Professional Documents
Culture Documents
11
AHrJl~IHCKHH
H3LIK BKAPTH 'KA
, *
&&Q
ENGLISH
THROUGH PICTURES
BOOKS 1,2
I. A. RICHARDS
and
CHRISTINE M. GIBSON
ws
00
WASHINGTON SQUARE PRESS, INC. NEW YORK
PREFACE
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HE
IT THEY
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THEY
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I am here. He is there.
4
It is there.
It is here.
-----------------~------------------
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Yau ore there. You ore there.
---~--------------------------------~
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It is there. They are there.
------------------ ------------------
7
This is a man. This is a woman.
------------------+------------------
That is a woman.
8
This man is here. That man is there.
-----------------~------------------
9
That is a table.
This is a table. That table is there.
this table is here.
It is there.
It is here .
. -----------~--~--+---------~--------
This ;s a hot. This is a hand.
It;s a hot.
10
This ~,my head. This is my hat.
12
That Is your hat. Those are your hats.
It is on the table. They are on the table.
------------------+------------------
These are my hands. Those are your hands.
That is
your
right
hand.
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This is This is : That is
my my your
right left left
hand. hand. hand.
13
He will take his hat
His hat is on the table. off the table.
-------------------------------------
He Is taking It off the He took it off the table.
table.
14
He is putting his hat on
He will put his hat on his hil head.
head
.-----------~------------------------
He put his hat on his It was on the table.
head. It il on hil head.
He put it on.
15
He will take his hat off He is taking his hat off
his head his head.
.~-----------------------------------
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His hat is in his hand. I
I He took his hat off.
It was on his head. I
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It ~ in his hand.
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;rhis is a hat.
This Is a table.
~
These are hats.
c@:;,
This is a hand.
~V
---------------_
This is a mc;m.
... _----------------
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I This is a woman.
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These are men. t These are women.
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2 3"",," 1633
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This is a man. I This i. a woman.
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\ Thlsi. \ This I.
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hi. hand. I her hand.
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It Is the man's hand. : It i. the woman's hand.
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_._-----_._._-----------------_._._.-
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Thl. is a man's hat, I This is a woman's hat.
It is on a man'. head. : It is on a woman's head.
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I Now it is in the woman'.
Now It I. In the man', I
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t hand
hend I It is In her hands.
If Is In hi. handa. I
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He will give his hat to He'ls giving his hatlo
the man. the man.
--------.---------------------------
He gave it to the mono It Is in the mon's honds
He gove it to him. now.
2 19
The man will give his He is giving his hat
hat to the woman. to the woman .
.--------.-------.----~-------------
He gave it to the
woman.
He gave it to her. It is in the woman's
hands now,
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-----.------------_ ...---------------
--J1l;:-- ---
--
'-
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-----------------------------~-------
These ships are on the
water.
-
This is water.
22
This is water.
CrII This is a glass.
It is on the table.
The bottle
is in a
manshand.
------------------ .-----------------
The glass and the water
are on the floor.
23
Thi. is a beH'. A This is a glass
and
this are boHI.s.
.--.---.-~----------------.----------
o
)!
That man and that \
woman are there.
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That Is a bird and I
that is a bird. I
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Those are birds. I This man and this
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They or. birds. I
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woman are here.
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This is a man. :
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This is an arm.
These are his arms.:
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----------------_._._--------------.-
This is a table. This is a seat.
25
This is a room.
26
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This door is open. This door is shut.
------------------------------------~
These are houses.
The man
will go
to his house.
:
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-~-----------------------------------
The man went II
to his house. Co
He is there. --.... ~ He is at his door.
He is at the door
of his house.
~h He was here.
@)
29
This is a question mark.
What is this?
?
It is a hat.
"What is this?" is a We put question marks
question. after questions.
"It is a hat," is an
answer.
_._----------------------------------
30
QUESTIONS
a What Is this?
ttt
";-s: ..... -z
- -::; -..: - - --
It is Q b What is this?
.-----------------"---~
c What is this?
---------------_._----
d What is this?
r=t11
~-~-~--~---------------------------.~
e What Is this? f What is this?
tit t
hod what Is this?
u~~o
hod what Is this? ~
c VVhat or. these? d What are these?
EE8383
hod what Is f.J
e VVhatarethese?
hod what is thlstl
f What is this?
h What is this?
9' What Ore the~?
t1~
And what is t h i 0
What is in it?
---------- ---- --- -- -- ..... _... _--------- ------------_ ......
This page is page 32. The answers or. on page 34.
i'
QUESTIONS
a Is the hat on b Is the man in
the table? the room?
fFTI
c Is the picture on d Is the bird on
the wall? the seat?
&.
These are answers to questions on pages 31, 32, and
33. This page Is page 34.
Page 31
a It is a house. b It Is a ship.
c It is a table. d It is a boHte.
e It Is a leg. f It is an arm.
g Itisa leg of h It is an arm of a seat.
a table.
Page 32
Page 33
35
What is the time? What is the time?
Now the time is eight Now the time is ten
(8:00). (10:00).
It was seven (7:00). It was:nine (9:00).
It will be nine (9:00). It will be eleven (11 :(0).
-------------------------------------
36
What are things?
This Is a man.
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A house is a thing. I
A hat is a
are things.
thing~
j ?& This Is a girl
'~ Men and women and
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Doors and windows are boys and girls are not
things. things. They are
Tables and seats are persons.
things. You are a person.
Th;~-~;t;~p;;~~;--------------------
in this room.
They are a boy and a The girl will go to the
girl. window.
Of n((I[I If)
These books are together
on the shelf.
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-------------------iio~~;;~;;~t~;---
They went from the door together
.window. The boy is with the girl
She went with him ond at the door.
he went with her. She is at the door again.
39
This is my head. That is her head.
40
My eyes are apen. Now her eye. are open.
I see. She sees.
Her eyes are shut. What does she ..e?
She does nat see. She sees me.
"'.......
,...:".,..J
She did nat see me. She saw me.
41
A man has two eyes. A man has a mouth.
I have two eyes. I have a mouth.
<D> <II>
The.. are my eyes.
, (mout~
His mouth is shut.
@
H. is not saying
He is saying "mouths."
He said "mouths."
He is not saying
"mouths" now.
t,.
-------------------------------------
, These are the fingers of
These or. the pages of
the book.
mYhOn~
~
ThiS
finge,
These are the covers of is
the book. between
ese other two
The pages are between fingers of my hand.
the covers of the book.
43
My nose Is between my My mouth Is under my
eyes. nose.
------------------------------------
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It is over the
I bookshelves.
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11111111111111111111
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I 11111111111111111111
I1111111111 !11I1I
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The dog is under the I The bookshelves are
table. I
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under the clock.
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CtltbmML
This is his hair.
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I Where or. ears?
They are under her hair.
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This is a c'ock.
~ It has a face.
... 0.
This is the face of the
to>
. /
clock. The clock has two
hands, a long hand and
This is his foe a short hand. The long
His eyes, his nose, and hand Is at 5. The short
his mouth or. parts of hand is between 7 and 8.
his face.
4S
A dock has a face. It .... noeo... G
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It has no nose.
\[
c.:.;..
It has no hair
G
but it has a face. ~
It has no mouth.
..
hands, the long hand
~ -.....
and the short hand.
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The long hand of the I
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clock is between one I
and two. I
I I have this book in my
One is before two. Two I
hands.
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is between one and I
It was on the sftelf with
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three. Three is after two I the other books."
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and two is after one. I It was between the
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I other two books before
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I I took it from the shelf.
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I have it in my hand. Now it is on the shelf
I am putting it between again. It was in my
the other two books. hand. I had it in my
Then it will be with the hand. It is not in my
other books. hand. Where is it?
This is a man.
Which are his arms?
Which are his hands?
Which are his legs? What is this?
Which are his feet?
o~ ~~abodyr
V~bbody.
}~abody,
Thisbaby ~
are parts of a man.
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has a body.
-~---------------
This dog has a body.
.. -----------------.
This Is a dog's head.
This is his tail. I
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This is his body. ,
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Which is his mouth?
He has four legs and 0 : Which are his eyes?
head and a tail. He b .. s : Which are his ears?
no arms or hands. but : Which is his nose?
he has feet. His head, his I
body, his legs, and his '
tail are parts of a dog.
3 3an. 1633 49
This is a foot. This is a leg
111
\ This is a knee.
i. pari of a leg,
,
(Th~'
These are ,
toes. :
They are parts of a foot. : pari 01 a leg i. its
knee.
These parts of a foot are :
Its toes. I
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Our legs are parts of us.
This is a toe. :.:.'S'
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This is a man's head .
Thi. i. a ned<,
It is a part of a man. It is
between his head and
his body.
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This is his chin.
It is under his mouth.
The part which is
It is a part of his face.
between his head and
The part which is under
his body is his neck.
his mouth is his chin.
so
This is a man's body. This is his body.
o The part
which is
between
his head,
his arms,
and his
legs is
his body.
'c2
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This is d chest of drawers.
~ -
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...
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This baby is on his
hands and feet.
This baby is on ~
This man has his his knees. ~
hand on his chest.
'8-'This baby is on
J( his feet.
51
QUESTIONS Where is the dog?
a
---~
~
----- -- --- --------------!..- --- - - - -- - - ------ ----
c _ _.................
d
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QUESTIONS What do you see?
-----
a b
@
---------._--------------------------------
c I
d~
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!4'Y!
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a b
c d
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Page 52
Page 53
56
A.nswers to questions on pages 54-55.
Page 54
Page 55
Sl
Who is this?
He is John Smith.
His name is John Smith.
Where is John Smith? He has his hand In
He is at the door of his packet.
------
his house.
-------------------------------------
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He is taking a key from I
his pocket. :
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These are other keys.
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rie will put the key in He is putting the key
the lock of the door. in the lock.
59
John took the key
from the lock.
He is going into the
He is putting it in
house.
his pocket.
He will go into his house.
A
He will come into the
room.
He is coming into the Mr. Smith came into
room. the room.
He will go to the table. He went to the table.
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She is in the house but
Is Mrs. Smith in the I she is not in the room.
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room? I She is in another room
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I in the house.
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No, she is not. I
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Who is this?
I This is Mary Smith. She
: is Mrs. Smith.
: Her name is Mary Smith
61
This is one of the
This is one of the doors windows of the room.
of the room.
~
This is my other hand. This is my left thumb.
It is my right hand. These are the other
fingers of my left hand.
62
Mrs. Smith is not in the Mr. Smith is in the room.
room. He came into the room.
She went out of the
room .
.,.
She went through ..(:-
this door. He came through
this door.
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Mr. Smith is putting his I He put his hat on the
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hat on the table. I table.
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It is on the table now.
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Mary is coming into the She is going ta the table.
room.
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She saw it.
When did she see it?
She saw it after she went
to the table.
~-----------~-----+---.--------------
,,-........ _---- ....
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I What is that? :
\. John's hatf l
~"'" ,...-_."
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She will take the hat In She is taking it.
her hand.
:_I_j-jfr
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She will put John's hat: She put it on the hoole.
on a hook. :
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She will put it on a hook : Now it is with the other
with the other hat. : hot.
, The other hat is one of
J Mary's hats.
67
~John is coming into the
room again.
He;s there now.
-.---------------+--~.-------------
He is soying,
The hat is not on the
table.
Where is my hat?
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I put it on the table.
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~=n
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'Where is my hat? It Is I
.not on my head. It isn"t : "It isn"t (is not) here.
here." I
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Here is Mary. She is
"Where is it? Mary, coming into the room.
where is my hat? Where She says, "Here lam."
are you, Mary?"
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t "You put it on the table.
-Where is your hatr : It was on the table."
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A
". took it. I putit in the
"It is on a hook there.
You will see it there."
other room."
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John says, "I will get my He Is getting it.
hat."
------------------+------------------
Did he get it? Yes. He
: He went out of the room.
has it. I
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I He came into the room
J'
------------------+------------------
He is giving the hat to
Mary.
n
What is in the hat? What Is she taking from
Ml:Jry will see the hot?
.-----------------+-----~------------
What is that in her
hand?'
It is money.
She .....
73
Where was the hat?
It was on the table.
What does she see?
One thousand dollars.
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I Does she see the money
She put the hat in the now?
other room. Yes, she sees it.
John went there and
got it.
74
I was In the street. The wind came. It took
I was coming her my hat off.
.-~---------~~----+-----~.-----------
75
f
The, money was under
the hot. :
UP
The hot was over the
money.
~-~--~~ .. ----~-.--
... -~- ..----.-
The hot come down I It was over the morHt)'o
again. The money was undet
the hot.
,' ...... ~
,/ \
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10 \
i
I UP DOWN:
t
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cbl
76
What is Mary doing? They are knives,
forks and spoons.
------------------+------------------
Mary has a knife, She took them from
a fork and a spoon the drawer.
in her right hand. She will put them on
the table.
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These are drawers.
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The other two drawers
are shut
77
Mary is getting the soup.. John Is taking the seats
These are plates of soup.'I to the table.
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B"P. olo' o6
Now they are taking John is saying to Mary,
heh
~-e~f
---.....:;; . : Mary is saying to John,
: "Where did the money
<::::> <::::> come from?"
They have their spoons
in their hands.
------------------+-_._--------------
John said, "I saw it John said. "Nobody
there under the hat." put it there. The money
was there and the
wind came and put the
:' hat down over the
: money."
Nobody_no man or
Mary said, "But who woman or boy or girl
put it there?" or baby.
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What will
we do
with our
money?
This dress is new
This dress is aiel
:2 1>
------------------+----------------.-
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: This pipe is old
.: ~.
~ ,=-
80
Mary is getting the new
dress. She is in a store. This is the store.
The other woman has
two dresses in her
hands. CLOTHING STORE
~ f T
~~ - b-
19~
.-----.. ----~-----+------------------
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d:/OdAJ !
These are shoes. :
They are women's shoes. !
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This is a tree. : She put her
This is a
branch ~
~': hand up.
: She took the
of the tree. V: apple. It is in
An apple~ )J I
her hand.
She took the
is on this
branch.
~ : apple which is
:
. I in her hand.
I -
t IS over I
I She has it in her
the girl/$
is puHing it ~
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head. hand.
She
She will take the apple in her basket. "
from the branch. I
82
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When was the apple an I
the branch? :
When was it over her : When did she take It?
head? : She took it after she put
It was on the branch I
her hand up.
before she took it. It was: She took it then.
on the branch then. :
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------------------t-----------------
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------------------+------------------
This is the back of the This is a coat.
box.
----~~--~~~---~.--+I
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_--_ --. __ _+
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.----~---~--~-----+------
These are glasses.
..----------
What are these? PP
EJEJ They are spoons. / I
What are these? ~jP
They are forks. ' /I What Is this?
It Is another spoon.
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What is thiS?/ : What Is this? <"-9)
It is a knife. : It Is a plate.
,
What are these? : These are three other
Th~y are two othe~? : plates. ~
knives. I
C~~.;:>
87
Mrs. Smith is taking a
knife and fork off the She is putting them an
tray. the table.
She has them in her
hands
. -----------------+----------------_.
She put the knives and
Now she is putting the
forks and spoons and
plates on the table.
plates and glasses on
the table.
She put these things on
the table.
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88
Mary Smith will go from She is going to the door.
the table to the door. The door is shut.
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What Is this? I
It Is a knife.
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What Is this?
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What Is this?
What, Is this?
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What Is this?
What Is this?
==-
- CIt
What Is this?
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I What Is this?
~
What are these? I
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What Is this?
& ~
90
Mory Is making saup. :
These are potatoes..
AJ
c::::. c:::;III
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I this Is a cow.
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She will make the saup I
fram milk and potatoes.:
--_ ... --_._._-_._ .. --------_._-------
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Cows are animals. ,
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We get milk from cows.
These are some other I
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Mory is putting some
animals. I milk in a cup.
aPlgQ 1~
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4\-.-.. :
ahono Q-7fl . . - I
The milk Is going Into
91
Mary has a potato in We get potatoes from
her hand. the roots of a plant.
This is its :
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-f-il--_"..-_These are its :
~~::~~r~o~ots~. l
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92
This is the pot.
c~~J
Mary is making the
soup.
. -----------------+---------~------.-
She put the potatoes In
the pot.
The water In the pot Is
boiling. This is a flame.
~)J
The flame is under the
pot.
93
Ice is solid.
Ttils is ice.
Ice
Is 0
cold.
94
this Ita bird.
It Is on a tree.
This is a plane.
It Is In the olr.
It It going thtouoh the
air.
------------------.--_...._----------
W. take In air through
our mouths and through
our nGIeI.
The air IscominoJ;:
out. It It warm.
When It comes
Out It Is worm.
It Is balling. ! j n'. ~ j;
~ ft~~!
~j-:; ..., t
;::01 The ....
t t , ""
undw .... _
: is not very warm. It goes
U up to the flame.
212" III
100" !
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------------------+------- I
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This is the fridge I
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It has ice in it. I
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The air in the fridge is I
cold. t
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This is the fridge
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I Mary keeps the milk in
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I the fridge
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I She keeps It In the cold
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This is 'These are
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air.
cold.
.
The air in the fridge IS
} Very warm
} Warm
~-~---------~---.-+-----------------~
This is a measure. This is ' . \..
Mary's foot.~
It is a yard measure.
air
Cold
air
Warm
air
------------------+------------------
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This is meat. This Is bread.
-----------~-----+-----------------~
This is butter.
This is chee...
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These are oranges.
@ @ G>
Apples and oranges are :
'.
-:t.
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I
t
I
I
I
CD
The time is flve (5;()().
It is five.
I
Mary wilt make the
fruit. I soup.
Does Mary keep the fruit :
in the fridge~ I
I
I
--_ .'-------------+-----------------.
, I
It is five-forty (5:40).
What is the time?
,
I
Q
I
I
I
,
I
,
I
Q
I
I Mary has a fork In fter
It Is five-thirty (5:30). ,
I
hand.
Mary is making the I
I
soup. I
l
I
I
t
I
I
-----------------~+-~~---------
, ..---
I
I
The potatoes ore soft. :
The fork goes Into thom. I
I
t
She Is talcing them out
of the pot and putting
them on a plate.
