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PDHonline Course M398 (3 PDH)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ASME Section I & Section VIII

Fundamentals
2012
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Contents:
1.0 - INTRODUCTION
2.0 ASME SECTION I & SECTION VIII Fundamentals
3.0 ASME SECTION I POWER BOILERS: Types, Design, Fabrication, Inspection & Repair
4.0 ASME SECTION VIII Division 1, Division 2, Division 3
5.0 ASME SECTION I: Dished Heads Formulae
6.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae
7.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes
8.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles
9.0 ASME SECTION II - Materials
10.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Suplementary Design Formulae
11.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Hydrostatic Pressure Tests
12.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
2012 Jurandir Primo 2 de 59

1.0 - INTRODUCTION:
The ASME Code design criteria consist of basic rules specifying the design method, design loads, allow-
able stress, acceptable materials, fabrication, testing, certification, and inspection requirements. The de-
sign method known as "design by rule" defined in ASME Section VIII - Division 1 uses design pressure,
allowable stress and a design formula compatible with the geometry to calculate the minimum required
thickness of pressurized tanks, vessels and pipes.
The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - International Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code is made of 12 sections and contains over 15 divisions and subsections.
1.1 - Code Sections:
I. Power Boilers;
II. Materials;
III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components;
IV. Heating Boilers;
V. Nondestructive Examination;
VI. Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers;
VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers;
VIII. Pressure Vessels;
IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications;
X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels;
XI. Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components;
XII. Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks.
SECTION I - Power Boilers:
This Section provides requirements for all methods of construction of power, electric, and miniature boil-
ers; high temperature water boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in locomotive,
portable, and traction service.
SECTION II Materials:
Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications;

Part B - Nonferrous Material Specifications;
Part C - Specifications for Welding Rods, Electrodes, and Filler Metals;
Part D Properties.
SECTION III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components:
Includes the NV (Nuclear Safety and Pressure Relief Valves), Part A, Ferrous Materials, Part B, Nonfer-
rous Materials, Part D, Properties, Customary or Metric and N3 (N-Type Certificates of Authorization
and Certificates of Accreditation). This Subsection contains appendices, both mandatory and non-
mandatory for Section III. The Division 1 includes the Subsection NCA through NH as described below.

The Division 2, Code for Concrete Containments, includes Data Report Forms and a listing of design
analysis methods. Division 3 is the Code for Transportation and Storage.
DIVISION 1:
Subsection NB - Class 1 Components;

Subsection NC - Class 2 Components;
Subsection ND - Class 3 Components;
Subsection NE - Class MC Components;
Subsection NF Supports;
Subsection NG - Core Support Structures;
Subsection NH - Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature Service.
DIVISION 2:
Code for Concrete Containments.
DIVISION 3:
Containments for Transportation and Storage.
SECTION IV - Heating Boilers:
Requirements for design, fabrication, installation and inspection of steam generating boilers, and hot w a-
ter boilers intended for low pressure service that are directly fired by oil, gas, electricity, or coal. It con-
tains appendices which cover approval of new material, methods of checking safety valve, safety relief
valve capacity, definitions relating to boiler design and welding and quality control systems.
SECTION V - Nondestructive Examination:
Requirements and methods for nondestructive examination which are referenced and required by other
code Sections. It also includes manufacturer's examination responsibilities, duties of authorized inspec-
tors and requirements for qualification of personnel, inspection and examination.
SECTION VI - Recommended Rules for the Care and Operation of Heating Boilers:
It defines general descriptions, terminology and guidelines applicable to steel and cast iron boilers limited
to the operating ranges of Section IV Heating Boilers. It includes guidelines for associated controls and
automatic fuel burning equipment.
SECTION VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers:
Guidelines to promote safety in the use of stationary, portable, and traction type heating boilers. The sec-
tion provides guidelines to assist operators of power boilers in maintaining their plants as safely as pos-
sible. These guidelines contain fuels for routine operation; operating and maintaining boiler appliances;

Inspection and prevention of boiler failure; design of installation; operation of boiler auxiliaries; control of
internal chemical conditions.
SECTION VIII - Pressure Vessels:
Division 1 - Provides requirements applicable to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certifica-
tion of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig.
Division 2 - Alternative rules, provides requirements to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and
certification of pressure vessels operating at either internal or external pressures exceeding 15 psig,
however, higher design stress intensity values are allowed.
Division 3 - Alternative rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels, provides requirements applica-
ble to the design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification of pressure vessels operating at either
internal or external pressures generally above 10,000 psi.
SECTION IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications:
Rules relating to the qualification of welding and brazing procedures as required by other Code Sections
for component manufacture. Covers rules are related to the qualification and re-qualification of welders
and welding and brazing operators in order that they may perform welding or brazing as required by oth-
er Code Sections in the manufacture of components.
SECTION X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels:
Requirements for construction of FRP (Fiber-Reinforced Plastic) pressure vessels in conformance with
a manufacturer's design report. It includes production, processing, fabrication, inspection and testing
methods required.
SECTION XI - Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components:
Requirements for the examination, in-service testing and inspection, and repair and replacement of com-
ponents and systems in light-water cooled and liquid-metal cooled nuclear power plants.
SECTION XII - Rules for Construction and Continued Service of Transport Tanks:
Requirements for construction and continued service of pressure vessels for the transportation of dan-
gerous goods via highway, rail, air or water at pressures from full vacuum to 3,000 psig and volumes
greater than 120 gallons.
1.2 - The ASME-ANSI B31 Codes:
ASME B31 was earlier known as ANSI B31. The B31 Code for Pressure Piping, covers Power Piping,
Fuel Gas Piping, Process Piping, Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids, Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components and Building Services Piping. Piping con-
sists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of

other piping components. It also includes hangers and supports, and other equipment items necessary to
prevent overstressing the pressure containing parts. It does not include support structures such as
frames of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.
B31.1 - Power Piping:
Required piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This code prescribes requirements for the
design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems
for electric generation stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants. The code
covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high pressure water boilers in which
steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than 15 PSIG; and high temperature water is generat-
ed at pressures exceeding 160 PSIG and/or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F.
B31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping:
Withdrawn as a National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from
ASME and is a good reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).
B31.3 - Process Piping:
Code rules for design of chemical, petroleum plants, refineries, hydrocarbons, water and steam. This
Code contains rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile,
paper, semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
It prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, exami-
nation, inspection, and testing of piping. Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages
within a packaged equipment assembly.
B31.4 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids:
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly, inspection, and
testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil, condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids,
liquefied petroleum gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum
products between producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, st a-
tions, ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving points. The re-
quirements for offshore pipelines are found in Chapter IX, and included within this scope are:
Primary and associated auxiliary liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping at pipe-
line terminals (marine, rail and truck), tank farms, pump stations, pressure reducing stations and
metering stations, including scraper traps, strainers, and proper loops;
Storage and working tanks including pipe-type storage fabricated from pipe and fittings, and pip-
ing interconnecting these facilities;
Liquid petroleum and liquid anhydrous ammonia piping located on property which has been set
aside for such piping within petroleum refinery, natural gasoline, gas processing, ammonia, and
bulk plants;

Those aspects of operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems relating to the safety and
protection of the general public, operating company personnel, environment, property and the pip-
ing systems.
B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components:
This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and
inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for temperatures as
low as -320 F (-196 C), whether erected on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically
excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for refrigeration piping in
their respective jurisdictions. This Code shall not apply to:
Any self-contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or

other nationally recognized testing laboratory:
Water piping and piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15 psi
(105 kPa) regardless of size; or
Pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all connecting refrigerant and sec-
ondary coolant piping starting at the first joint adjacent to such apparatus.
B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems:
This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for
the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of
those facilities. It includes gas transmission, appurtenances for transporting gas; gas storage equipment
fabricated from pipe and fittings; and gas storage lines.
B31.8S - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines:
This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that transport
gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including
pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units, metering stations, regulator stations,
delivery stations, holders and fabricated assemblies.
The principles and processes are applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically de-
signed to provide the operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and
implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices and processes.
The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.
B31.9 - Building Services Piping:
This Section has rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-
unit residences, which does not require range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1.
This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation, inspection, exami-

