Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rolling Stock
Share-holders
Relationships
Shipping Contracts
Employees (Engineers)
Tracks and Right of Way
What is a Railroads Biggest Asset ?
Rolling Stock
Share-holders
Relationships
Shipping Contracts
Employees (Engineers)
Self-Sustaining Arc
Overcurrent
Distance
Differential
Travelling Wave (?)
Overcurrent I>PU
1000 A
Advantages:
Simple
Reliable
Easy to Set
Overcurrent
900 A
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Simple Possible Overtripping
Reliable Non-Directional
Easy to Set Depends on Source Connected
Overcurrent
900 A
Advantages:
Not Dependent on Source Current
Fixed Reach
Inherently Directional
Distance
Disadvantages:
Requires Potential
Limited Resistance Coverage
Impacted by Load Current and Power Swings
Reach is Not Perfect
Distance
Solutions:
Monitor Loss of Potential
Use Reactance Element to
Increase Resistance Coverage
(limited)
Apply Power Swing Block / Trip and
Load Cutout
Add Communications
Differential Iin Iout
Iin Iout
Advantages:
Sensitive
Not Influenced by Load or Power Swings
Provides Unit Protection, Doesnt Over Reach
Differential
Iin Iout
Disadvantages:
100% Communication Dependent
CT Saturation Must be Accounted For
No Inherent Backup
Differential
Iin Iout
Solutions:
Monitor Communications
Detect and Account for CT Saturation
Provide Backup With No Communications or on Different Channel
Traveling Wave
Advantages:
Sensitive
Minimal Settings
Fast
Precise Fault Location
Traveling Wave
Disadvantages: Solutions:
100% Dependent on Communications
100% Dependent on Clocks Yet to Determine
Difficult to Test
No Inherent Backup
Checkered Past
Every System Has Strengths and Weaknesses
Communications is King
Overcomes Weakness
Enhances Strengths
Two Basic Communication Schemes
I See a Fault I See a Fault too
Permissive: Blocking:
Permits a Trip Under Proper Conditions Prevents a Trip on External Fault
Permissive
I See a Fault I See a Fault too
Permissive
I See a Fault
?
A C
Line 1
B D
Line 2
A C
Line 1
Changed from forward to reverse Changed from reverse to forward
B D
Line 2
Timing Becomes
Everything !
Three (or More) Terminals Save Money
A B
Blocking or Permissive ?
Sensitivity
18
On Short Lines Ground Resistance Can
Be Higher than Line Impedence
Load Trajectory
For Sensitivity; Ground Overcurrent or Differential
18
I Diff
I Diff I
i 0
i
1 2 3
trip
area
N
I Res I i
restraint i 0
area
I Res
Differential Relays Have to Accommodate CT saturation
I I A I B Im I
each I is the summation of:
Ii = ICT-Err.+ ISignal-Err.+ISync-Err.
I A
I Re s _ min IA Trip if differential current
I Diff A
I I B
exceeds sum of measurement
I Res I I Res_min
errors
I B
IB
Re I
added by safety margin IRes_min
Protection / Communication topology
Six Forapplication
Standard
Two terminal
terminalterminal line
line with for-two
R5
communication
redundant
R6
terminal line:ring topology
communication
line
channel transformer
Three terminal lineprotected
in the with communication
area chain
topology
ring topology
I5 I6
R1 I1 I2 R2
I3 I4
R3 R4
Special Conditions - Transformers in Zone
Tapped Loads
10,000 A
10,000 A
2 3
Tapped Loads
10,000 A
10,000 A
2 3
Differential Multi-terminal
Tapped Loads
Photo Voltaic
Distance Blocking Scheme
Distance (no-Comms) Sequential Tripping
Major Industrials
Wind Farm
Information sent to all Relays by Transmitting Partial
Summation
Addressed Data Sent Until All Terminals Have All the Data
Hot Standby
I6
I5+I4+I3+I2 +I1
Relay 6
I5
I6
Relay 5 I5 +I6
Set Reach to Inside Line With Maximum Infeed But What About
Faults Beyond That ?
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 1
Relay 4
Relay 6
Relay 5
Sequential Tripping Clears Strongest Source First Best
Stability Response
Relay 2
Relay 3
Relay 1
Relay 4
Relay 6
Phu My
Industrial
Area
Who
Me ?
Initial Plans Were Pretty Standard
500 kV Station
Everything Wasnt Ready On Time
Changes Connections
220 kV Station
GT 1 GT 2 ST 3
Initial Communications Layout
As Installed Communications Layout
GT 1 GT 2 ST 3
Its OK
Contact
Roy Moxley
Siemens Power Systems Protection Consultant
Phone: 509-288-0847
E-mail:
roy.moxley@siemens.com