101
I
I
I
I
The polatoes are on the , Mary is crushing theIR
plate. ,
: with a fork.
,
I
I
I
c~
t
I
I
t
f
,
They were in the pot. I
They were horde ,
They ar. soft naw. t They are not hard now.
I
I They are soft.
I
I
-----------------.----~~--------~-
I
I
,
I
I
Glass Is hard.
,
I
,,
l
,,
I
,
I
I
I
I
,: Butter is soft.
!a~
I
!.
102
John has a bit of He is putting the bit of
cheese in his tingers. cheese in his mouth.
------------------+------------------
I
I
I
I The cheese is not soft.
Now it is between his I
teeth. I
I
I
I
I
c: ;-..,~ I
r h .,
I
It is hard.
103
I
I
I
Mary put the potatoes : She put the pot over
and the milk and other a lowftame.
I
things into the pot. I
She put the cover on
This is solt. : the pot.
(See page 242)
f"Y
e:::r:z!'
The low flame Is under
the pot.
---------------- ..-- -.~------------
I
I
I This building is high.
I
I
This flame Is low. I
I
J
This flame is high.
This building is low.
<i to c c c orO
104
t Now she is putting the
What is the time? t
t
h is six (6000~ ( ] ) soup in the plates.
I
I
~
"4
I
I
I It was in the pot.
t
t
I
Mary Is tasting the soup.
~ ~
I
I
It has a good taste. t
The soup is ready. Now It is In the plates.
I
---------------_.-.-._._._----_._._--
t
t
I
I
She made the soup. :
She put it in the plates. :
She took them to The plates are on
the table. : the table.
I
The soup is ready.
I
It is good soup.
Mary made it.
~f~l I
I
105
Soup ,6 1\ i Anapple(j'
potatoestt::9 milk'LJ 1
~~
I
I
I
I
I
I
6~b1
I
I
I
I
I
106
.
I
andho_~i
This Is the leaf of .r'X""
I
6*0 ,
I
I
I
These plates are
,
I different.
These are the same.
, GCi5>
I
c::=::>
o 0
I
I
I
I
These glasses are the
same.
The.. are different.
I
I 00
00 I
a~at1
t
1
t
t
1
t
1
1
t
The boy is the 1
The girl is the
woman's son.
She is his mother.
I
woman's daughter.
The woman is her
t
I
H. is her son. I mother.
1
1
---~--------~~----+---------------~--
.1
1
N
I
I,
f
,
1
I
I
I
f
The man is the father I
I
He is the father
afthe boy. I of the girl.
He is the boy's father. : He is the girl's father.
: She is his daughter.
t
f
108
The boy is the brother
of the girl.
------------------+------------------
I
ti
-t :
I
This man and woman I
:
have
two sons
Mt ThIS boy has one
: brother and three
: sisters.
m
..)rThis girl has two
I brothers and two
: sisters.
: They are a fomily of
and : seven (7).
three daughters.
109
Here are Mrs. Smith,
her daughter Jane,
and her son Tom.
~-----~-.-------.+-.----~-----------
I
T
. Ih i s w
IScear. _ a t . :II
When a ;;;;;;; ,
liquid is ;;;; :
clear we :
see I
through it. : The air is dear. I see
the mountains.
O. :
When the air is not
t
I clear I do not see them.
Milk isnof
a clear __ . :
liquid. We _ ,
do not see :
through it. :
110
Who is this?
------------------i-----------------~
This is the
This is the soup. Mary milk. Mary
made it. put it in the
This is the soup which soup.
Mary made. This is the milk which
Mary put in the soup.
111
ij-----==--
-
This is a spoon. It is in t
my hand. That is a
This is a spoon which glass of
is in my hand. water. It is
on the table.
That is a glass of water
which is on the table.
-----._---------_ .. ------------------
I
112
QUESTIONS
~!
e What are these?: f What is this?
_------------------T-------------------
I
pi
g What is this? :
0
03
h What is this?
-------------------~------------
Answers are on page 116. --
.. _---
3.0""3 1633 113
QUESTIONS
,
c What is this?
~
d What are these?
------------------+------------------
I
~I
e What are these?: f What is this?
--------------------T-------------------
I
I
/CPl 0
03
9 What is this? : h What is this?
--.-----------------~----------------.-.--
Answers are on page 116.
5 &"". 1633 113
QUESTIONS
G
. . . . . . __ _____ . _ . ___ .t.. ................................ .
I
~~:
d What is this?
c_ad_?~ :
----------_.------+-----------------.
~i,
9 What is this? : h What is this?
__ .. ___________ .L_.
I ____________ ... ___
Answers are on page 116.
114
QUESTIONS
I
a This is 0 family. I b This isa plant.
I
~
I
htt-
I
I
I
I
I
:
Which parts of the
What do you see? IL ___________
_____________________ plant do you ___
see? __
c This is a fridge. d This is a dog.
lln~
What do you see in it? :
,~ Which parts of the
I dog do you see?
-------------~----~------------------
e What do you see?
I
f What do you see?
--=-I#_--~---_Q_-~--
g What do you see?
hW~
!l
---.----------~--.~.-~----P-----
Answers are on page l16.
.. -~---~-.
itS
Answers to questions on pages 113115.
Page 113
a 'rhe time is b They are apples.
four-forty-two (4:42). d They are leaves.
c It is a pot. f It is a bottle of milk.
e They are roots. h It is bread.
g It is butter.
Page 114
a It is cheese. b It is a cup.
c They are flames. d It is a horse. _
e It is a high building. f They are a box and
g It is a pig. its cover.
h It is a sheep.
Page 115
a I see a father and b I see its roots and its
mother and their son stem and its leaves
and daughter. and its flower.
c I see a bottle of ,"ilk d I see its head
and four eggs and and ears and n058,
two roots. its body its legs, and
I
t~1
What has one woman
in her hands?
I
I
I
I
~
--
a This is
a glass
of milk. Oi ~ ~.-.-:
~...
i>
t"~,
.... . ......~;'.
Is it dear? 00 you see : b Is the glass in this
through it? window dear?
\.
p
E.....--.;...~r~
9 What is he doing? , h What is she doino?
_____________________ A ___________________ _
118
QUESTIONS
I
a What do you see? : b What is he doing?
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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I
~-------------------~------------------.
I ,.
I d What are these?
c What are they doing? :
I
l 1
I
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I
I
I
~I I
- - - - - - - - - -:.. - - - - - - - -I- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
e What do we keep
in the f What are some
fridgel different sorts of
things? Give the
I names of ten different
things which you see
t in a house.
I
I
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ___ IL ____________________ _
120
Answers to questions on pages 118119.
Page 118
a No, it is not clear. b Yes. The glass in the
No, I do not see window is clear. I see
through it. some mountains and
a house.
c Yes. Glass is hard. d Yes. Some meat is
soft. But some meat
is hard.
e No. Ice is cold. f No. Flames are not
cold:
g He is taking potatoes h She is putting some
out of the earth salt in the potato
with a fork. soup.
Page 119
a I see a man. He is in b'-'He is putting his hat
a street. His hat is in on his head.
the air. The wind is
d One of them is a
taking it up. The wind
clock. The other is
took it off his head.
c They are in their seats an instrument for"
measuring heat.
at the table. They
have their spoons in f Rooms and doors"
their hands. They are and windows and
taking their soup. tables and Seats and
e We keep the milk, boxes and knives
butter, cheese, eggs, and spoons and forb
meat, and fruit in the and shelves are
fridge. different sorts of
things.
121
This is a bedroom.
There are two beds in it. This se~t is by the bed.
------------------+------------------
What is on the seat? A woman is by the bed.
A bag is on the seat. Who is she?
She is Mrs. Smith.
122
What is she doing? What is she putting into
She is putting things the bag? She is putting
into the bog Mr. Smith's things into it.
.-----------------+-----------------.
Mr. Smith is going to
California. Mr. and Mrs. I
I
Smith are in New York I
I
State. : ...... l ., \.'.,-
:!jlljj-~
I
I
,,
I
He will go by train. This
, is a train. From New
,
I
York State to California
I
I
is a long journey.
I
I
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I
I
I
I
123
I
I
I
t
He will toke some socks.
~~~
I
I
I
124
I
I
I
------------------+----------------_.
My hands are dirty. This cloth is dirty.
1M!~ lfZl
~
y:.'
'.lff
','" fI ,.
o 115
I
I His face is dirty.
I
o
, I
t~~ is dirty.
Th@)i$0P,a._ His face is clean.
:.-y
.;' "
,.
,
@
._----------------+-..............
I
---
The plate is dirty' but : Now the cfoth is dirty
the doth is deon. but the plate is clean.
I
I
t
o
This is a basin.
This is saap.
.---------~-------+-----.------------
What is she doing?
~~
... .'
,
~a
Her hands are wet now
but they are clean. They
She is washing her were dirty.
hands with soap
and warm water.
127
Her hands were wet.
I
f\ ~
I
I
I
~~
I
I
I
I
I 'II
I
t
I
I
~~
I
I
What is she doing? :
She is drying her hands : Now they are dry.
on a cloth. I
I They were dirty.
I
I Now they are clean.
I
.-----------------+---_._------------
I
I
I
I
I
I
4!
I
What is this?
It is a brush. : She is putting some
It is a toothbrush. : toothpaste on the brush.
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
What is this? I
It is toothpaste. I
,
I
126
Now she is brushing her What is this?
teeth. It is a comb.
l...IItUU......... ,
And this?
,!IWIIQiUt ~
It is a brush.
Her teeth will be dean. It is a hairbrush.
They will be dean and
white.
-----------~-----+------------------
I
I
t
I
I
She is brushing her hair.: Now she is combing her
I
:
t
I
.---......
hair.
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
t
I
I
,
I
I
I
,
129
What are these? This pin ~
~
is like this pin.
They are pins.
-----------~------~---.---------.----
She has a hairpin in
her hand.
She is putting it in her
hair.
=:::: )
::::: :::>
=x-::>
These are three hairpins~
They are different
hairpins.
130
j
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
,
I
131
I
I
I
1"'"'_-----......,.,
I
I
I
I
I
:~--
I
I
I This is the station.
This is a taxi. : The taxi is in front of
Mr. Smith is getting I the station.
I
Into It. I The time is 8:00.
He has his bag with him.: The train will go at 8:30.
I
I
-----.-----------~------------------
Mr. Smith is getting out Now he is going into
of the taxi. the station.
JDDDD[
VS:J
132
I
------------------+------------------
These are rails. The train
goes on these rails.
It is a rail rood train.
133
Here is his ticket.
He gave $132.35 for his
ticket. How much was his ticket
for the journey to Los
Angeles?
It was one hundred
I and thirty-two dollars
I
I and thirty-five cents
I
I ($132.35).
I
I
These are tickets. I
t
I
I
------_._---------+------------------
I
I
I
134
,
I
Mr. Smith has friends in I
' His friends were W'Qiting
Califarnia. : for him at the station.
I .
---------------..
you
They soy, "Did
+.~~--
have :
..---....--
a good journey?" I His friend says, "Let me
He says, uy8S, but it have your bag, please.
was a long journey." He will go with hit
friends to their houte}
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
135
This is a letter: a.
These are letters: a, h, c.
This is a word: man.
Three letters make
the word man.
The man is writing a
letter.
~~iSawriti~g
on paper
.... ...,
,--::' This is the letter:
It is in Mr. Roe's writing.
Mr. Roe will send the
letter to Mr. Doe.
------------------+------------------
Here is the letter ready This is the back of the
for the post. letter.
Mr. Roe's name, and the
Here is the stamp. town where he is living
------------------+------------------
Atschool, Tom and
Jane are learning. They
were reading and now
they are writing.
138
Now Tom and Jane are
back from school. Jane Tom and Jane are
is reading a story. getting a good
~1I
I It is good work.
~ en
their father. I
1l.....~.
-u~ ....... ..J,t
-.L.T_a...t She has the letter in her
~"t .....(.Dot o hand.
(X~
::::;::;~. Nowshels
sending the LlJ
letter.
~ ,,
I
I
I
I
What is this boy I
dOing~? :
:
What i~
the man
... :,
: doing?
.1 ___________ ____ _
,
------------.--- ;,
c What are these? ,
I
V
I d What is this?
,
I
~
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
,
I
I
What is the woman
doing?
I
,
I
I
I
,
I
I
I __________ _
----------A~s:;;;~~-~r;t~-p~g; 148.
140
QUESTIONS
a On page 133, where
did Mr. Smith get his
b How much was the
tick"" ~ ticket?
.------------------~-------------------
I
c How long was the
: d Did he go in an
iourney to Los : airplane?
Angeles? I
I
I
I
I
._----------------+----------------_.
I
I
I
e What did his friends I f What did he say on
soy to him when they : the card which he
saw him? : sent to Mrs. Smith?
,
... ------------_._._ ...... ,- .... - ......... -.-_ .... __ ... -
I
I
I
g What are Tom and I h What did Mn. Smith
t
Jane learning at I send to Mr. Smith
school? I from Tom and Jane?
I
I
: Answe" are on page 148
.. -------------.----~---------.-.-.-- .. -.-
141
This is a plate.
The plate is round.
This is the earth.
C~
'\,
,
,
This is an orange. I
A
'\. ,
\;y "
The face of . The earth is round.
the clock is "," t~.
t L-1' .1
round. i4
The hands of '.
the clock go round.
--~---------------+----"-------------
I
1*
: This is the sun.
I
T.his is the moon. I This is
I
1 the sky.
1
~'~
: This is a cloud in the sky.
142
I
The sun comes up in the : It comes up every
East. / : morning.
%
~
t-~ ....: ~
yJ)/t~--------
I
I
I
I
;t!:<t
of five-eight (5:08) A.M.
-! __l. .~
.
The sun is coming up now : Thesun is going down.
: now at five-twenty
I (5:20) P.M.
I
I
143
Yesterday the sun came
up at five-seven (5:07) This is night.
A.M. and went down
at eight-nineteen
.. :
(8: 19) P.M.
Today the sun came up This IS the earth.
at five-six (5:06) A.M- That is a star.
and will go down at
eight-twenty (8:20) '.M.
Tomorrow it will come This is morning.
t - Y-S./
up at five-five (5:05)
A.M. and will go down at :
eight twenty-one (8:21). II --- --
The sun is coming up.
------------------+--------~---------
North
I
I
wes8Ea.South
: What do five and six
: make?
: Do they make ten, or
I eleven, or twelve?
: That is a question.
: The answer is "Eleven."
North, South, East, West I
I
are four directions. I
I
144
I I
I
I
I
Say these numbers: 1, 2, I
3,4,5,6,7,8,9, 10, 11,: What numbers come
12. : after 15?
VVhatnumberco~ Sixteen 16
after 12? Seventeen 17
Thirteen. Eighteen 18
VVhat co~ after 131 Nineteen 19
fourteen. Twenty 20
VVhat comes atter 141
fifteen.
-----------------+------------------
I
I
I
Twenty 20 Twenty-one 21: Eighty 80 Ninety 90
Thirty 30 Thirty-one 31 : A hundred 100 .
forty 40 forty-one 41 : A hundred and one 101
Fifty 50 Fifty-one 51 I A thousand 1000
Sixty 60 Seventy 70 : A minion 1,000,000
1
q
4'71 [I i\'i ~
"~
~.
___ Ii
'v
~ w~'J
%~
Answers ore on page 149.
146
QUESTIONS I
-~--------.------+-------.--.---.-.-
I
I
I
{
I
I
I
IIIr. ,;,.. 9. ~ I
20 &&.l"
In.~
s,.,..... I d Tom's work atschool
OHIO : is learning. He is a
: learner. What is the
e This is a letter. Where I teacher's work?
do we put Mr. Green's:
street and town and :
state on the letter? :
I
I
I
I r
I""
Page 140
a They are shoes. b They are shirts.
He is putting his He is putting his
shoes on his feet. things in his bag.
c They are toothpaste d It is soap.
and a toothbrush. She is washing her
She is brushing her hands.
teeth
.. ----------------+--~---------------
Page 141
a He got his ticket at b The ticket was
the ticket office in the $132.35.
station. d No. He did not go in
c The journey was four an airplane. He wenl
doys long. in a train.
e They said, "Did you I f He said, '" had a
have a good good journey and
journey?" will send you a long
g They are learning 'etter tomorrow.
reading and writing Love. John."
at school. h She sent love from
Tom and Jane.
148
Answers to questions on pages 146-141.
Page 146
a abed b a bog c a sock
d a stocking e a shoe f a hairbrush
g a toothbrush h a comb 1 a key
j a lock k a hairpin I a fork
m an engine n a plate o twopins
p 0 pen q rails r a card
s a stamp t a flame u a frome
v a hook w 0 book x a bell
y a bottle z a glove
Page 147
a Eighteen. Sixty. b The sun comes up in
Forty-three. Five the East and goes
hundred and seven. down ill the West.
Yes. dayGOmeS after
c We put his street night. Yes, night
under his name and comes after day.
we put the name of
the town under the d The teacher's work
name of the street. is teaching.
And under that we
put the name of the
state.
149
This boy's name is Tom This girl's nome is Jane.
.------------~~---+---.-.-.-- .. --.---
I
I
: ThIs Is a box.
Tom Is saying, ., am
making a house."
!~
-----------------+---~--------------
,I
1
1
1
151
,
I
This is the front of the I
I
And. this is the bock of
box. I
I
the box.
I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
..--~--------- .. -+-------.......... -
I
I
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I
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I
I
This is the floor of the I
I
- And this Is the cover of
box. I the box.
,
I
I
I
I
I
152
I
,,
t
,
I
------------------+---------------~--
I
I
t
I
I This is a step.
The front of the box will :
be the front of the house. I
I
I
I
~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I These are steps.
I will put a step under I
the door. I
I
I
I
, I
, I
I
I
153
I
t
t
Jone said, A OJ
I
house hos 0 roof.
Will -you put 0
roof on the house?
How will you
make the roof?"
OJ I
I will moke the roof from
the cover of the box.
