.I :. rBY : AND R. Walsh

.
'
REPORT NO. 27
....
t QUARTERLY REPORT NO. 6
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIFMENT INTERFERENCE

i '' CHARACTERISTICS-COMMUNICATION TYPE
- t W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY, R. D. TRAMMELL, JR.,

' f AND J. R. WAlSH, JR.
Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)

(Continuation of Contract DA 36-039 sc-87183)
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PROJECT: lG6-2050l-D-449
15 July 1964 to 15 October 1964
Prepared for
u. s. Arrrry
Electronics Laboratories
Fort Monmouth, New Jersey
Engineering Experiment Station

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TEC HNOLOGY
Atlanta, Georgia
t -
.'
PAm-.!T .... ~~.i~:.~~rBY ~
f...... Jf. .... 19.~.J..
rCHiYlAT ..
.
BY :7..~
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOlOGY
Atlanta, Georgia
REFDRT NO. 27
QUARTERLY REPORT NO . 6
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIIMENT INTERFERENCE

CHARACTERISTICS-COMMUNICATION TYPE
By
W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY, R. D. TRAMMELL, JR.,

AND J. R. WALSH, JR.
CONTRACT NO. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)

(Continuation of Contract No. DA 36-039 sc-87183)
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PROJECT: 1G6-20501-D-449
The object of this research program is to conduct a comprehensive investigation

to determine methods for measuring the interference characteristics (spectrum
signature) of U. S. Army communications equipment deemed necessary for the pre-
diction and minimizing of electromagnetic interference.
15 July 1964 to 15 October 1964
Performed for
u. s. Army
ELECTRONICS LABORATORIES
FORT MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY
FORHARD
This report was prepared at the Georgia Tech Engineering Experiment
~ Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The report covers the
~ activity ana results of the sixth quarter's effort on a project to conduct
a feasibility study and investigation to detennine methods for measuring
the interference characteristics (spectrum signature) of U. S. Army comm-
unications equipment deemed necessary for the prediction and minimization
of electromagnetic interference.
Resnectfullv submi~te~
W. R. Free
Project Director
Approved:
D. W. Robertson, Head
Communications Branch
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTI3
Page
I. PURroSE . 1
II . ABSTRACT 2
III . PUBLICATIONS, LECTURES, REFORTS, .AND CONFERENCES 4

TV. FACTUAL DATA 5
A. Introduction 5
B. Literature Survey . 6
C. Measurement Techniques 6
D. Anechoic Chamber Techniques . 20
1. Chamber Shaping . . . 20
2. Absorbing Materials . 25
3. Modeling 28
4. Measurement Techniques for Evaluating
Shielded Chamber Characteristics 28
V. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . 31
VI. ffiOGRAM FOR NEXT INTERVAL . 32
VII. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL 33
VIII . REFERENCES ................ 34
This report contains 34 pages.

iii
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Voltage Induced in 10
2. Test Set-up For Screen Room Measurements 12
3. "Open-field" Measurements .
4. Antennas Centered in Dimension of Screen

Room No. 1 13
5. Antennas Centered in Shortest Dimension of Screen
Room No. 1 .
. . . .. ....
6. Antennas Centered in Dimension of Screen
Room No. 1 .. . . . 15
7. Relative Response of Two Short Dipoles and a

E-Field Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8. Ellipsoid With Reflected Rays . 21
9. Paraboloid With Reflected Rays 21
10. Ellipsoidal-Section Enclosure . . 23

11. Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure 24
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
I. RESONANT FREQUENCIES FOR 8' x 8' x 12' ENCLOSURE .
II. FIELD STRENGTH AT THREE DISTANCES FROM A RADIATING

