.02);
Desid: sksant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: a-sdha- ìnvincible' (RV+); Inf: sahadhyai, saksani (RV)
Meaning: `to overpower, be victorious, prevail'
Link to RV concordance: sah-; prtansah-; sahyas-; sahyas-; sahistha-; saksani-; sahyu-; sdhar-;
ssahi-; sha-; saha-
430
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sajh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sah- [f] `victory (?)' (RV 01.174.08); prtan-sah- (nom.sg. prtanst)
[adj] `victorious in battles' (RV); sahyas-, sahyas- [comp] `stronger' (RV); sahistha- [sup]
`strongest, most victorious' (RV); saha- [adj] `mighty' (RV+); saksani- [adj] `victorious' (RV+);
sahyu- [adj] `strong, victorious' (RV 06.018.12); sdhar- [m] `winner' (RV 07.056.23); ssahi- [adj]
`victorious' (RV+); sha- [adj] `mighty' (RV)
See also: sahas-; sahuri-
Khotanese: haysga- [adj] `troublesome'
IE form: segh
IE meaning: to overpower
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(to beat off enemy's) force and power; to establish power (in oneself)': Skt. tavism ...
sahah `(Indra beat Vrtra's) force, (Vrtra's) power (with his power)' (RV 01.080.10); sahas- dh (RV)
Av. hazas ... tuui ( Y 29.1); tuum dasuu ... haz ( Y 33.12)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. cw [verb] `to have, to hold, to possess'

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Sanskrit: saha
Meaning: `together, with, at the same time'
Link to RV concordance: saha
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sadha
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: In compounds both sadha `joint X, together with X' and saha
àccompanied by X, including X': sadhamda- [m] `joint feast' (RV+); sadhastuti- [f] `joint praise'
(RV); sadhavra- [adj] `(fighting) together with men' (RV) vs. saha-gopa- [adj] àccompanied by a
shepherd' (RV), sahamla- [adj] ìncluding the root' (RV); sahavra- [adj] ìncluding heroes' (RV+)
{1}
See also: sam
Avestan: OAv. had, YAv. haa [prep] `(together) with'; YAv. haa.baoii- [adj] `provided with
perfume'; ha.gaa- [m] `house-mate' {1}
Old Persian: had [adv] `with'
Sogdian: ', ', (Chr.) d(')- [prep] `with'
Parthian: 'd [prep] `with'
Ossetic: ?d [prep] `with' (e.g. ?db?x `with a horse')
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *hada in PN; Khwar. - [pref] `together with'; Pash. l/la [prep] òf,
with'
IE form: sm-dhe
IE meaning: together, with
Certainty: +
431
Notes: {1} [AL] For the Skt. and Avestan compounds see Lubotsky 1995a: 131.
Sanskrit: sahas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `violence, power, might'
Link to RV concordance: sahas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sajh-as-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sahasin- [adj] `powerful' (RV 04.011.01)
See also: sah
Avestan: Av. hazah- [n] `power, violence, superiority'; YAv. hazahan- [m] `robber'
Khotanese: haysga- [adj] `troublesome'
IE form: segh-es-
IE meaning: power, violence
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(to beat off enemy's) force and power': Skt. tavism ... sahah `(Indra beat Vrtra's) force,
(Vrtra's) power (with his power)' (RV 01.080.10) OAv. hazas ... tuui ( Y 29.1); `to establish
power (in oneself)': sahas- dh- (RV) OAv. tuum dasuu ... haz ( Y 33.12)
Cognates in other languages: Go. sigis `victory'; OIr. seg `power (of the hands)'
Sanskrit: sahuri-
Meaning: `victorious, powerful'
Link to RV concordance: sahuri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sajh-ur [/ sajh-uan- (?)]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sahvan- [adj] `powerful' (SB)
See also: sah
IE form: sogh-ur
IE meaning: victorious
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. akur-ie- [verb] `to conquer, to lay down, to kill'; Gr. curj [adj]
`confirmed, sure'
Sanskrit: sak
Gramm. forms: Present V: asaknuvan [3pl.impf.act.] (RV+), saknavma [1pl.subj.act.] (RV+); Aorist
R: sagdhi [2sg.impv.act.], sakat [3sg.subj.act.], sakema [1pl.opt.them.act.] (RV+); Perfect: seka
[2pl.act.] (RV 05.061.02), sekur [3pl.act.] (RV+), saska [3sg.act.] (AV+); Fut: saksy (TS+); Desid.:
see s.v. siks; Inf: pari-saktave (RV 08.078.05)
Meaning: `to be able, capable'
432
Link to RV concordance: sak-; susaka-; sakti-; sakti-; sakman-; skman-; sakra-; sacistha-; sakvan-;
sac-; sacpati-; ska-; ska-; skin-; sagma-; sikvan- sikvas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-saka- [adj] `well practicable' (RV); sakti- [f] `power, might' (RV+; RV
also sakti-); sakman- [n] `strength, capacity' (RV; once also skman-); sakra- (sup. sacistha-) [adj]
`strong, mighty' (RV+); sakvan- (f. sakvar-) [adj] àble' (RV+; AV+ sakvara-); sac- [f] `power,
energy, zeal' (RV+); sacpati- [m] `lord of might (usually, Indra)' (RV+); ska- [m] `power' (RV
06.024.04); ska- [adj] `strong, helpful', [m] `helper' (RV, AV); skin- [adj] `powerful' (RV); sikvan-
[adj] `skilful, clever' (RV+; RV also sikvas-; AV sikva-) {1}
See also: siks
Avestan: Av. sac- [verb] `to be able': OAv. saaq [2pl.pres.act.] (< *sac-ia-), san(-c)
[3pl.pres.act.], YAv. saas [ptc.pres.act.]; sakutma- [ptc.pf.act.sup.] `the best understanding' {2}
Khotanese: sj- [verb] `to learn' (< *saia-)
Sogdian: s'c- [verb] `to be proper, behave; be necessary'
Middle Persian: sc-, (Man.) sz- /saz-/ [verb] `to be fitting, becoming, necessary, due'; s'c- /sz-/
[caus.] `to make, prepare'
Parthian: sc- [verb] `to be prepared, fitting, ready', s'c- [caus.] `to prepare, form'
New Persian: sxtan / sz- [verb] `to build, construct, prepare'; sazad ìt is fitting'
Ossetic: s?yn / s?un [verb] `to get stuck in', sayn / saun [verb] `to place (in), dig in; [also D.] to
build, construct'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|sxs- [verb] `to be united, familiar with each other', m|s'cy- [caus.]
`to make straight, in order; to behave like, pretend' (+ *ham-); Bactr. sacs- [verb] `to be assessed'
IE form: kek
IE meaning: to be able
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE. on-hagian [verb] `to fit'; OHG bihagen [verb] ìd.'
Notes: {1} [AL] With secondary vocalism, presumably inspired by siks. Possibly, sagma- [adj]
`strong (?)' (RV+) is also derived from sak-, but the sandhi is irregular. {2} [AL] See Kmmel 2000:
669.
Sanskrit: sakar- (sakn-)

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: sakrt [nom.acc.sg.] (RV+), saknah [gen.sg.] (AV+), sakn [instr.sg.] (VS+),
sakabhih [instr.pl.] (TS)
Meaning: `dung, faeces'
Link to RV concordance: sakrt; sakamaya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cakr- / cakn-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: saka-maya- [adj] àrising from the (burning) dung' (RV); saka-dhma-
[m] `smoke of the burning cow-dung' (AV)
Khotanese: (OKhot.) satana- `manure, dung' (< *sakan )
Middle Persian: sargn `manure, dung'
New Persian: sargn `manure, dung' ( - , )
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. sagan `manure, dung'
433
IE form: kokw-r-/-n- {1}
IE meaning: manure, dung
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kproj [f] `manure, dung, faeces' {2}
Notes: {1} Probably, a derivative of the root *kekw-, found in Lith. ikti `to shit'. Similar in form and
meaning is *sokr-/-n- `manure, dung', cf. Hitt. akkar, akna, Gr. skw~r, skatj. {2} An original
adjective ?
Sanskrit: sakrt
Meaning: ònce, at once'
Link to RV concordance: sakrt
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sakrt
See also: krtvas
Avestan: YAv. hakrt_ [adv] ònce'; hakrt_.jan- [adj] `killing at once, killing with one blow'
Old Persian: hakaramciy ònce' (remade from *ha-k(a)r)
Middle Persian: hagriz èver'
New Persian: hargiz èver'
IE form: sm + krt
IE meaning: one time
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: For the first member cf. Gr. -pax ònce'; Lat. sem-el [adv] ònce'; Lat.
sem-per èverytime, always'
Sanskrit: sakthi- {2}

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: heteroclitic with sakthan-: instr.sg. sakthn (VS 23.29), nom.acc.pl. sakthni (RV
05.061.03); nom.acc.du. sakthy, -au (RV+)
Meaning: `thigh'
Link to RV concordance: sakthi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: saktH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: utsakth- [adj.f.] `lifting up the thighs' (VS)
Avestan: Av. haxti- `thigh': YAv. haxti [acc.du.], OAv. haxtii [gen.du.f.]
Khotanese: huto òn the thigh'
Middle Persian: haxt `thigh'
Ossetic: agd `thigh'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. yout `loin'; Kurd. he^t `thigh, loins; knee'
IE form: sokwtH-i-
IE meaning: thigh
Certainty: +
434
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. akuttai- `thigh (?)' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The Hittite form, for which see Kloekhorst 2008: 703, offers the closest parallel,
although its meaning is not absolutely certain.
Sanskrit: salila-
Gramm. forms: sarira- [n] `sea, ocean' (KS+)
Meaning: `salty (?)' (epithet of the sea); [n] `sea, ocean'
Link to RV concordance: salila-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: saRiRa-
IE form: sh2el
IE meaning: salt
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lj `salt'
Sanskrit: sama-
Meaning: `hornless, wthout horns'
Link to RV concordance: sama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cam(H)a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam- [f] `Sam-tree, prob. Prosopis spicigera' (AV+) (= `hornless'?)
IE form: kem(H)
IE meaning: hornless, not horned
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG hinta `hind, doe'; Lith. mulas [adj] `hornless'
Sanskrit: sama-
Meaning: èqual, same'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: samHa-
See also: sima-; sama-; sam
Avestan: Av. hama- [adj] `same'
Old Persian: hama- [adj] òne and the same'
Khotanese: hama- [adj] `same'
Middle Persian: ham [adj] `same'
New Persian: ham [adj] `same'
Ossetic: (?)m? / (?)ma [conj] ànd; but, in order to' (< PIr. *hamt)
IE form: somH-o-
435
IE meaning: the same
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mj [adj] `same, one and the same'; Go. samaleiko [adj] `mowj';
Go. sama [adj] `the same'

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Sanskrit: sama-
Gramm. forms: accentless; same [nom.pl.]
Meaning: àny, every, whichever'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: samHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: samaha [part] `verily, forsooth' ( Lubotsky 1995b: sama + the particle ha)
See also: sam; sama-
Avestan: YAv. hama- [adj] àny'
Khotanese: hama- [adj] àll'
Middle Persian: hamg [adj] àll'; ham [adv] àll the time, always'
Parthian: hmg [adj] àll'
New Persian: hama [adj] àll'; ham [adv] àll the time, always'
IE form: smH-o-
IE meaning: any
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. m-qen [adv] `wherever'; Gr. od-amoj [adj] `not any'; Go. sums
[adj] àny'; ON sumr [adj] àny'
Sanskrit: samarana-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `conflict, strife, battle, war'
Link to RV concordance: samarana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: samarana-
See also: sam; ar [2]
Avestan: YAv. hamarna- [n] `strife, battle'
Old Persian: hamarana- [n] `battle'
IE form: sem + h1er-eno-
Certainty: +
436
Sanskrit: sam-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `year, half-year, season'
Link to RV concordance: sam-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: samH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-sama- [n] `happy year' (SBr.); aisamas [adv] ìn the present year'
(SBr.)
Avestan: YAv. ham- `summer' (instr.sg. ham, gen.sg. ham. nom.pl. (them.) hama); maiiii-m-a-
[m] `god of the second half-year' (/-ama-/ < *-smH-a- or *-samH-a-, cf. Lubotsky 1999: 315);
hamina- [adj] `summer-', [n] `summer-time'
Khotanese: hamna- `summer'
Sogdian: (Man.) ''mynyy `summer' (< *hmanaka-)
Middle Persian: hmn `summer'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y'mnk `summer' ( + *hmanaka-); Kurd. (Kurm.) hvn
IE form: semH- {1}
IE meaning: smmer
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. am `year'; Arm. amarn `summer'; OIr. sam `summer'; OHG sumar
`summer'
Notes: {1} [AL] The color of the laryngeal cannot be determined.
Sanskrit: sams
Gramm. forms: Present I: samsmi [1sg.act.] (RV+), pra-samsamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS:
asamst [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sasamsa [3sg.act.] (Br.+); Caus: samsay (RV+); Passive: sasyate
[3sg.] (RV+); Aorist mediopass: samsi [3sg.inj.] (RV); ta-ptc.: sasta- (RV+); Inf.: anu-sase, vi-sase
(RV)
Meaning: `to praise, recite, declare'
Link to RV concordance: sams-; ukthasamsin-; samstar-; samsya-; sasti-; sasman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cans-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uktha-samsin- [adj] `praising' (RV); -samsu- [adj] `wishing, hoping'
(Pn., KausS); samstar- [m] `reciter' (RV+); samsya- [gerundive] `to be recited' (RV+; Br.+
samstavya-); sasti- [f] `song of praise' (RV+); sastra- [n] `recitation' (KS+); sasman- [n] `praise'
(RV)
See also: samsa-
Avestan: Av. sah- [verb] `to declare': YAv. sahmi [1sg.pres.act.], OAv. snghait [3sg.pres.act.],
YAv. sahaite [3sg.pres.med.], OAv. saxiit_ [3sg.aor.opt.act.], sast [inf], sazdiii [inf], YAv.
aibi.sasta- [ppp]; OAv. sastra- [n] `teaching' ( Y 46.3); snghu- [m] `preaching, doctrine' ( Y 34.7);
Av. fra-sasti- [f] `fame, reputation, prestige'; YAv. sasti- [f] `praising'
Old Persian: qanh- [verb] `to declare': aqh /aqanha/ [3sg.impf.act.], qhyamhy /qa(n)hymahiy/
[1pl.pass.med.], qstniy /qa(n)stanaiy/ [inf] `to declare, announce, call'
Khotanese: samja- `document'
437
Sogdian: (Buddh.) swn- [verb] `to utter, recite', swnw `word, speech'
Middle Persian: shwn, (Man.) sxwn /saxwan/ `word, speech'; pshw, (Man.) pswx /passox/ ànswer' (+
*pati-)
Parthian: sxwn `word, saying, utterance'; pswx ànswer' (+ *pati-)
New Persian: suxan `word, speech', psux ànswer'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. patasxani ànswer' (Iranian LW)
IE form: kens
IE meaning: to speak solemnly, declare
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cnse [verb] `to estimate, think; decide'; OLat. censuere [verb] `to
have consent' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection with Gr. kw~ [m] `Dionysiac festive procession and festive
songs, feast' is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: samsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `praise, honour, opinion, judgment (in the form of a well formulated aphorism)'
Link to RV concordance: samsa-; urusamsa-; narsamsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cansa-
See also: sams
Avestan: OAv. sngha- [m] `declaration, judgment'; YAv. saha- [m] àrrangement'; du.saha- [adj]
`slandering'
IE form: kens-o-
Certainty: +
Idioms: òf far-reaching authority': Skt. uru-samsa- [adj] (RV) OP *varu-qanha- (Hdt. rosggai
`benefactors of the king'); èpithet of Fire': Skt. nar-samsa- [m] (RV+) YAv. nairii.saha- [m]
name of a messenger deity, epithet of fire; `to strengthen the praise': Skt. vardhn (nah) samsam
(RV 05.041.09) OAv. vrzdi snghi `with strong teachings' ( Y 46.19)
Sanskrit: sami
Gramm. forms: Present IV: smyati [3sg.act.] (AVP+); Present AYA: samyate [3sg.med.] (RV);
Aorist R: samsva [2sg.impv.med.] (TS+); Aorist IS: asamisths [2sg.med.] (RV 03.029.16),
asamista [3sg.med.] (RV 05.002.07); Perfect: sasame [3sg.med.] (RV), sasma [3sg.act.] (Br.+);
sasamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Caus: samay `to make peaceful, appease; to slaughter (a sacrificial
animal)' (AV+); Aorist RED: assamat [3sg.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: snta- `soothed, extinguished' (AV+)
Meaning: `to become tired, finish, stop, come to an end, rest, be quiet or calm; [med.] to toil at, fatigue
or exert oneself'
Link to RV concordance: sami-; samitar-; sam-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: camH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: samitar- [m] `preparer' (RV+); sam- [f] `work, holy work, ritual services,
sacrificial work' (RV+); snti- [f] ` tranquillity, peace, quiet' (AV+)
438
Khotanese: sam- [verb] `to agree'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) prsm [verb] `to rub, wipe'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. sm- [verb] `to wipe out, to make disappear, to destroy'
IE form: kemh2
IE meaning: to exert oneself, to produce with effort; to become tired
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kmnw [1sg.pres.act.], kamon [aor] `to exert oneself, to produce
with effort, to die (euphemistically)'; Gr. (Ep.) o kamntej [pl.] `the dead'; Gr. pol-kmhtoj [adj]
`made with a lot of pains'; Gr. komw [1sg.pres.act.] `to take care of, to look after'; Gr. ppo-kmoj
[m] `horse-watcher'; MIr. cumal `female slave'
Sanskrit: samy-
First attestation: AV+ {1}
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `yoke pin, plug, wedge'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: camiaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hiranya-samya- [adj] `with golden yoke pins' (RV 01.035.04), sam-
(after numerals) `having the length of ... samy-' (KausS)
Avestan: YAv. sim- [f] `yoke pin' (< *sm-, corrupted from *smii- ?, cf. Skj?rv? 1997a: 121)
New Persian: sm `yoke pin'
Other Iranian cognates: Mun. sm `yoke bolt'
IE form: IIR {2}
IE meaning: yoke pin
Certainty: -
Idioms: `yoke and yoke pin': Skt. yuga-samya- [n] (SB) YAv. +yuu.smi (< *yu.s ) [nom.du.] (
V 14.10), cf. Skj?rv? 1997a: 119
Notes: {1} samym (RV 10.031.10) is sometimes taken as an acc.sg. of our word (with aberrant
accentuation), but it may simply be loc.sg. of sam-, name of tree. {2} [AL] The IE cognates are rather
doubtful. For Gr. kmax [f] `pole, bar, spear shaft' cf. Beekes, who considers the word Pre-Greek;
MHG hamel `bar, log' is isolated and late.
Sanskrit: sank
First attestation: SB, SrS.+
Gramm. forms: Present I: sanketa [3sg.opt.med.] (SB+), sankamna- [ptc.med.] (SB+)
Meaning: `to be afraid of (+abl.)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cank- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sank- [f] `fear, care' (SB)
IE form: kenk-
Certainty: +
439
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. kank- [verb] `to hang, suspend; to weigh'; Lat. cnctor [verb] `to be
slow, hesitate'
Notes: {1} [AL] The fact that the final -k- is not palatalized can probably be explained by the PIE 3sg.
med. form *konko.
Sanskrit: sanku-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `pointed peg, wooden nail'
Link to RV concordance: sanku-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: canku-
See also: skh-
Sogdian: (Man.) nx `twig' (with -x- from the word for `branch'?)
IE form: konk-u-
IE meaning: branch, peg
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. at-anke~ `barb, funnel-shaped part of a fishing-net, branch, bough';
Ru. suk `bough, knot (in wood)'; ON hr òarlock'
Notes: {1} The connection of sakala- [m.n.] `chip, fragment, splint, log, piece' (TS+) is uncertain.
Sanskrit: sant-
Part of speech: [ptc./adj.]
Gramm. forms: sat- [f] (RV+; in later Skt. also `virtuous, faithful wife'); sat- [n] also `being, reality'
(RV+)
Meaning: `being, real, good'
Link to RV concordance: as-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsant-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sant- [adj] `not being' (RV) < PIE *n-h1s-ent-; from RV onwards also
asant-; sat-tama- [sup] `best, chief, first' (Br.); sat-tva- [n] `being, essence' (TS+)
See also: as [1]
Avestan: Av. hant- [ptc./adj.] èxisting, being' (OAv. nom.sg.m. has, n. hat~, gen.pl. htam); OAv.
hit-, YAv. hait- [f]; YAv. hastma- [sup] `most capable'
Khotanese: hastara- [comp] `better'; hastama- [sup] `best'
IE form: h1s-ent- {1}
IE meaning: existing, being
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /asant-/ [part] `being, existing, true, real'; Gr. nt- [part] `being';
Lat. prae-sent- [adj] `present'
Notes: {1} prt.pres.act. of the root *h1s- `to be'.

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440
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Sanskrit: sanutar
Meaning: àway, far off, aside'
Link to RV concordance: sanutar; sanutya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: snH-V-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sanutya- [adj] `furtive, clandestine (?)' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. hanar `without' (< *snH-r)
IE form: snH-u
IE meaning: without, aside
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. sine `without'; OIr. sain [adj] `particular, distinct'; Go. sundro
àpart, aside'
Sanskrit: sani
Gramm. forms: Present V: sanoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sasna [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: asanat
[3sg.act.] (RV, Br.m); Aorist IS: sanisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), sanisanta [3pl.subj.med.] (RV); Fut:
sanisyati [3sg.act.] (RV, S.m); Intensive: sanisnata [3pl.med.] (RV 01.131.5); Desid: sissati
[3sg.act.] (RV, AV); ta-ptc.: sta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to win, gain' , , ( . )
Link to RV concordance: sani-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sanH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: go-sani- [adj] `winning cows' (also san-, s-) (RV+); sanitar- [m]
`winner' (RV, S.m); sanutr- [adj.f.] `gaining' (RV); sanitra- [n] `gift' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. hanni [1sg.aor.subj.act.] `to obtain'; hanam(c) [1pl.aor.opt.act.] `to win'; YAv.
hanaa [2sg.aor.opt.act.] `to win'; nmna-han- [adj] òbtaining the house'
IE form: senh2
IE meaning: to obtain
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. sanh- [verb] `to mean, to want, to search'; Gr. w, nw, numi
[1sg.pres.act.] `to complete, to bring to an end'; OHG sinnan [verb] `to strive after something'; Hitt.
snhu- [verb] `to roast' (< `do thoroughly')
Sanskrit: sapha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hoof, hoof of a horse'
Link to RV concordance: sapha-
441
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scapHa- {1}
Avestan: YAv. safa- [m] `hoof of a horse, horse-shoe(?)'
Khotanese: saha- `hoof'
Ossetic: s?ft?g `hoof'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. swa `hoof' (< *saf)
IE form: skepHo- / skopHo-
IE meaning: hoof
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON hfr `hoof'; OHG huof `hoof'; Gr. kptw [1sg.pres.act.] `to strike, to
hit'; Russ. kopyto `hoof'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 2001a: 53, fn. 53.
Sanskrit: sar [1] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present III: sisarsi [2sg.act.] (RV), sisrate [3pl.med.] (RV) {2}; Present X: sarayante
(RV+); Present ANYA: saranyn [3pl.subj.act.] (RV), saranyant- [ptc.act.]; Aorist A: asarat
[3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sasra [3sg.act.] (RV+), sasre [3sg.med.] (RV); Caus.: srayati [3sg.act.]
(YV+); Fut: sarisyant- [ptc.act.] (RV+), ud sarisyatha [2pl.act.] (AV); Desid: sisrsati [3sg.act.] (TS,
MS); ta-ptc.: srta- (YV+); Abs: ati-srtya (AVP+); Inf: sartave, sartavai
Meaning: `to flow, run, hurry'
Link to RV concordance: sr- [1]; sarany-; punahsara-; sarma-; susarana-; srtvan-; saranyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: punah-sara- [adj] `running back' (RV 07.055.03); sartar- [m] `runner'
(SB); sarma- [m] `running, flowing' (RV 01.080.05); su-sarana- [n] èasy running' (RV 08.027.18);
srtvan- [adj] `running, swift' (RV+); saranyu- [adj] `swift, nimble' (RV), sarany- [f] name of
Tvastar's daughter, mother of the Asvins and of the twins Yama and Yam (RV 10.017.02)
See also: sar [2]
IE form: sel
IE meaning: to start moving
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Gr. llomai [1sg.pres.med.] `to jump'; Lat. sali [1sg.pres.act.] `to
jump'; Gr. llw [1sg.pres.act.] `to stretch out, send out'; To.AB sl- [verb] `to arise, fly; throw'
Notes: {1} Synchronically distinct, but etymologically probably identical with sar [2]. {2} [AL] In
later Vedic, supplied by the root dhv.
Sanskrit: sar [2]

Gramm. forms: Present III: sisarti [3sg.act.] (RV 02.038.02), sisrate [3pl.med.] (RV); Present IV: pra
sriyate [3sg.med.] (KS), cf. Kulikov 2001: 380; Aorist mediopass: asri [3sg] (SB); Perfect: sasre
[3sg.med.] (RV); Intensive: sarsrte [3sg.med.], sarsre [3sg.med.] (RV+); Caus: asrayanta
[3pl.impf.med.] (RV+); Inf: vi pra-sartave (RV 08.067.12)
442
Meaning: `to extend'
Link to RV concordance: sr- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar {1}
See also: sar [1]
IE form: sel
IE meaning: to start moving
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} For the etymology see sar [1].
Sanskrit: sarabha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: à kind of game'
Link to RV concordance: sarabha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: car(H)abha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sarabha- [m] PN (RV); salabha- [m] `grasshopper' (AVP+; also sarabha-)
IE form: ker(H)-o-bho- (?)
IE meaning: horned animal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cervus [m] `deer'; OHG hir(u)z `deer'; ON hreinn `reindeer'; MW
carw `deer'; OPr. sirwis `roe, hind'
Sanskrit: sarad-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: àutumn'
Link to RV concordance: sarad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: carad- / card-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srada- [adj] àutumnal, mature' (AV+; RV f. srad-); sata-srada- [adj]
`having one hundred autumns (= hundred years old)' (RV+)
Avestan: YAv. sard- [f] `year'
Old Persian: rd /ard-/ (or /arad-/) [f] `year'
Khotanese: sal `year' (Tumuqese sli)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) sr- `year'
Middle Persian: sl `year'
New Persian: sl `year'
Ossetic: s?rd / s?rd? `summer'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. sr `year'; Bactr. saro `year'; Pash. psarlay `spring' (< *upasaradaka-
)
IE form: kel(h1)-ed- {1}
IE meaning: warm season (?)
Certainty: +
443
Notes: {1} The word for àutumn' may be derived from the IE root *kelh1- `to be warm', Lith. ilti,
Latv. sil~t [verb] `to become warm'; Lat. calre [verb] `to be warm'.
Sanskrit: sardh
Gramm. forms: Present I: sardha [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), sardhant- [ptc.pres.act.] `boasting (enemy)'
(RV); Caus: atiprasardhayati [3sg.act.] (RV) `to make audacious'
Meaning: `to boast, intimidate, challenge'
Link to RV concordance: sardh-; sardha-; sardhas-; srdhy-; sardhya-; bhusardhin-; prasardha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scardh {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sardha- [m] `host (of Maruts)' (RV); sardhas- [n] `troop, host (of Maruts)'
(RV); srdhy- [f] àrrogance' (RV); sardhya- [adj] `rivalling' (RV 01.119.05); bhu-sardhin- [adj]
`boasting of his arms' (RV 10.103.03); pra-sardha- [adj] `boasting, audacious' (RV 08.004.01)
Avestan: OAv. saridiia- [m] `rival, challenger (?)'; sardana- [m] òpponents, despisers' ( Y 43.14);
YAv. sariia- [adj] `challenging'; sara- [m/n] `species, sort (of cattle)'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) srm'n `content, happy' (< *asarda-mn-?)
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. sar (< *sarda-) `man', Pash. saray `man' (< *sarda-ka- ='*a man of (our)
kind?)
IE form: skerdh-
IE meaning: to be divided in equal parts (?)
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the troop of Rta': Skt. sardhm rtasya (RV 08.007.21) YAv. aa-sara- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Go. hairda `herd', Go. hairdeis `shepherd', OHG herta `change'; Lith.
(s)ker~dius [m] `shepherd', OPr. krdan [acc.sg.] `time'; OCS reda [f] òrder, herd'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction and semantic development see Lubotsky 2001a: 50f.
Sanskrit: sarman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `cover, protection, shelter, refuge'
Link to RV concordance: sarman-; sarmayant-; sarana-; sarvar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: carman-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sarmayant- [adj] `protecting' (RV 09.041.06); sarana- [adj] `protecting,
defending', [n] `shelter' (RV+); -sra- [m] `shed, shelter' (AV); upsara- [m] `protection' (KS);
?sarvar- [f] `night' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. sar- `shelter?' ( Y 41.6)
Khotanese: {1}
IE form: kel
IE meaning: to hide, to cover
Certainty: +
444
Cognates in other languages: OIr. celid [verb] `hides'; Lat. occul [verb] `to conceal'; OHG helm
`helmet'
Notes: {1} [AL] Khot. saraima `covering' (KT2 47,5), cited by Bailey (DKS: 395b), does not exist:
saraima is to be interpreted as sarai ma (Cheung, p.c.). {2} [AL] For Yazg. sar-/sard [verb] `to creep,
steal, sneak up to, lie in ambush, spy upon', etc. see s.v. tsar.
Sanskrit: sarp
Gramm. forms: Present I: sarpati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sasarpa [3sg.act.] (SB+); Aorist A: asrpat
[3sg.act.] (AV+); Fut: sarpsyati, srapsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); ta-ptc.: srpta-, also [n] `crawling track'
(KS+); Abs: (nih-)srpya (AV)
Meaning: `to creep, crawl, glide'
Link to RV concordance: srp-; sarpa-; sarsrpa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sarp
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sarpa- [m] `snake, adder' (RV+); sarpana- [n] `crawling' (Br.+); sarsrpa-
[adj] `crawling all over' (RV+)
IE form: serp
IE meaning: to creep, to crawl, to glide
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rpw [1sg.pres.act.] `to creep, to crawl, to go'; Lat. serp
[1sg.pres.act.] `to creep, to crawl, to glide'

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Sanskrit: sarpis-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `melted butter, melting-butter, lard'
Link to RV concordance: sarpis-; srpra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sarpis-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srpra- [adj] `greasy, smooth, sleek' (RV); sarpis-vant- [adj] `prepared
with melted butter' (KS+)
IE form: selp
IE meaning: to be fat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lph [f] òil-bottle'; OHG salba òintment, salve'
Sanskrit: sarva-
445
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `Sarva, a name of Rudra/Siva'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: carua-
Avestan: YAv. sauruua- [m] N. of a dauua
Khotanese: hasr, husure `quarry, hunted beast' (< PIr. *fra-saura-)
Ossetic: suryn / sorun `to chase, hunt', syrd / surd `wild beast'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: ToB ser(u)we, ToA saru `hunter'{1}
Notes: {1} [AL] This attractive etymology was suggested by Pinault during the 12th World Sanskrit
Conference (Helsinki, 14-18.7.2003; the connection of Iranian forms and Tocharian has already been
proposed by Bailey). Pinault further notes that Sarva is called astar- àrcher' in AVS 6.93.1,2 = AVP
19.14.13,14. Add to this AVP 2.25.4 (astr sarvena) and AVP(O) 20.61.8 na tatra bhavo hanti na
sarva isum asyati, yatra tvam deva tumburo parvatesu +virohasi `where you grow in the mounatins,
o god Tumburu, there Bhava does not kill and Sarva does not shoot an arrow'.
Sanskrit: sarva-
Meaning: `whole, undivided, all, every'
Link to RV concordance: sarva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar(H)ua-
See also: sarvatti-; prasalavi
Avestan: YAv. hauruua- [adj] ùndamaged, whole, at all'
Old Persian: haruva- [adj] `whole, all together'
Khotanese: har-bissa- [adj] àll'
Sogdian: (Man.) 'rt't `name of sixth day'
Middle Persian: har(w) [adj] àll, every'; har-wisp [adj] àll'
Parthian: hrw [adj] àll, every'
New Persian: har [adj] àll, every'
Ossetic: aly/ali [adj] àll'
IE form: sol(H)uo- {1}
IE meaning: whole
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. loj (Ion., Hom. oloj) [adj] `whole, complete'; Lat. saluos [adj]
`whole, healthy, in a good condition' (< *slh2euo-); ToA salu [adv] `wholly, totally'
Notes: {1} [AL] The laryngeal is *h2 if Hitt. alli- `great', CLuv. alh?itti- `greatness' belong here (cf.
Melchert 1994: 51, 55, 89). XXX
Sanskrit: sarvatti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `total, sum total, totality'
446
Link to RV concordance: sarvatti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sar(H)ua-taHt-
See also: sarva-
Avestan: Av. hauruuatt- [f] `totality, perfection; name of one of the Ama Spntas'
Middle Persian: hordd `perfection, name of one of the Ama-Spntas, name of month'
New Persian: xurdd `perfection, name of one of the Ama-Spntas, name of month'
IE form: *sol(H)uo-teh2t-
IE meaning: wholeness
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lthj (-tht-) [f] `wholeness, entireness'
Sanskrit: sari
Gramm. forms: Present IX: srnti [3sg.act.] (RV); Present IV: sryate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.164.13 +), s
ryate [3sg.med.] (SB = BAU), sryate [3sg.med.] (MS, KS) {1}; Aorist IS: asart [3sg.act.] (AV+);
Aorist mediopass: sri [inj] (RV); Perfect: sasre [3sg.med.] (AV, SB) {2}; na-ptc.: srna- `broken'
(AV+); ta-ptc.: a-srta ùnharmed' (KS+); srta- `smashed, crushed (?)' (RV 01.174.06); Inf: sartoh
(RV)
Meaning: `to break, crush, collapse, tear apart'
Link to RV concordance: sr-; sarani-; sarru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: carH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sarani- [f] `disobedience' (RV+); sarru- [m] ìnjurious, noxious' (RV+);
srti- [f] `breaking, shattering' (KS+); a-srya- [adj] ùnbreakable' (Br.); here probably also saras- [n]
`cream, film on boiled milk' (YV+), the pre-form of which may have been borrowed in Hung. szer-de-
k `clabber, sour milk', cf. Katz 2003: 193
Avestan: YAv. a-sarta- [ppp] `not made despondent (< *`not broken'); sairi- [m] `fragment, splinter'
New Persian: gu-sil- [verb] `to break' (?); gusr `breaking'
IE form: kerh2
IE meaning: to break
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kerazw [verb] `to tear, to destroy'; Gr. kraioj [adj] ùnharmed';
OIr. do-cer [verb] `to fall'
Notes: {1} [LK] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} [LK] The 3sg.med.
form sasire (AVP), allegedly an archaism (< *ca-crH-?), does not exist; see Kmmel 2000: 518.
Sanskrit: sas-
Gramm. forms: sat [nom.sg.] (RV+); sadbhih [instr.pl.] (RV+); sannm [gen.pl.] (AVP+);
satsu [loc.pl.] (KS+)
Meaning: `six'
Link to RV concordance: sas-; sattrimsa-; salasva-; solh
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uac {1}
447
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sat-trimsa- [adj] `consisting of thirty six' (RV), sad-asva- [adj] `with
six horses' (RV 01.116.04); sodasa [num] `sixteen' (YV+); sodasa- [num] `sixteenth' (AVP+);
sodh [adv] `sixfold' (RV); P. cha, chal `six'
See also: sasti-; sastha-
Avestan: YAv. xuua [num] `six'; xuua.dasa- [num] `the sixteenth'
Khotanese: kssa' [num] `six'
Sogdian: xuardas [num] `sixteen'; (Chr.) xww [num] `six'; (Buddh.) wgww [num] `six'
Middle Persian: a [num] `six'
Parthian: wh [num] `six'
New Persian: a [num] `six'
Ossetic: ?xs?z/?xs?z [num] `six'; ?xs?rd?s/?xs?rd?s [num] `sixteen'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. pa [num] `six'; Khwar. 'xrd(y)s [num] `sixteen'; Pash. pras [num]
`sixteen'
IE form: sueks
IE meaning: six
Certainty: +
Idioms: `Dsa/Dahka with six eyes': Skt. dsa-... salaksa- (RV 10.099.06) YAv. dahkm ...
xuua.am ( Y 9.8); `six months old, taking six months': Skt. san-msya- (SB+) YAv.
xuua.mhiia-
Cognates in other languages: Arm. vec` `six'; Gr. ex `six' (Dor. x); MW chwech `six'; Lat. sex `six'
Notes: {1} [AL] P. cha, chal `six' and the o-colouring in sodasa and sodh can only be
explained if we assume that *u was long preserved in Indo-Aryan (cf. Lubotsky 2000a).
Sanskrit: sas
Gramm. forms: Present II: sasti [3sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to sleep'
Link to RV concordance: sas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sas-; sasuar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sasvar [adv] ìn stillness, secretly, not noticed' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. hahm [1sg.pres.act.] Ì sleep'; YAv. havhar [adv] ìn secret'
IE form: ses
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-e-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `sleeps'; Luv. aa-i [verb] `to sleep'
Sanskrit: sasa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `hare'
Link to RV concordance: sasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: casa-
448
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sasin- [m] `moon' (Up.+)
Avestan: YAv. *saha- `hare'
Khotanese: saha- `hare'
Middle Persian: sahg `hare'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. s'k `hare', Pash. se [m], soya [f] `hare', Wa. sy `hare', Par. sahk
`hare'
IE form: kH-es-o- {1}
IE meaning: hare
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MoW ceinach `hare'; OHG haso `hare'; OPr. sasins `hare'; Lat. cnus
[adj] `gray' (< *kas-no-); OE hasu [adj] `gray-brown'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1989c: 56-57.
Sanskrit: sasa-
Meaning: `corn-field, corn, grain (?)'
Link to RV concordance: sasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sas(H)a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sasya- [n] `corn, grain' (AV+)
Avestan: YAv. hahiia- [adj] `pertaining to grain'; paiti.hahiia- [m] `name of a harvest-home'; hahu-
[m] ùse, profit, fruit'
IE form: se-sh1-o- (sh1-es-o-)
IE meaning: crop ?
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. e-e-a `fruit, harvest, crop'
Sanskrit: sastha-
Meaning: `sixth'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: utHa-
See also: sas-
Avestan: YAv. xtuua- [adj] `sixth' {1}
IE form: suks-tHo-
IE meaning: sixth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. sextus [adj] `sixth'; Gaul. suexos [adj] `sixth'; OPr. uschts, wuschts
[adj] `sixth'
Notes: {1} For the Avestan form see Hoffmann 1965: 254 = Hoffmann 1975: 190. For the Sanskrit
form see Lubotsky 2000a.
449
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Sanskrit: sasti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `sixty'
Link to RV concordance: sasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uati- {1}
See also: sas-
Avestan: YAv. xuuati- [f] `sixty'
Khotanese: ksast `sixty'
Middle Persian: ast `sixty'
Parthian: st `sixty'
New Persian: ast `sixty'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. pet `sixty'
IE form: sueksti-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS est [num] `six'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the elimination of *u see Lubotsky 2000a.
Sanskrit: sata-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `hundred'
Link to RV concordance: sata-; satagvin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cata
Avestan: YAv. sata- [n] `hundred'
Old Persian: ata (in compounds) `hundred'
Khotanese: sata- `hundred'
Sogdian: st- `hundred'
Middle Persian: sad `hundred'
Parthian: sd `hundred'
New Persian: sad `hundred'
Ossetic: s?d? `hundred'
IE form: dkmto- (> *h1kmto-) {1}
IE meaning: hundred
Certainty: +
450
Idioms: à hunderd cows': Skt. sata-gv-in- [adj] `consisting of a hundred cows' (RV) OP ata-gu-
[m] `Sattagydia' Gr. katmbh [f] `great sacrifice' (< *-gwu-eh2-); `lord over a hundred, centurio':
Skt. sata-pati- [m] (TB) Elam.-OP *ata-pati- [m]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. katn `hundred'; Lat. centum `hundred'; OE hund `hundred'; OS
hund `hundred'; Lith. imt(a) , im~tas `hundred'
Notes: {1} A derivative of *dekm `ten'.
Sanskrit: satya-
Meaning: `true, real, genuine'
Link to RV concordance: satya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsatia-
See also: as [1]; sant-
Avestan: Av. haiiia- [adj] `true, real'
Old Persian: haiyam [adv] `truly'
Khotanese: hththo [adj] `true, real'; hathth- `truth'
Ossetic: ?c?g [adj] `true, real, genuine' (< *haqiaka-)
IE form: h1snt-io- {1}
IE meaning: existing, true, real
Certainty: +
Idioms: `true formula': Skt. satyo mantrah (RV 01.152.02) OAv. haim marm ( Y 31.6)
Notes: {1} A derivative of sant-, prt.pres.act. of the root *h1s- `to be'. For the semantics cf. Hitt.
/asant-/ [adj] `true, real', Gr. tn nta lgein lgon, t nta lgein `to tell the truth'.
Sanskrit: sav
Gramm. forms: Present V: sunoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); sunvna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); stative middle sunve
[3sg.] and sunvire [3pl.] with a passive meaning (RV); Present III: susvati [3pl.] (RV); Aorist R: sot
[2pl.impv.act.] (RV); Aorist S: asosta [3sg.med.] (ChU); Aorist mediopass: asvi [3sg.] (RV),
suvna- /svna-/ [ptc.med.] (RV-TSm); Perfect: susva [3sg.act.] (RV+), susuma [1pl.act.] (RV+),
susvna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Fut: savisymi [1sg.act.] (MS), sosyati [3sg.act.] (ChU+); Passive: syate
[3sg.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: suta- (RV+); Abs: abhi-sutya (TS+), sutv (S.+); Inf: sotave (RV), sotoh
(RV+)
Meaning: `to press out (Soma)'
Link to RV concordance: su-; sava-; savana-; sahasrasva-; somasut-; suti-; somasuti-; somasutvan-;
susvi-; sotar-; sotu-; sotva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sava- [m] `pressed Soma-juice' (RV+); savana- [n] `pressing, Soma-
festival' (RV+); sahasra-sva- [m] `thousand-fold Soma-pressing' (RV); soma-sut- [adj] `pressing
Soma' (RV+); -suti- [f] `mixture, brew' (RV+); soma-suti- [f] `pressing out of Soma' (RV); soma-
sutvan- [adj] `pressing Soma' (RV); susvi- [m] `presser of Soma' (RV); sotar- [m] `presser' (RV);
sotu- [m] `pressing of Soma' (RV); sotuva- [gerundive] `to be pressed' (RV+)
451
See also: soma-; sur-
Avestan: YAv. hu- [verb] `to press, braise': hunta [3sg.pres.inj.med.], hunuuant- [ptc.pres.act.],
hunuuana- [ptc.pres.med.], haoiiant- [fut.ptc.act.], huta-, aibihuta- [ppp]; hauuana- [m] `Haoma-
mortar'; huuana- [m] `press for pressing out'; haoma.hiti- [f] `pressing of Haoma'
Middle Persian: hwn- /hun-/ [verb] `to extract (hm)'; hwan `mortar'
New Persian: hvan `mortar'
Other Iranian cognates: Aram.-Iran. *havana- `mortar'; Khwar. m|w- [verb] `to dispute, insist on' (+
*fra-)
IE form: seu-
IE meaning: to press out
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG sou `juice'; OIr. suth `juice, milk' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Hitt. unna-/unn- [verb] `to fill' rather belongs to savi [1].
Sanskrit: savi [1]

Gramm. forms: Present II: ste [3sg.med.] (RV), ste [3sg.med.] (TB); Perfect: sasva [3sg.act.] (RV,
AV); Aorist R: ast [3sg.act.] (MSm); Fut: ssyant- [ptc.fut.act.] (RV 05.078.05); Inf: stave (RV, AV);
ta-ptc.: su-sta- èasily born' (RV 02.010.03), sta- [m] `child, son' (AVP 5.37.4)
Meaning: `to give birth'
Link to RV concordance: s- [2]; susvay-; s-; as-; sus-; susma-; bahusvan-; susuti-; susumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suH- {3}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: s- [f] `mother (RV+), birth (KS+)'; a-s- [adj] `barren' (RV+); su-s-
[adj] `bringing forth easily' (RV 05.007.08) {1}; sti- [f] `birth, origin' (Br.+); stik- [f] `woman in
childbed' (AV+); stu- [m] `pregnancy' (AV+); su-sma- [adj] `bringing forth easily' (RV 02.032.07);
bahu-svar- [f] `bearing many children' (RV 02.032.07)
See also: snu-; skara-
Avestan: YAv. hu- [verb] `to give birth': hunmi [1sg.pres.act.] ( V 18.31), hunahi (= hunhi)
[2sg.pres.act.] ( V 18.30); haota- [n] `race, family'
Khotanese: hava- `breeding-ground'; a-hvyn~a- `not produced, eternal'
Middle Persian: wwd- /wid-/ [pret.] `to bear daevic offspring' (+ *ui-)
IE form: seuh1/3- {2}
IE meaning: to give birth to
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. suth `birth' (with shortened vowel); Hitt. unna-i / unn- [verb] `to
fill'
Notes: {1} [AL] On the basis of this adjective, a denominative verb susvay has been formed:
susvayant- [ptc.act.f.] (RV 10.110.06) and susvayanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 07.036.06). The enigmatic
forms with a short root-vowel su-suti- [f] èasy birth' (RV 10.039.07) and possibly su-su-mant- [adj]
`with a good birth (?)' (RV 10.039.07) may be attributed to the influence of this denominative verb,
since the laryngeal was regularly dropped there (*-uHa- > -va-, cf. Lubotsky 1997b). {2} [AL] For the
reconstruction see Kloekhorst 2008: 785f. Possibly borrowed into Finnish suku- `race, family, birth,
452
brood'. {3} [AL] It is remarkable that this root shows no ablaut in Indo-Iranian. Also the root
accentuation in Skt. middle root present is not explained.
Sanskrit: savi [2]

Gramm. forms: Present VI: suvati [3sg.act.] (RV+), suve [1sg.med.] (KS+); Present II: -sauti [3sg.act.]
(Br.+), suvna- [ptc.med.] (RV 07.038.02, nonce), svna- [ptc.med.] (RV 01.104.01, nonce); Aorist
IS: svh [2sg.inj.act.] (RV+); svisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: asusot [3sg.act.] (MS,
KS), sam-assata [3pl.med.] (KS); Perfect: susuve [3sg.med.] (AV 14.1.43), susuvna- [ptc.med.]
(YV, Br.); Fut: sosyamna- [ptc.med.] (SB)Passive: syate [3sg.] (RV+); Intensive: sosavti
[3sg.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: sta- ìmpelled' (RV+), [m] `herald' (AV+); Inf: savitave (AV) {1}
Meaning: `to impel, set in motion; to assign, bestow; to consecrate (for kingship)'
Link to RV concordance: s- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sava- [m] ìnstigation, impulse' (RV+); ut-sava- [m] ènterprise,
beginning' (RV), `festival' (S.+); savana- [n] ìnstigation, order' (RV+); satya-savas- [adj] òf true
orders' (VS+); savitar- [m] `Savitar, god-impeller' (RV+); pra-savtar- [m] ìmpeller' (RV); savman-
[n] ìnstigation, guidance' (RV+); deva-s- [adj] ìmpelled by gods, consecrated' (TS+); rja-sya- [m]
`royal consecration' (AV+)
Avestan: Av. h- [verb] `to incite': OAv. huniti [3sg.pres.act.], huuanmahi (< *hunmahi)
[1pl.pres.act.] {2}
IE form: seuH
IE meaning: to push (forth)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHitt. u-u-iz-zi [3sg.act.] `to push (away), shove, cast off'{3}; OIr. soid
[verb] `to turn'
Notes: {1} For a complete overview of all forms see Got 1991: 692ff. {2} [AL] YAv. aibiuuat_
[3sg.inj.act.], mentioned by Got 1991: 697ff. (with reff.) as a form of this root, must certainly be
emended to +aibiauuat_, cf. Kellens 1984: 150; also YAv. mainiiu.ta- [ppp] `driven by the spirit' is
derived from the root iiuu-, PIIr. *iu-. Both forms can hardly be derived from *h- anyhow, since we
would then expect -h-, cf. Lubotsky 1999. {3} [AL] As argued in Kloekhorst 2008: 797, Hittite seems
to point to *sHu-ie-.
Sanskrit: savya-
Meaning: `left', [m] `left hand'
Link to RV concordance: savya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)sauia-
Avestan: YAv. haoiia- [adj] `left'
Middle Persian: <hwy> = /hy/ `left, left hand'
Parthian: <hwy> = /hy/ `left, left hand'
IE form: (h1)seuio- {1}
453
IE meaning: left, left hand
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ORuss. uj [adj] `left'; ToB saiwai [adv, indecl.adj.] `left'; W aswy
[adj] `left' (< *ad-seuio-)
Notes: {1} [AL] The laryngeal is based on the asssumption that the word is derived from the adverb
*h1su `well', being an old taboo replacement. For the different words for `left' in Indo-European see
Beekes 1994.
Sanskrit: sayu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: òrphan, fatherless one'
Link to RV concordance: sayu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caiu-
See also: sayi
Avestan: YAv. sa òrphan' ( F 87; presumably, taken from a compound)
Khotanese: syta- òrphan' (< *sai-u-a-)
Middle Persian: sywg /swag/ òrphan'
Parthian: syywg /swag/ òrphan'
Ossetic: si?r / se?r òrphan' (< PIr. saiu-ara-, cf. RV 04.008.12 -sayum ... carantam)
Other Iranian cognates: Kurd. sw / sw òrphan'
IE form: kei-u-
IE meaning: orphan
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: OCS sir [adj] `rfanj' (< *kei-ro-), Lith. eiry~s `widower'
Sanskrit: sayi
Gramm. forms: Present II: saye [3sg.med.(stat.)] (RV+); asayat [3sg.impf.med.] (RV+; with sec. -t);
sayna- [ptc.pres.med.] (RV); *sayta [3sg.opt.med.] (AVP 8.15.5); sere [3pl.med.(stat.)] (AV+);
saym [3sg.impv.] (AVP), vi serm [3pl.impv.] (AVP 2.73.3); sete [3sg.med.] (Br.+); Present IV: s
yate [3sg.med.] `falls' (AV+) {1}; Aorist IS: asayisths [2sg.med.] (RV 10.124.01); sesan
[3pl.subj.act.] (RV 01.174.04); Perfect: sasayna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Inf: sayadhyai (RV); ta-ptc.: a-
ni-sita- `restless' (RV+)
Meaning: `to lie'
Link to RV concordance: s-; prosthesaya-; sayatha-; sahaseyya-; madhyamas-; duhsma-; talpas
van-; say-; sayutr
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cai(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prosthe-saya- [adj] `lying on the field bed' (RV); sayatha- [m] `lair'
(RV); saha-seyya- (for *seya-) [n] `lying together' (RV); madhyama-s- [adj] `lying, situated in the
middle' (RV); duh-sma- [adj] `bad to lie upon' (Br.; PN in RV 10.093.14); talpa-svan- (f. -svar-)
[adj] `resting on a couch' (RV 07.055.08); say- [f] `coach' (RV 03.055.04); sayutr [adv] `to a couch
(+ kar `to share a bed')' (RV)
454
See also: sayu-
Avestan: Av. si- [verb] `to lie': YAv. sate [3sg.pres.med.], sire/sare [3pl.pres.med.], saiiana-
[ptc.pres.med.], also thematic saiiamna- ( V 3.25, V 18.26); sita- `lying, resting' ( Y 10.14);
sit.gtu- ( Y 62.5; Yt 19.39) probably stands for *asit.gtu- [adj] òf "unlied" couch' = `who never
sees his bed' ( Lubotsky 1998d)
Khotanese: (OKhot.) sste [3sg.pres.], ssna- [ptc.pres.] `to lie'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'sy- [verb] `to lie'
Middle Persian: sy- [verb] `to lie (down)'
Parthian: sy- [verb] `to lie (down), sleep; be exist'
Ossetic: s?jyn / s?jun [verb] `to be ill'
IE form: kei(H)
IE meaning: to lie, be somewhere
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kei~mai [1sg.pres.med.]; kei~tai [3sg.pres.med.] `to lie, be
somewhere'; Hitt. ki-it-ta [3sg.pres.med.] `to lie'
Notes: {1} [LK] syate `falls' may belong to this root as its dynamic present (Lubotsky apud Kulikov
2001: 329ff.); see also sy.
Sanskrit: s
Gramm. forms: Present IV/VI {1}: syat [3sg.inj.] (RV 01.130.04), syati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Present III:
sisti [3sg.act.], siste [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: sam-asta [3sg.med.] `was sharpened' (pass.) (RV
01.057.02), -s(y)na- [ptc.med.] `having wet (the knife)' (AB, SSS); Abs: sam-sya (RV); ta-ptc.:
sita- (< *kh3-to-) `sharpened, sharp' (RV+)
Meaning: `to sharpen, whet'
Link to RV concordance: s-; nisiti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sna- [n] `whetstone' (Pn.+, with irregular -n-); ni-siti- [f] `whetting,
preparation (of fire)' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. sani- [adj] `pointed, sharp'
Khotanese: sta- [adj] `smooth'
Middle Persian: sdan, sy- [verb] `to rub' (see Cheung 2007 s.v. *sauH1)
New Persian: sd `smooth, plain; rubbed, worn out'; for sdan, sy- [verb] `to rub' see Cheung 2007
s.v. *sauH1
Ossetic: yssyn / insun [verb] `to sharpen'; yssad / insad [ppp] `sharpened'; ysson / insojn? `grindstone'
(+ *ham-)
IE form: keh3(i) {2}
IE meaning: to sharpen, whet
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. sur [adj] `sharp'; Lat. cs, ct- (< *keh3-) [f] `whetstone'; ON hein
[f] `whetstone'
455
Notes: {1} [LK] See Kulikov 2000b. {2} [AL] The -i- of the i-present was early conceived as part of
the root.