nation and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes piping systems in the building or
within the property limits.
B31.11 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems:
Rule for design, construction, inspection and security requirements of slurry piping systems. This code
covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral
ores and other solids between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant. It also covers piping
transporting liquids, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, pump stations, ammonia plants,
terminals (marine, rail, and truck), and other delivery and receiving points.
B31G - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines:
The scope of this Manual includes all pipelines within the scope of the pipeline codes that are part of
ASME B31 Code for Pressure Piping, ASME B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons,
Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols; ASME B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distri-
bution Piping Systems; and ASME B31.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems. Parts 2, 3, and 4 are
based on material in ASME Guide for Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems, 1983 Edition.
1.3 - ASME Certification and Inspection Procedures:
The symbols "A", "S", "U", "PP" and "H" Stamps covers the fabrication and alteration of high pressure
boilers, unfired pressure vessels, power piping and heating boilers. Once an ASME Stamped Pressure
Vessel is manufactured, it is checked, tested and approved by the ASME Authorized Inspector, who
review all the procedures and all documentation and sign the Data Report Form before the procedure to
stamp the name plate with the U or UM symbols, which means that the Pressure Vessel fully com-
plies with the ASME Code rules for construction of Pressure Vessels.
The National Board of Boiler & Pressure Vessel Inspectors uses the NB Symbol as well the R
Symbol to repair or to alter any previous Stamped Pressure Vessel. All material used in manufacture
must be documented. All welders must be certified. Manufacturers have an Authorized Inspector, who
is the judge of code acceptability. The quality of weld is then checked for lack of weld penetration, slag
inclusion, overlap and excessive reinforcement. At the final inspection the units are hydrostatically test-
ed at 1.5 times working pressure and observed for leaks.
2.0 ASME SECTION I & SECTION VIII Fundamentals:
The formulae in ASME Section I and Section VIII are used to determine the minimum required thick-
ness and design pressure of piping, tubes, drums and headers using the Maximum Allowable Work-
ing Pressure (MAWP). However, Paragraph UG-31 states, that these formulae may be also used for
calculating wall thickness of tubes and pipes under internal pressure.
2.1 Design:
The ASME Boiler Code Section I, as well as Section VIII, requires longitudinal and circumferential butt
joints to be examined by full radiograph.

When the vessel design is required fully radiographed longitudinal butt-welded joint, the cylindrical shell
will have a joint efficiency factor (E = 1.0). This factor corresponds to a safety factor (or material quali-
ty factor) of 3.5 in the parent metal.
When the vessel design is required non-radiographed longitudinal butt-welded joints the vessel will
have a joint efficiency factor (E = 0.7, which corresponds to a safety factor of 0.5 in., resulting in an
increase of 43% in the thickness of the plates.
2.2 Pressure Vessels Maximum Allowable Stress Values:
The maximum allowable stress values to be used in the calculation of the vessels wall thickness are
given in the ASME Code for many different materials. These stress values are a function of temperature.
Division 1: Governs the design by Rules, is less stringent from the standpoint of certain design details
and inspection procedures, and thus incorporates a higher safety factor of 4. For example, if a 60,000
psi tensile strength material is used, the Maximum Allowable Stress Value is 15,000 psi.
Division 2: Governs the design by Analysis" and incorporates a lower safety factor of 3. Thus, the
maximum allowable stress value for a 60,000 psi tensile strength material will become 20,000 psi.
Many companies require that all their pressure vessels be constructed in accordance with Division 2
because of the more exacting standards. Others find that they can purchase less expensive vessels
by allowing manufacturers the choice of either Division 1 or Division 2.
Normally, manufacturers will choose Division 1 for low-pressure vessels and Division 2 for high-
pressure vessels. The maximum allowable stress values at normal temperature range for the steel
plates most commonly used in the fabrication of pressure vessels are given in Table above.

3.0 ASME SECTION I - POWER BOILERS: Types, Design, Fabrication, Inspection & Repair:
Provides requirements for construction of power, electric, and miniature boilers; high temperature water
boilers used in stationary service; and power boilers used in locomotive, portable, and traction service.
Rules allow the use of the V, A, M, PP, S and E symbol stamps.
These rules are applicable to boilers in which the steam is generated at pressures exceeding 15 psig,
and high temperature water boilers for operation at pressures exceeding 160 psig and/or temperatures
exceeding 250 F. This code covers Power Boiler Superheaters, Economizers, and other pressure
parts connected directly to the boiler. Valves are considered as part of the scope in Section 1.
3.1 - ASME SECTION I Boiler Tubes up to and including 5 inches O.D. (125 mm):
a) The minimum required thickness, according to ASME paragraph PG-27.2.1, use equation below:
b) To calculate the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):
Where:
t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in);

P = Design Pressure (psi);
D = Tube Outside Diameter (in);
e = Thickness Factor (0.04 for expanded tubes; 0 = for strength welded tubes);
S = Maximum Allowable Stress According to ASME Section II, Table 1A.
Example 1 - Boiler Tube:
Calculate the minimum required wall thickness of a water tube boiler 2.75 in O.D., strength welded (E,
or, e = 0) into place in a boiler. The tube has an average wall temperature of 650F. The Maximum Al-
lowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is 580 psi gauge. Material is carbon steel SA-192.
Note: Before starting calculations check the correct stress table in ASME Section II, Table 1A. Consider
SA-192 = 11,800 psi allowable stress Div. 1.
Solution:
For tubing up to and including 5 in O.D., use equation 1.1 above.

P = [580 psi]
D = [2.75 in]
e = 0 (strength welded)
S = [11,800 psi] at [650F])
t= 2.75 x 580 + 0.005 (2.75) + 0 =

2 (11,800) + 580
t = 0.079 in.
Note: Where the manufacturing processes produce only standard plate thickness, should be used min-
imum 1/8 in (3.2 mm).
3.2 ASME SECTION I Piping, Drums, and Headers:
The following formulae are found in ASME Section I, paragraph PG-27.2.2. The information for piping,
drums, or headers may be given with either the inside I or outside D measurements.
a) Using the outside diameter:
b) Using the inside radius:

D = Tube Outside Diameter (in);
R = Tube Radius (in);
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe);
y = Wall Thickness Welding Factor (0.4 for 900F & lower; 0.7 for 950F & up);
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum);

Example 2 Steam Piping:
Calculate the required minimum thickness of a seamless steam piping at a pressure of 900 psi gauge
and a temperature of 700F. The piping is 10.77 in O.D., (10 inches nominal) plain end; the material is
SA-335 P1, alloy steel. Allow a manufacturers tolerance allowance of 12.5%.
Note: Before starting calculations check the material stress table in ASME Section II, Table 1A:
SA-335 P1, S = 13,800 psi allowable stress Div.1. Use equation 2.1:
P = [900 psi]
D = [10.77 in]
C=0
S = [13,800] (SA-335 P1 alloy steel at 700F)
E = 1.0
y = 0.4 (Ferritic steel less than 900F)
t= 900 x 10.77. + 0 = t = 0.34 in.

2(13,800) (1.0) + 2(0.4) (900)
Therefore, including a manufacturers allowance of 12.5%; 0.34 1.125 = 0.38 in.
Example 3 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):
Calculate the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) for a seamless steel pipe of material SA-
209-T1. The outside pipe diameter is 12.75 in. (nominal diam. 12 in.) with a wall thickness of 0.46 in.
The operating temperature is 850F. The pipe is plain ended.
D = 12.75 in (outside diameter);

t = 0.46 in;
C = 0 (3 to 4 inches nominal and larger);
E = 1.0 (seamless pipe as per PG-9.1);
y = 0.4 (austenitic steel at 850F).
SA-209-T1 at 850F, (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1), S = 13,100 psi. Use equation 2.2:
P= 2SE (t C) =
D (2y) (t C)
P = 2 (13,100) (1.0) x (0.46 0) =

12.75 (2 x 0.4) (0.46 0)

P = 26,200 x 0.46 =
12.75 0.368
P = 973 psi
Example 4 Welded Tube Boiler Drum:
A welded water tube boiler drum of SA-515-60 material is fabricated to an inside radius of 18.70 in. on
the tube sheet and 19.68 in on the drum. The plate thickness of the tube sheet and drum are 2.34 in.
and 1.49 in., respectively. The longitudinal joint efficiency is 100%, and the ligament efficiencies are 56%
horizontal and 30% circumferential. The operating temperature is not to exceed 500F. Determine the
Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) based on:
Welded Water Tube Boiler Drum:

DRUM &
TUBESHEET
Note: This is a common example of a water tube drum fabricated from two plates of different thickness.
Thicker material is required where the boiler tubes enter the drum than is required for a plain drum. This
example has two parts:
a) The drum consider the drum to be plain with no penetrations.

b) The tube sheet consider the drum to have penetrations for boiler tubes.
a) Drum. Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R):
SA-515-60 at 500F, S = 15,000 psi (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1):
E = 1.0;
t = 1.49 in;
C = 0;
R = 19.68 in;
y = 0.4 (ferritic steel less than 900F).
Drum P = (15,000) (1.0) (1.49 0).. =

