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Notes:

MoRTH

Embankment construction:

Unsuitable materials swamps, OL, OI, OH or Pt. IS:1498, Clay WL > 50 and PI > 25, Salt, Combustion,
Frozen. Swell Index > 50%.

Coarse material size Embankment < 75mm and subgrade < 50mm.

[Height up to 3m 15.2kN/m3, more than 3m 16kN/m3 and subgrade and earthern shoulders /
verges / backfill 17.5kN/m3.] not for light weight materials.

Compaction Subgrade & earthern shoulders >97%, Embankment > 95%, expansive clay subgrade
& 500mm below the subgrade not allowed, remaining portion 90-95%.

Roller weight 80 to 100kN.

Special condition: WL > 40 and PI > 20

Granular sub-base:

Physical requirements - Aggregate Impact Value <40, WL < 25 and PI < 6, CBR at 98% Minimum 30.

Lab Tests:

2720-1 preparation of dry soil samples for various tests.

To remove clods, breaking up the aggregation of soil particles without reducing the size of the
individual grains.

Sieves 75mm, 63mm, 37.5mm, 19mm, 13.2mm, 9.5mm, 6.7mm, 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 2.0mm,
1.18mm, 600 micron, 425 micron, 300 micron, 150 micron and 75 micron.

Oven 105 - 110C.

Grain size analysis


75mm 60kg
37.5mm 25kg
19mm 6.5kg
13.2mm 3.5kg
9.5mm 1.5kg
6.7mm 0.75kg
4.75mm 0.4kg
Liquid limit 270g 425 micron
Plastic limit 60g -do-
Compaction
Light compaction 6kg 19mm
Heavy compaction
CBR 6kg 19mm
Permeability 2.5kg (100mm dia) / 5kg 9.5mm
(200mm dia)
Organic content 100g 2mm
pH 30g 425micron
Free swell index 20g 425micron
Grain Size Analysis:

Wet sieve for all soils

Dry sieve soils which do not have an appreciable amount of clay

Pipette / hydrometer method for grain sizes smaller than 75 microns, <10% passing 75 micros then
this method is not applicable.

Plot particle size, mm vs Percentage Finer, %. (x,y)

Cumulative
Weight Retained Weight Percentage
IS Sieve Designation Weight
(g) Retained (%) Finer (%)
Retained (%)

4.75 0 0 0 100
2.36 1.06 0.212 0.212 99.788
1.18 0.98 0.196 0.408 99.592

Moisture Content:

Mass of water to mass of solids.

W = w2-w3/w3-w1

Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit:

Liquid Limit:

Mechanical method, one point method and cone method

WL >120%, - not using one point method.

Mechanical method:

120g passing 425 microns. Mixed with distilled water.

Groove depth 1cm

2 revolutions per second.

Contact distance 12 mm.

Flow should occur not sliding.

25 blows.

Cone Penetration method:

150g passing 425 microns.

Reading after 5 seconds. Range 14 28 mm.

20mm penetration.

Plastic limit:

20g passing 425 microns.


8g ball. Rate of rolling 80 90 strokes / min.

3mm diameter threads. Crumbles.

Compaction:

Material Passing 19mm

6kg - not susceptible to crushing

15kg - susceptible to crushing (granular, limestone, sandstone etc.)

At least five readings.

Small percent (5%) of stones can be removed but huge quantity of sample removal will affect the
results. So it is better to go for higher diameter mould.

Check on total volume of soil compacted. More soil stuck on extension greater is the error.

Light compaction:

3 layers, 25 blows, rammer weight 2.6kg and height of fall 310mm.

Initial moisture - 4 to 6 % for sandy and gravelly soils.

- 8 to 10% below the plastic limit for cohesive soil

Heavy compaction:

5 layers, 25 blows, rammer weight 4.9kg and height of fall 450mm.

Initial moisture - 3 to 5 % for sandy and gravelly soils

- 12 to 16% below the plastic limit for cohesive soil


- After mixing should be left for 16hours for high plasticity soil

Increase in initial moisture content - 1 to 2% for sandy and gravelly soils

- 2 to 4% for cohesive soil

Mould:

Diameter - 100mm - 150mm

Volume - 1000cm3 - 2250cm3

Blows - 25 - 55

Sieve - 19mm - 37.5mm

Sample - 5kg - 30kg

For highly permeable soils such as clean gravels, uniformly graded and coarse clean sands this test
may provide poor guide.

Lower MDD and higher OMC.


CBR:

Index of soil which is related to its strength.

CBR correlation with modulus of subgrade, modulus of resilience and plasticity index.

Standard load - test on crushed stone

Force / unit area required to penetrate a soil mass with circular plunger of 50mm diameter at the rate
of 1.25mm/min.

2.5mm and 5mm.

Undisturbed specimen and disturbed specimen compacted statically or dynamically.

Fill with paraffin wax.

Water content - OMC or NMC

Material passing 19mm sieve.

Passing 19mm and retained in 4.75mm sieve - allowance larger material shall be made by
replacing equal amount of material.

50g material for moisture content.

2.5kg of surcharge weight to produce weight of base material and pavement.

Soaked for 96hours.

Plunger - seating load 4kg

Proving ring - 5000kg

Load shall be noted at penetrations 0, 0.25, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 4, 5, 7.5, 10 & 12.5mm

Plot: Penetration, mm vs load, N (x,y)

2.5mm standard value 13430

5mm standard value 20150

Calibration unit - load - 35.255N

Penetration - 0.01mm

Field density sand replacement method:

Passing 1mm and retained on 600 micron

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