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Sanskrit: s (si) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IV/VI {2}: syati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IX: sinti [3sg.act.] (RV+);
sisya [3sg.act.] [2.720.3.1] (RV 10.028.10, JB), siset [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 08.067.08); Aorist R: st
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV+), ava-sat [3sg.subj.act.] (AVP 4.15.6), vi ... sitam [2du.impv.act.] (RV 08.005.09),
sam satm [3pl.impv.med.] (AVP 4.14.5); Caus: syayati (TS+); ta-ptc.: sita- `bound' (RV+), vi-
sita- ùntied' (RV+)
Meaning: `to bind, fasten, fetter'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: saH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: setar- [m] `binding; fetter' (RV 07.084.02); ava-star- [m] `liberator' (RV
10.027.09)
Avestan: Av. vta ùntied'; OAv. -hiii [3sg.pf.act.] `holds fettered' ( Y 29.1); .hia- `fetters,
shackles'; YAv. hiian [3pl.pres.subj.act.] (?) {3} `they will bind'; hita- [ppp] `fastened, tied on, put to'
Old Persian: vita [ppp] ùntied, loosened'; vitspa- [personal name] `with loosened horses'
Khotanese: hy [adj] `bound'
Middle Persian: widan [verb] `to let free'
Parthian: wy'h- [verb] `to let loose, to open up'
New Persian: gudan [verb] `to let free'
IE form: seh2 {4}
IE meaning: to bind
Certainty: +
Idioms: `resting place (unharnessing)': Skt. avasna- [n] (RV+) OAv. auuahna-
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. i-h?i-an-zi [3pl.pres.act.] `they bind'
Notes: {1} Often treated as distinct (perhaps already in Proto-Indo-Iranian) roots (ava/vi) s (< *seh2-)
ùntie' and si (< *sei-) `bind'; ava-sna- and ava-star- belong to the former, present sinti, perfect
sisya and setar- to the latter. See Insler 1971: 580ff., Kmmel 2000: 548ff. {2} See Kulikov 2000b.
{3} Or 3pl.pres.opt.act. of ah `to be' (see Kmmel 2000: 676). {4} ppp *(ui-)sh2-to- (Av. hita-/v-ta ,
Ved. sita-/vi-sita-); -i-present *sh2-i-eti (Ved. syati, Hitt. i-h?i-an-zi). *sh2-i gave through
metathesis *sih2 > *si-ne-h2 (Ved. sinti, ToA sinstr).
Sanskrit: ska-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `potherb, vegetable'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caHka-
456
IE form: keh1ko- (?)
IE meaning: herb
Certainty: ? {1}
Cognates in other languages: Lith. ekas `freshly cut (green) food'; Latv. se^ks `freshly mown grass for
feeding'; ON h `hay of second crop'
Notes: {1} [AL] The etymology seems doubtful to me.
Sanskrit: skh-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `branch, twig'
Link to RV concordance: skh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ck-H-
See also: sanku-
Middle Persian: k `twig'
New Persian: x `twig'
Ossetic: sag `deer' (< *ska-) (?)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. olx `twig' [[NOT FOUND IN Steblin-Kamenskij! XXX]]
IE form: kokw-eh2- {1}
IE meaning: branch, twig
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. càx `twig'; Go. hoha [m] `plough' {2}; Lith. aka `branch, twig';
ORuss. soxa `pole, club, supporting beam'
Notes: {1} [AL] Probably, the IIr. forms are due to levelling of a paradigm acc.sg. *kokw-eh2-m > IIr.
*ck-aH-m, gen.sg. *kokw-h2-os > *cak-H-as. This paradigm may also account for the Iranian
vacillation -x- / -k-. The initial Iranian - is not well explained. Also Armenian c`- is irregular (< *sk-
?). {2} [AL] The long vowel of Germanic *hohan- is a secondary full grade to a root *hah- [Kroonen].
Sanskrit: sman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `song of praise, chanted hymn, Sman'
Link to RV concordance: sman-; smag-; rksma-; smavipra-; smanya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sHman- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sma-g- [adj] `singing a Sman' (RV+); rk-sma- [du] `Rc and Sman'
(RV+); sma-vipra- [adj] `skilled in Sman chants' (RV 05.054.14); smanya- [adj] `skilful in
Smans' (RV 09.096.22); a-sman- [adj] `without a Sman' (TS+)
IE form: sh2om- {1}
IE meaning: song, hymn
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. i?amai- [verb] `to sing'; Hitt. i?amai- [c] `song, hymn'
457
Notes: {1} Possibly, a derivative of the root *seh2- `to bind' and can then be related to Gr. omh [f]
`song, hymn', if from *sh2-oi .
Sanskrit: ss
Gramm. forms: Present II: sssi [2sg.act.] (RV), sdhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV), ssat- [ptc.act.] (RV),
assata [3pl.med.] (RV); Aorist A: sisant- [ptc.act.], sismahi [1pl.inj.med.] (RV), Perfect: sassa
[2pl.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: anu-sista- (RV+)
Meaning: `to teach, instruct, punish, chasten, command, order'
Link to RV concordance: ss-; ss-; ssa-; ssa-; ssana-; ssan-; prasstar-; sstra-; sis-; prasis-;
susisti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caHs- (pres. *caHs-ti, aor. *ci-a-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ss- [f] `command, commandment' (RV 10.020.02); ssa- [m] `command'
(RV); ssa- [m] `commander, chastiser' (RV); ssana- [n] `rule' (RV 03.007.05); ssan- [f] `teacher,
instructress' (RV 01.031.11); sstar- [m] `ruler, commander' (TS+); pra-sstar- [m] N of a priest
(RV+); sstra- [n] `precept, rule' (RV+); -sis- [f] `prayer, wish' (RV+); pra-sis- [f] òrder,
command' (RV+); su-sisti- [f] `good instruction' (RV 01.173.10); sisya- [m] `student' (< gerundive
`to be instructed') (Br.+)
See also: ssus-
Avestan: Av. sh- [verb] `to teach': OAv. sst [3sg.pres.act.], sst [3sg.impv.act.], s
[2sg.aor.impv.act.], sit_ [2sg.aor.opt.act.]; sstar- [m] `ruler, commander'; ssn- [f] `lesson,
doctrine'; fra-sh- [f] `regulation'; YAv. fra-sstar- [m] `commander'; a-fra-sh-uuant- [adj]
ùnlimited'; sha(ha)- [m] PN
Old Persian: tiy [3sg.pres.act.] `to declare'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. sast `threat, authority' (possibly, Iranian LW)
IE form: keHs / keh1s-{1}
IE meaning: to teach
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Alb. thom [verb] Ì say'; ToA ks [verb] `to call names'; Gr. -k-n [adj]
`not speaking'
Notes: {1} [AL] If the forms without -s- (OP, Gr., Alb.) belong here, we can assume an original s-
present.
Sanskrit: ssus-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: < *ssur-
Meaning: ìnstruction'
Link to RV concordance: ssus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caHs-ur- / -un-
See also: ss
Avestan: OAv. saxvr / sxvan- [n] `doctrine, teaching'
Certainty: +
458
Sanskrit: seva-
Meaning: `dear, precious, friendly'
Link to RV concordance: seva-; sevya-; sevadhi-; sevra-; sevrdha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: caiHua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sevya- [adj] `friendly' (RV 01.156.01); seva-dhi- [m] `hoard, treasure'
(RV+); sevra- [m] `treasury' (RV 08.001.22; < *seva-vra-?); sevrdha- [adj] `dear, precious' (RV+;
< *seva-vrdha-?)
IE form: keiH-uo- {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. cuis (OLat ceivis) [m] `citizen'; Go. heiwa-frauja [m] `master of the
household'; OHG hwo `husband'; Latv. sie~va `wife'
Notes: {1} [AL] The laryngeal follows from Latv. sie~va `wife'. This reconstruction makes Skt. siva-
[adj] àuspicious, favourable, kind' isolated, however.
Sanskrit: siks {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I<Desid: siksati [3sg.act.], siksate [3sg.med.] (RV+), siksamna-
[ptc.med.] `learning; student' (RV+); ta-ptc.: siksita- `learned' (VS+)
Meaning: `to help, wish to help, be willing to help, try; (med.) to learn'
Link to RV concordance: sak-; siksnara-; siksu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ci(c)k-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: siksnara- [adj] epithet of Indra (RV); siks- [f] ` instruction, lesson'
(Br.+); siksu- [adj] `helpful' (RV)
See also: sak
Avestan: YAv. +sixmna- [ptc.pres.med.] `learned' ( Y 55.6); asixant- [ptc.pres.act.(neg.)] `not
learning' ( V 18.5); +sixaiia- /sixiia-/ [gerundive] `to be learned' ( Y 19.11)
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Secondary root based on the desiderative of sak `to be able' (i.e. *`to wish to be able'). For
the meaning see further Heenen 2006.
Sanskrit: siras-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: siras [nom.acc.], obl. cases srsan- (srsn [instr.sg.], srsnas [gen.abl.sg.], srsan
[loc.sg.], srsasu [loc.pl.]); later also srse [nom.du.] (RV 04.058.03), srsam [nom.sg.] (AV+), etc.
and siras [instr.sg.], sirasi [loc.sg.] (RV-Kh., AVP+), etc.
Meaning: `head, top'
Link to RV concordance: siras-
459
Proto-Indo-Iranian: crHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: siro-grva- [n] `head and neck' (KS+); srsabhidya- [n] `head-splitting'
(AV)
Avestan: YAv. sarah- [n] `head'
Sogdian: sr- `head'
Middle Persian: sar `head'
New Persian: sar `head'
Ossetic: s?r `head'
IE form: krh2-os/krh2-s-n-os
IE meaning: head
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kra [n] `head' (gen.sg. kratoj); Gr. krhna [pl.n.] `head, top'; Lat.
cerebrum [n] `brain'; OHG hirn(i) `brain'; MDu. hersene `brain'
Sanskrit: sisira-
Part of speech: [m.n.]
Meaning: `cool season'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: carH-, *cicrHa-
Avestan: YAv. sarta- [adj] `cold' ( V 1.3)
Khotanese: sda- `cold'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) srt, srty `cold', 'ns'rty `cold, cooled' (+ *ham-); (Man.) xpsyr'mndyy `cooling,
freezing' (+ *apa- )
Middle Persian: 'psl- /afsar-/ [verb] `to cool down' (+ *apa-); slt /sard/ `cold'; (Man.) srd'g
`cold(ness)'
Parthian: srd `cold'; wys'r- [verb] `to cool off' (+ *ui-)
New Persian: sard `cold'
Ossetic: s?lyn / s?lun [verb] `to freeze' (ia-pres.)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. srY- [verb] `to become cold, freeze', s'ry-, ps'ry- (+ *apa-) [caus.] `to
cool off [tr.]'; Pash. sr, sara `frozen, stiff from cold', Wa. sr `cold'
IE form: *kelh1-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. alti [verb] `to freeze'

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Sanskrit: sv / sy
Gramm. forms: Present IV: svyatu [3sg.impv.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: syta- `sewn up' (RV+)
460
Meaning: `to sew'
Link to RV concordance: sv-; syman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: siHu
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: syman- [n] `band, thong, bridle' (RV+), `suture (of the skull)' (AitB);
stra- [n] `wire, line, cord' (AV+), `scientific aphorism, brief rule, textbook' (SB+); sy- [f] `seam (?)'
(YV); sevan- [f] `seam, suture' (Br.) (with secondary full grade)
Khotanese: hya `sewn stuffs'
Sogdian: (Man.) wm- [verb] `to sew'
Ossetic: (D) xud `sewn up'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. y- [verb] `to sew'
IE form: siHu/siuH {1}
IE meaning: to sew
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. suere, stum [verb] `to sew'; Go. siujan [verb] `to sew'; Lith. siti
[verb] `to sew, to tailor'; Latv. u~t [verb] `to sew'; SCr. i?ti [verb] `to sew'
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems easier to account for the attested forms by assuming metathesis *siHuC >
*siuHC rather than the other way round (pace Mh), cf. also s.v. mv. Under unclear circumstances,
*siuH- > *suH- (syman- vs. stra-). {2} [AL] Hitt. um(m)anza(n)- `string, rope' does not exist (
Melchert 2003).
Sanskrit: smar
Gramm. forms: Present I: smarthas [2du.subj.act.] (RV 10.106.09), smarethm [2du.impv.med.] (RV
07.104.07), smaranti [3pl.act.] (RV-Kh., AV+); Perfect: sasmara [1sg.act.] (AVP 5.11.7); Passive:
smaryate [3sg.] (TAm, DhS.+); ta-ptc.: smrta- (S.+); a-smrta-dhrut- `with whom no deception can be
remembered' (RV 10.061.04)
Meaning: `to remember, become aware, be mindful of, become attached (to a person + gen.)'
Link to RV concordance: smr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: smar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: smara- [m] `remembrance, desire, love' (AV+); smrti- [f] `remembrance,
memory' (TA+); Mitanni-IA ar-ta-(a-)u-ma-ra (*rta-smara-) [m] PN (=`remembering Rta')
Avestan: OAv. marnt [3pl.pres.act.], marnt- [ptc.pres.act.] `to say, recite, have in mind'; mairita-
[sup] `remembering best, knowing best'; YAv. paiti-marnte [3pl.pres.med.] `remember with
longing'; ratu.mrt- (=ratu-mrt-) [adj] `who watches the Ratu'; mrbant- [adj] `thinking
about it'
Khotanese: sumr- [verb] `to calculate'
Middle Persian: murdan [verb] `to count, to calculate'
New Persian: umurdan [verb] `to count, to calculate'
Ossetic: (D) f?sm?run `to know, to remember'
IE form: (s)mer
IE meaning: to remember, consider
Certainty: +
461
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mrimna `sorrow, concern'; OE murnan [verb] `to care about
something'
Sanskrit: snvan-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `sinew'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: snaHuan-/snaHuar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-snvira- [adj] `without sinews' (VS)
Avestan: YAv. snvar.bzura- [adj] `having sinews as arm'
Ossetic: nwar/naw?r `sinew'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *nvar `rope'
IE form: s(h2)neh1ur-/ -un-
IE meaning: sinew
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. neard `sinew'; Gr. neur [f] `string, sinew'; Lat. neruos [m] `sinew,
muscle, nerve' (with metathesis from *-ru-); ToB sn~aura [pl.] `sinews'; Hitt. ih_unauar [n] `sinew,
string'; Lat. nre [verb] `to spin'
Sanskrit: snus-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `daughter-in-law'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: snuaH
Sogdian: wnh `daughter-in-law'
New Persian: suna, sun(h)r `daughter-in-law'
Ossetic: nost? `daughter-in-law'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'nh `daughter-in-law'; Pash. nor `daughter-in-law'; Sh. zina
`daughter-in-law';
IE form: snuso- {1}
IE meaning: daughter-in-law
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. nu, gen.sg. nuoy [f] `dauhgter-in-law'; Gr. nuj [f] `daughter-in-
law'; Lat. nurus, gen.sg. nurs [f] `daughter-in-law'; OE snoru [f] `daughter-in-law'; Serb.-CS snxa
`daughter-in-law'
Notes: {1} The stem in *-eh2- is everywhere secondary.
Sanskrit: sobh
Gramm. forms: Present I: sobhate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present VII: sumbhna- [ptc.med.] `purifying
(his own body / himself)' (RV 08.044.12); Present VI<VII: sumbhati [3sg.act.] 'to beautify, to make
462
beautiful' (RV); Present I<VII: sumbhate [3sg.med.] 'to adorn oneself' (RV+), sumbhati [3sg.act.] 'to
purify' (AV+); Present AYA: subhaya 'to be beautiful, splendid' (RV); Caus: sobhay (AV+)
Meaning: `to be beautiful, shine'
Link to RV concordance: subh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scaubh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: subh- [f] `beauty, splendour, ornament' (RV+)
See also: soc; sodh; subhra-; sona-; kavi
IE form: (s)keubh {1}
IE meaning: to make beautiful
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the root structure T...Dh is impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-
mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our root with PIE *(s)keu(h1)- (Gr. kow [verb] `to notice',
OHG scouwn [verb] `to look at', Go. skauns [adj] `beautiful', see s.v. kavi). For the phonetic and
semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.
Sanskrit: soc
Gramm. forms: Present I: socanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present IV: sucyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist A:
asucat [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: soch [2sg.inj.act.] (VS); Aorist mediopass: asoci (RV); Perfect:
susoca [3sg.act.] (RV, SB), susucna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Intensive: sosucan [3pl.inj.act.] (RV+),
sosucna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Caus: socay (RV+); Inf: sucadhyai (RV)
Meaning: `to light, glow, burn'
Link to RV concordance: suc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)cau
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: suc- [f] `flame, glow' (RV), 'torment, sorrow' (AV+); suca- [adj]
`shining' (RV 04.002.01); suci- [adj] `shining' (RV+); soka- [m] `light, flame' (RV+); soka- [adj]
`shining' (AV); socis- [n] `light, flame' (RV+)
See also: sukra-; sokas-; sukta-; sodh; sobh; sona-
Avestan: OAv. saocaiiat_ [3sg.caus.inj.act.] `to inflame'; sc [instr.sg.] ` brilliance' ( Y 30.2); YAv.
saocint- [ptc.pres.act.] `flaming'; upa.suxta- [ppp] ìnflamed'; saok- [f] `splendor, brilliance' {2}
Khotanese: sjs- [verb] `to burn'
Sogdian: swc [verb] `to burn, kindle'
Middle Persian: sxtan [verb] `to burn'
Parthian: swc- [verb] `to burn, emit flames'
New Persian: sxtan [verb] `to burn'
Ossetic: suyn/soun [verb] `to burn; to kindle', sygd?g/sugd?g [adj] `pure, clean'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|fswcy- [verb] `to purify, cleanse'
IE form: (s)keuk {1}
IE meaning: `to shine'
Certainty: +
463
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. {2}
[AL] de Vaan 2000: 77ff. has adduced strong arguments for interpreting the difficult Av. saoiiant-
`beneficent (?)' as *saociant- `providing splendor, prosperity'.
Sanskrit: sodh
Gramm. forms: Present I<VII: sundhati [3sg.act.] `cleanses' (RV 10.085.35), sundhata [2pl.impv.act.]
(RV 10.017.14), YVm+; Present IV: sudhyatu [3sg.impv.act.] `let it become clean' (VS+), sudhyate
[3sg.med.] `becomes clean' (SB+); Caus {1}: sundhayantu [3pl.impv.act.] (RV 10.017.10); ta-ptc.:
suddha- `purified, pure, clean' (RV+)
Meaning: `to purify, cleanse, be clean'
Link to RV concordance: sudh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scaudh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: suddhi- [f] `purity' (Br.+); sundhyu- [adj] `cleaning itself' (of geese)
(RV+)
See also: soc; sobh; sona- (?)
Avestan: YAv. suu- `strainer (?)'
IE form: (s)keudh {2}
IE meaning: to purify
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [LK] Built on the quasi-root sundh extracted from the nasal infixed present; see Jamison
1983: 158, Kulikov 2001: 470f. {2} [AL] Since the root structure T...Dh is impossible in PIE, we must
assume a root with s-mobile. It is therefore attractive to connect our root with PIE *(s)keu(h1)- (Gr.
kow [verb] `to notice', OHG scouwn [verb] `to look at', Go. skauns [adj] `beautiful', see s.v. kavi).
For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.
Sanskrit: sokas-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: Only in compound sahasra-sokas- [adj] èmitting a thousand flames' (RV)
Meaning: `flame'
Link to RV concordance: sokas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)caukas-/(s)cauas-
See also: soc
Avestan: YAv. saocahin- [adj] `flaming'
IE form: (s)keuk-es- {1}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.
Sanskrit: soma-
Part of speech: [m]
464
Meaning: `Soma-juice, Soma-plant (most probably, Ephedra), a deified drink'
Link to RV concordance: soma-; somavant-; somya-; somaka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sauma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: somavant- [adj] `pertaining to Soma' (RV+); somya- [adj] `consisting of
Soma, made of Soma' (RV+); somaka- [m] PN (RV+)
See also: sav
Avestan: YAv. haoma- [m] `Haoma-plant, Haoma-juice'; haomauuant- [adj] `possessing Haoma';
haomiia- [adj] `belonging to Haoma'
Old Persian: hauma-varga- [m] `name of a Scythian tribe'
Middle Persian: hm `Haoma-plant'; hmag PN; hm PN
New Persian: hm `Haoma-plant'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. haumaka-/haumak- [m.f.] PN
IE form: sou-mo-
IE meaning: pressed juice
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: sona-
Meaning: `red, crimson, purple'
Link to RV concordance: sona-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)cauna- (?)
See also: soc; sobh; sodh
IE form: (s)kou-no- {1}
IE meaning: luminous
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. skauns [adj] `beautiful' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] The cerebral nasal is unexpected and may point to borrowing, which makes the
etymology doubtful. See further s.v. sobh. {2} [AL] The possible cognates mentioned by Mayrhofer
are most probably unrelated: ToA kom, ToB kaum `day, sun' is a loanword from Turkic ( Lubotsky -
Starostin 2003: 257f.); MW cun `noble, fine' must rather be connected with OIr. cuanna `dear, fine'
and derived from *kupnos ( Schrijver 1995: 348).

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Sanskrit: sos {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IV: susyati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: sosaya (AV+)
Meaning: `to be dry'
465
Link to RV concordance: sus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)sau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ucchosuka- [adj] `drying up, withering' (Br.)
See also: suska-
Avestan: YAv. haota [3sg.pres.subj.med.], a-haomna- [neg.ptc.pres.med.] `to be dry'
Khotanese: hus- [verb] `to dry'
Sogdian: (Chr.) pw- [verb] `to dry up' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: hdan [verb] `to dry up'
Parthian: xhw- [verb] `to dry up', xhwyft `dryness'
New Persian: xdan [verb] `to dry up'
Ossetic: sysyn/isusun [verb] `to evaporate, dry up' (< *ui-u ), Ir. xus `dry', f?sus `hoarse' (+ *pati-)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. po-/pot [verb] `to dry up, out' (+ *pati-)
IE form: h2sus {2}
IE meaning: to be dry
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. aw [1sg.pres.act.] `to dry, to dry up'; Gr. aoj, aoj [adj] `dry,
dried up'; OE sar [adj] `dried up, withered'; Lith. sau~sas [adj] `dry, barren'; Latv. sauss [adj] `dry';
Latv. suse^t [verb] `to become dry'; OCS sux [adj] `dry'; OCS sxnoti [verb] `to wither'
Notes: {1} Assimilation from *sos. {2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1985.
Sanskrit: spardh
Gramm. forms: Present I: spardhante [3pl.med.] (RV+); Perfect: pasprdhte [3du.med.] (RV);
apasprdhethm [2du.ppf.med.] (RV), pasprdhna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist R: asprdhran [3pl.med.]
(RV), sprdhna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Abs: mithasprdhya (RV 01.166.09); Inf: spardhitum (AV+) [[ XXX
AiGr I: 25,27:: sprdhan [3pl.aor.inj.] (RV 06.067.09) is a nonce formation (Joachim 173, fn. 598-
600); Inf: sprdhase (RV 05.064.04)]]
Meaning: `to contend, fight for something'
Link to RV concordance: sprdh-; sprdh-; vispardhas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: spardh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sprdh- [f] `contest', [m] `rival, foe' (RV); vi-spardhas- [adj] `contending'
(RV+); spardh- [f] `contest, alacrity' (JB+)
Avestan: OAv. sprd- [f] `zeal, alacrity' ( Y 53.4)
Khotanese: spal- [verb] `to twitch, to quiver'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'sp'rt `trembles'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. sprdnj `flea'
IE form: sperdh
IE meaning: to pass by, to walk away
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ipart-zi [verb] `to escape, get away'; Arm. sprdem [verb] `to
escape'; OE spyrd [m] `race, running-match'
466
Sanskrit: sphari
Gramm. forms: Present VI: sphurati [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist S: spharh [2sg.inj.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to push away with the foot'
Link to RV concordance: sphr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sp(h)arH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: apa-sphur- [adj] `speeding on' (RV 08.069.10), apa-sphura- [adj]
`speeding away (said of an arrow)' (AV 1.2.3)
See also: prsni-
Avestan: YAv. sparit_ [3sg.opt.pres.] `to tread' ( Vyt 35); fra-sparat_ [3sg.inj.] `to speed on' ( Y 9.11);
v-spara [2sg.impv.] `to trample down' ( V 2.31); fra-sparana- [adj.] `beating with the feet'
Khotanese: spar- [verb] `to tread, to step'
Sogdian: (Chr.) ppr- `to trample on' (+ pati-), (Buddh.) 'npr- `to walk' (+ ni-)
Middle Persian: spurdan [verb] `to tread, to step, to trample down'
New Persian: sipurdan [verb] `to tread, step, trample down'
Ossetic: ?fs?ryn/?fs?run [verb] `to kick down, step with the foot'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. msprd'h [3sg.] `to step with the foot'
IE form: Ts-perh1 {1}
IE meaning: to kick with the foot
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. is-par-ra-at-ti [2sg.pres.act.] `to trample under foot'; Lat. spernere
[verb] `to push away, to despise, to reject'; ON sperna [verb] `to kick out with the feet'; Lith. spirti
[verb] `to kick out (of horses), to defy, to sting'; Latv. sper^t [verb] `to kick out with the feet, to push';
Arm. sparna- [verb] `to threaten'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the etymology see Lubotsky 2006.
Sanskrit: sph
Gramm. forms: Present IV: sphytai [3sg.subj.med.] (AVP 8.11.11), sphyate [3sg.med.] (SmavidhB
3.3.1); ta-ptc.: sam-sphta- `complete, not lacking anything' (MS+)
Meaning: `to become fat, increase'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: spaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sphti- [f] `prospering' (RV+)
See also: sphij-; sphira-
Khotanese: spata- [adj] `satisfied'
Ossetic: ?fsadyn/?fsadun [verb] `to feed, satisfy'
IE form: speh1 {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. i-pa-a-i [3sg.pres.] `to eat to satiation'; Hitt. i-pa-a-an `satiation';
Lat. sps [f] `hope, expectation'; OE spwan [verb] `to prosper'; OCS speti [verb] `to ripen'
467
Notes: {1} With present *speh1-i-. Skt. sph may have arisen in contact with the laryngeal (*sph1-i-),
but this is uncertain.
Sanskrit: sphira-
Meaning: `fat'
Link to RV concordance: sphira-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: spHra-
See also: sph
IE form: sph1-ro-
IE meaning: fat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. pro-sperus [adj] `favourable, lucky'
Sanskrit: sraddh-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `trust, confidence'
Link to RV concordance: sraddh-; srad; srad-dh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: craddhaH-{1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srad dh- [verb] `to trust' (RV+; e.g. srad ... dhatta, srad ... dadhat, srat ...
adhyi, sraddadhna-, sraddhita-; also once 08.075.02 srad ... krdhi); sraddh- [m] `believer' (RV
07.032.14); a-sraddha- [adj] `not trusting' (RV+); sraddhiva- [adj] `trustful' (RV 10.125.04); srddha-
[n] `ceremony in honour of dead relatives' (S.+)
See also: hrd-
Avestan: OAv. zrazd- [adj] `devoted, trusting, believing' ( Y 31.1 zrazd [nom.pl.]); zrazdita- [sup]
`most faithful' ( Y 53.7); Av. zrazditi- [f] `trust, confidence, belief'; YAv. zras-d- [verb] `to
believe': zras-ca dt_ [3sg.aor.subj.act.] ( Yt 9.26); zrazdtma- [sup] `most faithful' ( Yt 13.25)
Old Persian: Aram.-OP *drazd- [adj] àffectionate, pious (?)'
IE form: kred dheh1-
IE meaning: to place your heart > to trust, believe
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. crdere [verb] `to trust, believe'; OIr. cretim [verb] `to believe'
Notes: {1} Ir. *jhrad- has introduced *jh- of the word for `heart' (cf. Skt. hrd-), whereas Skt. has
preserved the original form *kred.
Sanskrit: sray
Gramm. forms: Present I: srayate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: sisrya [3sg.act.] (RV+), sisriye
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: asret [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist S: sresma [1pl.subj.act.] (RV 04.043.01),
468
asrait [3sg.act.] (AV 13.2.9) {2}; Fut: srayisy (Br.+); Caus: uc-chrpay 'to raise up' (VS+); ta-ptc.:
srita- àttached (to something), leaning (on something), fixed' (RV+)
Meaning: `to lean against'
Link to RV concordance: sray-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cri-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srya- [adj] `sticking somewhere' (RV); krchre-srit- [adj] `being in
danger' (RV); srit [instr.sg.] èntrance (?)' (RV)
See also: sres
Avestan: YAv. sri- [verb] `to lean', (+ ni-) `to bring to, assign', (+ upa-) `to lean upon [intr.]': YAv.
ni-srinaomi [1sg.pres.act.], upa ... sraiiata [3sg.pres.inj.med.], upa ... sraiiavha [2sg.pres.impv.med.],
nisrta [3sg.aor.inj.med.], sraiiana- [ptc.aor.med.], sraiieiti [3sg.fut.act.], ni-srraii
[2sg.caus.subj.act.], ni-srita- [ppp]
Old Persian: niarym /niy-a-rayam/ [1sg.impf.act.] `to restore' (< *sriaia-, cf. Av. srraii-)
Ossetic: asin/asin? `ladder' (< *srain-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bs'ry- [verb] `to reject, decline' (+ *apa-); Pash. l `staircase,
ladder'; Yaz. xad `ladder'
IE form: klei {2}
IE meaning: to lean
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. klinw [verb] `to lean (on), sink, bend'; Lat. clnre [verb] `to bend';
Lat. clins [m] `client, vassal, *depending on'; OIr. cli `house-post'; OHG hlinn [verb] `to lean';
Latv. sliet [verb] `to lean upon'; ToA kalyme, ToB klymiye `direction'
Notes: {1} [LK] According to Narten 1964: 259f., a rebuilding of the root aorist asret, rather than an
authentic sigmatic aorist. {2} The original present formations were an intransitive thematic (middle)
*klei-e- and a transitive nasal present.
Sanskrit: srayi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: srnanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Perfect: sisriye [3sg.med.] (RV 05.044.13); ta-
ptc.: srta- (RV)
Meaning: `to make perfect, make shine'
Link to RV concordance: sr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: craiH
See also: sr-
IE form: kreiH
IE meaning: to be splendid
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. krewn, krwn [adj] `glorious, excellent' (usually, an epithet of kings
and heroes)
Sanskrit: sredh
469
Gramm. forms: Present I: sredhati [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist A: sridhat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV), a-sridhna-
[ptc.med.]
Meaning: `to fail, err'
Link to RV concordance: sridh-; sridh-; asridh-; asridhna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sraidh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sridh- [f] `failure' (RV+); a-sridh- [adj] `not failing' (RV)
IE form: h3sleidh
IE meaning: to slip
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE sldan [verb] `to slide, slip'; Lith. slidus [adj] `slippery'; Latv. sli^de^t
[verb] `to slide, slip'; Gr. lisqnw, aor. lisqei~n [verb] `to slide, slip' (with a metathesis to *h3leisdh-
)
Sanskrit: sres
Gramm. forms: Present IV: -slisyet [3sg.opt.act.] (MS 2.2.5:19.2-3), slisyati [3sg.act.] (Br.+);
Perfect: sislesa [3sg.act.] (YVm+); Aorist A: m ... srisat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 01.162.11); Caus:
slesay (TS+); ta-ptc.: slista- (KS+)
Meaning: `to adhere, stick, be attached, clasp'
Link to RV concordance: sris-; abhisris-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cRai- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhi-sris- [f?] `bandage (?)' (RV); hrdaya-sris- [adj] `clinging to the
heart' (AV); dosani-sris- [adj] `clinging to the arm' (AVS; AVP -slis-); samsresine [loc.sg.]
`wrestling (?)' (AV); a-sresman- [adj] `without adhesion, claspers' (AVS; AVP -l-); slesman- [n]
`band, cord, glue' (KS+); slesmana- [adj] `sticky' (SB); sam-slis- [adj] `clasping' (KS)
See also: sray
Avestan: YAv. sri- [verb] `to put together': ham.sriiti [3sg.aor.subj.act.] ( N 99)
Khotanese: sis- [verb] `to take hold of'
Middle Persian: sl- /sri-/ [verb] `to mix, knead'
Parthian: sryyn `mixture'
New Persian: siritan [verb] `to mix, mingle; knead'; srism `glue'
Ossetic: sasm / sans `glue' (< *srasm < *sraism)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. nxat-/nxl- [verb] `to cling, stick'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} Clearly related to PIIr *crai-, IE *klei-, see sray.

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470
Sanskrit: sroni-
Part of speech: [f (most in dual)]
Meaning: `buttock, hip, loin'
Link to RV concordance: sroni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: crauni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srona- [adj] `lame' (RV); slona- [adj] `lame' (AV+); slonya- [n]
`lameness' (Br.); sravana- [adj] `limping, lame' (SrS.); slavana- [adj] `limping, lame' (Br.);
Avestan: YAv. sraoni- [f] `buttock, hip'
Khotanese: ssni- `hip'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wn `hips'
New Persian: surn `buttock'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. na `hip-bone'; Sh. xn `hip'
IE form: klouni-
IE meaning: buttock, hip
Certainty: +
Idioms: `broad-hipped': Skt. prthu-sroni- [adj] (SB) YAv. pru.sraoni- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Lat. clnis `buttock, club, tail-bone'; MW clun `hip'; Lith. launis `hip,
thigh'; Latv. slau~na `hip'
Sanskrit: stambhi
Gramm. forms: Present IX: stabhnmi [1sg.act.] (RV); stabhya (RV); Perfect: tastambha [3sg.act.]
(RV+); Aorist IS: astambht [3sg.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: stabhita- `consolidated, propped' (RV+); Abs:
stabdhv (AV+)
Meaning: `to prop up'
Link to RV concordance: stambhi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stambhH-
See also: skambhi; rambh
Avestan: YAv. stabra- [adj] `strong, firm'
Old Persian: (m) stabava [2sg.inj.] `to revolt'
Khotanese: staura- [adj] `firm, strict'
Middle Persian: stabr [adj] `strong, big'; stambag [adj] `pugnacious, opposing'
New Persian: sitabr [adj] `strong, big'; sitamba [adj] `pugnacious, opposing'
Ossetic: stavd/(?)stavd [adj] `big, fat'
IE form: stembhH-
IE meaning: to prop up
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stemfj [adj] `firm, rigid, stiff'; Lith. stem~bti [verb] `to oppose'
Sanskrit: stan
471
Gramm. forms: Present: ni(s)stananti [3pl.act.] (ep.)
Meaning: `to moan, groan'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhinistna- [m] `"a sound which dies away", the Visarga' (GrS.)
See also: stani
IE form: sten {1}
IE meaning: to moan, to groan
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stnw [1sg.pres.act.] `to moan, groan'; OE stenan [verb] `to moan,
groan'; Lith. stenu [verb] `to moan, groan, sigh'
Notes: {1} With laryngeal derivative *stenh2- `to thunder' (see stani) ?
Sanskrit: stana-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `breast of a woman, mother's breast, nipple'
Link to RV concordance: stana-; visvapsnya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: pstana-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visva-psnya- [adj] `providing milk/food to all' (RV+)
Avestan: YAv. ftna- [m] `breast of a woman'; rduua-fn- [adj.f.] `having firm breasts'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'tnh `breast'
Middle Persian: pestn `breast'
New Persian: pestn `breast'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (y') ft'n `breast'
IE form: psten-
IE meaning: breast of a woman
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. stin `breast of a woman'; Gr. (Hes.) stnion [n] 'sth~'; Lith.
speny~s `nipple'; ON speni `teat, nipple'
Sanskrit: stan(i) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present AYA: stanayati [3sg.act.] (RV+) {2}; Present IV: tanyati [3sg.act.] (RV
06.038.02); Aorist R: stanihi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV 06.047.30), stan [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 10.092.08);
Aorist RED: atatanat [3sg.act.] (AVP 2.58.4), tatanat [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 08.021.18), tatanas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV 01.038.14) {3}; Intensive: tamstanhi [2sg.impv.act.] (AV 5.20.1); ta-ptc.: stanita-,
also [n] `thunder' (S.+)
Meaning: `to thunder'
Link to RV concordance: stan(i)-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stan(H)-
472
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: stanayitnu- [m] `thunder' (RV+); tanyata- [adj] `thundering' (RV
01.080.12) {4} {5}; tanyu- [adj] `thundering' (RV 05.063.02, 05.063.05) {5}; tanyatu- [m]
`thundering' (RV, AV 5.13.3) {5}
See also: tan [2]; stan
New Persian: tandar `thunder'
IE form: (s)tenh2 {6}
IE meaning: to thunder
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tonre [verb] `to thunder'; OE ?unor `thunder'; Hitt. tetha [3sg.] ìt
thunders'
Notes: {1} With the root variant without s- (tan-). {2} Non-causative (intransitive) in early Vedic; the
causative usage is attested in TS 1.6.11.4. {3} [LK] Reduplicated aorist according to Hoffmann 1976:
568, Werba 1997: 442 ( Kmmel 2000 does not include this form into his corpus of perfect formations
either); perfect (subj.) according to Lubotsky 1997a: 583. {4} Or ptc.act. (ins.sg.) of present IV
(tanyati). {5} Based on the stem of the -ya-present. {6} Laryngeal-derivative of *sten `to moan, to
groan'? (cf. Skt stan).
Sanskrit: star
Gramm. forms: Present V: strnosi [2sg.act.] (RV 01.129.04), astrnot [3sg.impf.act.] (GB
2.3.12:199.15), strnute [3sg.med.] (YVp+); Perfect: tast(r)ire [3pl.med.] (AVS 19.46.3 = AVP
4.23.5); Aorist R: astar [3sg.act.] (RV), (m) star [2sg.inj.act.] (RV); Aorist S: strsya [1sg.opt.med.]
(AV 10.5.15-21), astrsi [1sg.med.] (Br.); Fut: starisymahe [1pl.med.] (KSp); Desid: tustrsati
[3sg.act.] (SBK), tustrsate [3sg.med.] (MSp+); Inf: startave (SB), startavai (AB); ta-ptc.: a-strta-
(RV+) ìnvincible', strta- (KSp+) òverthrown'
Meaning: `to lay down, destroy, overthrow'
Link to RV concordance: str-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: star-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-stur- [adj] `laying down, felling' (RV); strti- [f] (YVp+)
òverthrowing'
See also: stari
Avestan: YAv. auustriieite [3sg.pass.] `falls'; a-strta- [negated ppp] ìnvincible'; strbant- [adj]
`felling'
Middle Persian: stard [adj] `crushed, benumbed, stunned'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|stry- [verb] `to lie down'
IE form: ster-
IE meaning: to throw down
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stratj [m] àrmy, force' (< `*army of the enemy' < `*to be struck
(?)')
Notes: {1} Pok. does not distinguish between stari and star.
473
Sanskrit: star-
Part of speech: [f] (?)
Gramm. forms: trah [nom.pl.], strbhih [instr.pl.]
Meaning: `star'
Link to RV concordance: star-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hstar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trak- [f] `star' (AV+)
See also: tisya-
Avestan: OAv. star- [m] `star' (gen.pl. strmc ( Y 44.3)); YAv. star- [m] `star' (acc.sg. strm,
nom.pl. str, acc.pl. stru for *str, gen.pl. stram)
Khotanese: straa- `star'
Middle Persian: strag `star'
New Persian: sitra `star'
Ossetic: st'aly/(?)st'alu `star'
IE form: h2ster- {1}
IE meaning: star
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to adorn with stars': Skt. strbhih ... pes (RV) YAv. sthr-pasah- [adj] àdorned with stars'
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ?a-a-te-er-za /hsters/ `star'; Gr. str `star'; Arm. ast `constellation,
star'; Lat. stlla [f] `star'; Go. stairno `star'
Notes: {1} = *h2s-ter- `glower, shiner'
Sanskrit: star-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `heifer (= a cow that does not give milk and is not pregnant)'
Link to RV concordance: star-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stariH-
Middle Persian: starwan [adj] ìnfertile, childless'
New Persian: sitarwan [adj] ìnfertile, childless'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. stirn [adj] ìnfertile, childless'
IE form: sterih2-
IE meaning: infertile
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. sterj [adj] ìnfertile'; Gr. stei~ra [f] ìnfertile (cow, goat,
woman)'; Lat. sterilis [adj] ìnfertile'; Go. stairo `stei~ra'; MoHG Sterke `cow which has not yet
calved'
Sanskrit: stari
474
Gramm. forms: Present IX: strnti [3sg.act.] (AVP+), astrnt [3sg.impf.act.] (RV), strnte
[3sg.med.] (RV+); Perfect: tistire [3sg.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: -astarh [2sg.act.] (AV 12.3.38); Aorist
mediopass: astri (RV 06.063.03); Passive: stryate (KB+), stryamna- (KSm+); Inf: -strnsani (RV
06.044.06); Abs: strtv (MSp+), -strya (TSp+); na-ptc.: strna- (RV+)
Meaning: `to spread out, extend, strew'
Link to RV concordance: str-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: starH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-stara- [m] `straw, sacrificial straw, seat at sacrificial rite' (RV+); vi-
stra- [m] `wide spread layer (of grass)' (RV+)
See also: star
Avestan: YAv. fra-strniti [3sg.act.]; fra-strnata [3pl.pres.med.] `to spread out, extend'; starta-,
fra-starta- [ppp] `strewn around, spread'; stairi- [n] `straw'
Khotanese: star- [verb] `to extend, to strew'
Middle Persian: wistardan [verb] `to extend'
New Persian: gustardan [verb] `to extend'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bstn- [verb] `to make flat, spread (evenly)'
IE form: sterh3
IE meaning: to spread out
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with strewn sacrificial grass': Skt. strna-barhis- [adj] (RV) Av. start.barsman- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. strnumi [1sg.pres.act.]; Gr. stresa [1sg.aor.] `to extend, to strew
out'; Gr. strwtj [ppp] èxtended'; Lat. sternere/strtus [inf/supinum] `to spread'; OIr. sernaid
[3sg.pres.act.] `to extend'
Notes: {1} Pok. does not distinguish between stari and star.
Sanskrit: stav
Gramm. forms: Present II: astaut [3sg.impf.act.] (RV), staumi [1sg.act.] (AV+), stauti [3sg.act.]
(AV+); Present I: stavate [3sg.med.] (RV); stave [3sg.med.] ìs praised' (stative) (RV); Perfect:
tustuvur [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist mediopass: astvi (RV); Aorist S: astosi [1sg.med.] (RV), astosta
[3sg.med.] (RV+), stosat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); SI-impv: stosi (RV 10.022.04); Passive: styate [3sg.]
(RV+); Fut: stavisya (RV+), stosya (Br.+); ta-ptc.: stuta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to honour, praise, invoke, sing'
Link to RV concordance: stu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: stavatha- [m] èulogy' (RV); stut- [f] `praise' (RV+); stuti- [f] `prayer'
(RV+); stotar- [m] `laudator, singer of praises' (RV+); stoma- [m] `praise' (RV+); stomiya- [adj]
`worthy of praise' (RV)
See also: stobh
Avestan: Av. staotar- [m] `honour-singer'; stut- [f] `song of praise, honour'; OAv. stum
[1sg.pres.act.] `to praise, honour'; stauuant- [ptc.pres.act.] `praising'; staomiia- [adj] `full of praise';
YAv. staomi [1sg.pres.act.]; staoiti [3sg.pres.act.] `to praise'; staoman- [n] `song of praise'; apa-stiti-
[f] `the abjuring'; upa.stuiti- [f] `praising'
475
Khotanese: stav- [verb] `to praise'
Middle Persian: stdan [verb] `to praise'
Parthian: 'st'w- [verb] `to praise'
New Persian: sitdan [verb] `to praise'
Ossetic: stawyn/(?)stawun [verb] `to praise'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. bstw- (< *apa-stau ) [verb] `to deny'
IE form: steu-
IE meaning: to solemnly announce
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ituua- [verb] `to become manifest'; ituuri [3sg]; Gr. steu~tai
[3sg.pres.med.] `to announce solemnly, to promise, assert'; Gr. (Myc.) <te-u-to> [m] PN (= steutwr ?)

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Sanskrit: styat
Meaning: `secretly, furtively'
Link to RV concordance: stena-; steya-; steyakrt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: staHiat
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: styu [m] `thief, pickpocket' (KS+); stena- [m] `thief, robber' (RV+);
steya- [n] `theft' (RV+); steya-krt- [adj] `committing theft' (RV 07.104.10)
See also: tyu-
Avestan: OAv. taii [adv] `secretly (?)' ( Y 31.13); YAv. tiia-, taiia- [n] `theft' (for the short vowel
see de Vaan 2003: 121f.)
IE form: (s)teh2
IE meaning: to steal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ta-a-i-iz-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `to steal'
Sanskrit: steg
First attestation: AVP, MS
Gramm. forms: Present V: pra-stignoti [3sg.act.], pra-stignuyt [3sg.opt.act.] (MS 2.1.12:14.4f);
Aorist IS: *-stegisat [3sg.subj.act.] (AVP 13.4.5); Desid: +ati-tistigisant- [ptc.act.] (MS
1.6.3:89.9); Inf: ati-stigam (MS 1.6.3:89.9) {1}
Meaning: `to assail'
Link to RV concordance: stega-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: staig-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: *an--stigya- [gerundive] ùnassailable' (AVP 7.8.9); stega- [m] `stinger
= snake (?)' (RV 10.031.09; VS 25.1 with mantra variants)
476
See also: tej
Avestan: YAv. stij- [f] `battle, struggle (?)' ( Yt 10.71)
Middle Persian: `styz- [verb] `to quarrel', styck /stzag/ `quarrel, strife'
Parthian: `styh'g, `styyh'g `contentious', x`styh'gyft `contention'
New Persian: sitehdan [denom.] `to quarrel, brawl', sitzdan [verb] `to fight', sitz `battle, combat,
conflict'
Ossetic: stigyn / (?)st'egun [verb] `to skin; to clean the skin [of fruits and vegetables]; to plunder,
loot'
IE form: steig
IE meaning: to sting, stab
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: - 1017
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stzw, stigmai Ì sting, mark'; NHG stechen `to sting, stab'
Notes: {1} [AL] The root is given in the literature as stegh-, but neither of the MS and AVP mss.
preserves the -gh-: we find -g-, -n- and -bh- instead. These readings rather point to the root steg-. Also
the meaning of these forms is rather `to penetrate, assail' than `to step'. All this makes clear that the
traditional etymology, connecting Gr. stecw [verb] `to march, mount', stcej [f.pl.] `ranks, lines of
battle'; OHG stgan [verb] `to mount, ascend'; Latv. stai~ga^t [verb] `to go, walk', is wrong. The
accentuation of the desiderative participle atitistighisan must be emended to +atitistighisan (
Werba1997: 258 nr. 227), since all desideratives are accented on the reduplication syllable.
Sanskrit: sth
Gramm. forms: Present III>I: tisthati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: tasthau [1,3sg.pf.act.] (RV+); Aorist
R: astht [3sg.act.] (RV+); Precative: sthesur [3pl.act.] (AV), sthesam [1sg.act.] (VS); Fut: sthsyati
(Br.+); Passive: sthyate [3sg.] (KSp+); Caus: sthpay (RV+); ta-ptc.: sthita- `standing, determined'
(RV+)
Meaning: `to stand, stand still, wait'
Link to RV concordance: sth-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: staH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: stha- `standing, being somewhere' (RV+); prati-sth- [f] `ground, base'
(RV+); sthna- [n] `stay, stand' (RV+); su-sthna- [adj] ìn a good state' (RV+); go-sthna- [adj]
`serving as a cowshed' (VS), sthtar- m. `charioteer' (RV); sthtar- [n] `standing, unmovable' (RV);
sthtra- [n] `station, halting-place' (RV); sthman- [n] `standing-place' (RV)
See also: sthnu-; sthvara-, ratha-
Avestan: Av. xt- [verb] `to stand'; OAv. sthat_ [3sg.aor.subj.] ( Y 50.4); YAv. hitati [3sg.pres.] `to
stand'; stta- [ppp] `set up'; asp.stna- [m] `horse stable'; antar-st- [adj] `standing in between';
paiti-t- [f] `stand, halting-place'; upa-st- [f] àssistance, help'
Old Persian: upa-st- [f] àssistance, help'; aitt /aitat/ (< *a-hita ) [3sg.impf.] `to stand';
avstyam [1sg.impf.caus.act.]; stna- [n] `stand, place'
Khotanese: st-/stta- [verb] `to stand, to be'; sta- (< *hita-) [pres.stem] `to stand, to be'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'wst- [verb] `to place'
Middle Persian: stdan [verb] `to stand, to be'
Parthian: 't- [verb] `to be'
477
New Persian: stdan [verb] `to stand, to be'
Ossetic: styn/istun [verb] `to stand'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. ws(y)- [verb] `to put down, to lay down'
IE form: steh2 {1}
IE meaning: to stand up
Certainty: +
Idioms: `standing on the chariot': Skt. rathe-sth- (RV+) Av. raa-t- `warrior'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. sthmi; Dor. stami [1sg.pres.act.] `to place oneself'; Gr. statj [ppp]
`standing still'; Gr. stsij [f] `state, stand, standing, standing still'; Gr. dsthnoj [adj] `disastrous,
unhappy'; Lat. sistere [inf] `to place'; Lat. status [ppp] `placed'; Lat. statin- [f] `stand'; OHG stn
[verb] `to stand'; Lith. stoti [verb] `to go standing (somewhere), to tread'; Latv. sta^t [verb] `to place';
OCS stati [inf.] `to place oneself, to tread'; Luv. ta- [verb] `to stand, to go standing'; HLuv. tanu-
[verb] `to make stand'
Notes: {1} The aspiration in Skt. has arisen in the present *(s)ti-sth2 -e-.
Sanskrit: sthvara-
Meaning: `standing firm, immovable, lasting'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: staHuar(a)-
See also: sth
IE form: steh2-uer-
IE meaning: standing firm
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. staurj [m] `pole'
Sanskrit: sthra-
Gramm. forms: sthavyas- [comp] `thicker, stronger' (Br.+); sthavistha- [sup] `thickest, strongest'
(TS+)
Meaning: `big, strong, thick, massy'
Link to RV concordance: sthra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: stuHra-, stauH-ias- [comp], stauH-itHa- [sup], stuH-i- [pref]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sthla- [adj] `big, strong' (AV+)
See also: sthn-; sth
Avestan: YAv. * stra- [part of names] `strong'; stuui.kaofa- [adj] `with a thick bump'; staoiiah-
[comp] `stronger, bigger'; stuuita- [sup] `strongest, biggest'
Khotanese: stura- [adj] `big, thick'
Ossetic: styr/(i)stur [adj] `big, great'
Other Iranian cognates: Kurd. (a)str [adj] `thick'
IE form: stuh2-ro- (< *sth2u-ro-, an enlargement of *steh2-)
IE meaning: big, strong
478
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OSw. str [adj] `big'; MLG str [adj] `big, strong, coarse'; Gr. stu~loj [m]
`column, pillar'
Sanskrit: sti-
Part of speech: [m] (pl. tantum)
Meaning: `servants, dependants'
Link to RV concordance: sti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sti-p- [m] `protector of dependants' (RV)
See also: as [1]
Avestan: YAv. sti- [f] `possession, household'
IE form: h1s-ti- {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} This derivation is preferable to that from *sth2-ti- (sth), in spite of upasti- < *-sth2-ti-.
Sanskrit: stobh
Gramm. forms: Present I: stobhati [3sg.act.] (RV); Aorist R: pra-stubhna- [ptc.med.] (RV 04.003.12,
nonce); stobdhi [2sg.impv.act.] (JB; nonce); Caus: astobhayat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV 01.088.06); ta-ptc.:
stubdha- (Br.+)
Meaning: `to cheer, exult, rustle, utter a sound'
Link to RV concordance: stubh-; stubh-; anustubh-; stubhvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: staubh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: stubh- [f] `shout, exultation' (RV+), anu-stubh- [f] `praise, name of a
metre' (RV+), stubhvan- [f] èxulting' (RV 01.066.04); stobha- [m] `change of a Sman by adding
singing interjections' (MS+)
See also: stav
Ossetic: ?stuf `noise, sound, tone, rustling'
IE form: steubh {1}
IE meaning: to praise, sound
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Most probably, an enlargemnet of *steu- (see s.v. stav).
Sanskrit: su [1]
Meaning: `good, well, right', [cmp] `well-'
Link to RV concordance: su; subandhu-; sukrt-; smaya-; sukrta-; sukratu-; suksatra-; sudnu-;
subhrta-; sumanas-; susravas-; skta-; svapas-; svasva-
479
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsu
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: su-bandhu- [adj] `closely connected' (RV+) Mitanni-IA u-ba-an-du
PN; su-krt- [adj] `well-doing' (RV+); s-maya- [adj] `well-made' (RV) (< *Hsu-Hmaia-)
See also: su [2]
Avestan: Av. hu- [cmp] `well-'
Old Persian: u(v)- [cmp] `well-'
Khotanese: hu-(basta-) [adj] `well-bound)'
Sogdian: (Man.) xwp [adj] `good' (< PIr. *hu-apah-)
Middle Persian: xub [adj] `good' (< PIr. *hu-apah-); hu-sraw [adj] `famous'
New Persian: xub [adj] `good' (< PIr. *hu-apah-); xu-sraw [adj] `famous'
IE form: h1su- {1}
IE meaning: good
Certainty: +
Idioms: `well-made': Skt. su-krta- [adj] (RV+) OAv. h.krta-, YAv. hu-krta- [adj]; `with good
mental power': Skt. su-kratu- [adj] (RV+) Av. hu-xratu- [adj]; òf good dominion': Skt. su-ksatra-
[adj] (RV+) Av. hu-xara- [adj] Elam.-OP (Med.) *hu-xaqra- PN; `generous': Skt. su-dnu-
[adj] (RV+) Av. hu-dnu- [adj]; `well-treated': Skt. su-bhrta- [adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-brta- [adj],
OP ubrt- /u-brta-/ [adj]; òf good mind': Skt. su-manas- [adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-manah- [adj] `with
fighting spirit' Gr. (Myc.) /Eumenes/ PN, e-menj [adj] `well-disposed, favourable'; `famous':
Skt. su-sravas- [adj] (RV+) Elam.-OP *u-auah- PN, (Med.) *hu-srauah- PN, MP hu-sraw [adj]
`famous' Gr. e-klej [adj] (< *h1su-kleues-); `well-spoken': Skt. skta- [adj] (RV+) Av. hxta-
[adj]; òf good work': Skt. sv-apas- [adj] (RV+) Av. huupah-, YAv. huuapah- [adj], Sogd. (Man.)
xwp [adj] `good', MP xub [adj] ìd.'; `having good horses': Skt. sv-asva- [adj] (RV) YAv. huu-aspa-
[adj] OP uv-aspa- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. e- [cmp] `well-'; OCS sdrav [adj] `healthy'; cf. Hitt. a-a-u-
[adj] `good' (presumably < *h1oh1s-u-, see Kloekhorst 2008: 223 for a discussion)
Notes: {1} Most probably, a derivative of *h1es- `to be'.
Sanskrit: su [2]
Meaning: `well, indeed'
Link to RV concordance: su
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsu
See also: su [1]
IE form: h1su
IE meaning: well
Certainty: +
Idioms: `notice well!': Skt. viddhi su (RV 02.020.01) Gr. (Aisch.) e ... sqi, cf. also OHitt. a-a-
u a-ku-ua-ia `look well!'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. e [adv] `well'
Sanskrit: subhra-
480
Meaning: `shining, glimmering, beautiful'
Link to RV concordance: subhra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: scubhra-
See also: sobh
IE form: (s)kubh-ro- {1}
IE meaning: clean, beautiful
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. surb [adj] `sacred, pure' {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the root structure T...Dh is impossible in PIE, we must assume a root with s-
mobile. For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51. {2} [AL] Most
probably, an Iranian LW.

