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Datasheet

Digitaria sanguinalis (large crabgrass)

Index

Pictures
Identity
Taxonomic Tree
Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Description
Plant Type
Distribution
Distribution Table
Habitat List
Hosts/Species Affected
Host Plants/Plants Affected
 Biology and Ecology
Soil Tolerances
Natural Enemies
Notes on Natural Enemies
Pathway Vectors
Plant Trade
Wood Packaging
Impact Summary
Impact
Risk and Impact Factors
Uses
Uses List
Similarities to Other Species/Conditions
Prevention and Control
References
Distribution Maps
Summary
Last modified
21 October 2015
Datasheet Type(s)
Invasive Species
Pest
Host Plant
Preferred Scientific Name
Digitaria sanguinalis
Preferred Common Name
large crabgrass
Taxonomic Tree
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae

More information
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Pictures
Top of page

Picture Title Caption

Whole plant - colour Leaf blades 5-15 cm long and 3-12 mm wide. Leaf blade green to purple, both sides with silky, shin
illustration central strip and pale at the margin.

Identity
Top of page
Preferred Scientific Name
Digitaria sanguinalis Linnaeus (Scop.) (1771)
Preferred Common Name
large crabgrass
Other Scientific Names
Panicum sanguinale L. (1753)
Paspalum sanguinale (L.) Lam. (1771)
International Common Names
English: crabgrass
Spanish: alpiste cimar (Honduras); frente de toro (Honduras); fresadilla (Honduras);
garrachuelo; pasto de cuaresma (Argentina); pendejuelo (Nicaragua); sombrillitas
(Honduras); zacate digitaria (Honduras); zacate pata de gallina (Honduras)
French: manne terrestre; panic sanguin; sanguinette
Portuguese: milha-digitada
Local Common Names
Argentina: pasto colchn, pasto cuaresma
Brazil: milha-de-pendao
France: Digitaire sanguine
Germany: Bluthirse; Fingerhirse, Blutrote
Italy: sanguinella
 Netherlands: Bloedgierst
Spain: pata de gallina
EPPO code
DIGSA (Digitaria sanguinalis)

Taxonomic Tree
Top of page
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Class: Monocotyledonae
Order: Cyperales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Digitaria
Species: Digitaria sanguinalis

Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Top of pageD. sanguinalis is closely related to D. ciliaris with which it overlaps in distribution. Hence
the two are often confused. See the datasheet on D. ciliaris for further details.

Description
Top of pageLeaf blades 5-15 cm long and 3-12 mm wide. Leaf blade green to purple, both sides with
silky, shiny hairs; often reddish with central strip and pale at the margin. Sheath green to reddish
violet, with long blister-like hairs, especially at the sheath base. Youngest leaf rolled. Ligule
membraneous, white, 1-2 mm long, truncate. Auricles absent. Stem basally prostrate, rooting at the
lower nodes, distinctly bent at the lower nodes. Tillers and leaves with some reddish tonalities that
increase under unsuitable conditions such as drought and low temperatures (Kissman and Groth,
1993).

Inflorescence with 4-10 finger-like spike-like racemes, each 2-16 cm long, not all originating from a
single point but with one or more 1-2 cm below the others; spikelets elliptic, plano-convex, about 3
mm long, paired, on short, unequal pedicels; each spikelet has a single fertile floret, lower glume
minute, up to 1 mm long, upper glume half to two thirds the length of the spikelet, hairy. Lemmas as
long as the spikelet, the lower green, hairy and minutely rough on the nerves towards the tip; upper
lemma glabrous, smooth, pale green or light brown (Holm et al., 1977; Stucky et al., 1980).

Plant Type
Top of pageAnnual
Grass / sedge
Herbaceous
Seed propagated

Distribution
Top of page
Originally native to Europe, D. sanguinalis is now found throughout temperate and warm regions of
the world, though with a more temperate distribution than D. ciliaris.

Distribution Table
Top of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several
references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be
available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by
going to Generate Report.

Country Distribution Last Origin First Invasive References

Reported Reported

ASIA
Brunei Darussalam Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

China Present Introduced Qiang et al., 1998; Wu JianRong et al., 1999

India Present Introduced Moorthy & Das, 1992; Saikia & Sarma, 1993
1996; Nedunzhiyan et al., 1996

Indonesia Present Introduced Bangun & Wiroatmodjo, 1986; Waterhouse,

Korea, Republic of Present Introduced Lee et al., 1989; Park et al., 1996; Ko et al., 1

Malaysia Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

Myanmar Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

Pakistan Present Introduced Hussain & Rashid, 1989

Philippines Present Introduced Lourens et al., 1989; Waterhouse, 1993

Singapore Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

Thailand Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

Vietnam Present Introduced Waterhouse, 1993

AFRICA
Egypt Present Introduced Attalla, 1999

NORTH AMERICA
USA Present Introduced Mortensen et al., 1993

-Alabama Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Arizona Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Arkansas Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-California Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Colorado Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

Country Distribution Last Origin First Invasive References
Reported Reported

-Connecticut Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Delaware Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Florida Present USDA-NRCS, 2004

-Georgia Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Hawaii Present USDA-NRCS, 2004

-Idaho Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Illinois Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Indiana Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Iowa Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Kansas Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Kentucky Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Louisiana Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Maine Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Maryland Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Massachusetts Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Michigan Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Minnesota Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Mississippi Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Missouri Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Montana Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Nebraska Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Nevada Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-New Hampshire Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-New Jersey Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-New Mexico Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-New York Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-North Carolina Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Ohio Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Oklahoma Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Oregon Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

Country Distribution Last Origin First Invasive References
Reported Reported

-Pennsylvania Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Rhode Island Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-South Carolina Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-South Dakota Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Tennessee Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Texas Present Introduced USDA-NRCS, 2004

-Utah Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Vermont Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Virginia Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Washington Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-West Virginia Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Wisconsin Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

-Wyoming Present Introduced Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987

CENTRAL AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN

Cuba Present Introduced Relova & Pohlan, 1988

SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina Present Introduced Invasive Cabrera, 1963

Brazil Present Introduced Rozanski et al., 1988; Kissman & Groth, 199

Chile Present Introduced Invasive Finot et al., 2000

Peru Present Introduced Mt-Pleasant et al., 1990

Uruguay Present Introduced Cabrera, 1963

EUROPE
Albania Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Austria Present Native Holzner & Forstner, 1979

Belgium Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Bulgaria Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Czechoslovakia Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

(former)

France Present Native Debaeke et al., 1990

-Corsica Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

 Country Distribution Last Origin First Invasive References
Reported Reported

Germany Present Native Laudien & Koch, 1972

Greece Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

-Crete Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Hungary Present Native Wafdy & Amin Budai, 1992

Italy Present Native Cantele & Zanin, 1992

-Sardinia Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

-Sicily Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Netherlands Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Poland Present Native Lipecki & Szwedo, 1988

Portugal Present Native Monteiro & Rocha, 1992

-Azores Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Romania Present Native Sirbu & Slonovschi, 1989

Russian Federation Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Spain Present Native Carretero, 1989

-Balearic Islands Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Sweden Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Switzerland Present Native Tutin et al., 1980

Yugoslavia (former) Present Native Lozanovski, 1975; Sinzar et al., 1990

OCEANIA
Australia Present Introduced Tang et al., 1996

New Zealand Present Introduced Wardle et al., 1994

Habitat List
Top of page

Category Habitat Presence

Littoral

Coastal areas Present, no further details

Terrestrial-managed

Cultivated / agricultural land Present, no further details

Disturbed areas Present, no further details

 Category Habitat Presence

Managed forests, plantations and orchards Present, no further details

Managed grasslands (grazing systems) Present, no further details

Protected agriculture (e.g. glasshouse production) Present, no further details

Rail / roadsides Present, no further details

Urban / peri-urban areas Present, no further details

Terrestrial-natural/semi-natural

Natural forests Present, no further details

Natural grasslands Present, no further details

Riverbanks Present, no further details

Wetlands Present, no further details

Hosts/Species Affected
Top of pageD. sanguinalis is a noxious weed particularly common in maize, beet, vegetable crops,
orchards and vineyards. It is found on sands and wet loams in warmer places (Behrendt and Hanf,
1979) and is one of the major weeds found in early-sown rice (Choi et al., 1998). It is also found on
waste ground, railway embankments, neglected lawns and grassy ridges. Kwon et al. (1996) noted
that in gladiolus, D. sanguinalis was the dominant weed, particularly in the late stages of gladiolus
growth.

Host Plants/Plants Affected

Top of page

Plant name Family

Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) Fabaceae

Bermuda turfs

Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) Chenopodiaceae

Brassica oleracea (cabbages, cauliflowers) Brassicaceae

Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) Brassicaceae

Corchorus olitorius (jute) Tiliaceae

Glycine max (soyabean) Fabaceae

Gossypium (cotton) Malvaceae

Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Asteraceae

Lactuca sativa (lettuce) Asteraceae

Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Solanaceae

 Plant name Family

Pisum sativum (pea) Fabaceae

Pyrus communis (European pear) Rosaceae

Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane) Poaceae

Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) Poaceae

Zea mays (maize) Poaceae

Biology and Ecology

Top of pageD. sanguinalis is an annual, late spring-and summer-germinating plant. Tillering initiates
after emergence of the fourth leaf. Mature plants cover extensive areas developing a 'mulch' or 'tuft'
40-60 cm deep (Kissman and Groth, 1993).