,/.:;,:-........
~.. "'..
-. --.....p:;/
"..
( )-1
.--.~-------------+------------------
.. I
I
r The cover is not long
No. There is not enough : enough.
wood in the cover. : It is not wide enough.
I
I
I
i,
t
"iI'
How wide is the cover? :I
The roof.
t
t
I am measuring it. t
154
I
Here is a wider bit of I
wood. ,I
I
I
I
I
I will make the roof front
I
I
this other bit of wood.
I
I
I
I
I
1 ,
I
Longer I
,
I
I
I
------------------+------------------
, will make a cut in this This is an angle.
wood. /\
I Ibd
155
,
I
'What are you doing, I
Tom?" : w. get woad fram trees.
"I am measuring the
woad."
These are trees.
It is good woad.
This is a measur
... ,~,,'
I I Some woad is hard.
. -~~------------~-+------------------
I
Som. wood is soft
156
~
I
Now I am making a cut I
at this angle in this bit of I This is my knife.
wood.
~
~IW----""
The blade is going
d
Thl. I. the
kn1fe.
bl~ 01 ""I
-~-------------.-+------ ..-----.---~
I am making a line on the
, wood.
10m making a line with
a pencil. This is the pencil.
-<, I J
/
157
: Ohf You are- going off
"Keep on the line when :. the linel
you are cutting. Don't go: The cut is not on the line.
offit."
._----------------.------------------
I
158
I
I
r-----------------~:,---------------,
No, I did notl Your knife
went off the line.
I
---
,
--~--~-----------+----
, . ..------------
It's not very bad. Tam is making another,
attempt.
Herte.s
o
159
Now I hove these two
bits of wood.
._-------_._._----+----.. --._._------
I
I
I
I
t
160
TJ i
Now he is putting the
nails in with his hammer.
I
1
I
Now the two parts of the 1
roof are toqether. !
I
I
I
I
Oh yes,
it is very
strong.
161
Don't do tha-tl
Oh, now it
if brokenl
~
This bit of wood is
stronger.
162
I
I
I Where?
Here are the supports for :
the roof. I
I
~i
Will you put another In the middle.
support for it in the
middle?
Yes, that is better.
-~-~-------------+------------------
Thi}iS one
end of it.
1 This iJ the
other end.
This That will be better.
is the middle That will make the roof
of it. stronger.
163
Jane is making What are you doing,
something. Jane?
.-----------------~-----.------------
I
I
I Here are the
: trousers.
I
I am making a coat and ,
trousers. :
I
I
I
I
I
Here is the coat.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
o 0
164
I
I
I
I This is the front of the
"Has your coat a collar?" : coat.
~
coat.
------------------+------------------
I
I
I
I
I
I
This is the back of the I This is one side of it.
coat. ,
I
I
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I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
165
Here is the other side.
.. ----------------.-----------------~
The The
right CJ Cleft
arm. arm.
166
This is a button.
~ -
This is a needle.
This is a button.hole.
This 1s thread.
I
-----------~-----+-.---------------.
I
167
I
I
I
I
;f~j
She has the needle in the
I
I
This is the hole in the
n"dl ~
I
I
The end of the thread is I
not going straight. It is
not going through the
hole in the n"dle.
168
It is on one side of the
needle.
~
It is on this side of the
needle.
Now the girl is doing it
again.
Is the end of the thread
through the hole?
No, it is not. If is on the
other side of the needle.
------------------.------------------
I
I
The girl is making I It went through. The
I
another attempt. I girl is taking the end of
This time the thread will : the thread in her fingers.
go through the hole. The I The thread is through
end of the thread is I the needle.
i~~
straight.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
169
Where are your Narrow?
scissors? This is a narrow street.
Here they are.
I
I
'rhis is a wide street. I
,
I
,
,,
1
,
I
I
1
1
I
I
1
I
1
I-
: These trousers
,,arewl'de. ~
170
QUESTIONS
b These are two cuts.
n /J
~
Which of them is Which of them is
thicker? Is wall A or wider? Is cut A or
wall B thicker?
__ 4 _______________ .L ___________________
cut B wider? ,
I
c These are two nails. I
I
d Which of
Which of them : thesetwo ~
1I
men is
is longer? :
stronger?
a/):
I
I
I
I
.-----------------+-----------------~
I
e Which of these two I f Which of these two
I
pencils is shorter? I cards is longer?
I
I
.-;tC==:::.==:JIDJ :
a .........
I
6 -"'C:==JDD. I
I
I
Which is wider?
I
- - - - - - --- -- - -- - .. -- --r- -- ------- - - - ----- - ---
g Which of these three I h Which of these things
angles is a right : are broken?
angle? i 4
~ '-z- ~ 1 e..DcQ,~ I
I
------------Ans~erjareLon-page174:--------
171
QUESTONS
a What is he doing? b What is she doing?
d What is he doing
now?
""~"'i
<' i~
I I
---------------------T--------------------
g What is she doing : h And what is she
~ldO~
,
- - - - - - - - ____________ L ____________________ _
Page 173
It. a atrain b its engln. c a plone d a seat
a ship f a flower g mountains h trees
i a star I a cloud k the sun I the moon
mapig n a sheep o a horse p a cow
q a dog , a goat I a coat t a bird
V trauIerI " acup w a knife x a spoon
J sdssors
B Airplanes and birds go through the air.
C Pigl, sheep. horses, cows, dogs, birds, and goats go on
thelrf. .t.
D Ships and some blrdl go on the water,
174
The earth goes round In The earth goes round
twenty-four hours. the lun In a year.
,,1/ ...........
->;" / ..~
,.
( -0'
"',......... "... ".
.:
There are twenty.four There are three hundred
hours In every day. and sixty-five days in a
The lun comes up and year.
goel down. every day Thr.. hundred and
because the earth is slxty-flve days make a
turnin; round. year.
...------
I
.-----.-~---------.---------
There are seven days in a week. Seven days make a week.
Here are the names of the days of the week: Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday. Monday
is before Tuesday. Tuesday is after Monday.
There are thirty-one June (30)
or thirty or July (31)
twenty.e/;hf days in Q August (31)
month. September (30)
Here are the names of October (3l)
the months: November (30)
January (31) December (31).
February (28) January is before
March (31) February ...
April (30) February is after
May (31) ~ January .
175
I
I
In the North, the earth
, is cold in the winter.
These are the winter : The wind is cold.
manths: December, : Snow comes down from
January, February. the sky.
These are the summer There are no leaves on
months: June, July, the trees.
August. There is ice over the
These are the spring
months: March, April,
May.
These are the fall
months: September,
October, November.
,
I
I
,
I
I
I
,
------------------+------------------
I
I
I
In the North, the earth I
I
and the air are warm in I
the summer. There are I
leaves on the trees. I
The days are long.
There is no ice or snow.
,
I
I
I
I
I
I In the spring the leaves
I
I cOIne out on the trees.
I
I Plants come up out of
I the earth, and flowers
I
I
I
come out on the plants.
176
I
I
: In the spring the days.
: get longer.
: Every day is longer than
I the day before it.
; In the 'spring today is
: longer than yesterday.
In the fall, the leaves I
come down from the : In the fall the days get
branches of the trees. ! shorter.
Fall is the time of the I Every day is shorter
fall of the leaves. : than the day before it.
They are coming down. I In the fall tomorrow will
They are falling,
,
: be shorter than today.
I
------------------+------------------
Fifteen minutes make a
This line quarter of an hour.
~
is longer than
this line.
Thirty minutes make
The time between three half an hour.
and four is shorter than
the time between three
and five. I
$
Forty-five minutes make
$
One hour is a shorter I
time than two hours. three-quarters of an
h~r.
I
I
7 3a1Ul3 1633 177
,
I
I
I
Which is shorter-o
quarter of on hour or , A This is on inch. B
I
I I
half on hour? : The distance from A to B
, is one in'ch.
Which is shorter-the :
minute hand or the hour '
hand of a clock? ' : Half on inch is a shorter
: distance than on inch.
I
L
V~
it t t , , , , , , , t i
178
I
t:
I
I
I
Seventeen hundred and !
sixty yards (1760) make :
a mile. I
In half a mile there are :
eight hundred and :
eighty yards. :
Miles, yards, feet, and I
I
I
I
I
I
: This is a Ira~
old. ~
. .
ThIs boy IS ten
years old.
~ : The baby is very young.
: How old is he? He is
: one year old.
f
; : The old man is very old.
This man is thirty years I Howald is he? He is
old. ,
: ninety years old.
I
This
old man i~ II
ninety years I
old. :
That is a stick :
in his hand. I
------------------+------------------
This room is twenty feet
long and sixteen feet
I
This box is four inches wide Iand twelve feet
long and three inches : high.,
wide and two inches I
I
high. I
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
How high is the
,, high.
How long is it? I room? It is twelve feet
It is four inches long. ,
I
I
I
I
180
Thisisa ~ This is a thin ~
short coat. U1..l..1\) beak. "JJ
This is a [fiI\. This is a thicker ~
longer coat.~ t book. \{J
This is the
longest coat
of the three.
ill This is the thickest
book of the three..
~
'tJ
---.--.-----------+-.-----.-~---~--~
I
I
o
I This is a dirt)' face.
This is a narrow street. I
I
I
t
This is a deaner face.
,a Wid~:. street.
ThiS}i:
i.:\.
\:Y
" U '"
This is the deanest face
This is the widest street
of the three.
of the three
,dtl'~~_ .@
Which is the dirtiest
street of the three? face?
181
This man is
Glass \J
-is harder than
B3 : older than
this boy.
~
I
h
than thil is as long as this
boy. line.
The boy The two lines are
is not as
strong as equal (==).
I
I
the man. I
I This line _ _ __
He is not as old as the I
I
man. I
I is not as long as
The baby is ,not as old I:
this line.
as the boy or as strong I
as the boy. : They are not equal
I
f82
I
I
I
I
What are some other
A train may .go eighty : sorts of tra'lsport?
(80) miles in an hour. I
I
An airplane may go
three hundred (300)
miles in an hour. ShiJ's are anoti\er sort
of transport. . .
. H~w far may d q~,;ck
Trains end oirplaftB ship go in an hour?
are different sorts <_ A quick ship may go
poge 106} of transport. thi~ mil~s in an hovt.
I ..
AitplaneS'Jtroins. sftlps, .
~uto~obiles
'ID
We may go on our feet
fram one pJace to
another..
Or we may go in a train
or in a ship or in an
automobile or in a
plan..
.~-~~~------------+------------------
Same places are near Places in Washington
to one another. are near to one
o 0 another.
184
This is a map of North Americo.
Miulul~
Mexico City~
---.. -------------~-----------------.
These are mountains.
I
I
I
it
~ : Men go up mountains.
~
: Mountains are high.
~ I
I
: Trains go on railroads.
These are 111111111111: ..c:--...~
railroads. : .Jill t t
n a n ft I A road ~
___ DO!
C'
II II II II II _~...~~~....._ _
9Q~
185
.t t
I
I
I
,
I The government of the
United States is in
I
I
Washington.
I
I
I
I
This is a town. : The government of
: Mexico is in Mexico City.
I
I
I
is
How fa, Oitawt.
from Mexico City?
the.J
The distance from
Ottowa to MeXico City
is abdut twenty-three
hundred miles. How fa< Is
How for is New YOIl: of the Mackenzie River
from Los Angel"? from the mouth of the
The distance between MifoSissiPPl*?
New York and Los The distance is about
Angeles i$ about 3300 miles.
twenty-five hundted The mouth of a river is
miles. the place where it goes
into the sea.
186
This is the earth. We This is the earth. We
are seeing it from the are seeing it from the
south...~
north.
~.--'b'~,
~
\
\ ,I:
:'f
\ 1
\<~, j
I
I
I
~
'''........
-.. _....-:.,,"
~ '
.. ......
I
I
I
I
I
---_._-----------
This is the moon.
_ I
_-----.--
0""
I
I Do we ever see the
I
.. i I other side of the moon?
c I
No.
I
I
I
I
The moon goes round :
the eorth in 0 month.
I
k
,
, ...... , III:'
\
I ,
I
, 0
I
,,~
I
: We see the same side
I of the moon at all times.
: Why?
I-
"', ,11 I
' ..... - - ' I
187
We see the same side at The moon .... ~
all times because the
moon is turning round.
,
\
The earth 0 I
------------------t------------------
We see the same side of
the moon at all times. Sometimes we see the
Sometimes we see it moon like this.
like this.
This part
of it
is is
dark. bright.
'88
I
Sometimes we see it like I And sometimes we see
this. : it like this.
This is a new moon. : This is a full moon.
I
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
o
This is a new h a g This gl... i. full. 'fi1
fhis is an old h~ This glass is
not full.
e\21
.-----.-.-.--~-
These are the cha"ges
of the moon.
..-.-.---------------.
Change? What is that?
half,()
a quarter, I>
new And here is another
change.
But at all times we see
the same side of the
moon.
189
I
,! "
,,
~.
~. ~~1'
~:
~
pot~toeswere
.
er\. I
The hard.
After a time they were
: soft. There was a
Here are two trains. / : chan,ge ir;- tile POcS:-~~
The man was in this :
train. : . ..if
He is going to the other I
I
train. I
He is making 0 change. :
He is changing trains. :
....... _-_ ..... -- ................., ........ -
I
I
I
I
f
this wafer was cold. I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Now it is boiling. : In the summer the leaves
is c:JICha~ge.
Thf!i3at I
I
I
are on the trees. .
I
.- ..
I
. ':
c :
I
.,~ I
I
I
I
In the fall the leaves
There was a change in I come down off the trees.
I
the water. I That is Q change.
190
I
~i
He took the dollar and
he gave
I a half dollarc;=::;.
I
and a quarter ~
I
I
I (dollar) ---
I
and twenty C!:) C!D
I
I cents
I
I
'c I
, took a .l'Iewspaper and I
gave a dollar ($1) to : This is the money
the men. which he gave to me
with the paper.
191
QUESTIONS
,--------------.--+~-----------------
,I
I
I
c Which of these two I
glasses is full of I
I
water, the glass to I
I
the right or the glass I d Is there more land
to the left? ,
I
than water on the
I south side of the
I
, earth?
,,
l
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
----------Answej.; are. .on-page 194.- --- ------
.,
QUESTIONS
I
------------------.------------------
,
,
I
,
I
I
I
I
---Answersor:on-page 1~4.-- - - -- -. - -
193
Answers to questio~s on pog"es 192193.
I
I
I
I
Page 192 I b The girl is farther "
I
t from the tree. Yes,
a No, the girl is nearer I
I
the boy is farther
to the woman. Yes, I from the tree than
I
the girl is nearer to I from the girl.
I
the boy thon to the I
woman. I
I
d No. 'rhere is more
I
I
water them, land on
c The glass to the left I the south side of the
Is full of water. : earth.
I
I
I
,
I
194
.t
I
I
The distance through : How far is the moon
the earth from North to I from th-. earth?
miles. CDi
South is seven thousand 1 It is tw; hundred and
nine hundred (7900)
l
: forty ftIousa?d
I (240,000) mIles from the
i o--------~
I earth.
,
I HoW' far is the sun from
The distanee ~nd the : the +earth?
earth is twenty-four : The distance of the sun
thousand nine hundred : frorj1 the earth is
(24,900) miles. I nin~ty.three million
: (93,000,000) miles.
I
----------.. -~--.-+---~--------------
. Whatis that"- , I
t
inyour ~ I
hand? : \VJ1at is the size of the
It is abo!. . : sur?
The ball is , It Is 864,000 miles
small. : throUgh from one sid.
~ to the other.
What is tha~~
in the sky?
It is the stln.
The sun is great.
The sun is a great ball
of fire.
195
What is the size of The mQOft is near the
the moon? earth. The earth is far
It is two thousand one from the sun.
hundred and sixty New York ~s near
(2T6O) miles through WashingtOn. San
from one side to the francisco is far from
other. Washington.
Is the moon smon., I
than the earth? I NewYork~
Washington
Is the earth smaller than :
the sun?
Is the sun greater than :
: ,..----
the moon? I
I
: San francisco
-----~------~~~---+------------------
*. ~ I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Are the stars smaller I
I
than the sun? I
No. Some of the stars : How far from the earth
are much greater than : is the nearest star?
the sun. I It is over four light-years
196
; J
~~I/
This is a ftame. Light goes 186,300 miles
It sends out light. in a second.
How for does it go in a
year?
The sun sends out light.
The light goes out from " goes about
the sun in every 6,000,000,000,000
direction. miles in a year.
I "': .
. _----------------+------------------
I
A light-year is The nearest star Is
I
I
6,000,000,000,000 25,000,000,000,000
I
I
miles. I miles from the earth.
I
I The nearest stars are
I very for from us.
I
The nearest star Is over: Some of the stars are
four light-years from : very much farther.
the earth. I The farthest stars are
I thousands of light-years
I
I from us.
I
,
I
I
I
I
197
_c
South
Down
These are four
.-_illt._________. . .,..... ______ ______ _.....
directions. ~ _~ ~
I
This boy has six apples I
He sent one apple
in his hands. I
I north, another apple
He is on a branch of a I
south, another east,
I
tree. I
I and another west.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
: ,".
..t
The first apple went
north and then it came
down. The other apples
--BU .
went south and east and
west and then they all
11
came down to the earth.
... .........
.....
+~ . . . . . . . ". . . (fI. ~
.,.,. .......... .,."' ... "':-t ................ \
.--..-'---..-..--...
The first apple
I down?
----.~---,--------------
~t~~~ ,
He is between the first
dog and the last dog.
Two of the dogs are
white.
This is the last man. : The other dog is black.
I
The dog in the middle
is black.
I"
I 1
d It is coming down
.,)-------- because there is an
attraction between the
two bodies.
H are two bodies. The ottt.Gction between
~ is a great body. themmcskas the appl.
h it the earth. comedown.
The other Is a small
body. It is an apple.
The apple is coming
down to the earth.
Why?
------------~-----+-----------~------
All bodies which have Her. are two men.
weight have an
attraction for on.
another.
t
This man
Is thin.