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Sanskrit: sukra-
Meaning: `clear, pure, bright, light-coloured, white', [n] `brightness, clearness, light, any clear liquid
(e.g. water, Soma, semen)'
Link to RV concordance: sukra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)cukra-
See also: soc; sokas-
Avestan: Av. suxra- [adj] `red, of fire-colour'
Old Persian: uxra- [m] PN (Med. suxra-)
Middle Persian: suxr [adj] `red'
New Persian: surx [adj] `red'
Ossetic: syrx / surx [adj] `red'
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonetic and semantic sides of this etymology see Lubotsky 2001a: 51.
Sanskrit: sukta-
Meaning: àcid, sour'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)cukta- {1}
Page in EWAia: 2.644-645
See also: soc
Khotanese: sutt `vinegar'
481
Other Iranian cognates: Par. sit `sour'
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] If the Iranian forms are not loanwords from Sanskrit. Possibly, related to the root soc.
Sanskrit: supti-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: suptau [loc.sg.]
Meaning: `shoulder'
Link to RV concordance: supti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cupti-
Avestan: YAv. supti- [f] `shoulder'
Khotanese: suta- `shoulder' (< PIr. *sufti-)
Middle Persian: suft `shoulder'
New Persian: suft `shoulder'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. svd `shoulder'
IE form: (s)kup-ti- {1}
IE meaning: shoulder, withers
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MLG schuft `withers' (< PGm. *skuftu-); Alb. cup / sup `shoulder, back'
(?)
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the s-mobile is only attested in Germanic, it is attractive to assume that it is due
to the influence of the word for `shoulder'.
Sanskrit: sur-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: àn alcoholic drink' {1}
Link to RV concordance: sur-; survant-; surs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suraH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: survant- [m] òwner/maker of sur' (RV); sur-s- [adj] `strong through
sur' (RV 08.021.14)
See also: sav
Avestan: YAv. hur- [f] àn alcoholic drink'
Khotanese: hur- [f] `fermented mare's milk'
Middle Persian: hur àn alcoholic drink'
IE form: su-leh2-
IE meaning: pressed (alcoholic) juice
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. sula `birch juice, flowing juice'; OPr. sulo `fermented milk'
482
Notes: {1} [AL] In the AVP, the preparation of the Sur-drink is described in two hymns (5.10 and
8.12). It follows that there were two ways of preparation: by fermentation (a kind of beer) and by
distillation.
Sanskrit: suska- {1}

Meaning: `dry, dried out'
Link to RV concordance: suska-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)suka-
See also: sos
Avestan: YAv. huka- [adj] `dry'
Old Persian: uka- [n] `mainland'
Khotanese: huska- [adj] `dry'
Middle Persian: huk [adj] `dry'
New Persian: xuk [adj] `dry'
Ossetic: xoysk/xusk(?) [adj] `dry'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wu [adj] `dry'
IE form: h2sus-
IE meaning: dry
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} From *sus- by assimilation.
Sanskrit: susna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `name of a demon slain by Indra'
Link to RV concordance: susna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suna- {1}
See also: svas
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. s(d) `big snake, dragon' (< PIr. *sun-)
IE form: kues-
IE meaning: `to hiss'
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Blaek XXX has pointed to important parralels to this name in Elamite.
Sanskrit: sc-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `needle'
Link to RV concordance: sc-; scka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuHkaH- / cuHiH- {1}
483
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sc-mukha- [adj] `needle-beaked' (AV+); scka- [m] `stinging insect'
(RV)
See also: sla-
Avestan: YAv. sk- [f] `needle' {2}
Khotanese: sumjsan~u `needle'
Middle Persian: szan `needle'
New Persian: szan `needle'
Ossetic: suin/soin? `needle'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. sij `needle'
IE form: kuH-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Presumably, the anlaut of Skt. *sc- was changed to s- through contamination with s(y)-
`to sew', cf. RV 2.32.4c svyatu ... scy. {2} [AL] Maybe also here YAv. sukur(u)na-, MoP sugur
`porcupine', although the suffixation is strange.
Sanskrit: skara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wild boar'
Link to RV concordance: skara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suHka(ra)-
See also: savi [1]
Avestan: YAv. h- [m] `pig' (nom.sg. hu, gen.sg. huu); h.khrpa ìn the form of a pig'; h.xar-
[f] `sow' ( P 9)
Khotanese: hva-khmdalaja òf boar's tusk'
Middle Persian: xg `pig'
New Persian: xg `pig'
Ossetic: xwy / xu `pig'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. xg `pig'; Yaghn. xug `pig'
IE form: suH- {1}
IE meaning: pig, sow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. j `pig'; Lat. ss `pig'; OHG s `pig'; OE sugu `sow'
Notes: {1} [AL] Mayrhofer separates this word form the root for `to give birth', but does not give
reasons for that. Interesting are Iranian words for `porcupine', viz. YAv. sukur(u)na-, MoP sugur,
which seem to be derived from or influenced by the word for `needle' (YAv. sk-, etc.). Or by the
word for `dog', cf. Skt. svvidh- [f] `porcupine' (= "dog-piercer") (AV+) ?
Sanskrit: sla-
Part of speech: [m,n]
Meaning: `spike, roasting-spit'
Link to RV concordance: sla-
484
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuHla-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sl kar- [verb] `to roast on a spit' (SB+); karnasla- [n] èar-ache' (AV+)
See also: sc-
IE form: kuH-lo-
IE meaning: spit
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. slak` (< *sul-) `spit, pointed arrow, dagger'; OIr. cuil `fly; flea,
gnat'; Lat. culex `gnat, midge'
Sanskrit: snara-
Meaning: `vigorous, powerful, joyous, beautiful'
Link to RV concordance: snara-; snrta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsu-Hnar-a-, *Hsu-Hnr-taH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: snrt- [f] `vigor, joy' (RV+)
See also: su [1]; nar-
Avestan: Av. hunara- [m] `skill'; OAv. hunartt- [f] `skill, capability'
Old Persian: uvnr- /nara-/ [n] àbility'
Middle Persian: hwnl /hunar/ `virtue, ability, skill'
Parthian: hwnr àbility, manliness'
New Persian: hunar àbility, skill'
IE form: h1su-h2ner-o-
Certainty: +

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Sanskrit: snu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `son, offspring'
Link to RV concordance: snu-; snumant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suHnu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: snumant- [adj] `having many sons' (RV 03.024.05)
See also: savi [1]
Avestan: OAv. hunu- [m] òffspring (from the creation of the drug-)'; YAv. hunu- [m] òffspring of
dauuic creatures'; hazar-hun- [adj] `having a thousand young ones'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *hnu `son' (in PN)
IE form: suh1/3-nu-
485
IE meaning: son
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. snus `son'; OCS syn `son'; Go. sunus `son' (with a shortened
vowel)
Sanskrit: srks
Gramm. forms: Present I: srksati [3sg.act.] (KS+)
Meaning: `heed, care about'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: surk- (?) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: srksya- [gerundive] `to be heeded, regarded' (TBr.)
IE form: suergh-
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Go. saurga `care. trouble', OHG s(w)orga `worry'
Notes: {1} [AL] It is conceivable that Skt. -r- is the reflex of *CurC (cf. Lubotsky 1997b).
Sanskrit: svan-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: sv [nom.sg.]; svnam [acc.sg.]; sunas [gen.sg.]
Meaning: `dog'
Link to RV concordance: svan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sun- [f] `bitch' (AV+); svagnin- [m] `victorious player, winner in the
game' (RV, AVP+) (derivative from *sva-ghn-a- `slaying of the dog'); svvidh- [f] `porcupine' (=
"dog-piercer") (AV+)
Avestan: YAv. span- [m] `dog' (sp [nom.sg.], spnm [acc.sg.], sun [gen.sg.]); sn [f.pl.] `bitch';
spaka- [adj] `dog-like'
Khotanese: sve `dog' (svn [nom.acc.pl.])
Middle Persian: sag `dog' (< SW-Iran. *saka-)
New Persian: sag `dog' (< SW-Iran. *saka-)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. spay [m] `dog' (< *spaka-); Pash. spy [f] `bitch' (< *spak-)
IE form: kuon- / *kun-
IE meaning: dog
Certainty: +
Idioms: `swift dog': Skt. rji-svan- [m] PN `= with swift dogs' (RV) Gr. knej rgo; `four-eyed dog':
Skt. svnau caturaksau (RV) YAv. spnm ... caru.camm; `with the feet of a dog': Skt. sva-
pad- [m] `wild animal' (AV+) YAv. sp.pad- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Arm. un `dog'; Gr. kwn, kunj `dog'; OIr. cu (con [gen.sg.]) `dog';
Lith. uo~ `dog'; Latv. suns `dog'; To. ku [m] `dog' (oblique To. A kom, To. B kwem); Hitt.
kuuan/kun- `dog-man'; ON hun-d-r `dog'
486
Sanskrit: svap
Gramm. forms: Present II: svapiti [3sg.act.] (TSp+) {1}, svapant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Present I: ni ... svapa
[2sg.impv.act.] (RV, AV+); Perfect: susupuh [3pl.act.] (RV+) `to sleep in (pres.)', susupvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV), susupna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Aorist SIS: svpst [3sg.inj.act.] (AVP+); Caus:
svpayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: sisvap [2sg.inj.act.] (RV), sisvapah [2sg.inj.act.] (them.)
(RV); Desid: susupset [3sg.opt.act.] (VdhS.); ta-ptc.: supta- `fallen asleep' (AV+); Abs: suptv
(AV)
Meaning: `to sleep'
Link to RV concordance: svap-; anusvpam; prasup-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anu-svpam [adv] `continuing to sleep' (RV 08.097.03); pra-sup- [adj]
àsleep' or [f] `drowse' (RV 09.069.06), cf. Scarlata 1999: 619 for a discussion; svapana- [adj]
`sleepy' (VS)
See also: svapna-
Avestan: YAv. xvap- / xvaf- [verb] `to sleep': xvafsa [2sg.inch.impv.], auuahabdata
[3sg.pres.opt.med.], huxvafa [3sg.pf.act.], nixvabdaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.], xvapta- [ppp]
Khotanese: (h)s- [verb] `to sleep'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wbs-, (Chr.) 'wfs- [verb] `to sleep, fall asleep' (+ *aua-)
Middle Persian: BMP hwps- /xufs-/ (HLMWN-), (Man.) xwpt [pret.] `to sleep'
Parthian: xwsp- [inch.] `to fall asleep, sleep'
New Persian: xuftan [verb] `to fall asleep'
Ossetic: xwyssyn / xussun [verb] `to sleep; to lie down'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. xob `sleep'; Sh. nixb- [verb] `to rock to sleep' Sh. xfc- [verb] `to
(go to) sleep', Yzgh. xwab- [verb] `to swing, shake (a cradle), rock to sleep'
IE form: suep- {2}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. spre [verb] `to fall asleep'; OCS spati [verb] `to sleep'; OE
swefan [verb] `to sleep'
Notes: {1} With a secondary -i-. {2} [AL] For a discussion of the IE situation see Kmmel 2000:
594f.
Sanskrit: svapna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `sleep, dream'
Link to RV concordance: svapna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: svapna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svapnya- [n] `dream, vision' (AV)
See also: svap
Avestan: OAv. xvaf()na-, YAv. xvafna- [m] `sleep, dream'
487
Khotanese: hna- `sleep, dream'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wbnw `sleep, dream'
Middle Persian: xwamm `sleep, dream'
Ossetic: fyn/fun `sleep, dream'
IE form: *suop-r / *sup-n-os (?)
IE meaning: sleep, dream
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON svefn `sleep'; ToA spm, ToB spane `sleep'; Arm. kùn `sleep';
Lat. somnus `sleep'; Lith. sa~pnas `dream'; Latv. sapnis `dream'; Gr. pnoj `sleep'; OCS sn `sleep';
Hitt. uppariie/a-zi [verb] `to sleep' (derived from *uppar-); Gr. par [n] `reality < *realistic dream';
Lat. somnium `dream' ( Skt. svapnya-)
Sanskrit: svar
Gramm. forms: Present I: svaranti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: asvr [3sg.act.] (RV); Inf.: svaritoh (JB)
Meaning: `to sound, make a sound, snort, resound, sing'
Link to RV concordance: svar-; abhisvar-; svara-; abhisvartar-; svaritar-; svra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suar
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: abhi-svar- [f] ìnvocation' (RV); svara- [m] `sound, voice' (RV+); abhi-
svartar- [m] ìnvoker' (RV); svaritar- [adj] `noisy, loud' (RV); svra- [m] `sound (of a snorting horse)'
(RV+)
Avestan: OAv. xvrmna- [ptc.pres.med.] `swearing' (?); xvaraiiia- [adj] `sounding'
IE form: suer
IE meaning: to sound, to rustle
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. susurrus [m] `whispering, humming'; ON svarra [verb] `to sparkle,
rustle'; OE swerian `to swear'
Sanskrit: svar- (suvar-)

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. svar (< *suHr < *sHur < *sh2ul), gen.sg. sras, dat.sg. sre
Meaning: `sun, sunlight, bright sky'
Link to RV concordance: svar-; sra-; asrta-; srta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suHr / suHan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sra- [m] `sun' (RV+); asrta- [adj] ùnilluminated' (RV 10.082.04); srta-
[adj] ìlluminated' (ibid.; nonce after asrta-); *suuar- `sun(god)' (in Near-Eastern names of IA origin)
See also: srya-, svarga-
Avestan: OAv. huuar [n] (< *huuar) `sun' (gen.sg. xvng < *huuanh); YAv. huuar (gen.sg. h <
*huuanh, next to hr = Ved. sras)
Sogdian: (Man.) xwr `sun'
Middle Persian: xwr `sun'
488
New Persian: xwr `sun'
Ossetic: xur / xor `sun'
IE form: seh2u-el-/sh2u-en-
IE meaning: sun
Certainty: +
Idioms: `sun-like': Skt. svar-drs- (RV) YAv. huuar.darsa-; `sunny, bright, heavenly': Skt. svar-
vant- (RV+) OAv. xvnuuant-, YAv. xvanuuant-; `sun in the rock (= heaven)': svar yad asman (RV
07.088.02c) YAv. asmanm xvanuuantm; `brilliant as the sun': Skt. svar na citram (RV
01.148.01d) YAv. huuar-cira- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hom.) lioj (< PGr. *huel < *seh2-uel-), Lat. sl `sun'; Go. sunno
`sun'; OCS slnce [n] `sun'
Sanskrit: svarga-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: /suvarga-/
Meaning: `heaven'
Link to RV concordance: svarga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suHarga-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svarga- (suvarga-) [adj] `heavenly' (AV+), svargya- [adj] `heavenly'
(YV+)
See also: svar
IE form: sh2ul-gwm
IE meaning: going to the sun (light)
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 881 - 882 + 463 - 465
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lbatoj [adj] `steep'
Sanskrit: svaru-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `sacrificial post, stake, strip of wood from sacrificial post'
Link to RV concordance: svaru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suaru-
IE form: suer-u- {1}
IE meaning: pole
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MHG swir [m] `pole'; OE sweor [m] `pillar'; Lat. surus [m] `twig,
sprout, pole'
Notes: {1} [AL] Mayrhofer considers the etymology uncertain, but he gives no reason for his doubts.
Sanskrit: svas
489
Gramm. forms: Present II: svasiti [3sg.act.] (RV), svasihi [2sg.impv.act.] (AV), asvast [3sg.impf.act.]
Br.+), svasant- [ptc.act.] (RV), suse [1sg.med.] (RV 08.093.16); Present I: svasati [3sg.act.] (AV+);
Aorist A (?): susant- [ptc.act.] (RV 01.061.10); Intensive: ssvasat- [ptc.act.] (RV); Caus: svsay
(RV+); Inf: abhisvasas (RV 10.092.80)
Meaning: `to hiss, pant, snort'
Link to RV concordance: svas-; susma-; svasana-; svasatha-; svasana-; svasvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuas
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upa-svasa- [adj] `roaring' (AV); svasatha- [m] `snort' (RV+); svasana-
[adj] `hissing' (RV+), svasvant- [adj] `snorting' (RV 01.140.10); susma- [m] `hissing, roaring,
rushing (of water, fire, the wind); vigour, vital or sexual energy, impulse' (RV+); svasana- [adj]
`sniffing' (RV+)
See also: susna-
Avestan: YAv. sui [du.f] `the lungs'
Khotanese: suv' `lungs'
Middle Persian: su `lung'
New Persian: su `lung'
Ossetic: sus/sos `lung'
IE form: kues
IE meaning: to hiss ,
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON hv?sa [verb] `to hiss, to snort'

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Sanskrit: svasar-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `sister'
Link to RV concordance: svasar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suasar-
Avestan: YAv. xvahar- [f] `sister'
Khotanese: hvar- `sister'
Sogdian: xwr `sister' (< PIr. *xvahr-)
Middle Persian: xwah(ar) `sister'
New Persian: xwhar/xwahar `sister'
Ossetic: xo/xw?r? `sister'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'x `sister' (< PIr. *xvah)
IE form: suesor-
IE meaning: sister
Certainty: +
490
Cognates in other languages: Arm. kòyr `sister'; Gr. (Hes.) or qugthr, neyij; Lat. soror `sister';
Go. swistar `sister'; Lith. sesuo~ `sister'; OCS sestra `sister' (Russ. sestra, SCr. sestra, Sln. sestra)
Sanskrit: svasara-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: (< *su-vasar-a-)
Meaning: `pasture, meadow'
Link to RV concordance: svasara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uas-
Avestan: Av. vstra- [n] `pasture, meadow'; OAv. vstar- [m] `herd'
IE form: ues-
IE meaning: to graze
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. uei- `pasture for cattle, meadow'
Sanskrit: svasr-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `mother-in-law'
Link to RV concordance: svasr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suacruH-
See also: svasura-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'gwh `mother-in-law'
New Persian: xusr `mother-in-law'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. xwe `mother-in-law'
IE form: suekruh2- (< * kurh2)
IE meaning: mother-in-law
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. socrus [f] `mother-in-law'; OHG swigar [f] `mother-in-law'; OCS
svekry [f] `mother-in-law'
Sanskrit: svasti-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: /suvasti-/
Meaning: `welfare, happiness, well-being'
Link to RV concordance: svasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsu-Hasti-
See also: as [1]; su [1]
IE form: h1su-h1esti- {1}
491
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] In spite of nowadays generally assumed connection with the root *nes- (s.v. nas), the
traditional analysis of this word as *h1su-h1esti- (to *h1es- `to be') seems preferable.
Sanskrit: svasura-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `father-in-law'
Link to RV concordance: svasura-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suacura-
See also: svasr-
Avestan: YAv. xvasura- [m] `father-in-law'
Middle Persian: xusur `father-in-law'
New Persian: xusur `father-in-law'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. sxar `father-in-law' (Waziri xwsar)
IE form: suekuro-
IE meaning: father-in-law
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MoHG Schwager [m] `brother-in-law' (< *sukuro- `*belonging to the
father-in-law'); Gr. kurj [m] `father-in-law'; Lat. socer [m] `father-in-law' (OLat. socerus); OHG
swehur [m] `father-in-law'
Sanskrit: svavrsti-
Meaning: epithet of Indra
Link to RV concordance: svavrsti-; svavrj-; svvrj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: sua-urti-
Avestan: Av. varz- [verb] `to act, do, work' (passive in the middle): OAv. vrziimah
[1pl.pres.act.], vrziit [3sg.pres.impv.act.], vrziiamna- [ptc.pres.med.], varait
[3sg.aor.subj.act.], varait [med.], varzm [1pl.aor.opt.act.], vuurzi [3sg.pf.med.], YAv.
vuurztar [3du.pf.med.], variiamna- [ptc.fut.med.], uzvarta- [ppp], OAv. vrziieidiii [inf.],
YAv. varzi [inf.]; YAv. huuarti- [f] `good action'; varza- [m] `work'; auuarz- [adj] `doing
evil'; gauustriiuuarz- [adj] `doing pastoral work'; haiiiuuarz- [adj] `making real' {1}
Old Persian: vrdiiyiy /vrdiyaiy/ [1sg.pres.subj.med.] (DB 4.44 auramazdha [r]agam vrdiyaiy Ì will
take Auramazd's anger upon myself'(?), Schmitt 1991: 69)
Khotanese: (Old) jsan~a-ulysa- `causing death'
Sogdian: BSogd. wrz `miracle, magic'
Middle Persian: wlc- /warz-/ [verb] `to work, do, practise', wlc /warz/ `miracle, miraculous power'
Parthian: wrc `miracle, miraculous power'; frwrz- [verb] `to further, cultivate, let grow' (+ *fra-)
New Persian: varzdan/varz- [verb] `to sow a field'
492
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mwy- [verb] `to employ, use; exert oneself'; Bactr. oarziao, oarzoiao
`farming'; Yghn. warzon-/warzonta `to cultivate the land'
IE form: sue + urg-ti-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. exw [verb] `to do, carry out', (Myc.) wo-ze [3sg.], rgon, rgon [n]
`work, labour', Goth. waurkjan, OE wirkian `to work'
Notes: {1} [AL] The frequent lengthening of the preceding vowel in Av. compounds and in the perfect
(vuurz-) seems to indicate that the (I)Ir. root may have acquired a secondary initial laryngeal
(Schindler apud de Vaan 2003: 81 fn. 45, 170 f.). {2} [AL] It is not at all clear whether this epithet is
indeed related to the Iranian root *uarz-. It may also contain vrsti- `rain' or *vrsti-`height' (see vars
[2]). Also the interpretation of the compounds sva-vrj- [adj] (RV 10.038.05) and sv-vrj- (RV
10.012.03) is uncertain, cf. Scarlata 1999: 526 for a recent discussion.
Sanskrit: svdu-
Gramm. forms: svdv- [f]; svdiyas- [comp] `sweeter' (RV+); svdistha- [sup] `sweetest, most
pleasant' (RV+);
Meaning: `sweet, tasting good, pleasant'
Link to RV concordance: svdu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suaHdu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svdman- [n] `sweetness' (RV)
See also: svad
New Persian: nnxwh ànise' (< PIr. *nagna-xvda- `bread-spice'); xw() `pleasant taste'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. wd `salt' (< PIr. *xvda-)
IE form: sueh2d-u-
IE meaning: sweet
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dj [adj] `sweet, tasting good, pleasant' (El. etc. adj); Gr.
dwn [comp] `sweeter'; Gr. distoj [sup] `sweetest'; Lat. suuis [adj] `sweet'; OE swt [adj] `sweet'
Sanskrit: sved
Gramm. forms: Present I: svedate [3sg.med.] (Ar., Up.); Present IV: svidyanti [3pl.act.] (SB+);
Perfect: sisvidna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Caus: svedayati (SmavidhB); na-ptc.: svinna- (AV+)
Meaning: `to sweat'
Link to RV concordance: svid-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: suaid
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sveda- [m] `sweat' (RV+)
Avestan: YAv. xvsat_ [3sg.inj.act.] `to start sweating'; xvaa- [m] `sweat'
Khotanese: -hus- [verb] `to sweat'; hv `sweat'
Sogdian: gwys- [verb] `to sweat'
493
Middle Persian: xwistan [verb] `to sweat'; xwy `sweat'
New Persian: xway `sweat'
Ossetic: xid/xed `sweat'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. mxs(y)d [verb] `to sweat'; Pash. xwala `sweat'
IE form: sueid
IE meaning: to sweat
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. drj [m] `sweat'; Lat. sdor [m] `sweat'; OHG sweiz `sweat'; Latv.
svie^dri [pl.] `sweat'; Latv. svi^stu [verb] `to sweat'; ToB syelme `sweat'
Sanskrit: svet
Gramm. forms: Aorist R: asvitan [3pl.act.] (RV), svitna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist S: asvait [3sg.act.]
(RV); Aorist RED (caus.): asisvitat [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to become bright, white'
Link to RV concordance: svit-; svetan-; sryasvit-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuait-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svetan- [f] `becoming light, lightening' (RV 01.122.04); srya-svit- [adj]
`bright as the sun' (RV); udasvit- [n] à mixture consisting of equal parts of water and buttermilk' (MS
2.1.6)
See also: svitra-; svitna-; sveta-
IE form: kueit
IE meaning: to be white
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: sveta-
Meaning: `white, bright'
Link to RV concordance: sveta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuaita-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svetya- [adj] `white' (RV) {1}
See also: svitra-; svitna-; svet
Avestan: YAv. spata- [adj] `white'
Old Persian: * saita- in PN
Khotanese: ssta-/ssya- [adj] `white'
Middle Persian: spd [adj] `white'
New Persian: sapd [adj] `white'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. sp [adj] `white'
IE form: kuoit-o-
IE meaning: to be white
Certainty: +
494
Cognates in other languages: OCS svet `fj'; Lith. vintu, vitau~, visti [verb] `to become bright,
to lighten'
Notes: {1} syeta- (f. syen-) [adj] `reddish white, white' (RV+) is a contamination of sveta- with
syva- and syma-.

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Sanskrit: svitna-
Meaning: `white, whitish'
Link to RV concordance: svitna-; svitnya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuitna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: svitnya- [adj] `white, whitish' (RV 01.100.18)
See also: sveta-; svet; svitra-
IE form: kuit-no-
IE meaning: white
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. ?eits [adj] `white' (with -t- due to Kluge's Law)
Sanskrit: svitra-
Meaning: `white, whitish'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: cuitra- / cuiti
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: In compounds sviti : svity-an~c- [adj] `whitish', siti-pad- [adj] `white-
footed' (RV); siti-prstha- [adj] `white-backed' (RV) (with dissimilation of -v- before labials)
See also: sveta-; svet; svitna-
Avestan: YAv. spiti in compounds: spiti-dira- [adj] `with clear eyes'
Middle Persian: spihr `heaven'
New Persian: sipihr `heaven'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *spiqra- in PN {1}
IE form: kuit-ro-
IE meaning: white
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Skt. ssa- [n] `lead' (AV+) is a LW from a SW-Iranian *sia- `white' ( Skt. svitra-).
Sanskrit: syma-
495
Meaning: `black, dark-coloured'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ciaHma-
See also: syva-
Avestan: YAv. sma- [adj] `black', [m] PN; siimaka- [m] name of a mountain
Middle Persian: sm [m] PN
Other Iranian cognates: Aram.-Iran. *symaka- PN; Scyth. Siwmacoj PN
IE form: kieh1-mo-
IE meaning: black, dark
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. e~mas [adj] `grey like ashes, blue-grey'
Sanskrit: syva-
Meaning: `dark-brown, black-brown, dark'
Link to RV concordance: syva-; syva-; syvaka-; syv-; syvy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ciaHua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: syva(ka)- [m] PN; syv- [f] `dark-bown horse; dark night' (RV);
syvy- [f.pl.] `darkness' (RV)
See also: syma-
Avestan: YAv. siiuuaran- [m] PN (= `having dark steeds')
Khotanese: sva- `copper; copper-coloured, red'
Sogdian: 'w [adj] `black'
Middle Persian: siy [adj] `black'
Parthian: sy'w [adj] `black'
New Persian: siyh [adj] `black'
Ossetic: sau [adj] `black'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. s'w `black'; Wa. w `black'; Arm. seav ìd.' (Iranian LW)
IE form: kieh1-uo-
IE meaning: black, dark
Certainty: +
Idioms: `having dark horses': Skt. syvsva- [adj] (RV+) YAv. siiuuspi- PN (a patronymicon of
*siiuuspa-)
Cognates in other languages: Lith. yvas [{3} adj] `light grey', Ru. sivyj, SCr. si?v `grey' < *kih1-uo-
Sanskrit: syona-
Gramm. forms: Metrically, always /siyona-/ (< *su-yona- `providing a good seat')
Meaning: `comfortable, pleasant, agreeable'
Link to RV concordance: syona-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hsu-iauna-
496
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: syona-krt- [adj] `providing comfort' (RV), syona-s- [adj] `resting on a
good couch' (RV)
See also: su [1]; yoni-
Avestan: YAv. hu-iiaona- [adj] `with a good place'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: tad
First attestation: AV, Up.+
Meaning: `then, at that time'
Link to RV concordance: tadnm
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tadaH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tadnm [adj] àt that time, then' (RV 10.129.01, AV+)
Page in EWAia: 618
See also: ta-
Avestan: YAv. tada [adv] `then, at that time' {1}
IE form: to-deH
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. tada [adv] `then, at that time' is, most probably, a different
formation
Sanskrit: tak
Gramm. forms: Present II: takti [3sg.act.] (RV), takanth [ptc.act.nom.pl.f.] `rushing (waters)' (AVP);
ta-ptc.: takta- `rushing along, fleeting, fugitive' (RV)
Meaning: `to rush, hurry'
Link to RV concordance: tak-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-takvan- [adj] `rushing' (YV); takavna- [adj] `hurried?' (RV
01.120.06); avatka- [adj] `rushing down' (?) (AV 2.3.1)
Page in EWAia: 610
Avestan: YAv. tax-e [2sg.pres.med.] `to walk'; apa.tacin [3pl.inj.act.] `to disperse, to seep away';
tacinti [3pl.pres.act.] `to flow'; a-fratat_.ku- [ptc.perf.f.] `not flowing forward'; taka- [m] `course';
taci.p- `flowing water'; tacintm `while walking(?)'; v-taxti- [f] `flowing away, melting'
Khotanese: ttajs- [verb] `to walk, to flow'
Middle Persian: txtan [verb] `to cause to walk, to flow'
Parthian: t- [verb] `to walk, to flow'
IE form: tekw-
IE meaning: to hurry, to rush, to walk, to flow
Certainty: +
497
Cognates in other languages: OIr. tech- [verb] `to flow'; MW go-deb `refuge'; Lith. teketi [verb] `to
walk, to flow'; OCS teti [verb] `to walk, to hurry'; OCS tok [m] `course, stream'; ToB cake `river';
Hitt. uatku- [verb] `to spring (from)'
Sanskrit: taks
Gramm. forms: Present II: taksati [3pl.act.] (RV+); tdhi [3sg.impv.act.] (RV); tsti [3sg.act.]
(AB); Present V: taksnoti [3sg.act.] (SB, JB); Aorist IS: ataksisur [3pl.act.] (RV); Aorist A:
ataksat [3sg.act.] (RV); Perfect: tataksa [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: tasta- (RV+), taksita- (MS)
Meaning: `to form by cutting, tool, hammer; to fashion, form, make, prepare'
Link to RV concordance: taks-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tac- < tatc
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: taksana- [n] `cutting, working on' (SrS.+); taksya- `to be formed'
(RV); tastar- [m] `carpenter, master' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 612
See also: taksan-
Avestan: Av. taat_ [3sg.aor.inj.] `to fashion'; OAv. tt [3sg.pres.inj.], tata [3sg.pf.act.] `to fashion';
tata- [ppp] `created'; YAv. auui ... tti [3sg.pres.act.]; ham.tat_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.] `to fashion, create'
(with the vocalism of the present) ( Yt 5.120)
Khotanese: tts- [verb] `to cut'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) t'- [verb] `to cut'
New Persian: ta àxe'
IE form: tetk- (originally, reduplicated)
IE meaning: to fashion
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to fashion a song of praise': Skt. mantram taks- (RV) OAv. marm taat_; `to fashion the
speech': Skt. vacas- taks- (RV) YAv. vacas-tati- Gr. (Pind.) pwn ... tktonej
Sanskrit: taksan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wood-cutter, carpenter'
Link to RV concordance: taksan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tacan- < tatcan-
Page in EWAia: 613
See also: taks
Avestan: Av. taan- [m] `creator (of cattle)'
IE form: tetkon-
IE meaning: carpenter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tktwn [m] `carpenter, artist'; Gr. (Myc.) te-ko-to-n `carpenter,
artist'; Arm. hiwsn `carpenter' {1}
Notes: {1} Cf. also Gr. tcnh [f] `skill'; OIr. tal àxe'; OHG dehsa(la) àxe', which seem to point to
*teks-.
498
Sanskrit: tamas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `darkness, blinding, illusion'
Link to RV concordance: tamas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tamHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tamasa- [adj] `dark-coloured' (AV); tamasvant- [adj] `dark' (AV+) ([f]
vat- (AV, KS), var- (TS))
Page in EWAia: 626
See also: tami; tamisr-
Avestan: Av. tmah- [n] `darkness'; YAv. tmavhant- [adj] `blinded, stricken by illusion; dark' ( Yt
5.82); tmaha- [adj] `dark'
Sogdian: (Man.) tm- `hell'
Middle Persian: tom [adj] `dark'
New Persian: tam `cataract'
IE form: temH-os-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. temere [adv] `by accident, blindly' (< PIE loc.sg. *temH-es-i = Skt.
tamas-i)

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Sanskrit: tamisr-
First attestation: RV, Br.+
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `dark night'
Link to RV concordance: tamisr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tamHsra-
Page in EWAia: 627
See also: tamas-; tami
Avestan: YAv. tara- [pl] `darkness'
Khotanese: ttra- [adj] `dark' {1}
Middle Persian: tr `darkness'; trg [adj] `dark' {1}
New Persian: trk [adj] `dark' {1}
Ossetic: tar `dark; darkness' {1}
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. tr [adj] `black' {1}
IE form: temH-s-reh2-
Certainty: +
499
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tenebrae [f.pl.] `darkness' {2}; Hitt. ta(u)uant- [adj] `blind'; OHG
demar `twilight' (< PIE *temH-so-)
Notes: {1} All from PIr. *tanra-. {2} Plural of *temafr-.
Sanskrit: tams
Gramm. forms: Present X: tamsayethe [2du.med.] (RV 10.106.01), atamsayat [3sg.impf.act.] (VS);
Aorist A: atasat [3sg.act.] (AV+); Perfect: tatasre [3pl.med.] (RV), atatamsatam [2du.ppf.act. (?) {1}]
(RV 01.120.07); Intensive: vi-tantasaite [3du.subj.med.] (RV 06.025.06); Inf: pari-tamsayadhyai
(RV)
Meaning: `to shake, move to and fro, tug'
Link to RV concordance: tams-; vitantasyya-; atasyya-; tasara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tans-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vitantasyya- [gerundive] (to the intensive stem) `to be shaken' (RV);
atasyya- [gerundive] `not to be tugged (?)' {2} (RV); tasara- [n] `weaver's shuttle' (RV, VS+)
Page in EWAia: 609
See also: vitasti-; vitast-
IE form: ten-s-
IE meaning: to pull
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. at-?insa [verb] `to pull towards oneself'; OHG dinsan [verb] `to
pull'; MoHG gedunsen [ppp] `swollen, bloated'; Lith. te~sti [verb] `to stretch'
Notes: {1} [AL] Or reduplicated aor. (which seems less probable, as the form is used in parallel with
an impf.) ? Cf. the discussion in Kmmel 2000: 205. {2} [AL] See Jamison 1983: 93, fn. 35.
Sanskrit: tami
Gramm. forms: Present IV: tmyati [3sg.act.] (YVp+); Aorist R/A (?): tamat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV
02.030.07, TB) {1}; Perfect: tatma [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus: tamayati (KS-KpSp+); ta-ptc.: tnta-
`breathing with difficulty, fainted, exhausting' (KS+)
Meaning: `to become exhausted, be suffocated'
Link to RV concordance: tami-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tamH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-tameru- [adj] `not slackening' (VS)
Page in EWAia: 626
See also: tamas-; tamisr-; tmra-
Khotanese: ttm èxhaustion'
Parthian: t'm'dg [adj] `fainted, choking'
IE form: temH-
IE meaning: to faint, to be dark
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tmulentus [adj] `drunk'; Lith. temti [verb] `to become dark, to
become evening'
500
Notes: {1} Subjunctive of a root aorist (Hoffmann 1967: 240), rather than injunctive of thematic aorist
(Whitney, Macdonell)
Sanskrit: tan [1] (tani) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present V/VIII: tanoti [3sg.act.] (RV+), tanute [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: atan
[3sg.act.] (RV), atnata [3pl.med.] (RV), ataths [2sg.med.] (Br.); Aorist S: atn [3sg.act.] (RV, AV);
atmst [3sg.act.] (TS); Perfect: tatna [3sg.act.] (RV+); ttna [3sg.act.] (RV 01.105.12), tatne
[3sg.med.] (RV+), tate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.083.05), tatnire [3pl.med.] (RV-YVm), (vi) tenire [3pl.med.]
(AV+); Passive: tyate [3sg.] `to be performed (of a rite)' (RV+); `to be stretched' (AV+, almost
exclusively in compounds); Fut: tamsy (Br.); Caus: tnay [2sg.impv.act.] `to stretch' (AV 4.4.6 =
6.101.2); ta-ptc.: tata- èxtended, skilled, performed' (RV+)
Meaning: `to stretch, extend'
Link to RV concordance: tan-; tanti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tan(H)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tanti- [f] `cord, string' (RV 06.024.04 +); tna- [m] `stretched bow-
string' (VS, Br.); tan- [f ?] (only tan [instr.sg.], tane [dat.sg.]) `continuation (usually of a race);
offspring, children' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 618
See also: tanu-; tan-; tantu-; tantra-; tams; tand; uttna-
Avestan: OAv. us-tna- [adj] `stretched out'; YAv. pairi.tanuiia [1sg.opt.med.], pairi ... tanauua
[1sg.subj.act.] ( Y 19.7 = Y 71.15) `to keep away (from)'
Khotanese: ttanv- [verb] `to stretch'
Middle Persian: tan- [verb] `to spin, to turn'
New Persian: tan- [verb] `to spin, to turn'
IE form: ten(h2)- {1}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tenw [verb] `to stretch, to pull tight'; Gr. tnutai [3sg.pres.med.] `to
stretch (intr.)'; Gr. tnoj [m] `tension, cord, string (also of musical instruments), tone, sound'; Gr. n-
tatj [adj] èlastic'; Gr. li-tenj [adj] èxtending to the sea'; Lat. tend [verb] `to stretch'; Lat. tentus
[ppp] `stretched'; OHG den(n)en [verb] `to stretch'; MoHG dehnen [verb] `to stretch'
Notes: {1} [AL] The set-variant of the root is attested in such forms as uttna- (< *ut-tnH-no-), pass.
tyate, tanu-, for which see Beekes 1982-3, Beekes 1985a.
Sanskrit: tan [2]

See also: stan(i)
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: tand
Gramm. forms: Present I: tandate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.138.01)
Meaning: `to be paralyzed, become tired'
Link to RV concordance: tand-
501
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tand
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-tandra- [adj] ùndefatigable, tireless' (RV, AV); tandrat [3sg.aor.subj.]
`to make tired' (RV 02.030.07, a nonce form); tandrayu- [adj] `slow, belated' (RV 08.092.30); tandra-
[n] `row (?)' (VS 15.5, SB 8.5.2.6); tandr- [f] `fatigue' (AV+); tandray [denom] `to become tired'
(Br.+)
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See also: tan [1]
IE form: ten-d-
IE meaning: to be exhausted due to tension, to become tired
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. tanduki- [adj] `decaying, weak'; Lith. tandus [adj] `negligent,
slow'; Lat. tend [verb] `to stretch'
Sanskrit: tantra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `warp (RV+); essence, main point, doctrine (Br.+)'
Link to RV concordance: tantra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tantra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tantr- [f] `string of a lute' (S.)
Page in EWAia: 622
See also: tan [1]
New Persian: tr (< PIr. *tanqra-) `thread, warp'
IE form: ten-tlo-
IE meaning: warp
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. tin~klas `net, fishing net, snare'; Latv. tikls `net'; OPr. sasin-tinklo
"Hasengarn"
Sanskrit: tantu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thread, cord, string, line, fibre'
Link to RV concordance: tantu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tantu-
Page in EWAia: 622
See also: tan [1]
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. lnda, launda `threads set for weaving a web' (< PIr. *ha-tantu- ?)
IE form: ten-tu-
IE meaning: thread, cord
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. tet `cable, cord'
Sanskrit: tanu-
502
Gramm. forms: tanyas- [comp] `thinner' (Br.)
Meaning: `thin, slender, small, fine'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tnHu-
Page in EWAia: 620
See also: tan [1]
Middle Persian: tanuk [adj] `thin, flat'
New Persian: tanuk [adj] `thin, flat'
IE form: tnh2-u-
IE meaning: thin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tanaj [adj] `thin, slender, elongated, expanding far'; Gr. tan- [pref]
`thin, slender'; Gr. tan-fulloj [adj] `with slender leaves'; Gr. tan-sfuroj [adj] `with slender ankles';
Lat. tenuis [adj] `thin, fine, delicate'; OIr. tanae [adj] `delicate, thin'; OHG dunni [adj] `thin'; OCS
tn-k [adj] `delicate, fine'
Sanskrit: tan-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: tanvam [acc.sg.] (RV+); tanv [instr.sg.] (RV+); tanve [dat.sg.] (RV+); tanbhyas
[dat.pl.] (RV+)
Meaning: `body, self', also reflexive
Link to RV concordance: tan-; tnva-; tankrt-; tanp-; tanruc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tanuH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tn(u)va- [adj] `bodily', [m] òwn son' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 621
See also: tan [1]
Avestan: OAv. tan- [f] `body, own body, person, self' (tanuum / tanm [acc.sg.], tanuu, tanuuas-ct_
[gen.sg.], tanuii [dat.sg.], tanui-c [?] for *tanuu ? Y 43.7); YAv. tan- [f] `body, person' also
reflexive (tanu [nom.sg.], tanm [acc.sg.], tanuiie [dat.sg.]); kuuam tanm [621.2.15] [formula] òwn'
Old Persian: tan `body'; (pas) tanm [acc.sg.] `(to) oneself'
Middle Persian: tan `body, person'
New Persian: tan `body, person'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. tn('-h) `body'
IE form: ten-uh2- / tnh2-uh2-
IE meaning: body
Certainty: +
Idioms: `self (reflexive)': Skt. svay tanv (AV) OAv. xva- tanuuas-ct_ , YAv. huua- tan-, MP, NP
xwtan `self'; `made by oneself': Skt. tan-krt- (RV+) YAv. tanu.krta-; `to hide oneself': Skt.
tanvam gh (RV) YAv. tanm ()guz ; `dear body': Skt. priym ... tanvam (RV, AV) YAv. frii ...
tanuui; `protector of the bodies': Skt. trt tannm YAv. tanuiie ... rrm; `to protect the body
(himself)': Skt. tan-p- [adj] (RV+) YAv. tanm piti; `to shine with the body / to light up the
body': Skt. tan-ruc- [adj] `shining with the body' (RV) YAv. tanm raocaiieiti `to light up the body'
( Yt 10.142)
503
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Sanskrit: tap
Gramm. forms: Present I: tapati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV: tapyate [3sg.med.] (RV+), tapyate
[3sg.med.] (YVm+), tapyate [3sg.med.] (AV, TSm, SB) {1}; Aorist mediopass: atpi [3sg.] (RV+);
Aorist S: atapths [2sg.med.] (AV 9.5.6), atpst [3sg.act.] (KS+); Aorist RED: attape [3sg.med.] (RV
08.072.04) {2}; Perfect: tatpa [3sg.act.] (RV+), tepna- [ptc.med.] (RV), tatapate [3sg.subj.med.]
(RV 04.002.06); Fut: tapsyati [3sg.act.] (KS+); Caus: tpayant- [ptc.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: tapta-
`heated, hot, glowing' (RV+)
Meaning: `to heat, be/become hot, make hot; to suffer; to perform austerity'
Link to RV concordance: tap-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tpayisnu- [adj] `vexing' (RV 10.034.07)
Page in EWAia: 623
See also: tapas-; tapus-; tapnu-; takman-
Avestan: YAv. tafsat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] `became hot'; tpaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.] `to make hot, to create
warmth'; ham.tapta- [ppp] `hot'
Khotanese: ttav- [verb] `to be hot'; ttaus- [verb] `to become hot'
Middle Persian: taftan [verb] `to become hot'; tftan [verb] `to heat, to burn, to shine'
Parthian: t'b- [verb] `to shine'
New Persian: tftan [verb] `to heat, to burn, to shine'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. b-dfs- `to become hot'; Khwar. t'by- `to heat'; Pash. tod `warm'
IE form: tep-
IE meaning: to be warm
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the sun warms, burns': Skt. srya tapatu (AV 8.2.14) Av. huuar tpaiieiti
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tepre [verb] `to be warm'; OIr. te [adj] `hot'; OCS teplost [f]
`warmth'
Notes: {1} [AL] With the secondary suffix accentuation (see Kulikov 1998). {2} [AL] Isolated and
irregular form, probably transitive: `[Agni] heated [the bow]'.
Sanskrit: tapas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `heat, glow; mortification, asceticism, penance'
Link to RV concordance: tapas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tapas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tapasvant- [adj] `glowing, ascetic' (RV+); tapasvin- [adj, m] àscetic'
(AV+)
Page in EWAia: 624
504
See also: tap; tapus-; tapnu-
Middle Persian: tab `fever' (< PIr. *tapah-)
IE form: tep-os-
IE meaning: warmth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tepor [m] `mild heat' ( < PIE *teps); Hitt. tapaa- `fever, heat';
Luv. tapaa- `fever, heat'
Sanskrit: tapnu-
First attestation: MS
Meaning: `burning, shining'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tapnu-
Page in EWAia: 625
See also: tap; tapas-; tapus-
Avestan: YAv. tafnu- [m] `heat of fever, fever'
New Persian: taf(f) `glow'
IE form: tep-nu-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: tapus-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `heat, glow'
Link to RV concordance: tapus-; tapurvadha-; tapusp-; tapusi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tapu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tapu- [adj] `glowing (?)' (RV 09.083.02); tapur-vadha- [adj] `with
glowing weapons' (RV, AV); tapus-p- [adj] `drinking a hot drink (?)' (RV 03.035.03), tapusi- [adj]
`glowing' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 625
See also: tap; tapas-; tapnu-
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *tapu-ka- `brick'
IE form: tep-us-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: tard
Gramm. forms: Present VII: trnatti [3sg.act.] (RV+), trndhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: tardas
[2sg.subj.act.] (RV 06.017.01), trdyur [3pl.opt.act.] (S.), tarddhi [2sg.impv.act.] (AVP 5.20.3);
Perfect: tatarda [3sg.act.] (RV, AV), tatrdna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Caus: vi-tarday `to drill into, to
hollow out' (S.); Desid: titrtsn [3pl.subj.act.] `to wish to open' (RV 10.074.04 +); Abs: pra-trdya
(SB); na-ptc.: ava-trnna- (AVP 1.58.3+), -trnna- (KS+)
Meaning: `to split, pierce, open'
505
Link to RV concordance: trd-; trdila-; trada-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tard-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tardman- [n] `hole, split, opening' (AV+); trdila- [adj] `pierced (of the
pressing stones)' (RV 10.094.11); trada- [m] `the one who knocks out, the one who opens (?)' (of
cattle-gaining) (RV 08.045.28)
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New Persian: iftldan/iftl- [verb] `to disperse; to tear; to cleave, break' (+ *abi-)
Other Iranian cognates: Par. tr- [verb] `to split, to burst'
IE form: terd-
IE meaning: to pierce
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. trendu [verb] `to be eaten by moths or worms'; Lith. trandeti [verb]
`to be eaten by moths or woodworms'; Lith. trandis [f] `woodworm'; OCS trod [m] `tree fungus' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Lith. triesti (dial.) [verb] `to suffer from diarrhoea' seems to show that acute is
original in this root.
Sanskrit: tarh
Gramm. forms: Present VII>VI: trmhant- [ptc.act.] (RV 10.102.04), Present VII: trnahan
[3pl.subj.act.] (AVP), trnedhu [3sg.impv.act.] (AV+) {1}; Aorist A: atrham [1sg.act.] (AV); Perfect:
tatarha [3sg.act.] (AV 11.5.7); Passive: trhyate [3sg.] (AV); Abs: tr(d)dhv (AV), paritrhya (AVP);
ta-ptc.: trdha- (RV)
Meaning: `to crush, shatter'
Link to RV concordance: trh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (s)tarjh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: strhant-- [ptc.pres.act.f.] `crushing, trampling' (ApDhS); sata-tarha- [adj]
`crushing a hundred' (AVS 1.8.4); tarhana- [adj] `crushing' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 636
IE form: stelgh-?
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. italk-zi [verb] `to level, flatten' (for the etymology see Kloekhorst
2008, s.v.)
Notes: {1} [AL] For the origin of -e- in this form see Lubotsky 2000a. {2} [AL] The provenance of
Wa. tarz `chip' is uncertain. (St-K.? XXX)
Sanskrit: tarhi
First attestation: RV 10.129.02, AV+
Meaning: `then, at this time'
Link to RV concordance: tarhi
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tar-jhi {1}
Page in EWAia: 636
See also: ta-; yarhi
506
IE form: to-r
IE meaning: there
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. -?ar [adv] `there'
Notes: {1} [AL] In spite of the late attestation in the RV, it must be a PIE formation, because there
was no model available for an analogy (pace Mayrhofer).
Sanskrit: tark
Gramm. forms: Caus: tarkay `to consider' (Ep.+)
Meaning: `to turn, move to and fro'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tark-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tarka- [m./n.] `twisted grass (?)' (AVP 5.9.6); nis-tarkya- [adj] `what can
be unscrewed' (KS, TS+); tarku- `spindle' (GrS.+)
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Khotanese: hataljs- [verb] `to flutter' (< PIr. *fra-tark-)
IE form: terkw-
IE meaning: to turn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. torqure [verb] `to turn, to wind'; Hitt. tarku- [verb] `to turn oneself,
to dance' (OHitt. tar-ku-an-zi [3pl.pres.]); ToB trk- [verb] `to turn' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Gr. traktoj [m] `spindle'; Gr. trekj [adj] `precise' cannot be related because of its -
k- and the initial -
Sanskrit: tarp [1]

Gramm. forms: Present VI<VII: trmpati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present V: trpnoti [3sg.act.] (RV+),
trpnutam [2du.impv.act.] (RV 08.035.10); Present IV: trpyati [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh., AV+); Aorist A:
atrpat [3sg.act.] (AV+); Aorist R: trpysma [1pl.opt.act./prec.act.] (TS); Perfect: ttrpur [3pl.act.]
(AV, TBm), ttrpna- [ptc.med.] (RV 10.095.16); Fut: atrapsyat [3sg.cond.act.] (Br.); Caus: tarpayati
(RV+); Aorist RED: attrpat [3sg.act.] (AV+); ta-ptc.: trpta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to satisfy oneself, enjoy, be/become pleased, be/become satisfied'
Link to RV concordance: trp-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tarp-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trpat [adv] `satisfied, enough' (RV); tarpana- [n] `refreshment, food'
(AV+); trpti- [f] `satisfaction' (RV); trpti- [f] `satisfaction' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 634
See also: tarp [2]
Avestan: YAv. raf()da- [adj] `satisfied'; rafs(ca) `satisfaction'
IE form: terp-
IE meaning: to satisfy
Certainty: +
507
Cognates in other languages: Gr. trpomai [med.] `to satisfy oneself, to enjoy'; Gr. trpw [act.] `to
satisfy, to refresh'; Lith. tar~pti [verb] `to thrive, to increase'
Sanskrit: tarp [2]

Gramm. forms: Desid: titrpst [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 10.087.17)
Meaning: `to steal, rob' {1}
Link to RV concordance: trp-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tarp-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pasu-trp- [adj] `stealing cattle' (RV 07.086.05); asu-trp- [adj] `robbing the
life (of another)' (RV)
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See also: tarp [1]
Avestan: YAv. trfiit_ [3sg.opt.act.] `he would steal' ( Y 11.5)
Sogdian: cf-, cb- [verb] `to steal'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. (m-)fy- [verb] `to steal'; Yi. trf- [verb] `to steal'
IE form: terp-
IE meaning: to satisfy
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} This root most probably represents a specifically IIr. semantic development of tarp [1].