One isolated plant can bear more than 150,000 'seeds' (caryopses). Seeds are dormant when shed.
Seedling emergence can occur from 6 cm depth in the soil; seed-germination is not light-sensitive,
but is favoured by alternating temperatures (Holm et al., 1977). D. sanguinalis is a C4 plant
(Kissman and Groth, 1993). The minimum temperature for germination is 10-15C, and the normal
germination depth is 0.5-2 cm (Laudien and Koch., 1972). The minimum temperature for germination
is 10-15C, and the normal germination depth is 0.5-2 cm (Laudien and Koch, 1972). Suitable
temperature, soil moisture and seed depth for emergence of this species are 25-35C, 80-100% and
0-2 cm, respectively (Li et al., 1999).

King and Oliver (1994) evaluated the influence of temperature and water potential on water uptake,
germination and emergence of D. sanguinalis in order to predict emergence in the field. Maximum
germination at 15C was 12% at 0 kPa and 60% at 25C at 0 to -200 kPa osmotic potential.
Maximum emergence (77%) occurred at 25C and at soil water potential of -30 kPa. The model
predicted the time of onset of germination and the time to reach maximum emergence.

In a 13-year survey in Toulouse (France) crop rotation, irrigation and soil type all had marked effect
on the quantitative and qualitative composition of the soil seedbank. Echinochloa crus-galli and D.
sanguinalis predominated where continuous maize and sorghum had been grown under irrigated
conditions (Debaeke et al., 1990). D. sanguinalis is one of the more frequent Poaceae in soils of the
flat Pampa in Argentina. The average seed population in the soil is 2,900 seeds/m in a wheat-
soyabean-maize rotation (Leguizamn et al., 1981) and 3,900 seeds/m under a continuous maize
crop (Leguizamn and Cruz, 1981).

A test of the water balance showed that water loss through cuticular transpiration was greatest in D.
sanguinalis compared with four broad-leaved weeds, although the length of time drought-stressed
leaves were able to survive was greater in D. sanguinalis than Papaver rhoeas, Matricaria perforata
and Alopecurus myosuroides (Kazinczi and Hunyadi, 1992).The water potential of rice was nearly
always significantly lower than D. sanguinalis among other weed species (IRRI, 1979).

Size and composition of the weed seed bank were evaluated after 5 years of maize continuous
cropping under four crop management systems in sowing. Weed seed bank size was largest under
an organic system and smallest under a conventional system. D. sanguinalis showed differential
responses to tillage and weed control methods carried out within maize management systems. It
was one of the most troublesome weeds for the cropping system under study (Barberi et al., 1998)

In a long-term study where tillage systems were compared in different rotations, Puricelli and
Tuesca, (1997) found that the population density of D. sanguinalis was greater in no-tillage than in
conventional tilled plots. In a soyabean-maize rotation, D. sanguinalis was the dominant summer
annual showing an increase in density during the course of the experiment in no-tillage plots.

Nisensohn et al. (1997) studied the effect of different tillage systems on the soil seed bank
composition and weed seedling emergence in a soyabean-maize rotation. D. sanguinalis was the
dominant species in both tillage systems but it was significantly more dense in no tillage systems.
Similar results were reported by Zanin et al. (1997).

Correlations between seed bank and seedling densities of D. sanguinalis were significant in no-
tillage but not in mouldboard plough systems (Cardina et al., 1996).

Soil Tolerances
Top of page
Soil drainage
free
Soil reaction
acid
neutral
Soil texture
heavy
light
medium
Special soil tolerances
shallow

Natural Enemies
Top of page

Natural enemy Type Life stages Specificity References Biological control in

Empoasca fabae Herbivore

Listronotus bonariensis Herbivore

Maize rough dwarf virus Pathogen

Mayetiola destructor Herbivore

Meloidogyne arenaria Parasite

Meloidogyne incognita Parasite

Poanes melene Herbivore

Pratylenchus penetrans Parasite

Rice black-streaked dwarf virus Pathogen

Spodoptera frugiperda Herbivore

Notes on Natural Enemies
Top of pageThe following organisms have been reported on D. sanguinalis:

Insects: Poanes melane (Barbehenn, 1994); Empoasca fabae (Smith et al., 1994; Lamp et al.,
1984); Mayetiola destructor (Zeiss et al., 1993) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Pencoe and Martin.,
1981). The Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) uses D. sanguinalis as an alternative
host for oviposition (Firth et al., 1993).

Nematodes: Meloidogyne arenaria and M. incognita were recovered from D. sanguinalis in tobacco
fields (Tedford and Fortnum, 1988). Bendixen (1982) lists 11 nematodes species and two arthropod
species. Pratylenchus penetrans has been found in D. sanguinalis roots in Florida, USA, by Lehman
(1990). In greenhouse and field studies, D. sanguinalis showed tolerance to Meloidogyne spp. (Kim
et al., 1998).

Fungi: Magnaporthe grisea, a serious rice pest, uses D. sanguinalis as an alternative overwintering
host (Yaegashi and Asaga, 1981). M. grisea isolates were collected on D. sanguinalis in paddy fields
in China. It has been suggested that weed hosts of the rice blast pathogen might be
epidemiologically important and have a direct bearing on the disease cycle (Du et al., 1997).

D. sanguinalis was identified as a host for Rhizoctonia solani in soyabean-producing regions of

Louisiana, USA (Black et al., 1996, 1998).

Dissanayake et al. (1997) suggested that D. sanguinalis can serve as hosts for Pythium
arrhenomanes and may play roles in the epidemiology of Pythium root rot on sugarcane fields in
Louisana, USA.

Viruses: Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (Choi et al., 1989) and maize rough dwarf virus associated
with Rio IV Disease [mal de Rio Cuarto disease] in Argentinian maize (Nome and Teyssandier, 1984)
are both cited as infecting D. sanguinalis.

Chen et al. (1998) found that D. sanguinalis and its transformants were sensitive to maize streak
monogeminivirus (MSV); the weed is, therefore, an ideal model system for testing genetically
engineered resistance to MSV.

Many of the species listed as natural enemies are better known as polyphagous pests of
graminaceous and other crops. Others require evaluation before they can be considered as potential
biological control agents.

Pathway Vectors
Top of page

Vector Notes Long Distance Local

Soil, sand, gravel etc. Yes

Plant Trade
Top of page
 Plant parts liable to carry the pest in trade/transport Pest stages Borne internally Borne externally Visibility of pest o

Growing medium accompanying plants No Pest or symptoms

True seeds (inc. grain) No Pest or symptoms

Plant parts not known to carry the pest in trade/transport

Bark

Bulbs, Tubers, Corms, Rhizomes

Flowers, Inflorescences, Cones, Calyx

Fruits (inc. pods)

Leaves

Roots

Seedlings, Micropropagated plants

Stems (above ground), Shoots, Trunks, Branches

Wood

Wood Packaging
Top of page

Wood Packaging not known to carry the pest in trade/transport

Loose wood packing material

Non-wood

Processed or treated wood

Solid wood packing material with bark

Solid wood packing material without bark

Impact Summary
Top of page

Category Impact

Animal/plant products Negative

Crop production Negative

Livestock production Negative

Impact
Top of pageAfter competition from D. sanguinalis for 6 weeks and for a full season, Phaseolus vulgaris
yields were reduced by 28 and 72%, respectively, and leaf area was reduced by 40 and 48%,
respectively. Weed competition also resulted in height increases of P. vulgaris by 17 and 12%,
respectively (Lugo and Talbert, 1989). Six D. sanguinalis:Amaranthus hybridus density ratios (200:0,
150:7.5, 100:15, 50:22 and 0:30 plants/m) reduced Phaseolus vulgaris yields by 35-53% (Lugo et
al., 1994).

D. sanguinalis is one of the most aggressive weeds in sugarcane in Tucumn, Argentina. Sugarcane
suffered most severely from weed competition between 15 and 75 days after sprouting (Lazarte et
al., 1976). On a red latosol where the major weeds were Brachiaria plantaginea and D. sanguinalis,
the critical period for weed competition was between days 30 and 90 after sugarcane planting (Rolim
and Cristoffoleti, 1982).

The critical period of weed competition for a maize crop in Argentina was determined in field trials
during the period 1974-76. The critical period for competition was from the fourth leaf stage until
between the seventh and ninth leaf stages depending on environmental conditions. The weed
community was dominated by Echinochloa colonum and D. sanguinalis (Leguizamn and Pedrol,
1978). Yields of silage maize without weed competition were 36.9 kg/plot compared to 21.2 kg/plot
when weeds competed for the whole season. The maximum period of grass competition that maize
tolerated was 2-4 weeks; competition for moisture was probably a prime factor. Weed grass control
was most critical during the first 2-4 weeks after emergence (Vengris, 1978). Five plants per square
metre of D. sanguinalis reduced sweetcorn yields by 33% (Hartley, 1992).

The critical period of weed competition for a soyabean crop was determined in Argentina in 1974-76
(Leguizamn, 1976). Severe yield reductions were detected when weeds, particularly Echinochloa
spp. and D. sanguinalis, emerged in the early stages of crop development and persisted until the
seventh trifoliate leaf. A study of D. sanguinalis competition in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) showed
that, for optimum quality and yield the crop must be kept weed-free between week 0 and week 6
after transplanting (Monks and Schultheis, 1998).