19.68 + (1 0.4) (1.49 0)

Drum P = 15,000 x 1.49

19.68 + 0.894
Drum P = 1,086 psi
b) Tube Sheet. Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R):
SA-515-60 at 500F, S = 15,000 psi (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1):
E = 0.56 (circumferential stress = 30% and longitudinal stress = 56%; therefore = 0.56 < 2 x 0.30);
t = 2.34 in;
C = 0 (3 to 4 inches nominal and larger);
R = 18.70 in;
y = 0.4 (Ferritic steel less than 900F).
Tube Sheet P = (15,000) (1.0) (2.34 0) =

18.70 + (1 0.4) (2.34 0)
Tube Sheet P = 15,000 x 2.34

18.70 + 1.404
Tube Sheet P = 1,746 psi
Note: Consider the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) = 1,086 psi (lowest number).
4.0 ASME SECTION VIII Division 1, Division 2, Division 3:
The ASME Section VIII, rules for fired or unfired pressure vessels, is divided into three divisions appli-
cable to design, fabrication, inspection, testing, and certification. The formulae and allowable stresses
presented in this sketch are only for Division 1, the main code. It contains mandatory and non-
mandatory appendices detailing supplementary design criteria, nondestructive examination and inspec-
tion acceptance standards. The use of the U, UM and UV Code symbol stamps are also included.
4.1 SECTION VIII - Thin Cylindrical Shells:
The formulae in ASME Section VIII, Division 1, paragraph UG-27, used for calculating the wall thick-
ness and design pressure of pressure vessels, are:
a) Circumferential Stress (longitudinal welds):
When, P < 0.385SE:

(R = Internal Radius)
a) Longitudinal Stress (circumferential welds):
When, P < 1.25SE:
(R = Internal Radius)
Example 5 Thin Cylindrical Shells:
A vertical boiler is constructed of SA-515-60 according to Section VIII-1. It has an internal diameter of
96 in. and an internal design pressure of 1,000 psi at 450 F. The corrosion allowance is 0.125 in., and
joint efficiency is E = 0.85. Calculate the required thickness of the shell. (Consider SA-515-60 = 15,000
psi allowable stress, ASME Section II, Table 1A, Div.1).
Since P < 0.385SE = P < 6,545 psi. Thus, as 1,000 psi < 6,545 psi, use equation 1.3:
t= PR + C =
SE 0.6P
Considering the internal radius = (48 in.) and corrosion allowance = 0.125 in.
t= 1,000 x 48 . + 0.125 =
2(15,000)(0.85) 0.6(1,000)
t = 2.052 in.
4.2 SECTION VIII - Thick Cylindrical Shells:
For internal pressures higher than 3,000 psi, special considerations as specified in paragraph U-1 (d).
As the ratio of t/R increases beyond 0.5, an accurate equation is required to determine the thickness.
The formulae in ASME Appendix 1, Supplementary Design Formulas used for calculating thick wall
and design pressure, are:
a) For longitudinal welds:

When, P > 0.385SE:
And:
b) For circumferential welds:
When, P > 1.25SE:
And:
Where:
R = Design Radius (in.):

Z = Dimensionless Factor.
Example 6 Thick Cylindrical Shells:
a) When P > 0.385SE:
Calculate the required shell thickness of an accumulator with a design pressure of P = 10,000 psi, R =
18 in., S = 20,000 psi, and E = 1.0. Assume a corrosion allowance of 0.125 in.
Since P > 0.385SE = P > 7,700 psi. Thus, as 10,000 psi > 7,700 psi, use equation 1.7:

t = R (Z - 1) =
Z = (20,000).(1.0) + 10,000 = 30,000 = 3

(20,000).(1.0) 10,000 10,000

t = (18) (3 1) + 0.125 = 8.08 in.

Example 7 Thick Cylindrical Shells:
b) When P < 0.385SE:
Calculate the required shell thickness of an accumulator with a design pressure of P = 7,650 psi, R = 18
in., S = 20,000 psi, and E = 1.0. Assume corrosion allowance = 0.
Since P< 0.385SE = P < 7,700 psi. Thus, as 7,650 psi < 7,700 psi, use equation 1.3:
t= PR + C =
SE 0.6P
t= 7,650 x 18 + 0 =
(20,000)(1.0) 0.6(7,650)
t = 8.9 in.
Example 8 Comparison between Equation 1.3 and Equation 1.7:
Calculate the shell thickness, comparing the equation 1.3 with another answer using equation 1.7.

t = R (Z - 1) =
Z = (20,000)(1.0) + 7,650 = 27,650 = 2.24

(20,000)(1.0) 7,650 12,350

t = (18 + 0) (2.24 - 1) = 8.9 in.
This shows that the simple use of equation (1.3) is accurate over a wide range of R/t ratios.
4.3 ASME I and ASME-ANSI B31 Pressure Piping - Minimum Wall Thickness:
According to ASME Section I and ANSI B31, the minimum thickness of piping under pressure is:
t (min)= Minimum wall thickness required (in);

P = Design pressure (psig);
D = Outside diameter of pipe (in);
S = Allowable stress in pipe material (psi);
E = Longitudinal joint factor - E = 1.0 for seamless pipe, E = 0.85 for ERW pipe;
C = Corrosion allowance, typically 0.05 in.

y = Wall thickness coefficient in ASME according to Table 304.1.1 for ferritic steels, where:
y = 0.4 for T <= 900 F;

y = 0.5 for 900 < T <= 950 F;
y = 0.7 for 950 < T <= 1000 F.
4.4 ASME SECTION VIII Reinforcement Wall Thickness Plate:
The standard design method uses an increased wall thickness plate at the equator line of the vessel to
support the additional stresses caused by the attachment of the legs. The formula for calculation the
wall thickness of a segmented plate of to be welded in a vessel or spherical shell is:
t= PL +C
2SE 0.2P
L = Di/2
Where:

Di = Inside Diameter of Sphere (in);
L = Sphere Radius (in);
E = Tube Welding Factor (1.0 for seamless pipe; 0.85 = for welded pipe);
C = Corrosion Allowance (0 for no corrosion; 0.0625 in. commonly used; 0.125 in. maximum);
5.0 ASME SECTION I: Dished Heads Formulae:
Dished heads can be manufactured using a combination of processes, spinning & flanging, where the
spherical radius is made via the spinning process and the knuckle is created under the flanging method.
Flanged and dished heads can be formed in a size range from 4 in to 300 in diameter and in thickness
range of 14 Gauge to 1-1/2 thick. Pressure vessel heads and dished ends are essentially the same
the end caps of a pressure vessel tank or an industrial boiler, supplied with a flanged edge to make it
easier for the fabricator to weld the head to the main body of the tank.
5.1 Blank, Unstayed Dished Heads:
Paragraph PG-29.1 states that the thickness of a blank, unstayed dished head with the pressure on the
concave side, when it is a segment of a sphere, shall be calculated by the following formula:
Where:
t = Minimum thickness of head (in);

P = maximum allowable working pressure (psi);
L = Concave side radius (in);
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi).
Paragraph PG-29.2 states: The radius to which the head is dished shall be not greater than the out-
side diameter of the flanged portion of the head. Where two radii are used, the longer shall be taken
as the value of L in the formula.
Example 9 Segment of a Spherical Dished Head:
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, blank unstayed dished head having pressure on the concave
side. The head has an inside diameter of 42.7 in. with a dish radius of 36.0 in. The Maximum Allowa-
ble Working Pressure (MAWP) is 360 psi and the material is SA-285 A. The temperature does not ex-
ceed 480F. State if this thickness meets Code. (Solution: Use equation 1.11).
P = 360 psi;
L = 36.0 in;
S = 11,300 psi SA-285 A at 480F.
t = 5 (360 x 36) =
4.8 (11,300)
t = 1.19 in.
PG-29.6 states: No head, except a full-hemispherical head, shall be of a lesser thickness than that
required for a seamless pipe of the same diameter. Then, the minimum thickness of piping is:
y = 0.4 - ferritic steel < 900F; E = 1.0 - (See Section I)
t= 360 x 42.7 =
2(11,300)(1.0) + 2 (0.4)(360)
t = 0.67 in. The calculated head thickness meets the code requirements, since 1.19 > 0.67.
Example 10 - Segment of a Spherical Dished Head with a Flanged-in Manhole:
Calculate the thickness of a seamless, unstayed dished head with pressure on the concave side, having
a flanged-in manhole 6.0 in x 16 in. Diameter head is 47.5 in with a dish radius of 45 in. The MAWP is
225 psi, the material is SA-285-C, and temperature does not exceed 428F.