SOURCE AS MEASURED BY A NUMBER OF ANTENNAS . . . .
v
I. PURFQSE
The purpose of this project is to conduct a feasibility study and in-
vestigation to determine methods for measuring the interference character-
istics (spectrum signature) of U. S. Army communications equipment deemed
necessary for the prediction and minimizing of electromagnetic interference.
Measurement techniques for obtaining the required data and a format for a
directory of these data are the objectives of this program. The develop-
ment of computer methods for processing these data to obtain outputs use-
ful in determining optimum characteristics for communications equipments
operating in prescribed interference environments is also included in the
program.
The areas of investigation on this project are divided into two tasks
as follows:
I. The development of tests and procedures for the evaluation of the
interference susceptibility and emanation characteristics of communications
type equipments.
II. The use of computer techniques for processing measured inter-
ference data to produce outputs useful in interference prediction and
control applications.
1
II. ABSTRACT
During the period covered by this report, investigations to extend
the determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army
communication equipment to include the near-field emission and suscept-
ibility characteristics have been initiated.
The objectives of these investigations are (1) the determination of
the most economical and practical means for establishing a controlled
electromagnetic environment for measuring near-field radiated and suscept-
ibility interference characteristics of electronic equipments and (2)
development of measurement techniques for measuring near-field radiated
and susceptibility interference characteristics of electronic equipments
in the above controlled electromagnetic environment which can be correlated
with "open-field 11 measurements.
A literature survey covering (1) anechoic chamber techniques, (2)
measurement techniques for evaluating anechoic chambers, (3) absorbing
materials, (4) measurement techniques for near-field radiation and sus-
ceptibility interference characteristics, and (5) test antenna and near-
field probe techniques was conducted during the period covered by this report.
Over 200 references pertinent to these areas have been located and are being
analyzed and abstracted.
An investigation of state-of-the-art anechoic chamber techniques, chamber
evaluation techniques, and absorbing materials was initiated. The pre-
liminary results from this investigation are included.
An investigation to determine the problems associated with near-field
measurements, and to develop adequate techniques and procedures for measuring
the near-field radiated and susceptibility characteristics of electronic
2
equipments, both in the open-field and in shielded enclosures, is also
being conducted. The preliminary results of this investigation are also
included.
3
III. PUBLICATIONS, LECTURES, REPORTS AND CONFERENCES
Mr. E. E. Donaldson attended a meeting at the Electromagnetic Com-

patibility Analysis Center, Annapolis, Maryland on July 30, 1964, to
discuss the mixer work conducted at Georgia Tech under previous phases of
this contract.
Mr. W. R. Free attended a meeting at NANEP, Webster Field, Maryland,