The presence of weeds (Cyperus rotundus, D. sanguinalis and Eleusine indica) throughout the life of
a radish crop had no significant effect on crop yield (Victoria Filho et al., 1975).

Walker et al. (1998) evaluated the competitiveness of D. sanguinalis in forage bermudagrass

(Cynodon dactylon) and found that in late season, C. dactylon ground cover was 96% with no weed
competition compared with 72% where the weed was present. Digitaria also reduced the proportion
of C. dactylon in the cumulative harvested forage by at least 59%.

Wu et al. (1999) determined the critical period of competition between D. sanguinalis and
transplanted cotton interplanted with wheat. The period of weed interference and crop damage, and
the critical time of weed-cotton competition were 30-90 days and 30-60 days after transplantation,
respectively. For control of the weed using a burn-down herbicide sprayed among the rows, the
herbicide must be applied 30 days after cotton transplantation.

In China, Jiang et al. (1997) determined that the economic threshold period for controlling D.
sanguinalis was 10.6-47.5 days after the emergence of summer maize.

There is evidence of allelopathic effects of varieties of Festuca arundinacea on D. sanguinalis and

other species. Extracts were made from 10 g of F. arundinacea leaves soaked in 100 ml of water for
24 hours (Peters and Mohammed-Zam, 1981).

Risk and Impact Factors

Top of page
Impact mechanisms
Competition - monopolizing resources
Pest and disease transmission
Impact outcomes
Negatively impacts agriculture
Invasiveness
Has high reproductive potential
Has propagules that can remain viable for more than one year
Highly adaptable to different environments
Highly mobile locally
Invasive in its native range
Proved invasive outside its native range
Likelihood of entry/control
Highly likely to be transported internationally accidentally

Uses
Top of pageD. sanguinalis is used as a forage in pasture production systems in Oklahoma, USA
(Dalrymple, 1992). It was cultivated as a food crop in the Middle Ages (Behrendt and Hanf, 1979).

Uses List
Top of page
Animal feed, fodder, forage
Fodder/animal feed
Forage

Similarities to Other Species/Conditions

Top of pageThere are about 200 species of Digitaria, all superficially similar with digitate or sub-digitate
inflorescences. Precise identification requires at least x10 hand-lens or ideally a low-power
microscope, for close observation of the details and arrangement of the spikelets. Some species are
perennial, have distinct growth habits or have spikelets in groups of three rather than two. Otherwise
annual species are mainly distinguished on the basis of the shape, lengths and hairiness of the
glumes and lemmas.

The species closest to D. sanguinalis is D. ciliaris, which differs in mainly having a longer upper
glume, normally more than half the length of the spikelet, and in not having the lateral nerves of the
upper lemma scabrid towards the tip of the spikelet. Neither of these characters is very distinct and
intermediates occur. In the USA, D. ciliaris is said to differ in having leaf blades only sparsely hairy
while those of D. sanguinalis are hairy (papillose-pilose) near the throat on the upper surface, often
densely so (Gleason and Cronquist, 1991). In North America, D. ciliaris is known as southern
crabgrass and has a more southern distribution (D. ciliaris). Bor (1960) remarks that Indian
specimens of D. ciliaris are more robust than D. sanguinalis.

Each region of the world has other annual species which commonly occur as weeds and which can
also be confused with D. sanguinalis. These include D. horizontalis in Africa and America, with more
racemes, shorter, narrower spikelets and a slightly hairy rachis. D. nuda, mainly in Africa, differs with
smaller spikelets and absence of lower glume. In Asia, D. timorensis differs mainly in having
narrower spikelets with lower glume less than half as long as the spikelet.

Prevention and Control

Top of page
Allelophatic effects on D. sanguinalis

There is evidence for allelopathic effects of varieties of Festuca arundinacea on D. sanguinalis and
other species. Tjis was determined using extracts made from 10 g of F. arundinacea leaves soaked
in 100 ml of water for 24 hours (Peters and Mohammed-Zam, 1981).

Hwang et al. (1997) found that water extracts from lilac (Syringa vulgaris) leaves inhibited seed
germination and root growth of D. sanguinalis.

Water extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves, collected during different seasons, markedly inhibited the
germination and growth of D. sanguinalis indicating the presence of biologically active substances
(Nam et al., 1997).

Cultural Control

The use of trash as mulch and of mechanical weeding have proved to be successful in controlling D.
sanguinalis in sugarcane (Mann and Chakor, 1993).

The effects of solarization have been investigated using different grades of transparent polythylene
film. All thicknesses, ranging from 150-400 m, were suitable for effective control of D. sanguinalis,
although the film should be kept in place for 30-45 days to achieve high control levels (Nasr, 1993;
Vizantinopoulos and Katranis, 1993).

On-row flaming and hoeing in a single operation has been tested with a machine designed in Italy for
arable and vegetable crops (Casini et al., 1994).

Mechanical Control

Mechanical control of D. sanguinalis may be achieved with any of the tools used in conventional
farming or where row crops are grown.

Chemical Control

D. sanguinalis may be chemically controlled under a variety of agroecosystems. Preplanting

herbicides such as dinitroanilines (pendimethalin) may be used in maize, soyabean and cotton. Pre-
emergence herbicides such as the amides or acetanilides (metolachlor) are effective in control of D.
sanguinalis in soyabean, maize, sweet potato and sugarcane. Post-emergence herbicides
clethodim, fenoxaprop-ethyl and sethoxydim may be used in lucerne, soyabean and sunflower.

Chemical control of D. sanguinalis may also be achieved in beans, broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower
with sethoxydim. Sulfonylurea compounds, such as rimsulfuron, are effective for weed control in
maize. Fenoxaprop-ethyl is used in sugarbeet. In rice, oxadiazon and quinclorac are used in many
areas, whereas chlorthal and pendimethalin have been successfully tested in flower bulb nurseries.

In nursery trials of Pyrus, Zelkova, Acer and Fraxinus, Kuhns et al. (1998) found that oxyfluorfen and
thiazopyr reduced D. sanguinalis cover.
DPX-PE 350 (sodium 2-chloro-6-(4,5-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ythio) benzoate) reduced the control of
D. sanguinalis when mixed with fluazifop-P, sethoxydim, chlethodim and quizalofop-P at
recommended rates. Tank-mix combinations of sethoxydim + bentazone-Na, imazaquin and
chlorimuron-ethyl were antagonistic in the control of D. sanguinalis, Eleusine indica and Panicum
dichotomiflorum (Holshouser and Coble, 1990).

Culpepper and York (1998) compared weed control in glyphosate-tolerant cotton with various
glyphosate and traditional herbicide systems. The standard system of trifluralin pre-plant
incorporated and fluometuron pre-emergence followed by fluometuron plus MSMA post-emergence
directed 3 to 4 weeks after planting and cyanazine plus MSMA post-emergence directed 6 to 7
weeks after planting controlled D. sanguinalis by at least 98% at late season. Glyphosate applied
once did not adequately control D. sanguinalis.

In maize, the efficacy of nicosulfuron on D. sanguinalis was affected by the weed size. Control
decreased dramatically at the 7-leaf stage. According to the economic threshold of D. sanguinalis
control in maize, nicosulfuron should be applied at the 3-, 4- and 5-leaf stages (Wu et al., 1999)

Mixing bromoxynil with clethodim or sethoxydim had no effect on control of D. sanguinalis but the
rate of fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop-P, or quizalofop-P required for 80% control was
increased by 180% to 290%. Antagonism of D. sanguinalis control with mixtures of quizalofop-P and
bromoxynil increased as the rate of bromoxynil increased. Antagonism was alleviated by applying
bromoxynil 6 days before the graminicides or 3 or 6 days after the graminicides (Culpepper et al.,
1998, 1999).

Fenoxaprop, 2,4-D, pendimethalin, MSMA, quinclorac and their mixtures gave a good level of control
of D. sanguinalis on an established stand of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) (Street and
Stewart, 1997).

In imidazolinone-resistant maize, imazethapyr provided less than 43% control of D. sanguinalis

(Krausz and Kapusta, 1998).

Gimenez et al. (1998) studied annual grass control by glyphosate plus bentazone, chlorimuron,
fomesafen, or imazethapyr mixtures. Neither D. sanguinalis or Brachiaria platyphylla were controlled
by bentazone, fomesafen or chlorimuron. Imazethapyr controlled D. sanguinalis and B. platyphylla
by 30 and 72%, respectively. Glyphosate controlled both grasses by 100%.

In no-till narrow-row soyabean production, the reduction of the D. sanguinalis population was greater
with sequential preplant metolachlor + imazaquin followed by early post-emergence or post-
emergence imazethapyr than with pre-plant metolachlor + imazaquin or early post-emergence/post-
emergence imazethapyr alone (Johnson et al., 1998).

In a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) turf, an application of prodiamine, sequential applications of

oxadiazon in late February, followed by fenoxaprop in June resulted in 85-96% D. sanguinalis control
in late August. Control was similar in mid-August, when pendimethalin, dithiopyr or oryzalin was
followed by fenoxaprop, but control was 74% by late August. Better weed control was found in
combinations with fenoxaprop than in combinations with MSMA (Johnson, 1997).