(J
This man
is fat.
His body w.. body
is thin. is fat.
200
..
.
I Which man's weight
,
I
is greater?
,
1
I
They are on the sca'e.
, I
I
I
I The weight of
I
1 the thin man is .'
I
I 100 pounds.
This is a scale. I
I
I
I
1
I
I
-----~------------+-------------.----
This is an
I instrument for
Clocks are instrumenb I measuring
I
for measuring time. ,
I
I
heat.
A yard
I
, measure is an
instrument for
This is a watch.
,,,
I
measuring
~ ,
I
distance.
""""::"1'"11,11'''1' ;
I
I
I
Watches and clocks I I , , , I , , , I , , , I
are instruments for I
I
measuring time. I
Inches, feet, yards,
I
,
I
metres, and miles are
I measures of distance.
101
If the bodies go farther
Atl bodies have an from one another the
attraction for one attraction gets smaller.
another. 0++0
-0
Or+ ~O
If the bodies are great Distance Attraction
the attraction between 1 1
them is great. 2 114
0-+ +-0 3 119
If the bodies are small 4 1116
the attraction is small. 5 1125
---------------~--.-.~-----------~--~
1Here is a light.
:::~.,.~ 4 - Here is a square.
= . ~n'g 11
I put the squQre at different distances from the
light. At distance 1. it gets all the light which Is
going out between the lines. At distance 2, it
gets one-fourth of the light. At distance 5,
it gets one twenty-fifth. It is the same with the
attraction between bodies.
I
I
,
I
........
I
I That is a question.
I
I
..,.........
~
I
I
O 0"
I
I
I
203
,
I
The answer is: "Because :
it is go;ng round the I
I
eorth I This is a cord in my
I
I hand. The cord has a
.f/I',.. --.............
Themoan I
I weight at its end.
I
/' ""'",
\
,I
\
Theeorth
0
\
:
:
11!e weight
is hanging
\ : down on the
\ I cord which
'. /
" ' ........ __ .......'*'" is in my
hand.
--..--.-..-----.-+-----------------~ I
I
I Now I let the end of
I
I make the weight go t the cord in my hand
round on the cord. . : go.
t
I
I
I
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I keep the end of-the The weight goes oft
cord in my hand. in a straight line. It
takes the cord with it.
..
"
.--~-------------+-
I
I
...---...--------
I
I
I
I It does not get farther
I
I
from the earth
0:-..:--&+0
I
I
I
I
I or flearer to the earth.
I
I
I
I
0:---.-..:--....04)
I
The moon goes round I
and round the earth : It keeps about the same
month after month I distance from the earth.
I
I
I
205
- 9 ' ,.
I
,
!
.
\'
It,
'(
,I',
~
t
I
~
It came down on
Newton's head.
206
~
. true.
It is a false statement.
N Apples are fruit."
That statement is true.
"Apples are animals."
That statement is false.
But that is the story. =
False not true
It comes from the great Short = not long
writer, Voltaire. Shut == not open
...,.......... . .
~ ---.-.~-~,.+----~~-,~----~~*1111!~-.-
207
<1
Here Is a ball. his
hanging on a
~l
of the motion?
The blow of the stick
was the cause of the
motion.
-~--~-----------i------------------
I
The ball was not in :
motion before the blow. :
It was at rest. It was I
hanging on the end of :
the cord. :
210
QUESTIONS
211
Answers to questions on pages 209-211.
Page 209
a 1. T b 1. F c 1. F
2. T 2. f 2. T
3. f 3. T 3. f
d 1. T
2. T
3. F
Page 210
a from the roots b from milk c from the sun or
of a plant flames
d from persons e from plants or f from the sky or
from seeds clouds
g from orange h from animals from birds
trees
Page 211
a' a book,.a cup, a box, a clock, a plat., a spoon.
b water, food, milk, soup, sal., eggs.
c pipes, letters, pencils, maps, hands, buttons,
watches, b1JUs, knives.
d boots, gloves, shirts, coats. collars, soc:b, trousers,
shoes.
212
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I Because it Is raining.
What Is this? : Water is coming down
The man has an : from the sky.
umbrella in his hand. I
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The water il roln.
It is open. I Rain is coming down.
He has it over his head. : Rain is falling.
Why? : It is raining.
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The rain made the Today the,e are daIt
man put up his . clouds in the sky.
umbrella. That was the They come betweeft_
effect of the rain.W and the sun.
Today is Monda~ The dark clouds keep
Yesterday (Sunday) tile light of the sun from
the sun was bright.
There were no clouds
In the sky.
J5JJ 213
The rain comes down
from the clouds on me.
It comes down on my
head.
aW
..Why
-.--------------+-----------------~ I
is if raining today? : Today the weather is
Yesterday the weather : bod. Th. rain is coming
was good. Th. sun was I down. The wind is
bright.
The airwas war* : : blowing. It is cold and
the rain makes U$ wet
.,.
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214
Tomorrow the weather may be worse.
It may be very <:old. All the water may be Ice.
Snow may be coming down making everything
white.
Will tomorrow be like
this?
Is this winter or summer?
215
What are the causes This bird ~
of these changes in the was wet.... ,.
weather? Change? Itwos in
What is thot?CSee page the rain.
+
190.)
"
Here Is
a line....
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wet. It is
direction of the line.
dry.
--~--------------.-------~~---~~--~~
-. *
Good 80d cause of changes of
Dry Wet
Warm Cold
Weather
216
If you take a look of
the sun through a bit
The amount of heat of dark glass you may
which the earth gets
from the sun is different see smalt marks on
the face of the sun.
from time to time.
There are changes in
thewn. fo
.-----------~~----+-----------------~
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Amount? One dollar is I
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a small amount of I
money. A million dollars :
is a great amount of :
money.
A drop of rain
Is a very small ,
amount of
water, : There is a great amount
r of water in the sea.
There is a
amount of
sma" n : This is the sea.
: Those are ships which.
water in this
810&
ID
: are on the sea.
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217
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Changes In the heat : He made it by measuring
which comes to the I the heat which comes
earth from the sun are : to the earth every day
one cause of changes : from the sun.
in the weather. This The amount of heat is
discovery Is new. A different from day to
man of science made day.
the discovery in 1944.
.~-----------~~---+----.-
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: Men are making new
On some days the sun I discoveries every day.
sends more heat to the : Columbus made the
earth. On other days it : discovery of America
sends Ltsa heat to the : in 1492. Columbus came
earth. to America in his ship
: in 1492"
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There is more water In :
this gl~ than in that. ,: .. t;,. ... _ .. - .
.. .... .. w
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218
What were some other Another great discovery
great discoveries? was the wheel.
One of them wal Are.
Wheel. are
round.
, i Theygo
round.
9 liFl
A skirt A shirt
page 167.)
They goocrou from on.
lid. to fhe other of 0
: frame.
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219
These are other threads. :
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This is cloth.
III :
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They go across the first
::
threads.
This is a roll of doth.
----1+1-'- We make clothing of
_ _ _1111- cloth. We make cloth of
----.;-,!1+1-
threads.
They 00 under and over
them.
--------~---------------------------~
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We make threads from I Wool is the thick warm
wool and cotton and
silk. Men
hair of sheep.
take the wool off
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the sheep's back with
I scissors.
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We get wool from sheep
.,~:
220
We make threads from
the wool by twisting the
hairs round and rOtlnd. We get catton from the
catton plant. <.
That wheel is going
round.
It is giving a twist
to the th read .
It is twisting the
thread.
Cotton is the soft white
hair round the seeds of
the plant.
-----------------.~-----------------~
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---"IF--~-H=- : Af!t1J.{(.~(;IC'(f~{t(ll
221
Wool, cotton, ond silk :
are different IOrts of :
doth. W. make clothing ,: When the weather I.
of all these sorts of doth cold we put on thick
(See page 81.) :
J warm wool clothing,
~nijJ] \
When the weather i.
warm we put on thin
cotton cloth1ng. Cotton
clothing is not as Warm
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I os wool dothing.
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: A thick roof keeps the
I heat of the sun out.
222
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Here is a pend!. I
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I put the pencil In the
It is straight. It I, not I water.
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bent. I
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_.. _._.----_._----+--------------_.--
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The pencil is straight : It seems like this.
but it seems bent. t
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It is straight, not bent.
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I straight.
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223
: After I put it in the water
DeTore , put th
Il_L , , : it seemed b~nt,
. e pencld III It wasn 't b ent
i n t he water .t seeme
straight, It was straight. :
,,
: When It is in the water it
l seems bent.
"
straight.
-wE
.
.-..._-_._._------+-.---------------.
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Why did it seelT! bent :
when it was in the water? :
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This is a light. : Here is a bit of glass.
A light sends out light. I A ray of light is going
The light which it sends : through the glass.
out goes in straight lines. I
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224
,
Where the light goes : Here Is your eye. t.tt!f
into the gloss; it is bent. :
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It is bent agaIn wf'tere it
f
comes out of the gloss I You are rooking at t~.
Into the air. l
I pencil in the gloJS of
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I water.
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The light from the pencil : The pened is not ben
is bent where it comes : But the light from it is
out of the woter into the I ben.. ~ .
air.
,
S
It is bent here.
225
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,/ The light comes :
~
. from here.) I The part of the pencil
if- =""" : which is under the water
: seems to be where it is
But it seems to come from: not.
here. I
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----------------
The light from the
.... __ ..... _---------
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pencil is bent
here.
,
The light is bent
where it comes out
of the water. .
226
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This is a looking glass. I
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: She is looking at herself
: in the glass.
: What does she see In the
: rooking glass?
, She sees herlelf In
: the glass.
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------------------+--_._._-----------
She seems to be here.
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Why? Because the glass
r1'---)
(";1
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She 'is here.'I
sends the light back.
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_-tf.
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She is on this side of
the glass. There seem to be two
She seems to be on the girls in this- picture. There
other side of the glass. is only one.
227
What is this woman
doing?
------------------+------------------
c s-=,
These,are shoes.
228
This is his paint.
, ~.
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This is his brush.
What is this man doing? ~
He is putting paint on the:
door. He is pointing the 1
door. He is a painter. f: 1Ie puts the paint on with
That is his work. I his point brush.
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2 3 .11 I This is a bonk.
2. , 26 I
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This Is addition, I
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I This Is a check.
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The boy is doing I
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addition. That is his I
work. I
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229
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I This Is an account.
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I Keeping accounts Is an
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business. .
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------------------+-------_.---------
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, Farming is another sort
: of work.
Keeping accounts Is one :
JOrt of work. :
230
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I The farmer is plowing
: the field.
: That is part of his work
The plow is turning up ,,
I as a farmer.
the earth. I
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------------------+-----------------.
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The farmer has an I
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Farming and keepinQ
He keeps money in the I accounts are two
bank. I
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different sorts of work.
He gets money from I
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the bank. I
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231
What sort of work is this :
man doing? :
He is cutting wood. :
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j What sort of work Is this.
: woman doing?
: She Is washing stockings
: and dresses.
---------_._.-----+---------------_.-
t
What sort of work does What sort of work does
this man do? this woman do?
He keeps a store. She keeps a house.
'AUIT .TO".
232
Put YQur fingers across Across? ><.'
one another like this. I
These two lines go acrost
I one another.
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I My secand finger is cmw
: and across my first
: finger.
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I have my first and
second fingers across
one another.
~-----------------+---.- ..-----------
Did you put your fingers: Now take a pencil and
across one another? : give a touch to one
Thot is right. : finger, and then a touch
You have your flngers I to the other and then put
across one another. : the pencil between them.
: Do this with your eyes
: shut.
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233
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: the other?
~.............,
a:.. ~:."::;( !
..----.---------.
.-----------------+~
Why is that? Here is the :
answer.
!
@
235
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I WIth h'IS eyes.
: He is not reading with
o 0 00' : his fingers.
o o. I
:~III. I.~
are like this,
and _d.
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'h
eyes?
<C> <C>
Seeing. Their work is
seeing.
Working. Working f.
What is the work of the their chief work.
1
237
QUESTIONS
238'
WHAT ARE THESE THINGS?
a ,I b
-_\~*" j _ .....,.c:;;~~=~:.~-
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~.: : : :._~_
-------------------r-------------------
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C~!d ~
-------------------T------------------
on ij] if
.---------.---------~--.----.-----.----~
g h
.-------------.-----~----.--------~--.-- .
. _-----------------_._-------------------
Answer. Gre on page 240.
239
Answers to qUestions on pages 238-239.
Page 238
a There is more water b Fire, the wheel, and
in the sea than in a clothing were three
river. great discoveries.
c Wool is the hair of d Because thick
sheep. Cotton is the ,Iothing keeps
hair round the see<ls heat from going
of the catton plant. throu~h it.
We get silk from the
silkworm.
e The chief work of the f Carts, automobiles,
eyes is seeing, of and trains go on
the ears is hearing, wheels.
of the mouth Is tak.
ing in food, and of
the fingers is
touching,
g Smoke comes from h We get wood from
fire. trees.
Steam comes from
boiling water.
Page 239
a a cart baplow
c a boot d a looIUng-glass
e a skirt and a shirt f a wheel
g a fir. h a spade
i a roJl of cloth I an umbrella
240
Another sense is
taste.
Seeing and hearing
and touch are three of
our senses.
"We get knowledge
. ~
---"-,
These are his lips .-::.
>,,
\0'"
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9 3n 1633 241
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We get sah from the I We get salt from salt
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sea. I mines.
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The water in the sea I 50me mines are deep_
has salt in it. They go far down into
,
t
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the earth.
.. -------------~-+------------------
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: We get sugar from the
We get sugar from I roots of some plants.
plants. We get it from
the stems of some
plants.
The salt or sugar whiCh
tl
we put in our food b a
white powder.
I'
242
This Is on orange.
The taste of sugar Is
sweet.
(ffi~
~~
This is its skin.
It has white sugar on
thetop. Some oranges are
Cokes with sugar on sweet. But the taste of
them are very sweet. their skin is bitter
..----------------+------------------
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But to the tongue they
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are very difterent.
I
Salt has a salt taste. ,
I
the flower.
This is grass.
These flowers are Tn
a garden.
They have a sweet
smell
. --------~--------+------------------
aArT
This is smoke.
This is ...~
244
,
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We see things with our :
eyes and wesee their f'" , ..... '.'
f.,
What is the color of . ,',
<I
colors.
Here are some names grass and leaves in
of colors& spring?
green red Grass and leaves in
spring are green.
blue yel~ow
white gray What Is the color tJf this
girl's lips? ~
Her lips are red.. ..
f
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The sky is blue.
The sun is yellow.
.-c;=,*
: Sometimes when it is
going down
- o!...
: or coming up
it is red. . / 't
It is blue when it Is I -----~~~--
I
clear.
The color of some This flame
clouds is white. ia yellow.
Other clouds are
gray.
245
this mon Is tall.~
We see things with our
eyes. We see the sizes
and colors of things.
Sometimes things seem
f "A"
This man is short.
It
: This is a short woman.
------------------+------~-----------
Here are two men.
Do they seem the,some
size? Which of them seems
taller?
Does the man who is
farther'seem taller
than the man who is
nearer?
The pictures of them
ore the same size.
The lines in the picture
make the man who is
nearer seem shorter.
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246
Our sense of how warm
or how cold things are
Seeing, hearing, touch, is another.
taste, and smell are Here is some cold water
"the five senses." But with ice in it,
we have more than five It is very cold.
senses. Which are some
of the other senses?
\/
\@)--t:/)-~7
.. - - ...
.:;::
--.--..-----.. ..----.----------
---~~
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\i:.;;;;J ~ J
Very Very
cold warm
What is this? I
This water seems warm : Why is this?
to one hand and it : It is because one hond
seems cold to the I was in warm water
I
other! I and the other in cold
I
It is the some water. I water before I put them
I
But it seems cold and in this middle basin.
warm at the some
t1mel
248
Another sense is our A man is in the seat.
sense of motion. H'e is going round anel
Here is a seat which round
goes round and round
.~ ~
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t
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At first he has a feeling After a time the man
that he is in motion. has a feefing that he Is
He has the- feeling thclt not in motion. But there
he is going round. is no change in the rate
The seat.with the man at which the seat is
in it. keeps on turning turn~ng. It is going round
round at the same rate. the same number of
It does not go quicker. times a minute.
It does not go slowet.
249
He is like all the men
and women on the
earth. We are all turning
round all the time with
the earth, but we seem
to ourselves to be at rest.
I
After a time, if the
rate of turning is the
:
191M, the man seems to :
himself to be at rest I
(nat in matian). :
.......--.......----+---_._-------...
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t
11
~~~
We have no feeling
that we are in motion.
~
This is because the rate
of turning is the same.
The man is In motion. Here are three boys
He seems to himself to and a dog.
beat rest. Two of the boys are
taking a rest.
They are resting on
their beds.
: The other boy and the
dog are in tQOtian.
250
Now, put a stop to the
motion of the seat. But he has a feeling
When you do that the that he is turning
seat is at rest. The man round and round.
is not in motion. This is a picture of
his feelings.
0 _________________ +_______________
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I It is because change in
He is not turning round. , our
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I motion is the cause
But he seems to himself
to be turning round.
, motion.
I
of our feelings of
,
251
~What is he doing?
He is hammering.
_--~.;.;w\~
-- ,
(}:ThiS is his hammer.
He is putting the cover
on a box.
~
He is nailing down the
~~
" ~ "' :
i ~~I?::::::~!e.
whittle. It I.
Sorne noises are loud. : making a loud
These are guns. . noile.
Guns make loud noises. 1 'rhls boy has a
Those guns make mor. : pocket whistle.
noise tRan this gun.: He is making
~
: some noise
t ~ith it but not
: 1/ much noise.
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------~---.--
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This is music. :
i
This is a very high
mountain.
t
This ;s ,
~
.s a song. : These are high
., These are I mountains.
notes. :
i
.0I".t"A This Is a high building.
tid It is a church,
Th is IS a
:high note. . __ of : Tho. ISlsa
this is a -==: lo~ buildjng.
lownote. ~ ".t ,"
.
253
Noises and songi
are sounds.