First thing to check: is the radius of the dish at least 80% of the diameter of the shell?
Dish Radius = 45 = 0.947 > 0.8 The radius of the dish meets the criteria, use equation 1.11:
Shell Diameter 47.5
P = 225 psi;
L = 45 in;
S = 13,800 psi (450F - use the next higher temperature).
t = 5 (225 x 45) =
4.8 (13,800)
t = 0.764 in.
This thickness is for a blank head. According to ASME - PG-29.3 requires this thickness to be in-
creased by 15% or 0.125 in., whichever is greater. As 0.764 0.15 = 0.114 in., that is less than 0.125
in., then, the thickness must be increased by 0.125 in.
Then, the required head thickness is, t = 0.764 + 0.125 = ~0.90 in.
5.2 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:
The thickness of a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head with the pressure on the concave side shall
be calculated by the following formula:
t = Minimum thickness of head (in)

P = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (psi)
L = Radius to which the head was formed (in)
S = Maximum Allowable Working Stress (psi)
Note: The above formula shall not be used when the required thickness of the head given by the formu-
la exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius. Instead, use the following formula:

Example 11 - Seamless or Full-Hemispherical Head:
Calculate the minimum required thickness for a blank, unstayed, full-hemispherical head. The radius to
which the head is dished is 7.5 in. The MAWP is 900 psi and the head material is SA 285-C. The aver-
age temperature of the header is 570F.
Solution: Use equation 1.13.
P = 900 psi;
L = 7.5 in.;
S = 13,800 psi - (SA 285-C at 600F).
t= 900 x 7.5 = 0.24 in.

2 (13,800) 0.2 (900)
Check if this thickness exceeds 35.6% of the inside radius = 7.5 x 0.356 = 2.67 in. It does not exceed
35.6%, therefore the calculated thickness of the head meets the code requirements.
6.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Dished Head Formulae:
Flanged and dished heads can be formed from carbon steel, stainless steel, and other ferrous and non-
ferrous metals and alloys. Flanged and dished heads can be formed in a size range from 4 inches to 300
inches diameter and in thickness range of 1/8 in. to 1 inches thick. The ASME Section VIII Division
1 determines the rules for dished heads. The most common configurations are spherical, hemispheri-
cal, elliptical (or ellipsoidal) and torispherical shapes.
6.1 Dished Head Shapes:
How the shapes are, make some confusion for beginners and even professionals users of ASME
Section VIII. To cast a little light on these subjects see the resume below:
Torispherical Heads
Spherical or Hemispherical Heads Semi-Elliptical Heads (2:1)
Flanged and Dished Heads
Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads
(1.9:1)

Flat Dished Heads & Non- Dished Discs

Standard 80-10 Dished Heads Toriconical Heads
6.2 - Spherical or Hemispherical Heads:
a) When t < 0.356R or P < 0.665SE - (Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):
And,
Example 12 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:
A pressure vessel is built of SA-516-70 material and has an inside diameter of 96 in. The internal design
pressure is 100 psi at 450F. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in. and joint efficiency is E = 0.85. Calculate
the required spherical head thickness of the pressure vessel if S is 20,000 psi?
Since P > 0.665SE = P > 11,305 psi. Thus, as 11,305 > 100 psi, use equation 2.1.
The inside radius in a corroded condition is equal to, R = 48 + 0.125 = 48.125 in.
t= PR =
2SE 0.2P
t= 100 x 48.125 =
2(20,000) (0.85) 0.2(100)
t = 0.14 in.
Example 12.1 - Thin Spherical or Hemispherical Head:
A spherical pressure vessel with an internal diameter of 120 in has a head thickness of 1 in. Deter-
mine the design pressure if the allowable stress is 16,300 psi. Assume joint efficiency E = 0.85. No cor-
rosion allowance is stated to the design pressure.

Using t = 1.0 in., then t < 0.356R = 1.0 in. < 21.3 in., use equation 2.2.
P= 2SEt =
R + 0.2t
P = 2(16,300)(0.85)(1) =
60 + 0.2(1)
P = 460 psi
The calculated pressure 460 psi is < 0.665SE (9213 psi); therefore, equation 2.2 is acceptable.
b) When t > 0.356R or P > 0.665SE (Thick Spherical or Hemispherical Heads):
And,
Example 13 - Thick Hemispherical Head:
Calculate the required hemispherical head thickness of an accumulator with a design pressure of P =
10,000 psi, R = 18.0 in, S = 15,000 psi, and E = 1.0. Corrosion allowance is 0.125 in.
Since P > 0.665SE = P > 9975 psi. Thus, as 9975 psi < 10,000 psi, use equation 2.3.
Y = 2 [(15,000)(1.0) + 10,000] =
2 [(15,000)(1.0)] 10,000
Y = 50,000 = 2.5
20,000
t = R (Y1/3 1) = 18.0 (2.51/3 1) + 0,125 = 6.5 in.
6.3 Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads - Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
The commonly used semi-ellipsoidal head has a ratio of base radius to depth of 2:1 (shown below).

The actual shape can be approximated by a spherical radius of 0.9D and a knuckle radius of 0.17D.
The required thickness of 2:1 heads with pressure on the concave side is given below:
Example 14 - Elliptical or Ellipsoidal Heads, or, Semi-Elliptical or Semi-Ellipsoidal Heads 2:1:
Calculate a semi-elliptical head thickness considering the dimensions given below:
Inside Diameter of Head (Di): 18.0 in;

Inside Crown Radius (L): (18.0 x 0.9Di) in;
Inside Knuckle Radius (ri): (18.0 x 0.17Di) in;
Straight Skirt Length (h): 1.500 in.;
Radius L - (18.0 x 0.9Di) = 16.20 in.;
Radius ri - (18.0 x 0.17Di) = 3.06 in.

Material and Conditions:
Material: SA-202 Gr. B (Room Temperature);

Internal Pressure: 200 psi;
Allowable Stress: 20,000 psi;
Head Longitudinal Joint Efficiency: 0.85;
Corrosion Allowance: 0.010 in.
Variable:
L/r = L/ri = 16.20/3.06 = 5.29 in
a) Required Thickness. (Formula 2.5):
t= PD + corrosion allowance =
2SE 0.2P
t= 200 x 18.0 + 0.010 =

2(20,000)(0.85) 0.2(200)
t = 0.116 in.
b) Maximum Pressure:
P = 2SEt =
D + 0.2t
P = 2(20,000)(0.85)(0.116) =
18 + 0.2 (0.116)
P = 219 psi.
Note: Ellipsoidal heads and all torispherical heads having materials with minimum tensile strength
> 80,000 psi shall be designed using a value of S = 20,000 psi at room temperature (see UG-23).
6.4 - Torispherical Heads:
Shallow heads, commonly referred to as flanged and dished heads (F&D heads), are according to
paragraph UG-32 (e), with a spherical radius L of 1.0D and a knuckle radius r of 0.06D.
a) Flanged & Dished Heads (F&D heads):
The dish radius of a Flanged and Dished Head is 1.0 D and the knuckle radius is 0.06% D. The required
thickness of a Torispherical F&D Head with r/L = 0.06 and L = Di, is:

And,
Where:
P = Pressure on the concave side of the head;

S = Allowable stress;
t = Thickness of the head;
L = Inside spherical radius;
E = Joint efficiency factor.
Example 15 - Torispherical Heads:
A drum is to operate at 500F and 350 psi and to hold 5000 gallons of water. The inside radius of the
Dished Torispherical Heads is 78 in. The material is SA 285 Grade A.
Assume S = 11,200 psi and E = 0.85.
Solution: Dished Torispherical Heads with L = Di and r/L = 0.06, use equation 2.7.
t = 0.885 PL =
SE 0.1P
t= 0.885 (350) (78) = 2.54

(11,200)(0.85) 0.1(350)
b) Non-Standard 80-10 - Flanged & Dished Heads:
The inside radius (L) of an 80-10 is 0.8 Di and the knuckle radius (ri) is 10% of the head diameter. For
the required thickness of a Non-Standard 80-10 Head, use equations 2.7 and 2.8. Designing 80-10

Torispherical Heads rather than standard shapes can be achieved by lowering the material costs. The
80-10 is typically only 66% the thickness of the standard Torispherical Heads.
6.5 Conical or Toriconical Heads:
The required thickness of the Conical or Toriconical Head (knuckle radius > 6% OD) shall be deter-
mined by formula using internal diameter of shell, 30.
t= PD 2.9
2 (SE - 0.6P) cos
L = Di / (2 cos );
Di = Inside Diameter (conical portion) = D - 2 r (1 - cos );
r = Inside Knuckle Radius.
6.6 - Toriconical Heads Definitions:
7.0 - ASME SECTION VIII Main Scopes:
Minimum requirements for safe construction and operation, according to Division 1, 2, and 3.
Section VIII Division 1: 15 psig < P < 3000 psig.
Other exclusions: Internals (except for attachment weld to vessel); Fired process heaters; Pressure
containers integral with machinery; Piping systems.
Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules: 15 psig < P < 3000 psig - identical to Division 1, but the
different requirements are: Allowable stress design; Stress calculations; Design; Quality control; Fabrica-
tion and inspection.
Note: The choice between Divisions 1 and 2 is mainly based on economics of materials.