Guery et al. (1996) studied the effects of herbicides applied pre-budburst in field trials in vineyards.
Treatments assessed included single applications of simazine + diuron in combination with
isoxaben, oryzalin or norflurazon, and simazine and diuron as single or two split applications. Single
applications of simazine + diuron gave inadequate control of D. sanguinalis but split applications
often gave more or less satisfactory control. The other combinations gave good control of this weed
and the norflurazon combination gave good control of most grassy weeds.
In maize, Sanchis et al. (1996) determined the efficacy of weed control of single post-emergence
applications of rimsulfuron + wetter. Results indicated that >95% control of D. sanguinalis was
achieved 15 days after treatment with the rimsulfuron treatment and this was significantly better than
the results achieved with pre-emergence herbicides.

In gladiolus fields, the most effective herbicides for controlling D. sanguinalis were simazine,
napropamide, linuron and pendimethalin. These herbicides gave excellent weed control with very
slight injury at the early stage of gladiolus growth but no injury to flowers (Kwon et al., 1996).

In potato fields, rimsulfuron applied PRE or POST gave 92% control of D. sanguinalis. Reduced
rates of rimsulfuron plus metribuzin, applied pre- or post-, gave poor control of this species
(Robinson et al., 1996).

Resistance to herbicides

A few cases of chloroplastic resistance biotypes to atrazine has been reported from maize fields in
Portugal (Monteiro and Rocha, 1992). Increasing resistance to atrazine was noted in populations of
D. sanguinalis in France (Grignac, 1978).

Wiederholt and Stoltenberg (1995) found a D. sanguinalis accession that showed 337- and 59-fold
resistance to sethoxyidim and fluazifop-P, respectively, relative to a susceptible accession. The
resistance to fenoxaprop, haloxyfop, quizalofop, and diclofop ranged from 18- to 29-fold and this
accession was only 7-fold resistant to clethodim. In another study Wiederholt and Stoltenberg (1996)
reported similar fitness between D. sanguinalis accessions resistant or susceptible to acetyl-
coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors.

Resistance to fluazifop has also been reported from both the USA and Australia (Heap, 1997).
Hidayat and Preston (1997) found a D. sanguinalis biotype from Australia that showed resistance to
fluazifop-P-butyl. This population also had a 9-fold resistance to haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl and a 6-fold
resistance to quizalofop-P-ethyl; it also exhibited some resistance to sethoxydim.

Integrated Management

The effect of various weed control treatments and different row spacings (narrow = 30 cm, wide = 60
cm) for soyabean was investigated in India (Singh and Sharma, 1989). Uptake of N, P and K by
weeds, particularly Echinochloa colonum, D. sanguinalis and Eleusine indica, was reduced at narrow
row spacing of the crop.

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between weeds and radish crops (Raphanus sativus var. radicicula). Ciencia e Cultura, 27(12):1340-41
Vizantinopoulos S, Katranis N, 1993. Soil solarization in Greece. Weed Research (Oxford), 33(3):225-230
Wafdy Amin A, Budai C, 1992. A new pest in the Hungarian fauna: the root-knot eelworm Meloidogyne naasi
Franklin (1965). Nvnyvdelem, 28(11):462-463; 5 ref.
Walker RH, Wehtje G, Richburg JSIII, 1998. Interference and control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
and southern sandbur (Cenchrus echinatus) in forage bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Weed Technology,
12(4):707-711; 13 ref.
Wardle DA, Barker GM, Nicholson KS, Addison PJ, 1994. Cyclic oscillations between a summer-annual (C-4)
and a winter-annual weed grass in Waikato dairy pastures. In: Popay AJ, ed. Proceedings of the 47th New
Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Waitangi, New Zealand, 9-11 August 1994. Rotorua, New Zealand: New
Zealand Plant Protection Society, 34-37.
Waterhouse DF, 1993. The Major Arthropod Pests and Weeds of Agriculture in Southeast Asia. ACIAR
Monograph No. 21. Canberra, Australia: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 141 pp.
Wiederholt RJ, Stoltenberg DE, 1995. Cross-resistance of a large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) accession to
aryloxyphenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione herbicides. Weed Technology, 9(3):518-524
Wiederholt RJ, Stoltenberg DE, 1996. Similar fitness between large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis)
accessions resistant or susceptible to acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase inhibitors. Weed Technology, 10(1):42-
49; 29 ref.
Wu JianRong, Han Juan, Shen JunMing, Mao YuXiang, Zhang XueYou, 1999. A study on the critical period of
competition between crabgrass and transplanted cotton interplanting with wheat. Jiangsu Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 15(2):87-91; 5 ref.
Wu JuYing, Jiang GuoKeng, Jia ChunHong, 1997. Weeds in turf in the Beijing area and their chemical control.
Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 12(2):125-130; 7 ref.
Wu JuYing, Jiang GuoKeng, Jia ChunHong, 1999. Factors influencing efficacy of nicosulfuron on crabgrass
(Digitaria sanguinalis). Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 26(1):65-68; 5 ref.
Ypgashi H, Asaga K, 1981. Possibility of overwintering of crabgrass blast fungus, Pyricularia grisea (Cooke)
Saccardo by infected seeds. Annual Report of the Society of Plant Protection of North Japan, No.32:77
Zanin G, Otto S, Riello L, Borin M, 1997. Ecological interpretation of weed flora dynamics under different
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Zeiss MR, Brandenburg RL, Duyn JWvan, 1993. Suitability of seven grass weeds as Hessian fly (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) hosts. Journal of Agricultural Entomology, 10(2):107-119; 34 ref.

Distribution Maps
Top of page

= Present, no further details

= Evidence of pathogen
= Widespread
= Last reported
= Localised
= Presence unconfirmed
= Confined and subject to quarantine
= See regional map for distribution within the country
= Occasional or few reports
Download KML fileDownload CSV file
 Top of page

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Lembaran data

Digitaria sanguinalis (besar crabgrass)

Indeks
Foto-foto
Identitas
taksonomi Pohon
Catatan Taksonomi dan Nomenklatur
Deskripsi
tanaman Jenis
Distribusi
distribusi Table
Daftar habitat
Host / Spesies Terkena
Tuan Tanaman / Tanaman Terkena
Biologi dan Ekologi
 Toleransi tanah
Musuh alami
Catatan tentang Musuh Alami
Pathway Vektor
Perdagangan tanaman
kayu Kemasan
Ringkasan dampak
Dampak
Risiko dan Dampak Faktor
penggunaan
menggunakan Daftar
Kesamaan dengan Spesies Lain / Kondisi
Pencegahan dan Pengendalian
Referensi
distribusi Maps
Ringkasan
Terakhir diubah
21 Oktober 2015
Datasheet Type (s)
Spesies invasif
Hama
tuan Tanaman
Nama Ilmiah disukai
sanguinalis Digitaria
Disukai Nama Umum
crabgrass besar
taksonomi Pohon
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Plantae
Filum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Kelas: Monocotyledonae
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Foto-foto
Bagian atas halaman

Gambar Judul caption

Seluruh tanaman - warna Bilah daun panjang 5-15 cm dan 3-12 mm lebar. Helaian daun hijau ke ungu, kedua belah pihak deng
ilustrasi mengkilap; kemerahan dengan pusat strip dan pucat di margin.

Identitas
Bagian atas halaman
Nama Ilmiah disukai
Digitaria sanguinalis Linnaeus (Scop.) (1771)
Disukai Nama Umum
crabgrass besar
Nama Ilmiah lainnya
Panicum sanguinale L. (1753)
Paspalum sanguinale (L.) Lam. (1771)
Nama umum internasional
Inggris: crabgrass
Spanyol: alpiste Cimar (Honduras); frente de toro (Honduras); fresadilla
(Honduras); garrachuelo; pasto de cuaresma (Argentina); pendejuelo (Nikaragua); sombrillitas
(Honduras); Zacate Digitaria (Honduras); Zacate pata de gallina (Honduras)
Perancis: Manne terrestre; panik Sanguin; sanguinette
Portugis: Milha-digitada
Nama umum lokal
Argentina: pasto colch n, pasto cuaresma
Brasil: Milha-de-pendao
Prancis: Digitaire sanguine
Jerman: Bluthirse; Fingerhirse, Blutrote
Italia: sanguinella
Belanda: Bloedgierst
Spanyol: pata de gallina
kode EPPO
DIGSA (Digitaria sanguinalis)

taksonomi Pohon
Bagian atas halaman
Domain: Eukaryota
Kerajaan: Plantae
Filum: Spermatophyta
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Kelas: Monocotyledonae
Order: cyperales
Keluarga: Poaceae
Genus: Digitaria
Spesies: sanguinalis Digitaria

Catatan Taksonomi dan Nomenklatur

Atas halaman D. sanguinalis berkaitan erat dengan D. ciliaris dengan yang tumpang tindih dalam
distribusi. Oleh karena itu keduanya sering bingung. Lihat datasheet pada D. ciliaris untuk rincian lebih
lanjut.