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Sanskrit: tars
Gramm. forms: Present IV: trsyant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: trsat [3sg.inj.act.] (AV+); Aorist R:
trsna- [ptc.med.] `thirsty' (RV), +atrsta [3sg.med.] (AVP 5.31.3); Perfect: ttrsur [3pl.act.] (RV);
Caus: vi-tarsay (KS+); Aorist RED: attrsma [1pl.act.] (RV 04.034.11 +); ta-ptc.: trsita- `thirsty'
(RV 01.016.05 +)
Meaning: `to be thirsty, crave'
Link to RV concordance: trs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trsta- [adj<ppp] `sharp, stinging, raw' (RV, AV); tarsyvant-,
trsyvant- [adj] `thirsty' (RV); trsnaj- [adj] `thirsty' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 635
See also: trsu-; trsn-
Avestan: YAv. taru- [adj] `dry, not fluid'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m-y- (< PIr. *trya-) [verb] `to be thirsty'; Pash. taai (< PIr.
*taraka-) [adj] `thirsty'
IE form: ters-
IE meaning: to become dry, to dry up
508
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. trsomai [1sg.pres.med.] `to become dry'; Lat. torre [verb] `to dry,
to roast'; OHG derren [verb] `to make dry'; OHG durst `thirst'; Hitt. tar- [verb] `to dry'
Sanskrit: taruna-
Meaning: `young, tender, fresh'
Link to RV concordance: taruna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: taruna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: taruniman- [m] `tender age, juvenility' (KS, MS+)
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Avestan: YAv. tauruna- [adj] `young'; [m] `boy'
Khotanese: ttra- [adj] `tender'
Ossetic: t?ryn, tyryn/t?rna `boy'
IE form: teru-no- / ter-en-
IE meaning: tender
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) tru sqenj, leptn; Gr. (Hes.) ternhj tetrimmnoj noj, ka
grwn h dusanlhptoj grwn; Gr. trhn [adj] `tender' (< PIE *ter-en-); Lat. tener [adj] `tender' (< PIE
*ter-en-, with metathesis under the influence of tenuis ?)
Sanskrit: tari (tur) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: tarati [3sg.act.] (RV+), tarete [3du.med.] (RV 01.140.03); Present VI {2}: -
tira [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+), -tirasi [2sg.act.] (RV+), -tirate [3sg.med.] (RV+); til-a- (VS); Aorist IS:
atrt [3sg.act.] (RV+), trisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), trismahi [1pl.opt.med.] (RV+); Perfect: tatra
[3sg.act.] `to cross, to pass over' (RV, TBm), titirur [3pl.act.] (RV), titirvms-, tatarus- {3} [ptc.act.]
(RV); Passive: pra tryatm [3sg.impv.] (TBm 2.5.1.3); Caus: pra tray `to extend' (AV); Intensive:
tartarti [3sg.act.] (RV), taritrat- [ptc.act.] `to come through' (RV); Desid: titrsati [3sg.act.] `to wish
to take across, to wish to ferry' (Br.+); na-ptc.: a-trna- `not crossed (of time of life)' (RV)
Meaning: `to pass (through), overcome'
Link to RV concordance: tr-; tara-; tarani-; taras-; taryas-; pratartar-; sutarman-; aptur-; aptrya-;
taranta-; trtha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tarH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tara- [m] `taking across' (RV+); tarani- [adj] `moving forwards, carrying
over, saving' (RV+), taras- [n] `rapid progress, energy' (RV+); taryas- [comp] èasily passing
through' (RV 05.041.12); pra-tartar- [m] `furtherer (of long life)' (RV); su-tarman- [adj] `carrying
over, saving' ( 06.042.03); aptur- [adj] `crossing the waters' (RV+) {4}; aptrya- [n] `crossing of the
waters' (RV 03.012.08, 03.051.09); taranta- [m] PN `conquering (?)' (RV, Br.); tra- [n] `bank' (AVP,
TS+); trtha- [n] `ford, watering-place, place of descent to the water, bathing-place' (RV+)
See also: tr(v); tiras-; tura-
509
Avestan: YAv. titarat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] ( Yt 13.77), titarnt- [ptc.pres.] `to overcome'; v-trta-
[ppp] `taken away, isolated'; vtar-azah- [adj] òvercoming need'
Old Persian: viy-a-tarayam [1sg.caus.inj.act.] `to cross (a river)'
Sogdian: (Chr.) tr- [verb] `to go'
Middle Persian: wtyl- /wider-/, (Man.) wdyr- [verb] `to pass by' (+*ui-)
Parthian: w(y)dr- `to pass (beyond, over)' (+ *ui-)
Ossetic: t?ryn / t?run [verb] `to chase, drive'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *Vispa-tar-va- [m] PN
IE form: terh2-
IE meaning: to cross
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to cross the waters, the river': Skt. apas tari- (RV+), Skt. aptur- [adj] `crossing the waters'
(RV+) OP tigrm viyataraym (DB I 88) Khot. bi-tar- (+ river) MP vi-dardan (+ river) MoP
guar- / guatan (+ river); `to overcome all hostilities, enemies': Skt. visv dvesmsi tari- (RV+)
YAv. vspa t_ba titarntm, tar.t_baa(h)-, t_ba.tara-, t_ba.tauruuan- [adj] òvercoming
hostilities'
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. tarh- / tarhu- [verb], OHitt. tar-a?-mi [1sg.pres.act.], ta-ru-u?-zi
[3sg.pres.act.], LHitt. tar-ra-at-ta (< IE *terh2-o-to) `to be able'; OHitt. tar-na-i (< IE *tr-ne-h2-) [3sg.]
`to let in'; Lat. trns (< IE *trh2-ent-) [prep] àcross, through'
Notes: {1} [AL] The secondary root tur/tr(v) is probably extracted from the -va-present trva-. In
Vedic, the two zero grades are largely semantically divided, tir-/tr- meaning `to cross', and tur-/tr-
meaning `to conquer', cf. Lubotsky 1997b: 139, fn. 2. Among rare exceptions are aptur- `crossing the
waters', aptrya- `crossing of the waters'. {2} Employed as the transitive-causative counterpart of the
class I present, meaning `to make pass, to make cross, to save'. {3} [LK] Instead of the regular
*titirus-, on the model of the class I present tarati (see Kmmel 2000: 214). {4} aptum [acc.sg.] and
aptave [dat.sg.] (TS, SB+) are based on the secondary u-stem extracted from nom.sg. aptur.
Sanskrit: tavi
Gramm. forms: Present II: ut tavti [3sg.act.] (RV 10.059.01); Perfect: ttva [3sg.act.] `to be strong'
(RV 01.094.02); Aorist RED {1}: ttot [3sg.inj.act.] `to make powerful' (RV); Intensive: sam-tavtvat
[ptc.act.nom.sg.m.] `to become stronger again and again' (RV 04.040.04)
Meaning: `to be strong'
Link to RV concordance: t-; tavas-; tavasya-; tavasvant-; tavyas-; tavyas-; tavastara-; tavya-; tya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tauH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tavas- [adj] `strong, powerful' (RV+); tavasya- [n] `power' (RV);
tavasvant- [adj] `powerful' (RV); tavyas-, tavyas-, tavastara- [comp] `stronger, more powerful'
(RV+); tavya- [adj] `strong'; tya- [adj] `strong, active' (RV 10.028.03); tuvi [cmp] `strong' (RV+)
(tuvijta-, tuvidyumna-, tuvmagha-, etc.)
Page in EWAia: 638
See also: tavis-; tumra-
Avestan: Av. tauu- [verb] `to be able, strong': YAv. tite [3sg.pres.med.] ( V 13.8), OAv. tauu
[1sg.pres.subj.act.], YAv. fra-tuii [2sg.pres.opt.act.], ttauua [3sg.pf.act.] ìs possible' ( V 6.32),
tuuant- [ptc.pres.act.] `capable, competent'; paiti.tauuah- [adj] àpplying one's strength against'
510
Old Persian: tav- [verb] `to be able': /tvayatiy/ [3sg.caus.act.]; tuviiya /tauviy/ [comp.nom.sg.m.]
`stronger'; /tunuvant-/ [adj] `powerful'; /tauman-/ [n] `strength'
Khotanese: tvn~- (tvn~-) [verb] `to strengthen'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) t'w'nty, (Man.) t'wndyy [adj] `strong, powerful', pt'w- [verb] `to endure' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: tw'(b)n /tuwn/ `strength, power'; pt'y- [verb] `to remain, continue; endure' (+ *pati-)
Parthian: t'wg [adj] `powerful'; pt'w- [verb] `to bear, tolerate' (+ *pati-)
New Persian: tuwn `strength, power'
Ossetic: tyx / tux? `power, might'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. taoi, taoo `means, assets', taooano, taoano `fine, compensation'
IE form: teuh2-
IE meaning: to swell, to be strong
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) taj [adj] `mgaj, polj', Gr. sw~j, soj [adj] `safe and sound'
{2}; Lat. tumre [verb] `to be swollen'; Lith. tukti [verb] `to become fat (of cattle)'; RussCS tyti
[verb] `to become fat'
Notes: {1} [LK] Thus Kmmel 2000: 220f., with convincing argumentation; less plausible is the
analysis as (intensive) perfect injunctive (Hoffmann, Narten, Bendahman 1993: 206f.). {2} [AL] The
Greek adjectives reflect an ablauting paradigm *tueh2us, *tuh2-u-os ( Lubotsky 1988: 123).
Sanskrit: tyu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thief'
Link to RV concordance: tyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: taHiu-
Page in EWAia: 643
See also: styat
Avestan: YAv. tiiu- [m] `thief'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) t'y `thief'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. t'h `thief'
IE form: (s)teh2
IE meaning: to steal
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lyd. teju- `robber' (< PAnat. *tiu-); Lyd. (Hes.) tegoun `robber'; Gr.
(Dor.) tasioj [adj] ìn vain'; Gr. (Ion.) thsioj [adj] ìn vain'; Hitt. ta-a-i-iz-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `to steal';
OIr. taid `thief' (< PIE *teh2-ti-)
Sanskrit: tej
Gramm. forms: Present I: tejate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Intensive: tetikte [3sg.med.] (RV 04.023.07),
tetijna- [ptc.med.] (YVm); ta-ptc.: ni-tikta- ùrged on, sharpened' (RV); tigita- `sharp, pointed' (RV)
Meaning: `to sharpen'
Link to RV concordance: tij-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: taig- / taij-
511
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tksna- [adj] `sharp, keen-eyed' (RV+) with an unexplained long --;
tejas- [n] `sharp edge (of knife), sharpness' (RV+); tejana- [n] `measuring reed stick' (RV 01.110.05),
`shaft of an arrow, bamboo' (AV+); tejan- [f] `wickerwork, reed mat' (KS+)
Page in EWAia: 668
See also: tigma-; steg-
Avestan: YAv. bi-taa- [adj] `having two sharp edges'; brir.taa- [adj] `sharp due to the blade';
tira- [adj] `cutting, pointed, sharp' (Caland-variant tii , cf. tii.dastra- [adj] `with sharp tusks',
tii.asra- [adj] `with sharp teeth', tii.arti- [adj] `with a sharp spear', tii.sruua- [adj] `with sharp
nails')
Old Persian: tigra- [adj] `pointed'
Middle Persian: tz [adj] `sharp'
New Persian: tz [adj] `sharp'
Ossetic: cyrg / cirg [adj] `sharp'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. cyg (< PIr. *taiga-) `sharp edge'; Pash. tr [adj] `sharp'
IE form: (s)teig-
IE meaning: to sting, to be pointed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stzw [verb] `to sting, to tattoo'; Gr. stigmai [1sg.pf.pass.] `to sting,
tattoo'; Gr. stgma [n] `stab, brand'; Lat. n-stgre [verb] `to urge on'; MoHG stechen [verb] `to
sting'; MoHG Distel (< PGm. *?h-s-tila-) `thistle'
Sanskrit: The pronoun is unattested in Skt., avoh [gen.du.] being an assimilated form of ayoh ìd.'.
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Haua-
Avestan: Av. auua- [pron] `he there, that' (nom.sg.m. and f. are suppletive, huu /hau/ and hu,
respectively): YAv. aom [acc.sg.m.] (< *aum), OAv. auuat_ [nom.acc.sg.n.], OAv. auu, YAv. auua
[instr.sg.m.], YAv. auuahe [gen.sg.m.n.] (< *auahia), YAv. auue [nom.pl.m.], YAv. auu [acc.pl.m.]
(< *au < *aunh), YAv. auua, auu [nom.acc.pl.n.], Av. auui [instr.pl.m.n.], Av. auuaam
[gen.pl.m.n.]; OAv. auum [acc.sg.f.], YAv. auuahi [dat.sg.f.], auuaht_ [abl.sg.f.], auuah
[gen.sg.f.], Av. auu [acc.pl.f.], YAv. auuabii (for *auubii) [dat.pl.f. pro instr.pl.f.]
Old Persian: ava- [pron] `he there, that' (nom.sg.m. and f. hauv is suppletive): avam [acc.sg.m.], ava,
ava-ciy [nom.acc.sg.n.], avan [instr.sg.m.n.] (also as abl.), avahy [gen.sg.m.n.], avaiy [nom.pl.m.],
avaiy [acc.pl.m.], avaim [gen.pl.m.n.]; avm [acc.sg.f.], av [nom.pl.f.]
Sogdian: w- [pron] dem. pronoun and the article (xw [nom.sg.m.] and x' [nom.sg.f., nom.pl.] are
suppletive): (')ww [acc.sg.m.] (< *auam), w' [acc.sg.f., acc.pl.] (< *au(h)), 'w(y)ny [gen.sg.m.] (<
*auana), (w)y' [loc.sg.m., gen.-loc.sg.f., gen.-loc.pl.], wyn(w) [obl.pl.] (< *auaim)
Middle Persian: 'wy /y/ [pron] dem.pron. `he, that' (< *auahia), `LH-'n, (Man.)'wy'n /avn/
`they, those' (< *auaim + -n)
New Persian: (y) [pron] dem.pron. (< *auahia)
Ossetic: u- / o- [pron] `he, that': j [nom.gen.sg.] / oj [gen.sg.] (< *auahia); um / omi `there' (<
*auahmi + ?)
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. yu `he, that', wi [obl.sg.m.] (< *auahia); Yaz. way [obl.sg.m.] `he' (<
*auahia), wi [obl.sg.f.] `she' (< *aum)
IE form: h2eu-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS ov ... ov ... `the one ... the other ...', Sln. ov `he there'
512
Notes: Further adverbia PIr. *auaa `so, thus' (YAv. auuaa, OP ava, Khwar. w, Oss. D. ot? (Ir.
aft? < a-t?)); PIr. *auada `there, then' (YAv. auuaa, OP avad, Sogd. 'w), etc.
Sanskrit: tigma-
Gramm. forms: tejyas- [comp] `sharper' (RV+)
Meaning: `sharp, pointed'
Link to RV concordance: tigma-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tigma-, taijias-
Page in EWAia: 645
See also: tej
Middle Persian: tz `sharp' (< PIr. *taij-iah-?)
IE form: (s)tig-mo-
IE meaning: to sting, to be pointed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stigmj [m] `stabbing, stinging'
Sanskrit: tod
Gramm. forms: Present VI: tudati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present VII>I: tundate [3sg.med.] (RV 01.058.01),
tundna- [ptc.med.] (AV 6.22.3) {1}; Perfect: (-)tutoda [3sg.act.] (RV 01.162.17, 10.016.06); na-ptc.:
tunna- `crushed, ground' (RV+)
Meaning: `to thrust, give a push, prick, crush'
Link to RV concordance: tud-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: taud-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-tud- [m] `hacker, picker (a kind of bird)' (S.); tottra- [n] `goad' (SB);
toda- [m] `pricker, instigator' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 671
See also: toj?
Avestan: YAv. tudadk- [f] N of a mountain or mountain range (*tudat-ka- ?, cf. Skt. ejatka-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) twnt /tund/ [adj] `violent'
Middle Persian: tund [adj] `sharp, violent'
New Persian: tund [adj] `sharp, violent'
IE form: (s)teud-
IE meaning: to thrust
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. tund [pr.], tutud [pf.] `to thrust, to hit'; MoHG stoen [verb] `to
thrust'
Notes: {1} Isolated and unclear form; perhaps arisen under the influence of tunna- [ppp].
Sanskrit: toj
513
Gramm. forms: Present VII>VI: tun~janti [3pl.act.] (RV); Present VI: tujant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Perfect:
tutujyt [3sg.opt.act.] `to stimulate' (RV 01.143.06); ttujna-, ttujna- [ptc.med.] `hurried, eager'
(RV) {1}; Passive: tujyate [3sg.] `to be put to panic (flight)' (RV) {2}; Present AYA: tujayant-
[ptc.act.] `to press forward' (RV 07.104.07); Inf: tujase (RV)
Meaning: `to push (forward), drive, set in motion, sling, press forward/out'
Link to RV concordance: tuj-; tuj-; tuji-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)taug- / (H)tauj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tuj- [adj] `turbulent' (RV); tuji- [m] N of an Indra's protege (RV)
Page in EWAia: 670
See also: tod?
Middle Persian: prdwz ìmpulse, thrust, energy' (+ *pari-) {3}
Ossetic: tynyn / tunun [verb] `to hasten, hurry, press on' ( Skt. pres. stem tun~j-)
IE form: h2teug-
IE meaning: to terrify
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tzomai [verb] `to frighten, be frightened'; Hitt. hatuk-zi [verb] `to
be terrible'; hatuka- / hatuki- [adj.; n.] `terrible (deed), fearsome' < *h2teug-o- / *h2teug-i-
Notes: {1} [LK] See Kmmel 2000: 221f. {2} [LK] See Kulikov 2001: 81f. Here may also belong
tujete [3du.pres.med.] (RV 01.061.14), if from *tujyete. {3} [AL] The connection with MP han-dxtan
[verb] `to heap on, obtain'; han-dztan [verb] ìd.', NP andxtan [verb] `to gather, obtain' seems
doubtful because of deviant semantics (see Cheung 2007). {4} [AL] The IIr. root is often connected to
Germ. forms with s-mobile (MLG, MDu. stoken [verb] `to poke, stoke', MoHG stochen [verb] ìd.' <
PGm. *stukjan-, Nw. stauke [verb] `to mash' < PGm. *staukjan-?), assuming an original meaning
`to thrust' vel sim., but this seems less attractive. In Skt., the meaning developed from `frighten' to
`drive away' > `push forward, set in motion' (cf. the pass. tujyate `be put to panic').

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Forward: 1 20
Sanskrit: tos
Gramm. forms: Present IV: tusyant- [ptc.act.] (AVP 2.79.3) (?) {1}, tusyet [3sg.opt.act.] (SrS.+);
Present X: tusayant- [ptc.act.f.] `being content' (RV 10.027.16 {2}); Caus: tosayati [3sg.act.] (JB,
S.+); ta-ptc.: tusta- (KthB, GB+)
Meaning: `to be pleased, be satisfied'
Link to RV concordance: tus-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tau-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tusti- [f] `satisfaction' (Mn., Ep.+); sam-tosa- [m] `satisfaction' (Up.+)
Page in EWAia: 672
IE form: teus-
IE meaning: to be still
Certainty: +
514
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /tuske-/ [verb] `to be happy'
Notes: {1} [LK] Uncertain form: Orissa mss.; Kashmir ms. trpyant-; eds. +trsyant- `thirsty'; see
Kulikov 2001: 406f. {2} Cf. Jamison 1983: 50f.
Sanskrit: tray-
Gramm. forms: trayas [nom.pl.m.] (RV+); tribhyas [dat.abl.pl.m.n.] (RV+); trisu [loc.pl.m.n.] (RV+);
tr [nom.acc.pl.n.] (RV, SB); tisras [nom.acc.pl.f.] (RV+), etc.
Meaning: `three'
Link to RV concordance: tri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: trai-as [pl.m.], t(r)i-sr-as [pl.f.], triH [pl.n.]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trimsat- [f] `thirty' (RV+); trca- [mn] à strophe consisting of three rc-
verses' (AV, KS+); traya- [adj] òf three sorts, threefold' (RV+); tridh [adv] `threefold', tredh [adv]
`threefold' (RV+) {1}; tret- [f] `N of a throw of the dice, when a surplus of three has come about'
(KS+); Hitt. (Kikkuli) ti-e-ra-ua-ar-ta-an-na- (also ti-e-ru-, ti-e-) òf three turns' (LW from Indo-
Aryan)
Page in EWAia: 675
See also: trtya; trita-
Avestan: YAv. rii, raiias-ca [nom.pl.m.], r [nom.acc.pl.n.]; tir [nom.pl.f.]; ri [acc.pl.m.];
ribii [dat.pl.n.] `three'; raiiam, riiam [gen.pl.m.], tiram [gen.pl.f.]; risant- [f] `thirty'; riuua-
[n] òne third'
Old Persian: i- `three' (in itiym, see trtya-), *iuva- òne third' (in Elamite)
Khotanese: drai [num] `three'; drainu (Tum. drainu) [gen.pl.]
Middle Persian: sh /s/ [num] `three'
Parthian: hry /hr/ [num] `three'
New Persian: si [num] `three'
Ossetic: (?)rt? [num] `three'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. dre [num] `three'; Bal. sai [num] `three'; Wa. tri [num] `three'
IE form: trei-es [pl.m.], t(r)i-sr-es [pl.f.], trih2 [pl.n.]; tris [adv]
IE meaning: three
Certainty: +
Idioms: `three-footed': Skt. tri-pad- (RV+) YAv. ri-pada- [n] `length of three feet' Gr. tr-pouj
[adj], Gr. (Myc.) ti-ri-po-de [nom.du.] Lat. tri-ps [adj] OE ?ri-fte [adj]; `thrice': Skt. tris [adv]
(RV+) YAv. ri [adv] Gr. trj [adv] Lat. ter (OLat. terr) [adv]; `thirteen': Skt. trayo-dasa [num]
(YV+) MP, NP szdah [num], Pash. dyarlas [num] Lat. trdecim [num]
Cognates in other languages: Gr. trej, Gr. (Cret.) trej [nom.pl.m.f.], Gr. *trinj ( Cret. trinj (irregular
development), OAtt. tri~j) [acc.pl.]; Gr. tris [dat.pl.]; Gr. tra [nom.acc.pl.n.] `three'; Lat. trs
[nom.pl.], trs [acc.pl.] (< PLat. *trins) `three'; Umb. trif [acc.pl.] `three'; OIr. tri, tri `three'; ON ?rir
[nom.pl.m.] `three'; Go. ?rins [acc.pl.m.f.] `three'; Lith. try~s [num] `three'; OCS trje [m] `three';
OCS tri [f] `three'; Lith. (dial.) trisu [adv] `zu dritt'; Lith. tri-gubas [adj] `threefold'; Lith. treji `three
(distributive)'; OCS troji [m], OCS troje [n] `three together'; ToA tre [m] `three'; ToB trey [m]
`three'; ToB trai [m] `three'; ToA tri [f] `three'; ToB tarya [f] `three' (< *trih2); OIr. teoir [pl.f.]
`three'; MBret. teir [pl.f.] `three'
Notes: {1} [AL] Due to the introduction of the stem tray- into tridh, i.e. *trayidh, which accounts for
the fact that this adverb is mostly trisyllabic in the RV.
515
Sanskrit: tr
Gramm. forms: Present IV: tryase [2sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: trsate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV),
trdhvam [2pl.impv.med.] (RV), atrsmahi [1pl.med.] (Br.) {1}; Perfect: tatre [3sg.med.] (RV
10.132.07 (bis), BAU 5.14.4); ta-ptc.: trta- (Br.+)
Meaning: `to protect, defend, rescue'
Link to RV concordance: tr-; anagnitr-; trtar-; sutrtra-; trman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: traH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tr- [m] `protector, defender' (RV); an-agni-tr- [adj] `without Agni's
protection' (RV 01.089.03); tra- `protecting' (RV+); trtar- [m] `protector, defender' (RV+); trna-
[n] `protection' (KS+); su-trtra- [adj] `with a good protection' (RV), trman- [n] `protection' (RV);
su-trvan- [adj] `well-protecting' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 679
See also: tari?
Avestan: Av. rtar- [m] `protector'; OAv. rzdm [2pl.impv.aor.med.] ( Y 34.7), riiidiii [inf]
`to protect' ( Y 34.5); YAv. riiente [3pl.pres.med.] `to protect'; rra- [n] `protection, shelter,
care'
IE form: treh2- (?)
Certainty: +
Idioms: `there is no other protector except you; who is another protector except you?': Skt. na ... trt
vidyate ... tvad anyah (Ep.) OAv. k ... rt vist anii ... bat_-c ( Y 50.1); `protection for the
cows': Skt. go-tra- [n] `cow-shed, barn' (RV+); `family, lineage' (YV+) YAv. rrm ... gu ... (
Yt 19.69); `to protect men (and) cattle': Skt. tryantm ... purusam pasum (AV 8.7.11) rri
pasuu vraii ( Yt 13.10)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tranj [adj] `clear' {2}
Notes: {1} Indicative forms only in late Vedic. {2} Connection with tr- very uncertain.
Sanskrit: trita-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: N of a god (with the nickname or family name ptya-), i.a. the first preparer of Soma
Link to RV concordance: trita-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tri-ta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: traitana- [m] name of a god (RV 01.158.05)
Page in EWAia: 680
See also: tray-
Avestan: YAv. rita- [m] N. of two or three worshippers, i.a. the third man to press Haoma;
rataona- [m] N of a hero who overcame the dragon Dahka, from the family of the Haoma-presser
biia-
New Persian: fardn `Feridun'
IE form: tri-to-
IE meaning: third
Certainty: +
516
Cognates in other languages: Gr. trtoj [adj] `third'
Sanskrit: trna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `grass, blade of grass, herb'
Link to RV concordance: trna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: trna-
Page in EWAia: 664
Khotanese: ttarra- `grass'
Middle Persian: tlk' /tarrag/ `plant'
New Persian: tar(r)a `garden herbs'
IE form: tr-no-
IE meaning: grass
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG dorn, thorn `thorn'; OCS trn `kanqa'
Notes: {1} From root *ster- `to be rigid' ?
Sanskrit: trsn-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `thirst'
Link to RV concordance: trsn-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: trnaH-
Page in EWAia: 667
See also: tars
Avestan: YAv. tarna- `thirst' {1}
Khotanese: ttarra- `thirst'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) cn- `thirst'
Middle Persian: tin `thirst'
IE form: trs-neh2-
IE meaning: thirst
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /tarsna-/ `throat'
Notes: {1} PIr. *trna- instead of * n- is probably due to the influence of *ud- `hunger'.
Sanskrit: trsu-
Gramm. forms: trsv- [f]
Meaning: `greedy'
Link to RV concordance: trsu-; trsucyavas-; trsucyut-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tru-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trsu-cyavas-, trsu-cyut- [adj] `moving greedily' (RV)
517
Page in EWAia: 666
See also: tars
Avestan: YAv. taru- [adj] `dry'
IE form: trs-u-
IE meaning: dry
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: MoHG drr [adj] `barren, arid' (< PGm. *?urzu-)
Sanskrit: trtya-
Meaning: `third'
Link to RV concordance: trtya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: trtiHo- (?) (PIr. *qritya-, with analogical *tri-)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trtyam [adv] `for the third time' (RV+); trtya- [n] à third' (YV+)
Page in EWAia: 665
See also: tray-
Avestan: YAv. ritiia- [adj] `third'; -ritm [adv] `three times'
Old Persian: itiym [adv] `the third time'
Sogdian: (Man.) tyk [adj] `third'
Middle Persian: sidgar [adj] `third' (< OP *itya-k )
Parthian: hrtyk /hritk/ [adj] `third' (< PIr. *qritya-ka-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'rcy'dyk [adj] `third' (< PIr. *qriti[ya]-ytaka-)
IE form: tr-t
IE meaning: third
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OPr. tirt[i]s `third'; Go. ?ridja `third'; Lat. tertius `third'
Sanskrit: tsar
Gramm. forms: Present I: tsarati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: atsr [3sg.act.] (RV) (SB atsrisam
nonce); Perfect: tatsra [3sg.act.] (RV); Abs: upa-tsarya (SB)
Meaning: `to approach stealthily, sneak, creep up on smb.'
Link to RV concordance: tsar-; tsaru-; tsrin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: tsar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tsar- [f] àpproaching stealthily' (MS); tsaru- [m] à crawling animal (a
snake)' (RV 07.050.01), `handle' (AVP+); tsrin- [adj] `sneaking' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 687
Avestan: {1}
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. sr-d, Yazgh. sard [verb] `to creep, steal, sneak up to, lie in ambush, spy
upon'; , Ishk. sur-d [verb] `to creep, slink, sneak' ( Morgenstierne 1974: 75 with a different
etymology, viz. Skt. sarana- `shelter')
IE form: tsel- {2}
IE meaning: to creep up on, sneak
518
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. seleti [verb] `to creep'; OIr. sle(i)th [f] (< *slt-) àct of surprising
a sleeping woman, having intercourse with her' (cf. AVS 8.6.8 yas tv svapantm tsarati `he (a
demon), who surprises you (woman) sleeping...'); here also PGm. *stelan `to steal, approach
stealthily' (ON stela, Go. stilan, etc.)
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning of YAv. vhrkh srauuahauu ( V 18.65) and zm ...
upa.sr(a)uuat [gen.sg.] ( V 7.27) is unclear, but a connection with the root for `to sneak' can at any
rate be dismissed (pace Bartholomae), since wolves and a harsh winter are in no way sneaking (see
Gershevitch 1959: 183 and Klingenschmitt 1968: 157f. for a discussion). {2} [AL] It seems attractive
to assume that the IE root *tsel- originally was a compound with a nominal first part (of which only t-
is left) and the aoristic root *sel- `to start moving' (Gr. llomai `to jump', Gr. llw `to stretch out,
send out'; To.AB sl- [verb] `to arise, fly; throw'). The traditional viewpoint that the initial *t- reflects
*h2d-, i.e. the preverb *h2ed- in abnormal zero-grade, is improbable for a variety of reasons.
Sanskrit: tr(v) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I<VA: trvasi [2sg.act.] (RV), trvant- [ptc.act.] (RV, YVm); Aorist R: turyma
[1pl.opt.act.] (RV); Perfect: tuturyt [3sg.opt.act.] (RV); Intensive: vi tartryante [3pl.med.] (RV), vi-
tarturna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Desid: ttrsati [3sg.act.] (RV 10.100.12); Abs: vi-trya (RV); Inf:
turvane (RV); ta-ptc.: a-trta-, a-trta- (RV)
Meaning: `to overcome, overpower, be superior'
Link to RV concordance: tr(v)-; trvi-; trvayna-; taturi-; tarutar-; tarutar-; tarutra-; tarus-; tarsas-;
visvatrti-; satrutrya-; jitur-; tur-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: trH-u-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: trvi- [adj] `superior' (RV 09.42.03), trvayna- [m] PN (RV); taturi-
[adj] `victorious' (RV+); tarutar-, tarutar- [m] `winner' (RV); tarutra- [adj] òvercoming' (RV); tarus-
[n] `superiority' (RV) {2}; tarsas- [adj] `superior' (RV 01.129.10); visva-trti- [adj] òverpowering
everything' (RV); satru-trya- [n] òverpowering of the enemies' (RV); ji-tur- [adj] `winning a race'
(RV); tur- [adj] `winning'; [f] `battle (?)' (RV 01.112.04)
Page in EWAia: 662
See also: tari; turvti-
Avestan: OAv. tauruuaiim [1pl.subj.act.] ( Y 28.6) {3}; YAv. tauruuaiieiti [3sg.pres.act.];
tauruuaiiant- [ptc.act.] `to overcome'; tauruui- [m] PN of a Dauua
Middle Persian: (Man.) trw- [verb] `to overcome' (3sg. trwyd )
Parthian: trw- [verb] `to overcome'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. trw- `to overcome, be able'
IE form: trh2-u(e/o)-
IE meaning: to overcome
Certainty: +
Idioms: `conquering all, everything': Skt. visva-tur-, visva-trti- (RV) YAv. vspa.tauruuair- [f] PN
OIran. *Vispa-tar-va- [m] PN; òvercoming Vrtra': Skt. vrtra-tur- (RV) YAv. vrra-tauruuan-
Notes: {1} [AL] The secondary root tur/tr(v) is probably extracted from the -va-present trva-. In
Vedic, the two zero grades are largely semantically divided, tir-/tr- meaning `to cross', and tur-/tr-
meaning `to conquer', cf. Lubotsky 1997b: 139, fn. 2. The only exceptions are aptur- `crossing the
519
waters', aptrya- `crossing of the waters'. {2} [AL] Hajnal 1999: 95 assumes that Skt. tarus- goes back
to *tarur (cf. s.v. parvan-) and originally formed one paradigm with the precursor of Av. tauruuan- (<
*trH-uan-), attested in the compounds vrra-tauruuan-, t_ba.tauruuan-. {3} Probably for
*tauruum-.

Pages: 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120
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Sanskrit: tvastar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: N of a god, the creator of living beings
Link to RV concordance: tvastar-; tvastrmant-; tvstra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: turtar- [turtar-] {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tvastrmant- [adj] `connected with Tvastar, accompagnied by Tvastar'
(RV+); tvstra- [adj] `pertaining to Tvastar' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 685
Avestan: Av. qbrtar- [m] `sculptor, creator'; qbrs- [verb] `to form, create': YAv. qbrsaiti
[3sg.pres.act.], xupa.qbrsnte [3pl.med.], OAv. qbardm [2pl.aor.med.] ( Y 29.1); YAv.
upa.qbrsa- [m] `hole, split' ( V 8.10); qbrsa- [m] `piglet' (Rivyat)
IE form: tu(e)rk-
IE meaning: to cut
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the shaper fashioned': Skt. tvast ... tataksa (RV) OAv. brt tata ( Y 29.6)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. srx [m] `meat', Gr. (Aeol.) srkej [pl.] `meat', OIr. turc [m] `boar'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1994b.
Sanskrit: ubha-
Gramm. forms: [du.m.] ubh, ubhau (RV+); [du.f.] ubhe (RV+)
Meaning: `both'
Link to RV concordance: ubha-; ubhaya-; ubhayatas; ubhayatra; ubhay
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hubha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ubhaya- [adj] òn both sides, in both ways' (RV+); ubhayatas [adv] `from
both sides' (RV+); ubhayatra [adv] òn both sides, in both cases' (RV+); ubhay [adv] ìn both ways,
double' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 224
Avestan: OAv. uba- [adj] `both'; ub [du.f.] `both' ( Y 34.11); YAv. uua- [adj] `both' (< *uba-); uuaiia
[adv] ìn both ways, double' ( Y 10.101); uuaiia- [adj] òn both sides'
Old Persian: ub [du.m.] `both'
Khotanese: h-duva `both', hv-dast `with both hands'
Sogdian: (Buddh., Man.) wbyw `both' (< PIr. *ubaiam)
Ossetic: (D) xube?st? `handful' (< PIr. *ubai-zast)
520
Other Iranian cognates: Mun. avelyi, velyi `both', Sh. var `both', Sariq. ver, vert `both', Par. huddi
`both'
IE form: (h2u-)bhoh1
IE meaning: both
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mfw `both' (< PIE *h2nt-bhoh1); ToA mpi, mpuk, ToB antapi,
ntpi `both' (< PIE *h2nt-bhoh1); Go. bai `both' (< PIE *bhoh1); Lith. abu `both' (< PIE *Ho-bhoh1);
Lith. abeji [m], a~bejos [f] `both'; OCS oboj [adj] `both'; Go. bajo?s `mfteroi'
Sanskrit: ubj
Gramm. forms: Present VI: ubjah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV), ubjant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Abs: ny-ubjya (JB
1.353); ta-ptc.: sam-ubjita- (AV+)
Meaning: `to press down, keep under, subdue'
Link to RV concordance: ubj-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hub(z)j(h)- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: possibly, here urubja- [adj] òpened (?)' (RV 09.077.04), if < *ud-ubja-
under infuence of uru-
Page in EWAia: 223
See also: vabh
Avestan: YAv. ubjiiite [3sg.pass.(subj.)med.] `to oppress' (citation in the Pahlav translation of V
7.52)
IE form: h1ubh-sk-
IE meaning: to bind
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 1103 (with wrong analysis)
Notes: {1} [AL] For the phonological details of this reconstruction see Lubotsky 2001a.
Sanskrit: ucc
Meaning: `from above, upwards'
Link to RV concordance: ucc
Proto-Indo-Iranian: utsaH {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ucc-cakra- [adj] `having the wheel above' (RV); uccais [adv] `high,
above, from above' (RV+), `loud' (KS+); uccair-ghosa- [adj] `sounding aloud' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 211
See also: ud
Avestan: YAv. usca [adv] àbove'; uskt_ [adj] `high, high up'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. w `very high'
IE form: udskweh1
IE meaning: upwards
Certainty: +
521
Cognates in other languages: Lat. sque [adv] àll the way, right on, without interruption, continuously,
constantly' (?)
Sanskrit: ud
Part of speech: [prev]
Meaning: ùp, upwards, away, out of'
Link to RV concordance: ut; udojas-; udvat-; udan~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ud
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: with verbs: ud ay- [verb] `to rise (of stars)' (RV+); ud grabhi- [verb] `to
take away' (RV+), etc.; compounds: ud-ojas- [adj] èxceedingly powerful' (RV); ut-saktha- [adj]
`parting the thighs' (VS); ud-anta- [adj] `having the edge above, reaching to the edge' (TB+); ut-
sedha- [m] èlevated place, refuge' (TB, SB); otsryam (< *-utsrya-) [adv] ùntil the sun is in the
sky' (AV); ud-vat- [f] `striving upwards (?)' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 214
See also: ucc; uttama-; uttara-; uttna-; udan~c-
Avestan: Av. us , uz [prev] ùp, out' {1}; OAv. uz-iiii [inf] `to protect' ( Y 46.5); YAv. uz-daza-
[m] `heaping up of the earth'; uz-darza- [m] `pulling out, getting out'
Old Persian: ud-apatat [3sg.impf.med.] `to rise up, rebel'
Khotanese: uys- [prev] òut, up'
Sogdian: 'z- [prev] òut, up'
Middle Persian: 'wz-, 'z-, 's- [prev] òut, up'
Parthian: 'z-, 's- [prev] òut, up'
New Persian: az-, z-, zi- [prev] òut, up'
Ossetic: (?)s- [prev] òut, up'
IE form: ud-
IE meaning: up, out
Certainty: +
Idioms: `with raised arms': Skt. ud-bhu- [adj] (SB+) YAv. uz-bzu- [adj] ìd.'
Cognates in other languages: Go. ut [t] òut'; OE t òut'; OHG z òut'; MoHG aus òut'; OCS vy-
[pref] òut'
Notes: {1} Ir. us, uz has been generalized from the position before dentals.
Sanskrit: udan-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: The RV forms are: udn [instr.sg.], udnas [gen.abl.sg.], udan(i) [loc.sg.], ud
[nom.acc.pl.], udabhih [instr.pl.] (nom.sg. is supplied by vr-)
Meaning: `water'
Link to RV concordance: udan-; ud-; udaka-; udagrbha-; udany-; udanya-; udanyu-; udrin-; samudra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ud-r-/-n-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: udaka- [n] `water' (RV+); uda-grbha- [m] `holding, surrounding water'
(RV 09.097.15); udany [denom.] `to water' (RV); udanya- [adj] `consisting of water' (RV); udanyu-
[adj] `seeking water' (RV); udrin- [adj] àbounding in water' (RV); samudra- [m] `broad stream,
confluence of rivers; sea' (RV+)
522
Page in EWAia: 215
See also: udra-; utsa-; od
Avestan: {1}
Khotanese: tc `water' (< *uda-- ?)
IE form: uod-r/-n-
IE meaning: water
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. uatar [nom.acc.sg.], obl. uiten- `water'; Gr. dwr [n] `water';
Umb. utur [nom.sg.], une [abl.sg.] `water'; OS watar `water'; ON vatn `water'; OCS voda `water'
Notes: {1} [AL] It is highly uncertain that YAv. vaidi- [f] `watercourse, irrigation channel' belongs
here. It can easily be a derivative of the verbal root vad- `to lead'. Cf. further Sogd. w' /wd/ `bed',
Pash. wla `river bed', which were connected with the Avestan word by Henning (Sogdica, London
1940, p. 25).
Sanskrit: udan~c-
Gramm. forms: Obl. udac-; from AV on, also udc- (with -- taken over from nc-)
Meaning: `turned upwards, located above, northern'
Link to RV concordance: udan~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ud-Hak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: udcya- [adj] `living in the north' (AV+)
Page in EWAia: 211
See also: ud
Avestan: YAv. uziia [nom.sg.m.] `directed upwards' (with -ii- taken over from its antonym niia) (
Aog 57)
IE form: ud+h3ekw
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: udara-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `belly, womb'
Link to RV concordance: udara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: udara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: samnodarya- [adj] òriginating from the same womb' (AitB); sodarya-
[adj] `sibling, of the same kin' (AVP+); sodaryat- [f] `solidaity' (AVP); Pkt. soara- [m] `true
brother'; udala- [n] `belly, womb' (ApMS)
Page in EWAia: 216
Avestan: YAv. udar.rasa- [adj] `crawling on the belly (of snakes)'
Khotanese: ura-, ra- `stomach'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. ilr `stomach' (< PIr. *udaria-)
IE form: udero-
IE meaning: belly
Certainty: +
523
Cognates in other languages: Gr. deroj [m] `dropsy'; Gr. (Hes.) deroj gastr (`stomach'); OPr.
weders `stomach, belly'; Lith. vederas, vedaras [m] ìntestines, stomach, lower abdomen' (<
*uederos); Lat. uterus [m] `lower abdomen, belly, womb' (with unclear -t-)
Sanskrit: udra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: òtter'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: udra-
Page in EWAia: 218
See also: udan-
Avestan: YAv. udra- [m] òtter'
Ossetic: wyrd / urd? òtter'
IE form: ud-r-o-
IE meaning: otter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. droj [m] `watersnake'; Gr. dra [f] ìd.'; OHG ottar òtter'; Lith.
dras, dra òtter' (< *ud- with Winter's Law)
Sanskrit: ugra-
Gramm. forms: ojyas- [comp] `stronger' (RV+); ojistha- [sup] `strongest' (RV+)
Meaning: `powerful, strong, mighty'
Link to RV concordance: ugra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hugra-
Page in EWAia: 211
See also: ojas-; ojman-; ogana-
Avestan: OAv. ugra- [adj] `strong, powerful'; YAv. ura- [adj] `strong, powerful'; aojiiah- [comp]
`stronger'; Av. aojita- [sup] `very strong, the strongest'; cf. also YAv. aogar [n] `strength, power' (
Yt 13.12)
Sogdian: 'wgrk [m] PN
Ossetic: ?fsurg / ?fsorq `wonder-horse' (<*aspa-ugra-, cf. Scyth. Aspourgoj, name of the founder of
the dynasty of the Bospor kings, 'Asporgioi, name of a Sarmatian tribe)
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *ugrak- [f] PN
IE form: h2ug-ro-
IE meaning: mighty
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the mightiest of the mighty ones': Skt. ugrnm ... ojistha- (RV) YAv. uranam aojita-;
`with mighty arms': Skt. ugra-bhu- [adj] (RV, AV) YAv. ura.bzu- [adj], Scyth. Ougr-bazoj [m]
PN

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524
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Sanskrit: ukha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `boiler, vessel'
Link to RV concordance: ukhachid-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HukHa- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ukh- [f] `boiler, pan, saucepan which can be put on the fire' (RV+);
ukhya- [adj] `located in the cauldron' (AV, VS+); ukha-chid- [adj] `breaking the pots (?)', or rather
`with a broken hip' (RV 04.019.09)
Page in EWAia: 210
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 88
Cognates in other languages: Lat. aulla [f] `pan'; Lat. auxilla [f] `little pan' {1}
Notes: {1} The relationship with Gr. pnj [m] òven, kitchen', Myc. i-po-no /ipnoi/ `dutch ovens' is
hardly possible.
Sanskrit: uksan-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `young bull (which has no offspring yet)'
Link to RV concordance: uksan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hukan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uksanyant- [adj] `longing for young bulls' (RV 08.026.09); uksanyu-
[adj] `longing for young bulls' (RV 08.023.16); auksna- [adj] `stemming from a young bull' (SB);
uksanyyana- [m] PN (RV 08.025.22) {1}
Page in EWAia: 210
See also: vaks
Avestan: Av. uxan- [m] `bull, young bull'
IE form: h2uksen-
IE meaning: ox
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 1118 (wrong analysis)
Cognates in other languages: OHG ohso òx'; MIr. oss `deer'; MW ych òx'; ToB okso [m] òx'
Notes: {1} [AL] auksa- [m] (AV+) is the name of a fragrance (cf. Griffiths - Lubotsky 1999 : 481). In
spite of the common opinion, its etymological connection with the word for `bull' is very uncertain.
Sanskrit: uktha-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `(solemn) saying, sentence, eulogy'
Link to RV concordance: uktha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uktHa-
See also: vac
525
Avestan: Av. uxa- [n] `solemn saying, pronouncement'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to invoke with praises': Skt. ukthebhih ... hvaymahe (RV 01.047.10) OAv. zbaii ...
uxi ( Y 46.14); `to announce in/with eulogies': Skt. pra vocma ... ukthesu (RV 10.072.01)
OAv. ux ... frauuaocm ( Y 35.9)
Sanskrit: ulba-, ulva-

Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: ègg membrane, membrane surrounding the embryo'
Link to RV concordance: ulba-
Page in EWAia: 232
IE form: ul-uo-?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. volva, vulva [f] `womb, seed-covering of mushrooms' (connection
with ulba- uncertain)
Sanskrit: ulk-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `fiery phenomenon in the sky, meteor, firebrand'
Link to RV concordance: ulk-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ulk-aH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ulkus- [f] `meteor, firebrand' (SB+); ulkus-mant- [adj] àccompagnied
by fiery phenomena' (AV) {2}
Page in EWAia: 231
See also: varcas-
IE form: ulk-eh2-? {1}
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: Lat. Volcnus [m] N of the fire-god
Notes: {1} [AL] This *ulk- may be due to metathesis from PIE *leuk- `to shine', cf. roc and also
vardh. {2} [AL] Skt. ulmuka- [n] `firebrand' (KS+) can hardly be related as the word formation is not
IE.
Sanskrit: um-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `flax'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uma-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: um- [f] `N of Rudra's wife' (TA+) (? connection with um- uncertain)
Page in EWAia: 225
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. imog, mog `linseed', M. yimaa (< PIr. *um-k)
526
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: upa
Part of speech: [adv, prev, prep]
Meaning: `towards, together with, under, near to, onto, on'
Link to RV concordance: upa; upamanyu-; upvasu-; upakaksa-; upka-; upka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)upa
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upa sth- [verb] `to stand next to' (RV+); upa-pati- [m] `paramour'
(VS+); upa-manyu- [adj] `zealous' (RV); upvasu- [adj] `bringing near riches' (RV); upa-kaksa- [adj]
`reaching up to the armpit' (RV); upka- [adj] `brought near to each other, approximate' (RV); upke,
upkayos [adv] ìn the proximity' (RV+); upa-ksudra- [adj] `fairly small' (Br.)
Page in EWAia: 218
See also: upara-; upama-; upari; upasti-
Avestan: OAv. up [prep, prev] `towards, with, on, in'; up-gam- [verb] `to arrive at'; up-xraos-
[verb] `to call out'; YAv. upa [prep, prev] `towards, with, on, in'; uppa- [adj] `living in the water',
upa.pm [adv] òn the water'; upa.naxturuu [adj.loc.pl.] `bordering on the night' ( V 7.79;
upa.nuxturuu N 68 for naxtr-, cf. de Vaan 2003: 522f. for a discussion); upast- [f] `help,
assistance'
Old Persian: up [prep] ùnder, with, in the time of'; upast- [f] `help, assistance'
Khotanese: b [prep] àgainst'
New Persian: (a)b [prep] `with' (< PIr. *upka-)
IE form: (h1)upo
IE meaning: under
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. po, p [prep] ùnder, below'; Go. uf [prep] `p'; OIr. fo
[prep, prev] ùnder'
Sanskrit: upabda-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `clattering, din, stamping, noise of going'
Link to RV concordance: upabda-; upabdi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: -bd-a-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upabdi- [m] `clattering, noise' (RV+); dra-upabda- [adj] `sounding to a
distance' (RV 07.021.02)
Page in EWAia: 2.78
See also: pad-
Avestan: YAv. +upa-bde [adv] àt the foot of a mountain'; frabd.drjah- [n] `length of a forefoot'; bi-
bda- `twofold chains'
IE form: -pd-
IE meaning: foot
Certainty: +
527
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pibda(i) `the day after the feast'
Sanskrit: upama-
Meaning: ùpmost, highest, next from below'
Link to RV concordance: upama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)upmHa-
Page in EWAia: 220
See also: upa; upara-
Avestan: YAv. upma-, upama- [sup] ùpmost, highest, closest'
IE form: (h1)up-mHo-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tatoj [sup] ùpmost, highest'; OE ufemest [sup] `highest'
Sanskrit: upara-
Meaning: `below, under, nearer, posterior, later'
Link to RV concordance: upara-; uparatt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)upara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uparatt- [f] `superiority' (RV); upala- [m] `stone' (VS+); upal- [f]
ùpper millstone' (TS+)
Page in EWAia: 220
See also: upa; upama-
Avestan: YAv. upara- [comp] ùpper, higher'; uparatt- [f] `superiority' ( Skt. uparatt-)
IE form: (h1)up-ero-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. peroj [m] `pestle' (also peron [n]); pra [f] ùpper rope on a
sail'; OE ufera [comp] `higher'

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Sanskrit: upari
Meaning: àbove, over, upwards'
Link to RV concordance: upari; uparistt; uparibudhna-; uparimartya-; uparisprs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)upari
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uparistt [adv] àbove' (RV+); upari-budhna- [adj] `rising above the
ground' (RV); upari-martya- [adj] `rising over the people' (RV); upari-sprs- [adj] `reaching above,
528
elevated' (RV); upari-sayana- [n] èlevated resting-place' (AV); upari-bhmi [adv] àbove the ground'
(SB); upari-syena- [adj] `higher than the eagle's flight' (JB)
Page in EWAia: 221
See also: upa
Avestan: YAv. upairi [adv] àbove, over'; upairi-zm-a- [adj] `located above the earth'; upiri-sana-
[m] N of a mountain-range
Old Persian: upariy [adv] àbove', [prep] òver, upon, according to'
Middle Persian: abar [prep] òn'
New Persian: bar [prep] òn'
IE form: (h1)uper(i)
IE meaning: over, above
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. pr, per òver, above'; OHG ubir [prep] òver'
Sanskrit: upas-
First attestation: RV 05.043.07; 10.027.13
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: upasi [loc.sg.]
Meaning: `lap'
Link to RV concordance: upas-; upastha-; upasthasad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: upas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upastha- [m] `lap (of mother, earth, waters, etc.)' (RV+); upastha-daghna-
[adj] `reaching to the lap' (SB); upastha-sad- [adj] `sitting in the lap, sitting in the centre' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 221
Avestan: YAv. upas-puriia- [n] `pregnancy' ( V 5.45) (presumably based on *upas-pura- `having a
child in the lap')
IE form: -
Certainty: - {1}
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems conceivable that the word is derived from upa ònto, above'.
Sanskrit: upasti-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: upasti- (AV+)
Meaning: `subordinate, subject'
Link to RV concordance: upasti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)upastHti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: P. upatthka- [m] `servant', upa sth- [verb] `to stand by the side of'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 222
See also: upa; sth
IE form: upo-sth2-ti-
Certainty: +
529
Cognates in other languages: OIr. foss [m] `servant', MW gwas `servant, boy', MCo. guas `lad', B
gwaz `man' (< *upo-sth2o-, cf. Schrijver 1995: 121ff, 407)
Notes: {1} [AL] Cf. also Oss. b?st? `place' (< *upa-st-), Yzgh. bst, bst `store-room' (< *upa-
st-). ToB waste `refuge', nom.obl.sg., -wasta voc.sg., often as binome saim-{U+2053} `help and stay'
is borrowed from Iranian, cf. Bactrian XXX <abasto> /vast/. ToA waste ìd.' in turn is borrowed
from ToB.
Sanskrit: uran-
First attestation: RV, SB
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: [nom.sg.] ur (RV 10.095.03), [acc.sg.] uranam (RV 02.014.04 PN, SB 11.5.1.2),
urm (RV 08.034.03; secondary)
Meaning: `lamb', PN
Link to RV concordance: uran-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urH-an-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ur-mathi- [adj] `killing lambs' (RV 08.066.08, nonce); dvy-uran-- [f]
`with a litter of two lambs' (SB); uraka- `small lamb' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 225
Sogdian: wr'n `lamb' (< PIr. *varn-am)
New Persian: barra `lamb' (< PIr. *varn-aka-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wrn(y)k `lamb'
IE form: urh1-en-
IE meaning: lamb
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rn [m] `lamb'; Gr. (Kret.) arhn `lamb'; Gr. pol-rrhn-ej
`possessing many lambs' (< IE *-urh1-n-); Arm. garn `lamb'
Sanskrit: uras-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `breast'
Link to RV concordance: uras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HurHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: urasya- [adj] `pectoral, produced from one's self, belonging to one's self
(as a child)' (Pn.); aurasa- [m] `legitimate son' (Pn.+)
Page in EWAia: 226
See also: uru-; varas-
Avestan: YAv. varah- [n] `breast'; paiti.varah- [n] `neck'; pru.varah- [adj] `with a broad chest'
Middle Persian: var `breast'
New Persian: bar `breast'
..
IE form: h1urH-os-
IE meaning: breadth
Certainty: +
530
Sanskrit: uru-
Gramm. forms: urv- [f]; varyas- [comp] (RV+); varistha- [sup] (RV+)
Meaning: `wide, broad, extended, spacious'
Link to RV concordance: uru-; urviy; urucaksas-; uruvyan~c-; urusy-; urusy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HurHu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: urviy [adv] `far' (RV+); urvy- [f] `vastness, certainty' (SB); urucaksas-
[adj] `far-seeing' (RV+); uruvyan~c- [adj] ([f] urc-) èxtending far, far-reaching' (RV+); urka- [mn]
`rectum' (KS+); urusy [verb] `to protect, liberate' (RV+); urusy- [f] `salvation' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 227
See also: uras-; varas-
Avestan: Av. vouru in compounds OAv. vourucani- [adj] `looking far' ( Y 33.13; Skt. urucaksas-
), YAv. vouru.diqra- [adj] `whose eyes go far'; YAv. uruupa-, uruiipa- [adj] òf broad waters' (cf.
Lubotsky 1997b for a discussion of this compound)
Ossetic: urux [adj] `wide, spacious'
IE form: h1urH-u-
IE meaning: broad, wide
Certainty: +
Idioms: `broad earth': Skt. ksm ... urvm (RV) Gr. erei~a cqn; `far-reaching fame': Skt.
urugyam ... sravas (RV) Gr. kloj er; `broad seat': Skt. uru ... sadas (RV); urv sadman (RV)
Gr. eruedj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. erj [adj] `wide, broad'
Sanskrit: urvar-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: àrable land, field yielding crop'
Link to RV concordance: urvar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HrHuaraH- {1}
Page in EWAia: 228
Avestan: Av. uruuar- [f pl] `food plant, plant, ground covered with plants, flora'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'rwrh `medicinal plant, medicine'; (Man.) rwr' `medicinal plant, medicine'
Middle Persian: lwlk' /rrag/ `medicinal plant, medicine'
IE form: h2rh3-uer-
IE meaning: arable land
Certainty: +
Idioms: `waters and arable lands/plants': Skt. apas ... urvars (AV 10.10.8a) OAv. ap uruuarsc (
Y 44.4); YAv. apasc uruuarsc ( Y 51.7)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. roura [f] `farmland'; Gr. (Myc.) a-ro-u-ra [f] `farmland'; MIr. arbor
`grain'; OIr. arbe [gen.sg.] `grain'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reflexes of this sequence in Indo-Iranian see Lubotsky 1997b.
Sanskrit: usan-
531
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: [nom.sg.] usan, [acc.sg.] usan, usanm, [dat.sg.] usane, [loc.sg.] usane (RV+) {1}
Meaning: N of an ancient sage (usan kvya- )
Link to RV concordance: usan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ucan- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ausana- [adj] `coming from Usana' (Br.+)
Page in EWAia: 234
See also: usij-
Avestan: YAv. usan- [m] N of a kauui (kauui- usan-) {2}
IE form: IIR {3}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] As argued by Jamison 2007: 158ff., the name presumably was not inflected in the
oldest parts of the RV, usan standing for both nom. and acc.sg. In the later texts, we either find an a-
stem or an s-stem. {2} [AL] The name seems to have a unique inflection: nom.sg. usa ( Yt 5.45, Yt
14.39, AZ 2), acc.sg. usadanm ( Yt 19.71), gen.sg. usadan ( Yt 13.132). The explanation of usadan-
from *usanan- with dissimilation (Schulze) does not really help (why are there two ns ?). {3} [AL]
Most probably a non-IE name, derived from the same root as usij-.
Sanskrit: usar-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: usar [voc.sg.], usrah [gen.sg., acc.pl.], usri [loc.sg.], usrm [loc.pl.]
Meaning: `dawn'
Link to RV concordance: usar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: usar-budh- [adj] (usarbhut [nom.sg.]) àwaking with the morning light,
early awaked' (RV)
Page in EWAia: 236
See also: usra-; vas [2]
IE form: h2(e)us-r- {1}
IE meaning: dawn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ri [adv] èarly'; Gr. arion [adv] `tomorrow'; Lith. aura [f] `dawn,
morning light'
Notes: {1} [AL] The starting point for the r-stem seems to be a locative in *-er
Sanskrit: usas-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: uss [nom.sg.] (RV); ussam, usasam [acc.sg.] (RV, later usm [acc.sg.] in RV
01.181.09, 10.068.09), usasas [gen.sg., acc.pl.], older usas (also usas in RV 10.095.04), usasi
[loc.sg.] (RV+), ussau, usasau [nom.acc.du.] (RV+), ussah [nom.pl.] (RV; uss (AV+)),
usadbhis [instr.pl.] (RV+), usasm [gen.pl.] (RV+)
Meaning: `morning light, morning, dawn, evening light'
Link to RV concordance: usas-; us-
532
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uss [du.] `night and morning light, evening light and morning light'
(RV); usasya- [adj] `dedicated to the dawn' (VS, MS, Br., SrS.); ausasa- [adj] `relating to the dawn,
matutinal' (TB); ausas- [f] `daybreak' (SB)
Page in EWAia: 236
See also: usra-; vas [2]; usar-
Avestan: Av. uah- [f] (OAv. u [nom.sg.] ( Y 44.5); YAv. uhm [acc.sg.], uam [acc.sg.],
uahuua [loc.pl.]) `morning light, dawn'; YAv. uastara- [adj] èastern', upaoahuua- [adj] ìd.'
Sogdian: 'w `dawn', ''w''y kyr'n' Èast'
Middle Persian: 'wb'm /ubm/ `dawn'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. yi èarly morning' (< PIr. *auah-) XXX (api-ua(h)-); Bal. p `day
after tomorrow' (< PIr. *upa-auah-)
IE form: h2eus-os- [nom.sg. h2eus-s, acc.sg. h2eus-os-m, gen.sg. h2us-s-os]
IE meaning: dawn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Lesb.) awj `dawn' (< PGr. *auhs); Lat. aurra [f] `dawn'

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Sanskrit: usij-
Gramm. forms: [nom.sg.] usik, [acc.sg.] usijam, [abl.dat.pl.] usigbhyas
Meaning: èpithet of sacrificers and of Agni'
Link to RV concordance: usij-; ausija-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ucig-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ausija- [adj] `stemming from usij-' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 234
See also: usan-
Avestan: OAv. usij- [m] `sacrificer which is hostile towards the Zoroastrian religion' (nom.sg. usix Y
44.20)
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Neither the connection with vas-, nor with Hitt. ?uek-/?uk- `to conjure' seems
acceptable. Most likely, a borrowing from Central Asia ( Lubotsky 2001).
Sanskrit: usra-
Meaning: `reddish, red, matutinal'
Link to RV concordance: usra-; usriya-; usri-; usrika-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Husra-
533
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: usr- [f] `dawn, morning' (RV); usriya- [adj] `reddish, bright', [f]
`brightness, light' (RV+); usri- [adj] `matutinal', [f] `dawn' (RV 09.065.01; 09.067.09); from the
meaning `reddish' originate usra- [m] `cattle' (RV, VS); usr- [f] `cow' (RV+); usriya- [adj]
`taurinus', [m] `bull' (RV+); usriy- [f] `cow' (RV+); usrika- [m] `small ox' (RV 01.190.05)
Page in EWAia: 239
See also: usas-
IE form: h2us-ro-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ri [adv] èarly'; Gr. arion [adv] `tomorrow'; Lith. aura [f]
`dawn, morning light'
Sanskrit: ustra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `camel'
Link to RV concordance: ustra-; ustar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)utra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ustr- [f] `female camel' (S.+)
Page in EWAia: 237
Avestan: Av. utra- [m] `camel'; zarautra- [m] PN `Zarathustra' (< *zarat-Hutra- `having old
camels' ?); YAv. utr- [f] `female camel' (but possibly*utr- [f] in PN auuraotri-); utra- [m] PN
Old Persian: ua-bri- [adj] `camel-borne'
Sogdian: (Man.) xwtr- `camel'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} Theoretically, it can be an IE formation *(H)us-tRo- / *(H)uk-tRo-, but borrowing is more
probable. Middle and New Akkadian udru `camel with two humps' is an Iranian LW. {2} [AL]
Presumably, the same word is ustar- [m] à draught-animal, camel (?)' (RV 10.106.02, AVP, KS+,
also accented ustar- in TS 5.6.21.1,2). In some Vedic passages, the word appears as ustra- (cf. MS
2.6.3:64,16 sram dvdasyogam daksinostro vnadvn, AVP 20.25.9ab ime ye anasi yukt
ustr uta plvh), presumably a late adaptation of ustar-.
Sanskrit: utsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `spring, fountain'
Link to RV concordance: utsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: utsa- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: utsya- [adj] `coming from a well' (AV)
Page in EWAia: 213
See also: udan-
Avestan: YAv. +usa-d- [adj] `providing springs' (?, name of a mountain; very uncertain)
IE form: ud-s(-o)-
Certainty: +
534
Cognates in other languages: Gr. dei [dat.sg.n.] `water' (< *udes-i)
Notes: {1} Derived from the -s- stem of `water'
Sanskrit: uttama-
Meaning: `highest, most elevated' (RV+); `principal, best, last' (Br.+)
Link to RV concordance: uttama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ut-tamHa-
Page in EWAia: 213
See also: ud
Avestan: YAv. ustma- [sup] `principal, last'
IE form: ud-tmHo-
IE meaning: highest
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: uttara-
Meaning: ùpper, higher, northern, later'
Link to RV concordance: uttara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ut-tara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: uttart [adv] `from the North' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 213
See also: ud
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'str'myd [adv] `next day'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. ustrai `last'
IE form: ud-tero-
IE meaning: higher
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. steroj [comp] `rear, posterior'
Sanskrit: uttna-
Meaning: `stretched out, spread out'
Link to RV concordance: uttna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ud-taHna-
Page in EWAia: 213
See also: ud; tan [1]
Avestan: Av. ustna- [adj] `stretched out'
IE form: (ud-)tnh2-no- {1}
IE meaning: stretched
Certainty: +
535
Idioms: `with outstretched hands': Skt. uttna-hasta- [adj] (RV) Av. ustna-zasta- [adj], ustni ...
zasti ( Y 29.5); `with outstretched hands in reverence': Skt. uttnahasto namas (RV 06.016.46)
OAv. nmah ustnazast
Notes: {1} [AL] For the etymology see Beekes 1982-3: 206, fn. 1 and Beekes 1985.
Sanskrit: uve
Part of speech: [1sg.pres.med.]
Meaning: Ì see' (?) {1}
Link to RV concordance: u- [1]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Pkt. ua [2sg.impv.], uaha [2pl.impv.] `look!' (< *uva(tha) )
Page in EWAia: 233
See also: vis?
IE form: h2eu-
IE meaning: to see
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: 78
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. au-/u- [verb] `to see'
Notes: {1} [AL] The analysis of this form remains very uncertain. An interjection is a serious option.
Sanskrit: dhan-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: dhani [loc.sg.] (RV 05.034.03), possibly also dhar [loc.sg.] (RV 08.002.12,
10.061.09)
Meaning: `frost, cold'
Link to RV concordance: dhar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuHdh-r-
Page in EWAia: 240
Avestan: Av. aod-r- [n] `cold, frost' (OAv. aodr-c [gen.sg.] ( Y 51.12); YAv. aodra [instr.sg.] ( N
15)); cf. further YAv. aota- [adj] `cold'
IE form: h?2uh1-dhr- (?)
IE meaning: cold
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} oman-, oman- [n] `cold' (RV) is very uncertain, see s.v. oman-.
Sanskrit: dhar / dhan-

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: nom.acc.sg. dhar, gen.sg. dhnas, loc.sg. dhan(i), instr.pl. dhabhih (RV+); also early
secondary forms of stem dhas-: nom.acc.sg. dhah, loc.pl. dhassu (RV+)
Meaning: ùdder'
Link to RV concordance: dhar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuHdhar-
536
Page in EWAia: 240
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. d'rk ùdder' (?)
IE form: h1ouHdh-r- / h1euHdh-r- / h1uHdh-r-
IE meaning: udder
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. oqar [n] ùdder'; Lat. ber ùdder'; MHG ter ùdder'; Lith. droti
[verb] `to be with young'; Lith. pa-dre [f] `lower part of the body'; ON jugr ùdder' (< *HeuHdh-r-)
{1}
Notes: {1} [AL] For Fi. udar (gen. utaren) ùdder', Mordvin odar ìd.', Mari waar, woar ìd.', being
probably borrowed from PIIr., see Katz 2003: 198f.