Division 3, Alternative Rules - High Pressure Vessels: Applications over 10,000 psi; Pressure from
external source, process reaction, application of heat, combination of these; Maximum pressure limits for
Division 1 or 2 or minimum limits for Division 3, not established.
7.1. Structure of ASME Section VIII, Division 1:
Subsection A: Part UG applies to all vessels;

Subsection B: Requirements based on fabrication method, Parts UW, UF, UB;
Subsection C: Requirements based on material class, Parts UCS, UNF, UHA, UCI, UCL, UCD,
UHT, ULW, ULT. Mandatory and Non-mandatory Appendices
Determination of Material Thickness: Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength, Creep Strength, Rup-
ture Strength and Corrosion Resistance.
Resistance to Hydrogen Attack: Temperature at 300 - 400F, monatomic hydrogen forms mo-
lecular hydrogen in voids; Pressure build-up can cause steel to crack; Above 600F, hydrogen at-
tack causes irreparable damage through component thickness.
Brittle Fracture and Fracture Toughness: The conditions that could cause brittle fracture are:
Typically at low temperature; Can occur below design pressure; No yielding before complete
failure; High enough stress for crack initiation and growth; Low enough material fracture tough-
ness at temperature; Critical size defect to act as stress concentration.
7.2. Material Groups The Most Common Used Materials:
Curve A: Curve B:
SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC, normalized and tem- SA-216 Gr. WCA, normalized and tempered or
pered; water-quenched and tempered;
SA-217 Gr. WC6, normalized and tempered. SA-216 Gr. WCB & WCC for maximum thickness
of 2 in. (water-quenched and tempered);
SA-285 Gr. A & B;
SA-414 Gr. A;
SA-515 Gr. 60;
SA-516 Gr. 65 & 70, not normalized.
Curve C: Curve D:
SA-182 Gr. 21& 22, normalized and tempered SA-203
SA-302 Gr. C & D SA-537 Cl. 1, 2 & 3
SA-336 Gr. F21 & F22, normalized and tempered SA-508 Cl. 1
S A-3 8 7 G r. 21 & 22, normalized and tempered SA-612, normalized
S A-5 1 6 G r. 55 & 60, not normalized SA-516, normalized
SA-533 Gr. B & C SA 662, normalized
SA-662 Gr. A SA-524 Cl. 1 & 2
SA-738 Gr. A
Bolting: See the ASME Code Section VIII, Div. 1, for impact and nuts test for specified material
specifications.

Additional ASME Code Impact Test Requirements: For welded construction over 4 in. thick, or
non-welded construction over 6 in. thick, if MDMT < 120F; Not required for flanges if tempera-
ture -20F; required if SMYS > 65 ksi unless specifically exempt.
7.3 - Weld Joint Efficiencies, E:
7.4 Resume of Pressure Vessels Formulae ASME Section I & ASME Section VIII:
Notes:
D = Shell/Head Inside Diameter, E = Weld Joint Efficiency, L = Crown Radius, P = Internal Pressure, h = Inside
Depth of Head, r = Knuckle Radius, R = Shell/Head Inside Radius, S = Allowable Stress, t = Shell/Head Thickness.

7.5 - Common Materials - Temperature Limits:
8.0 ASME SECTION VIII Shell Nozzles:
Vessel components are weakened when material is removed to provide openings for nozzles or access
openings. To avoid failure in the opening area, compensation or reinforcement is required. The Code
procedure is to relocate the removed material to an area within an effective boundary around the
opening. Figure bellow shows the steps necessary to reinforce an opening in a pressure vessel.
8.1 - Definitions:

Diameter of circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance) =
Required wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn = PR...... =
SE 0.6P
Example 16 Basic Shell & Nozzle:
Shell and Nozzle Data:
Design Pressure = 700 psi

Design temperature = 700 F
Nozzle Diameter = 8 in. (8.625 OD)
Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625"
Material:
Shell SA 516 Gr.70;
Head SA 516 Gr. 70;
Nozzle SA 106 Gr. B;
E = 1.0 (weld efficiency).
Required Shell Thickness:
ts = PR Opening Reinforcement:
SE 0.6P
d = Nozzle Diameter 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance)
ts = 700 x 30..... = 1.30 (Use Ts = 1 1/2)
d = 8.625 2(1 + 0.0625) = 6.5 in.
16,600(1.0) 0.6(700)
Ar (Reqd.) = d.ts = 6.5 x 1.3 = 8.45 in
Required Head Thickness:
As = Larger of: d (Ts ts) - 2 Tn (Ts ts) =
th = PR
2SE 0.2P
As = 8.625 (1.5 1.3) 2 (1.0) (1.5 1.3) = 1.325 in
th = 700 x 30.......... = 0.64 (Use Th = 7/8)
An = Smaller of: 2[2.5 (Ts) (Tn tn)]
2(16,600)(1.0) 0.2(700)
Required Nozzle Thickness: An = 2[2.5 (1.5) (1.0 0.21)] = 5.925 in
tn = PR Ar < (As + An) =

SE 0.6P
Ar < (1.325 + 5.925) = 7.25 in < 8.45 (Reqd.)
tn = 700 x 4.312..... = 0.21 (Use Tn = 1)
14,400(1.0) 0.6(700) OBS.: Necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to attend
the premise (As + An) > Ar.

Area of required reinforcement, Ar:
Ar = d.ts.F (in) =
d =Diameter of circular opening, or finished dimension of opening in plane under consideration, in.
ts = Minimum required thickness of shell when E = 1.0, in.
F = Correction factor, normally 1.0
Example 17 Basic Pipe Nozzle:
Following the definitions above, according to ASME Section VIII-1, calculate a basic pipe nozzle SA-53
Grade B, seamless, considering the data shown below:
Design Pressure = 300 psig;

Design Temperature = 200 F;
Shell Material is SA-516 Gr. 60;
Nozzle Diameter 8 in, Sch. 40;
Nozzle Material is Corrosion Allowance = 0.0625";
Vessel is 100% Radiographed;
a) Wall thickness of the nozzle (min):
tn = PR...... =
SE 0.6P
tn = 300 x 4.312.. + 0.0625 (Corrosion Allowance) =

12,000(1.0) 0.6(300)
tn = 0.11 + 0.0625 = 0.17 in (min) Pipe Sch. 40 is t = 0.32 in.
b) Circular opening, d:
d = Diameter of Opening 2 (Tn + Corrosion Allowance)

d = 8.625 2(0.32 + 0.0625) =
d = 8.625 2 (0.3825) = 7.86 in
c) Area of required reinforcement, Ar:
Ar = d.ts.F (in) =
Ar = 7.86 x 0.487 x 1.0 = 3.82 in
d) Available reinforcement area in shell, Ar, as larger of As or An:
As = Larger of: d (T s ts) - 2 T n (T s ts) =

As = 7.86 (0.5625 0,487) 2x 0,5625 (0.5625 0,487) = 0.50 in.
An = Smaller of: 2 [2.5 (Ts) (T n tn)]
An = 2 [2.5 (0.5625) (0.32 0.17)] = 0.42 in.
Ar < (As + An) =
Ar < (0.50 + 0.42) = 0.92 in < 3.82 in (Reqd.). It is necessary to increase Ts and / or Tn to attend the
premise Ar < (As + An).
Example 18 Nozzle Design:


9.0 ASME SECTION II - Materials:
The following tables indicate the most common ferrous materials. The tables also help the student how to
search the materials MAWP (Maximum Allowable Stress Values) in ASME Section II, Table 1A.
9.1 Low Carbon Steels:
9.2 - Low Alloy Steels:

9.3 Low/Medium Most Used Carbon Steels:

9.4 Low/Medium Common Pressure Vessels Design Carbon Steels:
9.5 MAWP Maximum Allowable Working Pressure - Stress Values:
The ASME Section II, Part D contains properties of ferrous and nonferrous materials adopted by the
Code for design of boilers, pressure-vessels, and nuclear-power-plant components including tables of
the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) - stress values and design-stress limits for the
materials adopted by various Codebook sections. The tables below are an extract from ASME for the
most common ferrous materials for a design purpose.