What are sounds?
l~
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They are the effects of I
~
:
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1-
:
.---~-------~---.-+-------------.-
"The most"? I
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Some thing' I
animal~
I
have water
in them.
This cup has
some water
01 I
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Some
n
have brainst l
a horse has
In it. I some brains;
I
This bucket I a monkey has
I
has more I more brainsl
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water in it. I and a man
has the mos~t
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The 580 has I brains of
I
the most ~:r7" I the three.
~
wat~in it. ~ I
W' _
_
.., ..........
W'..... .....-..,;
...
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255
,
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I have less money than
he has.
I have two dollars. I
I I have less than you
You have twenty I
dollars. I
I
have.
He has a thousand I
f I have the least money.
dollars. I
I
He has more money I
I The most $1000
than we have. I
You have more
than' have.
: More $20 less
I
H. has the most money. II $2 The least
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9. : ~:.
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This is the :
highest note.
------ I
This is a
low.rnot., =q= Farming is an important
sort of work.
Thi.~n.
This plate has more salt
on it.
[ [
is deep. I
this plate has the most
This mine Is deeper.
,.. salt on it.
------------------+---------_ ..------'
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~LAJO
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This is a bad fire.
&.
I
This is a
good book. I
These \'Ire
two other
good books. .
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: This is the worst fire of
One of them is better : the three.
than the others. :
It is the best book of the :
three. ~
257
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: Whenever she sees a
: looking glass she goes to
I it and takes a look at
: herself.
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----~~------------~,------------------
looking at himself in the
Because looking at : glass gives him no
herself in the glass gives ; pleasure.
her pleasure. : It gives him pain. Why?
She is beautiful. She sees : He sees himself. Is he
that she is beautiful. I
I beautiful?
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258
"Pleasure',? What is
that? "Pain"? What is I
I
that? I
: He~e is a
: your finger
: noil over this
~ nail, and I
(
in the flo me. 6 will give it a
No, I will nat. : blow with ~
Why not?
8ecauseofthe
i this hammer; T
.
pain. I
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: That is pain. Pleasure is
: the opposite of pain.
t "Opposi"~''? Good is the
I
I OPPOSite of bad.
No, you will nat. I see t ,
259
,'/
-c-"
..'.I
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White is the opposite
Bright is the opposite
of black.
~ of
~dark.
D'
Warm is the opposite
Cl
~ of
cold: What is the opposite of
~
-------
dry? (See page 128.)
What is the opposite of
"-
happy?
260
I
: What Is the opposite of
I narrow?
: Is this street narrow?
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Which of these I
is a high
building? What I
is the other?
t
fn ... n- .d-' I
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------------------+_ .. _--------------
~~he ! FRO~TOFROM
opposite of ! TO 4-TO
,n:i l
down.
FROM TO FROM ' ,
oe MM
To is the opposite of from.
. ~OUT
261
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I There Is a smOe on her
When she sees herself in ~ facenQw. ~
the gloss, she sees that :
she is beautiful. :
That gives her pleasure. : Why Is the smile there?
-
'It'.f
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: She is saying to herself
262
I !..":t 10 a ..... wltho .
This is a great painting
by Leonardo. The picture Is beautiful.
That is certain.
------------------+------------------
I have my idea of that.
263
2 + 2- 4
She mayor may not be 2 + 2 =4. Two and two
beautiful. are equal to four. That is
But it is certain that she certain.
has a,smile on her lips.
That is certain.
2+2.\.$
2 + 2 = S. Two and two
are not equal taftve.
That is certain.
It is not certain that she is
beautiful. It is certain that
2+2=4.
------------------+------------------
~-~ I
If ~ 'e'
t
A smile is like a laugh. I
.
~i :
!h,s girl is laughing. She:
She has a fall. She gives
a cry. Now she is crying.
IS happy. I She is not laughing now.
: She is crying. Why?
I
------------------+------------------
Because she gave her : The fall was the cause of
knee a blow in her fall. : the blow to her knee.
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~
Thisis ~
h.r~~ !
I
I The blow was the cause
: of the pain in her knee.
I
She wason
her feet.
1ft
"i i
:
And the pain
in her knee
~
Then she was : was ~he cause
on her face. I of her crying.
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Shehada ~ I
fall. ~ I
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265
Pleasure and pain are
"",- - . . =_........ . _--
............
""'".....,........,.................
W" ....... _ - - -
~...........-...
feelings.
We have feelings of
pleasure and pain.
Here are some
pleasures. He is on the sond at the
seaside, looking at and
hearing the sound of the
waves and warming
himself in the sun.
These are pleasures.
------------------+------------------
I
He Is swimming through
the waves. He is a good
......... - ---.--
~ ........
*
.................................... """
266
The man is feeling the bit
Pleasure and pain are of wood with his fingers.
feelings. Is it rough or is it smooth?
~
~
When we put our fingers ~ThiS is rough.
'on things we have _
feeUngs-feelings of I H!;P 11 f ;
tOuch or of. heat and :
cold. I ~his iSlsmooth.
But this is another use of: ~ i
the word "feeling." :
._----------------+------------------
I
I
Things which give us : Our feeling of this
pleasure have an I attraction is named
"desire,"
attractio[l for us. :
But it is not the same sort :
of attraction as the :
When w. have pleasure
we have a desire for the
attraction between the I pleasure to go on and
earth and the moon. : goon
(See pages 202-203.) : Time goes on. The hands
I of the clock go' on. Our
I
I>~.- ....-..-.. . .,
I
I
I
i
goon.
feeUngs mayor may not
I
I
I
,
267
,
Some desires or. : His ball has an attraction
stronger than others. , for him.
This baby sees the cat : He has a desire for the
and he sees his ball. : ball.
I
,
I
I
I
I
o
I
I
------------------+------------------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0: things
All our desires are for
which seem good
I
to us. They may not be
t '.
good.
I
may
Our ideas of them
be wrong.
He went to the cat. :
His desire for the cat was :
stronger. :
t
t
t
t
t
268
We get knowfedge by When the answers or.
putting questions. right, they give us
That is one way of knowledge.
getting knowledge. : When they are wrong
The answers may give us I they do not give us
knowfedge or they may : knowledge. .
not. : 2 + 2 =4 Right
I
I 2 +2=5 Wrong
I
t
I
I
I
I
I
_.---------------+------------------
"!I
Which is~his
right ~and'l
-
How for is the sun from : .
the earth? : t-=.
Which is the right : Which is his left hand?
answer: I He is fadng you.
t
"It is two miles away.- I h h h de
~hi;hil:t~:::~g i you~
or "It is much more than I Now e
, ~
.
. I
I Which is his left hand
I
I now, and which is his
I right?
t
269
This is a doorway.
Our senses-seeing,
hearing, touching,
tasting, and smelling-
are ways through which
w. get knowledge.
Our ideas come to us
through aur senses.
,----
The way into the room is
through the door.
I The way out of the room
: is through the door.
I
I
I
I
.-----------~-----.------------------
-Which is the way to the
'<C-
"-
station?" ,
"Take the first street to
the right."
270
I
We get knowledge in : through the work we do
different ways-through I with our hands and our
our senses, ~ : heads, and through
: books.
4t{'PJ t
through talk
with other men,
- mq
li.U
l j~ ..dt,~'"1
rJ. These are. all ways of
getting knowledge
.-----------~-~---+---.~-----..--.--.
I
I
I
I
I
Knowledge is very : Is the word '!Iura-'part of
important. It is important: your knowledge of
in itself. And it is I English?
important as a way to : (See page 219.)
other things. A man who : Knowledge gives us
has no knowledge is of : light. It makes things
no use to other men. : dearer to UL
,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
271
I
I
This is a boy.
t *
I
I Every night he has a long
I
I
sleep in his bed.
He will bea
man.
I
I
,
I
I
tEt.--1
I
I
Hewas.a~ I
I He g08S to bed at eight
boby. I
every night.
I
,
I 0
~ ~.
I
I
H....m.tobe I
I
abOut twelve year I
old now. I
I
.-----------------+~----------------.
I
I
Q) , He puts his clothing on.
,
I
$(
He gets up I
every morning ~ I
I
at_. . . ~ I
I
I
I
I
I
I
He gets out of
I
bed and gives
him"lfa~ I
wash. ct:: : He says "Good morning"
=it!
~
I to his mother and father
------------------+._---------------- I
At play after school he I Then he comes back
I
sends the ball a long I from school.
I
~
way. I
I
I
,.
"".,.,
_
,
I
I
" I
I
I
: Here he is with the family
I' again.
I
I
I
I
I
I
He makes it go a long
way.
~
makeand ~
They come ' \ : ~
~
andgo. : ~ ~
sendthem~~
-+ c.::::> :
------------~~----.-----------------
274
t
Eve saw the appl~:
Sh.~
It was given by her to
Adam.
These things were dane
by Eve.
She gave it to Adam.
~ve did these things
,,
. -~---------------+------------------
,I
I
,
We may say this in two : This may be said in two
ways. ~ ways.
She saw the apple and , The apple was seen by
took it and gave it to I Eve, and taken and
Adam. -given by her to Adam.
10 * 275
I
I
I
I
I
I will do It. : It will be done by me.
I am doing it. I It is being done by me.
I
I did it. I It was done by me.
They will see it. : It will be seen by them.
They are taking it. : It is being taken by them.
They gave it. I It was given by them.
.-----------------+--------------.~-.
I will say it. It will be said by me.
I said it. It was said by me.
I made it. It was made by me.
I kept it. It was kept by'me.
I let it go. It was let go by me.
I put it there. It was put there by me.
I got it. It was got by me.
I sent it. It was sent by me.
SAY ~KE KEEP SAID ~DE KEPT
LET PUT LET PUT
GET SEND GOT SENT
276
Every statement or question In thisboek hat OM or
more of these sixteen words in its
277
Here are the other fifteen words. They go like this.
278
Past Pr...nt Fulur.
279
In English we do not make statements like thi.
She gave you money to I. That Is wrong.
We make statements like thi.
She gave your money to me. That Is right.
I
e u
my
tour
me
you
we
you
our
your you
280
KHHrA 2
BOOK 2
PREFACE
Where is "here''?
Where are you? Where do you live?
Who are you? What is your name?
Dye. Ih. place wh.r. you are 1I.,lnll or hcrt. your house II where
yOu Ii.,.,.
285
"I am here"
is the first statement in English Through
Q Pictures, Book 1 (EP 1).
--
---
_._----
...................
::!":t\..:~::-:=
286
Are you a man or a woman 01' a girl CJI' a boy? What is
your country? Is the country where you Jive !lOW tho
country of your birth?
8 pWNI
... J
{L
PHIUfPlHP
287
"What is your name?" the man ~
1,
on the right ask,. The otb~r ;>.
win
wlU .
_ ._
"When were you born? Give me
the date of your birth. What is
your age?"
"I was bom on January 10.1920.
1 am tbirty~ven (years old)."
date: day of the month and year. If you gi". the dat. matllh and year
of your birth. that I. a Wflf'/ of giving your
you ar..
ag..
IQ'(ing how old
289
Here are some people of
different countries.
This is a
Japanese girl.
She lives in
, Japan. Japan
~ is her country.
She is
Japanese.
This is an
Indian boy. . . .
He Uves in
India. India
is his country.
290
Here are some people who live in the United States of
America, the U.S.A. The fathers and mothers of these
people went to the U.S.A. from England, France, Italy,
Switzerland, Poland, Russia and other countries. Some
of them sailed there in sailing ships before the days of
steamships.
Now the sons and daughters live in the U.S.A. and most
of them are Americans. Some of them were born in the
U.S.A. They got their start in America, but they have
many relations in the old country.
291
Japan and India and China are parts of Asia. Germany,
Italy and France are in Europe. In all these countries
there are many people. In some countries there is very
little land for the size of the population. Europe has less
land than Canada and not much more than the U.S.A
but it has a population more than thirty times as great as
Canada's. And the numbers keep going up. Between
1850 and 1950, more than thirty million people went
from Europe to live in the U.S.A.,
but the population of Europe in
1954 was greater than the popu-
lations of North and South Amer-
ica together.
292
There are 50,000,000 more people in Europe today than
there were twenty-five years ago. The increase in pop-
ulation in twenty-five years is 50,000,000. Europe has
increased her population by 50,000,000 in the last
twenty-five years.
16 ... l1l1ono
11-36 .. IlIIon.
293
This is a picture of the increasing
population of the United States in
1850
the last hundred years. One man
in the picture represents ten
1860 million (10,000,000) people.
This picture is a graph.
1870 'Ibis graph lets us see
relations between
1880
times and numbers
of people.
1890 JJJJJJ\
1900 jJJJJJJJ
1910
1920
""J\MM
AA'
..... AmN .f
MJ.\AA
...... . '**M
J\J\J\MJ\N\
~
19~~
1
950",,=
294
This map gives a picture of the population in the dif-
ferent states of the United States of America today. The
scale of the map is the same as that used for Europe on
page 9.
H you look at the two you wI1l see that the U.S.A. is not
much smaller than all of Europe.
4,000,000.10,000,000
1,000,000. '-,000,000
sca'e: one inch on .his line r.pre n', a 11111 Th<:0'. used il on .. lnm
I
O
to a mile.
II
.. lies .-----_~--_---.....
'ook: talt. a root.
-L------.. . .
2,
1'1100 _Ie I, Oft. Inch to a
3,
wrlliook looked
295
Which are the countries with the most people in them'!
China. India. the U.S.S;R. and the U.S.A. all have pop-
ulations of over a hundred million. Some countries have
less room in them than these four. but these have the
greatest populations.
296
The population of the earth bas increased more than the
amount of food. There is a great need for more food.
More than a billion people on the earth today need more
food than they can get. They cannot get enough food to
keep them well and strong. The relation between amount
of food and size of population has been changing.
1650
1750
lm~
\.\.\\\\\.~\.\.~~
1950
297
There were more than twice as
many people in the world in the
year 1850 as in 1650. There were
more than twice as many in 1950
as in 1850.
a
I
L
L
I
o
H
$
1650 1750 la50
298
There wel'e over two billion si:&: hundred million
(2,600,000,000) people in the world in 1954. Less than
half of them could get as much food as they needed.
Many of them because of this are not healthy.
000 0 0 0
299
More than a hundred million people on earth today live
in cities. Some cities have more people in them than some
countries have.
cltyllo_ of great sl
.....'1.... -tur)n the hundred yean. nu~ fro. 1900 IhlVUgh
1999.
300
1. Berlin
2. Calcutto
3. l ... lngracl
"- lOlldon
5. Mulca Oly
6.~
7. NewYoric
8 .....rI.
9. Shanghai
10. Ta~
301
This city bas great bwldings, some of which have ma-
chines in them for doing many sorts of work by steam
or electric power. These are factories. One of them is
a factory where furniture is made. In it men make tables
and chairs in great numbers.
.JJ.J.J
302
We are living at a time when machines do work which
men used to do. Now materiaJs and things of all sorts
can be transported long distances quickly. Its transport
lines are very important to any great city.
IlION MINI
~
~ !OQsz.
TIAHSIOUIHO MAtWA&I
MGt_lal! Ihol from which thlngl can be mode. Wood il a ",alerlal from
which much of our furniture II made. Glall I. Ihe malerial uled in
window .. Much of our clothing I. ",ode of wool or cotlon or .1Ik
moleriol Machine. are mode of meloL
any: in Ihi en.e, every.
plantl in this .en.e, factory.
metal! any moleriol of a cettoln sort, auch oa Iroa and IIMI. Metala are
hard and are got from the earth.
303
It is only in the last century that great numbers of people
have been able to live far from their food supply, with
thousands of men in cae placo doing the same sort of
work.
304
Hundreds of families may make their homes inono apart-
ment house.
LLl lLLL
LlL LllL
LII LllL
~ ~ ~ llll
In these stores people who live in the city can buy food,
clothing and supplies of everything they need.
Some stores sell food, some sell clothing and some sell
furniture. In most cities there are great stores which sell
almost everything. They supply these families with what
they need.
buya g.t IOm.hillg by giving mon.y for it
Ib avpply for ..on.y. If buy 1O. . . thing fro .. you. you HI. It to ....
aupplya gift Q .... pply of.
wllllMry buy(s)
wlll ..11 ..11(.)
wlllaupply ...,ply(lu)
306
A milkman puts the milk outside their door in the early
morning. Milkmen start their work in a great city before
it is light.
11 307
In some factories food is
put into cans. It is canned.
These are machines in a
canning factory.
Food is canned to keep it from the air. When air can get
at it, it quickly goes bad-if it is not kept very cold.
i~
...1_.
y ......bl ., planl. v.ed at load
anythlRg which Is 'Ie,.., bod I.. '" .ffed
if taleen by _ulh.
dl,. cOllie 10 the end of living.
d ..... no longer I!viRgo ~
308
People can have 0DIy a
few cans of meat and fruit
and other things "on
hand," as we say, on their
shelves. 'They may have
a cupboatd with two or
three shelves of canned
food, but most people have --~=.;;::-r~-"-T--
no room for more than
!haL It supplies do not I I
come into the city day by
day their supply of canned food is quickly used up.
-",tt cannot.
teWI a Imoll nv_ber of, !lOt rac:my.
cupboank walled-in .h...... with door. In front of th ....
309
Some people working
in cities have no time or
place to cook: for them-
selves. Many ot: them
go out to restaurants
for aU of their meals.
There are many restau-
rants in a great city, all
needing supplies of
food every day and
some of them cooking
for great Dumbers of
people.
A good restaurant keeps its food clean and does Dot let
Oies get at it. If flies get on food they may poison it.
310
Here is a supply of meat. vege-
tables, milk, butter, cheese,
bread, fruit and eggs, enough
for a family of four persons for
one day in the U.S.A. If a per-
son does not get enough food of
the right 80.."18, he will not keep
well. He will not be able to work
or play weD.
wlll _ _
wlilwork
wlDpIaJ
311
Grain and meat and milk
and fruit and vegetables
must be transported into
the cities of the world day
and night all through the
year to feed itS city popu-,
latioas. Much d. this food
mmes great distances in
ships, trains, or trucks,
and must be kept c:old and
cleau all the way.
