Chapter 2.
4
Metallic Abrasives
H. William Hitzrot
Introduction
This chapter discusses the primary metallic
abrasives that are used for surface preparation,
including the various types, sizes, and hardness
ranges, and the effect of each in determining the most
cost effective solution for various applications. Many
combinations of materials and processes can be used
to achieve the specific surface profile requirements of
any specification.
Metallic abrasives are predominantly ferrous,
such as iron, steel, and low-carbon steel. There are
some brass, aluminum, zinc, nickel, stainless steel,
and cut-wire abrasives, but these are used primarily
for very specialized applications not related to paint
and rust removal prior to coating. The use of metallic
abrasives dates back to the early 1900s when chilled
iron abrasives were first employed. The advent of
wheel blast machines in the late 1930s and early
1940s created a need for a more durable abrasive
than chilled iron, and resulted in the development of
heat-treatable, cast-steel abrasives in the late 1940s.
By the early 1950s, cast-steel abrasives had become
the medium of choice for use in wheel blast machines
for cleaning structural steel, plate, and fabricated
assemblies prior to coating. Cast-steel abrasives have
virtually replaced iron abrasives, and now account for
all but a very small percentage of the more than
300,000 tons of metallic abrasives used in the United
States each year. Tables 1 and 2 show the gradations
for cast shot and grit.1
Types of Abrasives and Methods of
Manufacture
Cast-Steel Abrasives
Cast-steel abrasives are usually made by
melting steel scrap in electric arc, or less commonly, in
induction furnaces. After the chemical composition of
the melt is adjusted to the desired range, the melt is
superheated, deoxidized, and atomized.
Atomization, commonly referred to as
shotting, is generally accomplished by striking a
controlled stream of the molten steel with a jet of water
under a controlled pressure (12-18 psi). Shotting may
also be completed centrifugally or by the gas process.
The shotting process is really a controlled explosion,
with the stream of molten steel disintegrating into
droplets of a predictable range of sizes, depending on
water pressure. These molten droplets generally
solidify as spheroids, as surface tension tends to
round the particles until a surface crust has formed.
These formed, semi-molten particles then fall into a
water-filled pit that quenches them into a solid. Some
of these droplets collide and fuse. Some solidify into
irregular shapes, due to contact with the surface of the
water or other obstacles. The quenched particles are
then removed from the shotting pit and dried before
further processing.
Cast steel abrasives are produced in numer-
ous hardness ranges to suit specific applications. Most
are produced in the standard SAE hardness range of
40 to 50 HRC. The average hardness is a nominal 45
for most manufacturers. Steel grit is usually produced
in four hardness ranges: soft grit, 40 to 45 HRC; low
hardness grit, 45 to 52 HRC; medium hardness grit, 50
to 57 HRC; and hard grit, 60+ HRC.
High-Carbon Cast Steel
Typically referred to simply as cast steel, high-
carbon cast steel shot and grit are characterized by
their 1% carbon content. With this carbon content, the
particles approach a hardness of 65+ HRC, and can be
modified through further processing to achieve the
desired hardness range. Since shot and grit particles
fail because of the fatigue that results from repeated
impact, the best quality cast-steel abrasives are
austenized and requenched to form a finely tempered
and durable martinsitic structure. After quenching,
oversize and irregular particles are separated and
crushed into grit. Both the shot and grit particles may
be sold after screening to size, or tempered to meet
the hardness requirements of customer specifications.
Steel grit and steel shot are used extensively in the
blast cleaning industry to remove paint, rust, mill scale,
Tables 1 and 2. Gradations for Cast Shot and Grit.

84
and other surface contaminants from steel, concrete,
and other surfaces prior to coating. Often shot used
alone does not provide a suitable profile on steel when
used without grit.
Low-Carbon Cast Steel
Low-carbon cast steel shot is characterized by
a carbon content that is usually less than 0.2%. The
shotted particles generally have a hardness in the
range HRC 35 to 42 as cast, and are not readily heat-
treated at this low carbon content. After drying, the
particles are screened to the desired size for sale. It
cannot be crushed into grit due to its low hardness.