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Sanskrit: na-
Meaning: `wanting, deficient, not sufficient, less, too small'
Link to RV concordance: nay-; anna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uHna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ekona- [adj] `too small by one' (AV+); ekona-vimsati- [num] `19'
(AV+); nay [verb] `to leave deficient' (RV 01.053.03+); an-na- [adj] `complete, full, whole' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 241
See also: v [2]
Avestan: YAv. na- [adj] `deficient'; uiiamna- [ptc.pres.med.] `being deficient'
IE form: uh2-no-
IE meaning: to wane
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. vnus [adj] èmpty, vain'; OHG wan [adj] `deficient'
Sanskrit: rdhva-
Meaning: ùpright, high'
Link to RV concordance: rdhva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hrdhua- {1}
Page in EWAia: 244
See also: vardh
Avestan: YAv. rdba-, rduua- [adj] `risen, upright, erect'
Khotanese: ul ùp' (< *rdua-)
Middle Persian: 'wl /ul/ ùp(wards)'
Ossetic: wyrdyg / urdug `vertical, standing up, steep' (< *rdu(a)ka-, cf. Cheung 2002: 127)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'rbk `vertical, straight'; Kurd. hil, hal ùp'
537
IE form: h3rdhuo-
IE meaning: high, upright
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 1167; 339
Idioms: `to stand up': Skt. rdhva- sth- (RV+) YAv. rdb hitnta Oss. wyrdygyst?g /
urdugist?g `cupbearer (lit. standing up)' Gr. Hom. sth~ d' rqj
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rqj [adj] `set upright'; Lat. arduus [adj] `high, steep'; OIc. [adj]
or?ugr `steep', OIr. ard [adj] `high'
Notes: {1} [AL] The anlaut development in Sanskrit is unclear, but the reconstruction can hardly be
doubted. Connection with vardh seems improbable to me (NB: there is no evidence for the initial
digamma in the Greek word).
Sanskrit: rj-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `food, refreshment, strength'
Link to RV concordance: rj-; rjasani; rjavya-; rjasvant-; rjn-; rjay-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uarj- / urj- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rj- [f] `food, refreshment, strength' (AV+); rja- [m] name of a month in
the autumn (KS+); rjasani [voc.sg.] `winning strength' (RV 06.004.04); rjavya- [adj] `full of
strength' or [n] `strength' (RV 05.041.20); rjasvant- [adj] `juicy, vigorous' (RV+); rjn- [f]
`personification of strength' (RV 01.119.02); rjay [denom] `to be strong, overflow' (RV+)
Page in EWAia: 242
Avestan: Av. varz- [f] `strength' (OAv. loc.sg. varz, YAv. acc.sg. varzm); varzaiiant- [adj]
`providing strength'; YAv. vrzuuant- [adj] `powerful, overflowing with strength', vrzi.caman-
[adj] `with strong eyes', vrzi.dira- [adj] ìd.'
IE form: uorg- / urg- {3}
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rgw [verb] `to overflow, swell'; Gr. rg [f] `passion, anger,
fierceness'; OIr. ferc [f] ànger'; Hitt. uarkant- [adj] `fat'
Notes: {1} [AL] There are a number of Middle Iranian forms, which are usually cited as cognate, but
it seems doubtful to me that they belong here. MP plwl-, (Man.) prwr- /parwar-/ [verb] `to foster,
nurture, educate', Parth. pr-wrz- [verb] `to be occupied with, tend, feed, nurse', prwrz `refreshment'
and Sogd. (Man.) prwyj- [pass.] `to be fed, raised', prwyj [caus.] `to feed, raise', (Buddh.) prw'rz
`care' reflect PIr. *pari-uarz-, which, in view of its meaning, rather belongs to the verb *uarz- `to
work'. Oss. warzyn / warzun [verb] `to love' (< *`to take care of, foster') may also belong to the same
root. Sogd. (Buddh.) wr'yw, (Chr.) wrzyw [adj] `haughty', which is sometimes equated with Skt.
rjavya-, is difficult to separate from Av. uruuz- [verb] `to be glad, proud'. {2} [AL] Since the
Avestan evidence is easier to account for without a laryngeal in the root, and since neither Greek nor
Hittite show any trace of it, I would prefer to reconstruct the the root without a laryngeal and ascribe
the initial r in Sanskrit to a secondary development, although the exact mechanism escapes me. Cf.,
however, a similar case of a secondary r in Skt. rdhva-. {3} [AL] The root may originally be the
same as that of "to work".
Sanskrit: rmi-
538
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wave, billow'
Link to RV concordance: rmi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urHmi-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rmin- [adj] `billowing' (RV+); rmya- [adj] ùndulating, billowing'
(KS+)
Page in EWAia: 245
Avestan: YAv. varmi- [f] `wave'
IE form: ulH-mi-
IE meaning: wave
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON vella [verb] `to undulate, to well up' (< IE *uelH- ); OHG walm
`welling up, seething'
Sanskrit: rn-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `wool'
Link to RV concordance: rn-; rnamradas-; rnvant-; aurnavbha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HurHnaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rna-mradas- [adj] `soft as wool' (RV+); rn-mradas- [adj] ìd.' (VS,
TS+); rn-mrdu- [adj] ìd.' (TB); rnyu- [adj] `woolly' (VS); rnvant- [adj] ìd.' (RV+); rn-
stra- [n] `thread of wool' (VS+); rn-vbhi- (MS), rna-vbhi- (KS, SB) [m] `spider' (cf. vabh), in
the RV already aurnavbha- [m] PN of a demon {1}
Page in EWAia: 243
Avestan: YAv. varn- [f] `wool'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. w'n- `wool'; Sh. wun `wool'
IE form: h2ulh1-neh2-
IE meaning: wool
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. lna [f] `wool'; Lith. vilna [f] `wool'; SCr. vu?na [f] `wool'; OHG
wolla [f] `wool'; Gr. lnoj [n] `wool, wool fibre'; Hitt. /hulana-/ `wool'
Notes: {1} [AL] The variant rn-vabhi-, given by the EWAia with reference to Debrunner, FS
Sommer 22, is not found in Visvabandhu. XXX
Sanskrit: ru-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `thigh'
Link to RV concordance: ru-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uHru-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: aurava- [m] nickname of Kutsa (`made of Indra's thigh') (Br.)
Page in EWAia: 241f
IE form: uh2-ru-
Certainty: ?
539
Cognates in other languages: Possibly, related to Lat. vrus [adj] `bent, bow-legged'
Sanskrit: sman-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `heat, vapour, smoke'
Link to RV concordance: smanya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuHman- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: smanya- [adj] `steaming' (RV 01.162.13)
Page in EWAia: 246
See also: v- [1]
IE form: h2uh1-s-men- ?
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gr. tmj [m] `steam, vapour, odour' (< etmj < *h2uh1-tmo- ?)
Sanskrit: vabh
Gramm. forms: Present VII: sam unap [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 02.013.09), Present IX: ny-aubhnt
[3sg.impf.act.] (RV 04.019.04), ubhns [2sg.inj.act.] (RV 01.063.04); Present VI<VII: apombhata
[2pl.impv.act.] (AVS 8.8.11+); ta-ptc.: ubdha- `fettered' (RV+)
Meaning: `to bind, fetter, curb'
Link to RV concordance: ubh-; aurnavbha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huabh- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rn-vabhi- [m] `spider' (TB; MS rn-vbhi-, KS+ rna-vbhi-, cf. also
RV aurnavbha- [m] PN of a demon); apombhana- [n] `fetter' (TS, KS+)
See also: ubj; rn-
Avestan: YAv. ubdana- [adj] `consisting of woven texture' (from *ubda- `woven'); here probably
also Av. vaf- [verb] `to sing, honour' (< `*to weave the songs'): ufiiati [3sg.pres.act.]; OAv. vafu- [n]
`formula, phrase'
Sogdian: w'f- [verb] `to weave'; w'b [verb] `to say, speak'
Middle Persian: wf- [verb] `to weave'
Parthian: wf- [verb] `to weave'
New Persian: bftan [verb] `to weave'
Ossetic: wafyn / wafun [verb] `to weave'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. w(')f- [verb] `to weave', pcw'by- [verb] `to answer' (+ *pati-); Sh.
wf- [verb] `to weave'; Yazg. waf- [verb] `to weave', Wa. yf- [verb] `to weave, braid'
IE form: h1uebh
IE meaning: to weave
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. f [f] `tissue, texture'; Gr. fanw [verb] `to weave, to
undertake'; Gr. (Myc.) /ewepsesomena/ < *h1uebh-se- ( Beekes 1969: 67); OHG weban [verb] `to
weave'; ToA wp- [verb] `to weave'; ToB wp- [verb] `to weave'
540
Notes: {1} [AL] The -f- in Iranian forms is not well explained, but has several parallels, cf. for
instance s.v. nabhya-.
Sanskrit: vac
Gramm. forms: Present III: vivakti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: avocat [3sg.act.] (RV+), vocat
[3sg.subj./inj.act.] (RV), voce [1sg.subj.med.] (RV); Aorist mediopass: avci [3sg.] (RV+); Perfect:
uvca [3sg.act.] (RV+), cuh [3pl.act.] (RV+), cise [2sg.med.] (RV+) {1}; Passive: ucyate [3sg.]
(RV+); Fut: vaksya (RV+); Intensive: avvact [3sg.impf.act.] (RV); Caus: vcay (Br.+); Desid:
vivaksant- [ptc.act.] (VS+) {2}; ta-ptc.: ukta- (RV+); Inf: vaktave (RV), pra-vce (RV)
Meaning: `to speak, tell, say, call'
Link to RV concordance: vac-; van~c-; nama:ukti-; ucatha-; ucathya-; vaktar-; vaktva-; vakman-;
vacana-; vka-; pravcana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uak- / ua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ( )ukti- [f] `pronouncement' (RV e.g. nama-ukti- [f] `pronouncement of
homage'); ucatha- [n] `verse, praise' (RV); ucathya- [adj] `praiseworthy' (RV); vaktar- [m] `speaker,
proclaimer of (+ gen.)' (RV+); vaktva- [gerundive] `to be spoken' (RV); vakman- [n] ùtterance,
speech' (RV); vacana- [adj] `speaking, eloquent' (RV); vka- [m] `recitation, formula' (RV+); krka-
vku- [m] `cock' (AV+); pra-vcana- [n] `proclamation' (RV)
See also: vacas-; vc-; uktha-
Avestan: Av. vak- / vac- [verb] `to speak, say': OAv. vaocat_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.], auuc [3sg.pass.aor.] (
Y 36.6), vc [3sg.pass.aor.inj.] ( Y 43.13), cam [3sg.pass.aor.impv.] ( Y 48.9), vaoxm [1pl.pf.act.],
YAv. vaoce [3sg.pf.med.], vaoku- [ptc.pf.], OAv. vaxii [1sg.fut.act.], YAv. frauuaxiieite
[3sg.fut.med.], OAv. fraoxta- [ppp], vaocah [inf.] ( Y 28.11); uxti- [f] `speech' ( Skt. ( )ukti-);
YAv. vaxra- [n] òrgan of speech'; vaxba- [adj] `to be said'; frauuka- [n] `speech, proclamation'
Khotanese: pymj- [verb] `to deny' (+ *pati-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) prw''c [verb] `to slander' (+ *pari-); wxs- [pass./inch.] `to be said, mentioned'
Middle Persian: 'w'c- [verb] `to call' (+ *-), 'p'c /wz/ `sound, voice, language'
Parthian: w'c [verb] `to say, talk'
New Persian: wzdan [verb] `to cry out, make a noise, vociferate'
Ossetic: wac / wac? `message, news; deity, divine, holy'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. ws- [verb] `to say, speak'; Bactr. pidooas- [verb] (< caus.) `to declare,
make a declaration or contract' (+ *pati-)
IE form: uekw
IE meaning: to speak, say
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to say with the tongue': Skt. uvaktha ... jihvay (AVS 1.10.3) OAv. vaoc hizuu ( Y 31.3)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. epei~n [verb] `to speak, say' (dissimilated from *ue-uk(w)-e/o-); OIr.
foccul `word' (< *uokw-tlo-); MHG gewahenen [verb] `to mention, tell' (< PGm. *uahw-na-); ON vttr
`witness'
Notes: {1} [AL] The RV perfect forms vavca [3sg.act.] and vavakse [2sg.med.] are nonce (cf.
Kmmel 2000: 441ff.). {2} [AL] Cf. already vivaksu- [adj] (AV); RV vivaksase is unclear, for a
discussion see Heenen 2006: 219.
541
Sanskrit: vacas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `word, speech, song, formula'
Link to RV concordance: vacas-; vacasa-; vacasy-; vacasy-; suvcas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vacasa- [adj] èloquent' (RV); vacasyate [3sg.pres.] `to speak eloquently'
(RV); vacasy- [f] èloquence' (RV); su-vcas- [adj] fair-speaking' (RV)
See also: vac
Avestan: Av. vacah- [n] `word, speech, formula'
IE form: uekw-es-
IE meaning: word, speech
Certainty: +
Idioms: `sweet speech': Skt. vacah svdoh svdyah (RV 01.114.06) Gr. duepj; `to pronounce
a speech': Skt. avocma ... vacah (RV 01.078.05) Gr. poj epen; `well-spoken word': Skt. skta-
vacas (RV) YAv. hxtm vac; `to pronounce a word': vacas ... asamst (RV 08.008.11) OAv.
vac snghmah ( Y 31.1)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. poj (Cypr. epoj) [n] `word, speech'

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Sanskrit: vadhar-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: Only acc. sg.
Meaning: `deadly weapon'
Link to RV concordance: vadhar-; avadhra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uedhH-r
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vadhra- [adj] ìndestructible' (RV 07.082.10) {1}
See also: vadh(i)
Avestan: Av. vadar- [n] `deadly weapon'
Khotanese: bdri à weapon'
IE form: h2uedhh1-r-
Certainty: +
Idioms: `destroy the deadly weapon (of the enemy)': Skt. jahi vadhah (RV) YAv. vadar jaii ( Y
9.30 and f.) Elam.-Iran. *vadar-jan- [m] PN {2}
Notes: {1} The meaning of vadharyant- in RV 01.161.09 is unclear. {2} [AL] Although this
collocation is often translated `to hit with a deadly weapon', this is syntactically impossible.
Sanskrit: vadh-
542
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `bride, young woman'
Link to RV concordance: vadh-; vadhmant-; vadhyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uadhuH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vadhmant- [adj] `together with young women' (RV); vadhyu- [adj]
`longing for a wife' (RV, AV)
See also: *vadh-
Avestan: YAv. vau viauua [nom.sg.f.] `widow'
Sogdian: ww- `wife'
Middle Persian: xwywdg'n, wydwtk'n /waydagn/ `nuptials, marriage' (< *uadu-uad- `home-taking
of the bride')
New Persian: bay `bride'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wyd `wife' (< PIr. *uad-); Pash. wal-war `wedding-present' (< PIr.
*uadu-bara-); Pash. xla- `woman who marries again her former husband' (< PIr. *xua-uad-)
IE form: uedh -uh2
IE meaning: bride, young woman
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OIr. fedid [verb] `to bring, lead'; MW dy-weddio `to marry'; ORuss.
vesti [verb] `ro lead', vesti enu `to marry a woman'; Lith. vedu, vesti [verb] `to lead, to bring, to
marry'
Sanskrit: vadh(i)
Gramm. forms: Aorist R (>IS): avadht [3sg.act.] (RV+), vadhyt [3sg.opt.act.] (TS+) {1},
vadhisths [2sg.inj.med.] (RV-Kh) {2}
Meaning: `to slay, kill'
Link to RV concordance: vadh(i)-; vadha-; vadhatra-; vadhan-; vadhasna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uedhH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vadha- [m] `killer, deadly weapon, murder' (RV+); vadhatra- [n] `deadly
weapon' (RV); vadhan- [f] ìd.' (RV); vadhasna- (only instr.pl.) `weapon' (RV)
See also: vadhar-
Avestan: OAv. vdiiit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] `to break through, hunt' ( Y 29.2); YAv. vada- [m]
`wedge' ( V 14.7), xvaa- [m] `deadly weapon' ( Yt 19.92)
New Persian: guvah, gavah `wedge'
Other Iranian cognates: Sariq. we `handle (of axe, etc.)', Wa. wa ìd.'
IE form: h2uedhh1-
IE meaning: to strike, push
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. qw [verb] `to push' (< *oqw < *h2uodhh1-eie-); Hitt. huett-a;
huttiie/a-zi [verb] `to draw, pull, pluck' {3}
543
Notes: {1} With secondary thematic optative forms since the AV (AVS 10.5.15-20 vadheyam, AVP
2.70.1 vadhet, 10.4.2 vadheyuh). {2} [AL] This root forms one suppletive paradigm with han. {3}
[AL] For the etymology see Kloekhorst 2008: 349f. An additional argument for the initial laryngeal is
the long scansion of the augment of avadhh in RV 1.80.11d vrtram marutvm avadhr and 8.12.26b
savas vajrinn avadhh.
Sanskrit: vadi
Gramm. forms: Present I: vadati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vade [1sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: avdisur
[3pl.act.] (RV+); Perfect: dima [1pl.act.] (RV 01.161.01), de [1sg.med.] (Br.+); Passive: udyate
[3sg.] (RV 05055.08+), vdyate (to the caus. stem) (KS, SB+); Fut: vadisya (AV+); Caus: vday
(Br.+); Intensive: vvadti [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: udita- `spoken', [n] `speech' (RV+)
Meaning: `to raise one's voice, speak, talk'; `to discuss, converse (med.)'
Link to RV concordance: vad(i)-; evvada-; vadman-; bhadravdin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuadH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ev-vada- [adj] `speaking the truth' (RV 05.044.10); vadana- [n] `talking,
sounding' (Br.+); vaditar-[m] `speaker' (TS+); vadman- [adj] `talking, talkative' (RV); vn-vda-
[m] `lute-player' (VS+); vditra- [n] `music, music instrument' (S.+); bhadra-vdin- [adj] ùttering
auspicious cries (said of a bird)' (RV)
See also: vandi
Avestan: OAv. vadmn [ptc.pres.med.] `conversing (?)' ( Y 53.5; very uncertain)
IE form: h2uedH ?
IE meaning: to talk, to speak
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. uatarnahh- [verb] `to order, instruct' (< *h2uo- ?); Hitt. uttar [n]
`word, speech, thing' {1}; Gr. ad [f] `voice, speech, sound'; Gr. adw [verb] `to speak, utter,
proclaim'
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection of the Hittite words is uncertain.
Sanskrit: vah
Gramm. forms: Present I: vahati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vahate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: vaksat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), avt [3sg.act.] (RV 10.015.12); Aorist SIS: vkst [3sg.inj.act.] (AV+); SI-
impv: vaksi (RV-YVm), later vaksva [med.] (VS+); Aorist R: volham [2du.impv.act.] (RV); uhta
[3sg.opt.med.] (RV); Perfect: uvha [3sg.act.] (RV+); hire [3pl.med.] (RV); Passive: uhyate [3sg.]
(RV+); Intensive: hyte (?) [3sg.subj.med.] (RV 01.120.11); vanvahy (SB+); Fut: vaksy (AV+); ta-
ptc.: dha- (RV+); Inf: volhum, volhave, vahadhyai (RV)
Meaning: `to carry, convey, drive'
Link to RV concordance: vah-; vahyams-; vahistha-; vahyesaya-; vvahi-; vha-; vahni-; vhana-5;
volhar-; vahatu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uajh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vah- [adj] `pulling, carrying' (RV+; for anadvah- [m] òx, draught
animal', cf. anas-); vahyas- [comp] (RV+); vahistha- [sup] (RV+); vaha- [m] `shoulder strap of the
544
yoke, shoulder of the yoked animal' (AV+; SBK vahas-); vahya- [n] `portable bed' (AV; RV vahye-
saya-); vvahi- [adj] `driving quickly' (RV 06.009.06); vha- [m] `draught animal' (RV+); vahni-
[adj] `pulling (a cart)', [m] `draught animal' (RV+); vhana- [adj] `guiding, procuring' (RV+);
volhar- [m] `draught horse' (RV+); vahatu- [m] `bridal procession, nuptial ceremony'; Hitt. (Kikkuli)
ua-a-an-na-a-ia (< PIA *ujhanasia) [gen.sg.] `race-course, stadium' (LW from Indo-Aryan)
Avestan: Av. vaz- [verb] `to pull, drive (a chariot)': YAv. vazaiti [3sg.pres.], vazata [3sg.inj.med.], uz-
uuaat~ [3sg.aor.inj.] ( Yt 13.100; doubted by Kellens 1984: 368), vaozirm [3pl.pf.opt.med.] ( Yt
19.69), vaziinte [3pl.pass.subj.] ( Yt 14.43; here also OAv. vaziiamna- [ptc.] `being married, led to
the wedding'), YAv. vazaiiii [inf.]; OAv. vadrng [acc.pl.m.] `conveyor' (remade into YAv.
vatar- [m] `draught animal'); frauuazah- [adj] `riding fast' ( Y 38.3); vaz.raa- [adj] `riding in the
chariot'
Old Persian: Elam.-OP raa-vada- [m] PN
Khotanese: bays- [verb] `to go quickly'
Sogdian: (Chr.) w'zt [pl.] `wings'; (Buddh.) zywz- [intr./pass.] `to be carried up, rise', (Chr.) zwz-
[verb] `to fly up' (+ *uz-)
Middle Persian: wc- /waz-/ [verb] `to move, blow (of wind)'
Parthian: wz- [verb] `to blow (of the wind); move, go, fly'
New Persian: bazdan [verb] `to blow (of wind)'
Ossetic: w?z / w?z? `weight, load'; awazyn / awazun [verb] `to dam a river'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wz- [verb] `to swim, fly'; Bactr. oaz- [verb] `to use, employ'
IE form: uegh-
IE meaning: to drive
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Pamph.). ectw [3sg.impv.] `to bring'; Gr. coj [m] `cart'; Lat.
ueh/ux [1sg.pres./1sg.pf.] `to ride, bring'; OHG wegan [verb] `to move'; OHG wagan `cart'; Lith.
veu [1sg.pres.act.] `to ride, procure'; OCS vezo [1sg.pres.act.] `to ride'; OCS voz [m] `cart'
Sanskrit: vajra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `mythical weapon of Indra'
Link to RV concordance: vajra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uajra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vajrin- [adj] `bearing vajra-' (an epithet of Indra) (RV+)
Avestan: YAv. vazra- [m] `main weapon of Mithra'
Middle Persian: warz, wazr `club, bludgeon'
New Persian: gurz `club, bludgeon'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. varz `stick' (LW from Iran.)
IE form: ueh2g {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: \X4 1117 - 1118 (with diff. analysis), see also 1110\x
Idioms:
545
`yellow vajra/vazra, made of metal': Skt. vajro harito ya yasah (RV 10.096.03), vajram yasam,
vajram ... harim (RV) YAv. vazrm ... zari aiiah ( Yt 10.96); `to make a vajra/vazra': Skt.
vajram ... tataksa (RV) YAv. hu-tta- (epithet of Mithra's vazra-); `to pour a vajra/vazra': Skt.
vajram ... asin~cata (AV) YAv. vazrm ... frahixtm ( Yt 10.96); `to keep the vajra/vazra in the
hand': Skt. vajra-hasta- [adj] `wielding a vajra' (RV+) YAv. vazrm zastaiia dramn `keeping the
vazra- in the hand' ( Yt 10.96)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (F)gnumi [verb] `to tear up'; Gr. Melagroj [m] PN (*- agroj
vajra-); Hitt. uak- [verb] `to bite' (?)
Notes: {1} [AL] For the loss of the laryngeal see Lubotsky 1981.
Sanskrit: vaks
Gramm. forms: Present VI: uksant- [ptc.act.] (RV 01.114.07) {1}, auksat [3sg.impf.] (RV
10.055.07), uksamna- [ptc.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS: aukss [2sg.act.] (RV 10.027.07); Perfect:
vavaksa [3sg.act.] (RV), vavakse [3sg.med.] (RV); Caus: vaksayam [1sg.inj.act.] 'to make strong'
(RV 10.049.08); uksayanta ? [3pl.subj.med.] (RV 06.017.04; for this form see Jamison 1983: 139);
ta-ptc.: uksita- `grown, grown up' (RV) {2}
Meaning: `to grow, become big'
Link to RV concordance: vaks-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huak-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: -uks- [adj] `growing' (RV); vaksatha- [m] ìncrease, growth' (RV);
vaksana- [adj] `making grow' (RV+); ?vaks- [f] `flames' (< `growing'?) (RV 05.019.05)
See also: uksan-
Avestan: Av. uxiieit [3sg.pres.act.] ` to grow'; OAv. vaxt [3sg.aor.inj.], vaxat_ [3sg.aor.subj.] `to let
grow'; YAv. vaxaiiat [3du.caus.] `to let grow'; vaxa- [m] `growth, increase'; frauuaxa- (<
*fraa-Huaxa-) [m] PN; vaxaa- [n] `growth'
Khotanese: huss- [verb] `to grow', hussn~- `to increase'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'gw'y- [verb] `to grow'; (Chr.) xw- `to grow, grow up, become full-grown',
xw'mntw [acc.sg.m.] `growth'
Middle Persian: waxdan [verb] `to grow'
Parthian: wx- (+ 'twr/'dwr `fire') `to be kindled, blaze', wxg ìncreasing [of n'm `name, fame']'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. oacado [3sg.pres.subj.] `to grow', oaco ìncrease, interest'; Khwar. wx-
`to grow', (caus.) wxy- `to cause to grow, nourish, rear'
IE form: h2uegs- {3}
IE meaning: to grow
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to increase the rule': Skt. ksatram uksatam (RV 01.157.02) OAv. xarm ... vaxat_ ( Y
31.6); `to increase oneself': Skt. tanvam uksamnh (RV 06.066.04) OAv. uxii ... tanm ( Y
33.10); `the growth (rise) of the sun': Skt. sryasya ... vaksatha- (RV 07.033.08) YAv. h vaxt_ (
Yt 5.91)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (F)xw (< *h2uegs-) [1sg.pres.act.] `to increase, to make progress, to
grow' (cf. Gr. axw with secondary initial a, taken from (F)xw); Go. wahsjan [verb] `to grow'
546
Notes: {1} [AL] Since the root accentuation of this zero-grade is anomalous, Insler (apud Jamison
1983: 139) suggested to read *uksyant- with correct accentuation, which would then be cognate to
Av. uxiieiti. {2} [AL] There is further a synchronically distinct root uks- `to (be)sprinkle': Present
VI: uksati [3sg.act.] (RV+), uksante [3pl.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS: aukss [2sg.act.] (YVp, SB);
Caus.: uksayati (S+); Passive: -auksyata [3sg.impf.] (SB+); Fut: proksisymi (S+); Abs: -uksya
(YVp, SB); Gerundive: proksya- (MS); ta-ptc.: uksita- `besprinkled' (AV+). According to Kiehnle
1979, the root uks- `to (be)sprinkle' has secondarily developed from vaks-; differently Got 1993:
124. {3} s-enlargement of IE root *h2eug- `to increase' (cf. Skt. ojas-).
Sanskrit: vala-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `cave, enclosure; name of a demon who has enclosed the cows and was defeated by Indra'
Link to RV concordance: vala-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuaRa-
See also: var
Avestan: YAv. vara- [m] `place with fences around, artificial cave'
IE form: IIR
IE meaning: enclosure
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: valg
Gramm. forms: Present I: valgati [3sg.act.] (AV+); Caus: abhi-valgay (S.)
Meaning: `to move up and down, boil up, spring'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaRg- {3}
Khotanese: {2}
IE form: uelg-
IE meaning: to move up and down
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE wealcan [verb] `to roll, move to and fro'
Notes: {1} [AL] On semantic grounds, it is difficult to connect valgu- [adj] `handsome, beautiful'
(RV+) with this verb (< `lively'?). {2} [AL] The appurtenance of Old Khotanese valj- [verb] `to go
astray, be decieved' (< *uarjaia- ?) is very uncertain. {3} [AL] The non-palatal -g- in this thematic
present is unique and in need of explanation. AiGr. I: 141 points out that -lc- and -lj- do not occur in
Sanskrit, which is not really surprising because the cluster -lg- is extremely rare. Jasanoff Heth. und
Idg. (ed. Neu / Meid) 85 (XXX) assumes an original athematic present with o- grade in the root,
which, considering the semantics (intensive), seems attractive, but the phonological problem remains.
Sanskrit: valh
547
Gramm. forms: Present I: upa-valhmasi [1pl.act.] (VS 23.51), upa-valhante [3pl.med.] (SB 12.4.2.8),
upa-valheta [3sg.opt.med.] (SB 11.4.1.9); ta-ptc.: pra-valhita- (GB+)
Meaning: `to puzzle (by riddles)'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ual(H)bh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upa-/pra-valha- [m] `discussion, controversy' (SB+); pravalhik- [f]
`riddle' (Br.+)
IE form: uelh1bhr- {1}
IE meaning: to pull smbd's leg
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. lefaromai (< *uelh1bhr-ie-) [verb] `to deceive, mislead'; Lith.
vilbinti [verb] `to allure deceivingly, to pull somebody's leg'
Notes: {1} [AL] Considering the form of the root, this must be an original compound.

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Sanskrit: valka-
Meaning: `bark, bast, rind'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaRka-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: valkala- [mn] `bark, garment made of bark' (Yajn~.+); vrkala- [mn] `bark,
garment made of bark' (BaudhDh.)
See also: valsa-
Avestan: YAv. varka- `leaf'
Khotanese: bggara- `leaf'
Sogdian: wrkr `leaf'
Middle Persian: warg `leaf'
Parthian: wrgr `leaf'
New Persian: barg `leaf'
IE form: uolko-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: SCr. vlakno `fibre, fine combed flax'; Russ. volokno `fibre, fine combed
flax'; Lith. vil~kti [verb] `to pull' {1}
Notes: {1} If the original meaning was `*to pull asunder the plant fibres'. The etymology is uncertain,
especially in view of the great variation of the forms in Indo-Aryan.
Sanskrit: valsa-
Part of speech: [m]
548
Meaning: `sprout, twig'
Link to RV concordance: valsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaRca-
See also: valka-
Avestan: YAv. varsa- [m] `hair (on the head)'
Sogdian: wrs `hair'
Middle Persian: wars `hair'
New Persian: gurs `hair'
IE form: uolko-
IE meaning: hair
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS vlas `hair'; Russ. volos `hair'
Notes: {1} With a different interpretation.
Sanskrit: vamra-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: vamr- [f]
Meaning: ànt'
Link to RV concordance: vamra-; vamraka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: marui- / uarmi- / uamra- (?)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: valmka- [m] ànt-hill' (YV+); vamraka- [m] `small ant' (RV 10.099.12)
Avestan: YAv. maoiri- [m] ànt'
Khotanese: mumjaka- ànt'
Middle Persian: mr ànt'
New Persian: mr ànt'
Ossetic: m?lyg/mulug ànt'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. meay ànt'
IE form: morui- {1}
IE meaning: ant
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hes.) brmax ànt' (= orm-); Gr. mrmux ànt'; OIr. moirb ànt';
RussCS mravj ànt'; Lat. formca ànt'
Notes: {1} [AL] The reconstruction is difficult because of various (taboo) transformations. PIr. points
to *marui-. Since the same order of consonants is also found in Slavic and Celtic, this may be the
original form.
Sanskrit: vamsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: ùpper beam of a house; bamboo cane' (from SB onwards, also `lineage race, family')
Link to RV concordance: vamsa-; avamsa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uanca-
549
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vamsa- [adj] `without beams' (RV)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. was `ceiling-beam'; Sh. ws `main roof-beam'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] The Indo-Iranian word has often been connected with MIr. feice, feic, for which DIL
gives the following meanings: "(a) a ridge-pole, roof-tree, also the top or roof of a house, (b) a top,
summit in general, (c) fig. highest point, acme". It is likely, however, that the original meaning was
`the opening or roof-window common in ancient Irish houses' (cf. DIL s.v.). The MIr. word is
therefore a derivative of the verb fegaid, fecaid `to look, observe, scan'.
Sanskrit: vami
Gramm. forms: Present II: avamt [3sg.impf.act.] (RV+), vaman [3pl.subj.] (RV 10.108.08); Perfect:
uvma, vavma [3sg.act.] (SB/SBK); ta-ptc.: abhi-vnta- `spit out' (MS+)
Meaning: `to vomit, spit out'
Link to RV concordance: vami-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uamH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: soma-vmin- [adj] `spitting out Soma' (MS+)
Avestan: YAv. aibi-vantm ah- [verb] `to be stained with vomit' ( V 7.12); auui ... xvanti
[3sg.pres.act.] `to vomit' ( V 5.1) ( Kellens 1984: 14, fn. 12)
Khotanese: bam- [verb] `to vomit'
Middle Persian: w'm- /wm-/ [verb] `to vomit'
Ossetic: w?myn/w?mun [verb] `to vomit'
IE form: uemh1
IE meaning: to vomit
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. mw [verb] `to vomit'; Lat. uomere [verb] `to vomit'; Lith. vemti
[verb] `to vomit'
Sanskrit: van
Gramm. forms: Present V: vanoti [3sg.act.] (RV+), vanute [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: vanva
[1du.subj.act.] (RV), vanate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV), vanem [1pl.opt.] (them.) (RV), vanemahi
[1pl.opt.med.] (them.) (RV); Aorist S: vamsi [1sg.inj.med.] (RV), vamsat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV),
vamsate [3sg.subj.med.] (RV), vamsmahi [1pl.opt.med.] (RV) {1}; vamsva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV);
Aorist IS: vanissta [3sg.opt.med.] (nonce) (RV); Perfect: vavanm [1pl.act.] (RV), vavanvms-
[ptc.act.] `winner' (RV) {3}; vavne [3sg.med.] (RV); Desid: vivsati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vivse
[1sg.med.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: a-vta- ùndefeated' (RV) {2}; Inf: pra-vantave (RV)
Meaning: `to win, defeat, procure'
Link to RV concordance: van(i)-; avta-; vanitar-; vantar-; vasuvani-; vanyams-; vanistha-
550
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vanitar- [adj] `winning' (RV) {2}; vantar- [m] `winner' (RV); vasu-vani-
[adj] `winning goods' (RV) {2}; vanyams- [comp] `winning more' (RV); vanistha- [sup] `winning
most' (RV) {4}
Avestan: Av. van- [verb] `to win, triumph': OAv.vanaint [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y 39.2), YAv. a-
uuanmna- [ptc.pres.med.], OAv. vas [3sg.aor.inj.act.] ( Y 49.4); vnghat~ [3sg.aor.subj.act.], YAv.
vaint~ [3sg.aor.opt.act.], OAv. vaonar [3pl.pf.act.] ( Y 39.2), YAv. vaoniit~ [3sg.pf.opt.act.] ( Yt
13.13), OAv. vuunghat [3sg.des.impv.act.] ( Y 53.5); OAv. vanan- [f] `victory'; YAv.
vanat~.pana- [adj] `winning the battles'; aibi-vaniiah- [adj] `conquering' ( Skt. vanyams-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) wnwnqy' [f] `victory', wnyqcyq `captive', (Man.) wnwnyy `victorious'
Middle Persian: w'n- /wn-/ [verb] `to conquer; attack'
Ossetic: (I.) w?ndyn [verb] `to dare, be bold, decide' (< *w?nd(?) wyn `to be triumphant')
IE form: uen
IE meaning: to get, win
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG gi-winnan [verb] `to win, get'
Notes: {1} [AL] RV 09.072.08 vasmahi with secondary loss of the nasal. {2} The set-forms are
analogical after the root sani. The same is probably valid for class V present, as opposed to Avestan
thematic one. {3} [AL] As demonstrated by Kmmel 2000: 447ff., perfect forms with long
reduplication belong to vani `to love'. {4} [AL] vanij- [m] `merchant' (RV+) can hardly be related to
van-.
Sanskrit: van-
Gramm. forms: only instr.sg. van, loc.pl. vamsu, gen.pl. vanm
Meaning: `tree, wood'
Link to RV concordance: van-; vanad-; vanaspati-; vana-; van-; vanarsad-; vanargu-; vananvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: van-ad- [adj] `wood-eating (?)' (RV); vanas-pati- [m] `tree' (RV); vana-
[n] `tree, wood, forest' (RV+); van- [f] `piece of wood (for kindling fire)' (RV); vanar-sad- [adj]
`living in the forest' (RV+); vanar-gu- [adj] `wandering in the forest' (RV+); possibly vanan-vant-
[adj] `pertaining to the wood (?)' (RV)
Avestan: YAv. van- [f] `tree'
Sogdian: wn- `tree'
Middle Persian: wan `tree'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wana `tree'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: van~c
551
Gramm. forms: Present: van~cati [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh., AV+); Perfect: vvakre [3pl.med.] (RV); Passive:
vacyate [3sg.med.] (RV) {1}
Meaning: `to move (waveringly), jump, stagger (of a horse)'
Link to RV concordance: van~c-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uank- / uan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vakra- [adj] `bent, crooked' (AV+); vakva-, vakvan- [adj] `rolling,
bubbling (of Soma)' (RV); vankri- [f] `rib' (RV+)
Avestan: OAv. vaiiet [3sg.pres.med.] `move, well out (?)' ( Y 44.11); possibly also YAv. va- [verb]
`to utter spontaneously, to bubble up' (med. vaahe [2sg.impv.], -uuaata [3sg.inj.])
Sogdian: (Buddh.) yw'nk `joint, conjunction' (< *ui-uanka-, Benveniste 1959: 14f.)
Middle Persian: <w'hl> /waxr/ [adj] `crooked'
Ossetic: (D) r?w?xsun [verb] `to shake, shiver; to have a seizure' (+ *fra-), (D) iw?xsun [verb] `to
sprain, wrench'; ong / iong `part of the body; member' (< *ui-uanka-, Benveniste 1959: 14f.)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wc- [verb] `to swing, shake'
IE form: uenk-
IE meaning: to curve
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OE wh [adj] `crooked, wrong, mistake' (< *uonk-o-)
Notes: {1} [AL] For a recent discussion of this form see Kulikov 2001 s.v.
Sanskrit: vandhur-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `chariot-seat, frame-work of a chariot'
Link to RV concordance: vandhur-; vandhura-; vandhuresth-; vandhuryu-; trivandhura-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uandhur(a)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vandhura- [n] `chariot-seat' (RV+); vandhure-sth- [adj] `standing on
the frame-work of the chariot' (RV); vandhuryu- [adj] `having a chariot-seat' (RV 04.044.01); tri-
vandhura- [adj] `with three chariot-seats' (RV+)
IE form: uendh-ur- (?)
IE meaning: wickerwork (?)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: OE windan [verb] `to wind'
Sanskrit: vandi
Gramm. forms: Present I: vandate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS: vandismahi [1pl.opt.med.] (RV);
Aorist mediopass: vandi [3sg.inj.] (RV 10.061.16); Perfect: vavanda [3sg.act.], vavandire [3pl.med.]
(RV+); ta-ptc.: vandita- `praised' (AV+), Inf: vandadhyai (RV)
Meaning: `to praise, honour'
Link to RV concordance: vandi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uand(H)
552
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vandya- [gerundive] `praiseworthy' (RV+); deva-vanda- [adj] `praising
the gods' (RV 10.015.10); vandana- [n] `praise', [m] PN (RV+); vandru- [adj] `praising' (RV+),
vanditar- [m] `praiser' (RV; SB vanditar-)
See also: vadi
Avestan: YAv. vandata [3sg.opt.med.] `to praise'; vandarmaini- [m] PN (= `praise-minded'?);
a.vandra- [adj] `highly praised'; du-uuandru- [adj] `slandering, blasphemic'
Khotanese: van- [verb] `to honour'
Middle Persian: (Man.) w(y)nd- [verb] `to cherish, praise'
Parthian: wynd- [verb] `to praise, implore'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wnd- [verb] `to invite'; Wa. prvndan, prwndan `lament for the
deceased'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] It is of course conceivable that *uand(H)- is a variant of IIr. root *uadH (cf. s.v. vadi)
with a nasal infix, but it remains uncertain. Note that the root does not show ablaut in Indo-Iranian.

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Sanskrit: vanisthu-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: vanistu-
Meaning: `part of the bowels (rectum, stomach ?)'
Link to RV concordance: vanisthu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuanitHu-
IE form: h2uenistHu-
IE meaning: stomach of a ruminant (?)
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gr. nustron [n] `rennet-stomach' {1}; MoIc. vinstur `rennet-stomach';
OHG wanast `stomach of a ruminant'; MoHG Wanst `stomach of a ruminant'
Notes: {1} [AL] The discrepancy in the vocalism can be resolved if we assume *h2uen- > Gr. *a en- >
*an- > n-. The second part of the Greek word may be influenced by stra, Ion. -rh [f.] `womb'.
Sanskrit: vani
Gramm. forms: Present I: vananti [3pl.act.] (RV), vanate [3sg.med.] (RV) {1}; Present SK: vn~chantu
[3pl.impv.act.] (RV+) {2}; Aorist A: vanah [2sg.inj.act.] (RV), vanti [3sg.subj.act.] (RV) {3};
Perfect: vvna [3sg.act.] (RV) {4}, Caus: (sam) vnay (AV); ta-ptc.: deva-vta- `desired by the
gods' (RV)
553
Meaning: `to love, desire'
Link to RV concordance: van(i)-; devavta-; vanan-; vma-; vanas-; girvanas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuanH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vanan- [f] `desire' (RV); vanit- [f] `beloved one, wife' (Ep.+); vma- (<
*HunH-mo-) [adj] `sweet, precious, noble, beautiful' (RV+), `left' (BAU+); vanas- [n] `desire (?)'
(RV 10.172.01); gir-vanas- [adj] `taking pleasure in hymns' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. vunu [adv] `lovingly' ( Y 28.8) {5}; YAv. vant- [f] `beloved one, wife' ( Skt.
vanit- ?); OAv. vaintiia- [adj] `full of love' ( Y 28.10)
IE form: h1/3uenh1- {6}
IE meaning: to desire, love, wish
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG wunsc(h) `wish'; OHG wunsken [verb] `to wish'; Lat. uenus [f]
`love, charm'; ToA wan~i, ToB wna `joy'; ToA wins-, ToB winsk- [verb] `to honour'; Hitt. uen-
/uuan- [verb] `to copulate'
Notes: {1} [AL] From PIE *HunH-sk- with a restored nasal. {2} [AL] The thematic medial forms are
indistinguishable from aorist subjunctive of van and sometimes various interpretations are possible.
{3} [AL] With the expected zero-grade of the root, viz. *(H)unH-a-. {4} [AL] Always with long
reduplication, cf. Kmmel 2000: 447ff. {5} [AL] Thus Insler 1975 = nom.sg.n. of the ptc. perf.
Slightly differently, Kmmel 2000: 661f., who assumes a reduplicated u-stem, influenced by the stem
of the perfect with long reduplication (*Hua-Huan-). {6} For the reconstruction see Kloekhorst 2008
(XXX).
Sanskrit: vap [1] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: vapati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vapate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: vpsur
[3pl.inj.act.] (ApDhS); Aorist SIS: avpst [3sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist mediopass: vpi [3sg.inj.] (Br.);
Perfect: pathuh [2du.act.] (RV+); pe [3sg.med.] (RV); Passive: upyate (RV+) [3sg.]; Caus: vpayati
[3sg.act.] (YVp); Fut: vapsy (Br.+); ta-ptc.: upta- `strewn out, thrown' (RV ny-upta- +); Abs: abhy-
upy (RV 02.015.09)
Meaning: `to strew (out), scatter'
Link to RV concordance: vap- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upya- [gerundive] `to be strewn' (SrS.); vpya- [gerundive] `to be strewn,
sown' (KausS); vapa- [m] `sower' (VS+); valmka-vap- [f] ànthill' (TS+) {2}
See also: vap [2]
Avestan: OAv. vuupat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] `to strew apart, plunder' ( Y 32.10, with secondary long
vowel in the root); YAv. vuup(a)- [m] `plundering, destroying'
IE form: h2uep(h1)-
IE meaning: to scatter
Certainty: +
554
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. huuapp- / hupp- [verb] `to hurl, throw (+ acc.); be hostile towards
(+ dat.-loc.)' < *h2uoph1- / h2uph1-; Hitt. hppa- [c.] `heap'; Hitt. huuappa- [adj] èvil, bad'; OIr. fel
[adj] `bad'; Go. ubils [adj] `bad'
Notes: {1} Most probably, the two roots vap- are etymologically identical. {2} [AL] Less certain is
the appurtenance of Ved. vap- [f] òmentum' (RV-Kh+; already in the RV vapvant- `containing
vap-' and vapodara-, an epithet of Indra); vapr- [f] `fireplace' (S.), vapra- [m] `rampart' (Ep.) and
the Iranian words for `snow': YAv. vafra- [m], Khot. bor-, MP wafr , NP barf .
Sanskrit: vap [2] {1}