Deskripsi
Bagian atas halaman Daun pisau panjang 5-15 cm dan 3-12 mm lebar. Helaian daun hijau ke ungu, kedua
belah pihak dengan halus, rambut mengkilap; sering kemerahan dengan pusat strip dan pucat di
margin. Selubung hijau kemerahan violet, dengan rambut melepuh seperti panjang, terutama di dasar
selubung. Daun termuda digulung. Ligule membraneous, putih, 1-2 mm long, memotong. Auricles
absen. Stem basally bersujud, rooting pada node yang lebih rendah, jelas membungkuk di node yang
lebih rendah. Anakan dan daun dengan beberapa tonalities kemerahan yang meningkatkan kondisi yang
tidak cocok seperti kekeringan dan suhu rendah (Kissman dan Groth, 1993).

Perbungaan dengan 4-10 tandan lonjakan seperti jari-seperti, setiap 2-16 cm panjang, tidak semua
berasal dari satu titik tapi dengan satu atau lebih 1-2 cm di bawah yang lain; spikelets berbentuk bulat
panjang, Plano-cembung, sekitar 3 mm long, dipasangkan, pendek, gagang bunga yang tidak
sama; masing-masing spikelet memiliki floret tunggal subur, glume menit lebih rendah, hingga 1 mm long,
bagian atas glume setengah sampai dua pertiga panjang gabah itu, berbulu. Lemmas selama gabah,
semakin rendah hijau, berbulu dan teliti kasar pada saraf menuju ujung; atas lemma gundul, halus, hijau
pucat atau coklat muda (Holm et al, 1977;. Stucky et al, 1980.).

tanaman Jenis
Bagian atas halaman Tahunan
Rumput / alang
Rumputan
benih disebarkan

Distribusi
Bagian atas halaman
Awalnya asli ke Eropa, D. sanguinalis sekarang ditemukan di seluruh daerah beriklim sedang dan hangat
di dunia, meskipun dengan distribusi yang lebih beriklim dari D. ciliaris.

distribusi Table
Bagian atas halaman
Distribusi dalam tabel ringkasan ini didasarkan pada semua informasi yang tersedia. Ketika beberapa
referensi yang dikutip, mereka dapat memberikan informasi yang bertentangan tentang status.Rincian
lebih lanjut mungkin tersedia untuk referensi individu dalam Rincian Distribusi Table bagian yang dapat
dipilih dengan pergi ke Menghasilkan Laporan.

Negara Distribusi terakhir Asal pertama invasif Referensi

Dilaporkan Dilaporkan
ASIA
Brunei Darussalam Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
Cina Menyajikan diperkenalka Qiang et al, 1998. ; Wu Jianrong et al, 1999.
n
India Menyajikan diperkenalka Moorthy & Das, 1992 ; Saikia & Sarma, 1993
n 1996 ;Nedunzhiyan et al., 1996
Indonesia Menyajikan diperkenalka Bangun & Wiroatmodjo 1986 ; Waterhouse, 1
n
Republik Korea Menyajikan diperkenalka Lee et al, 1989. ; Taman et al., 1996 ; Ko et a
n
Malaysia Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
Myanmar Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
Pakistan Menyajikan diperkenalka Hussain & Rashid, 1989
n
Pilipina Menyajikan diperkenalka Lourens et al, 1989. ; Waterhouse, 1993
n
Singapura Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
Thailand Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
Vietnam Menyajikan diperkenalka Waterhouse, 1993
n
AFRIKA
Mesir Menyajikan diperkenalka Attalla, 1999
n
AMERIKA UTARA
Amerika Serikat Menyajikan diperkenalka Mortensen et al., 1993
n
- Alabama Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Arizona Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Arkansas Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- California Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Colorado Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Connecticut Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Delaware Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Florida Menyajikan USDA-NRCS 2004
- Georgia Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Hawaii Menyajikan USDA-NRCS 2004
- Idaho Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Illinois Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Indiana Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Iowa Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Kansas Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Kentucky Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
 n
- Louisiana Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Maine Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Maryland Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Massachusetts Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Michigan Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Minnesota Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Mississippi Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Missouri Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Montana Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Nebraska Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Nevada Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- New Hampshire Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- New Jersey Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- New Mexico Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- New York Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- North Carolina Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Ohio Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Oklahoma Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Oregon Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Pennsylvania Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Rhode Island Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Carolina Selatan Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- South Dakota Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Tennessee Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
 n
- Texas Menyajikan diperkenalka USDA-NRCS 2004
n
- Utah Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Vermont Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Virginia Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Washington Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Virginia Barat Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Wisconsin Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
- Wyoming Menyajikan diperkenalka Lorenzi & Jeffery, 1987
n
Amerika Tengah dan Karibia
Kuba Menyajikan diperkenalka Relova & Pohlan 1988
n
AMERIKA SELATAN
Argentina Menyajikan diperkenalka invasif Cabrera, 1963
n
Brazil Menyajikan diperkenalka Rozanski et al, 1988. ; Kissman & Groth, 199
n
Chili Menyajikan diperkenalka invasif Finot et al., 2000
n
Peru Menyajikan diperkenalka Mt-Pleasant et al., 1990
n
Uruguay Menyajikan diperkenalka Cabrera, 1963
n
EROPA
Albania Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Austria Menyajikan Asli Holzner & Forstner, 1979
Belgium Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Bulgaria Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Cekoslowakia (mantan) Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Perancis Menyajikan Asli Debaeke et al., 1990
- Corsica Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Jerman Menyajikan Asli Laudien & Koch, 1972
Yunani Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
- Crete Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Hongaria Menyajikan Asli Wafdy & Amin Budai, 1992
Italia Menyajikan Asli Cantele & Zanin, 1992
- Sardinia Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
- Sisilia Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Belanda Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Polandia Menyajikan Asli Lipecki & Szwedo 1988
Portugal Menyajikan Asli Monteiro & Rocha, 1992
- Azores Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Rumania Menyajikan Asli Sirbu & Slonovschi 1989
Federasi Rusia Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Spanyol Menyajikan Asli Carretero, 1989
- Kepulauan Balearic Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Swedia Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Swiss Menyajikan Asli Tutin et al., 1980
Yugoslavia (mantan) Menyajikan Asli Lozanovski, 1975 ; Sinzar et al., 1990
OCEANIA
Australia Menyajikan diperkenalka Tang et al., 1996
n
Selandia Baru Menyajikan diperkenalka Wardle et al., 1994
n

Daftar habitat
Bagian atas halaman

Kategori Habitat Kehadiran

Pesisir
daerah pesisir Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Terestrial yang dikelola
Dibudidayakan / lahan pertanian Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
daerah terganggu Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Dikelola hutan, perkebunan dan kebun Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Dikelola padang rumput (sistem penggembalaan) Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Pertanian dilindungi (misalnya kaca produksi) Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Rel / pinggir jalan Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Daerah perkotaan / pinggiran kota Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Terestrial-alami / semi-alami
hutan alam Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
padang rumput alami Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Tepi sungai Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut
Wetlands Hadir, tidak ada rincian lebih lanjut

Host / Spesies Terkena

Bagian atas halaman D. sanguinalis adalah gulma berbahaya sangat umum pada jagung, bit, sayuran
tanaman, kebun dan kebun-kebun anggur. Hal ini ditemukan di pasir dan tanah liat basah di tempat-
tempat yang lebih hangat (Behrendt dan Hanf, 1979) dan merupakan salah satu gulma utama yang
ditemukan dalam beras awal-ditaburkan (Choi et al., 1998). Hal ini juga ditemukan di tanah limbah,
tanggul kereta api, rumput diabaikan dan pegunungan berumput. Kwon et al. (1996) mencatat bahwa di
gladiol, D. sanguinalis adalah gulma dominan, terutama pada tahap akhir dari pertumbuhan gladiol.

Tuan Tanaman / Tanaman Terkena

Bagian atas halaman

nama tanaman Keluarga

Arachis hypogaea (kacang tanah) Fabaceae
turfs Bermuda
Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugarbeet) Chenopodiaceae
Brassica oleracea (kubis, kembang kol) Brassicaceae
Brassica oleracea var. Italica (brokoli) Brassicaceae
Corchorus olitorius (jute) MALVACEAE
Glycine max (kedelai) Fabaceae
Gossypium (kapas) Malvaceae
Helianthus annuus (bunga matahari) Asteraceae
Lactuca sativa (selada) Asteraceae
Nicotiana tabacum (tembakau) Solanaceae
Pisum sativum (pea) Fabaceae
Pyrus communis (pear Eropa) Rosaceae
Saccharum officinarum (tebu) Poaceae
Sorghum bicolor (sorgum) Poaceae
Zea mays (jagung) Poaceae

Biologi dan Ekologi

Bagian atas halaman D. sanguinalis adalah akhir musim semi dan musim panas--berkecambah tanaman
tahunan,. Anakan memulai setelah munculnya daun keempat. Tanaman dewasa menutupi area yang luas
mengembangkan 'mulsa' atau 'seberkas' 40-60 cm (Kissman dan Groth, 1993).

Satu tanaman yang terisolasi dapat menanggung lebih dari 150.000 'benih' (caryopses). Benih tidak aktif
saat menumpahkan. Bibit munculnya dapat terjadi dari kedalaman 6 cm di dalam tanah; biji-
perkecambahan tidak sensitif terhadap cahaya, tetapi disukai oleh bolak suhu (Holm et al., 1977). D.
sanguinalis adalah tanaman C4 (Kissman dan Groth, 1993). Suhu minimum untuk perkecambahan
adalah 10-15 C, dan kedalaman perkecambahan normal adalah 0,5-2 cm (Laudien dan Koch.,
1972). Suhu minimum untuk perkecambahan adalah 10-15 C, dan kedalaman perkecambahan normal
adalah 0,5-2 cm (Laudien dan Koch, 1972). Suhu yang sesuai, kelembaban tanah dan kedalaman benih
untuk munculnya spesies ini 25-35 C, 80-100% dan 0-2 cm, masing-masing (Li et al., 1999).