10.0 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1: Suplementary Design Formulas:
1. Thickness of Cylindrical Shells: The following formulas, in terms of the outside radius, are equiva-
lent and may be used instead of those formulae given in UG-27(c) and (d).
For cylindrical shells (circumferential stress) the formulas can be:
For spherical shells the formulas are:
Ro = Outside radius of the shell under consideration, in.
a) Thick Cylindrical Shells (Circumferential Stress & Longitudinal Joints): When the thickness of
the cylindrical shells under internal design pressure exceeds one-half of the inside radius, or when P ex-
ceeds 0.385SE, the following formulas shall apply. When P is known and t is desired.
P > 0.5R or P > 0.385SE:
Where:
or Where:
b) Thick Cylindrical Shells (Longitudinal Stress & Circumferential Joints): When the thickness of
the cylindrical shells under internal design pressure exceeds one-half of the inside radius, or when P ex-
ceeds 1.25SE, the following formulas shall apply. When P is known and t is desired.
P > 0.5R or P > 1.25SE:
Where:
or Where:

c) Thick Spherical Shells (Design pressure exceeds 0.356R, or when P exceeds 0.665SE): When
the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical vessel or of a hemispherical head under internal, the fol-
lowing formula shall apply. When P is known and t is desired.
P > 0.356R or P > 0.665SE:
Where:
Where:
2. Formulas for the Design of Formed Heads under Internal Pressure: For the design of formed
heads of proportions other than those given in UG-32, in terms of inside and outside diameter.
t = Minimum required thickness of head after forming, in.;

P = Internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi;
D = Inside diameter of the head skirt; or inside length of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head; or inside
diameter of a cone head at the point measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, in.;
Do= Outside diameter of the head skirt; or outside length of the major axis of an ellipsoidal head; or out-
side diameter of a cone head at the point measured perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, in.;
S = Maximum allowable working stress, as given in Subsection C, psi, except as limited to 1-4(c) and (d),
UG-24, UG-32(e), and UW-12;
E = Lowest efficiency of any Category A joint in the head (for hemispherical heads this includes head-to-
shell joint). For welded vessels, use the efficiency specified in UW-12;
r = Inside knuckle radius, in.;
L = Inside spherical or crown radius for torispherical and hemispherical heads, in.;
L = K1D for ellipsoidal heads in which K1 is obtained from Table UG-37, in.;
Lo = Outside spherical or crown radius, in.;
L /r = Ratio of the inside crown radius to the inside knuckle radius, used in Table 1-4.2;
M = A factor in the formulas for torispherical heads depending on the head proportion L /r;
h = One-half of the length of the minor axis of the ellipsoidal head, or the inside depth of the ellipsoidal
head measured from the tangent line (head-bend line), in.;
K = A factor in the formulas for ellipsoidal heads depending on the head proportion D/ 2h;
D/2h = Ratio of the major to the minor axis of ellipsoidal heads, which equals the inside diameter of the
skirt of the head divided by twice the inside height of the head, and is used in Table 1-4.1;
= One-half of the included (apex) angle of the cone at the center line of t of the head.
3. Dished Heads: The Section VIII-1 determines the rules for head configurations including elliptical or
ellipsoidal, spherical, hemispherical and torispherical shapes.
a) Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Heads: Ellipsoidal and torispherical heads designed under K > 1.0
made of materials having a specified minimum tensile strength exceeding 80,000 psi must be de-
signed using a value of S = 20,000 psi at room temperature in proportion to the maximum allowable
stress values at temperature for the material as shown in the appropriate table (see UG-23).

or Where:
Obs.: Numerical values of the factor K given in ASME VIII, Table 1-4.1, as above.
Example 1: Determine the required thickness t of a seamless ellipsoidal head, exclusive of provision for
corrosion for the following conditions:
D = 40 in; h = 9 in; P = 200 psi; S = 13,750 psi; E = 1.00.

From Table 1-4.1, K = 1.14. Substituting in Eq. (1),
Example 2: Determine the maximum allowable working pressure P of a seamless ellipsoidal head for the
following conditions: D = 30 in.; h = 7.5 in.; total thickness = 1/2 in., no allowance for corrosion; maximum
operating temperature = 800F; E = 1.00. (table in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part D, S = 10,200 psi.).
From Table 1-4.1, K =1.0. Substituting in Eq. (1),
b) Torispherical Heads:
or Where:
(Numerical values of the factor M given in ASME VIII, Table 1-4.2), as indicated above:
Example 3: Determine the required thickness t, exclusive of allowance for corrosion, of a torispherical
head for the following conditions:
D = 40 in.; L p 40 in.; r = 4 in.; P = 200 psi; S = 13,750 psi; E = 1.00 (seamless head).
Thus, from Table 1-4.2, M = 1.54. Substituting in Eq. (3),

Example 4: Determine the maximum allowable working pressure P of a torispherical head for the follow-
ing conditions: D = 30 in.; L = 24 in.; r = 2.00 in.; E = 1.00 (seamless head); total thickness = 0.5 in., no
allowance for corrosion; material conforms to SA-515Grade 70; maximum operating temperature =
900F. From the table in Subpart 1 of Section II, Part D, S = 6,500 psi.
From Table 1-4.2, M = 1.62. Substituting in Eq. (3),
c) Conical Heads:
or
or
Note: 1) Maximum ratio allowed by UG-32(j) when L equals the outside diameter of the skirt of the head.
3. Formulas Nomenclature: The formulas below provide for the design of reinforcement, if needed, at
the cone to cylinder junctions for conical reducer sections and conical heads where all the elements have
a common axis and the half-apex angle 30. Subparagraph (g) below provides for special analysis in
the design of cone-to-cylinder intersections with or without reinforcing rings where is greater than 30.
In the design of reinforcement for a cone-to-cylinder juncture, the requirements of UG-41 shall be met.
ArL = Required area of reinforcement at large end of cone, in.;

Ars = Required area of reinforcement at small end of cone, in.;
AeL = Effective area of reinforcement at large end intersection, in.;

Aes = Effective area of reinforcement at small end intersection, in.;
Es = Modulus of elasticity of cylinder material, psi;
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of cone material, psi;
Er = Modulus of elasticity of reinforcing ring material, psi;
E1 = Efficiency of longitudinal joint in cylinder. For compression (such as at large end of cone);
E1 = 1.0 for butt welds;
E2 = Efficiency of longitudinal joint in cone. For compression;
E2 = 1.0 for butt welds.
f1 = Axial load at large end due to wind, dead load, etc., excluding pressure, lb /in.;
f2 = Axial load at small end due to wind, dead load, etc., excluding pressure, lb /in.;
P = Internal design pressure (see UG-21), psi;
QL= Algebraically sum of PRL /2 and f1, lb/in.;
Qs = Algebraically sum of PRs /2 and f2, lb/in.;
Rs = Inside radius of small cylinder at small end of cone, in.;
RL = Inside radius of large cylinder at large end of cone, in.;
Ss= Allowable stress of cylinder material at design temperature, psi;
Sc = Allowable stress of cone material at design temperature, psi;
Sr = Allowable stress of reinforcing ring material at design temperature, psi;
t = Minimum required thickness of cylinder at cone-to-cylinder junction, in.;
tc = Nominal thickness of cone at cone-to-cylinder junction, in.;
tr = Minimum required thickness of cone at cone to-cylinder junction, in.;
ts = Nominal thickness of cylinder at cone-to-cylinder junction, in.;
= Half-apex angle of cone or conical section, deg.;
= Angle indicating need for reinforcement at cone to-cylinder junction having a half-apex angle 30.
When , no reinforcement is required at the junction (see Tables 1-5.1 and 1-5.2), deg.;
y = Cone-to-cylinder factor;
= SsEs for reinforcing ring on shell.
= ScEc for reinforcing ring on cone.
For a cone-to-cylinder junction, the following values shall be determined at large end and again at the
small end in order that both the large end and the small end can be examined:
Example 5: The fabricator elected to use 1.00 inch plate to satisfy the design requirements and used a
corrosion allowance of 0.125. What was the calculated nominal thickness of the cylindrical section?
t = t (nominal) CA =
t = 1.00 in. 0.125 in
t = 0.875
Example 6: Considering the formula in UG-27, where P < 0.385SE, and t < R/2. Calculate the design
pressure of the shell with the following data:
Material = SA 285 A, Max. Allowable Stress = 11,300 Line No. 6 (Tab 1A);
Plate Thickness, t = 0.875 in.
Weld Efficiency, E = 1.0