Gramm. forms: Present I: vapanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), vapate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Caus: vpay (Br.+); ta-
ptc.: upta- `shaven' (S.), vyupta-kesa- `with shaven hair' (MS)
Meaning: `to shave'
Link to RV concordance: vap- [1]; vaptar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uap-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vaptar- [m] `shaver (of the beard)' (RV+); vapana- [n] `shaving' (AVP+)
See also: vap [1]
Khotanese: patvutta- [ppp] `shaven' (< *pativufta-, contamination of *vaf- and *ufta-)
IE form: h2uep(h1)-
IE meaning: to scatter
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. huuapp- / hupp- [verb] `to hurl, throw (+ acc.); be hostile towards
(+ dat.-loc.)' < *h2uoph1- / h2uph1-; Hitt. hppa- [c.] `heap'; Hitt. huuappa- [adj] èvil, bad'; OIr. fel
[adj] `bad'; Go. ubils [adj] `bad'
Notes: {1} Most probably, the two roots vap- are etymologically identical.
Sanskrit: var
Gramm. forms: Present V: vrnoti [3sg.act.] (RV), vrnve [1sg.med.] (RV); rnute [3sg.med.] (RV+)
{1}; Aorist R: var [2,3sg.act.] with long augment (RV+); varat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV); avrta [3sg.med]
(RV); Aorist S: varsathah [2du.subj.act.] (RV; nonce); Aorist IS: avrt [3sg.act.] (Br.); Aorist
mediopass: avri [3sg.] (RV); Perfect: vavra [3sg.act.] (RV+), vavre [3sg.med.] (RV+), avvart
[3sg.ppf.act.] (RV); Caus: vrayante [3pl.med.] (RV+); Abs: vrtv, vrtv (RV); ta-ptc.: vrta- (RV+,
also ap , ap , abh , par , pr , etc.); Inf: vartave (RV)
Meaning: `to cover; to stop, check'
Link to RV concordance: vr-; vartar-; varman-; hrdunvrt-; apvrti-; arnovrt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huar- (pres. Hurnauti / Hurnutai; aor. Ha-Huar-t / Ha-Hur-ta) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vartar- [m] `stopper' (RV); varman- [n] àrmour' (RV+); hrdun-vrt-
[adj] `covering with hail' (RV 05.054.03); apvrti- [f] òpening' (RV); arno-vrt- [adj] `stopping the
flood' (RV) {3}
See also: vala-; varna-; vrtra-; vavri-; vartra-
555
Avestan: Av. var- [verb] `to cover': YAv. vrnuuainti [3pl.pres.act.], OAv. vrnauuait
[3sg.pres.subj.med.] ( Y 31.17), ni-uuarn [1sg.aor.subj.] ( Y 53.4); YAv. aibi.vrnuuaiti
[3sg.pres.act.] (them.); hm.vrnnte [3pl.pres.subj.med.]; vraiieiti [3sg.caus.act.]; niuuiriieite
[3sg.pass.] ( V 9.26) {4}
Khotanese: gvr- (gvd-) [verb] `to be revealed' (+ *ui-)
Middle Persian: (Man.) `zw'r- [verb] `to apprehend, understand; show' (+ *uz-)
Parthian: `zw'r- [verb] `to uncover, show; to understand, grasp, apprehend' (+ *uz-)
Ossetic: bwar/baw?r `body' (+ *upa-)
Other Iranian cognates: Chor. bw'ry- [verb] `to uncover (one's head)' (+ *apa-); m|'w'ny- [verb] `to
cover; look after' (+ *-); b'wn- [verb] `to hide' (+ *upa-)
IE form: h2uer
IE meaning: to cover
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: oron mocln, pulw~na, qurwrn, Kprioi H.; Russ. za-vor `to block a
passage with bars'; OCS za-vreti [verb] `to shut'; Lith. su-verti [verb] `to shut'; Lat. operio [verb]
`to shut'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the initial laryngeal, the distribution of the present forms and the etymology of
the root see Lubotsky 2000. {2} [AL] For forms with the stem var- see s.v. vartar-. {3} [AL] It
seems very improbable to me that the family of varatr- [f] `(yoke-)strap' (RV), vrdhr- [f] `leather
band' (Br.+), vardhra- [m] `belt, girdle, leather band' (AV+) belongs to this root. {4} [AL]
Unfortunately, the meaning and interpretation of the OAv. forms vurite [3sg.subj.med.] ( Y 47.6),
vuraii [1sg.opt.med.] ( Y 31.3), vurimaid [1pl.opt.med.] ( Y 28.5) are uncertain (cf. for a
discussion Kellens 1984: 195f.), but their long reduplication seems to point to an initial laryngeal in
the root.
Sanskrit: varas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: èxtensiveness, extensive, wide space'
Link to RV concordance: varas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuarHas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: varivas- [n] `free space' (RV+), variman- [n] (also varman-), variman-
[m] èxpanse, width, space, room' (RV+)
See also: uru-
IE form: h1uerH-es
IE meaning: width, breadth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. eroj [n] `breadth, width' (secondary after erj)
Sanskrit: varha-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wild boar'
Link to RV concordance: varha-; varhu-; varhayu-
556
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uarjha-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: varh- [f] `female of a boar' (VdhS.); varhu- [m] `wild boar' (RV);
varhayu- [adj] `catching boars (of a dog)' (RV); vrha- [adj] `made of boar-hide' (TB+)
Avestan: YAv. varza- [m] `wild boar'
Middle Persian: warz `wild boar'
Parthian: wr'z PN (XXX)
New Persian: gurz `wild boar'
Ossetic: W?raz PN
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *varza- PN (Hinz)
IE form: IIR {1}
IE meaning: wild boar
Certainty: -
Idioms: `boar with a metal / sharp tusk': Skt. ayodamstrn ... varhn (RV 01.088.05) YAv.
tii.dastrahe ... varzahe ( Yt 10.70)
Notes: {1} [AL] Presumably, a loan-word of IIr. date, see Lubotsky 2001.
Sanskrit: varcas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `splendor, brilliance'
Link to RV concordance: varcas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaRas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: varcasa- [n] `splendor, brilliance' (AV+); brahma-varcasin- [adj]
`possessed of brahman-splendor' (AV+); varcasvant- [adj] `brilliant, splendid' (AV+); varcasvin- [adj]
`having splendor' (AV+)
See also: ulk-
Avestan: OAv. varcah- [n] èxcellence, splendor'; YAv. a.varcah- [adj] òf great splendor';
varcavhant-, varcahunt- /varcah-uant-/ [adj] `shining, splendid'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) tr-w'rc [adj] ùltra-miraculous'
Middle Persian: warz `miraculous power'
New Persian: warj `worth'
Certainty: ?
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: vardh ( )
Gramm. forms: Present I: vardhanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), vardhate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: vardhat
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV), vrdhant- [ptc.act.] (RV), vrdhna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Aorist A: avrdhat [3sg.act.]
(RV[+]); Aorist IS: vardhismahi [1pl.opt.act.] (VS+); Perfect: vavardha [3sg.act.] (RV+), vvrdhuh
[3pl.act.] (RV+); vvrdhvms- [ptc.act.] (RV+), vvrdhe [3sg.med.] (RV+); Caus: vardhaya `to
make grown, big' (RV+); Aorist RED: avvrdhat [3sg.act.] (RV+), avvrdhanta [3pl.med.] (RV+); ta-
ptc.: vrddha- (RV+); Inf: vrdhase (RV), vvrdhadhyai (RV)
Meaning: `to let grow, increase [act.]; to grow, become big [med.]' {1}
557
Link to RV concordance: vrdh-; vardha-; vardhana-; vardhitar-; vrddhi-; vrdh-; annvrdh-; hutvrdh-;
rtvrdh-; vrdhka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huardh-: pres. Huardhati (trans.), Huardhatai (intr.); caus./fact. Huardhaiati
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vardha- [m] ìncreasing' (RV); vardhana- [adj] `strengthening', [n]
`means of strengthening' (RV+); vardhitar- [m] `strengthener' (RV); vrddhi- [f] `growth, increase'
(RV+); vrdh- [f] `growth, prosperity, increase' (RV+); annvrdh- [adj] `prospering, growing by food'
(RV); hutvrdh- [adj] `growing by oblation' (RV); rtvrdh- [adj] ìncreasing Rta' or `strong through
Rta' (cf. Scarlata 1999: 514f.); vrdhka- [m] ìncreaser' (RV); vrdhvan- [adj] `growing' (KS+) {2}
See also: rodh [2]
Avestan: Av. vrd- [verb] `to enlarge (act.); to grow (med.)': OAv. vardait, YAv. varaiti (-ca)
[3sg.pres.act.], YAv. varta [3sg.pres.subj.med.], OAv. vardaiiat [3sg.caus.med.], Av.
vrzda- [ppp]; OAv. vrd- [f] ìncrease'
Middle Persian: w'l-, (Man.) w'r- /wl-/ [verb] `to grow, prosper'
New Persian: bldan [verb] `to grow, prosper'
Ossetic: aw?rdyn / aw?rdun [verb] `to spare, save (money)' (+ *-)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wr `successful, winning', warna `winning, gaining, success';
Udm.vord- `to grow; spare' (Iranian LW)
IE form: h1ueldh {3}
IE meaning: to grow, increase
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to increase the dominion': Skt. vardhayanti ... ksatram (RV 01.054.08) OAv. xaqrm ...
vardait ( Y 28.3); `to strengthen the judgment': Skt. vardhn nah samsam `he will strengthen our
judgment' (RV 05.041.09) OAv. vrzdi snghi `with strengthened judgments' ( Y 46.3); `to
increase in power': Skt. vvrdhna ojas (RV 03.045.05) OAv. aojah vardaiiat ( Y 50.3)
Notes: {1} [AL] This distribution is clear in the present, but pf. act. has both meanings, cf. Kmmel
2000: 469ff. {2} [AL] For the so-called vardh- [2] `to cut' see Kulikov XXX, who shows that this root
comes from vy-rdh-. {3} [AL] Schindler's idea (expressed in his teachings) that the IIr. root Huardh- is
related to the PIE root *h1ludh- seems attractive, although the metathesis of -lu- to -ul- is unparallelled.
The usual direction is the opposite, but it concerns -ur- to -ru-, cf. *ketur(C)- > *ketru- in Av. caqru
, Gall. petru (e.g. Petru-corii), Lat. quadru(r), MW pedry , Gr. tru-fleia `(helmet) with four floi';
*suekurh2- `mother-in-law' (cf. Skt. svasura- `father-in-law') > *suekruh2- (Skt. svasr-, OCS svekry,
OHG swigar) ( Lubotsky 1994b).
Sanskrit: varj
Gramm. forms: Present VII: vrnakti [3sg.act.] (RV+), vrnak [2,3sg.impf.act.] with long augment
(RV), vrn~je [1sg.med.] (RV+); Present I<VII: vrn~j-a- (Br.); Aorist R: avrjan [3pl.act.] (RV), vark
[2,3sg.inj.act.] (RV), avrkta [3sg.med.] (RV); Aorist S: vrksi [1sg.inj.med.] (RV); Perfect: vavrjuh
[3pl.act.] (RV); vvrje [3sg.med.] (RV); Passive: vrjyate [3sg.] (RV+); Intensive: varvrjat < *Huar-
Hurj- [ptc.act.] (RV); Desid: samvivrkseta [3sg.opt.med.] (SB); Caus: pari varjay (AV+); Abs:
vrktv (RV+); Inf: pra-vrje (RV), vrn~jase (RV), vrjadhyai (RV); ta-ptc.: -vrkta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to turn (around), lay around, avert'
Link to RV concordance: vrj-; vrktabarhis-; parivarga-; parvrj-; vrjina-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huarg- / Huarj-
558
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrkta-barhis- [adj] `who has layed the sacrificial straw around (the
sacrificial fire)' (RV); pari-varga- [m] àvoidance, going around' (RV); pra-vargya- [m] à ceremony
introductory to the Soma sacrifice' (KS+); par-vrj- [m] òutcast' (RV); anvrj- [m] `part of the body
near the ribs, flank (?)' (AVS 9.4.12 = AVP 16.25.2); vrjina- [adj] `crooked, crafty', [n] `deceipt'
(RV+); varga- [m] `department, groop, separate class' (S.+)
See also: vrasc
Avestan: YAv. +varxrs-ca +varint- èiner, der Herumlegungen herumlegt' ( H 2.13, Vyt 59), cf.
Skt. vrkta-barhis- ( Hoffmann 1976: 612, fn. 6)
Old Persian: hauma-varga- [m] name of a Scythian tribe (= `laying Haoma-plants around the fire'?)
IE form: h2uerg
IE meaning: to turn
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. ?urki- `wheel'; Lat. uergere [verb] `to bow'; OE wrencan [verb] `to
turn, wring'

Pages: 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130
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Forward: 1
Sanskrit: varna-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `paint, colour, tribe, sort, kind, sort of men, caste'
Link to RV concordance: varna-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huarna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: suvarna- [adj] `with a beautiful colour' (RV+), `golden' (Br.+)
See also: var
Avestan: YAv. varnah- [n] `colour' {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] The interpretation of OAv. (.)uuarn ( Y 30.2) as `two parties' is controversial.
Sanskrit: vars [1]

Gramm. forms: Present I: varsanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Present AYA: vrsya [2sg.impv.act.] `to let rain'
(RV 10.098.01, probably, nonce); Aorist IS: avarst [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: avrsat [3sg.act.]
(KS+, nonce); Perfect: vavarsvams- [ptc.act.] (MS, KS); Caus: varsay (RV+); ta-ptc.: vrsta-
(abhivrsta- RV+); Abs: vrstv (RV)
Meaning: `to rain'
Link to RV concordance: vrs-; vrsy- [1]; prvrs-; vrsti-; varsa-; varsya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huar-
559
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prvrs- [f] `rainy season' (RV+); vrsti- [f] `rain' (RV+); varsa- [n]
`rain' (RV+); varsya- [adj] `rainy', [m] `rain cloud' (RV+); vars- [f] `rainy season' (AV+);
varsuka- [adj] `rainy' (KS+); varstar- [m] `rain-giver' (TS MS vrastar-); vrsy [verb] `to rain'
(RV+)
See also: vrsan-; vrsabha-
Avestan: YAv. aibi.varta- [ppp] `rained upon'
Other Iranian cognates: Guran wt, wiani `rain'; NW-Iran. vaand `rain'
IE form: Huers- {1}
IE meaning: to rain
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rsh, rsh, rsh [f] `dew'; Gr. orw [verb] `to urinate' (< *orsw);
MIr. frass `rain-shower, torrent'
Notes: {1} [AL] The colour of the initial laryngeal is uncertain: *h1- seems more probable (Gr. rsh),
since rsh is only attested in the glosses (ersan thn drson. Krh~tej H.). Anatolian cognates (Hitt.
uara- `rain-shower'; Luv. uara- `drop') are not assured. Gr. orw may have lost its laryngeal
because of the so-called Saussure's effect (o-grade in the root) or be due to contraction.
Sanskrit: vars [2]

Gramm. forms: Present AYA: () vrsyate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist A: vrsasva [2sg.impv.med.]
(RV); Perfect: ud vvrsasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV), (ud)vvrsna- [ptc.med.] (RV) {1}
Meaning: `to pluck up courage, get up, behave like a man'
Link to RV concordance: vrs-; vrsy- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uars-
Page in EWAia: 2.522 (with a different analysis)
See also: varsman-
IE form: uers
IE meaning: `to lift oneself'
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. uar-tta(ri), uariie/a-zi [verb] `to lift (oneself), refresh' {3}
Notes: {1} [AL] For a recent discussion of the verb see Kmmel 2000: 474ff. {2} [AL] For a
discussion of possible derivatives, attested in the RV (svavrsti-, vrsad-an~ji-), see Scarlata 1999:
526f. {3} [AL] See Kloekhorst 2008: 969ff. for the semantics.
Sanskrit: varsman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `height, highest point, peak, top'
Link to RV concordance: varsman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uarman-
560
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: varsman- [m] `highest point, height' (RV+), varsiman- [m] `height,
length, breadth' (VS), varsyams- [comp] `higher' (RV+); varsistha- [sup] `highest, most
excellent' (RV+)
See also: vars [2]
IE form: uers-men-
IE meaning: highest point, top
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. virus `top, highest point, peak'; Latv. virsus `top, upper part,
point'; OCS vrx ùpper end, top, crown, point'
Sanskrit: vart
Gramm. forms: Present I: vartate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: avart [2,3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist
mediopass: varti [3sg.] (RV+); avrtran [3pl.] (RV), later replaced by avrtsata (RV+); to pf. stem sam-
avavarti [3sg.] (RV+), -avavrtran [3pl.] (RV); Aorist RED: vavrtat [3sg.act.] (them.) (RV); Perfect:
vvarta [3sg.act.] (RV), vvrtuh [3pl.act.] (RV) {1}; Intensive: () varvarti, varvarti [3sg.act.]
(RV+); varvar [3sg.impf.] (RV); anu varvur [3pl.impf.] (RV; analogical) (RV); Desid: vivrtsa-
(RV+); Caus: vartayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist RED: avvrtat [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: vrtta- `turned,
turning around' (RV+); Inf: -vrte, vartayadhyai (RV); Abs: -vrty (RV)
Meaning: `to turn (around), roll'
Link to RV concordance: vrt-; vrt-; trivrt-; trivartu-; nivartana-; vartani-; vartis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urt-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrt- [f] `turning, way, course (of the sun), direction, ceremony' (RV,
AV+); tri-vrt-, tri-vart(t)u- [adj] `triple' (RV+); ni-vartana- [adj] `causing to turn back home' (RV),
[n] `returning, retreating' (AV+); vartani- [f] `track, way, course, felloe of wheel, track of a wheel'
(RV+); vartis- [n] `circuit' (RV); varvrta- [adj] `rolling' (AV); -varta- [m] `turn, whirl' (SB+); Hitt.
(Kikkuli) an-da ua-ar-ta-an-zi [3sg.pres.act.] `to turn together (the tails)', ua-ar-ta-an-na- `turn, track' (
LW from Indo-Aryan)
See also: vartman-; vrkka-
Avestan: YAv. vart- [verb] `to turn' (only vartata [2pl.pres.?] ( F 426) and ham.vartaiinti [caus.]
( N 97)); vart.raa- [adj] `with a rolling car'; va- [m] `car' (< *uarta-)
Khotanese: (Old) bal- (bad-) [verb] `to move; writhe'; (Late) bth- [verb] `to writhe; twist'
Sogdian: wrtn `carriage'; (Buddh.) 'pw'rt, (Man.) pw'rt [verb] `to turn away' (+ *apa-);
(Buddh.)''w'rt, (Man.) ''wrt [verb] `to (re)turn' (+ *-)
Middle Persian: wlt- /ward-/ [verb] `to turn; twist; writhe [intr.], be tormented'
Parthian: wrt-, wrd- [verb] `to turn, twist, writhe'
New Persian: gardn `wheel; chariot'
Ossetic: w?rdyn / w?rdun [verb] `to felt'; nyw?rdyn / niw?rdun [verb] `to wrap up'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wrd- [verb] `to become'; m|'wrd- [verb] `to turn back, return' (+ *-)
IE form: uert
IE meaning: to turn
Certainty: +
561
Cognates in other languages: OHG werdan [verb] `to become'; OHG fra-wartan [verb] `to hurt'; ON
nor?an-ver?r [adj] `turned northward'; Lat. uert [verb] `to turn'; Lith. vir~sti [verb] `to turn (around),
fall over, become'; OCS vrteti `to turn (around)'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the distribution of the reduplication vowel in the perfect, for its meaning and an
analysis of the other reduplicated forms see Kmmel 2000: 463ff.
Sanskrit: vartik-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `quail' (Coturnix communis)
Link to RV concordance: vartik-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uarti(kaH)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vartak- [f] `quail' (acc. to Ktyyana, an eastern form)
Khotanese: badye `quail'
Middle Persian: wartak `quail'
New Persian: vartj, vardj `quail'
Ossetic: w?rcc/w?rcc? `quail'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. wol `quail', Yi. woro `quail'; Pash. nwaraz `quail'
IE form: uort-
IE meaning: quail
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rtux [m] `quail'; Gr. (Hes.) grtux (=rtux) [m] `quail'
Sanskrit: vartman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `track of a wheel, path' (RV+), èyelid' (AV+)
Link to RV concordance: vartman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uartman-
See also: vart
IE form: uert-men-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS vreme [n] `time'
Sanskrit: vartra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `dam, dike'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huartra- / Hurtra-
See also: var, vrtra-
Avestan: YAv. vrra- [n] `shield' ( Y 58.1), aii.vrra- [adj] `with a shield of metal' ( Yt 13.45),
cf. also vara- [m] `shield'
Khotanese: batha- `cuirass' (< PIr. *uarra-)
562
Ossetic: wart `shield' (< PIr. *uarra-)
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. vert `mail' (LW from Iranian)
IE form: h2uer-tro- (IIR)
IE meaning: `stopper'
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vartar-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `protector, defender'
Link to RV concordance: vartar-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaruHtar-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vartr- [f] `guardian goddess' (RV+); vartha- [n] `protection, shelter'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: 2.512 (with a different analysis)
IE form: uerH-u- {1}
IE meaning: protector
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rumai [verb] `keep off, protect, save'
Notes: {1} [AL] For an analysis and separation from var [2] see Lubotsky 2000.
Sanskrit: vari
Gramm. forms: Present IX (med.) {1}: vrnte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: avri /avuri/ [1sg.med.] (RV
04.055.05); vrta [3sg.inj.med.] (RV+) {2}; varas [2sg.conj.act.] (RV); vurta [3sg.opt.med.] (RV, with
restored v-), urna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Perfect: vavrse [2sg.med.] (RV), vavrmahe [1pl.med.] (RV);
ta-ptc.: vrta- (RV+) {3}
Meaning: `to choose for, opt for, wish, prefer'
Link to RV concordance: vr- / vr-; vara-; vara-; varenya-; vrya-; hotrvrya-; vra- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uarH- (pres. *ur-nH-tai; aor. *urH-ta)
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vara- [m] `wish, desire' (RV+); (, prati) varam [adv] àccording to one's
wish' (RV+); vara- [m] `suitor' (RV+); varenya-, vrya- [gerundive] `to be chosen, choice' (RV+);
hotr-vrya- [n] `choice of the Hotar' (RV); vra- [m] `treasure, goods' (RV)
Avestan: Av. var- [verb] `to choose': OAv. vrnt [3sg.pres.med.], vrnt /vrnat/
[3pl.pres.inj.med.] ( Y 30.6), varat, frauuart /vart/ [3sg.aor.inj.med.], varmaid [1pl.aor.inj.med.]
(< *urH-ta), YAv. frauuarn [1sg.aor.subj.med.], vrndiii [inf.]; Av. vairiia- [adj] `choice'; vra-
[n] `wish, desire'; varna- [m] `preference'
Old Persian: avrnvta /avrnavat/ [3sg.impf.med.] `to choose'
Sogdian: wrn- [verb] `to have faith, believe'
Middle Persian: wrw- [verb] `to believe'
Parthian: wrw- [verb] `to believe'
New Persian: giravdan [verb] `to believe, choose'
Ossetic: (I.) wyrnyn [verb] `to believe'
563
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|wrw- [verb] `to believe'; Bactr. (o)ao(o)aro, oaooaro `valid'
IE form: uelh1
IE meaning: to want, to wish
Certainty: +
Idioms: `choice share': Skt. varenyam bhgam (RV 10.035.07) OAv. vairm bgm Elam.-Iran.
*varya-bga- PN; `to make a (right) choice': Skt. pravara- [n] `choice of the priest' (KS+) OAv.
frauuai- `guardian spirit' (< * uar-ti-); `to choose for praising': Skt. prasastaye ... avrnta (RV
09.070.06 ) OAv. sastri vrn ( Y 46.3)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uol [verb] (3sg. uult, inf. uelle) `to want'; Go. wiljan [verb] `to
want'; Lith. velti [verb] (OLith. pa-velmi, pa-velt) `to wish, prefer'; OCS velit [3sg.pres.act.] `to
want, order'
Notes: {1} [AL] 2du.act. avrntam (RV 01.180.04) is nonce. {2} [AL] The sigmatic forms 3pl.
avrsata (AV+), 1sg. avrsi (Up.), etc. are secondary. {3} [AL] The anit forms of this root in Sanskrit
are of secondary origin. The metrics of the RV clearly shows that the root was still set in this text:
vavrse and vavrmahe must be scanned /vavrse/ and /vavrmahe/, respectively; avri must be
trisyllabic /avuri/; for 3sg. vrta and for the ta-ptc. vrta- we can read /(v)rta/, cf. Kmmel 2000: 459.

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Sanskrit: vas
Gramm. forms: Present II: vasti [3sg.act.] (RV+); usmasi [1pl.act.] (RV+; 02.031.06 irregularly
smasi); usant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); vasas [2sg.subj.act.] (RV); medial forms are rare: usnah [ptc.med.]
and nonce usamnah; {1} Perfect: vvasur [3pl.act.] (RV), vvase [3sg.med.] (RV) {3}
Meaning: `to wish, want, desire'
Link to RV concordance: vas-; vasa-; usenya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uac-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasa- [m] `wish, desire' (RV+); usenya- [gerundive] `to be wished for,
desirable' (RV 07.003.09) {2}
Avestan: Av. vas- [verb] `to want, wish': OAv. vasm [1sg.pres.act.], va [2sg.pres.act.], vat
[3sg.pres.act.], usmah [1pl.pres.act.], vasat_ [3sg.pres.subj.act.], YAv. usant- [pres.ptc.act.]; OAv.
ut, YAv. ut [adv] àccording to wish'; OAv. vas, YAv.vas [adv] àccording to wish'; Av. uti-
[f] `desire, wish, will'
Old Persian: van [adv] àccording to the will, by the grace'
Sogdian: wsn [prep] òn account of, for'
Middle Persian: pyws- [verb] `to hope for, desire' (+ *pati-)
Parthian: xws- [verb] `to wish'; wsn'd [prep] òn account of, concerning, for, about'
New Persian: paysdan [verb] `to expect, hope' (+ *pati-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wsn [prep] òn account of, for'
IE form: uek-
IE meaning: to wish
564
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. kn (dial. ekn) [adj] `voluntary'; Hitt. u-e-ik-zi /uktsi/
[3sg.pres.act.] `wishes, desires'
Notes: {1} [AL] Further nonce forms are Present III: vavaksi [2sg.] 08.045.06, vivasti [3sg.]
07.016.11, and Present I: avasat [3sg.impf.] 02.022.01.{2} [AL] usan [adv] èagerly' (RV) most
probably does not exist, cf. Jamison 2007: 156f. See s.v. usan-. {3} [AL] According to Kmmel
2000: 479f., these perfect forms rather belong to vs.
Sanskrit: vas
Part of speech: [2pl.pers.pron.] (acc., gen., dat. enclitic)
Meaning: `you (pl.)'
Link to RV concordance: tvam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *us [acc.], *uas [gen.dat.]
See also: yusma-; vm
Avestan: OAv. v, YAv. v (< *uas) [gen.dat.pl.]; OAv. v (< *us) [acc.pl.] (enclitic) `you (pl.)'
Khotanese: - [encl. 2pl.pers.pron.] `you (plural)' (< *vah)
IE form: uos {1}
IE meaning: you (pl.)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. us [2pl.pers.pron.] `you' ( GAv. v), uos-ter `yours (pl.)' ( Skt.
vas, GAv. v, LAv. v)
Notes: {1} Cf. *us-me in IIr. *uma- (Skt. yusma-).
Sanskrit: vas [1]

Gramm. forms: Present II: vaste [3sg.med.] (RV+); avasran [3pl.impf.med.] (RV 04.002.19); vasna-
[ptc.med.] (RV+); Aorist IS: avasista [3ag.med.] (RV), vasisv [2sg.impv.med.] (RV); Perfect:
vvase [3sg.med.] (RV 08.004.08), vvasna- [ptc.] (RV); Caus: vsay (RV+) 'to clothe', Fut: (to the
caus. stem) vsayisyase [2sg.med.] (RV)
Meaning: `to be clothed, wear'
Link to RV concordance: vas- [2]; vasana-; vsas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uas-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasana- [n] `garment, cloth' (RV+); vasti-varna- [m] `colour of the
garment, colour of the cloth' (TA; hardly a PIE formation, connected with Lat. vestis); vsas- [n]
`cloth, dress, garment' (RV+); vsin- [adj] `clothed in' (KS+); prathama-vsya- [gerundive] `to be
clothed first' (AV)
See also: vastra-; vasman-
Avestan: Av. vah- [verb] `to be clothed': OAv. vast, YAv. vaste [3sg.pres.med.]; YAv. vahna-
[ptc.med.],vahata [3sg.inj.med.(them.)] ( Yt 5.129); later also active thematic forms, (x)vahnti
[3pl.pres.act.] ( N 91, f.), vahatu [3sg.impv.] ( V 3.19); maii.vaha- [adj] `serving as clothing for
the people'; vahana- [n] `clothing' ( Skt. vasana-, but -ana- is productive in both branches)
565
Khotanese: vsta `dress'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) w'y- `to take off (clothes)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|nwy- [denom.] `to cloak, fit in' (+ *ni-); Sh. -wun `wearing ...'
IE form: ues
IE meaning: to wear, to be clothed
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to wear clothes': Skt. vastrni vas- (RV) YAv. vahanm, vastr vah-
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. u-e-es-ta [3sg.pres.med.] `to wear'; Hitt. ua-as-se-iz-zi [3sg.pres.]
`to clothe, put on'; Gr. emai [1sg.pf.med.], (Hdt.) p-estai [3sg.pf.med.] `to wear'; Go. and-wasjan
[verb] `to take off'
Sanskrit: vas [2]

Gramm. forms: Present SK: uchasi [2sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: vas [3sg.act.] (RV; secondary forms
are 3sg.act. avt (AV) and avt (MS)), vi vasas [2sg.subj.act.] (RV .008.03) {1}; Perfect: uvsa
[3sg.act.], sa [2pl.act.], sur [3pl.act.] (RV+); Fut: vatsya (MS, Br.); Caus: vsay `to let dawn'
(RV+); Inf: vastave (RV); ta-ptc.: usta- `brightened, lit up' (RV+)
Meaning: `to dawn, light up, brighten'
Link to RV concordance: vas- [1]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vy-us- [f] `lighting up' (RV+); vy-usti- [f] `lighting up, dawn' (RV+);
vastar- [m] ìlluminator, making (nights) dawn' (RV 03.049.04, a nonce formation); vastu- [f]
`brightening, dawning' (RV+)
See also: usas-; vivasvant-, cf. vasar-; vasanta-
Avestan: YAv. usait- [ptc.act.f.] ( Yt 14.20),v.usait- ( V 19.28), vii-usa [ptc.act.m.] ( H 2.25, H 2.7)
`to dawn, light up'
Khotanese: bys-/bysta- [verb] `to dawn' (+ *ui-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) wyws- [verb] `to dawn' (+ *ui-); (Buddh.) wy'ws, (Man.) wyws `morning'
IE form: h2ues-
IE meaning: to light up
Certainty: +
Idioms: `the lighting dawn': Skt. (vy)uchantm usasam (RV) YAv. usaitm uhm ( Yt 14.20)
Notes: {1} [AL] avasran [3pl.med.] (RV 04.002.19) seems rather to belong to vas [1] `to clothe', since
vas- `to shine' is never middle and never transitive (cf. Kmmel 1996: 97-99).
Sanskrit: vas [3]

Gramm. forms: Present I: vasati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: avtsh [2sg.act.] (AV+); Perfect: uvasa
[1sg.act.] (KSp); satuh [3du.act.] (RV+) {1}; aprosivams- [ptc.act.] (RV 08.060.19); Passive: (to
the caus. stem) udvsyamna- [ptc.] `being taken off the fire' (MSp+); Fut: vatsya (KS+); Caus: vsay
(RV+) 'to make dwell, to let wait'; ta-ptc.: usita- `having dwelt' (Br.+); Abs: usitv (TS+)
Meaning: `to dwell, live, spend the night'
566
Link to RV concordance: vas- [3]
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vas- `dwelling house' (RV); vasati- [f] `staying (overnight), dwelling,
abode, nest' (RV+); -vasatha- [m] `dwelling-place' (AV+); vasman- [n] `nest' (RV 02.031.01); vsa-
[m] `dwelling-place' (RV+); prostha- [m] `field bed' (AVP, Br.; the accent is uncertain, being only
attested in the TBr.)
Avestan: YAv. vahaiti [3sg.pres.act.], vahaite [3sg.pres.med.] `to dwell'
Old Persian: -vahana- [n] `place, village'
Sogdian: wy''k `place'
Middle Persian: gyw'k, (Man.) gy'g /giyg/ `place'
Parthian: wy'g `place'
New Persian: j(y) `place'
Ossetic: wat `room; bed; place' (< *uahaa-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wy'k [m] `house, residence'
IE form: h2ues
IE meaning: to live, to stay, to spend the night
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /hues-/ [verb] `to live, to survive'; ToB ws- [verb] `to stay, to
wait'; Gr. esa (nkta) [1sg.aor.act.] `to pass (the night)'; Go. wisan [verb] `to be, stay'; OIr. fo(a)id, -
foi [verb] `to spend the night'
Notes: {1} [AL] This form is erroneously listed under vas- `to shine' in Lubotsky 1997a.
Sanskrit: vasanta-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `spring'
Link to RV concordance: vasanta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uasanta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasant [adv] ìn the spring' (KS+)
See also: vas [2]; vasar-
IE form: ues-ent-o-
IE meaning: spring
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OW guiannuin ìn the spring' (< *uesnt-eino-)
Sanskrit: vasar-
Part of speech: [?]
Meaning: `morning (?)' {1}
Link to RV concordance: basri; vasarhan-; vsara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uas-r-
567
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasarh [nom.sg.] `slaying in the morning (?) (an epithet of Vyu)' (RV
01.122.03); basri [loc.sg.] ìn the morning' with irregular b- (?) (RV 01.120.12); vsara- [adj]
`matutinal, early' (RV), [m./n.] `day-time' (S.+)
See also: vas [2]; vasanta-
Avestan: YAv. vari [loc.sg.] ìn the spring'
Old Persian: ra-vhara- [m] N. of a spring month
Middle Persian: wahr `spring'
New Persian: bahr `spring'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. woray `spring' (< *uh(a)rt )
IE form: ues-r/-n- {2}
IE meaning: spring
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. ar [n] `spring' (< *ar); Arm. garun `spring'; Lat. ur `spring'; ON
vr `spring'; Lith. va~sara, vasara `summer'; OCS vesna `spring'
Notes: {1} [AL] The deviating meaning of the Skt. words is strange. We might look for the original
meaning `spring' in the compound vasarh `killing in the spring (?)' and possibly in RV 08.048.07
soma rjan pra na ymsi trr ahnva sryo vsarni Ò king Soma, prolong our life-time, as Srya
prolongs the days in the spring' (or ahni vsarni means `day-time'?). {2} [AL] In spite of the fact
that it is attractive to reconstruct *h2- in this word and to connect it with the root for `to shine' (vas
[2]), Gr. ar clearly points to an absence of the initial laryngeal.
Sanskrit: vasman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `garment, cloth'
Link to RV concordance: vasman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uasman-
See also: vas [1]
IE form: ues-men-
IE meaning: to wear, to be clothed
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. emata, Aeol. (F)mmata (gmmata mtia H.) [n.pl.] `clothes'
Sanskrit: vasna-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `price, value'
Link to RV concordance: vasna-; vasnayant-; vasnya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uasna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasnayant- [adj] `haggling' (RV 06.047.21); vasnya- [adj] `being on sale'
(RV 10.034.03)
Khotanese: bahoysana- `market'
568
Sogdian: (Man.) xw'qr `merchant'
Middle Persian: wahg `trade'
New Persian: bah `trade'
Ossetic: w?j/w?j? `sale'
IE form: ue/os-no-
IE meaning: price
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to offer a price': Skt. vasnam acarat (RV) MP wzr `market', NP bzr (< *vah-r-)
Cognates in other languages: Arm. gin `price' (< *uesno-); Gr. noj [n] `price' (< *uosno-); Lat.
unum dare `to sell' (< *uesno-); Hitt. ua-a-i [3sg.pres.act.] `to buy'
Sanskrit: vasti-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `bladder'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uasti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vasti-bila- [n] òpening of the bladder' (AV); vsteya- [adj] `situated in
the bladder' (AV+)
IE form: unsi-
IE meaning: bladder
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Lat. v(n)sica [f] `bladder'
Notes: {1} The Latin and Skt. words can be related if we assume that PIE *unsi- has acquired a
secondary suffix -ti- in Sanksrit.

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Sanskrit: vastra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: àttire, garment, robe, cloth'
Link to RV concordance: vastra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uastra-
See also: vas [1]
Avestan: YAv. vastra- [n] `garment, cloth'
Khotanese: vsta `dress' (< *uastu- or *uast(r)a- (?))
IE form: ues-tro-
IE meaning: garment
Certainty: +
569
Idioms: `to make clothes': Skt. vastr kar, vastr ... sukrt (RV 05.029.15) YAv. vastrsca k (
Yt 17.14); `to wear clothes': Skt. vastr ... vasna- (RV 09.097.02) YAv. vastr vahaiti ( Yt
10.126)
Sanskrit: vasu-
Gramm. forms: vasv- [adj f] (RV+); vasyas- [comp] (RV+), vasyas- [comp] (TS+); vasistha- [sup]
(RV+)
Meaning: `good, excellent, appellation of gods', [n] `goods, property, wealth, riches'
Link to RV concordance: vasu-; purvasu-; visvvasu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huasu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: purvasu- [adj] àbounding in goods' (RV+); visvvasu- [m] N. of a
Gandharva (`possessing all goods') (RV+)
Avestan: Av. vohu-, vahauu [adj] `good, excellent': vavh- [f] < *uasu- (vahuui [gen.sg.] <
*uasuis), OAv. vaxiiah-, vahiiah-, YAv. vahah-, vahah- [comp], Av. vahita- [sup]; YAv.
auuahu- [m] PN
Old Persian: vau , vau- (in PN) `good, goods'; vahyaz (in PN) `better'
Middle Persian: weh [comp] `better'
New Persian: bih [comp] `better'
IE form: h1uesu-
IE meaning: good
Certainty: +
Idioms: `(possessing/encompassing) all goods': Skt. visvvasu- [adj] (RV+), vasu visvam (RV+)
OAv. vsp.vohu- [adj], vspc voh; `provider of goods': Skt. dtar- ... vasu- (RV+) YAv. dtrm
vohunam Gr. dwtrej wn; `having goods as fame': Skt. vasu-sravas- (RV+) OAv. vahu
srauuah Elam.-Iran. *vau-avah- [m] PN Illyr. Ves-cleves- [m] PN; `possessing the light of
goods': Skt. vasu-rocis- [m] PN (RV+) YAv. vohu-raocah- [m] PN Elam.-Iran. *vahu-rauah-
[m] PN NP behrz [m] PN; `most excellent, the best': Skt. srestham .... vasistham (AV) OAv.
vahitm ... sratm
Cognates in other languages: Gr. wn [gen.pl.] `goods'; Luv., Palaic uasu- [adj] `good'; OIr. *feb
(dat.sg. feib, fib) èxcellence'
Sanskrit: vat
Gramm. forms: Present I: api ... vatema [1pl.opt.act.] (RV); Caus: apivtayant- [ptc.act.] (RV), Aorist
RED: apy-avvatan [3pl.act.] (RV 10.013.05)
Meaning: `to get acquainted with'
Link to RV concordance: vat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uat-
Avestan: Av. vat- [verb] `to be aquainted with, (caus.) to inform': YAv. apiuuatahe [2sg.pres.med.] (
Y 9.25), apiuuatite [3sg.pres.subj.med.], api xvaott_ [3sg.aor.subj.] ( Yt 9.26), OAv. fra(c)
vtiimah [1pl.caus.] ( Y 35.7), fra(c) vtiit [3sg.caus.impv.] ( Y 35.6)
570
Khotanese: hot- [verb] `to be able' (+ *fra-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) 'wt- [verb] `to hope for'; 'nwth, (Chr.) 'wt `hope, faith' (+ *ham-)
Parthian: frwd- [verb] `to be informed; to know, understand' (+ *fra-); wywd- [verb] `to distinguish,
separate' (+ *ui-); hmwd- [verb] `to believe' (+ *ham-)
IE form: uet
IE meaning: to get notice, get acquained with
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 346 (with diff. analysis)
Cognates in other languages: OIr. fethid [verb] `to notice, expect'
Sanskrit: vatsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `calf'
Link to RV concordance: vatsa-; vatsin-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uatsa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vatsin- [adj] `having calfs' (RV); vatsala- [adj] `longing for her calf,
affectionate' (Pn.+)
See also: vatsara-
Khotanese: basaka- `calf'
Middle Persian: wahg `kid'
Ossetic: (D) w?s `calf'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. gas `calf' (< PIr. *vasaka-)
IE form: uet-s-o- {1}
IE meaning: yearling
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Fi. vasa `calf' (LW from IIr.)
Notes: {1} A derivative of PIE *uet-es- `year', cf. vatsara-. Similar formations are Alb. vi `calf', Go.
wi?rus `lamb'; Gr. talon [n] `young animal'.
Sanskrit: vatsara-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `year'
Link to RV concordance: vatsara-; parivatsara-; samvatsara-; parivatsarna-, samvatsarna-;
samvatsam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uatsara-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pari-vatsara- [m] `full year' (RV+); sam-vatsara- [m] `year' (RV); pari-
vatsarna-, sam-vatsarna- [adj] `yearly' (RV+); samvatsam [adv] à year long' (RV), tri-vatsa-
[adj] `three years old' (VS+)
See also: vatsa-
IE form: uet-es-
IE meaning: year
Certainty: +
571
Cognates in other languages: Gr. toj (dial. etoj) [n] `year'; Myc. we-to, we-te-i (/uetos, ueteh-i/) [n]
ìd.'
Sanskrit: vavri-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `covering, vesture' {2}
Link to RV concordance: vavri-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hua(H)uri- {1}
See also: var
Avestan: YAv. ham.vaoiri- [adj] `with cream'
IE form: h2ue-h2ur-i-
IE meaning: covering
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] The loss of the internal laryngeal is regular in this position in Indo-Iranian, cf.
Lubotsky 1995. {2} [AL] The meaning `lurking place', given by Mayrhofer (after the earlier
dictionaries), is dispensable, see Geldner's translations. {3} [AL] It is unclear whether vavra- [m]
`hole, pit' (RV) or the hapax of uncertain meaning vavraymahe (RV 08.040.02) belong here. Cf. also
rva- [m] `container, prison'; bila- [n] `hole, pit; bowl' (RV+) of similar semantics.
Sanskrit: vay-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: RV forms: veh/vih [nom.sg.], vim [acc.sg.], veh [gen.sg.], vayah [nom.pl.]; vibhih
[instr.pl.], vibhyah [dat.pl.], vnm [gen.pl.]
Meaning: `bird'
Link to RV concordance: vi-, vayas- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vayah [nom.sg.] `bird' (RV 01.141.08)
Avestan: YAv. vaii- [m] `bird' (v [nom.sg.], vaii [nom.pl.], vaiiam [gen.pl.])
Middle Persian: w'd /way/ `bird'
IE form: h2(e)ui-
IE meaning: bird
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 86
Idioms: `the birds fly': Skt. pra ... vayah ... paptan (RV) YAv. fr vaii patan; `carried by birds (?)':
Skt. vi-bhrta- [adj] (RV) YAv. vaii.brta- [adj]
Cognates in other languages: Arm. haw `bird'; Lat. auis `bird'; Gr. aetoj [m] èagle'
Sanskrit: vayam
Part of speech: [1pl. pers. pron.] (nom.pl.)
572
Gramm. forms: obl. asma-, encl. nas
Meaning: `we'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uai-am
See also: asma-; nas; nau
Avestan: Av. vam [1pl.pers.pron.] (nom.pl.)
Old Persian: vayam [1pl.pers.pron.] (nom.pl.)
IE form: uei
IE meaning: we
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. weis [1pl.pers.pron.] `we' (< *uei-es); Hitt. u [1pl.pers.pron.]
`we'; ToA was [1pl.pers.pron.] `we'; ToB wes [1pl.pers.pron.] `we'
Sanskrit: vayas-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `power, vigour, force, food'
Link to RV concordance: vayas- [2]; vayasvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaiH-as-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ud-vayas- [adj] `with superior vigour' (VS+); uttama-vayasa- [n] `last
period of life' (SB); prva-vayasin- [adj] `being in the first period of life' (TBr.); vayas-vant- [adj]
`strong, vigorous' (RV+)
See also: vayi {1}; vra-
IE form: ueiH-es-
IE meaning: power
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. urs [pl] `powers' (< *uiH-s-)
Notes: {1} Relation to vayi is uncertain.
Sanskrit: vayi
Gramm. forms: Present II: veti [3sg.act.] (RV+), viyanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), veh [2sg.inj.act.] (RV),
vayati [3sg.subj.act.] (RV), vhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV; next to irregular vihi and 2pl. vit); Aorist S:
vesat [3sg.subj.] (RV); SI-impv: vesi (RV); Perfect: vivya [3pl.act.] (RV); vivye [3sg.med.] (RV);
Intensive: veveti [3sg.act.] (RV), vevyate [3sg.med.] (RV); ta-ptc.: vta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to pursue, seek, strive after, fall upon, take hold of'
Link to RV concordance: v-; v-; devav-; padav-; vti-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaiH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: v- [adj] `turning to' (RV 01.180.06); deva-v- [adj] `turned to the gods'
(RV); pada-v- [adj] `following the track', [m] `leader, forerunner' (RV+); vti- [f] ènjoyment, feast'
(RV)
573
See also: ven
Avestan: YAv. v- [verb] `to hunt, chase': xva(i)ti [3sg.pres.act.] ( F 691), viieinti [3pl.pres.act.] ( Y
57.29) {1}, viina- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Yt 13.35); vtar- [m] `pursuer'; viba- [adj] `to be chased' ( F
421)
Old Persian: Elam.-OP *manah-u- [m] PN
Khotanese: bihysa- `hunter'
Sogdian: (Man.) w'ywq `hunter'
Parthian: w'ywg `hunter'
Ossetic: wajyn / wajun [verb] `to hurry, walk, jump'
IE form: ueih1-
IE meaning: to go after, to pursue
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. emai [verb] `to strive after, try, wish, hurry' (< *emai); Lith. vyti
[verb] `to drive, pursue, go after'
Notes: {1} [AL] For v(a)iiemi ( Yt 15.43) and apa ...v(a)iieiiti ( Yt 8.23) see Kellens 1984: 89.

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Sanskrit: v
Meaning: òr'
Link to RV concordance: v
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaH
Avestan: Av. v [part.] òr'
Old Persian: -v [part.] òr'
Khotanese: o, au [part.] òr'
IE form: ue(H) {1}
IE meaning: or
Certainty: +
Idioms: òr not': Skt. na v (RV 10.029.01, AVS 1.32.2, etc.) YAv. na-uua Lat. nue, neu OIr.
n, n, MW neu, OBret. nou òr' (?)
Cognates in other languages: Lat. -ue [part.] òr'; Gr. , , e [part.] òr, as' < *-, *- e
Notes: {1} [AL] The usual reconstructions *u, u seem less probable, because lengthening in an
enclitic particle is hardly feasible.
Sanskrit: v [1]
Gramm. forms: Present II: vti [3sg.act.] (RV+) {1}; Aorist S: avst [3sg.act.] (Br.); Perfect: vavau
[3sg.act.] (Br.+); ta-ptc.: vta- (S.), upa-vta- (Br.)
574
Meaning: `to blow (of wind)'
Link to RV concordance: v- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: upa-v- [f] `blowing upon' (AV); pra-v- [f] `blowing forward' (AV)
See also: vta-; vyu-; sman- (?)
Avestan: Av. v- [verb] `to blow (of wind)': YAv. viti [3sg.pres.act.], vuut- [ptc.pres.act.] ( Yt
13.40); vaiiemi [1sg.pres.act.] ( Yt 15.43)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) w's- [verb] `(to start) to blow (of wind)'
Middle Persian: w'd- /wy-/ [verb] `to blow'
Ossetic: wasyn / wasun [verb] `to whistle; to blow on a flute; to sing [of birds], chirrup'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. w's- [verb] `(to start) to blow (of wind)'
IE form: h2ueh1
IE meaning: to blow (of wind)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. hsi [verb] `to blow (of wind)'; OHG wen [verb] `to blow (of
wind)'; OCS vejati [verb] `to blow (of wind)'
Notes: {1} [AL] In late Vedic (Br.+), we find vyati `blows, smells'. probably due to contamination
with v [2] ( Kulikov 2001: 459f.).
Sanskrit: v [2]
Gramm. forms: Present IV: vyati [3sg.act.] (RV+) {1}; Aorist S: avst [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus:
(nir)vpay 'to extinguish' (RV+); ta-ptc.: ud-vta- èxtinguished' (Br.)
Meaning: `to become deficient, extinguished; to vanish'
Link to RV concordance: v- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vtkra- [m], vtkrta- [m] `name of an illness' (AV); nir-vna- [adj]
èxtinguished, soothed', [n] èxtinction, disappearance, Nirvna' (Ep.+)
See also: na-
Avestan: YAv. fruuaiiit_ [3sg.pres.opt.act.] `to be extinguished' ( V 8.75 f.)
Khotanese: vra- [adj] `deficient'
Sogdian: (Chr.) w'ry [adj] èmpty, devoid, bereft'
IE form: h1ueh2
IE meaning: to be extinguished
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. w [verb] `to let (go)' {2}; Lat. unus [adj] èmpty, idle'; Go. wans
[adj] `deficient', OHG wan [adj] `deficient'; Latv. va^je^t `to weaken, become sickly'
Notes: {1} [AL] Middle forms are late, cf. esp. apa-vyate [3sg.med.] `to become feverish' (GB). {2}
For the Greek forms see Nussbaum, Two Studies in Greek and Homeric Linguistics, Gttingen 1998,
9-84, besonders 14-45; 73-84.
Sanskrit: vc-
575
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: vk [nom.sg.] (RV+); vcam [acc.sg.] (RV+); vcas [gen.sg.] (RV+), etc.
Meaning: `speech, voice, sound, word, language, discourse'
Link to RV concordance: vc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: u-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vgvin- [adj] èloquent' (AV), vgmin- [adj] èloquent' (Br.+)
See also: vac
Avestan: Av. vc- [f] `voice': nom.sg. vx , acc.sg. OAv. vcam / YAv. vcim, etc.
Sogdian: (Man.) w'x `word, speech'
Middle Persian: wz `word, speech'; wz `voice, sound'
New Persian: wz `voice, sound'
IE form: uokw-
IE meaning: speech
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. p- [f] `voice, sound, word': p-a [acc.sg.], p-j [gen.sg.], p-
[dat.sg.]; Lat. ux, uc-is [f] `noise, voice, word, speech'
Sanskrit: vghat-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: vghat [nom.sg.], vghate [dat.sg.], etc.
Meaning: `singer, priest'
Link to RV concordance: vghat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hughat-
See also: oh
IE form: h1uogwh-et- / h1uogwh-nt- (?)
IE meaning: to vow
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uoue [verb] `to vow solemnly'; Umb. vufru [adj] `consecrated,
vowed'
Sanskrit: vh (h) {1}

Gramm. forms: Perfect: he, he [3sg.med.] (RV) {2}; apy-he [1sg.med.] (RV) {3}; Present (?): hise
[1sg.med.] (RV 08.005.03) {4}
Meaning: `to respect'
Link to RV concordance: vh-; vhas-; vhistha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaHjh/uHjh
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vhas- [n] `respect, worship' (RV+); vhistha- [sup] `most respectful'
(RV+)
Page in EWAia: -
576
Avestan: YAv. uzmh [1pl.pres.act.] `to respect' ( Y 65.1) {5}; YAv. aa.vzah- [adj] `respecting
Aa'; OAv., YAv. vzita- [sup] `most respected'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Idioms: `respecting the truth': Skt. rtasya vhas- (RV 08.005.03) YAv. aa.vzah-
Notes: {1} [LK] To be distinguished from the forms of the root vah `to carry' and oh `to praise, to
announce'; see Insler 1996; Kmmel 2000: 488. {2} In the passive usage: ìs acknowledged'. {3}
[LK] In the transitive usage: Ì respect (the gods)'; according to Kmmel 2000: 489f., this form may
represent the root present. {4} Thus Kmmel 2000: 489. {5} Thus Kmmel 2000: 490 contra
Humbach (2sg.aor.subj. or 1sg.aor.inj.).
Sanskrit: vja-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `prize, booty; contest'
Link to RV concordance: vja-; vjasani-; vjas-; vjasti-; vjavant-; vjin-; vjay- [1]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uja-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vja-sani- [adj] `winning the prize' (RV+); vja-s- [adj] ìd.' (RV+);
vja-sti- [f] `gaining of the prize' (RV+) ( Mitanni-IAat-ti-u-a(z)-za PN); vjavant- [adj]
`consisting of prizes' (RV+); vjin- [adj] `prize-winning', [m] `prize-winning stallion' (RV+);
vjayant- [ptc.act.] (denominative) `racing, seeking booty' (RV)
See also: vjay
Avestan: {1}
IE form: uog-o-
IE meaning: incitement
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uegre [verb] `to enliven'; OHG wahhn [verb] `to be awake,
awaken'; OS wekkian [verb] `to wake up (trans.)'
Notes: {1} [AL] There are no certain cognates in Iranian. For Av. vzita- [adj] `most respected' see
vh, the meaning and interpretation of OAv. vz [du] Y 51.12 is uncertain.
Sanskrit: vjay
Part of speech: [v]
Gramm. forms: Present X: vjayati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vjayant- / vjayant- [ptc.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to incite'
Link to RV concordance: vjay- [2]
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ujai-
See also: vja-
IE form: uog-eie-
IE meaning: to incite
Certainty: +
577
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uegre [verb] `to enliven'; OHG wahhn [verb] `to be awake,
awaken'; OS wekkian [verb] `to wake up (trans.)'
Sanskrit: vr-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: In the RV, the word is often disyllabic /vaH-ar/ < /*uaH-r/. It is only attested in the
nom.sg. and may form a suppletive paradigm with udan-. {2}
Meaning: `water'
Link to RV concordance: vr-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaHr-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vri- [n] `water' (Mn.+)
Avestan: YAv. vra- [m] `rain'
Middle Persian: wrn `rain'
Parthian: w'r `drip of rain'
New Persian: brn `rain'
Ossetic: waryn / warun [verb] `rain'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. gr `rain'
IE form: ueh1r-
IE meaning: water
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Luv. ua-a-ar `water'; ON vari [m] `liquid, water'; ON r `drizzle'; Lat. r
nr `to dive' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] ToA wr, ToB war `water' does not belong here, but rather reflects *udr-. {2} [AL] It
is even conceivable that PIE *ueh1r derives from PIE *uedr, so that originally this paradigm was not
suppletive at all.
Sanskrit: vra-
Meaning: `tail hair, hair-sieve'
Link to RV concordance: vra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ura-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vla- [m] `tail hair, hair-sieve' (VS, TS+)
IE form: uol-o-
IE meaning: horse hair
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. va~las `horse hair' {1}
Notes: {1} [AL] Thieme's explanation of vra- as `warding off (flies)' (following Yska, Nir. 11.31)
has a strong flavour of folk etymology. Moreover, the root vr- does not mean `to ward off', which
renders the idea even less probable ( Lubotsky 2000).