Raja dan Oliver (1994) mengevaluasi pengaruh suhu dan potensi air pada serapan air, perkecambahan
dan munculnya D. sanguinalis untuk memprediksi munculnya di lapangan. Perkecambahan maksimum
pada 15 C adalah 12% pada 0 kPa dan 60% pada 25 C pada 0 -200 kPa potensial
osmotik. Munculnya maksimum (77%) terjadi pada 25 C dan pada potensi air tanah dari -30 kPa.Model
prediksi waktu onset perkecambahan dan waktu untuk mencapai munculnya maksimal.

Dalam sebuah survei 13 tahun di Toulouse (Prancis) rotasi tanaman, irigasi dan jenis tanah semua
memiliki efek yang ditandai pada komposisi kuantitatif dan kualitatif dari Bank Benih tanah.Echinochloa
crus-galli dan D. sanguinalis didominasi mana jagung terus menerus dan sorgum telah tumbuh di bawah
kondisi irigasi (Debaeke et al., 1990). D. sanguinalis adalah salah satu yang lebih sering Poaceae di
tanah dari Pampa datar di Argentina. Populasi benih rata-rata di tanah adalah 2.900 bibit / m di rotasi
gandum-kedelai-jagung (Leguizamon et al., 1981) dan 3.900 bibit / m bawah tanaman jagung terus
menerus (Leguizamon dan Cruz, 1981).

Sebuah tes keseimbangan air menunjukkan bahwa kehilangan air melalui transpirasi kutikula adalah
terbesar di D. sanguinalis dibandingkan dengan empat gulma berdaun lebar, meskipun lamanya waktu
daun kekeringan menekankan mampu bertahan lebih besar pada D. sanguinalis dari rhoeas Papaver,
Matricaria perforata dan myosuroides Alopecurus (Kazinczi dan Hunyadi, 1992) .suatu potensi air beras
hampir selalu lebih rendah daripada D. sanguinalis antara spesies gulma lainnya (IRRI, 1979).

Ukuran dan komposisi dari bank benih gulma dievaluasi setelah 5 tahun jagung tanam terus menerus di
bawah empat sistem pengelolaan tanaman di tanam. Weed ukuran bank benih adalah terbesar di bawah
sistem organik dan terkecil di bawah sistem konvensional. D. sanguinalis menunjukkan respon yang
berbeda untuk pengolahan tanah dan pengendalian gulma metode yang dilakukan dalam sistem
manajemen jagung. Ini adalah salah satu gulma yang paling menyusahkan bagi sistem tanam yang diteliti
(Barberi et al., 1998)

Dalam sebuah studi jangka panjang di mana sistem pengolahan dibandingkan di rotasi yang berbeda,
Puricelli dan Tuesca, (1997) menemukan bahwa kepadatan populasi D. sanguinalis lebih besar pada
tanpa olah tanah daripada di plot digarap konvensional. Dalam rotasi kedelai-jagung, D. sanguinalis
adalah dominan musim panas menunjukkan tahunan peningkatan kepadatan selama percobaan di plot
tanpa olah tanah.

Nisensohn et al. (1997) meneliti efek dari sistem persiapan lahan yang berbeda pada biji tanah komposisi
Bank dan gulma bibit munculnya di rotasi kedelai-jagung. D. sanguinalis adalah spesies dominan di
kedua sistem pengolahan tapi itu secara signifikan lebih padat tidak sistem olah tanah. Hasil yang sama
dilaporkan oleh Zanin et al. (1997).

Korelasi antara bank benih dan kepadatan bibit D. sanguinalis berada signifikan dalam tanpa olah tanah
tetapi tidak dalam sistem bajak mouldboard (Cardina et al., 1996).

Toleransi tanah
Bagian atas halaman
drainase tanah
bebas
reaksi tanah
AC id
netral
tekstur tanah
berat
cahaya
medium
Toleransi tanah khusus
dangkal

Musuh alami
Bagian atas halaman

musuh alami Mengetik tahap kehidupan Kekhususan Referensi Kontrol biologis di

Empoasca fabae Herbivora
Listronotus bonariensis Herbivora
Jagung virus kerdil kasar patogen
Mayetiola destructor Herbivora
Meloidogyne Arenaria Parasit
Meloidogyne incognita Parasit
Poanes melene Herbivora
penetrans Pratylenchus Parasit
Beras hitam-streaked virus kerdil patogen
Spodoptera frugiperda Herbivora

Catatan tentang Musuh Alami

Bagian atas halaman Organisme berikut telah dilaporkan pada D. sanguinalis:

Serangga: Poanes Melane (Barbehenn, 1994); Empoasca fabae (Smith et al, 1994;. Lampu et al,
1984.); Mayetiola destructor (Zeiss et al., 1993) dan Spodoptera frugiperda (Pencoe dan Martin.,
1981). Batang bonggol Argentina (Listronotus bonariensis) menggunakan D. sanguinalis sebagai tuan
rumah alternatif untuk oviposisi (Firth et al., 1993).

Nematoda: Meloidogyne Arenaria dan M. incognita ditemukan dari D. sanguinalis di bidang tembakau
(Tedford dan Fortnum, 1988). Bendixen (1982) daftar 11 nematoda spesies dan dua spesies
arthropoda. Penetrans Pratylenchus telah ditemukan di akar D. sanguinalis di Florida, Amerika Serikat,
Lehman (1990). Dalam studi rumah kaca dan lapangan, D. sanguinalis menunjukkan toleransi terhadap
Meloidogyne spp. (Kim et al., 1998).

Jamur: Magnaporthe grisea, hama padi yang serius, menggunakan D. sanguinalis sebagai tuan rumah
musim dingin, tungau alternatif (Yaegashi dan Asaga, 1981). M. isolat grisea dikumpulkan pada D.
sanguinalis di paddy fields di Cina. Ia telah mengemukakan bahwa gulma host dari ledakan patogen
beras mungkin epidemiologis penting dan memiliki pengaruh langsung pada siklus penyakit (Du et al.,
1997).

D. sanguinalis diidentifikasi sebagai tuan rumah untuk Rhizoctonia solani di daerah soyabean-
memproduksi Louisiana, Amerika Serikat (Black et al., 1996, 1998).

Dissanayake et al. (1997) menyarankan bahwa D. sanguinalis dapat berfungsi sebagai host untuk
arrhenomanes Pythium dan mungkin memainkan peran dalam epidemiologi Pythium busuk akar pada
ladang tebu di Louisana, USA.
Virus: (. Choi et al, 1989) Beras hitam bergaris virus kerdil dan jagung virus kerdil kasar terkait dengan
Rio IV Penyakit [mal de penyakit Rio Cuarto] pada jagung Argentina (Nome dan Teyssandier, 1984)
keduanya disebut sebagai menginfeksi D. sanguinalis.

Chen et al. (1998) menemukan bahwa D. sanguinalis dan transforman yang sensitif terhadap jagung
beruntun monogeminivirus (MSV); gulma adalah, oleh karena itu, sistem model ideal untuk menguji
resistance rekayasa genetika untuk MSV.

Banyak dari spesies terdaftar sebagai musuh alami yang lebih dikenal sebagai hama polifag tanaman
graminaceous dan lainnya. Lainnya memerlukan evaluasi sebelum mereka dapat dianggap sebagai
potensi agen pengendalian hayati.

Pathway Vektor
Bagian atas halaman

vektor Catatan Jarak jauh Lokal

Tanah, pasir, kerikil dll iya nih

Perdagangan tanaman
Bagian atas halaman

Bagian tanaman bertanggung jawab untuk membawa hama tahap hama ditanggung secara ditanggung eksternal Visibilitas hama at
dalam perdagangan / transportasi internal
Media tumbuh yang menyertai tanaman Tidak Hama atau gejala bi
Biji benar (inc. Grain) Tidak Hama atau gejala bi
Bagian tanaman tidak diketahui membawa hama dalam perdagangan / transportasi
Kulit
Umbi, umbi, umbi, rimpang
Bunga, Inflorescences, Kerucut, Calyx
Buah-buahan (inc. Polong)
Daun-daun
Akar
Bibit, tanaman micropropagated
Batang (di atas tanah), Tunas, Trunks, Cabang
Kayu

kayu Kemasan
Bagian atas halaman

Kayu Kemasan tidak diketahui membawa hama dalam perdagangan / transportasi

Kemasan kayu longgar
Non-kayu
Diproses atau diperlakukan kayu
Kemasan kayu solid dengan kulit
Kemasan kayu solid tanpa kulit
Ringkasan dampak
Bagian atas halaman

Kategori Dampak
Produk hewani / tanaman Negatif
produksi tanaman Negatif
produksi ternak Negatif

Dampak
Bagian atas halaman Setelah persaingan dari D. sanguinalis selama 6 minggu dan untuk musim penuh,
Phaseolus vulgaris hasil berkurang 28 dan 72%, masing-masing, dan luas daun berkurang sebesar 40
dan 48%, masing-masing. Kompetisi gulma juga mengakibatkan kenaikan ketinggian P. vulgaris sebesar
17 dan 12%, masing-masing (Lugo dan Talbert, 1989). Enam D. sanguinalis: kepadatan Amaranthus
hybridus rasio (200: 0, 150: 7.5, 100: 15, 50:22 dan 00:30 tanaman / m) berkurang vulgaris hasil
Phaseolus oleh 35-53% (. Lugo et al, 1994) .