311
T.bc milk must bie.bpI
clean and cold and put into bottles and taken to tho _ _
and houses in the city. aty governments see that
kept clean and has enough butterfat in it.
milk.
313
Milk is the best food there is for babies. It is good for
children and for older people too. It has in it fat, which
gives energy, and it has the most important of the ma-
terials needed for building up our bodies. MUk makes
strong bones and strong teeth too. It is good for a child
to drink two or three glasses of it every day.
.
Oft. and the other loa.
......,.~
...... puttI"" up a building Is bulldt"" It. w. can buDd havses with
wood and badl.. with faad.
. . .10 take In by __ h. Iote a drink.
limo.. hcmt knowledge of.
.......
win build
will bow
WId(.)
.we(.)
bow e.)
314
A
315
Vitamin C is very impor-
tant to the body. Without
it men's teeth become
loose and their arms and
legs weak. Lemons, or-
anges and tomatoes have
Vitamin C in them.
--
yellow fruit 1111. on orang. but not - '
. . . . . . . . 0 ntd or y.11ow Itvlt und as 0 ftg.lob ...
--fa)
316
Every person must baveair and water and food to keep
him alive and he mUst have these vitamins to keep him
well.
all_ rIVing.
IIOII11f1 wlthoutz not g.nlng.
too IIttIet te.. than el\ough, not .!'IOUgh.
too IftUcIh OY....uch. 1IIOr. than .nough.
311
Where do we get our food? We get much of it from the
earth. We use some sorts of animals and birds to give
us food.
Wheat, rice, com, and other grains come from grass. The
grain larids of the world have been planted by men. From
grain man gets an important part of the food that gives
him energy.
318
TIle grasslands of the earth supply
food to many different animals.
~da!~~~~ From some of them we get meat
and milk. From milk we make but-
ter and cheese and other foods.
319
When he started growing grain. he had time to do other
things than get the family food day by day, He could keep
a supply of grain on hand through the winter until the
next spring. He couldmalte a
home for himself and keep ani-
mals for his usc.
320
Bread, which is made
from ftour. supplies us
with energy and is the
chief food of many
people.
than wheaL
.,.... .aIV'. of _i,ht. O.e pound (1 lb., I. a IInle I... than half a
kilogralll. 0". kllogra. (1000 ,rallll, I. a rl-Itr-. Z-ILA
IIn'e lIIore thon two pounds (2.20-C6 IbJ. I:::::::::;::' ~
publk 11_ vs. by anyone. 1fte public at.
the people.
-.tem: In or of th .alt (em may be put on the d of 1IOI'th, lOutli
01' _at I. the sa wayt.
32t
If there were enough good food ill every ClOUDtry every
day for every person, would the world be a better place
than it is?
322
If we asked the question, "If there were enough good
food for everybody, would the world be a better place?"
some men would answer: "Yes, the world would be a
better place." Others would say, "No, nobody would do
any workl The world would be a worse place."
323
Why do men work:?
324
If al1 the people alive on the
earth today were hand in
hand like this, the line they
would make would go more
than fifty times round the
earth.
The line of people would
go out to the moon and
back three times. It would
be long enough to do that.
t'4~~flf
And the people of the earth aren't hand in hand; far
from it!
325
Men are not hand in band. but their minds today are being
put increasingly into touch with one another through
reading and writing and in many other ways.
We are in touch wilb other people everywhere through
pictures of them. Newspapers give us photographs of
almost everything. The faces of important people can be
seen by the public everywhere.
Before 1800 nobody could take photographs. Nobody
had had the idea of using the knowledge of how light is
--
bentby.g1ass to~
~
Here is a camera which is taking a picture of a man.
----
--
------- ----
"..-
- ...
You will see that the picture inside the camera is upside
down.
"'0".
Increaslnglr. lIIor. and
ph.........' pictu.. rak.n with a co_va.
c_ _ inalrvnt for laking photagnlphs.
326
Another way in which people
are getting to know more
about one another is through
the radio. Man's words were
first sent from one place to
another by telephone less
than a hundred years ago. A
word can now go by tele-
phone from the Atlantic to
the Pacific in one-twelfth
(1 / 12) of a second. A tele-
phone needs wires, but the
radio, which came into use less than fifty years ago, can
send sounds any distance without wires.
327
But people can't know what any man is saying if they
don't know his language-
for.... _,-,_1
learnl Sel k_ledge of, be I_"ing.
fOIllIIy
a language differ."t fro. the Ia"guage of ywr
_Iapenoll
a pel'Mft'..
.....1II
canyinF faltll'l9 fro. ploR to place.
329
Some birds have eyes which
can see great distances, and
they have good hearing.
Some of them can hear
sounds which we cannot
hear.
But man has made himself new ears and new eyes.
330
Hundreds of millions of people today can hear on the
radio important statements by public men. statements
which in earlier times could have been heard by few.
It is a question whether at any time in history a man
has been able to make his voice heard by as many as
a hundred thousand people at the same time. Without
the telephone and the radio a man can be heard only
as far as his voice can carry.
wh......, If or not.
hi_tory: ",an', past as _ Itn_ it, the account or sfofy of It.
voice: sound ",ode through the ",aulh, the power to make such sounds.
331
Birds and many insects have wings. It is their wings
which take them up into the air. The wings of birds
have long feathers on them. Their bones and the stems
of their wing feathers are hollow. This keeps them light.
Here is a bee. ~
Here is a beetle.
~
Here is a 6y.
332
...en have been attempting
for thousands of years to
make wings that will let them
.y like tho birds.
Now planes can fly farther and faster than the fastest
bird and can carry heavy weights through the air. Man
can go faster than sound in the newest planes.
334
Language can bridge time as wen
as space. Ideas can
go fiom. mind to mind across tho language bridge, and
they can come from the past to the presenL We can
read what men before us wrote and keep their books for
others to read in the future.
reacb do reading.
wrI... do writing.
pam what ho. been before now
.....-.: ...... and now
. . . . . what will be.
~ .tore of knowledg.. Fro. recorda .en COD '-a what WGI cion.
Ia earll ... II....
will ...... read(.,
will write wrIte(.,
335
All men have more in common with all other men on
earth than most of them know. What do the words
"in common" mean? What is their meaning? What do
the people in this family havo in common? They have
their family name in common.
They are the Smiths, or the
Wangs. They have a house in
common; it is their home. Tho
husband and wife have their
children in common. In some
parts of the world a man may
have a number of wives. In
other parts a woman may have
.. " a number of husbands. In these
countries the wives have their
husband in common or the
husbands have their wife in common.
_ I n e t ..n... What ward ay to .... i. th.ir meaning, what th.y ... ean.
flat: pidur. Oft Ihl. pag Your flag repr ntt your ,ounl,.,..
o
wlU_
336
People who talk the same lan-
guage have that language in
common. It is their language,
the language of each and all of
them. They have the ideas and
feelings abOut things which that
language carries.
338
There are more than 2600 million people on the earth
and about 2500 languages. Of these languages only
about twelve are used by more than 50 million people.
- - 250,000,000
200,000,000
~
~~ 150,000,000
!-- 100,000,000
!-- 50,000,000
339
More people will learn more languages as better ways
of teaching them are worked out.
-
This book, English Through
Pictures 2, is itself part of an
attempt to teach English better.
will u.t_
will ttttempt
..... (.)
atteIIIIpt(. )
340
We need good pictures to teach us meaDin&:s in tbc new
laDguage and good motion pictUres to help muiy mom
people to learn languages quickly and weD. The learDeD
will then be able to wOI'k in groups with the help of
teachers 01' by themselves, using boob, records. radio,
sound motion pictures and television.
ro
t
~~
I OJ)
....
.tl.B OJ>
In Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, and later in Pales-
tine and Greece, men began to make marks and pictures
with sticks and sharp stones from which others, or they
themselves, later, could see what they had thought.
342
1beso early records were the beglmdng fA writing. 'Ibc
first wri.tiDg was picture writing. Here are some early
C1inese picture words. Can you see what they represent?
-
Later Chinese writing is less Uko pictures than the earlier
writing was but we can see the pictures in some of its
words. For example:
(:ffi'
I I
I I
343
In picture writing. each picture represents a word; you
need a different pi<:toro or mart for each word.
In presenl..cJay 01inese writing most of the marks are
notpictuJ:es of anything. and a reader has to learn how
the Chinese write about two thousand of these words
before he can read a newspaper.
With some of these marks you may be able to see what
the idea is. For example:
ABCDEFGHI
Here is the complete Roman
alphabet in which English JKLM NOPOR
and many othec languages
are written. STUVWXYZ
Something written in English has a meaning only if It
is read as English. because the letters in English represent
English sounds. What is written in Italian must be read
as ItaIian.
....,.,
tep...Mtlt ... _IIIds of a 1a1ltJ1ICI9e.
l I ..p"" ....hI'" .. co.plet. when all of It .. " ' -
345
Here is the name of tho book English Through PictllTU
written in a number of different languages. The names
of the languages are given in Eng1ish.
Cbinese
Greek
g.oC\r{ 'lnA3Sa.~te.
~
ArrAlKA ME EIKONE};
...
Hebrew ~ rnpt::)aQ mlJM
Hindi "Ef'U m.T .>i\i{ft
... f " ., *4
Japanese
Korean ..1, .....'tJ. t
6 16f-t-"'"IH:- lfl"W
~ t$J.J .31 ~I .J~J ~,.I
Russian AHrJlHACKHA Sl3b1K B KAPTHHKAX
Tamil ........,.,(9*'U4..c:fIIUiJ~~--Q)
Telugu ~p ~ ~~
Thai
.. c:.
~ 111tJ1l"lW'ltl-JrlO
..
Hfl 1UIl"lW
I
346
Here are the twenty-six letters used in English with the
F.nglish names for them spelled out after them.
a ay j jay 8 ess
bbee k kay t tee
c see I ell uyou
d dee m emm v vee
eee neon w double-U
f eft o oh x eks
g jee ppec ywy
h aich q kyou z zeeor
i eye r are zed (British)
Some of these letters are used not for one sound onlY.
but for any of two or three or more different sounds. The
letter a may have the sound of a in bag, part, again, say.
was, any, or fall.
347
Are some of the sounds used in ono IaDguago very unlike
any of those used in anothet'I
.... ..,.
_ora_A.
349
Why is this? Why is it easy for YOUDI cb.ildren to learn
languages?
VJ
watching the effect of what they say and trying new
waY' of ....... what they wanL
350
Another part of the answer is that children are not, as
older people sometimes are, fixed in their ways of Jiving.
When they are taken about from one country to an-
other they change easily from one language to another.
from one bed to another, from one food to another.
Older people are more fixed in their ways. They haw
been hearing and taDcing one language for a long time.
Their ways of hearing and malcing sounds and of putting
words together are like the rails a train goes on. They
have been up and down their lines of talk and thought too
many times to change them easily.
--..----
A child is freer in his ways. He is more like an airplane
or, better, like a bird; he is free to go in any direction be
wants. He is free to hear sounds as they areand make
them as be hears them. He is free to put new words to-
gether in new ways in taDcing a new language.
351
The more laDguages you hear and get to know, the more
you will see how any language is made up of a small num-
ber of. sounds put together in different ways. For example.
in English, Ught and right are different words with only
one sound in them differenL The same is true of. long
and wrong.
I~
\
WlleNII........... : ......
Q ......., . : ~:==~:...:~
Q
~ j
........ ".~I. 0 : . -{' . All ............
at ... ,lgW.
352
The more laDguages you hear and get to know, the more
you will see how any language is made up of a small num-
ber of. sounds put together in different ways. For example.
in English, Ught and right are different words with only
one sound in them differenL The same is true of. long
and wrong.
I~
\
WlleNII........... : ......
Q ......., . : ~:==~:...:~
Q
~ j
........ ".~I. 0 : . -{' . All ............
at ... ,lgW.
352
There are many ways of helping a learner into a languagey
but not enough people know them.
353
AU men need . . we breathe in air from outside out
bodies in every breath.
He docs not take in air through his nose under the water
because water would get in through his nose with the air
and go to his lungs. With water in his lungs a man can't
go on living.
IwI_ be ,wllnll
kip of nut pas-.
wta....
.... -
....C.)
354
Here is a picture of a man's
lungs. They are soft like
sponges with thousands of
little pipes going through
them. The pipes keep
branching like the branches
of a tree so that they go
through every part of each
lung.
355
What is blood?
~ ~-2J-)
-~r-..JL./
What does our blood do for us? It takes food to all
parts of our bodies and takes waste away from them.
All the parts of our bodies are made up of cells. These
cells, which are very small, all need fOOd all the time.
356
Here are some cells, thousands of times ~ size they are
in the body.
Each difterent sort of cell bas its own work to do, dif-
ferent from the work other sorts of cells do.
Your 0_
a cell', OWl! work I, if. _II, nat that of any other sort of cell.
Wltl
hat I. yaws. not any other penon'. hat.
deYeJepIn..... chong. by which so .....hlng plYIng thing, idea. In...
tion) beco.... better. _ . able to do thlngl. All the ani_II Gttd
pion" _ ... about ... hove ".Ioped fro.. earn.,. JlYlng ,hlng.
which _re of tint .ad. up of only 0'" ceiL
de.,.....(.)
357
Cells are like little Bames. A ftame needs food. We get
a quick Hame-for a fire or a cigarette-by lighting a
match or using a lighter. The Hame of the match bums
the match and the Hame of the lighter bums the liquid
in the lighter, if there is air for them to burn in.
_m be chonged by fI,
IIICIIch: .moll otick of wood or paper which
gi.... flo",
fu.II mat.riol fO<' fir Fuel moy be IOlid. liquid 0<' goo.
wUlbum burn (a) burned. burnt
358
The blood is like a stream. The ceDs take wbat they need,
their fuel, out of the blood stream. as plants and fishes
take their food out of water.
--- - _. . . . ----
- - -----~----
- -
--
OIl --- _
~ - '1. _-:
~w~ap
The blood stream carries food and the oxygen which it
has taken up in our lungs to aU the cells In the body.
Old ceDs die and give place to new cells in the body as
plants and fish and other living things in the world about
us die and give place to others. Three miUion of your red
blood ceDs die every second and other cells take their
place. The red cell population of your body changes
completely in about three months.
~rlv4lf'. t
.xy....1 OU of to ga_ In air. Our lung. toke It out of tile air _
~ .... fire tok oxyvon out of .h air .. It 1IunI..
359
What makes tho blood go OIl moviDg round tho body .in a
stNam?
v".
::q
:
----
through one way but not the other way. _
will .....
win . . .
361
A solid line represents an ar,t.ery and a broken Jino
Vein. .
362
The first man to discover that
the blood goes to aD parts of.
the body, out through the
valves of. the heart through
one system of. pipes and back
again through another, was
the seventeenth-century d0c:-
tor William Harvey.
The journey of. our blood all round the body is the circu-
lation of. the blood. As you see in the picture opposite,
the branches of. the arteries are Ute the branches of. a tree
which get smaller and smaller the farther they are from
the roots. The small branches go to aD parts of the body.
They go to the ends of your fingers and toes, to all the
muscles-those parts by which you move your arms and
legs and bead and other parts of the body.
docton _II wittl trallI"", which helps hi. to _ke and keep people
h..,lhy.
cIrcuIaIIo-. .-Ion .-lid and .-nd.
pIchiIN ......... plcm. which II 011 . . . oppoaIt. page, pIcm. 011
... opposIh pag<L
363
Everywhere the blood stream does two things; supplies
the cells with food and oxygen and takes away waste. It is
as if the blood kept the little fires in the cells burning and
took away the ashes.
The fuel for the fires in the c:eDs is given us by the food
we eat. It cannot burn without oxygen. This gas is as
necessary to all living things as it is necessary to the burn-
ing of fires made. of wood or coal.
-....
hav. b..n slowly chonfij.d into th. hard. bloc" cool In .... 01 , ...l
win .....
364
When you see someone
opening a window in a room
full of people, you know that
he is letting in air from out~
side. As good air comes in
through the window. bad,
used air. with more carbon
dioxide and water in it and
less oxygen, goes out.
We say good air is fresh air. Fresh air is clean and good
to breathe and has enough oxygen in it for OW' needs.
36S
These boys are outside in the fresh air, breathing deeply
while their teacher is saying:
366
Keepiog your mouth shut.
take your nose between
your thumb and one fin.
pr. so that you shut tho
lG
air out and shut your 1
fp:"">Q
J.
breath in. How long can
you hold your breath?
You will be wise if you f? L"
do not try to hold it more
than a minute. H oxygen
is kept'from a person for
long he will become un-
c::onsci.ous.
367
The higher up we 80 the less is the pRISl1l'e of
the air, because the weight of
the air above us iJ less. As
the pressure becomes les8 ~A
t
(air gets thinner) the amount ACONCAOUA:t: / "::t: 28.000
~,
/ " ct......,
a: 12,GOO
:E1.GOO
:t:".ooo
lEA uva
The instrument we use to measure the pIeS-
sure of the air is the barometer.
the ........... ____.... tto. p\llh 01'1 h. The air .. ,v.hlng on tllla
ball. pulling p " _ on II. fro. aD .... aD " J
hd_. ~~~
. . . . . O....
_
higher up.
lak. the _ _ 01.
J"""\
..... _,s) .IM lid
368
Men have been able (1953) to get to the top of the high-
est mountain in the world, Mount Everest. They had to
use oxygen when they got up
high. They had to keep con-
trol over the amount of oxy-
gen they used. They could
get no more supplies from.
those below.
13 SaQ31633
It was more than a century after Harvey bad discovered
the circulation of the blood that two other scientists, one
English and the other French, discovered oxygen. These
men saw that when a ftame bums it takes something out
of the air. That is wby a candle goes out when it has been
burning for: a little time in a small amount of air. It has
taken all the oxygen out of the air. You may see this by
putting a lighted candle under a glass cover, so:
When the candle has used up the oxygen from the air it
cannot go on burning. It cannot bum without oxygen.