Crushing produces flat, rounded pancake-type
particles of steel that are referred to as nickels. Low-
carbon steel shot is often used in foundry applications
where it is undesirable to damage cast numbering or
identification, and where efficiency, speed, and surface
finish are not as important as cost. This type of steel
shot is unusual in surface preparation applications
because of its low hardness and slow cleaning rates in
comparison to the harder higher carbon cast-steel
abrasive.
Cast Stainless Steel Shot
Cast stainless steel shot, conforming in
composition to 300 series stainless, is available for
specialized applications where ferrous contamination
might be a problem. The ferrous particles that steel
abrasives leave on a surface can rust and stain it
unless they are scrupulously removed.
Cut-Wire Abrasives
Cut-wire abrasives are manufactured by
shearing wire in the desired composition and diameter
into cylinders equal in length to the wire diameter. The
cut particles are sold as-cut, or conditioned. Condi-
tioned particles are rounded by repeated, high-velocity
impact against a hard target, and are available in three
standard levels: rounded cylinders, near-spherical
pellets, and spherical pellets.
Carbon Steel Cut-Wire. Carbon steel cut-wire
abrasives are characterized by a carbon content of
about 0.40-0.85%, size ranges from .020-.099 inches
in diameter, and a range of hardness from HRC 30 to
HRC 65. Because the particles have a uniform grain
structure enhanced by drawing, with no casting
defects, micro-porosity, or non-metallic voids, they
have excellent resistance to fatigue damage, and may
provide consumption figures low enough to offset their
high initial cost of purchase. Cut-wire abrasives
generally are not used for surface preparation for
coatings. Fully conditioned pellets are used in high-
tech peening of plates and castings for aircraft and
space applications, primarily to improve fatigue
resistance. In Europe, however, unconditioned cut-
steel wire cylinders have been used for surface
preparation under some specific conditions.
Stainless Steel Cut Wire. Stainless steel cut-wire
abrasives are available in both 300 and 400 series
compositions, and in hardness ranges of 35 to 55+
HRC. The 300 series abrasives may experience
significant work hardening, reaching values of HRC 55
or higher. All are available in the complete range of
sizes, from 0.31.6 mm. Stainless steel abrasives,
cast and cut wire, are routinely used where ferrous
contamination might be a problem.
Chilled Iron Abrasives
Chilled iron abrasives are characterized by
carbon contents greater than 1.6%. The method of
manufacture is similar to that of steel abrasives,
except that the melting may be done in cupola fur-
naces. After shotting, chilled iron particles are quite
hard, HRC 55+, and are often sold as shot at this
hardness. The shot may be crushed and sold as grit in
the same hardness range. In the past, chilled iron
abrasives were often given a malleabilizing heat
treatment to provide particles in the hardness range 35
to 45 HRC. They were also available partially decarbur-
ized, with surface hardness values of about 20 HRC.
Ferrous Metallic Grit
Ferrous metallic grit is prepared by a different
process than conventional cast-steel abrasives, and
usually is supplied in one hardness range. It normally
has a very wide range of particle shape, size, and
hardness, and will produce a widely varying range of
profile depth and surface roughness. Ferrous metallic
grit can be used for removing paint, rust, mill scale,
and other contaminants from surfaces prior to painting
if a uniform surface is not a priority.
Reclaimed Abrasives
Reclaimed metallic abrasives, or
remanufactured metallic abrasives, have been used,
85
salvaged, cleaned and screened to size, and pack-
aged for sale. When the reclaimed abrasive is required
to meet the remanufacturing requirements of SSPC AB
3, it may be comparable to some new abrasives in
terms of cleaning but less durable because of fatigue
from prior use. Since numerous batches of abrasive
may be combined in the reclamation process, the
possibility is high that a wide range of hardnesses may
be found in the mix, which will result in a significant
variation in the profile produced from container to
container.
Abrasive Factors That Influence
Productivity
There are five key factors that affect the
productivity of any abrasive for any given job:
Particle shapeRounded abrasive particles pro-
duce a peened surface, whereas angular or irregular
shaped abrasive particles produce an etched or
angular surface profile. Selecting the right particle
shape to produce the required profile and texture for
the job at hand can impact productivity and the perfor-
mance of the coating to be applied.