P= SEt = 11,300 psi(1.0)(0.875 in.) - P = 163.5 psi

R + 0.6t 60 in. + 0.6(0.875)
Checking condition = P < 0.385SE. Thus, 163.5 psi < 4350 psi.
Then, as calculated, the MAWP (4350 psi) is much greater than the design pressure (163.5 psi).
Example 7: The horizontal pressure vessel below is 60 inch inside diameter, to be fabricated from SA-
516 Gr. 70. The design pressure at the top of the vessel is 490 psi at 600F. All longitudinal joints Type 1
and spot radiographed in accordance with UW-52. Circumferential joints are Type 1 with no radiography.
The ves-sel operates full of liquid. The density of the liquid is 62.4 lb/ft, and the distance from the center
line to the uppermost part of the vessel is 5 ft. Calculate the required thickness.
Solution: As stated in UG-22, the static head of the liquid must be included in P. The design pressure is
less than 0.385SE (P < 0.385SE) and t < R/2. The allowable stress for SA-516 Gr. 70, shown in Table 1A
considering ASME VIII, Division 1 is 17,500 psi. Weld efficiency, spot radiographed is 0.85 for Type 1. No
corrosion allowance is considered.
Since P is the total pressure acting on the section and must equal 490 psi plus the static head created by
8 feet (5 + 3 - the total height above the section) of liquid, then:
P = 490 psi + (8 ft) 62.4 lb/ft) =

144 in/ft
P = 493.5 psi
The formula for calculate the shell plate thickness is:
t= PR =
SE-06P

t= 493.5 psi (30 in.)............ =

17,500 psi (0.85) 0.6 (493.5 psi)
t = 1.01 in.
For this calculation is also necessary to check the stress in longitudinal direction, which is the sum of the
stress due internal pressure and the bending stress. The resulting formula to be used is:
SL = MRo + P(R 04t) =

IE 2Et
Where Ro is the outside radius.
Calculation of moments at A give a bending moment of 183,900 ft-lb. The moment of inertia, I, for a thin
wall cylinder is calculated by the formula .r.t, where r is the mean radius of the shell. For Type 1 with
no radiography, welding efficiency, E, is 0.7. Thus, the stress in lingitudinal direction becomes:
SL = (183,900 ft-lb) (12 in./ft) (37.2 in.) + 493.5 psi (36 in. 0.4 (1.01 in.) =
() (36.6) (1.01 in.) (0.7) (2) (0.7) (1.01)
SL = 753.8 psi + 17,566.6 psi = 18,320 psi
Considerations: Assume the nominal thickness of the plate, 1 1/4 inch. Check post weld heat treatment
(PWHT) and preheat requirements according to ASME code. Check radiography requirement.
Paragraph UCS-56, Table 56 (2): PWHT or preheat is required if thickness is greater than 1 1/4
inches nominal thickness, thus PWHT or preheat are not necessary.
Paragraph UCS-57, Table 57 requires that P-Number 1 Group 2 materials be fully radiographed if
the butt weld thickness is greater than 1 1/4 inch. Thus, only spot radiography is sufficient.
Example 8: Calculate a seamless torispherical head, as shown below, with an inside crown radius equal
to the outside diameter of the skirt and with 6 % knuckle radius, the vessel is fabricated to have a cylin-
der with the same diameter. The internal design pressure is 150 psi at 800F, full radiography, material
SA-516 Gr. 70, corrosion allowance (CA) is 0.125. Consider, example 19, shell plate thickness = 0.875,
external diameter 120 inches, S = 17,500 psi (Table 1A); E = 1.0 (UW-32).

t = 0.885 PL =
SE 0.1P
The inside crown radius (L) is equal inside diameter plus 2 times thickness of the shell, then:
L = 120 in. + 2 (0.875 in.) = 121.57
t= 0.885 (150 psi) (121.57 in.)... =

(17,500 psi) (1.0) 0.1 (150 psi)
t = 0.93 in. + 0,125 (CA) = 1.05 in.
Check the minimum knuckle radius:
r = 0.06 (121.57) = 7.3 in.
r(min) =3.0 (1.35 in.) = 4.05 in.
r > r(min). Meets requirement of UG 32.
t (required) = 1 1/2 in. Thus, all welds must be Type 1, fully radiographed. PWHT and preheat required.
Example 9: Rework the example 8 above, considering a non-standard torispherical head, assuming that
the inside crown radius is 80% of the skirt outside diameter and the inside knuckle radius is 10% of the
skirt outside diameter.
L = 0.80 [120 in. + 2 (0.875 in.)] =
L = 97.2 in.
r = 0.10 (121.57)

r = 12.15 in.
t= PLM. =
2SE 0.2P
M may be also obtained Table 1-4.2, above. Then, calculating, t:
t= PLM. =
2SE 0.2P
t= 150 psi (97.2 in.) (1.46)........ =

2 (17,500) psi) (1) 0.2 (150 psi)
t = 0.60 in.
4. Toriconical Heads: The required thickness of the conical portion (knuckle radius > 6% OD) shall be
determined by formula using internal diameter of shell, Di and 30.
L = Di/(2 cos );
L = Outside spherical or crown radius;
Di = Internal diameter of conical portion = D -2 r (1- cos );
r = Inside knuckle radius.
11.0 ASME SECTION VIII UG-99 Hydrostatic Pressure Tests:

As per ASME Section VIII-1, UG-99, the pressure vessels designed for internal pressure shall be sub-
jected to a hydrostatic test pressure which at every point in the vessel is at least equal to 1.3 times
the MAWP multiplied by the lowest ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress
value S for the test temperature on the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature.
Ph = 1.3 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.) =
Where:
Ph = Hydrostatic Test Pressure;

MAWP = Maximum Allowable Working Pressure.
And as per UG-100, a pneumatic test (with at least equal to 1.1 times the MAWP multiplied by the lowest
ratio for the materials of which the vessel is constructed of the stress value S for the test temperature on
the vessel to the stress value S for the design temperature) may be used in lieu of the standard hydro-
static test prescribed in UG-99 for vessels under certain conditions:
Designed and/or supported that they cannot safely be filled with water;
Not readily dried, to be used in services where traces of the testing liquid cannot be tolerated and the
parts of which have, where possible, been previously tested by hydrostatic pressure to the pressure re-
quired in UG-99.
Pn = 1.1 MAWP x (S at test temp. / S at design temp.) =
Where:
Pn = Pneumatic Test Pressure.
12.0 - ASME Section VIII - Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels:
The section of the ASME BPVC consists of 3 divisions.
a) Division 1: This division covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory
guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure
protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 15
psi (100 kPa). The ASME Division 1 is the most common design standard for pressure vessels.
The Section VIII, Division 1 presents several design procedures and methods in both the Mandatory and
Nonmandatory Appendices; however, design procedures in the appendices differ from those in the body
of the Code. As an example, Appendix 2 provides methods for designing multibolted flanges. Paragraph
2-1 (c) recommends that bolted flange connections, be used within the material, size, and pressure tem-
perature ratings listed in UG-44. UCI-3 and UCD-3 also have restrictions on the pressure-temperature
ratings of standard flanges.
The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, or by
the application of heating from an indirect or direct source, or any combination thereof. The Division is

not numbered in the traditional method (Part 1, Part 2 etc.) but is structured with Subsections and Parts
which consist of letters followed by a number. The structure is as follows:
Subsection A - General Requirements:
Part UG - General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials:
Materials: UG-4 through to UG-15

Design: UG-16 through to UG-35
Openings and Reinforcements: UG-36 through to UG-46
Braced and Stayed Surfaces: UG-47 through to UG-50
Fabrication: UG-75 through to UG-85
Inspection and Tests: UG-90 through to UG-103
Marking and Reports: UG-115 through to UG-120
Overpressure Protection: UG125 through to UG-140
Subsection B - Requirements Pertaining to Methods of Fabrication of Pressure Vessels:
Part UW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Welding:
General: UW-1 through to UW-3

Materials: UW-5
Design: UW-8 through to UW-21
Fabrication: UW-26 through to UW-42
Inspection and Tests: UW-46 through to UW -54
Marking and Reports: UW -60
Pressure Relief Devices: UW-65
Part UF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Forging
General: UF-1
Materials: UF-5 through to UF-7
Design: UF-12 through to UF-25
Fabrication: UF-26 through to UF-43
Inspection and Tests: UF-45 through to UF-55
Marking and Reports: UF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UF-125
Part UB - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brazing
General: UB-1 through to UB-3
Materials: UB-5 through to UB-7
Design: UB-9 through to UB-22
Fabrication: UB-30 through to UB-37
Inspection and Tests: UB-40 through to UB-50
Marking and Reports: UB-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UB-60
Subsection C - Requirements Pertaining to Classes of Materials:

Part UCS - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels:
General: UCS-1
Materials: UCS-5 through to UCS-12
Design: UCS-16 through to UCS-57
Low Temperature Operation: UCS-65 through to UCS-68
Fabrication: UCS-75 through to UCS-85
Inspection and Tests: UCS-90
Marking and Reports: UCS-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCS-125
Non-mandatory Appendix CS: UCS-150 through to UCS-160
Part UNF - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Nonferrous Materials:
General: UNF-1 through to UNF-4

Materials: UNF-5 through to UNF-15
Design: UNF-16 through to UNF-65
Fabrication: UNF-75 through to UNF-79
Inspection and Tests: UNF-90 through to UNF-95
Marking and Reports: UNF-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UNF-125
Appendix NF: Characteristics of the Nonferrous Materials (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UHA - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of High Alloy Steel:
General: UHA-1 through to UHA-8

Materials: UHA-11 through to UHA-13
Design: UHA-20 through to UHA-34
Fabrication: UHA-40 through to UHA-44
Inspection and Tests: UHA-50 through to UHA-52
Marking and Reports: UHA-60
Pressure Relief Devices: UHA-65
Appendix HA: Suggestions on the Selection and Treatment of Austenitic ChromiumNickel and Ferritic
and Martensitic High Chromium Steels (Informative and Non-mandatory)
Part UCI - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Iron:
General: UCI-1 through to UCI-3

Materials: UCI-5 through to UCI-12
Design: UCI-16 through to UCI-37
Fabrication: UCI-75 through to UCI-78
Inspection and Tests: UCI-90 through to UCI-101
Marking and Reports: UCI-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCI-125
Part UCL - Requirements for Welded Pressure Vessels Constructed of Material with Corrosion:

Resistant Integral Cladding, Weld Metal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings
General: UCL-1 through to UCL-3
Materials: UCL-10 through to UCL-12
Design: UCL-20 through to UCL-27
Fabrication: UCL-30 through to UCL-46
Inspection and Tests: UCL-50 through to UCL-52
Marking and Reports: UCL-55
Pressure Relief Devices: UCL-60
Part UCD - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Cast Ductile Iron:
General: UCD-1 through to UCD-3

Materials: UCD-5 through to UCD-12
Design: UCD-16 through to UCD-37
Fabrication: UCD-75 through to UCD-78
Inspection and Tests: UCD-90 through to UCD-101
Marking and Reports: UCD-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UCD-125
Part UHT - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Ferritic Steels with Tensile Properties
Enhanced by Heat Treatment:
General: UHT-1
Materials: UHT-5 through to UHT-6
Design: UHT-16 through to UHT-57
Fabrication: UHT-75 through to UHT-86
Inspection and Tests: UHT-90
Marking and Reports: UHT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: UHT-125
Part ULW - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Layered Construction:
Introduction: ULW-1 through to ULW-2

Materials: ULW-5
Design: ULW-16 through to ULW-26
Welding: ULW-31 through to ULW-33
Nondestructive Examination of Welded Joints: ULW-50 through to ULW-57
Fabrication: ULW-75 through to ULW-78
Inspection and Tests: ULW-90
Marking and Reports: ULW -115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULW-125
Part ULT - Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Materials Having Higher Allowable
Stresses at Low Temperature:
General: ULT-1 through to ULT-5
Design: ULT-16 through to ULT-57

Fabrication: ULT-76 through to ULT-86

Inspection and Tests: ULT-90 through to ULT-100
Marking and Reports: ULT-115
Pressure Relief Devices: ULT-125
Part UHX - Rules for Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Part UIG - Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Impregnated Graphite:
General: UIG-1 through to UIG-3

Materials: UIG-5 through to UIG-8
Design: UIG-22 through to UIG-60
Fabrication: UIG-75 through to UIG-84
Inspection and Tests: UIG-90 through to UIG-112
Marking and Reports: UIG-115 through to UIG-121
Pressure Relief Devices: UIG-125
Mandatory Appendices: 1 through to 42.

Nonmandatory Appendices: A through to MM.
b) Division 2 - Alternative Rules: Covers the mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions and non-
mandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, inspection and testing, markings and reports,
overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels having an internal or external pressure,
which exceeds 15 psi (103 kPa). The pressure vessel can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may
be from external sources, or by the application of heating from an indirect or direct source as a result of a
process, or any combination of the two. The rules contained in this section can be used as an alternative
to the minimum requirements specified in Division 1.
Generally the Division 2 rules are more onerous than in Division 1 with respect to materials, design
and nondestructive examinations due higher design stress intensity values. Division 2 also allows the
use of finite element analysis to determine expected stress in pressure equipment, in addition to the
traditional approach of design by formula (Part 5: "Design by Analysis requirements").
c) Division 3 - Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure Vessels: Covers the mandatory
requirements, specific prohibitions and non-mandatory guidance for materials, design, fabrication, in-
spection and testing, markings and reports, overpressure protection and certification of pressure vessels
having an internal or external pressure which exceeds 10,000 psi (70,000 kPa). The pressure vessel
can be either fired or unfired. The pressure may be from external sources, by the application of heating
from an indirect or direct source, process reaction or any combination thereof.
ASME Section I and Section VIII Stamps:

The UG-44 lists the following standards as acceptable:
ASME/ANSI B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings;

ASME/ANSI B16.20, Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges, Ring Joints, Spiral-Wound and Jacketed;
ASME/ANSI B16.24, Cast Copper Pipe Flanges and Fittings, Classes 150 to 900, 1500 and 2500;
ASME/ANSI B16.42, Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 150 and 300;
ASME/ANSI B16.47, Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 Through NPS 60.
Links and References:
https://www.asme.org/products;
Carucci, Vincent. Overview of Pressure Vessel Design;
Farr, James. Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIII Pressure Vessels, 2001;
Companion Guide to the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), 2009;
OSHA Technical Manual Section IV, Chapter 3, 2004.

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PDHonline Course M398 (3 PDH)

ASME Section I & Section VIII

PDH Online | PDH Center

Approved Continuing Education Provider

2012 Jurandir Primo 2 de 59

1.1 - Code Sections:

SECTION I - Power Boilers:

Part A - Ferrous Material Specifications;

SECTION III - Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components:

2012 Jurandir Primo 3 de 59

Subsection NB - Class 1 Components;

Code for Concrete Containments.

Containments for Transportation and Storage.

SECTION IV - Heating Boilers:

SECTION V - Nondestructive Examination:

SECTION VII - Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers:

2012 Jurandir Primo 4 de 59

SECTION VIII - Pressure Vessels:

SECTION IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications:

SECTION X - Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels:

SECTION XI - Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components:

1.2 - The ASME-ANSI B31 Codes:

2012 Jurandir Primo 5 de 59

B31.1 - Power Piping:

B31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping:

B31.3 - Process Piping:

2012 Jurandir Primo 6 de 59

B31.5 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components:

Any self-contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of Underwriters Laboratories or

B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems:

B31.8S - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines:

B31.9 - Building Services Piping:

2012 Jurandir Primo 7 de 59

B31.11 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems:

B31G - Manual for Determining Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines:

1.3 - ASME Certification and Inspection Procedures:

2.0 ASME SECTION I & SECTION VIII Fundamentals:

2012 Jurandir Primo 8 de 59

2.2 Pressure Vessels Maximum Allowable Stress Values:

2012 Jurandir Primo 9 de 59

b) To calculate the Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):

t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in);

Example 1 - Boiler Tube:

For tubing up to and including 5 in O.D., use equation 1.1 above.

t= 2.75 x 580 + 0.005 (2.75) + 0 =

3.2 ASME SECTION I Piping, Drums, and Headers:

a) Using the outside diameter:

b) Using the inside radius:

t = Minimum Design Wall Thickness (in);

2012 Jurandir Primo 11 de 59

Example 2 Steam Piping:

t= 900 x 10.77. + 0 = t = 0.34 in.

Therefore, including a manufacturers allowance of 12.5%; 0.34 1.125 = 0.38 in.

Example 3 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP):

D = 12.75 in (outside diameter);

P = 2 (13,100) (1.0) x (0.46 0) =

2012 Jurandir Primo 12 de 59

Example 4 Welded Tube Boiler Drum:

Welded Water Tube Boiler Drum:

a) The drum consider the drum to be plain with no penetrations.

a) Drum. Use equation 2.4 (inside radius R):

SA-515-60 at 500F, S = 15,000 psi (Section II, Table 1A, Div.1):

Drum P = (15,000) (1.0) (1.49 0).. =