October 12-16, 1964. The purpose of this meeting was to generate and
consider changes for revising MIL-STD-449B.
4
IV. FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction
During the period covered by this report, a program has been initiated
to extend the determination of the interference characteristics of U. S.
Army communication equipment to include the near-field emission and sus-
ceptibility characteristics, which are important to intra-system and
"lash-up" compatibility.
Present techniques for near-field case and cable emission and sus-
ceptibility measurements are seriously inadequate, and need to be radically
improved to assure reasonable repeatibility and correlation between measure-
ment data taken at different times and/or different locations. If these
measurements are made in the "open-field", strong man-made and atmospheric
background interference make measurements difficult, and often impossible.
If the measurements are made in a shielded enclosure to avoid the environ-
mental interference, standing waves and enclosure resonances make the
measurements highly susceptible to minor variations in equipment placement,
enclosure dimensions and personnel location.
Although there is a great need for improved over-all measurement
techniques and improved, broad-band, polarization insensitive sensors,
the primary objective of this program is the establishment of a controlled
electromagnetic environment for measuring near-field radiated and suscepti-
bility interference characteristics of communications equipment. Measure-
ment techniques and sensors will be investigated only to the extent necessary
to accomplish the controlled environment task.
The desired end result of this program is an economical and practical
approach for obtaining a shielded enclosure, or a minimum number of enclosures,
5
vJ'hich will permit repeatable, correlatable, near-field interference measure-
ments to be made over the frequency range from 15 kc to 12 Gc. The selected
approach will combine shaping, dimensions, and the use of a minimum amount
of absorbing materials to assure consistant correlation between measure-
ments made in different enclosures and between measurements made in en-
closures and the "open-field".
B. Literature Survey
As a first step in accomplishing this task, a literature survey w-as
initiated to better define the problems, and to determine the state-of-
the-art in the various areas covered by the task. The literature survey
covered the following subjects:
(l) Anechoic chamber techniques
(2) Measurement techniques for evaluating anechoic chambers
(3) Absorbing materials
(4) Measurement techniques for near-field radiation and sus-
ceptibility interference characteristics
(5) Test antenna and near-field probe techniques
Over 200 references pertinent to these areas have been located and are
being ~nalyzed and abstracted. A bibliography containing these references
will be included in a later report.
C. Measurement Techniques
Present techniques for making near-field case and cable emission and
susceptibility measurements are inadequate. The field configurations in
the near-field and Fresnel zones are much more complex than in the far-
field, and hence, measurements in these areas require highly specialized
6
probes and measurement techniques in order to completely describe these
field configurations.
The measurement procedures recommended in various military specifica-
tions tend to treat these near-field measurements the same as far-field
measurements. In most cases the selection of test antennas or probes have
been made entirely on the basis of physical size and convenience of use with
little, if any, consideration given to whether or not they measure parameters
sufficient to adequately describe the fields of interest. In many cases the
data are recorded as db relative to a microvolt/meter based on the far-field
calibration of the antenna being used. These measurements in the near-field
have little, if any, meaning in establishing an absolute field level nor do
they provide reliable data for relative measurements. Hence, it is felt that
there are presently no satisfactory measurement procedures for making case
and cable radiation and susceptibility measurements in the open-field or in
shielded enclosures. Based on present knowledge of near-field configura-
tions, it appears necessary to measure both the electric and magnetic field
vectors since their relationship in the near-field is not known. In addition,
it may be necessary to measure the time phase and space orientation of the
E and H fields to adequately determine the field configuration. A study of
the variations of the angles and magnitudes of the E and H fields surrounding
a source wi th variations in the couplings of dissipators to the fields
may provide some knowledge of the maximum power which can be extracted from
the field at any particular frequency. Since, in general, power is required
for interference, knowledge of the available power may prove useful in
determining the interference characteristics of the source.
7
The problem of measuring the near-field configuration of a single
antenna, whose characteristics are known, is a complex problem. The
measurement of case radiation which requires the description of a near-
field configuration resulting from a number of randomly oriented apertures,
slots, and rods, is a much more complex problem. Thus, it is felt that a
study program to better describe this near-field configuration and to deter-
mine what parameters must be measured (to adequately describe the field
configuration) is necessary before any meaningful measurement procedure
development can be accomplished.
Experience has shown that radiated field measurements in shielded
enclosures have been inaccurate and unrepeatable. The resultant data
becomes a function of not only the radiating source and sensor character-
istics but also the enclosure characteristics.
A shielded enclosure is a rectangular cavity. As such, it exhibits a
resonance phenomena that is frequency dependent. A cavity resonator has an
infinite number of resonant frequencies given by the expression
where a= width, b =height, = length, (all dimensions in meters), and
m, n, and pare integers. For a 6.5' x 7.5' x 10' screen room, the lowest
resonant frequency is approximately 83 Mc. 1
These resonant frequencies also have finite Q's; and these Q values
create bands or regions of resonance rather than a discrete frequency.
At these frequencies standing waves exist in the screen room and large
field variations will exist.
8
A major perturbating factor on internal fields is reflections from
the enclosure wa lls. An elementary example can show the magnit ude of
. 2
variations expected. Harr1son considered the received voltage from a
dipole (\/2 height) oriented parallel to the line of intersection of t wo
infinite highly conducting plane surfaces. The incident field was assumed
to be a plane-wave E-field parallel to the line of intersection. The
length-to-radius ratio was 122.35. A typical graph that Harrison obtained

is shown in Figure 1. The induced voltage is a function of arrival angle
and dipole spacing from the plates, b/\. The situation in a practical
enclosure is far more complex than this elementary situation.
Multiple reflections in a shielded enclosure also increase the number
of possible orthogonal field components. This means the sensor (or probe)
must be slender (the length-to-radius must be larger) to discriminate
against the additional orthogonal components. For any given situation the
necessary /r ratio is difficult to resolve; however, one investigator
found that a /r ratio of at least 50 was necessary to obtain 32 db
rejection of an orthogonal E-field.
If the walls of a shielded enclosure are considered to be re-radiators
of incident fields from the source, they will have near-fields, Fresnel
2
and far-fields regions. For example, if 2D /\ is used for the far -field
2
boundary, and the effective D of a wall is 7 meters, at 3 Me the 2D /\ value
is approximately 1 meter. At 30 Me, it is 10 meters; at 300 Me, it is 100
meters. This implies that in most practical cases above about 30 Me, the
sensor (probe) will be in the near-field of the wall, i.e., the near-field
effects of the walls, as re-radiators, must be considered as well as those
of the source and sensor. The sensor may be in the far-field of the source,
9
PLATES
=11
b!2....J