Particle weightDifferent metallic abrasives have
different mass weights per unit volume and different
impact values. For a given impact velocity and particle
shape, the weight (mass) of the particle determines
the shape and depth of the profile produced. Because
steel abrasives have approximately 1-1/2 to 2-1/2
times the density of nonmetallic abrasives, steel
abrasives create more impact for a given particle size.
Smaller steel abrasive particles will produce the same
impact value as nonmetallic particles 1-1/2 to 2-1/2
times larger. With the smaller steel abrasive there are
more abrasive particles impacting the surface per unit
time, which means faster cleaning rates.
Particle size Abrasive particle size influences two
primary functions of blast cleaning: rate of cleaning
and profile. Decreasing particle size may increase
cleaning rate because more particles are impacting the
surface per unit time. For example, a pound of G25 grit
operating mix contains around 500,000 particles while
a pound of G40 operating mix contains 2,500,000
particles. The finer G40 mix has 5 times more impacts
per pound than the G25 abrasive mix. Increasing
abrasive size may be necessary to increase
86
profile and/or to remove heavy coatings. The general
rule is always use the smallest size abrasive that will
do the job.
Particle hardnessIt is generally believed that the
harder an abrasive, the better it will perform on difficult
to clean areas. However, very hard abrasives may
shatter on impact, expending most of their energy in
particle disintegration and dust generation rather than
surface cleaning. As with selecting abrasive size, the
general rule is to select the minimum abrasive hard-
ness that will effectively do the job.
Particle velocityParticle velocity is the most
significant variable affecting profile depth and cleaning
speed. The kinetic energy equation illustrates this:
E = 1/2 MV2
Where:
e = Kinetic energy
m = Particle mass (weight)
v = Particle velocity
It can be seen that a small increase in velocity
creates a significant increase in the energy level or
impact value of the abrasive pellet. By increasing the
velocity modestly, size 40 grit particles can provide the
same impact energy level as size 25 grit particles, and
will create the same depth of profile. Moreover, there is
an added benefit in that there are many more uniform
peaks, and a smoother overall surface that will con-
sume less coating to achieve the desired film thick-
ness. The total surface preparation job can be com-
pleted faster with G40 grit when applied properly.
Abrasive Selection
There are many options available to the user
of metallic abrasives, such as shape, hardness, and
size. This section is devoted to how these various
options influence the performance and productivity of
specific types of blast cleaning operations.
Shape
Round (steel shot) abrasive is often used in
wheel blast machines to remove brittle scale and rust
from steel plates, shapes, and fabricated parts. Steel
shot produces a relatively low profile with a fairly
smooth, peened surface. This surface can be coated
successfully when it is clean, however, such coatings
are usually limited to pre-construction primers that will
be removed during abrasive grit blasting after field
erection prior to final coating. The use of shot in
surface preparation prior to coating for repair or severe
service applications is not recommended. Shot has a
tendency to peen the surface and pound contaminants
into it, producing a scalloped profile.
When the abrasive operating mix is properly
controlled, steel grit (angular) produces a more
uniform (higher peak density) surface for the same
profile. This creates a larger, more consistent surface
area. A surface prepared with the properly selected grit
will provide a better base for any coating, resulting in
improved adhesion factors. In any case, it is always
best to select the abrasive shape (shot, grit, or shot/
grit mix) that is compatible with the blast equipment,
the surface to be cleaned (mill scale, rust, paint, etc.),
and the coating to be applied.
Steel Shot/Grit Blends
Steel shot/grit blends are often used where
both mill scale and rust are present, typically in
centrifugal wheel machines. The ratio of shot-to-grit in
the work mix is adjusted to meet the cleanliness and
profile requirements of the job.
Hardness
Choosing the right abrasive hardness for any
given job can increase productivity and lower overall
operating costs. For most surface cleaning operations
in a wheel machine where productivity is a factor, steel
grit hardness in the range of 50 to 52 HRC is recom-
mended. Steel abrasives in this hardness range will
maintain their irregular shape for a longer time, blend
well naturally, and accomplish the uniform sharp profile
required for the majority of coatings. They have good
durability as well. When the abrasive hardness in-
creases from 52 to 57 HRC , the abrasive particles are
\
more brittle and breakdown faster, except when the
target material is soft. In air blast applications, it is
most cost-effective, from the standpoints of productiv-
ity and clean up, to use the smallest, hardest abrasive
available that will produce the required profile and
surface finish required to complete the job at hand.
