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Line Protection

Roy Moxley Siemens USA

Unrestricted Siemens AG 2017 siemens.com/digitalgrid


What is a Railroads Biggest Asset ?

Rolling Stock
Share-holders
Relationships
Shipping Contracts
Employees (Engineers)
Tracks and Right of Way
What is a Railroads Biggest Asset ?

Rolling Stock
Share-holders
Relationships
Shipping Contracts
Employees (Engineers)

Tracks and Right of Way


Transmission Lines are the Power Systems Largest Asset
Exposed to Weather

Self-Sustaining Arc

Clear Quickly to Avoid Permanent Damage


How Do We Detect and Isolate Faults on Transmission Lines ?

Overcurrent
Distance
Differential
Travelling Wave (?)
Overcurrent I>PU

1000 A

Advantages:
Simple
Reliable
Easy to Set
Overcurrent

900 A

Advantages: Disadvantages:
Simple Possible Overtripping
Reliable Non-Directional
Easy to Set Depends on Source Connected
Overcurrent

900 A

Advantages: Disadvantages: Solutions:


Simple Possible Overtripping Add Communications
Reliable Non-Directional Add Directional Polarizing
Easy to Set Depends on Source Change to Distance Protection
Distance IZ - V

Advantages:
Not Dependent on Source Current
Fixed Reach
Inherently Directional
Distance

Disadvantages:
Requires Potential
Limited Resistance Coverage
Impacted by Load Current and Power Swings
Reach is Not Perfect
Distance

Solutions:
Monitor Loss of Potential
Use Reactance Element to
Increase Resistance Coverage
(limited)
Apply Power Swing Block / Trip and
Load Cutout
Add Communications
Differential Iin Iout

Iin Iout

Advantages:
Sensitive
Not Influenced by Load or Power Swings
Provides Unit Protection, Doesnt Over Reach
Differential

Iin Iout

Disadvantages:
100% Communication Dependent
CT Saturation Must be Accounted For
No Inherent Backup
Differential

Iin Iout

Solutions:
Monitor Communications
Detect and Account for CT Saturation
Provide Backup With No Communications or on Different Channel
Traveling Wave

Advantages:
Sensitive
Minimal Settings
Fast
Precise Fault Location
Traveling Wave

Disadvantages: Solutions:
100% Dependent on Communications
100% Dependent on Clocks Yet to Determine
Difficult to Test
No Inherent Backup
Checkered Past
Every System Has Strengths and Weaknesses
Communications is King

Overcomes Weakness

Enhances Strengths
Two Basic Communication Schemes
I See a Fault I See a Fault too

I See a Fault I dont Not see a Fault

Permissive: Blocking:
Permits a Trip Under Proper Conditions Prevents a Trip on External Fault
Permissive
I See a Fault I See a Fault too
Permissive
I See a Fault
?

What If the Remote


End Doesnt See the
Fault ?
What if the Signal
Doesnt get Through ?
Blocking
I See a Fault
Blocking
I See a Fault

What Happens if Block Signal is Late?

What Happens if Overreaching Zone


sees past Blocking Zone?
Hybrid Scheme Weak Infeed
I See a Fault I See No Fault
Power Systems are Almost Never Simple

A C
Line 1

B D
Line 2

Which Breaker Would Trip First?

What Happens to the Fault Currents Then?


Power Systems are Almost Never Simple

A C
Line 1
Changed from forward to reverse Changed from reverse to forward

B D
Line 2

Timing Becomes
Everything !
Three (or More) Terminals Save Money

A B

Blocking or Permissive ?
Sensitivity

18
On Short Lines Ground Resistance Can
Be Higher than Line Impedence

But What Can Happen if we Just


Increase Resistive Reach?
Load Flow and Sensitivity

Load Trajectory
For Sensitivity; Ground Overcurrent or Differential

18
I Diff
I Diff I
i 0
i

1 2 3
trip
area

N
I Res I i
restraint i 0
area
I Res
Differential Relays Have to Accommodate CT saturation

relay measures a distorted current signal (red curve)


relay calculates the fundamental frequency component (blue curve)
deviation between both curves (green area) is a criteria for signal distortion
relay determines restrained current depending this signal deviation
Restraining on Errors

I I A I B Im I
each I is the summation of:
Ii = ICT-Err.+ ISignal-Err.+ISync-Err.

I A



I Re s _ min IA Trip if differential current
I Diff A
I I B
exceeds sum of measurement
I Res I I Res_min
errors
I B
IB
Re I
added by safety margin IRes_min
Protection / Communication topology

Six Forapplication
Standard
Two terminal
terminalterminal line
line with for-two
R5
communication
redundant
R6
terminal line:ring topology
communication
line
channel transformer
Three terminal lineprotected
in the with communication
area chain
topology
ring topology
I5 I6

R1 I1 I2 R2
I3 I4

R3 R4
Special Conditions - Transformers in Zone

Inrush ? 2nd Harmonic Restraint

Ratio and Angle Correction for


differential

Reach for Distance Relay

Will the relay see through the


transformer for ground faults?
Wind Farm
Special Conditions Tapped Loads and Infeed

Tapped Loads
10,000 A

10,000 A
2 3

Distance Without Infeed =

Distance With Infeed =


Special Conditions Tapped Loads and Infeed

Tapped Loads
10,000 A

10,000 A
2 3

Distance Without Infeed = 5

Distance With Infeed = 8


Special Conditions Combined

Differential Multi-terminal
Tapped Loads
Photo Voltaic
Distance Blocking Scheme
Distance (no-Comms) Sequential Tripping

Major Industrials

Wind Farm
Information sent to all Relays by Transmitting Partial
Summation
Addressed Data Sent Until All Terminals Have All the Data

I2 +I3+I4+I5+I6 I3+I4 +I5+I6


Relay 2
Relay 3
I2 I2 +I1
I3+I2 +I1
I1 I3
I4 +I5+I6
Relay 1 I1
Relay 4
I4
I4+I3+I2 +I1

Hot Standby
I6

I5+I4+I3+I2 +I1
Relay 6

I5
I6
Relay 5 I5 +I6
Set Reach to Inside Line With Maximum Infeed But What About
Faults Beyond That ?

Relay 2
Relay 3

Relay 1
Relay 4

Relay 6

Relay 5
Sequential Tripping Clears Strongest Source First Best
Stability Response

Relay 2
Relay 3

Relay 1
Relay 4

Relay 6

Note: Shape shows reach, not characteristic


of the relay
Relay 5
Real-World
Application

Phu My
Industrial
Area

New Plant 720


MW total from
Three Units
Things Dont Always End Up How You Expect !!

Who
Me ?
Initial Plans Were Pretty Standard
500 kV Station
Everything Wasnt Ready On Time
Changes Connections
220 kV Station

450 MVA 450 MVA


500 / 220 kV 500 / 220 kV

GT 1 GT 2 ST 3
Initial Communications Layout
As Installed Communications Layout

GT 1 GT 2 ST 3
Its OK
Contact
Roy Moxley
Siemens Power Systems Protection Consultant
Phone: 509-288-0847
E-mail:
roy.moxley@siemens.com

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