DIPOLE IN 11/2 CORNER
: DIRECTION OF SOURCE
REFLECTOR LOCATED
EQUIDISTANT FROM THE
TWO CONDUCTING PLATES
AND PARALLEL TO THE
LINE OF INTERSECTION
V')
.5
1-
.....1
0
f--J
0
> .4
z
.---.
...J
> .3
1......1
0
w
N
.....1
.2
~
0:::
0
z
.1
0~--~t;----~------------~------------------------_J
.125 .25 .50 1.0
b/A
Figure 1. Voltage Induced in Dipole.

but still be in the near-field of the image of the source generated by the
wall.
In order to better evaluate the problems associated "\ri th correlating
measurement data obtained in a conventional, unimproved shielded enclosure
with data obtained in the "open-fieldu, a series of measurements was made to

11
determine the coupling between two dipole antennas in the 0pen-field" and
in a 8' x 8' x 12' shielded enclosure. The test set-up used to make these
measurements is shown in Figure 2.
The coupling between the two tuned dipoles as a function of frequency
in two different locations in the laboratory (open-field) is shown in Figure 3.
It is apparent that the repeatibility between the two runs made at the different
locations is rather good, however significant (iifferences in coupling at fre-
quencies in the vicinity of 145 Me and 187 Me, due to reflecting objects in
the laboratory, are apparent. The frequencies at which differences in coupling
become apparent are a function of the measurement locations in the laboratory.
With the same antenna spacing and height above ground, the measurement set-
up was centered in the 12' dimension of the sh:Lelded enclosure. The coupling
between the two dipoles as a :function of frequency in this orientation in the
shielded enclosure is shown in Figure 4. Comparing Figure 3 with Figure 4,

it is apparent that the coupling inside the shj_elded enclosure varies from
approximately db above to 15 db below the coupling observed outside. The
relatively sharp nulls in the coupling shown in Figure 4 apparently occur
at resonant frequencies of the enclosure. There is relatively good correlation
between the null frequencies of Figure 4 and certain resonant frequencies
listed in Table I. Table I was generated by evaluating the expression on
page 8 for all resonant frequencies from f

111 to f 333 for a 8' x 8' x 12'
enclosure.
11
TRANSMITTING rRECEIVING
ANTENNA ANTENNA
6 db
AB 6 db
PAD AB
p
::c
30 FT. RF ANTENNA
ACCESSORY CABLES _ _
MEASURED POWER
FROM RECEIVING
ANTENNA
MEASURED
INPUT POWER NF
TO TRANSMITTING 105
ANTENNA
11
40
500
RF
13-1/2 FT.
CABLE
50 ohm
RF CABLE
s = ANTENNA SPACING IN INCHES

ht = TRANSMITTING ANTENNA HEIGHT
ABOVE GROUND IN INCHES
h5 RECEIVING ANTENNA HEIGHT
ABOVE GROUND IN INCHES
Figure 2. Test Set-up for Screen Room Measurements.
12
0 o--o ANTENNAS IN LOCATION 1
e-e ANTENNAS IN LOCATION 2
-10
s 39"
-20 ht :::: 51-3/4"
e...c hr 49-1/2''
'"'C
:; -30 GEN. INPUT TO ANTENNA 1 -20 dbm
z
z
~ -40
z
<
u
LLJ
-50
0::
~ -60
1-
6:
1-
-70
::J
0
-80
-90
-100~~~~--~--~--~---~--~--~--~--~
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
FREQUENCY IN MEGACYCLES
3- "Open-Field 11 Measurements.
0
s = 39"
ht :::: 51-3/4''
-10
hr 49-112"
-20 GEN. INPUT TO ANTENNA 1 -20 dbm
e...c
~ -30
<
z
z
~ -40
z
<
u -50
LLJ
0::
u.. -60
0
1-
6:
1-
-70
::J
0
-80
-90
-100~--~--~~~~--~-----_.--~--~--_.
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
4. Antennas Centered in Longest Dimension of Screen