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578
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Sanskrit: vs
Gramm. forms: Present I: vsati [3sg.act.] (RV 05.054.02); Present IV: vsyate [3sg.med.] (AV+){1};
Aorist RED: avvasanta [3pl.med.] (RV); Aorist IS: avsisths [2sg.med.] (TB+); Perfect: vavsire,
vvasre [3pl.med.] (RV), vvasna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Intensive: vvasat-- [ptc.act.f.] (RV 04.050.05);
Caus: vsay (RV); Aorist RED: avvasat [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to bellow, low' {3}
Link to RV concordance: vs-; vsa-; vsra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaHc- / uc-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vsa- [adj] `bellowing' (RV+); vsra- [adj] `lowing, roaring, sounding'
(RV+) {2}
Avestan: YAv. vsaiiant- [ptc.act.] `to bellow' ( N 26)
Khotanese: nvss- [verb] `to make noise' (+ *ni-); bs `noise, alarm'
Sogdian: w's- [verb] `to roar'
Ossetic: wasyn / wasun [verb] `to whistle; make a noise [of animals]', was?g / was?ng? `rooster'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Often spelled vsyate, cf. Kulikov 2001: 270f. {2} [AL] The etymology of vsit- /
vsit- [f] `cow in heat' (AV+) seems unclear to me. The word looks like a ta-ptc. of a causative, so
that if it is derived from the verb `to bellow', the meaning must be `made to bellow', which is rather
incomprehensible. From the attestations it is unclear whether the original form is with -s- or -s-. {3}
[AL] As indicated by Kmmel 2000: 486, the root primarily refers to bellowing of a cow towards her
calf or of a calf towards her mother, so that Kmmel renders the Vedic root vs as "sehnschtig
brllen". This observation opens the possibility to consider the root as a secondary development of
vas- `to wish, desire' (?).
Sanskrit: vs-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: àxe, carpenter's axe, battle axe, pointed knife'
Link to RV concordance: vs-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uciH- / uaHciH-
Avestan: YAv. vs- [f] `pointed knife (?)' ( Y 42.4)
Ossetic: was àxe, wood-chopper' {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1} [AL] As Johnny Cheung points out to me, the word w?s, as it is usually given, is
undocumented in Ossetic. Both Abaev and Miller - Frejman s.v. w?s refer to Miller 1903: 10, but there
this word is spelled as vas, i.e. was.
579
Sanskrit: vstu-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `settlement, homestead'
Link to RV concordance: vstu-; navavstva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaHstu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nava-vstva- [m] N. of a mythical creature (= `*having nine homesteads')
(RV); vstu-pa- [adj] `keeping the homestead' (VS); vstavya- [adj] èpithet of Rudra' (VS, YV+);
vstos pati- [m] `genius of the dwelling' (RV+)
IE form: u(o)h2stu-
IE meaning: settlement
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 1170 - 1171 (with wrong analysis)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. stu [n] `city'; Gr. (Myc.) watu /wastu/, watuoko /wastuokhos/; Gr.
(Arc.) asstucw [gen.sg.]; ToA wast, ToB ost `house' (< *uoh2stu-)
Sanskrit: vta-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: Several times trisyllabic /vaata-/ in the RV
Meaning: `wind, god of wind'
Link to RV concordance: vta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuaHata-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vta- [adj] `without wind, windless, calm' (RV); vtpya- [adj] `having
the wind as an ally' (RV)
See also: v [1]
Avestan: OAv. vta- /vaata-/ [m] `wind'; YAv. vta- [m] `wind, god of wind'
Khotanese: bta- `wind'
Middle Persian: wd `wind'
Parthian: w'd `wind'
New Persian: bd `wind'
Ossetic: wad/wad(?) `wind'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *vta `wind' (in onomastics)
IE form: h2ueh1-nt-o- (Hitt. <*h2uh1-ent-)
IE meaning: wind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uentus [m] `wind'; Go. winds `wind'; Hitt. ?u-u-ua-an-t /huuant-/
`wind' (<*h2uh1-ent-); ToA want `wind'; ToB yente `wind'
Sanskrit: vyu-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wind, air, god of wind'
580
Link to RV concordance: vyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuaHiu-
Avestan: OAv. vaiiu- [m] àir, atmosphere'; YAv. vaiiu- [m] àir, atmosphere, name of a deity' {1}
Middle Persian: w'd /way/ àir, atmosphere'
Ossetic: w?jyg/w?jug `giant'
IE form: h2ueh1-iu-
IE meaning: wind, air, god of wind
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Ukr. Vij `name of a demon' (?); Lith. vejas `wind'
Notes: {1} [AL] With Iranian shortening from *uiu-.
Sanskrit: vec
Gramm. forms: Present VII: vinakti [3sg.act.] (AV+), vin~cant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Perfect: vivikvms-
[ptc.act.] (RV 03.057.01); Passive: vi vicyate (AV+) {2}
Meaning: `to sift, separate, winnow'
Link to RV concordance: vic-; vivici-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaik-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vivici- [adj] `separating' (RV+); vivikti- [f] `separation' (VS+)
Avestan: Av. vic- [verb] `to separate': YAv. xham.viia [abs.] `zusammen auszusondern' ( N 99);
x
ham.vacaiieiti ( N 99), auua.vac[aii]eiti ( N 100) [3sg.caus.act.]
Sogdian: (Chr.) wyz- [verb] `to sift, winnow'
Middle Persian: wyc- /wz-/ [verb] `to sift, select, elect, choose (etc.); separate'
Parthian: wyxt `chosen'
New Persian: bxtan/bztan [verb] `to sift, select, winnow'
Ossetic: wiyn / weun [verb] `to reap, pick (grain, berries)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. prwycy- [verb] `to sift'; Bal. gag [verb] `to sift'; Sh. parwj- [verb]
`to sow, sift'
IE form: IIR {1}
IE meaning: to separate
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Hitt. ?u-e-ik-mi `to slaughter' cannot be related for formal reasons (the consistent
spelling with single -k- points to an etymological voiced stop); the connection with Lat. uictima
`sacrificial animal', Go. weihs [adj] `sacred' is semantically weak. {2} [AL] Possibly, here belongs vi
vivigdhi `to exude' (KS 16.3:233.19), cf. Kmmel 2000: 491).
Sanskrit: ved [1]

Gramm. forms: Present VII>VI: vindati [3sg.act.], vindate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist A: vidat
[3sg.inj.act.] (RV+), vidt [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: avitsi [1sg.med.] (RV); Perfect: viveda
[3sg.act.], vivide [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive: vidyate [3sg.] (RV+); Aorist mediopass: avedi [3sg.],
581
(sam-)vidna- [ptc.] (RV); Intensive: vi-vevidat- [ptc.act.] (RV), vevidna- [ptc.med.] (RV); ta-ptc.:
vitta- `found' (RV+); Inf: vide, -vide (RV)
Meaning: `to find, acquire, get'
Link to RV concordance: vid-; rayivid-; vedyas-; vedistha-; vedana-; vedas-; suveda-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaid- (pres. *ui-n-ad- / ui-n-d-, aor. *uid-a-) {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: rayi-vid- [adj] `finding riches' (RV); vedyas- [comp] `providing, finding
more' (RV); vedistha- [sup] `providing, finding the most' (RV; OAv. vadita-); suveda- [adj]
èasy to acquire' (RV+); vedana- [n] `property' (RV+); vedas-2 [n] `possession, property' (RV+); a-
vitti- [f] `not-acquisition' (AV+ OAv. uuisti-)
See also: ved(i) [2]
Avestan: Av. vd- [verb] `to find': OAv. vnast [3sg.pres.act.], YAv. vindnti [3pl.pres.act.], viste
[3sg.pres.med.] ( F 377, Aog 82; also thematic forms like YAv. vindmna-), OAv. vad.dm
[2pl.pres.impv.med.] ( Y 53.5), OAv. vadmna-, YAv. frauuamna- [ptc.pres.med.] ( Yt 5.126),
OAv. vdat_ [3sg.aor.act.], YAv. vuuaa [3sg.pf.act.] ( Yt 13.99); OAv. frauuiuud
[1sg.intens.med.] ( Y 44.11), YAv. vista- [ppp] `found'; OAv. vadita- [sup] `the best providing';
vada- [m] `provider'; uuisti- [f] `lack' ( Y 34.9)
Old Persian: viidfrna /vindafarn/ [m] PN
Sogdian: ptwy-, (Chr.) ptwyd- [verb] `to render, offer, deliver up', (Man.) ptwy [verb] `to offer' (+
*pati-); prwy-, (Buddh.) prwy-, (Chr.) prwyd- [verb] `to seek, look for' (+ *pari-)
Middle Persian: wnd- /wind-/ [verb] `to find, obtain, gain'
Parthian: w(y)nd- [verb] `to find'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. [verb] un-/unt `to find'; Yghn. parwed-, parwid-/parwedta [verb] `to
ask, request; to demand, urge' (+ *pari-)
IE form: ueid
IE meaning: to see
Certainty: +
Idioms: `looking for ... finds': Skt. icchan ... avidat (RV 10.005.05) YAv. ismn ... vnasti ( V
7.79); `to find the way/place': Skt. gtum ... vividrire (RV 02.021.05) YAv. gtuu vindn ( V 2.8);
`to find the cow(s)': Skt. g avindan (RV 01.062.02) OAv. gam vdat_ ( Y 51.5), YAv. vdat_.gu- [m]
PN ( Yt 13.127); `to acquire fame': Skt. sravo vivide (RV 04.026.05) YAv. visrauuah- [m] PN (
Yt 13.119)
Cognates in other languages: Arm. gtanem [verb] `to find' (Aor. egit Skt. avidat); OIr. -finnadar `to
get to know, to find out'; Lat. uidre [verb] `to look, see'; OCS videti [verb] `to see'
Notes: {1} Roots ved [1] and [2] are etymologically identical, but they function as separate roots
already in PIIr.
Sanskrit: ved(i) [2]

Gramm. forms: Perfect: veda [1,3sg.act.] (RV+); avet [ppf.act.] (RV+); vidvms- [ptc.act.] 'knowing,
capable' (RV+) {1}, vide [3sg.med.] ìs known' (RV); Aorist S: avedisam [1sg.act.] (SB+); Caus:
vedaymasi [1pl.act.], prati-vedayant- [ptc.act.] `to dedicate' < `*make known' (RV+); ta-ptc.: vidita-
`known' (AV+); Inf: vidmane (RV)
Meaning: `to know, be acquainted with'
Link to RV concordance: vid-; vid-; vidy-; veda-; vedas-; vedya-; vedy-
582
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaid- (pf. *uaida) {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vid- [f] `knowledge' (RV+); vidy- [f] `knowledge, wisdom' (RV+);
veda- [m] `knowledge, insight, Veda' (RV+); vedas-1 [n] `knowledge, knowing, insight' (RV); vedya-
[adj] `well-known' (RV+), vedy- [f] àpproval, consent' (RV) ( YAv. vaiia-, vadiia- [n]
`knowledge', vaii.paiti- [m] `lord of knowledge'); veditar- [m] `knower' (AV+)
See also: ved [1]
Avestan: Av. vd- [verb] `to know': OAv. vad [1,3sg.pf.act.], YAv. vanti [3pl.pf.subj.act.],
OAv. vduuah-, YAv. viuuah- [ptc.pf.act.], OAv. frauuizdm [2pl.impv.aor.med.] ( Y 33.8); -
uuadaiiamah [1pl.caus.act.] `to announce, dedicate'; OAv. vizdiii [inf.] ( Y 43.13), vduii [inf.],
vduuani [inf.] ( Y 31.3)
Sogdian: (Chr.) zwy- [verb] `to threaten', zwydm' `threat' (+ *uz-); ptwy- [verb] `to offer, show'
(+ *pati-); nw(')y- [verb] `to invite, request, inform' (+ *ni-)
Middle Persian: nwyd- /niwy-/ [verb] `to announce, consecrate'
Parthian: nwydg ìnvitation' (+ *ni-)
Ossetic: ?vzidyn / ?vzedun [verb] `to threaten; to shake with one's arm or weapon' (+ *uz-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. m|zwyzy- [caus.] `to threaten, fill with fear' (+ *uz-)
IE form: ueid-
IE meaning: to see
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. oda [3sg.pf.act.] `to know'; Go. wait [3pl.pres.act.] `to know'
Notes: {1} With secondary present forms from the AV onwards (vidmas(i) [1pl.], vettu [3sg.impv.],
etc.). {2} Roots ved [1] and [2] are etymologically identical, but they function as separate roots
already in PIIr.
Sanskrit: vej
Gramm. forms: Present VI: avije [1sg.impf.med.] (RV), vijante [3pl.med.] (AV+); Aorist R: vikta
[3sg.inj.med.] (RV); vikths [2sg.inj.med.] (AVP+); Perfect: vivijre [3pl.med.] (RV); Intensive:
vevijna- [ptc.med.] (RV); vevijyate [3sg.med.] (RV); Caus: vejay (Br.+); Aorist RED: vvijas
[2sg.inj.act.] (RV); ta-ptc.: pra-vikta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to tremble, wince, move up (of a wave); shrink, start back'
Link to RV concordance: vij-; vij-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uaig-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vega- [m] `jerk, gush, flood, wave' (AV+); viksa- [adj] àroused' (MS);
vijas [pl.tant.] `stake at play' (RV)
See also: vigra-
Avestan: Av. vij- [verb] `to shake, swing': YAv. vajant- [ptc.pres.] `swinging', hu.niuuixta- [ppp];
fra-uuaa- [adj] `swinging forward'
Sogdian: wyc- [verb] `to move, shake [intr.]'
Middle Persian: wyc- /wz-/ [verb] `to swing, fling, sprinkle'
Parthian: 'dwyxs- [verb] `to shake (the head)' (+ *ati-)
New Persian: bxtan/bz- [verb] `to shake'
Ossetic: wigyn / wegun [verb] `to shake, wave'
583
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *( )uaiga- [adj] `swinging'
IE form: h3ueig-
IE meaning: to startle, start back
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG wihhan [verb] `to give way, blench'; Gr. ognumi [verb] `to open'
Sanskrit: ven
Gramm. forms: Present I: venati [3sg.act.] (RV+)
Meaning: `to trace, look after'
Link to RV concordance: ven-; vena-; ven-; venya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaiHn- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vena- [m] `tracer, spy' (RV+); ven- [f] `vision, appearance (?)' (RV);
venya- [gerundive] `to be shown' (RV)
See also: vayi
Avestan: Av. van- [verb] `to see': OAv. vanah [2sg.pres.act.], YAv. vanaiti [3sg.pres.act.], OAv.
vanah [inf]; YAv. van- [f] `nose'
Old Persian: vain- [verb] `to consider, look at': vainmiy [1sg.pres.act.], etc.
Sogdian: wyn- [verb] `to see'
Middle Persian: wyn- /wn/ [verb] `to see'; wynyg /wng/ `nose'
Parthian: wyn- [verb] `to see'
New Persian: bn- [verb] `to see'; bn `nose'
Ossetic: wynyn / winun [verb] `to see'
IE form: ueih1n-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: (?) Lat. unr [verb] `to hunt' (if from *ueih1-en-ie-)
Notes: {1} A denominative verb from *uai(H)na- `tracer'.

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Sanskrit: vep
Gramm. forms: Present I: vepate [3sg.med.] (RV); Present AYA: vipay 'to become inspired' (RV);
Aorist R: vipna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Perfect: vivipre [3pl.med.] (RV 03.032.04) {1}; Caus: vepay 'to
shake, agitate' (RV+); Aorist RED: avvipat [3sg.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to tremble, quake, vibrate'
Link to RV concordance: vep-; vip-; vep-; vepas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaip-
584
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vip- [f] ìnspired speech' (RV+); vep- [adj.f.] ìnspired, excited' (RV; the
stem is presumably vepya-); vepas- [n] ìnspired speech, inspiration' (RV); vepathu- [m] `shaking'
(AV+)
See also: vipra-
Avestan: YAv. vap- [verb]: ap-ca vapnti [3pl.pres.act.] `throw away (?)' ( V 7.55); parca
vapaiia [2sg.impv.caus.] `shake away, destroy' ( Y 10.12), xvapaiieiti [3sg.caus.] ( V 8.26, f.),
vapaiiant- [caus.ptc.] ( V 8.32) `to be active homosexual', vifiieiti [3sg.pass.] `to be catamite' ( V
8.26, f.), vipta- [ppp] ( V 8.32); OAv. vapiia- [adj] `catamite, pathic'
Middle Persian: wiftag `catamite, pathic'
IE form: ueip-
IE meaning: to swing, shake
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON veifa [verb] `to swing, be in a swinging movement'
Notes: {1} For the meaning see Kmmel 2000: 498.
Sanskrit: ves
Gramm. forms: Present IV: visanti [3pl.act.] (RV+), avisat [3sg.impf.act.] (RV+), visante [3pl.med.]
(RV+); Aorist R: avisran [3pl.med.] (RV 08.027.12); Aorist S: aviksmahi [1pl.med.] (RV); Aorist IS:
vest [3sg.inj.act.] (RV 08.060.20); Perfect: vivesa [3sg.act.] (RV+), avivesh [2sg.ppf.act.] (RV
03.032.10), vivisre [3pl.med.] (RV 08.101.14+); Fut: veksy (Br.+) ; Caus: vesay (RV+); ta-ptc.:
vista- (RV+); Inf: -visam (RV 02.024.06)
Meaning: `to sit down, settle down, enter, go in'
Link to RV concordance: vis-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaic-
See also: vis-; vesa-; vesman-; vispati-
Avestan: Av. vs- [verb] `to settle down, make up one's mind' (only pres.med.): OAv. vsmada-c
[1pl.] ( Y 41.5), vsnt [3pl.] ( Y 48.10), YAv. vsne [1sg.subj.] ( V 2.5), (paiti) vsauha
[2sg.impv.] ( Yt 10.32)
Sogdian: (Man.) 'nwysn [verb] `to make enter, initiate'
Middle Persian: wys'y `mayest you get in!'
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. wi- [verb] `to set [of sun]', Yagh. wes- [verb] `to go down'
IE form: ueik-
IE meaning: to settle down
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vesa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: ìnhabitant, resident'
Link to RV concordance: vesa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaica-
585
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: prativesa- [m] `neighbour' (RV 10.066.13+), vesa- [m] `house, brothel'
(VSK, Pn.+)
See also: ves
Avestan: YAv. vasa- [m] `servant (who lives in the master's house)'
Khotanese: bsa- [m] `servant'
IE form: uoik-o- / *uoik-o-
IE meaning: inhabitant / abode
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. oi~koj [m] `house, household, house and court'; Lat. ucus [m]
`cluster of houses, village, town, district' (< PIE *uoik-o-)
Sanskrit: vesman-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: àbode'
Link to RV concordance: vesman-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uaicman-
See also: ves
Avestan: YAv. vasmnda [abl.sg.] àbode' ( Yt 10.86) = vasmnd-a, cf. de Vaan 2001: 480f.
IE form: ueik-mn-
IE meaning: abode
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vetasa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `Calamus Rotang (or a reed of some kind)'
Link to RV concordance: vetasa-; vaitasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uait-as- / uait-i-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vaitasa- [adj] `made of reed' (TS+), [m] `penis' (RV+); vetra- [m] à big
kind of Calamus' (KausS+)
See also: vy
Avestan: YAv. vaiti- [f] `willow'
Sogdian: wyt'k `cord'
Middle Persian: wd `willow'
New Persian: bd `willow'
Ossetic: widag / wedag?, jedag? `root'
Other Iranian cognates: Yaghn. wta `cord'
IE form: ueit-
Certainty: +
586
Cognates in other languages: Lat. utis `clasper, vine-tendril'; OHG wda `willow'; MoHG Weide
`willow'
Sanskrit: vi
Part of speech: [prev, pref]
Meaning: àpart, asunder, away, out'
Link to RV concordance: vi; vimadhya-; vivc-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: Examples of vi as prefix: vi-deva- [adj] `hostile to gods' (AV); vi-
madhya- [n] `the midst, middle' (RV); vi-vc- [f] `contest, fight' (RV)
See also: dvi-; vitaram; visu-
Avestan: Av. v-, vii- [prev, pref] àpart, out'; YAv. v-dauua- [adj] `hostile to the Dauuas' ( Skt.
vi-deva-); v-maiiia- [n] `middle' ( Skt. vi-madhya-)
Old Persian: viy- [prev] àpart, away'
Khotanese: ggu-, bi-, vi- [prev] àpart, away' (e.g. bitar- `to develop')
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wy-tr- [verb] `to cross'
Middle Persian: wi-dar- [verb] `to cross'
Parthian: w(y)-dr- [verb] `to pass (beyond, over)'
New Persian: gu-dar- [verb] `to cross'
Ossetic: qusyn / igosun [verb] `to hear' (< PIr. *Hui-gau-), dard / idard [adj] `far' (< *Hui-trH-ta-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. w-ry- [verb] `to lean on' (< PIr. *Hui-daria-)
IE form: h1ui- < dui-
IE meaning: in two, apart, asunder
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. ut [verb] `to avoid, turn aside' (if from *Hui-i- `to go by')
Notes: {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal follows from the constant long scansion of the augment in
avidhat (10 times in the RV) < *Ha-Hui-dhH-a-, the root vidh- being due to the univerbation of the
preverb vi and dh- (cf. Lubotsky 1994a and s.v. vidh)
Sanskrit: vidh
First attestation: RV, YV
Gramm. forms: Present VI<VII: vindhate [3sg.med.] (RV) (secondary present stem based on the aorist
stem vidh-a-); Aorist A: avidhat [3sg.act.] (RV, YV) {1}
Meaning: `to grant, satisfy, content'
Link to RV concordance: vidh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huidh(H)- {2}
See also: vidhav-, vi
Avestan: Av. vd- [verb] `to devote oneself to': OAv. vdit ( Y 51.6), vdt_ ( Y 53.4)
[3sg.aor.subj.act.], vdant- [ptc.aor.act.] ( Y 33.3)
IE form: (d)ui-dhh1-
IE meaning: to put in two
Certainty: +
587
Cognates in other languages: Lat. d-uid [verb] `to divide'; To. wtk- [verb] `to distinguish' (< *ui-
dhh1-sk-)
Notes: {1} [AL] The augment is always scanned long in the RV, which points to the IIr.
reconstruction *Ha-Hui-dhH-a-, cf. Lubotsky 1994a. The aorist avidhat originally supplied the aorist
for the root ds, cf. Garcia Ramon XXX. {2} The root is due to the univerbation of the preverb vi and
dh (cf. Hoffmann 1969 = Hoffmann 1975: 241). The aorist stem is primary.
Sanskrit: vidhav-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `widow'
Link to RV concordance: vidhav-; avidhav-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huidh(H)auaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vidhav- [f] `not a widow' (RV 10.018.07)
See also: vidh
Avestan: YAv. (vau) viaua [nom.sg.f.] `widow'
Middle Persian: wwag `widow'
New Persian: bwa `widow'
Ossetic: id? `widow' (< PIr. *uidaua), cf. also Hung. zvegy `widow' (LW from Alanic)
IE form: h1uidhh2eueh2- (< *duidhh2eueh2-) {1}
IE meaning: widow, deprived of a partner
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uidua [f] `widow'; OIr. fedb `widow'; Go. widuwo `widow'; OPr.
widdew `widow'; OCS vdova, vdova [f] `widow'; Gr. qeoj [m] ùnmarried young man'
Sanskrit: vigra-
Gramm. forms: vigra- (RV 01.004.04)
Meaning: `strong, vigorous'
Link to RV concordance: vigra-; vigra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uigra-
See also: vej
Avestan: YAv. vii-arti- [m] PN (= `with vigorous lance')
Old Persian: Elam.-Iran. *uigrspa- [m] PN (= `with vigorous horses')
IE form: h3ueig-
IE meaning: to shrink, start back
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vimsati-
588
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `twenty'
Link to RV concordance: vimsati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HuiHcati- / Huincati- {1}
Avestan: YAv. vsaiti `twenty'
Khotanese: bist `twenty'
Middle Persian: wst `twenty'
New Persian: bst `twenty'
Ossetic: yss? / ins?j `twenty' (< *uinsati-)
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. (Kkari) wl, uel `twenty' (< *uisatii-)
IE form: h1ui-h1kmt-i- < *dui-dkmt-i-
IE meaning: twenty
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. k'san `twenty'; Gr. (Dor.) Fkati `twenty', (Ion.-Att.) ekosi
`twenty'; Lat. ugint `twenty'; OIr. fiche `twenty'; ToA wiki `twenty'; ToB ikm `twenty'
Notes: {1} [AL] It seems very unlikely to me that Skt. vims is a hypercorrection for *vs . It is also
difficult to explain away Oss. ss? / ins?j `twenty'.

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Sanskrit: vipra-
Meaning: `trembling, aroused, inspired', [m] `priest, seer'
Link to RV concordance: vipra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uipra-
See also: vep
Avestan: YAv. vifra- [adj] ècstatic (?)' ( Yt 5.61) {1}
IE form: uip-ro-
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] aoifra- ( Yt 13.104) does not belong here, cf. de Vaan 2003: 426, fn. 516.
Sanskrit: virapsa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: àbundance, fullness'
Link to RV concordance: virapsa-; raps-; virapsin-; viraps-; rapsaddhan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uiHra-pcua-
589
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: virapsin- [adj] àbundant, brim full' (RV+); viraps- [adj.f.] ìd.' (RV+);
secondary verbal root (vi) raps- `to brim' (pres. vi rapsate, perf. rarapse) (RV+); rapsad-dhan- [adj]
`with full udders' (RV)
See also: vra-; pasu-
Avestan: OAv. pasu- vra- `men and cattle'
Other Iranian cognates: OIran. *virafa- PN (Hinz XXX)
IE form: uiHro-pku-o-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Umb. u[e]iro pequo `men and cattle'
Sanskrit: vis-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: vit [nom.sg.] (RV+)
Meaning: `settlement, dwelling-place, house, community, tribe, people'
Link to RV concordance: vis-; anarvis-; visya-; vaisya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uic-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: anar-vis- [adj]`whose clan is on the cart' (RV 01.121.07); visya- [adj]
`belonging to the tribe' (RV; AV+ `man of the third class'); vaisya- [m] `man of the third class (trade
and agriculture)' (RV 10.090.12+)
See also: ves; vesa-; vispati-
Avestan: YAv. vs- [f] `homestead, community'; vsiia- [adj] `belonging to the community'
Old Persian: vi- [f] `royal house, palace, house, farm'
Khotanese: bis- `house'
Middle Persian: wis `village'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. gus `house'
IE form: uik-
IE meaning: tribe, extended family
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS vs [f] `village'
Sanskrit: visa-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `venom, poison'
Link to RV concordance: visa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ui(a)-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visavant- [adj] `poisonous' (RV+) {1}
Avestan: YAv. va- [n] `venom, poison'; v [n] `poison, poisonous plant' ( Yt 19.40, Y 9.11), cf.
Hintze 1994: 215f.; vauuant- [adj] `poisonous'; v.cira- [n] `medicine'
Khotanese: btu', bei' [nom.sg.] `poison, venom' (bei'na [instr.sg.])
Middle Persian: wi `poison, venom'
590
New Persian: gu `poison, venom'
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. g òleander'
IE form: uis-
IE meaning: poison, venom
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ToA ws, ToB wase `poison, venom' (< *uiso-); Gr. j [m] `poison,
venom', Lat. vrus `slimy liquid, slime; poisonous liquid, poison, venom, virus', OIr. fi `poison' < *u
s-o- (with lengthening in nom.sg. of the root-noun *uis ?)
Notes: {1} [AL] It is unclear whether the scarcely attested Skt. verb ves- `to flow' (RV 3pl.impf.
avesan; ptc.pres. vesanth) and Av. vaah- [n] `filth, fustiness (?)' are related.
Sanskrit: vispati-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: vitpati- (TB+; accent uncertain)
Meaning: `lord of the tribe, chief of settlement, ruler'
Link to RV concordance: vispati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uicpati-, [f] *uicpatniH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vispatn- [f] `female ruler, woman of house' (RV+)
See also: vis-; pati-; patn-
Avestan: YAv. vspaiti- [m] `chief of a tribe'
IE form: uik-poti-, [f] *uik-potnih2-
IE meaning: lord of the settlement
Certainty: +
Idioms: `lord of all tribes': Skt. visvsm vism patim (RV 06.015.01) YAv. vsp vs vspati (
Vyt 16); `lord of the tribes': Skt. vism ...vispatih (RV 09.108.10) YAv. vsam vspaiti ( Yt 10.18)
Cognates in other languages: Lith. vie~pats (OLith. viepatis) [m] `lord'; Lith. vie~pati (OLith.
viepatni) [f] `mistress, lady'; OPr. (buttas) waispattin [acc.sg.f.] `mistress (of the house)'
Sanskrit: visu-
Part of speech: [in compounds]
Meaning: ìn various directions'
Link to RV concordance: visuna-; visunak; viscna-; visvan~c-; visurpa-; visvrt-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)uiu
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visuna- [adj] `various, manifold' (RV); visunak [adv] `to different
sides' (RV); viscna- [adj] `going in different directions, spreading everywhere' (RV+); visvan~c- /
visc- [adj] `turned to several sides, ubiquitous; going asunder' (RV+); visu-rpa- [adj] `having
various forms' (RV+); vis-vrt- [adj] `rolling in various directions' (RV 01.084.10, AV), [m] àverter'
(RV 10.043.03)
See also: vi
Avestan: YAv. vuuanc- [adj] `turning to several sides'
IE form: h1uisu < duisu
591
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. visas [adj] àll'; Latv. viss [adj] all'; OPr. wissa [adj] àll'; OCS
vs [adj] `whole, every, alone'
Sanskrit: visva-
Gramm. forms: with pronominal inflection, e.g. visvasmai [dat.sg.m.n.]; visve [nom.pl.m.]; visvesm
[gen.pl.], etc.; in compounds and derivatives accented on the suffix visva
Meaning: àll, every'
Link to RV concordance: visva-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uicua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: visvatra [adv] èverywhere' (RV+); visvadh [adv] àlways, on every
occasion' (RV); visvah [adv] ìd.' (RV+) (for the distribution see Lubotsky 1995a: 129f.); visvatas
[adv] òn all sides' (RV+); visvath [adv] ìn every way' (RV+); visvnara- (< *-Hnara-) [adj]
`belonging to all men' (RV); visva-bhnu- [adj] àll-illuminating' (RV)
Avestan: Av. vspa- [adj] àll, whole' (in OAv. inflected as a noun, in YAv. also pronominal endings,
cf. vspmi (< *vsphmi) [dat.sg.], vspe [nom.pl.m.], vspaam [gen.pl.])
Old Persian: visa-, vispa- [adj] àll'; vii[s]pda /vispad/ [adv] `to everywhere' ( Skt. visvadh)
Khotanese: bissa- (Tumuq. bisa-) [adj] àll'
Sogdian: wysp [adj] àll'; (Man.) wysp'ryy [adv] èverywhere' ( Skt. visvatra)
Middle Persian: wisp [adj] èvery, all'
Parthian: wysp [adj] àll'
IE form: (h1)uikuo- (?) {1}
Certainty: +
Idioms: See s.v. tr(v); deva-; pes; bhisaj-; yajata-; vasu-
Cognates in other languages: Lith. visas [adj] `whole, all'; Latv. viss [adj] `whole, all'; OPr. wissa
[adj] àll (sorts of)'; OCS vs [adj] `whole, every, alone' < *(H)uiso-
Notes: {1} The relationship between the Indo-Iranian word, which points to (h1)uikuo-, and the Balto-
Slavic one, which points to *(H)uiso-, is unclear. The Indo-Iranian suffix -uo- may have been taken
over from *solHuo- (see s.v. sarva-), but the -k-/-s- variation cannot be accounted for.
Sanskrit: vitaram
Meaning: àgain, further'
Link to RV concordance: vitaram
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huitaram
See also: vi
Avestan: YAv. vtarm [adv] `further' ( V 5.11) {1}
IE form: h1ui-tero-
IE meaning: du
Certainty: +
592
Cognates in other languages: Go. wi?ra [adv] àgain, against'; OHG widar [adv] àgain, against';
probably OCS vtor [adj] `second, other'
Notes: {1} [AL] The translation `seitwrts, hben und drben', given in Bartholomae s.v. vtara-, is
dispensable.
Sanskrit: vitast-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: N. of a river in the Panjb (Gr. Bidsphj, Ùdsphj)
Link to RV concordance: vitast-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui-tas-
See also: tams
Avestan: YAv. vtavhait- [f] N. of a river (< PIr. *Hui-tah-uat-)
IE form: tns-
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vitasti-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `span (as a measure of length), span width'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui-tasti-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: tri-vitastam [adv] `three spans deep' (TB)
See also: tams; vitast-
Avestan: YAv. vtasti- [f] `span (as a measure of length)'
Middle Persian: <wt(y)st > = /widest/ `span'
New Persian: bidast `span'
Ossetic: wydisny, disny / uesn?, uest?, iest? `span (distance between the thumb and the little finger
of a spread hand)'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wlet, lwet `span'; Orm. jusp `span'; Yazg. wd `span'
IE form: tns-ti-
Certainty: +

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Sanskrit: vithura-
Meaning: `staggering, tottering, frail, uncertain'
Link to RV concordance: vithura-; avithura-
593
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uitHura-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vithura- [adj] `not weakened, not trembling' (RV, S.)
See also: vyathi
Avestan: YAv. aibira- (for *auuiqura-) [adj] `strong'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: vivasvant-
Meaning: `shining forth, matutinal', [m] N. of the father of Yama
Link to RV concordance: vivasvant-; vaivasvata-; vivasvan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hui-(H)uas-uant-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vaivasvata- [adj] `descending frim Vivasvant' (RV+); vivasvan- [n]
`morning dawn' (RV)
See also: vas [2]
Avestan: Av. vuuahua- [adj] `descending from Vuuavhant-'; YAv. vuuavhant- [m] N. of a
mythical creature, father of Yima, the first Haoma-presser among the mortals; vuuahana- [adj]
`descending from Vuuavhant-'
IE form: h2ues-
IE meaning: to light up
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vd
Gramm. forms: Present X: vdaysi [2sg.subj.act.] (RV 08.045.06), vdayasva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV,
VSm) {1}; ta-ptc.: vdita- `firm' (RV, VSm)
Meaning: `to be/become firm, make firm'
Link to RV concordance: vd-; vdu-; vlupatman-; vdvanga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uid-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vdu- [adj] `strong, firm' (RV+); vlu-patman- [adj] `with strong wings'
(RV), vdv-anga- [adj] `with strong limbs' (RV)
See also: vayas-
Avestan: OAv. vidat_ [3sg.pres.inj.act.] `to raise (the weapon)' ( Y 32.10); YAv. aibi.vidaiiant-
[ptc.act.] `raising (the head)' ( Y 9.31)
IE form: ueiH-s-d- ? {2}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} Middle forms are employed intransitively (`be firm'), the only active form is transitive-
causative (see Jamison 1983: 90). {2} [AL] The etymology is doubtful. The Avestan forms are
semantically deviant and the relationship with*ueiH- (see Skt. vayas-) is not self-evident.
594
Sanskrit: vra-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `man, hero, son'
Link to RV concordance: vra-; vraka-; vray-; vray; vrayu-; vravant-; vrya-; virsah-; vairadeya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uiHra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vraka- [m] `dear hero' (RV); vray [denom] `behave as a hero' (RV+); v
ray [adv] ìn desire for heroes/sons' (RV); vrayu- [adj] `longing for heroes' (RV); vravant- [adj]
àbounding in heroes, sons' (RV+); vrya- [n] `heroic power, heroic deed' (RV+); virsah- [adj]
`subduing men' (RV) {1}; vaira- [n] ènmity' (AV+), `money paid for manslaughter' (KS+; RV
vairadeya- [n] `paying money for manslaughter', cf. OE wer(e) `payment for manslaughter'; MoHG
Wergeld, ORuss. vira, virnaja ìd.')
See also: virapsa-; vayas-
Avestan: Av. vra- [m] `man, human'
Sogdian: wyr `man, husband'
Middle Persian: wr `man, hero'
Ossetic: ir / ir? Òssetians, Ossetic people'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *vra in names; Yagh. vir `man'
IE form: uiHro- {2}
IE meaning: warrior, man, hero
Certainty: +
Idioms: `killing men': Skt. vra-han- [adj] (RV, AV, YV+) YAv. vra-jan- [adj] OW Guoruan,
Guruan PN (= `killing men' < *uiro-uon-o-)
Cognates in other languages: Lith. vyras `man, husband'; Latv. vir~s `man'; with short vowel Lat. uir
`man', OIr. fer `man', Go. wair `man'
Notes: {1} With laryngeal loss in compounds? {2} Possibly related to Skt. vayas-.
Sanskrit: vlayi (vrayi) {1}

Gramm. forms: Present IX: vlinti [3sg.act.] (MSp, KS, KpS, SB), vlnti [3sg.act.] (TSp, Br.); Present
IV {2}: vlyate [3sg.med.] (YVp+);Aorist IS: vlesh [2sg.inj.act.] (SrS.); Intensive: avevlyanta
[3pl.impf.med.] (YVp+); ta-ptc.: pra-blna- (AV 11.9.19), vlna- `crushed, collapsed' (YVp+)
Meaning: `to crush, compress, collapse'
Link to RV concordance: vl-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uliH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrayas- [n] `crushing force' (?) (RV 02.023.16); pra-vlaya- [m] `sinking
down, collapse' (Br.); ahi-nirvlayan- [f] `cast-off skin of a snake' (SB = BAU)
Avestan: YAv. uruunant- [ptc.pres.act.] `compressing' ( Yt 13.33); pairi.uruuata- [sup] `most
crushing' (?) ( Yt 11.2)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [LK] Some forms are based on the root variants blayi and playi, being probably mere
graphic errors for vl ; see Kulikov 2001: 377. {2} [LK] The -ya-present does not occur accented, but
595
for semantic and paradigmatic reasons should be grouped with class IV presents rather than with
passives; see Kulikov 2001: 375ff.
Sanskrit: vrad
Gramm. forms: Present I: avradanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 02.024.03) {1}
Meaning: `to make / become soft'
Link to RV concordance: vrad-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urad-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrandin- [adj] `becoming/making soft' (RV 01.054.04, 01.054.05) (nonce)
See also: mrad
Avestan: YAv. varduua- [adj] `soft'; vardu-sme ìn the soft ground' ( V 8.8)
Khotanese: bil- (< *urd-) [?] ìntestine'; hulga- [adj] `soft' (< *(u)rdu-)
Other Iranian cognates: Wa. word `tripe'
IE form: ured
IE meaning: to become weak
Certainty: ?
Cognates in other languages: Gr. adinj (Sappho brdinoj) [adj] `tendril, slender, flexible' {2}
Notes: {1} Intransitive (`they became weak') or transitive-causative (`they made weak') (see Got
1987: 301f.). {2} The connection with the Greek word seems very uncertain as well as other cognates
mentioned by Pokorny.
Sanskrit: vraj
Gramm. forms: Present I: vrajant- [ptc.act.] (RV); Aorist IS: avrjt [3sg.act.] (Br.); Perfect: vavrja
[3sg.act.] (RV+); Fut: vrajisyant- [ptc.act.] (SB); Caus: vrjay (Br.+); ta-ptc.: ud-vrajita- `gone away,
left' (Br.+) {1}
Meaning: `to walk, stride'
Link to RV concordance: vraj-; pravrja-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)urag- / (H)uraj-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-vrja- [m] `course (of a river)' (RV)
Avestan: OAv. uruuaj- [verb] `to proceed': uruuxat~ [3sg.aor.subj.] ( Y 34.13, Y 44.8), cf. Insler
1975: 227, 332f.
IE form: h1/3ureg {2}
IE meaning: to stride
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. rki- [c] `trace, trail'
Notes: {1} The set-forms of this root are secondary. {2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Kloekhorst
2008:
Sanskrit: vraja-
596
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `fold, fenced area, shed, stable, station of herds'
Link to RV concordance: vraja-; vrjapati-; vrajana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huraja-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrja-pati- [m] `master of fenced area' (RV) {1}
See also: vrjana-
Ossetic: (D) ?rw?z `herd, flock'
IE form: h1ureg-o- (?) {2}
IE meaning: fenced area
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning of vrajana- (RV 07.003.02), usually translated as `road, way', is not
quite clear. {2} From root *h1uerg- `to encompass' with unexplained Schwebeablaut.
Sanskrit: vrasc
Gramm. forms: Present SK: vrscanti [3pl.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: vrksmahi [1pl.inj.med.] (AVP
2.36.4+); Passive: vrscyantm [3pl.impv.] `to be brought low, fall under the wrath' (RV+); na-ptc.:
vrkna- (RV+)
Meaning: `to fell (a tree), uproot, cleave'
Link to RV concordance: vrsc-; ypavraska-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hurg-sk-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ava-vrasca- [m] `splinter, chip' (SB); vrascana- [n] `cut, incision' (KS+);
ypa-vraska- [adj] ùprooting (a tree for) a sacrificial post' (RV); anvraska- [adj] `not falling under
the wrath' (AVS+)
See also: varj {1}
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: 1163 - 1164 (with a diff. analysis)
Notes: {1} [AL] Most probably, an original sk-present to the root varj, cf. Lubotsky 2001a. For
vrkna- see Lubotsky 2007. Kmmel 2000: 509 discusses some other forms of the root varj- which on
semantic grounds may rather belong to vrasc-.
Sanskrit: vrata-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `vow, religious observance, commandment' {1}
Link to RV concordance: vrata-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urata-
Avestan: OAv. uruuata- [n] `rule, order, indication' {4}; YAv. uruuatat_.nara- [m] PN
Ossetic: ir?d/?rw?d `bride-money'
Other Iranian cognates: Orm. war òath', Yi. wor ìd.' XXX NB: Isebaert, FS Thomas 138f; Sims-W.
SogdInscr II 42; Humbach ZDMG 144 (1994) 181
597
Certainty: ? {2}
Notes: {1} [AL] For the meaning `Gelbde, Versprechen, Verheiung' see Schmidt 1958. {2} [AL]
The connection with Gr. erw, rw [verb] `to say' (< *uerh1-); Gr. htj [ppp] àppointed' (<*urh1-to-
) seems to me phonetically impossible. {3} [AL] Schlerath 2001: 289 convincingly argues that ORuss.
rota, Russ. rota òath' is an Iranian loan-word (the Slavic etymon is further attested in SCr. rota, Sln.
rot, Pol. rota òath', ORuss. rotitisja `to swear', SCr. rotiti se ìd.', Sln. rotiti àdjure', Cz. rotiti
`repine, be cross', etc.). {4} [AL] Also spelled uruuta-, for which see de Vaan 2003: 45, 71f.

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Sanskrit: vrdh
Gramm. forms: Present I: vrdhant- [ptc.act.] (RV), vrdhanta [3pl.inj.med.] (RV 05.006.07; nonce)
Meaning: `to be proud, swank'
Link to RV concordance: vrdh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uraHdh- {1}
Avestan: OAv. uruudah- [n] `joy, bliss'; uruuidiiah- [comp] `more joyful'; YAv. uruud- [verb] `to
become happy, to recover oneself': uruun [3pl.inj.act.] ( Yt 13.93). Probably, we can add here Av.
uruuz- [verb] `to be proud, haughty; to entertain, regale': YAv. uruuznte [3pl.pres.med.],
uruuzmna- [ptc.pres.med.], OAv. vaorza [2pl.pf.subj.act.] ( Y 50.5); OAv. uruuzi- [f] `joy' ( Y
30.1, Y 36.2), cf. Kmmel 2000: 623, who assumes an ingressive s- formation.
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection with Skt. rdhva- `high' is improbable (see s.v.).
Sanskrit: vres-
First attestation: VS
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: àppellation of waters, vortex (?)'
Link to RV concordance: vris-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uraic-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vris-: dasa vrisah `ten fingers (?)' (RV 01.144.05)
Avestan: YAv. uruuas- [verb] `to turn (around)': fraorisiieiti [3sg.pres.act.], auuaouruuasaite
[3sg.caus.med.]; uruuasa- [m] `vortex in water'
Sogdian: (Chr.) rwyt `spun' (?)
Middle Persian: l(y)tk /ritag/ `rope, string, thread'
Parthian: 'rws-, ''rws- [verb] `to turn to, towards [intr.], face' (+ *-)
New Persian: rtan, ritan [verb] `to spin'
598
Ossetic: ?lvisyn / ?lvesun [verb] `to spin' (+ *abi-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. rYsY- [verb] `to spin', rys `thread'; Pash. rl [verb] `to spin', Yghn.
r?we- [verb] `to twine, spin'
IE form: ureik
IE meaning: to turn (around)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. iknj [adj] `crooked'; Lith. riti [verb] `tie, bind'; OHG rho [m]
`knee-bend'
Sanskrit: vrjana-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `community, enclosure of a community, settlement'
Link to RV concordance: vrjana-; vrjana-; vrjanya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hurjana-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrjana- [n] `community (?)' (RV 01.048.05); vrjana- [m] `der Kreis der
zusammen opfernden Persnlichkeiten, ein Opferbndler (cf. Geldner ad RV 1.165.15d)' (RV);
vrjanya- [adj] `belonging to the community' (RV)
See also: vraja-
Avestan: OAv. vrzna-, YAv. varzna- [n] `community'; OAv. vrzniia- [m] `member of the
community' ( Y 33.3 Skt. vrjanya-); YAv. vrziian [3pl.subj.act.] `to fence in (?)' ( V 16.2)
Old Persian: vrdnm /vrdanam/ [n] `village'
Khotanese: balysan- `limited district'
Middle Persian: wlan `commuinity, settlement'
New Persian: barzan `community, settlement'
IE form: h1uerg-eno-
IE meaning: settlement
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rgw, ergw [verb] `to enclose'
Sanskrit: vrka-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `wolf'
Link to RV concordance: vrka-; avrka-; vrkati-; vrkatt-; vrkyu-; vrkadvaras-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urka-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vrka- [adj] `safe, protecting', [n] `safety' (RV); vrkati- [m] `robber' (RV
04.041.04); vrkatt- [f] `robbery, wolfishness (?)' (RV 02.034.09); vrkyu- [adj] `robber-like' (RV
10.133.04); vrkadvaras- N of an Asura (?) (RV 02.030.04)
See also: vrk-
Avestan: YAv. vhrka- [m] `wolf'
Khotanese: birgga- `wolf'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wyrky `wolf'
599
Middle Persian: gurg `wolf'
New Persian: gurg `wolf'
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *vrka( )- in PN; Khwar. 'wryk `wolf'
IE form: ulkwo-
IE meaning: wolf
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. wulfs [m] `wolf'; Lith. vil~kas [m] `wolf'; Latv. vilks [m] `wolf';
ORuss. vlk [m] `wolf'; ToB walkwe [m] `wolf'; Gr. lkoj [m] `wolf'
Sanskrit: vrk-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `she-wolf'
Link to RV concordance: vrk-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urkiH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrcvant- [adj] N. of a family inimical to Indra (= `pertaining to she-
wolves (?)') (RV+) (with regular *-- ?)
Page in EWAia: 2.570, 2.572
See also: vrka-
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. wirjin [f] `she-wolf' (< PIr. *ur )
IE form: ulkwih2-
IE meaning: she-wolf
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON ylgr [f] `she-wolf'; OHG wulpa [f] `she-wolf'; Lith. vilke [f] `she-
wolf'; Russ. volica `she-wolf'; Sln. voica `she-wolf'
Sanskrit: vrkka-
First attestation: AV+ (RV+?)
Part of speech: [m.du.]
Gramm. forms: vrkkah (RV 01.187.10) `kidney (fat) (?)'; vrkya- (TS+)
Meaning: `kidney'
Link to RV concordance: vrkka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urtka- {1}
See also: vart
Avestan: YAv. vrka- [m.du.] `kidneys'
Khotanese: bilga- `kidney'
Middle Persian: gurdag `kidney'
New Persian: gurda `kidney'
Ossetic: wyrg / urg `kidney'
Other Iranian cognates: Yi. wula `kidney', Wa. wultk ìd.'
IE form: urt-ko- (?)
Certainty: +
600
Notes: {1} [AL] Usually assumed to be a derivative of the root vart `to turn', but the suffix -ka- is
never deverbative. If related, the word for `kidney' must be derived from the root noun.
Sanskrit: vrksa-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `tree'
Link to RV concordance: vrksa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urca-
Avestan: YAv. vara- [m] `tree'; vara-j- [f] `root or stalk'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Notes: {1}[AL] EWaia hesitatingly reconstructs *ulk-s-o- (to valsa- `sprout, twig', in other languages
`hair'), which seems rather improbable to me.
Sanskrit: vrsabha-
Meaning: `manly, powerful', [m] `bull, boar, husband, ruler'
Link to RV concordance: vrsabha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urabha-
See also: vars
Avestan: YAv. varauua- [m] PN
IE form: ursn-bho-
IE meaning: bull
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: vrsan-
Gramm. forms: nom.sg. vrs, acc.sg. vrsanam (younger vrsnam), instr.sg. vrsn, etc.
Meaning: `manly, powerful, propagative', [m] `man, male animal (bull, stallion)'
Link to RV concordance: vrsan- vrsala-; vrsanvant-; vrsapsu-; vrsyudh-; vrsnya-; vrsany-;
vrsayu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uran-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrsanvant- [adj] `with a stallion' (RV); vrsanau [nom.du.m.] `testicles'
(VS+); vrsa-psu- [adj] `with the breath of stallions' (RV); vrsyudh- [adj] `combating a bull' (RV
01.033.06); vrsnya- [n] `manliness, virility' (RV+); vrsala- [m] `servant' (RV 10.034.11+; BAU
vrsala-); vrsany [verb] `to be horny' (RV+), vrsayu- [adj] `ruttish, horny' (RV 09.077.05) {1}
See also: vrsabha-; vrsni-
Avestan: YAv. varna- [adj] `manly'; varna- [m] PN
Sogdian: (Buddh.) wn- `man'
601
Middle Persian: gun `little man'
New Persian: gun `little man'
Ossetic: wyrs/urs `stallion'
IE form: ursen- {2}
IE meaning: male
Certainty: +
Idioms: `having virile horses': Skt. vrsan-asva- [m] PN (RV+) MP gunasp PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. rshn [adj] `male' (Att. rrhn, Ion., Lesb., Cret. rshn, Lac. rshj);
Lat. uerrs `wild boar'; Lith. ver~is `bull, ox, ox calf'
Notes: {1} [AL] For the middle verb vrsy (RV+), often translated `to be horny, act like a bull' see
vars [2]. {2} [AL] The connection with the verb vars [1] `to rain' seems semantically not compelling
and phonologically extremely difficult in view of Greek forms.
Sanskrit: vrsni-
Gramm. forms: +vrsny [instr.sg.] AVP 5.28.8
Meaning: [adj] `ram-like', [m] `ram'
Link to RV concordance: vrsni-; vrsni-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: urni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrsni- [adj] `strong, manly' (RV)
See also: vars
Avestan: YAv. varni- [m] `ram', PN
IE form: urs-ni-
IE meaning: ram
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Cf. Gr. rneij [m] `ram' ?