Its light goes out.
wid Itop
370
When a man is runnin&
. ....
his heart is working
much harder than
when he is sitting
down. His blood is be-
ing pumped mol'O
quickly through his
body. The blood must
carry a greater $Upply
of oxygen to the mu&-
cles an over the bOdy.
Out hearts work for us
automaticaRy. A man's
heart can pump as
much as threethousaad
gallons of blood a day.
The amount pumped at
any time is controlled automatically. After running hard
a man breathes very quickly because while rUnning he
couldn't take in enough air for his oxygen needs. He is
"out of breath," as we say.
13 371
Our bodies control themselves in many other ways. For
example, the temperature of our bodies (and those of
all warm-blooded animals) is controlled; our blood tem-
perature is kept at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or near iL
I
37
20
o
20
c
When a person is very ill (sick) some of the automatic
controls of his body stop working. His temperature, meas-
ured by a Fahrenheit thermometer, may go as high as
103F or l04P but if it goes much higher. or keeps as
high as that for very long. be cannot go on living. He
will die.
tem........ th. mea.ure of body heat on a 1CCI1e.
_ . haYing a mlddl. d.g .... of t.m~ not very dlU_nt fro.
the temperatv... of our bodl...
. . . . . . t.mperolv.... are _.ured In deg_ fah ... nh.it (F) or de-
gr_ Centlgrad. (C). W. change a temperatu ... from Centlgrad.
to fahrenh.lt by the addition of 32 to nine fifth. of the number.
For .xampl., 100C I. the boiling point of wotv. Thl. I. 100 tI_
9/5 plUl32= +180 =
32 2121'.
Ilk not well, u_II, In _ . parts of the - ' d the _d lIlelf I. uet.
th..---ten Indrum.nt fOf lDea.urfng ...peratvre-GftOtber of Gall-
teo'. Inventloftll. "
372
The body has many different ways of keeping itse1f warm
enough and not too warm. It uses up more food, mcxe
fuel for the cells, in cold weather. It shivers-that is, 'its
muscles go on making quick little motions to keep it
WanD. We cannot stop ourselves from shivering. lbe
body's heating system is not under a man's conscious
control; it is automatic. To stop shivering he has to
WanD himse1f some other way: he may run or walt
quickly, or take hot drinks, or cover himself up W8.EIllly,.
or use a hot water bottle to warm his bed.
_
. . . ._
. . . .ke_-.
lhaklng all oyer CD an ."-ct of cold.
313
Our bodies give off some d their heat aD tho time by
sendinl a littlo liquid out through the skin. Sometimes tho
amount JetS JrCatcl' and our Ikin becomes wet. This cools
the body quickly.
Here the man 011 the left Is sbiverlnJ because he has been
waitinl in line for a lonl time in the cold wind. The man
OR the ript is wet. all over because he got too hot in the
sun. He is drinkiD& water because he feels the need of
it. He is thirsty.
_h lIIak. 11 war
.... _ . thall _ _ he
~"'U.. tM __ Io"'"
wille'" .... l.'
374
r?:-,\
r-iV(~J
<rL.!-
.L11Il5 man m _
IS _;_ _
..; ..... H. .
e IS aom& ~,,..,,1J ~
to run a distance of one mile in the ". __
shortest p()ssible time. The fastest - \: - "
runners before him have taken a little ,
undcrfour minutes and he wants to
make a new record. rr /
37S
Now tho docIor Is taJdng the man'.
pulse. He has his finger on the man's
wrist and is counting the times his
heart pumps the blood in
0110 minute. The doctor
caa feel the motion. or
pulsing of the blood every
timet the man's heart
pumps.
..... ...(a,
........ ..tag au...... to di_1Iow _yo
......
374
There is a good story about the uae
the great Italian scientist Galileo
once made of his knowJed&e of the
puJserate.
t
This man has walked two mfies in
half an hour. He was walking at a
rate of four miles an hour. Now
bo is standing. He is.not moving.
379
When we move about from ono country to another we
sometimes have to Change our
money. we sometimes have
to change our watches and sometimes we change both.
When we change our watches we move the hands forward
or bact: forward jf we ~ going east and bact jf we are
goingwest. "
How was the idea that the earth is not fiat but round like
a ball proved true in the end?
Men like Marco Polo had gone east to India and China,
much of the way by land, long before Columbus, in 1492,
went sailing west with the idea that he could get round to
the Far East by water.
382
amstopber Columbus has po down in histary as the
man who discovered Amorica. He was looking for a way
of getting to the East by sailing weaL It was hard for him
to get help for tbJs journey. He was Iau,gbed at by most
people when he said he could ao this way to India be-
cause the earth was round.
383
continent. He knew
nothing of the life that had
been going on in North
and South America for thousands of years or of the two
great peoples, the Aztec8 and the Incas. who had been
livilll there-the One in Mexico, the other in Peru-for
centuries. It is now thought that in 1SOO the population
of the Americas was about 30 million, and that the first
of these "Indians" had come from Asia themselves. There
may have been a land bridge between Asia and Alaska
across which they could have come.
When a ship sailed out to the west and came back home
from the east three years later men could see that the
earth must be round. This proved that the earth was
round. It was proof enough for most men.
385
But it was harder to tate in the idea that tho earth might
be moving round the SUD, as Copernicus of Poland, 1473-
1543, said it was. Very few men had made any sense of
the writings of Copernicus by the time he died in 1543,
twenty-one years before Galileo and Sbatespeare were
born. Few people could read or write in those days.
,'",."
/ , I ,
~. -0-
,. ,"
..
He could not do that allY more than Copemk:ushad been
able to do it. Men's ideas we.ro c:banging. bot not as
quickly as his.
Galileo was put in prison for saying that the ideas written
down by Ptolemy fifteen hundred years before did not
mab sense to him.
_ _ ..,."..,1. th_l..
....... plan ....... _gdoera 01' t ..... aald to han doll. WI'OIIIJ 0..-
Iocbd up.
Newton, who was bom
the year that Galileo died
(1642), took the new line
of thought much farther.
comparInF finding wh.... and how things or. the 10m. or diff....nt.
kiwi laws which are mad. by man or. 1Iatnt backed by gov_
m.1It power. contrallin, what n .ay or may lICIt do. WIlen _ _
laws are broken. the persan who breaks th.m. If It I. pf'Oftd that h.
did 10, may be put In prison.
IICdurah nat made by _no
IICduraI lawa atattom.,.t of cause. and .ffect. at wart everywh_
wlllcOlDpCa'tl
will""'"
188
He was able to do this 0Dly becauso be was carried for-
ward on the shoulders ~ such mea 88 0aJile0, Kepler and
Copernicus. With their wort before him be could think
out now ideas about tho weights ~ thiDsa and their'mo-
tions. His Law ~ Gravitation says that all thiDsa in tho
universe have 8D. attraction f01' ODO another.
389
Tho tlIinkina of aden.tists has become clearer and truer u
their instruments have become better. GaJi1eo made one
of tho first microscopes u weU as the first telescope, and
by the middle of tho seventeenth century this new iDstru-
ment had opened up to man another world, a world of
things too small fOl' our eyes by themselves to see.
--
PI..., ....
1'Il10_- __ II
..t-...
.......... how a thing II ..od. vp, the way Ita partl are pvt'tog........
Th. 11rvdur. of the plant .... I. the plChIN aboft, right, II _ _
deafer by ' '1IkroHope.
390
Together with all this new knowledge c:I. the cen structure
of plants and animals, the microscope opened up a world
of UviDg beings so small that men had had no idea such
things were possible..
391
Our bodies can be loob:d upoD as machines which are
kept goiDg by fuel. As food is bUnted up in the body ceDs
it gives us heat and other sorts fA. ener&Y. An through a
mans life-from birth to death-he must be suppUed with
energy.
..,.. tl of IMn,.
deaIIu end of 1M...
win ......
392
While our bodies are at rest tho
large muscles are not in use. It Is
these large muscles which pull on
our bones and let us movo as we
want to.
393
Through about two billion (2,000,000,000) years. sci-
entists say, the developlnent of plants and animals on our
earth has been going OIL At first both were very smaU,
much less than a pin point in size. We might say that the
first plants 01' animals were bodies living in one-roomed
houses, too small fOl' man's eye to seo. All the house-
keeping went on in
~
'J::~~
.....
ODe room. Snch ceDs
tate food in and let : .:.:'
waste out. 1bey do
not give birth to new
ceDs but divide to
become two daup..
terc:cUs.
wi. . . . . .
.......w
394
~ earth itself is thought to be more than twice as old as
Ufo on iL Our picture of what it was lite two biDion
(2.000.000.000) years ago is of a great ball about as hot
on its surface as boiling water.
395
Life began. men think, in the salt sea. Near the land,
where the waters were not deep, very small one--celled
organisms came into being.
396
The first living things. though they were too amaD to be
seen, were eating, growing organisms which divided to
become others like them.
Under a microscope, a
cell looks like a bit of
clear jelly with a thin wall
round it. Very small open-
ings in the walls of the cell
let food in and waste out.
In every cell there is a part like a little balL This is tho
nucleus, which organizes the work of the cell. Though
cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago. it is
only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work
of the nucleus has developed. It is this nucleus which
keeps the cell working at what has to be done. It is to
the cell what London is to Britain, New Delhi to India,
Peking to China. It is the seat of government.
398
The p:ater tho number of parts a thiDa has, the JD(lI'fI
complex it is.
08EB
Which of these is. the m-. CODlplex?
"
The more different the parts of a thing are from one an
other, the.more complex it is.
Tho less different the parts of a thing are from one an-
other, the less complex it is.
399
The more the parts of a thing need one another, the more
complex it is.
The leaves, the flower, stem and roots of the plant work
together to keep it alive. But each does a different sort
of work and each is dependent upon all the others. The
work of each part is different.
complex of all or ~
ganisms, far more s
complex than any
plant. A man would
not go on living, he J'<
1tA1'
would die, if the mil- ~ ~
lions of millions of W) ~
ceDs in his body did IICIH '~~E ~ooo
not work together in ~ ~
their different ways.
each doing its own sort of work. The ceDs are depondent
upon one another and the man is dependent upon his
ceDs.
The picture below shows what the word depend4mt can
mean.
~
The girl in the middle is dependent on both men to keep
her from falling. The man who has been holding her feet
is letting go as the other man takes hold of. her hands. She
has been dependent on the first man. She will be de-
pendent on the second. Their act depends on timing.
III IIIIJ i
r
llllnil 1111111111111
IIIIIIIIII~~
r
_ leM 2 3 If 5 7
402
You can put a paper cube this size together for your-
self, or cut one out of soap or cheese.
A cube bas six sides; its sides are equal squares. The
lJ,)
fold, thll il Q page falded do_
...... thl, I, the edge of Ihe pop.
14 * 403
But trees can grow to be many
thousands of times the size they
were as seeds. The tallest tree
known is 364 feet high. One great
tree in California is as much as
II S feet round its trunk at the
thickest point.
In cen division the two halves of the cell (as you see,in
picture four) become ready to separate. In picture five
you see that they have separated. The cen in pictureooe.
by division, has become two separate ceUs. Tbedaupter
ceUs do in every way the same as their mother.cell did.
One of the greatest questions scientists are WOIkingon is:
What keeps the daughter cells doing wbat they have
10007
wlll p . . . . .........
Even the simplest living organism is far more complex
than any machines that men have made. Organisms are
built up of parts which are themselves more complex than
any machine. And these parts in turn are the most com-
plex things the science of chemistry knows. It is because
they are so complex that they can work together in an
organism in so many different ways.
c
Carbon dioxIde is made up of carbon
and oxygen in a way which may be rep- o
resented like this.
or carbon dioxide:
CO~
The letter N in this formula represents nitrogen and the
letter S represents sulpbur.
ell.......
noIh fine- _I, toe MIL Our nalla _ D.,lng pam of us.
tile chane1nll of food I. ,... __II CIIICI IIoaach
. . . . . ha ... food '"Y be uMCIIty ... body.
10 Ihat
How do these very complex materials come into being?
The answer is, through the work of plants.
1111
~
within: in; inside. Not on opposite of without 01 commonly used (see
page 32).
experience: knawledge we get as we ga an living, seeing what gaes an,
and thinking abaut it.
experiment: gelling knawledge by daing lamething 10 that yau are
able ta watch what takes place and find what in the outcame is
dependent upan what .
..... n: cammon plant whase leeds. and sametimes seed coverings. are
used far foad.
409
In 1772 tho EngIisbman Joseph Priestley. the discoverer
of oxygen. made a most important experiment. He knew
from experience that air is necessary to plants and aJJi...
mats. He knew that if you put a live mouse, for example,
under a glass so that no fresh air can come to it, the mouse
in a short time win die. It will have taken an the oxygen
out of the air and without oxygen it cannot 80 00 living.
410
But no. Here is wbathe said:
4ft
The material which makes plants green (chlorophyll) is
necessary if they are to use energy from light for healthy
growth. Unlike animals, plants can take what they need
straight from the air and earth and water in which they
live. Through their green. leaves and stems they separate
H from ILO and unite it with co. to make carbohydrates.
.. ..
....f-OII H-f-OII
Structure of part
1/1-"
'j OII .. C ,/1-"
c,OII .. c of a carbohy
00 "i-i/L.,J "f-~/l
.. 011 cl.t II
drate. a sugar.
412
When we thiD.t it
out we can see that ~ _ ~O
40
Before long. we may learn from working on photosyn-
thesis how to make or grow more food. AB we have seen
(Paae 13 above) more than half the population of tho
planet is short of food. AB more and more people are
born, the need for new food suppUes will increase. It may
be that we can find what we want in the sea. It is thought
that as much as 90 per cent of the photosynthesis which
takes place in the world goes on in mi<:roscopic water
plants in the sea. Maybe much of the food people are
going to need in the future will come out of the oceans.
4'4
This energy is the sun's energy stored
up long ago by plants. Coal comes
from the dead bodies of plants stored,
away from the air and under pres-
sure, through millions of yean in
great beds in the earth. The amount
of coal and oil in the earth is, it is true,
very great, but the amount we are
usin& today is great too. A time may
come before long when men will have
used up all the coal and oil that is
easy to get aL
415
Plants and animals all need air. Only about
one fifth (1/S) of the air is oxygen. The other
four fifths is another gas, without taste, smen
or color, named nitrogen. Both plants and ani-
mals need nitrogen as wenas oxygen but they
cannot take it from the air themselves.. How
do they get their supply of nitrogen?
417
All organisms, it is clear, have a number of need& in com-
mon, of which air, watetffood and tho sun's light and
heat are the chief.
418
Every hour d. our Jives
we do things that are
possible ooly because of
work which is done for us
by other people.
tlIeet: cotton COY., v.ed 011 bed for .leeplllg Oft or Ullder.
blankets _ wool bed COY.,.
wI"waIIa
win ......
wID light
wlDloYtt
419
AU our lives we need other people..
421
People need play. weD. as wort, though, if your interest
is deep enough. wOrk and play can be the same thing. To
some people all their best work is a sort of play. They get
so much pleasure from it and are so interested in it
that they work when they don't need to. They are doing
what they want most to do.
422
People need work and play for the body and for the
mind.
and dancing.
423
Men need. to see beautiful things and to have beautiful
things about them.
424
Drawing can help to make ideas easier-the pictures
drawn in this book. for example.
42S
Men need to hear beautiful things.
Music may go back still farther in time than the other arts,
but unhappily we have no records of music before the
discovery of writing. As with language the writing of
music may havo started with pictures.
.......
'" \
I -'f
NNWI, .,.;
, , III ",
art; work don. to feed th. mind ond heart through th. ,en, and feel-
ing" pointing. Iculpture, music. elc.
426
Men need to malee beautiful things.
Today the great cities of the world have public art gal-
leries and museums where anyone may see the paintings
and drawings and sculpture _=______ """"==
of artists through the cen-
turies.
- ------
.-tim worker at on. of Ih. arts.
art gallery: building where _rks of art or. kepI for peopl. 10 look 01.
museum: building where Important _rb of art, sci.nce, history. etc..
are housed.
427
Great cities have theaters
where plays of the past
and the present are acted. -t~~
They have music build-
ings where great works of ........._
music are played. They
have libraries where the
best that has been thought "'~"'IIIIIii1ZIn::;::
and written can be found.
428
We need to be alone sometimes to get to know ourselves
better, though we need to be with other people too, to get
to know them better and ourselves through them.
The more men know one another, the better able they
will be to liv~ together in the world. The nations on the
earth-the Chinese, the Indians. the British, the Russians,
the Germans, the Americans. the French and the others
-know very little about one another. They look in dif-
ferent directions and have different ideas of themselves
and of the world. They live in different worlds.
429
But we can't turn the clock back to yesterday when
nations could keep to themselves and live without any
knowledge of or help fromother countries.
430
In English-as in any other 1anguagc-we do not always
say what we mean or mean what we say. This is true of
some of the things we say every day. For
example: "How do you do?" "How are
you?" This is what people say on meel-
1)1
0 0
health of_ryoa.
Is on Important part of the work of good 9OMm....nt. Care of lho
In tho world Is boca.lng IflCr_lngly nec.gory
to 01 nations. Th. World Health Orgonl&Gt1on (WHO) was lfarted
III 19.7.
will ......
431
When these are questions they
are almost always said as if the
peIBOll who says them means them
as questions and wants an answer.
/ / // IIi
I
In the same way. when we meet ~ 'j / I
someone in the morning, we
may say "Good morning!" The
r/ /
weather may be very bad but we
say"Goodmomingl" and the other \ '"
LI~
I
person will say "Good morning!" ~t,.
back to us. We are not talking about the weather or about
how good or bad the morning is.
,..... in nHd of a relt.
meet: COllIe together with.
win ...... .... e)
432
Again, when people are parting, they may say: "Good
morning'" or "Good aftt:moon'" or "Good evening!" QI'
"Good night!" to one another in place of. "Good-by'"
They are not talking about the weather but saying "May
an be wen with you at this time!"
You wil1 find few people today who know that "Good-
byl" is a short way of saying '~God be with 100'" But
in times past, when religion had more place than it now
has in education. a child could' be taught this very youog
as part of his knowledge of English.
n_ night.