Size
Choosing the right size for a particular job will
depend on but not be limited to the factors sited here:
87
Type of surface contaminant: If the steel surface is
covered with a thick (5-10 mil) coating that needs to be
removed, then the abrasive mix should contain some
coarser particles, such as G40 to G25 grit. If the steel
surface has a lighter (1-5 mil) coating or light rust, then
a G50 to G40 grit abrasive mix is suggested. When
removing a thick, soft, rubbery coating, a larger
granular abrasive works best. Smaller abrasives have
a tendency to create heat and soften the coating,
making it even more rubbery and harder to remove.
Nozzle pressure: The nozzle pressure used influ-
ences abrasive-size selection. When nozzle pressures
in the range of 120-150 psi are selected, finer abrasive
sizes (G 50 and G 80) are recommended.
Table 3. Abrasive Size Needed to Achieve a Given Profile
Height.
Surface profile requirements: Profile height is
primarily a function of particle size, impact velocity,
and hardness. Other factors, such as the angle of
impingement, also affect profile. Iron abrasives are
generally harder than steel abrasives, however, they
are less durable, resulting in faster breakdown. Steel
can be heat treated to be harder than iron, but this is
not usually done for abrasives used in surface prepa-
ration for painting. All things being equal, harder
abrasives produce higher profiles than softer abra-
sives. Table 3 shows the abrasive size needed to
achieve a given profile height. Make certain that the
size of abrasive chosen for the job will provide an
acceptable profile that meets the job requirements.
It is recommended that the abrasive selection be
tested using the equipment available for the job on
representative surfaces at the site, with parameters for
its use established, and a written protocol followed.
Important Considerations When Using
Metallic Abrasives
Abrasive Containment and Recycling
To effectively utilize the advantages of metallic
abrasives, containment and recycling systems must be
in-place so that the material can be reused many
times. The containment system keeps the blast media,
dust, and debris in a confined area for easy recovery.
The recycling system must quickly pick up and trans-
port the abrasive and blast debris to the cleaning
system, where all trash and contamination are re-
moved before the abrasive is returned to the blast
system. SSPC AB 2 defines the minimum cleanliness
requirements for recycled ferrous metallic abrasives. A
well-manufactured steel abrasive can be recycled 100
to 1,000 times before its useful life is expended.
Dust Generation
Metallic abrasives do not break down on
impact like conventional nonmetallic abrasive prod-
ucts. Consequently, there is considerably less dust
and waste generated during the blasting process. Low
dust levels mean better visibility, faster cleaning,
increased productivity, and shorter cleanups, saving
time and labor and disposal costs.
Embedment
Because of their brittle nature, nonmetallic
abrasives can leave particles embedded in the blasted
surface. Hard steel grit may do the same. To avoid
embedment, use a low angle brush blast technique. A
low angle, when combined with a pulling action instead
of a pushing action, allows the overspray of cleaning
abrasive to slide along the surface behind the higher
angle forward cutting edge. This action loosens the
abrasive and removes particles that may have become
embedded in the substrate. It will also remove most
hackles or rogue peaks that may have been created
on the surface by the cutting action of the blast pro-
cess and help reduce the amount of micronic dust
(pulverized contamination from scale, rust, paint, etc.)
levels on the surface. The best blast angle (angle
between the substrate surface and the nozzle) for
steel grit is the lowest angle that will efficiently break
and remove the contaminants from the surface being
cleaned and profiled. It is not acceptable to exceed a
70 blast angle when using a recyclable abrasive. After
blast cleaning an area, it is a good practice to quickly
brush (or sweep) the area just cleaned to remove
residual loose dust and abrasive.
Work Mix
As metallic abrasives are reused, the abrasive
88
particles gradually wear down and become smaller. It
is important to add regular amounts of new abrasive to
maintain a consistent size range in the abrasive
operating or work mix. Maintaining a consistent
abrasive operating or work mix will give the blast
operator the ability to create a uniform blast profile and
surface texture. More detail on abrasive change with
use appears in SSPC-AB 3.