D. sanguinalis adalah salah satu gulma yang paling agresif dalam tebu di Tucumn, Argentina. Tebu
menderita paling parah dari kompetisi gulma antara 15 dan 75 hari setelah tumbuh (Lazarte et al.,
1976). Pada latosol merah di mana gulma utama adalah Brachiaria plantaginea dan D. sanguinalis,
periode kritis untuk kompetisi gulma adalah antara hari 30 dan 90 setelah tanam tebu (Rolim dan
Cristoffoleti, 1982).

Masa kritis kompetisi gulma untuk tanaman jagung di Argentina ditentukan dalam uji coba lapangan
selama periode 1974-1976. Masa kritis untuk kompetisi adalah dari tahap daun keempat sampai antara
tahap daun ketujuh dan kesembilan tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan. Komunitas gulma didominasi
oleh Echinochloa colonum dan D. sanguinalis (Leguizamon dan Pedrol, 1978). Hasil silase jagung tanpa
kompetisi gulma yang 36,9 kg / petak dibandingkan dengan 21,2 kg / petak ketika gulma berkompetisi
untuk seluruh musim. Periode maksimum kompetisi rumput yang jagung ditoleransi adalah 2-4
minggu; kompetisi untuk kelembaban mungkin faktor utama. Kontrol rumput gulma paling penting selama
lebih dulu 2-4 minggu setelah munculnya (Vengris, 1978). Lima tanaman per meter persegi D. sanguinalis
menurunkan hasil panen jagung sebesar 33% (Hartley, 1992).

Masa kritis kompetisi gulma untuk tanaman kedelai ditentukan di Argentina pada 1974-1976
(Leguizamon, 1976). Pengurangan hasil parah terdeteksi saat gulma, terutama Echinochloa spp. dan D.
sanguinalis, muncul pada tahap awal pengembangan tanaman dan bertahan sampai daun trifoliate
ketujuh. Sebuah studi dari D. sanguinalis kompetisi dalam semangka (Citrullus lanatus) menunjukkan
bahwa, untuk kualitas optimal dan menghasilkan tanaman harus dijaga bebas gulma antara minggu 0
dan minggu 6 setelah tanam (Monks dan Schultheis, 1998).

Kehadiran gulma (Cyperus rotundus, D. sanguinalis dan Eleusine indica) sepanjang kehidupan tanaman
lobak tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap hasil panen (Victoria Filho et al., 1975).

Walker et al. (1998) mengevaluasi daya saing D. sanguinalis di hijauan bermudagrass (Cynodon
dactylon) dan menemukan bahwa pada akhir musim, C. penutup dactylon dasar adalah 96% tanpa
persaingan gulma dibandingkan dengan 72% di mana gulma hadir. Digitaria juga mengurangi proporsi C.
dactylon di hijauan dipanen kumulatif oleh setidaknya 59%.

Wu et al. (1999) ditentukan periode kritis persaingan antara D. sanguinalis dan ditransplantasikan kapas
interplanted dengan gandum. Masa gangguan gulma dan kerusakan tanaman, dan waktu kritis kompetisi
gulma-kapas yang 30-90 hari dan 30-60 hari setelah transplantasi, masing-masing. Untuk kontrol dari
gulma menggunakan herbisida membakar-down disemprotkan di antara baris, herbisida harus diterapkan
30 hari setelah transplantasi kapas.

Di Cina, Jiang et al. (1997) ditentukan bahwa periode ambang ekonomi untuk mengendalikan D.
sanguinalis adalah 10,6-47,5 hari setelah munculnya jagung musim panas.

Ada bukti dari efek alelopati varietas Festuca arundinacea pada D. sanguinalis dan spesies
lainnya. Ekstrak dibuat dari 10 g F. arundinacea daun direndam dalam 100 ml air selama 24 jam (Peters
dan Mohammed-Zam, 1981).

Risiko dan Dampak Faktor

Bagian atas halaman
mekanisme dampak
Sumber memonopoli - Kompetisi
Hama dan penyakit transmisi
hasil dampak
Dampak negatif pertanian
invasif
Memiliki potensi reproduksi tinggi
Memiliki propagul yang dapat tetap bertahan selama lebih dari satu tahun
Mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungan yang berbeda
Sangat mobile lokal
Invasif di daerah asalnya
Terbukti invasif di luar daerah asalnya
Kemungkinan masuk / kontrol
Sangat mungkin untuk diangkut internasional sengaja

penggunaan
Atas halaman D. sanguinalis digunakan sebagai pakan dalam sistem produksi padang rumput di
Oklahoma, Amerika Serikat (Dalrymple, 1992). Itu dibudidayakan sebagai tanaman pangan di Abad
Pertengahan (Behrendt dan Hanf, 1979).

menggunakan Daftar
Bagian atas halaman
Pakan ternak, pakan ternak, pakan
Pakan / pakan ternak
Makanan ternak

Kesamaan dengan Spesies Lain / Kondisi

Bagian atas halaman Ada sekitar 200 spesies Digitaria, semua terlihat serupa dengan digitate atau
perbungaan sub-digitate. Identifikasi yang tepat membutuhkan setidaknya x10 tangan-lensa atau
idealnya mikroskop berdaya rendah, untuk pengamatan dekat rincian dan susunan bulir. Beberapa
spesies abadi, memiliki kebiasaan pertumbuhan yang berbeda atau memiliki bulir dalam kelompok tiga
daripada dua. Jika tidak spesies tahunan terutama dibedakan atas dasar bentuk, panjang dan hairiness
dari glumes dan lemmas.

Spesies yang paling dekat dengan D. sanguinalis adalah D. ciliaris, yang berbeda dalam terutama
memiliki glume atas lagi, biasanya lebih dari setengah panjang gabah, dan dalam tidak memiliki saraf
lateral lemma scabrid atas menuju ujung gabah yang . Tak satu pun dari karakter ini sangat berbeda dan
intermediet terjadi. Di Amerika Serikat, D. ciliaris dikatakan berbeda dalam memiliki pisau daun hanya
jarang berbulu sedangkan dari D. sanguinalis berbulu (papillose-pilose) dekat tenggorokan pada
permukaan atas, seringkali padat sehingga (Gleason dan Cronquist, 1991). Di Amerika Utara, D. ciliaris
dikenal sebagai crabgrass selatan dan memiliki distribusi selatan lebih (D. ciliaris). Bor (1960)
menyatakan bahwa spesimen India D. ciliaris yang lebih kuat dari D. sanguinalis.

Setiap wilayah di dunia memiliki spesies tahunan lainnya yang umumnya terjadi sebagai gulma dan yang
juga dapat bingung dengan D. sanguinalis. Ini termasuk D. horizontalis di Afrika dan Amerika, dengan
lebih tandan, lebih pendek, bulir sempit dan rachis sedikit berbulu. D. nuda, terutama di Afrika, berbeda
dengan bulir yang lebih kecil dan tidak adanya glume lebih rendah. Di Asia, D. timorensis berbeda
terutama dalam memiliki bulir sempit dengan glume lebih rendah kurang dari setengah selama gabah
tersebut.

Pencegahan dan Pengendalian

Bagian atas halaman
Efek Allelophatic pada D. sanguinalis

Ada bukti untuk efek alelopati dari varietas Festuca arundinacea pada D. sanguinalis dan spesies
lainnya. Tjis ditentukan dengan menggunakan ekstrak dibuat dari 10 g F. arundinacea daun direndam
dalam 100 ml air selama 24 jam (Peters dan Mohammed-Zam, 1981).

Hwang et al. (1997) menemukan bahwa ekstrak air dari ungu (Syringa vulgaris) daun menghambat
perkecambahan biji dan pertumbuhan akar D. sanguinalis.

Ekstrak air dari daun Ginkgo biloba, yang dikumpulkan selama musim yang berbeda, nyata menghambat
perkecambahan dan pertumbuhan D. sanguinalis mengindikasikan keberadaan zat aktif biologis (Nam et
al., 1997).

budaya Kontrol

Penggunaan sampah sebagai mulsa dan penyiangan mekanis telah terbukti berhasil dalam
mengendalikan D. sanguinalis di tebu (Mann dan Chakor, 1993).

Efek dari solarisasi telah diteliti menggunakan nilai yang berbeda dari film yang polythylene
transparan. Semua ketebalan, mulai 150-400 m, yang cocok untuk kontrol yang efektif dari D.
sanguinalis, meskipun film ini harus disimpan di tempat selama 30-45 hari untuk mencapai tingkat kontrol
yang tinggi (Nasr, 1993; Vizantinopoulos dan Katranis, 1993).

Pada baris menyala dan mencangkul dalam satu operasi telah diuji dengan mesin yang dirancang di Italia
untuk ditanami dan sayuran (Casini et al., 1994).

Teknik Kontrol
Kontrol mekanik D. sanguinalis dapat dicapai dengan salah satu alat yang digunakan dalam pertanian
konvensional atau di mana tanaman baris tumbuh.