_ _.... !ale aflernoon ond early night.
{12m, paint of tillle between morning and afternooll.
Goch In Christian teaching. Ihat Being Oil Wham all olher be!nflls ....ncL
rell,. . . though" 'eellng. de.I,e for, inl....' In mon'. deepelt . . . .
tp~_Good_"__ ~I I"'-=1
...... UC_hl----tl---~
1 _T_h...._"-_.._,.,_
..
Q..--1__Good___I.~'1~I
~--IL...--'_"""_I. . . .
You see how littJe one person may know what is in an-
other's mind even when the other is trying to show him.
thank: $Oy it was good of a p.nan to hoy. don. what h. did, gift hit.
thanks, say "Thank you'"
pl_. . " may it b. your pl.asur.; may it pl.as. you.
will thank thank (I) thanked
wUlpl_ pl.ol.(I) pi.....
15 435
When people are from very different countries with very
different ways, it can be hard for them to understand one
another. Not very long ago the number of people who
knew anything about people in other countries was very
small. Few people went far from home or took much
interest in other countries.
Today all this is changed. Every day, men hear more and
more about other countries and about how bad their gov-
ernments are. They hear about the strange and wrong
ideas other countries have of them.
to vnd...stond a p.raan: to see what his idec3I and feelings may be.
will und....tand und.rstand. ) Uftd....tood
436
We say: "The earth is getting smaller:' It is the samo
size as it was, but we can go about it more and Il'lOIe
easily. Many more people travel outside their OWB
countries every year.
437
The earth seems to be getting smaller because mea's eX-
perience is getting wider. All sorts of new ways of living
and new ways of doing things have come to us in tho last
fifty years.
+
Stranger thinp are coming.
+
439
h is equally" hard to
say what Time is.
'Ibis ather' man has not enough time for his reading.
442
Before the invention of writing how did men keep rec~
ords? They made pictures on soft earth or sand. But rain
and wind and waves quickly washed away such records.
Smooth stone or wood was better, and best of all, the
smooth stone walls of caves whose roofs kept the rain
and wind away.
cave: deep hole or ho"o~ in side of mountain. Men lived in cove. long
before they knew how ta build themselve. houses.
_sh GWCII)'J toke away by the ..otiOD of woter ov_ .amething.
443
How did a man bow how maDY sheep
ho .owned? Sometimes ho used smaB
atones or sticks, puttiDg ODe 01. them
__ into a bag or pocket for
~ each Ibeep 100 had.
~~ ~~~
ufl ~ ~JL,
)~ -- (' (} )~1r'"
~I~~~
i,"
were tallies. If they were put side by
side, the halves of the cuts came to-
gether. They tallied. One man took
one tally and another the other. and
both then had the n:cord. ,,
r
445
Tallies are some of the earliest and simplest :records of
the numbers of t1JiD&s. They ten how many things have
been counted.
5/3/54 160.83
10.00 5/5/54 1 UO.U
62.55 5/7/54 913."
10.00 5/1"/54 963.38
80.00 5/15/54 2 883.38
42.'" 5/15/54 3 .........
15.00 825.""
30.00
5/18/54
5/21/54 " 1155.....
20.00 5/24/54 5 1135.....
"1.95 5/26/'" 6 793.49
fa orden with nothing wrong. things are In order when In thel, right
places. When a _ I t II lit good health, hi. body Is ''In orde,," When
he Is 10. It Is "aut of CII'deI'.H Th. woR of the poUot 10 a coultby II
to help to keep law and CII'deI'
....... _ _ _ provIag to bl ....f and toothen.
~Q Howclo _ _ _
a man is telling the troth?
C If a man tens another that
~
he will give him tbrec bags
of. grain lot one sheep, tho
other will know whether
/""\\ he told the troth wheDbo
I "gets tho grain ot doesn't.
'Ibo man may, ot may not, ba~ meant to give the gndn
when he said he would. He may not have meant to say
anything but the truth. But if he did not give the grain
later. he was not true to his word.
....... th'ngs _1cII . . .",.. It. _ ......... IrutIJ wIMe wIKII ... ICI)'I
.........
In early times. before men
invented money. they did all
their business by exchange of
goods. Men traded with
other men by exchanging
goods they were willing to
give up for goods they want-
ed more. Exchange of thfugs
stiU goes on in some parts of
the world today.
449
Early man did things with his hands which we do with
instruments or by machine.
~{~u~~
\~) ~
450
The most important number in the number system used
commonly today is zero (0). Zero is so easy to use that it
is hard to understand why it was not invented loDg ago.
It is thought to be not much more than a thousand yean
old and no one mows who invented it.
addition:
subtraction: .
5 + 5 10;
5-5= 0;
= 6+3
6-3=
= 93
multiplication: 5 X 5 = 25; 6X 3 = 18
division: 5 + 5 = 1: 6+ 3 = 2
451
Men made their way about OIl
the earth, over mountains,
down rivers and across seas
long before they had a number
system or could make 01' use a '
compass. Nobody knows who
invented the compass. The Chi-
nese, Arabs, Greeks and Ital-
ians, among others, say they
did.
...-- ~17~
.......-~
453
Geometry starts with ideas about lines and spaces.
These are facts about the circles and squares on this page.
_..... "'Irv..
tach It I, 0 foct lhol th. 'word fatt:I hcui '-r .......... II.
f~
454
Wbat is a circle?
"55
Six thousand yean ago In Egypt there were men who
laW how to mea.sm:e their ]and through their knowledge
aboutsquarea and triangles.
456
Men took tho first units of long measure
from their bodies. Tho end of a man',
thumb is about one inch loug. A taD. man's
foot is about twelvo inches or ono foot long.
!il)"
~~
f0
~{r
~
~
These units of long measure havo been a great help to
man. They have made it possible for him to measure
and compare lengths and areas and volumes. Measur-
ing lets us build a rObm the size and shape we want it, for
example, twenty feet loog, &ixteeo. feet wide and twelvo
feet high.
yolumei cubic ipCIce. lbe WIIu ..e of the cube on page 121 II one cubic
centlme,er.
....... outline. All aqu _ _ the so..e shape but Ibey con be dll-
f_nI IIua. All cIrdu en the solDe Ibape but lICIt all lrIangl...
wWatep ..... ,.) .......
457
Sometimes a man'. fields were not square. Somo or
them were lib this:
or like this.
I
was the same size, though
not the same shape, as a
field lib this
wIIlpIaat ...... l)
458
They saw that they could get . . - - - - - - - - . . . .
half a field in this way
t------~------ .
or in this way. I
II
Can you see whether these two fields ba'ge the same uea.7
459
Here is a right angled triaDg1e. Tho two
shorter sides are three and four units
loDg. How many units long is the
longest side?
5X 5 = 2S
3X3=9
4 X 4 = 16
9 + 16 = 2S = 5 X 5
461
It was not until many centuries later that men put this
knowledge of geometry to wide usc. The development of
sclenco had to wait untO the days of Galileo and Newton.
In the last three centunes men's ways of IiviDg have been
and are being deeply changed by science. These changes
can be compared only with three or four great earlier
steps in the history of man's development. These are the
birth of language, the use of fire and farming. and the
invention of writing.
463
In one of the weB-known Unclo
Remus stories, Br'er Rabbit, a
little animal who always gets
the better of the other animo
living near him, gets into a weB-
bucket ...
464
"rro doing a little fishing. There are hundreds of fish
down here:'
"Just get in the bucket, Br'er FOL It'll bring you down
in no time," says Br'er Rabbit.
And as the
fox goes
down ...
What he meant was that he did not love anyone and that
nobody loved him. He had no hopes or fears. He did not
hope for anything or fear anyone..
467
x../~ ,,'
, ,
I '
In many parts of the earth the
I , ' I ,
climate is either too hot or too
I " ,
'/',' cold for man most of the year.
...
, "I
" But it is now possible to put
automatic controls over tem-
perature into houses, offices,
~,
V- and work plants.
it
:...
Here is a thermostat which keeps the eo
temperature of the air as high or low
'0
as we want. We put the pointer at
700 P. then the thermostat will keep
the temperature of the room near so
700 p. the point on the scale to 1.
Two long
such thin pieces
different of
metals
are bent together like
81 ~ 110
this inside the thermo-
stat.
,
-
will.,.
470
1bere are many other sorts J-..
of automatic controls. /"
I ~ /1
-.~,====+~
In this bank: a bell is ringing loudly because someone has
touched a window. The man was hoping to break into
the safe.
471
Here is a night watchman in a motion picture studio
(plant) keeping it safe from danger of fire at nigbL
-....... -...
~ ~ . 1-
~
.....
.......... 5
:........ 2 6
:". ..... "
........ . ............................" -.
'
1
He bas his time clock with him. He walks all night long
through the plant from one station to another. At each
station he pushes his time clock against a key which is
fixed in the wall.
This key prints a number on a long narrow roU of paper
which is moving all ~ time through the lock of the
n~ ~
In this way the time clock makes a full record of whether
and when the watchman went to each station in the studio
in tum. The time at which he was at each one of them is
recorded. If a number is not
recorded, that is proof that
IDANGER OF OEATHI the watchman did not go to
___~~~____
th_a_t_st_att_o_n_._________
472
I: 1 I
3 I: I Z This record is necessary before
1:13 the insurance company will pay
for damage done to the plant
I: 14 by fire. The insurance company
I: 15 needs to know where the watch-
man was all through the night.
I: 16
I: 17
473
Here is a more fuUy auto--
matic part of a system of
controls against fire. Some
metals melt at low tem-
peratures for metals. Thin
lengths of such metal are
placed at many points in
the plant. A fire starting
near one of these points
will quickly melt the
metaL
474
Much of the work in present..<Jay factories has to be auto-
matically controlled. The much-talked-of Assembly Line
was a first step in this direction. It let men make auto-
mobiles and many other things much more cheaply than
they could be made before.
win..". ...,,-r)
476
There are ways of making restaurants self-serving. that
is, of getting the public to do more of the work so that
fewer waitresses are needed and less time is wasted in
waiting to be served.
477
More and more use is being
made, in public places, of
automatic machines which
sell food, cigarettes, drinks,
stamps, or even books.
Ihopa " - . III lhe U1l114Hl1CI1Igdo. ,hop II uHd and In Ihe Unlled Slo'"
Ifwe, b.. you 110 IItopplng In botfI couetrlu-Ihat II, you go 10
"-110 _ what you can buy.
wlDlhop Ihop(.)
411
There are great food stores today where every sort of
food: meat, bread, butter, milk. vegetables. Bour, sugar,
salt, fruit-whatever it may be-is put out, each in its
place, on shelves for everyone to help himself. You take
what you want, put it in a little cart if there is much of it,
and take it to a control counter where you pay for it.
An automatic adding machine is used to give the amount
you will have to pay and to make a record of the things
you have bought.
479
In many businesses accounts are kept by machines and
the records are photographed. When there are millions
of different facts to be taken into account, and records of
them to be made, machines can work far more quickly
thanmen.
photoaIGIfIIt,,}
It was James Watt who in 1788 invented the Flyball
Governor for steam engines as a way of making the
engine able to keep control over its own rate of motion.
This was the invention which made the steam engine a
safe machine.
The two balls are kept flying round and round by the
motion of the engine. As it goes more quickly they fly
farther out and this shuts down the supply of steam
coming to the engine from the boiler. When the engine
goes more slowly the balls fly lower and this opens up
the shut-off (valve) and lets more steam through the
pipe to the engine.
482
In a free country the men in the government are depend-
ent upon the people and responsible to them for the use
made of the power which has been given them. In any
good system of government, there must be ways of con-
trolling and limiting the amount of power anyone has, as
tho flybaU governor controls and limits the output of the
steam. engine.
ELECTRIC BRAIN
484
We can make machines wort for: us. but macbina can-
not tell us what that wort should be. It is men who 8ftl
responsible for: the directioo of the work.
aIloulels would IMIt be..... wed aItould be what would 1M belt for - .
dlActl_t _Ing what ,hovId be cIon_. gMno
Ih_ ont.,. (dIMdIon.) and befng NSpo.ww. for the out--.
48S
How do men come by their
ideas about what is better
and what is worse, about
what things are important in
life. what unimportant? How
do they judge between
things?
486
Thinking is the most complex sort of self-control; and
our brains, with which we think, are the most complex
systems of feed-back. The thermostat and the ftyball gov-
ernor are about the simplest of them. In feed-back sys-
tems, effects control their causes.
487
Man'. past is a very small part of all time, but it is a very
important part.
How old are the stars? How old are the Sun and the
Earth and the Moon? Nobody knows for certain. It is not
possible at pl'e.'lent. to be certain about such great ques-
tions as the.~. but two things seem probable.
488
However we try to think of time, it seems certain that the
earth is oldertban 0\11' minds can take in.
490
Let this curving line represent growth from simple to
complex in the world.
.J
,
.,...J
V
~ ~
PAST SIMPLE
Long. long ago, the only sorts of changes that took place
were-so men of science say-very simple in comparison
with the changes which are taking place in you now as
you read this.
physIcab In the narrow n used her within the fi.ld of the science
of phyllu. In a wiele .._ . material having to do with bodies nor
.lneII.
492
Much later. other sorts of
changes, more complex than
these, began to take place.
chemical chan.,.., chong.. that tok. plow III the Itrvctw. of cliff.......
IOI'b of 1aClMlia1. tumlng the. lilto other .aterlob.
493
When you step on a scale, tho
scale goes down and the springs
inside it are pulled out, and the
pointer moves to a mark. These
changes are physical
I~P":I
When you look at the pointer ~
to see what your weight is, rays
,,/
of light come from it to your eye ,
and go through the lens in your
eye to a point on the retina. I ,
,,
III
..... len_ In cam_ are made of glaN. The lena Ia an eye I, bulh
of clear 1I.,lng eelIL
rett_ coal of celli at .... back of .... eyabaJL
494
In a camera, rays of light from whatever you are photo-
graphing make an upside down picture on the film.
wln_
495
These nerves, which make us able to see. are an out-
growth from the brain to the retina. From the eye im-
pulses travel to the brain through the living 'cells of the
nerves. There are as many as a million separate telepbone
lines in these Detve$ alone.
The distance from the eye to the back of the brain is not
great. but some distances from some parts of the body
to the brain are long. The rate at which impulses travel
through the nerves is about the same for all of them
496
The distance from a man's toe to his brain and
back may be as much as twelve feet. When
you are feeling with your toe for a step to put
your weight on, the impulses have to go
up your nerves from your toe to your brain
and back down again to the muscles which
move your foot.
497
Life on earth began. it is thought, about two billion years
ago. No one knows for certain whether there are living
things on other planets-on the red planet, Mars. for
example, or on any of the ten million, million planets
like the earth which are now thought to be traveling round
other stars which are like our sun. It seems possible-
even probable-that there are living beings (not unlike
men maybe) on many of them.
498
Let us change our time scale and make this line:
I I
SPEECH ,.j
"I\.. ~
rIIIfIII' ~
PAST PIIESENT
Then this curve may represent the next great steps for-
wardinto more complex ways of living.
499
Let us change our time scale again and make our line
represent 10,000 years.
. "
501
Here are some of the greatest sayinp of all time which,
in one language or another, go on living in men's minds.
For many centuries school children in China began to
learn to read with this sentence:
. .0....
~ II .....' dlrectlOftI to.
....(. ,
502
At first. writing seems to have been chiefly a way of keep-
big JeeOrds. 1be first great poems. the Iliad, for example,
\\'ere in the minds and mouths of poet after poet before
they were written down.
503
It is chiefty through reac:Un& and through thought about
what we read, that we come to soc how our ideas depend
upon one another-very much as men are dependent upon
other men, or as organs in our 'bodies are interdependent.
.......,.,
brain. When _ undentand -IICIY _ _
wlU Nflect
504
Every idea with which we reflect is what it is and can
do what it can do only because our other organs of
thought arc what they arc and do their own work.
50S
And the blood can serve them well only if tho heart is in
good order and if tho lungs are taking in enough oxygen;
and the heart and lungs in tum are dependent OIl the
food the stomach can give the blood stream and on the
control the nervous system can keep up over an tho
organs of the body.
S06
But in fact, the organization of our bodies is far more
complex than this short and simple account can say. In
everything we do, every breath we take, every metion we
make, from the directing of our eyes as we look to the
wording of a sentence as we write, billions Of cells of
every sort in our bodies are working together serving one
another.
It is the same with Man and his world. Any great ques-
tion coming up in any part of the world today bas its
effect on almost everyone anywhere. As with the body.
damage in any part is damaging to all the rest. The more
men reflect upon this the more they will understand why
world organization is important. We are far more do-
pendent upon one another than we know.
507
BverythiD& saJd Aristotle. bas its own true
wOl'k-or purpose-tho wort it can do best,
the WOI't which is risbt for it.
-
In the body. eye, hand, foot, each has its own work to do.
S08
If you are trying to draw a circle. the curved tine you
have made (together with your knowledge of what a circle
is) keeps telHngyou
how to go on. You
can learn to draw
better by trying.
....... -
wID.....
wIIaIlhouldbe . . . _d how 10 datlt.
.....,.) ........
S09
How you Itm your drdo depeada 011 how large it is to be.
You may not fully know what this direction is; you may
be trying to find out what it is.
510
In every sentence you write, the feed-back from the let-
ters of any word you are writing, together with your
knowledge of the spelling of the word. tells you which
letter to write next. But feed-back can do this only be-
cause you fed forward that word and no other as the
word you would write. And in writing any sentence. feed-
back from the words you have written can tell you what
to write next only because you fed forward that sentence.
And you fed forward that sentence only because of a
more general feed-forward. the purpose of the paragraph
in which the sentence is to take part. And the paragraph
too depends upon the chapter and the chapter on the
book.
511
John Amos Comenius (15921670) was, so far as we
know, the first man to use pictures in books written for
beginning readers and for beginners in a second Ian
guage. (It was Latin.) He was to have been the first
head of Harvard College, where this book is being writ
ten, but could not come.