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Sanskrit: vrtra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `defence', [m] name of a demon slain by Indra, often pictured as a cobra {1}
Link to RV concordance: vrtra-; vrtrahan-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hurtra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vrtra-han- [m] `Vrtra-killer (epithet of Indra)' (RV+): nom.sg. -h, acc. -
hanam, gen. -ghnas, etc.
See also: var
602
Avestan: YAv. vrra- [n] `shield, defensive power' (cf. also s.v. vartra-); OAv. vrrm[.]jan- [m]
`defence-breaker' ( Y 44.16); YAv. vrrajan- [adj] ìd.'; vrrana- [n] `breaking of defence,
victory', [m] name of a god
Middle Persian: wahrm war god, god of victory
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. orlagno god of victory; Arm. vahagn name of a god (LW from Iranian)
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to overcome defence,Vrtra': Skt. vrtram tari, vrtra-tur- (RV) YAv.vrrm tar; vrra-
tauruuan-; `most victorious': Skt. vrtrahantama- (RV) YAv. vrrajastma-
Notes: {1} [AL] The original meaning probably was `cover', since the demon Vrtra- "covered" the
waters (apo vavrivmsam), which were later "opened" (apa-vr-) by Indra. Since Benveniste - Renou
1934, it has become customary to operate with the original meaning òbstacle' for this word (and for
its Avestan cognate vrra-, cf. s.v. vartra-), but since we cannot reconstruct the meaning `to
obstruct' for the Indo-Iranian verbal root (cf. s.v. var), this idea seems doubtful to me. Note further
that Av. vrra- also has the meaning `shield', which often carries the idea of covering.
Sanskrit: vyac
Gramm. forms: Present III (<Perfect): viviktas [3du.act.] (RV); Perfect: vivyca [3sg.act.] (RV+)
avivyak [3sg.ppf.act.] (RV), vivyacat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV)
Meaning: `to contain, embrace, encompass'
Link to RV concordance: vyac-; vyacas-; vyacasvant-; vyacistha- ; uruvyac
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uia-/ ui-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vyacas- [n] èxtent, content, extension' (RV+); vyacas-vant- [adj]
èxtended, expanded' (RV+); vyacistha- [sup] `most expanded' (RV)
Sogdian: wz-d/wiz-d (< *ui-a-) [verb] `to be contained in'
Middle Persian: wnc- /winj-/, (pass.) wncyh- /winjh-/ `to be contained'
New Persian: gunjdan (< *ui-n--) [verb] `to be contained in'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. wz- [verb] `to be contained in, find room in, go into'; Wa. wic- [verb]
ìd.'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: ?
Notes: {1} [AL] The connection with Lat. uinci [verb] `to bind, wrap up' is semantically
unconvincing.
Sanskrit: vyadh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: vidhyati [3sg.act.] (RV+), vidhyat [3sg.impf.act.] (with a lengthened
augment); Aorist S: vytss [2sg.inj.act.] (TS+), avytsur [3pl.act.] (JB); Perfect: vivydha [3sg.act.]
(Br.+), vividhvms- [ptc.act.] (RV); Caus: vydhayati [3sg.act.] (Br.); ta-ptc.: viddha- (RV); Inf: ati-
vidhe (RV)
Meaning: `to damage, hurt, pierce, hit, shoot'
603
Link to RV concordance: vyadh-; hrdayvidh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Huiadh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hrday-vidh- [adj] `piercing the heart' (RV+); +vyadhman- [n] `(arrow)
wound' (AVP 1.46.2); an--vydha- [adj] `not to be forced open' (AV); anativydhya- [gerundive]
ìmpenetrable' (AVP); ati-vydhin- [adj] `capable of piercing through' (VS+); anuvydha- [m/n]
`piercing' (AVP)
Avestan: YAv. vid- [verb] `to pierce': xni-uuiiian [3pl.pres.subj.act.] ( Yt 10.113); amn.v- [adj]
`piercing no wounds' ( Yt 10.39)
Khotanese: bid- [verb] `to pierce'
Middle Persian: ws-, (Man.) wh- /wih-/ [verb] `to shoot, throw'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wit- [verb] `to throw, shoot, strike, hurl'; Yi. wul-/wust- [verb] `to
throw'; Par. uh-/ut [verb] `to throw, place'
IE form: IIR
IE meaning: to pierce
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: vyathi
Gramm. forms: Present I: vyathate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: vyathisi [1sg.inj.med.] (AV+); Caus:
vyathayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: vyathita- (AV+)
Meaning: `to tremble, waver'
Link to RV concordance: vyath-; vyathi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uiatH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: a-vyath- [f] àbsence of trembling, firmness' (VS+); a-vyathi- [adj] `not
tremulous' (RV+); vyathis- [n] `wavering, arbitrarily chosen way' (RV+)
See also: vithura-
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: vy
Gramm. forms: Present AYA: vyayati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist A: avyata [2pl.act.] (RV 01.166.04),
avyata [3sg.med.] (RV); Perfect: -vivyathur [2du.act.] (RV 06.072.05, Ep.), vivye [3sg.med.] (RV);
Passive: vyate [3sg.] (AV+) {1}; ta-ptc.: vta- `veiled' (RV+)
Meaning: `to cover, wrap, veil, envelop'
Link to RV concordance: vy-; hiranyav-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uiaH- {2}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: hiranya-v- [adj] `wrapped with gold' (RV)
See also: vetasa-
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ptw'y [verb] `to wind, roll' (+ *pati-), prw''y- [verb] `to wrap up' (+ *pari-)
Other Iranian cognates: Sariq. bawy- [verb] `to cover, veil', Yazg. baway- [verb] ìd.', Rosh. bawn
`covering, closing', Sariq. bawin `blanket, body covering' (+ *upa-); Wa. z()wy- [verb] `to wind,
604
wrap, roll up' (+ *uz-); Sariq. parwy- [verb] `to cover, veil', Sh. parwn `cover, wrapping', Sariq.
parwein `horse-clothing' (+ *pari-)
IE form: ueih1
IE meaning: to wrap, envelop
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. uire [verb] `to bind, plait'; Lith. vyti [verb] `to turn (around)'; OCS
po-viti [verb] `to wrap, bind'
Notes: {1} [AL] The meaning of pra vyate is `to be covered = impregnated'. {2} [AL] The root
actually always appears in the zero grade in IIr., the present reflecting *uiH-aia-.
Sanskrit: vyghra-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: /viyghra-/
Meaning: `tiger'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ui(H)ghra-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: vyghr- [f] `she-tiger'
Middle Persian: bpl /babr/ `tiger' (< *bar)
New Persian: babr `tiger' (< *bar)
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. vagr `tiger', Georg. vigri `tiger' (LW from Iranian) {1}
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} [Martirosyan] Hbschmann (1883: 14; 1897: 242) correctly treats Arm. vagr as an Iranian
loan from an unattested Middle Iranian form which is continued in Pahl. and NPers. babr `tiger' from
*bar. The etymology is accepted in HAB 4: 292a; Jahukyan 1987: 544.
Sanskrit: ya-
Part of speech: [rel.pron.]
Gramm. forms: yah [nom.sg.m.] (RV+); y [nom.sg.f.] (RV+); yat [nom.sg.n.] (RV+); yam
[acc.sg.m.] (RV+); yasmai [dat.sg.m.n.] (RV+); etc.
Meaning: `who, which'
Link to RV concordance: ya-; yaka-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ya-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yaka- [rel.pron.diminutive] `who, which' (RV+); yadryan~c- [adj] `moving
or turning in which direction' (MS+); yarhi [adv] `when, whenever' (TS+)
See also: yatara-; yati; yatra; yath; yad; yadi; yt; yvant-
Avestan: OAv. ya- [rel.pron.] `who, which' (y [nom.sg.m.], ym [acc.sg.m.], yahmi [dat.sg.m.n.],
yehii [gen.sg.m.n.], etc.); YAv. y, yas-ca [nom.sg.m.], yim [acc.sg.m.], yehe [gen.sg.m.n.], etc.
Old Persian: yciy /ya-ciy/ `whatever' (< *yat-it); hy-, ty- /haya-, taya-/ `he, who'
Middle Persian: [relative particle]
New Persian: i [relative particle]
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. i [m], ia [f] `who'
IE form: (H)io-, (H)ieh2 [f] {1}
605
IE meaning: who, which
Certainty: +
Idioms: `whoever, whichever': Skt. ya- ca (RV+) Av. ya- c; `whoever, whichever': Skt. yah kas
cit (RV+) OAv. yahmi ... kahmict_; `whenever': Skt. yac cid (RV+) YAv. yat_-cit_, OP yciy /ya-
ciy/
Cognates in other languages: Gr. j [m], [f], [n] `who, which'; NPhr. ioj (ni) [m] `who (ever)';
OCS i-e [m], ja-e [f] `who'; Lith. jei, jei~ `when, if'
Notes: {1} [AL] The initial laryngeal is not quite certain. It is based on the Greek aspiration (if it
reflects *Hi-) and on the possible derivation of this pronoun from the pronoun *h1e / h1i- (see s.v. ay-
[2], a- [2]).
Sanskrit: yabh
First attestation: RV-Kh., AV+
Gramm. forms: Present I: yabhati [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh., AV+); Fut: yapsyant- [ptc.act.] (TB+); Passive
(?): +yabhyamna- {1} [ptc.] (RV-Kh. 5.22.3); Des.passive: yyipsyate [3sg.] `(the wife) is sought for
copulation' (SrS.)
Meaning: `to copulate'
Link to RV concordance: yabh-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiabh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: suyabhy- [f] `woman who is good to have sex with' (AV, RV-Kh.)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'y'bt'k [adj] `committing adultery'
IE form: h3iebh
IE meaning: to copulate
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Russ. ebu, ebat' [verb]; et' [inf] `to fuck'; Ukr. jebu, jebaty; jety `to
fuck'; Gr. ofw, ofw [verb] `to fuck'
Notes: {1} [LK] In the mss. yabhyamna-; see Kulikov 2001: 366ff. {2} [LK] See Kulikov 2001:
368f.
Sanskrit: yad
Meaning: `when(ever), as soon as'
Link to RV concordance: yad
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiadaH
See also: ya-
Avestan: OAv. yad [adv] `when(ever)'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: yadi
606
Meaning: ìf'
Link to RV concordance: yadi
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiadi
See also: ya-
Avestan: YAv. ye(i)i [adv] `when'
Old Persian: yadiy [adv] `when'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +

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Sanskrit: yahu-
Gramm. forms: f. yahv-
Meaning: `youthful, with youthful power' (epithet of plants, sons and mothers )
Link to RV concordance: yahu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)iajhu-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yahva- [adj] ìd.' (RV), yahvat- [adj.f.] ìd.' (RV)
See also: yu-; yuvan-
Avestan: OAv. yazu- [adj] ( Y 31.8; f. yezuu dugdram Y 53.3) `youthful, young, youngest'; YAv.
yazu- [adj] `youngest'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: - {1}
Page in Pokorny: 502 (with diff. anal.)
Notes: {1} [AL] Connection with Old European river name Jagst (older Jagesa) seems highly
improbable to me. The same is valid for the old connection with OHG jagn `to chase, hunt'. Possibly,
an enlargement of the root of *h2oiu- (Skt. yu-).
Sanskrit: yaj
Gramm. forms: Present I: yajati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist S: yaksat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), ays
[2sg.act.] (RV 03.029.16 +), ayt [3sg.act.] (RV-Kh.+); SI-impv: yaksi (RV); Perfect: je [3sg.med.]
(RV+); Fut: yaksya (RV+); Caus: yjay `to cause someone to sacrifice' (YV+); Passive: ijyate
(YVp+); Inf: yajadhyai (RV+); Abs: istv (AV); ta-ptc.: ista- (RV+)
Meaning: `to worship, sacrifice'
Link to RV concordance: yaj-; suyaj-; yajyams-; yajistha-; yajatra-; yajatha-; yajas-; yajyu-;
yajvan-; yajus-; yastar-; yastar-; atiyja; - isti-
607
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiaj- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yajyas- [comp] `worshipping better' (RV+); yajistha- [sup]
`worshipping best' (RV+); yajatra- [adj] `worthy of worship' (RV+); yajatha- (only dat.sg. yajathya
ìn order to worship', RV); deva-yajana- [n] `place of worship' (AV+); yajas- [n] `sacrifice' (SB);
yajas- [adj] `worshipping' (RV 08.040.04) [XXX Gr. goj]; yajyu- [adj] `devout, pious; worthy of
worship' (RV+); yajvan- [adj] `worshipping' (RV+); yajus- [n] àct of worship' (RV+) {2}; yastar-,
yastar- [m] `worshipper' (RV+); ati-yja- [adj] `worshipping very much' (RV 06.052.01); ijy- [f]
`sacrifice' (SrS.+); isti- [f] `worship, sacrifice' (RV+)
See also: yajn~a-, yajata-
Avestan: Av. yaz- [verb] `to worship': OAv. yazamaid [1pl.pres.med.], yazmna- [ptc.pres.med.],
YAv. yaznti [3pl.pres.act.], yazamaide [1pl.pres.med.], yaznte [3pl.pres.med.], yazi
[1sg.pres.subj.med.], friiazata [3sg.opt.med.] ( V 19.2), yazmna- [ptc.pres.med.], yazna-
[ptc.aor.med.] ( Yt 10.138, Yt 13.24), yazinti [3pl.pass.] ( Yt 8.11), friieziit_ [3sg.pass.subj.] ( Yt
13.50), ita-, yata- [ppp] `honoured'; yatar- [m] `worshipper'
Old Persian: yad- [verb] `to worship': ydtiy /yadataiy/ [3sg.pres.act.], ydia /yadai/ [2sg.opt.med.],
aydiiy /ayadiyan/ [3pl.pass.]; -yadana- [n] `sacrificial place'; Bgaydi- 7th month (Sept. - Oct.,
month of the feast *Bagayda- `worshiping Baga = Mithra')
Khotanese: gyays-/gyasta- [verb] `to sacrifice'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) 'yz- [verb] `to worship, sacrifice to'
Middle Persian: yaz-/yatan [verb] `to worship, celebrate, recite' (LW)
Parthian: yz-/ytn [verb] `to venerate'
New Persian: ba-yz `gift' (LW)
IE form: Hieh2g-
IE meaning: to worship, sacrifice
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to worship the Truth': Skt. rtam ... yaj (RV+) OAv. am ... yaz; `to worship (and) to
please': Skt. yaksat ... piprayac ca (RV) OAv. yazamaid ... friianmah; `to praise (and) to
worship': Skt. stuhi ... yaksv (RV 05.042.11), stavat ... yajte (RV 06.047.15) OAv. yazmnaca ...
stauuas; `worshipping the gods': Skt. deva-yaj- [adj] (KS+) YAv. dauua-iiaz- `worshipping the
Dauuas'; `well-worshipping': Skt. su-yaj- [adj] (RV+) YAv. hu-iieti- [f] `good worship'
Cognates in other languages: Gr. zomai `to honour'; Gr. gioj [adj] `sacred, consecrated'; Gr. goj,
pamphyl. *hagoj [n] `consecration, curse'; Lat. iaiinus (< *Hiag-iu-) `fasting'; Lat. iaiientre (<
*Hiag-ie-) `to have breakfast'
Notes: {1} [AL] In Indo-Iranian, the second laryngeal has disappeared in front of the cluster IE *gC,
on which see Lubotsky 1981: 135 ff. The initial laryngeal seems to be indicated by je [3sg.pf.med.]
and by the reflex in Greek. {2} [AL] Hajnal 1999: 95 interprets yajus- as an original stem in -ur-,
forming one paradigm with yajvan-.
Sanskrit: yajata-
Meaning: `worthy of worship, sacrifice'
Link to RV concordance: yajata-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiajata-
608
See also: yaj
Avestan: OAv. yazata- [adj] `worthy of worship' ( Y 41.3); YAv. yazata- [m] `god, divine creature'
Khotanese: gyasta- `god'; (Tumsh.) jezda `god'
Middle Persian: yazd `god'
New Persian: yazd `god'
Ossetic: z?d/iz?d `deity, angel'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: àll worthy of worship': Skt. visvebhyo yajatebhyah (RV) YAv. vspe yazath, v
spaibii, MP wsp'n yzd'n àll gods'
Sanskrit: yajn~a-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `worship, sacrifice'
Link to RV concordance: yajn~a-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiajna-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yajn~iya- [adj] `worthy to be worshipped, suitable for the sacrifice' (RV+)
See also: yaj
Avestan: Av. yasna- [m] `worship'; yesniia- [adj] `worthy to be worshipped, connected with worship'
( Skt. yajn~iya-)
Khotanese: gyaysna- `sacrifice'
Middle Persian: yan `feast, celebration'
Parthian: mzdyzn `Zoroastrian, follower of Zarathutra'
New Persian: jan `feast, celebration'
Other Iranian cognates: Arm. mazdezn `Zoroastrian' (LW)
IE form: Hieh2g-no-
IE meaning: worship
Certainty: +
Idioms: `goal of the worship': Skt. yajn~asya ... artham (RV) OAv. ar ... yasnm `the goals ... the
worship' ( Y 33.8); `Mitra / Mira, worthy to be worshipped': Skt. mitro ... yajn~iyah YAv. yesnii
mir; Aram.-Iran. mtr-yzn PN; `to worship with a worship': Skt. yajn~am yaj- (RV) YAv. yasnm
yaz-; `the worship ... the word': Skt. yajn~am ... vacah (RV) OAv. vacah ... yasn ( Y 34.1)
Cognates in other languages: Gr. gnj [adj] `holy, pure, hallowed'
Sanskrit: yakr- / yakn-

Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: yakrt [nom.acc.sg.] (AV); yaknas [gen.abl.sg.] (RV+); yakani [loc.sg.] (AVP)
Meaning: `liver'
Link to RV concordance: yakrt
Proto-Indo-Iranian: (H)iakr, (H)iakn-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yaka-kloman- [pl] `liver and lungs' (AVP 8.8.3)
609
Avestan: YAv. yakar [n] `liver' (for the short vowel in the root see de Vaan 2003: 68f.)
Khotanese: gyagarr `liver' (< *iakrna-)
Middle Persian: ykl /jagar/ `liver'
New Persian: jigar `liver'
Ossetic: ig?r `liver'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. yina-/yna- `liver' (< *iak(a)n ); Yi. ygn `liver'
IE form: (H)iekw-r- / (H)iekw-n- {1}
IE meaning: liver
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. par [n] `liver' (patoj [gen.sg.]) `liver'; Lat. iecur [n] (iocineris
[gen.sg.]) `liver'; OCS ikra `roe'; Russ. ikra [f] `roe, spawn, caviar, (anat.) calf'; ikro (Psk.) [n] `roe,
spawn, caviar'; Lith. ikras [m] `fish-egg, (anat.) calf, [pl.] roe, spawn, caviar'; Lith. je~knos (dial.) [m]
`liver'
Notes: {1} The laryngeal is based on Greek and is uncertain.
Sanskrit: yam
Gramm. forms: Present SK: yachati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Aorist R: ayamur [3pl.act.] (RV), yamat(i)
[3sg.subj.act.] (RV+), yandhi [2sg.impv.act.] (RV); Aorist S: ayamsam [1sg.act.] (RV+), ayamsta
[3sg.med.] (RV+); SI-impv: yamsi (RV); Perfect: yayma [3sg.act.] (RV+), yemathuh [2du.act.]
(RV); Passive: yamyate [3sg.] (RV+); Fut: yamsyati [3sg.act.] (Br.); Caus: ymay (RV+); Inf:
yantave (RV 08.015.03), yamitavai (RV); ta-ptc.: yata- (RV+)
Meaning: `to hold, restrain, drive (horses), stretch out, grant, bestow'
Link to RV concordance: yam-; yama-; suyama-; suyma-; yamistha-; yantar-; suyantu-; yantra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iam-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yama- [m] `rein, curb, bridle' (RV+); su-yama- [adj] èasy to be guided'
(RV+); su-yma- [adj] `restraining well' (RV); yamistha- [sup] `guiding best' (RV); yati- [f]
`holding, guidance' (TS+); yantar- [m] `charioteer, leader' (RV+); su-yantu- [adj] `guiding well' (RV
05.044.04); ud-yma- [m] ùpstretched thread' (RV-Kh.+); yantra- [n] ìnstrument for holding, band,
rein' (RV+)
Avestan: Av. yam- [verb] `to hold, keep': OAv. iies [1sg.pres.med.] ( Y 53.6), xhm.ysait
[3sg.pres.med.] ( Y 33.1; for the long vowel cf. de Vaan 2003: 63), YAv. ysiti [3sg.pres.act.]; OAv.
apaiiant [3sg.aor.inj.med.] ( Y 32.9), xiiamait [3sg.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 31.13), hmiiant
[3sg.aor.impv.act.] ( Y 51.3); YAv. apa-iiata- [ppp] ( Yt 10.84)
Old Persian: yam- [verb] `to hold': aysta /yasat/ [3sg.impf.med.] `took for himself'
Khotanese: jum- [verb] `to bring' (+ *-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ''y'm- [verb] `to end, finish', (Buddh.) 's, (Chr.) 's [inch.] `to take, receive' (+ *-);
(Buddh.) zy''m-, (Chr.) zy'm- [verb] `to consume, spend' (+ *uz-); (Man.) fry'm- [verb] `to end,
break the fasting' (+ *fra-); ny's- [verb] `to take (prison), capture' (+ *ni-)
Ossetic: isyn / esun [verb] `to take (away, out)' (< *-ias-)
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. by'my- [verb] `to break a promise' (+ *apa-); z'my- [caus.] `to spend'
(+ *uz-); y'm(y)- [verb] `to break, end the fasting' (+ *fra-); Bactr. ies- [verb] `to take' (+ *- ?; in
3sg. prohib. mago iesado)
IE form: IIR
610
Certainty: -
Sanskrit: yama- [1]

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `twin'
Link to RV concordance: yama-; yam-; yamya-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iamHa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yam- [f] `twin sister' (RV+); yamya- [adj] `being a twin, twin-like' (RV
03.055.11)
See also: yama- [2]
Avestan: OAv. yma- [m] `twin'
Middle Persian: nr-jmyg `twin spirit'
Other Iranian cognates: Baxtiar m `twins'
IE form: imH-o- {1}
IE meaning: twin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Latv. jumis `pair'; OIr. emon [m], emuin [f] `twins'; Lat. geminus [m]
`twin' (with secondary g-)
Notes: {1} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1988: 79.
Sanskrit: yama- [2] {1}

Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `Yama, name of the mythical first man, name of the first mortal and king of the death, son of
Vivasvant-'
Link to RV concordance: yama-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iamHa-
See also: yama- [1]
Avestan: Av. yima- (< *yma-) [m] `name of a mythical primeval king, son of Vuuavhant-'; YAv.
yim xat `radiant Yima'
New Persian: jam, jam-d Yima
Other Iranian cognates: Elam.-Iran. *yama- PN, *yama-xaita- PN
IE form: imH-o- {2}
IE meaning: twin
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: ON ymir [personal noun] `name of an ancient giant' (< *imH-io-)
Notes: {1} Identical with yama- [1]. {2} [AL] For the reconstruction see Lubotsky 1988: 79.
Sanskrit: yas
611
Gramm. forms: Present III: yayastu [3sg.impv.act.] (RV); Present III>I: yesant-- (< *ia-isa-)
[ptc.act.f.] (RV 03.053.22 +); Present IV: pra-yasyati [3sg.act.] (AVP 9.28.3), pra-yasyant- [ptc.act.f.]
(AVS 12.5.31 = AVP 16.144.5); ta-ptc.: pra-yasta- `made hot, boiling' (RV+)
Meaning: `to boil, become hot'
Link to RV concordance: yas-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: ias-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: nir-ysa- [m] èxudation of trees or plants, juice, resin' (TS+); ud-ysa-,
sam-ysa- [m] èxertion, effort' (VS)
Avestan: YAv. yaiiant- [ptc.pres.act.] `boiling'
Khotanese: js- [verb] `to boil'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) by'y'ntk, bws'nty `boiling'
New Persian: j `boiling'; jdan [verb] (denom.) `to boil [intr.]; to bubble'
Other Iranian cognates: Yagh. - [verb] `to boil'; Pash. ya- [verb] ìd.'
IE form: ies
IE meaning: to boil
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. zw [1sg.pres.act.] `to bubble, boil, cook', zestj [adj] `cooked,
boiling, hot'; OHG jesan [verb] `to ferment, foam'; ToAB ys- [verb] `to boil, be turned on'
Sanskrit: yat
Gramm. forms: Present I: yatate [3sg.med.] (intr.) (RV+), yatati [3sg.act.] (trans.) (RV); Aorist R:
yatna-, yatna- [ptc.med.] (RV); Perfect: yetire [3pl.med.] (RV+); Caus: ytay (RV+); ta-ptc.: pari-
yatta- `lined up' (RV+)
Meaning: `to be in place, put in place, line up, place in order'
Link to RV concordance: yat-; samyat-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iat-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: sam-yat- [f] `putting together, row' (RV+); yatana- [n] `fixed place'
(AV+); anyatana- [adj] `without fixed place' (AV)
Avestan: Av. yat- [verb] `to take one's place': YAv. yaiiata [3sg.pf.act.], OAv. yim [1pl.pf.act.] (
Y 28.9); YAv. yataiia /ytaiia [caus.] `to place'; iiasti- [f] `line-up' in yjaiiasti- [f] `measure of
distance' (= `line-up for the harnessing (of draught animals)', Klingenschmitt 1968: 241, for the form
of the compound see de Vaan 2003: 295)
Sogdian: (Chr.) ptyt- [verb] `to happen, befall' (+ *pati-); (Buddh.) py(')'t-, (Chr.) *py't-, (Man.) py't-
[verb] `to adorn', (Buddh.) py'ty', py'ty'kh [f] àdornment' (+ *upa-); Sogd. br'y- [verb] `to help' (+
*fra-)
Middle Persian: y'd- [verb] `to reach (a goal), come to, attain'; pry'd-, (Buddh.) plyd't- /frayd-/
[verb] `to help, assist' (+ *fra-)
Parthian: y'd- [verb] `to reach (a goal), come to, attain'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. y'cy- [verb] `to approach (a certain age)'; fy'cy- [verb] `to help' (+
*fra-); Yagh. yat- [verb] `to find a place, settle'; Sh. yad- [verb] `to come'
IE form: iet-
IE meaning: to be in place
612
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: To. yt- [verb] `to be able', To. yt- [verb] `to adorn'

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Sanskrit: yatara-
Part of speech: [relative pronoun]
Meaning: `which of two'
Link to RV concordance: yatara-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iatara-
See also: ya-
Avestan: YAv. yatra- [relative pronoun] `which of two'
IE form: h1io-tero-
IE meaning: which of two
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Cret.) teroj [adj] `which of two'
Sanskrit: yath
Meaning: às'
Link to RV concordance: yath
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiatHaH
See also: ya-
Avestan: OAv. ya às, in which way'; YAv. ya [adv] às, in which way'
Old Persian: ya [adv] às'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: +
Idioms: às usual': Skt. yath-krtam (RV+) YAv. yaa.krtm; `so will it be, as they wish / he
would wish': Skt. yath vasanti ... asat (RV 08.061.04) OAv. ahat_ ya ... vasat_ ( Y.29.4)
Sanskrit: yati
Part of speech: [relative adv]
Meaning: `how much'
Link to RV concordance: yati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiati
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yatidh [adv] ìn how many parts' (AV)
613
See also: ya-
Avestan: YAv. yeiti [relative adv] `how much'
IE form: Hio-ti
IE meaning: how much
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (s)soj [relative adj] `how big' (< IE *h1io-ti-o- )
Sanskrit: yatra
Gramm. forms: also yatr
Meaning: `where, whither'
Link to RV concordance: yatra
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiatra
See also: ya-
Avestan: OAv. yar [adv] `where'; YAv. yara [adv] `where'
IE form: h1io-tro
IE meaning: where
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: yav [1]

Gramm. forms: Present VI: -yuvati [3sg.act.] (RV, TSm); -te [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present II: yauti
[3sg.act.] (AV+); yute [3sg.med.] (YVp +); yutm [3sg.impv.med.] (AV 11.10.16); -yuvna-
[ptc.med.] {1} (RV 07.091.05, SB, S.); Aorist IS: -yvistam [2du.inj.act.] (RV 08.005.13); ayvt
[3sg.act.] (VdhS.); Aorist S: ayusmahi [1pl.med.] (AVP); m yosta [2pl.inj.act.] (SrS.m); m
ydhvam [2pl.inj.med.] (SrS.m); Perfect: -yuyuve [3sg.med.] (RV 01.138.01); Intensive: -yoyuve
[3sg.stat.] (RV 10.093.09); -yoyuvna- [ptc.med.] (RV 04.001.11); Desid: yuysatah [3du.act.] (RV);
Abs: -yy, -yya (RV+); -yutya (Br.+); ta-ptc.: -yuta- (RV+); sam-yuta- `joined together' (AV+)
Meaning: `to hold fast, put on, bind'
Link to RV concordance: yu- [1]; niyut-; ayuta-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ni-yut- [f] `team of horses, chariot' (RV+) {2}; ayuta- [n] `10.000 (= `not
bound, unlimited' ?)' (RV+); prayuta- [n] `million' (AVP+)
See also: yoj; yav [2]
Avestan: Av. yu- `to bind, hold': YAv. niiuuant- [ptc.pres.act.] ( Y 57.8) (?); afsmainiiuuant- [adj]
`holding the poetic work' (?)
IE form: ieu- {3}
IE meaning: to connect
Certainty: +
614
Cognates in other languages: Lith. jauti, jau~ti [verb] `to mingle, blend'; Latv. ju~tis `place of joint,
crossroad'
Notes: {1} [LK] Probably secondary after -stuvna- ( Joachim 1978: 139). {2} [LK] ypa- [m]
`sacrificial post, pillar (to which sacrificial animals are fastened)' (RV+) most probably does not
belong here ( Got 1997: 1029, fn. 48). {3} This root may have formed the basis of *ieug- > Skt. yoj.
Sanskrit: yav [2]

Gramm. forms: Present III: yuyoti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present SK: yucchati [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present V:
vyunoti [3sg.act.] (RV 05.031.01) (?); Aorist R: -yys [3sg.opt. (prec.)] (RV 07.104.15), -yavanta
[3pl.subj.med.] (RV 05.002.05), -yuvna- [ptc.med.] (RV 04.048.02); Aorist S: yaus [2sg.inj.act.]
(RV+); yaustam [2du.inj.act.] (RV); yausma [1pl.inj.act.] (YVm); yosat(i) [3sg.subj.med.] (RV);
Intensive: ayoyavt [3sg.impf.act.] (RV 01.052.10), yoyuvant- [ptc.act.] (RV+); Aorist IS: yvs
[2sg.inj.act.] (trans.) (RV); Caus: yvaya [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+), yavaya [2sg.impv.act.] (RV+); Inf:
yotave, yotos, yotavai `to keep away, to exclude' (RV); ta-ptc.: yuta- `chased away' (RV); vi-yuta-
`separated' (RV+)
Meaning: `to keep away, ward off, turn away, chase away'
Link to RV concordance: yu- [2]; dvesoyut-; prayuti-; aprayutvan-; prayotar-; yyuvi-; apryu-;
apryus-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dveso-yut- [adj] `chasing away enemies' (RV), dveso-yavana- [adj]
ìd.' (MSm); pra-yuti- [f] `negligence' (RV 10.037.12); aprayutvan- [adj] `not negligent' (RV
06.048.10); apryu(s)- [adj] `not negligent' (RV); pra-yotar- [m] `remover' (RV 07.086.06); yyuvi-
[adj] `removing, warding off' (RV 05.050.03)
See also: yav [1]
Avestan: YAv. viita- [ppp]; yt [adv] `separately'
Middle Persian: jwdy, (Buddh.) ywdt /jud/ `separated, divided'
Parthian: ywd `separate (from), without'
New Persian: jud [adj] `separate'
IE form: ieu- {1}
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] Presumably, originally identical with yav [1].
Sanskrit: yava-
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: `grain, corn, crop, barley'
Link to RV concordance: yava-; yavamant-; yavayu-; yavsir-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaua-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yavamant- [adj] `cultivating grain', [n] àbundance of grain' (RV);
yavayu- [adj] `desiring grain' (RV 08.078.09); yavsir- [adj] `mixed with grain (Soma)' (RV); yavya-
[m] `stock of barley' (VS+), yavy- [f] ìd.' (TS)
615
Avestan: YAv. yauua- [m] `grain'; yuun- [m] `cornfield' (acc.pl. yuun; dat.du. yaonibiia; loc.pl.
yauu.huua)
Middle Persian: jaw `barley'
New Persian: jaw `barley'
Ossetic: j?w `millet'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. `barley'
IE form: ieuo-
IE meaning: grain
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to cultivate barley': Skt. yavam ... karsathah, yavam ... carkrsat (RV) YAv. yauuanam ...
(a)kartanam, yaokarti- [f] `cultivating barley'
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. /eua-/ [n] à kind of grain'; Lith. ja~vas (usually pl. javai~ ) `corn,
grain'; Gr. zeia [f.pl.] òne-sided wheat, spelt'
Sanskrit: yavasa-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `pasture, fodder, grasslands'
Link to RV concordance: yavasa-; yavasa-; syavasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiauHasa-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yavasa- [adj] `without pastures' (RV+); syavasa- [adj] `with good
pastures' (RV+)
See also: gavyti-
Avestan: YAv. yauuaha- [n] `pasture'
IE form: IIR {1}
Certainty: -
Notes: {1} The formation looks IE (*HieuH-es-o-), although no cognates outside IIr. have been found.
Sanskrit: yavy-
Part of speech: [f]
Gramm. forms: /yavy-/
Meaning: `canal'
Link to RV concordance: yavy-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaui-
Old Persian: yauviy- [f] `canal'
Middle Persian: j(y) `stream, canal'
New Persian: j(y) `stream, canal'
Other Iranian cognates: Par. `rivulet'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Page in Pokorny: -
Sanskrit: y [1]
616
Gramm. forms: Present II: yti [3sg.act.] (RV+); Present IV (?) {1}: yate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist S:
aysam [1sg.act.] (RV+); Perfect: yayau [3sg.act.] (RV+); ta-ptc.: yta- (RV+); Inf: ytave (RV+)
Meaning: `to drive (fast), speed'
Link to RV concordance: y- [1]; yayi-; pray-; ytar-; drghaytha-; yna-; yma-; yman-; yestha-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yayi- [adj] `hastening, running' (RV); pra-y- [f] `driving forth' (RV
03.029.15); ytar- [m] `charioteer' (RV); drgha-ytha- [m] `long course'; yna- [n] `journey' (RV
04.043.06); yn- [f] `path, course' (YV); yma- [m] `course' (RV+); yman- [n] `course, expedition'
(RV+); yyvara- [adj] `roaming about', [m] `nomad' (YV); yestha- [adj] `driving fastest' (RV)
See also: ay [1]
Avestan: OAv. y.mng (= *yman-?) [gen.sg.n.] `course'
IE form: h1ieh2 {2}
IE meaning: to drive
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. joti [verb] `to drive, go'; Latv. ja^t [verb] `to drive, go'; ToA y-
[verb] `to go, travel'; Lat. inus [m] `passage, gateway'
Notes: {1} [LK] yate may represent either a -ya-present (class IV; thus most scholars, in particular
Insler) or a reduplicated present (*h1i-h1i-toi or *h1i-h1ih2-toi, with the subsequent thematicization;
thus Eichner, Joachim) and belong to either y [1] or ay [1]; see Kulikov 2001: 261f. {2} Perhaps a
laryngeal enlargement of *h1ei- (Skt. ay [1]), i.e. *h1i-eh2-.

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Forward: 1
Sanskrit: y [2]
Gramm. forms: Present II: ymi [1sg.act.] (RV), yti [3sg.act.] (RV 07.038.06); mahe [1pl.med.]
(RV+), iye [1sg.med.] (RV 02.017.07), iyna- [ptc.med.] (RV) {1}; Aorist S: ava ysat [3sg.subj.act.]
(RV 06.066.05), yssta [3sg.opt.med.] (RV); Aorist SIS: aysisam [1sg.act.] (RV 01.018.06),
ysissths [2sg.opt.med.] (RV 04.001.04); Passive: yate [3sg.] (RV); Inf: iyadhyai (RV 06.020.08)
{2}
Meaning: `to request, implore'
Link to RV concordance: y- [2]; avay-; avayna-; yman-; ytar-; rnay-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: ava-y- [f] àpology' (RV, AV); ava-yna- [n] ìd.' (RV 01.185.08);
yman- [n] `request' (RV); ytar- [m] àvenger' (RV 01.032.14) {3}, rna-y-, rna-yvan- [adj]
`collecting debts' {3}
Avestan: Av. y- [verb] `to request, demand, implore': ysa- [inch.pres.]; yh- (< *iaH-ah-) [n]
`request'; yna- [n] `request, favour'; YAv. auua-ii- [f] `penance'
617
Old Persian: yna- [n] `request, favour'
IE form: ieh2-
IE meaning: to implore
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: -
Cognates in other languages: ToB ysk- [verb] `to beg'; Gr. (Hes.) Zhtr Zej n KprJ {3}
Notes: {1} Attested both in the active (ìmploring') and passive (ìmplored') usages. {2} An
enlargement of the root y- is Skt. yc [verb] `to implore' (RV yc- +): ycmi [1sg.pres.act.], ycante
[3pl.pres.med.] (RV+), aycista [3sg.aor.med.] (MS+), ycisat [3sg.aor.subj.act.] (RV), yayce
[3sg.pf.med.] (Br.+), ycay [caus.] (AV+), ycisy [fut.] (Br.+), ycita- [ta-ptc.] (AV+), ycitum
[inf.] (AV+); ycn~a- [m] `request' (AV+); ycn~- [f] ìd.' (TS+). {3} [AL] For the semantic analysis
of these Vedic forms and their relationship to Gr. Zhtr and other Greek forms like zh~loj [m] `zeal,
jealousy', dzhmai [verb] `to search, seek out, desire', see Garcia-Ramon 1999.
Sanskrit: ytar-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `husband's brother's wife'
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiaHtar-
New Persian: yr (Tehran jar < *yar--, Isfahan yd) `husband's brother's wife'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. yor `husband's brother's wife'
IE form: Hienh2ter- / Hinh2ter-
IE meaning: husband's brother's wife
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Hom.) enterej [f.pl.] `brothers' wives, sisters-in-law'; Gr. (inscr.)
nathr [f] `husband's brother's wife'; OLith. jente `husband's brother's wife'; CS jetry [f] `husband's
brother's wife'; Lat. ianitrcs [f.pl.] `brothers' wives'
Sanskrit: yvant-
Meaning: `how big, how far-reaching, how much'
Link to RV concordance: yvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiaHuant-
See also: ya-; yt; tvant-
Avestan: Av. yauuat_ [adv] às much as, as far as'; YAv. yauuant- [adj] `how big, how much'
Old Persian: yv às long as'
IE form: h1ieh2-uent-
IE meaning: as much as
Certainty: +
Idioms: às far as I/we can': Skt. yvad se (RV) OAv. yauuat_ isi ( Y 28.4), y.t ismaid ( Y
35.7); `how much soever': Skt. yvant- kiyant- ca (AV+) YAv. yauuat_ cuuat_ca ( V 6.29), cuuat_
yauuat_
618
Cognates in other languages: Gr. wj [adv] às long as, until'
Sanskrit: yodh
Gramm. forms: Present IV: yudhyata [2pl.impv.act.] (RV+), yudhyate [3sg.med.] (RV+); Present I: ud
yodhanti [3pl.act.] `to rebel' (AV 12.3.28), ud ... ayodhan [3pl.impf.act.] (PB 7.5.2) {1}; Aorist IS:
ayodht [3sg.act.] (RV+), yodhisat [3sg.subj.act.] (RV 08.045.05); Aorist R: yodhat [3sg.subj.act.]
(RV 06.039.02); SI-impv: yotsi (RV); Caus: yodhay (RV+); Inf: yodhanyai (AVP 5.10.8); ta-ptc.:
yuddha- `conquered', also [n] `fight' (RV+)
Meaning: `to fight'
Link to RV concordance: yudh-; yudh-; amitryudh-; yodha-; yodhyas-; yudhma-; yavyudh-;
yudhenya-; ayudhya-; yudhvan-; yuyudhi-; yyudhi-; ayoddhar-; yudhymadhi-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiaudh-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yudh- [f] `fight' (RV+); amitr-yudh- [adj] `fighting against enemies' (RV
03.029.15); yodha- [m] `warrior' (RV+); yodhyas- [comp] `superior in the fight' (RV 01.173.05);
yudhma- [m] `fighter' (RV); yavyudh- [adj] èager to fight' (RV); yudhenya- [gerundive] `to be
fought' (RV+); a-yudhya- [adj] `not to be fought against' (RV 10.103.07); yudhvan- [adj] `warlike,
martial' (RV); yuyudhi-, yyudhi- [adj] `pugnacious' (RV); a-yoddhar- [m] `not a fighter' (RV
01.032.06); yudhymadhi- [m] PN {3}
Avestan: Av. yud- [verb] `to fight, struggle': YAv. yiiieiti [3sg.pres.act.]; yiita- [sup] `who fights
best'; aspiiaoa- [m] `horse warrior'; friiaoa- [m] PN
Khotanese: juv- [verb] `to fight'
Parthian: ywdy- [verb] `to look after; to strive for', yws- [inch.] `to battle'
New Persian: justan / jy- [verb] `to search, strive for, seek'
Ossetic: udyn / odun [verb] `to exert; be industrious; put effort into'
Other Iranian cognates: Bactr. iwl- [verb] `to fight'
IE form: Hieudh
IE meaning: to move (intrans), to stir > to fight
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. smnh (< Gr. *husmo- {2}) [f] `battle, fight'; Lith. judus [adj]
`belligerent'; Lith. judeti [verb] `to move (intr.)'
Notes: {1} It is conceivable that Ved. ud yodhati `to rebel' is somehow connected with IIr. *(H)iauj-a-
(> YAv. yaoz-a-, OP yaud-a- `to rebel'). {2} With analogical *-smo- for *-mo- in IE *Hiudh-mo-. {3}
[AL] According to an ingenious suggestion by Renou 1952: 254, this name represents 1pl. present.
Sanskrit: yoj
Gramm. forms: Present VII: yunajmi [1sg.act.] (RV+); yunkte [3sg.med.] (RV+); Aorist R: ayuji
[1sg.med.] (RV+), yuksva [2sg.impv.med.] (RV+); Aorist S: ayuksata [3pl.med.] (RV+), ayuksi
[1sg.med.] (MSm); Perfect: yuyujma [1pl.act.] (RV 06.061.12), yuyuje [3sg.med.] (RV+); Passive:
yujyate [3sg.] (RV+); Fut: yoksyate [3sg.med.] (AV+); Aorist mediopass: ayoji [3sg.], ayujran [3pl.]
(RV); Abs: yuktv `having yoked' (RV+); Inf: yuje `to yoke' (RV); ta-ptc.: yukta- (RV+)
Meaning: `to yoke, harness, join'
619
Link to RV concordance: yuj-; yuj-; ayuja-; rtayukti-; svayugvan-; yujya-; yoga-; yogy-; yojana-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iaug-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yuj- [m] `yoke-fellow, ally, associate' (RV+); a-yuj- [adj] òdd (number)
(Br.+); a-yuja- [adj] `without a companion, not having an equal' (RV 08.062.02); rta-yukti- [f]
`connection with Truth' (RV 10.061.10); yugmant- [adj] èven' (TS+), yugman- [adj] ìd.' (Br.+); sva-
yugvan- [adj] `joined to one's self, an ally' (RV 09.111.01); yujya- [adj] `connected, related' (RV+);
yoga- [m] `yoking, preparation' (RV+); yogya- [m] `draught animal' (AV+); yogy- [f] `yoke strap;
preparation, contrivance' (RV+); yojana- [n] `team, course, measure of distance' (RV+)
See also: yuga- ; yoktra-
Avestan: Av. yuj- [verb] `to harness, yoke': YAv. xyunjinti [3pl.pres.act.] ( F 252), yujiieiti
[3sg.pres.act.] ( Yt 10.52), OAv. yaogt_ [3sg.aor.inj.act.(?)] ( Y 44.4), yjn [3pl.aor.inj.act.], yaoj
[1sg.aor.subj.act.], yaojant [3pl.aor.subj.med.] ( Y 30.10), YAv. yxta- [ppp] `harnessed'; yuxa- (<
IIr. *iuk-tHa-) [adj] dextrous' ( Yt 14.15); yjaiiasti- [f] `measure of distance' (= `line-up for the
harnessing (of draught animals)', Klingenschmitt 1968: 241, for the form see de Vaan 2003: 295;
iiasti- is probably derived from yat)
Khotanese: bymga- `bond' (+ *abi-)
Sogdian: (Chr.) ywxty `yoke, pair, team'
Middle Persian: 'ywc- /-yz-/ [verb] `to join, yoke, drive'; juxt `couple'; (Man.) pyrwz /prz/
`victorious, victor'
Parthian: prywxt [verb] `to conquer, overcome', prywg, xprywj `victory' (+ *pari-)
New Persian: juft `couple'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. yxs- [inch.] `to be(come) in order; to prepare (oneself)', ywzy- [caus.]
`to prepare, make ready, carry out'; OWIran. yuxta- [adj] (in a PN); Sh. firugn (< *fra-yaugana-)
`willow band fastening yoke to plough-beam'; Ishk. fru `collar of the yoke'
IE form: ieug {1}
IE meaning: to yoke, harness, join
Certainty: +
Idioms: `to harness the fast(est) ones': Skt. yunajmi ... s (RV) OAv. yaogt_ s ( Y 44.4); asit
yaojant ( Y 30.10); `yoking with truth': Skt. rta-yukti- [f] (RV 10.061.10) OAv. yjn ... a.yuxt
( Y 49.9); `having yoked horses (as wealth)': Skt. yuktsva- [adj] (RV 05.041.05), yuktsva- [m] PN
(JB+) YAv. yuxta.aspa- [adj], yuxtspa- [m] PN
Cognates in other languages: Gr. zegnumi [1sg.pres.act.] `to harness, to join'; Gr. -zux [adj]
ùnjoined'; Lat. iungere [verb] `to harness, to join, to build a pile-bridge'; Lat. con-iux `husband,
wife'; Lith. jungti [verb] `to yoke, to unite'; ON eykr `draught animal'
Notes: {1} Perhaps, a root enlargement of *ieu- (yav [1]).
Sanskrit: yoktra-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `rope, thong, halter'
Link to RV concordance: yoktra-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iauktra-
See also: yoj
620
Avestan: YAv. yaoxra- `halter, bridle' {1} in drzi.yaoxra- [adj] `with a firmly tied-up halter
(epithet of Vaiiu as a horse)' ( Yt 15.54); fraspiiaoxra- [adj] `throwing down the halter' (i.e.
`bringing peace', epithet of the Mazdayasnian religion) ( Y 12.9)
IE form: IIR
IE meaning: bridle, halter
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} [AL] This meaning seems more probable than Bartholomae's `(kriegerische) Anspannung
sva. Unternehmung; Angriff'.
Sanskrit: yoni-
Part of speech: [m]
Gramm. forms: (AV+ also [f])
Meaning: `seat, place, home, residence, womb, lap'
Link to RV concordance: yoni-; yonya-; duryona-; syona-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iauni-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: dur-yona- [adj] `forming a bad place to live', [m/n] `grave (?)' (RV+);
yonya- [adj] `lap-like, forming a womb (?)' (RV 08.045.30)
Avestan: YAv. yaoni- [m] `place' (loc.sg. yaona Yt 5.87, acc.sg. yaonm < *yaonim ?)
Sogdian: (Man.) xyd ywn ìnstantly, on the spot'
IE form: IIR
Certainty: -
Idioms: òf a good place': Skt. syona- [adj] `pleasant, agreeable' (< *su-yona- `providing a good
place) (RV+) YAv. hu-iiaona-, huuiiaona- [adj] òf a good place', cf. also Elam.-Iran. *vahu-
yauna- PN; `broad place': Skt. prthu- yoni- (RV) YAv. pru.yaona- [adj] `with a broad place';
`comfortable road': Skt. syonn pathah (RV) YAv. huuiiaonh pantn
Sanskrit: yos
Part of speech: adv. (< gen.sg.)
Gramm. forms: only in the formula sam yoh (RV+), sam ca yos ca (RV) `+_ happiness and
longevity'
Meaning: `(long) life'
Link to RV concordance: yos
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hiaus {1}
See also: yu-
Avestan: Av. yao-d- [verb] `to revitalize, to purify (ritually)' {2}; YAv. yao-dti- [f] `purification'
IE form: h2ieus
IE meaning: (allotted) lifetime
Certainty: +
Notes: {1} Originally, a genitive of sphere from *Hiu-, see yu-. {2} [AL] Note 5x sam yoh + dh-
in the RV. The analysis of OAv. yao ( Y 46.18) is disputed. Most probably, a form of the root d-
must be supplied there (thus Insler 1975: 87).
621
Sanskrit: yuga-
Part of speech: [n]
Meaning: `yoke, team, race, tribe'
Link to RV concordance: yuga-; pra:uga-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iuga-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: pra-ga- (< *pra-yu ) [n] `fore part of the shafts of a chariot' (RV
10.130.03 +); yuga-saram [adv] `together with' (KS, MS)
See also: yoj
Avestan: YAv. *yuua- [n] `yoke' in ham.iuu- [f] `complex yoke' ( Yt 10.125), +yuu.fraah- [n]
`width of a yoke' ( V 19.19), cf. Skj?rv? 1997a: 116ff.
Middle Persian: ywg /ju/ `yoke'
Parthian: ywg `yoke'
New Persian: jug `yoke'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. yug `yoke'; Yi. frigo `band for fixing the yoke'
IE form: iugo-
IE meaning: yoke
Certainty: +
Idioms: `yoke and yoke pin': Skt. yuga-samya- [n] (SB) YAv. +yuu.smi (< *yu.s ) [nom.du.] (
V 14.10), cf. Skj?rv? 1997a: 119
Cognates in other languages: Hitt. i-u-kan, i-u-ga-an /iuga-/ [n] `yoke'; Gr. zugn [n] `yoke'; Lat.
iugum [n] `yoke'; OS juk `yoke'; OHG joh `yoke'; OCS igo [n] `yoke'
Sanskrit: yusma-
Part of speech: [2pl.pers.pron.obl.]
Gramm. forms: acc. yusmn (RV+), abl. yusmat (RV+); gen. yusmkam (RV+, also yusmka in
RV 07.059.09 and 07.059.10), etc.; yusme [dat.gen.loc.] (RV)
Meaning: `you (pl.)'
Link to RV concordance: tvam; yusmay-; yusmka-; yusmdatta-; yusmota-; yusmvant-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: uma- {1}
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yusmay- [denom.] `to be addressed to you': yusmayant- [pres.ptc.] (RV
02.039.07); yusmka- [adj] `yours' (RV); yusm-datta- [adj] `given by you' (RV); yusmota- [adj]
`helped by you' (RV); yusmvant- [adj] èqual to you' (RV)
See also: yyam; vas
Avestan: Av. yma-/xma- [pers.pron.] `you (pl.)': dat.pl. OAv. ymaibii / xmaibii, YAv.
ymaoii (for the - see de Vaan 2003: 444f.) / xmuuiia, abl.pl. Av. ymat_ / OAv. xmat_, gen.sg.
OAv. xmkm, YAv. ymkm); OAv. ymka- / xmka- [adj] `your (pl.)'; OAv. ymuuant- /
xmuuant- [adj] `being like you (pl.)' {2}
Sogdian: (Man.) 'm'x [2pl.pers.pron.] `you (pl.)'
Middle Persian: (Man.) 'm'(h) [2pl.pers.pron.] `you (pl.)'
New Persian: um [2pl.pers.pron.] `you (pl.)'
Ossetic: s(y)max/sumax [2pl.pers.pron.] `you (pl.)'
622
IE form: usme
IE meaning: you (pl.)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Gr. (Aeol.) mme, (Dor.) m [acc.pl.] `you (pl.)' (the nom.pl. is
secondary, being based on the acc., cf. Aeol. mmej, Dor. mj, Ion.-Att. mei~j)
Notes: {1} Contamination of *uma- with *iu (yyam). {2} The form xma- comes from *uma- with
an unexplained loss of the initial *u-.

Pages: 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131
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Forward: 1
Sanskrit: yuvam
Part of speech: [2du.pers.pron.] (nom.du.)
Gramm. forms: acc. yuvm (RV+), dat. yuvbhym (RV+), gen. yuvku (RV 01.017.04; 01.120.09)
Meaning: `you two, both of you'
Link to RV concordance: tvam; yuvadhita-; yuvyu-; yuvayu-; yuvku-; yuvdatta-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iuH
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yuva-dhita- [adj] `placed by you two' (RV 06.067.09); yuvyu- [adj]
`desiring you two' (RV); yuvku- [adj] `belonging to you two' (RV); yuv-datta- [adj] `given by you
two' (RV 08.026.12); yuv-nta- [adj] `brought by you two' (RV 08.026.12); yuv-yuj- [adj]
`harnessed by you two' (RV 01.119.05); yuvvant- [adj] èqual to you both' (RV 03.062.01)
See also: yyam
Avestan: YAv. yauukm [adj] òf you two' ( < *iuukam)
IE form: iuH
Certainty: +
Sanskrit: yuvan-
Part of speech: [adj, m]
Gramm. forms: yuv [nom.sg.], yuvnam [acc.sg.], yne [dat.sg.], ynas [gen.sg.] (RV+)
Meaning: `young, youthful; youth, young hero, youthful god'
Link to RV concordance: yuvan-; yavistha-; yuvanyu-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiuHan-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: yavistha- [sup] `youngest' (RV+); yuvanyu- [adj] `youthful' (RV
05.042.15), yauvana- [n] `youth, prime of youth' (AV, Ep.+)
See also: yu-; yuvati-; yuvasa-
Avestan: YAv. yuuan- [m] `youth' (yauua [nom.sg.], yuunm [acc.sg.], ynam [gen.pl.]); yita-
[sup] `youngest'
Khotanese: jvaa- [adj] (pl. jv) `young'
Middle Persian: juwn [adj,m] `young, youth'
623
Parthian: yw'n [adj,m] `young, youth'
New Persian: jawn [adj,m] `young, youth'
Ossetic: w?nyg/iwonug `young bull, iuvencus'
IE form: h2iu-h1on- / *h2iu-h1n- {1}
IE meaning: young
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Arm. yavanak/yovanak `young (of animal)' (LW from Iran.); Lat.
iuvenis [m] `young man'; Lith. jaunas [adj] `young'; OCS jun [adj] `young'
Notes: {1} A derivative with the so-called Hoffmann's suffix from *h2oiu-, cf. s.v. yu-. [AL] The
reconstruction of the PIE paradigm nom.sg. *h2ieu-H(n), obl. *h2iu-Hn-, advocated by Hoffmann
1955: 40 (= Hoffmann 1976: 382) and Mayrhofer, seems unwarraned to me. Neither the -a- in NP and
Armenian, nor the Celtic forms guarantee a full grade of the root.
Sanskrit: yuvasa-
Part of speech: [adj/m]
Meaning: `young, youthful/youth'
Link to RV concordance: yuvasa-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiuHaca-
See also: yuvan-
IE form: h2iuh1n-ko-
IE meaning: young, youth
Certainty: +
Page in Pokorny: ?510 - 511
Cognates in other languages: Lat. iuvencus [m] `young bull, young man'; OIr. oac [adj] `young'; Go.
jugga-lau?s `youth'; OHG jung [adj] `young'
Sanskrit: yuvati-
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `young woman'
Link to RV concordance: yuvati-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: HiuHati-
See also: yuvan-
IE form: h2iu-h1n-ti-
IE meaning: young woman, youth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. jundai [dat.sg.f.] `youth'
Sanskrit: yk-
First attestation: BSS
Part of speech: [f]
Meaning: `louse'
624
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iuHkaH-
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: P. k- [f] `louse'
Other Iranian cognates: Sh. jg `plant-louse'
IE form: luHs- (?) {1}
IE meaning: louse
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OHG ls `louse'; MoHG Laus `louse'; MW llau `lice'; Lith. li~le `louse'
Notes: {1} The IE reconstruction is uncertain because of many tabooistic changes.
Sanskrit: ys-
Part of speech: [n]
Gramm. forms: gen.sg. ysnas (RV), loc.sg. ysan (TS); in later texts, thematic ysa- (TS+)
Meaning: `soup, broth, stock'
Link to RV concordance: ys-
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iuHs-
Khotanese: ys `soup, broth' (?)
IE form: iuHs-
IE meaning: soup, broth
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lat. is [n] `broth, sause'; Lith. je `broth, soup'; SCr. juha `soup' (<
*ious-)
Sanskrit: yyam
Part of speech: [2pl. pers. pron.] (nom.pl.)
Gramm. forms: obl. yusma-, encl. vas
Meaning: `you (plural)'
Link to RV concordance: tvam
Proto-Indo-Iranian: iuH (+ -am) {1}
See also: yusma-; vas
Avestan: OAv. ym [2pl.pers.pron.] (nom.pl.), y [encl.]; YAv. ym [2pl.pers.pron.] (nom.pl.)
Khotanese: uhu [2pl.pers.pron.]
IE form: iuHs
IE meaning: you (plural)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Go. jus [2pl. pers. pron.]; Lith. j~s [2pl. pers. pron.]; Lith. js [2pl. pers.
pron.]
Notes: {1} Skt. yyam has been refurnished after vayam. The expected form would be *yram <
*iuHam < *iuH + -am.
625
Sanskrit:
Proto-Indo-Iranian: Hau-tra-
Avestan: YAv. aora- [n.] `footwear' ( Yt 5.64, Yt 5.78, V 6.27); xv.aora- [adj] `with his own
(natural) footwear (of a dog, a bare-footed man)'
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. 'w `footwear', 'wkk `hoof', -krk `shoemaker', Yi. yur-siliko, yur-
suliko `shoe-lace'
IE form: h3eu-tlo- {1}
IE meaning: to adorn > to put on
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Lith. au~kle [f. 2/4] `shoe-lace (of sandals or bast-shoes), cord, foot-
cloth'; auklis [m. io] `string, cord'; Latv. aukla [f. ] `string, cord' (also au~kla); auklis [m. io] `string,
cord'; aukle [f. ] `string, cord'; OPr. EV auclo `halter'
Notes: {1} [AL] The derivation is uncertain. The root, which means `to adorn' in Anatolian and `to
put on' elsewhere, is unattested in Indo-Iranian. The meaning development `to put on --> to put on
shoes' is only documented in Balto-Slavic. It is therefore conceivable that the Iranian word is derived
from the root *Hau- `to weave, bind' or even from *HauH- `to help, protect' (cf. Rastorgueva -
Edel'man: 1.255).
Sanskrit:
Proto-Indo-Iranian: jiauH-
Khotanese: hamjvme àct of chewing'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) zyb, (Man.) jb' [verb] `to bite', (Chr.) (zb'qy) xyb'mnty `the biting (of their
tongues)'
Middle Persian: jw-, Phl. ywd- /jy-/ [verb] `to chew; devour (daevic)'
Parthian: j'w- [verb] `to chew (?)'
New Persian: javdan/jav- [verb] `to chew'
Other Iranian cognates: Pash. wul, yl/y- [verb] `to chew'; Orm. zay-k [verb] `to chew,
mastigate'
IE form: gieuH-
IE meaning: to chew
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: SerbCS, RuCS vati [verb] `to chew'; Lith. iauna [f] `jaw, jaw-bone,
gill'; OE cowan, OHG kiuwan, [verb] `to chew', ToAB suw- [verb] `to chew'
Sanskrit:
Proto-Indo-Iranian: drangh-
Page in EWAia: -
Avestan: Av. dranj- [v.] `fix, fasten, hold': YAv. draate [3sg.pres.med.], dramna- [ptc.pres.med.],
drnjaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.], OAv. ddra.duii [2pl.des.med.] ( Y 48.7); YAv. dadraxti
[3sg.intens.act.(?)] (Pahl.cit. of V 4.10), ddrji [2sg.opt.intens.act.(?)] ( N 12), handraxta- [ppp.]
Khotanese: drys- (drys-) [verb] `to hold'
Sogdian: (Buddh.) r- [verb] `to hold'
Middle Persian: 'wdrnz- [verb] `to condemn' (+ *aua-)
Parthian: drxs- [verb] (inch.) `to endure'; bdrynj- [verb] `to be sure, secure; to assure, make certain' (+
*abi-)
626
Other Iranian cognates: Khwar. wrncy- [verb] `to bequeath' (+ *aua-)
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: OCS drati, drati [v.] `hold, possess'; OIr. dringid, -dring [v.] 'climb,
advance'

Pages: 131
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Proto-Indo-Iranian: iauj-
Avestan: Av. yuz- [verb] `to be in commotion; undulate, wave': YAv. yaozaiti [3sg.pres.act.],
yaozaiieiti [3sg.caus.act.]
Old Persian: yaud- [verb] `to be in commotion': ayauda [3sg.impf.]
Khotanese: yauys- [verb] `to be disturbed' (+ *-); nyauys- [verb] `to be defeated, overcome' (+ *ni-)
Sogdian: (Buddh.) ''ywz-, (Man.) 'yw [intr./pass.] `to be troubled', (Buddh.) ''y'wz- [caus.] `to
trouble, torment' (+ *-); (Man.) ptyw ` [verb] `to become excited' (+ *pati-)
Middle Persian: ywd- /yy-/ [verb] `to blow [of the wind]'; 'ywc- [verb] `to trouble, disturb' (+ *-)
Parthian: ywz- [verb] `to agitate, set in motion, convulse; be agitated'; ''ywz- [verb] `to agitate' (+ *-
Ossetic: uzyn / ozun [verb] `to shake, rock (a baby) , , , to sleep - ;
Arm. yuzem [verb] `to disturb' (LW < Ir.)
Other Iranian cognates: Bal. juzi/juz- [verb] `to move, go, walk, leave'
IE form: ieug-
Certainty: +
Cognates in other languages: Goth. jiuka [verb] `rage, tantrum', MHG juchen [verb] `to drive, hunt'

Pages: 131
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627

(Lubotsky) Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon

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Lubotsky Indo-Aryan inherited lexicon

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: adas {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: adya {1}

Sanskrit: aghny-, aghny-

Sanskrit: aghr- {1}

Sanskrit: ahar / ahan-

Sanskrit: aja- [1]

Sanskrit: aja- [2]

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: amhas- {1}

Sanskrit: a(n)- [1]

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: an~c [1]

Sanskrit: an~c [2]

Sanskrit: andhas- [1]

Sanskrit: antara- [2]

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Link to RV concordance: anyatra

Sanskrit: apas- {1}

Sanskrit: apn~c- {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: ar [1] {1}

Sanskrit: ar [2] {1}

Link to RV concordance: aramati-

Sanskrit: arana- {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: ars [1]

Sanskrit: ars [2]

Sanskrit: arvn~c- {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: ay- [2]

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Link to RV concordance: barhis-; barhisad-; barhismant-; barhisya-; upabarhana-; upabarhan-

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: bhma- {1}

Sanskrit: bhoj [2]

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: [bhoj [3]]

(Buddh.) bwx, (Chr.) bw, (Man.) bw `liberation, deliverance'

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: cand / scand

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: cari {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: dadhi / dadhan-

Link to RV concordance: dams-

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: dar(i) {1}

Total of 1301 record 131 page

Sanskrit: day {1}

Sanskrit: dayi [1]