Kontrol kimia

D. sanguinalis dapat kimiawi dikendalikan di bawah berbagai agroekosistem. Preplanting herbisida

seperti dinitroanilines (pendimetalin) dapat digunakan pada jagung, kedelai dan kapas. Pre-munculnya
herbisida seperti amida atau acetanilides (Metolachlor) efektif dalam mengendalikan D. sanguinalis di
kacang kedelai, jagung, ubi jalar dan tebu. Pasca-munculnya herbisida kletodim, fenoksaprop-etil dan
setoksidim dapat digunakan di Luzern, kacang kedelai dan bunga matahari.

Kontrol kimia D. sanguinalis juga dapat dicapai dalam kacang-kacangan, brokoli, kubis dan kembang kol
dengan setoksidim. Senyawa sulfonilurea, seperti rimsulfuron, efektif untuk pengendalian gulma pada
jagung. Fenoksaprop-etil digunakan dalam sugarbeet. Dalam beras, oksadiason dan quinclorac
digunakan di banyak daerah, sedangkan chlorthal dan pendimetalin telah berhasil diuji dalam pembibitan
bola bunga.

Dalam uji coba pembibitan Pyrus, Zelkova, Acer dan Fraxinus, Kuhns et al. (1998) menemukan bahwa
oxyfluorfen dan thiazopyr berkurang D. sanguinalis penutup.

DPX-PE 350 (natrium 2-chloro-6 (4,5-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ythio) benzoat) mengurangi kontrol D.

sanguinalis bila dicampur dengan fluazifop-P, setoksidim, chlethodim dan quizalofop-P pada tingkat yang
direkomendasikan. Kombinasi tangki-campuran setoksidim + bentazone-Na, imazaquin dan chlorimuron-
etil berada antagonis dalam pengendalian D. sanguinalis, Eleusine indica dan Panicum dichotomiflorum
(Holshouser dan Coble, 1990).

Culpepper dan York (1998) dibandingkan pengendalian gulma di kapas glyphosate-toleran dengan
berbagai glyphosate dan sistem herbisida tradisional. Sistem standar Trifluralin pra-tanaman didirikan dan
fluometuron pra-munculnya diikuti oleh fluometuron ditambah MSMA pasca-munculnya diarahkan 3
sampai 4 minggu setelah tanam dan cyanazine ditambah MSMA pasca-munculnya diarahkan 6 sampai 7
minggu setelah tanam dikendalikan D. sanguinalis oleh setidaknya 98% di akhir musim. Glifosat
diterapkan sekali tidak memadai mengontrol D. sanguinalis.

Pada jagung, khasiat nicosulfuron pada D. sanguinalis dipengaruhi oleh ukuran gulma. Kontrol menurun
drastis pada tahap 7-daun. Menurut ambang ekonomi D. sanguinalis kontrol pada jagung, nicosulfuron
harus diterapkan pada 3, 4 dan 5-daun tahap (Wu et al., 1999)

Pencampuran bromoksinil dengan kletodim atau setoksidim tidak berpengaruh pada pengendalian D.
sanguinalis namun tingkat fluazifop-P, fluazifop-P ditambah fenoksaprop-P, atau quizalofop-P diperlukan
untuk kontrol 80% meningkat sebesar 180% menjadi 290%. Antagonisme kontrol D. sanguinalis dengan
campuran quizalofop-P dan bromoksinil meningkat tingkat bromoksinil meningkat.Antagonisme itu
diringankan dengan menerapkan bromoksinil 6 hari sebelum graminicides atau 3 atau 6 hari setelah
graminicides (Culpepper et al., 1998, 1999).

Fenoksaprop, 2,4-D, pendimetalin, MSMA, quinclorac dan campuran mereka memberikan tingkat baik
kontrol D. sanguinalis pada berdiri mapan Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) (Street dan Stewart,
1997).

Dalam jagung imidazolinone-tahan, imazethapyr disediakan kontrol kurang dari 43% dari D. sanguinalis
(Krausz dan Kapusta, 1998).
Gimenez et al. (1998) mempelajari kontrol rumput tahunan glifosat ditambah bentazone, chlorimuron,
fomesafen, atau campuran imazethapyr. Baik D. sanguinalis atau Brachiaria platyphylla dikuasai oleh
bentazone, fomesafen atau chlorimuron. Imazethapyr dikendalikan D. sanguinalis dan B. platyphylla oleh
30 dan 72%, masing-masing. Glifosat dikendalikan baik rumput oleh 100%.

Dalam tidak-sampai sempit-baris produksi kedelai, pengurangan populasi D. sanguinalis lebih besar
dengan berurutan Metolachlor preplant + imazaquin diikuti oleh awal pasca-munculnya atau pasca-
munculnya imazethapyr daripada dengan Metolachlor preplant + imazaquin atau awal pasca-munculnya /
post-munculnya imazethapyr sendiri (Johnson et al., 1998).

Dalam fescue tinggi (Festuca arundinacea) rumput, sebuah aplikasi dari prodiamine, aplikasi berurutan
oksadiason pada akhir Februari, diikuti oleh fenoksaprop pada bulan Juni mengakibatkan 85-96% D.
sanguinalis kontrol pada akhir Agustus. Kontrol adalah serupa pada pertengahan Agustus, ketika
pendimetalin, dithiopyr atau oryzalin diikuti oleh fenoksaprop, tetapi kontrol adalah 74% pada akhir
Agustus. Pengendalian gulma yang lebih baik ditemukan dalam kombinasi dengan fenoksaprop
dibandingkan kombinasi dengan MSMA (Johnson, 1997).

Guery et al. (1996) mempelajari efek dari herbisida diterapkan pra-Budburst dalam uji coba lapangan di
kebun-kebun anggur. Perawatan dinilai termasuk aplikasi tunggal simazine + diuron dalam kombinasi
dengan isoxaben, oryzalin atau norflurazon, dan simazine dan diuron sebagai tunggal atau dua aplikasi
split. Aplikasi tunggal simazine + diuron memberikan kontrol yang tidak memadai D. sanguinalis tapi
aplikasi perpecahan sering memberikan kontrol yang lebih atau kurang memuaskan. Kombinasi lainnya
memberikan kontrol yang baik dari gulma ini dan kombinasi norflurazon memberikan kontrol yang baik
dari yang paling gulma berumput.

Pada jagung, Sanchis et al. (1996) menentukan efektivitas pengendalian gulma aplikasi pasca-
munculnya tunggal rimsulfuron + basah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kontrol> 95% dari D.
sanguinalis dicapai 15 hari setelah pengobatan dengan pengobatan rimsulfuron dan ini secara signifikan
lebih baik daripada hasil yang dicapai dengan herbisida pra-munculnya.

Dalam bidang gladiol, herbisida yang paling efektif untuk mengendalikan D. sanguinalis yang simazine,
napropamide, linuron dan pendimetalin. Herbisida ini memberikan pengendalian gulma yang sangat baik
dengan cedera sangat sedikit pada tahap awal pertumbuhan gladiol tapi tidak ada cedera bunga (Kwon
et al., 1996).

Di ladang kentang, rimsulfuron diterapkan PRA atau POST memberikan kontrol 92% dari D. sanguinalis.
Kecepatan penurunan rimsulfuron ditambah Metribuzin, diterapkan pra atau pasca, memberikan kontrol
yang buruk dari spesies ini (Robinson et al., 1996).

Resistensi terhadap herbisida

Beberapa kasus biotipe resistensi chloroplastic untuk atrazin telah dilaporkan dari bidang jagung di
Portugal (Monteiro dan Rocha, 1992). Meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap atrazin tercatat di populasi D.
sanguinalis di Perancis (Grignac, 1978).

Wiederholt dan Stoltenberg (1995) menemukan D. sanguinalis aksesi yang menunjukkan resistensi 337-
dan 59 kali lipat untuk sethoxyidim dan fluazifop-P, masing-masing, relatif terhadap aksesi rentan.
Resistensi terhadap fenoksaprop, haloxyfop, quizalofop, dan diklofop berkisar antara 18 sampai 29 kali
lipat dan aksesi ini hanya tahan terhadap kletodim 7 kali lipat. Dalam studi lain Wiederholt dan
Stoltenberg (1996) melaporkan kebugaran serupa antara D. sanguinalis tahan atau rentan terhadap
asetil-koenzim A inhibitor karboksilase aksesi.
Resistensi terhadap fluazifop juga telah dilaporkan dari kedua Amerika Serikat dan Australia (Heap,
1997). Hidayat dan Preston (1997) menemukan D. sanguinalis biotipe dari Australia yang menunjukkan
resistensi terhadap fluazifop-P-butil. Populasi ini juga memiliki resistensi 9 kali lipat menjadi haloxyfop-
Ethoxyethyl dan resistensi 6 kali lipat menjadi quizalofop-P-etil; itu juga dipamerkan beberapa perlawanan
terhadap setoksidim.

Manajemen Terpadu

Pengaruh berbagai perawatan pengendalian gulma dan jarak baris yang berbeda (sempit = 30 cm, lebar
= 60 cm) untuk kedelai diselidiki di India (Singh dan Sharma, 1989). Serapan N, P dan K oleh gulma,
terutama Echinochloa colonum, D. sanguinalis dan Eleusine indica, berkurang pada jarak baris sempit
tanaman.

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