The work mix in any blast cleaning operation
must be clean and free of contamination prior to every
use. When coating chips, dust, or other contamination
are present in the blast stream, there is a good chance
that this contamination will be embedded in the
surface being cleaned or pulverized into ultra-fine dust,
dramatically reducing a blasters visibility. Statically
charged ultra-fine particles that adhere to the surface
are extremely hard to remove and will add significantly
to clean-up costs.
In some areas of coating application, this
phenomenon is referred to as backside contamina-
tion. Not readily detectable using visual methods,
backside contamination levels in excess of 12-20%
may have serious effects on the adhesion of any
coating.
To establish the level of backside contamina-
tion apply a 5 or 6 inch strip of slightly milky looking
paper repair tape with a thick, soft adhesive to the test
area and press or rub it until it is clear or transparent.
The tape must be uniformly rubbed until completely
clear. Remove the tape quickly and then place it on a
clean, bright white surface to evaluate the degree of
coverage, in terms of gray color. It is necessary to
establish the darkest shade of gray that is acceptable
for coating that particular surface using the specified
coating. Take several test readings, place them on the
same surface, and record the location, date, and
comments for future reference. This is a workable
adaptation of ISO 8502-3:1992.2
Metallic Abrasives and Moisture
As with all blast cleaning abrasives, metallic
abrasives must be kept dry and free of corrosive
materials. If the abrasive becomes wet or contami-
nated with corrosive materials, the particles will rust,
tend to stick together in lumps, and create major blast
cleaning and recycling problems. Any metallic abrasive
should be recovered and cleaned as soon after use as
feasible. This is especially important if the abrasive
comes into contact with any type of soluble salt.
Bulk Density Considerations
The bulk density of an abrasive is a measure
of an abrasives weight per unit volume, and is usually
expressed in pounds per cubic foot. It is important to
be aware of the large difference between the bulk
density of metallic and nonmetallic abrasives when
switching from one to the other. For example, a typical
nonmetallic abrasive weighs approximately 100 lb/ft3,
whereas steel abrasives typically weigh 250 lb/ft3. This
becomes an important factor when moving large
containers filled with steel that were formerly filled with
nonmetallic abrasive. If the container that usually
carries 5 tons of a nonmetallic abrasive is filled with a
steel abrasive, the filled container will weigh over 12.5
tons. If the lifting equipment used to move this
container has a maximum capacity of 5 tons, the
container will now exceed the lift equipments maxi-
mum capacity by 7.5 tons, creating a major problem
and a potentially dangerous hazard if the crane
operator is not aware of the weight of a blast pot full of
steel.
Summary of Key Factors in Steel Abrasive
Selection
Shape
Steel shotBest suited for removing brittle contami-
nants such as mill scale
Steel gritBest suited for removing soft, friable
contaminants such as paint and rust
Size
Large abrasives give deep profile and lower
productivity
Small abrasives give lower profile and higher
productivity
Hardness
High hardnessDeeper profile, faster cutting rates,
and reduced durability
Lower hardnessLess profile, slightly lower cutting
rates, increased durability.
Nozzle
Use the highest nozzle pressure available to get
maximum productivity
The blast angle affects the depth of profile, rough-
ness, and cleaning rates
There are a number of specifications covering
abrasives available from different technical organiza-
tions and they can be helpful guides in selecting an
appropriate abrasive for any application. For further
information, consult the bibliography at the conclusion
of this chapter.
References
1. USGS Mineral Industry Survey: Annual Review for
Metallic Abrasives in the United States; U.S. Geologi-
cal Survey: Reston, VA, 2000.
2. ISO 8502-3: 1992. Preparation of Steel Substrates
Before Application of Paints and Related Products
Tests for the Assessment of Surface CleanlinessPart
3. Assessment of Dust on Steel Surfaces Prepared for
Painting (Pressure-Sensitive Tape Method). ISO:
Geneva, Switzerland, 1992.
Bibliography
SSPC-AB 2 Specifications for Cleanliness of
Recycled Ferrous Abrasives; SSPC: Pittsburgh and
NACE: Houston.
SSPC-AB 3 Ferrous Metallic Abrasives; SSPC:
Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SSPC-SP COM Surface Preparation Commentary for
Steel and Concrete; SSPC: Pittsburgh.
SSPC-VIS 1 Visual Standard for Abrasive Blast
Cleaned Steel; SSPC: Pittsburgh.
SSPC-VIS 2 Standard Method for Evaluating Degree
of Rusting on Painted Steel Surfaces;
SSPC: Pittsburgh.
SSPC SP 5/NACE 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning;
SSPC: Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SSPC SP 6/NACE 3 Commercial Blast Cleaning;
SSPC: Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SSPC SP 7/NACE 4 Brush-Off Blast Cleaning; SSPC:
Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SSPC SP 10/NACE 2 Near-White Blast Cleaning;
SSPC: Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SSPC SP 14/NACE 8 Industrial Blast Cleaning; SSPC:
Pittsburgh and NACE: Houston.
SAE-J444 Cast Shot And Grit Size Specifications For
Peening And Cleaning; SAE: Warrendale, PA.
SAE-J445 Metallic Shot and Grit Mechanical Testing;
SAE: Warrendale, PA.
SAE-J827 High Carbon Cast Steel Shot; SAE:
Warrendale, PA.
SAE-J1993 High Carbon Cast Steel Grit; SAE:
Warrendale, PA.
89
SAE-J2175 Low Carbon Cast Steel Shot; SAE:
Warrendale, PA.
ASTM B 215 Method B Methods of Sampling Finished
Lots of Metal Powders; ASTM: Philadelphia.
ASTM E 384 Test Methods for Micro Hardness of
Materials; ASTM: Philadelphia.
ISO 11124 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsSpecifi-
cations for Metallic Blast-Cleaning; ISO: Geneva,
Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11124-1 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsSpecifi-
cations for Metallic Blast-CleaningPart 1: General
Introduction and Classification; ISO: Geneva, Switzer-
land (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11124-2 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsSpecifi-
cations for Metallic Blast-CleaningPart 2: Chilled-
Iron Grit; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland (available from
ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11124-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related Products Specifi-
cations for Metallic Blast-CleaningPart 3: High-
Carbon Cast-Steel Shot and Grit; ISO: Geneva,
Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washington, DC)
ISO 11124-4 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related Products Specifi-
cations for Metallic Blast-CleaningPart 4: Low-
Carbon Cast-Steel Shot; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland
(available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related Products Test
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning Abrasives; ISO:
Geneva, Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washing-
ton, DC)
ISO 11125-1 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
1: Sampling; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland (available from
ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125-2 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
2: Determination of Particle Size Distribution; ISO:
Geneva, Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washing-
ton, DC).
ISO 11125-3 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
90
3: Determination of Hardness; ISO: Geneva, Switzer-
land (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125-4 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
4: Determination of Apparent Density; ISO: Geneva,
Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125-5 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
5: Determination of Percentage Defective Particles
and of Microstructure; ISO: Geneva, Switzerland
(available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125-6 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
6: Determination of Foreign Matter; ISO: Geneva,
Switzerland (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
ISO 11125-7 Preparation of Steel Substrates Before
Application of Paints and Related ProductsTest
Methods for Metallic Blast-Cleaning AbrasivesPart
7: Determination of Moisture; ISO: Geneva, Switzer-
land (available from ANSI: Washington, DC).
Acknowledgements
The author and SSPC gratefully acknowledge the
participation of Joe Brandon, Carl Mantegna,
Hugh Roper, Don Sanchez, and Ray Weaver in
the review process for this chapter.
About the Author
H. William Hitzrot
Bill Hitzrot, prior to his retirement, was an active
member of SSPC for about 30 years, chair of the
abrasives committee and member of the SSPC Board
of Governors. He was also an active participant in the
Chesapeake Chapter of SSPC. Bill retired as vice
president of Chesapeake Specialty Products, a
manufacturer of steel abrasives and iron oxides for
industrial use. He remains active in SSPC assisting in
updating publications and training programs in the
areas of surface preparation and abrasives.