Room No. 1.
13
TABLE I
RESONANT FREQUENCIES FOR 8 I X 8' X 12' ENCLOSURE
flll = 96 143 = 199

= 119.2 f212 = 161 f312 = 202
fll3 = 150 f213 = .5 f313 = .5
fl21 = 179 = 226

= 161 192.5 f322 237
f222
fl23 184.5 f223 f323 =
fl31 = = 226 = 264

= 202 = 237 274
f332
fl33 = 230.5 f233 = f333 =
Figure 5 is a plot of a second run in the shielded enclosure -with the
same antenna spacing and height above ground, but -wi th the measurement set-
up centered in the 8' dimension of the shielded enclosure. It is interest
to note that nulls occur at frequencies in Figure 5 which did not appear in
Figure 4, but these new nulls frequencies appear in Table I. It is also
interesting to note that the magnitudes of the nulls w'hich appear in both
4 and 5 are different. These effects apparently indicate
that the positions of the antennas coupling into and out of the resonant
cavity have a very significant influence on which resonant frequencies pro-
duce nulls as well as the magnitude of the null produced. Figure 6 shows a
plot of a third run with the measurement set-up centered in the 12' dimension
of the enclosure with a 90" spacing bet-ween the antennas. 6 contains

0
s 39"
-10 ht 51-3/4"
hr 49-1/2''
E"
..0
-o
:; -30
z
z
~ -40
z
<
u -50
w
D::
g.; -60
1--
::>
a.. -70
1--
::>
0
-80
-90
-100 I I I
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
5. Antennas Centered in Shortest Dimension of Screen Room No. 1.
0
s 90"
11
-10 ht 51-3/4
hr 49-1/2"
E"
..0
~ -30
<
z
a:; -40
1--
z
~-50
u
w
~ -60
0
1--
~ -70
1--
::>
0 -80
-90
-100 I I
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240
Figure 6. Antennas Centered in Longest Dimension of Screen Room No. 1.

nulls in both Figure 4 and 5, but with still another set of magnitudes.
It is interesting to note that the coupling between the tvro dipoles
inside the enclosure, at frequencies between the nulls, is relatively constant,
independent of position of measurement set-up in the enclosure and the spacing
between antennas, and is consistantly approximately 15 db greater than the
outside coupling. This leads to the hypothesis that the shielded enclosure
is acting as a wave guide. In order to check the validity of this concept
for use in future analyses, it was decided to raake coupling measurements at
frequencies well below the cut-off frequency of the enclosure wave guide.
For the 8' x 8' x 12' enclosure, the wave guide cut-off frequency is approximate-
ly 60 Me. An attempt was made to make an antenna coupling measurement in the
enclosure at 30 Me. The coupling between the c.:.ntennas at this frequency was
so low that sufficient radiating power was not available to obtain an accurate
measurement, but the coupling was at least 30 db below the outside coupling,
and hence, it appears that the wave guide concept is valid for enclosure
analyses.
An effort was also made to determine if meaningful absolute open-field,
near-zone transmitter case emission measurements can be made with available
rod, loop, and dipole antennas which have been calibrated in the far-field.
It appears that for near-zone measurements to be meaningful, the magnitude of
both the electric and magnetic fields must be measured independently, since
no unique relationship exists between these fields in the proximity of the
radiating antenna. It was decided, therefore, that E and H field measure-
ments would be made in both the near-zone and far-field of a radiating dipole
to determine if the near-zone measurements based on far field calibration
could be used to describe the strength of the f:ields close to the radiating
antenna.
16
A covered parking lot was chosen as the test site. A half wave
dipole tuned to Me was used as the radiating antenna. The various rod,
loop and dipole antennas which make up the complementary equipment for the
Empire Devices NF-105 NFIM were :1sed as receiving antennas. The NF-105 was
used as the receiver in these tests. The field site was checked at a number
of places with a tuned dipole antenna for multipath interference
which might produce carrier cancellation and cause meaningless measurements.
No evidence of interference was found.
Seven antennas were calibrated at a distanee of 54 feet from the trans-
mitting antenna. The test antennas used were the (1) EP-105 electric field
probe, ( 2) BB-105 broad-band antenna cone with one rod, (3) BB-105 broad-band
antenna cone with two rods, (4) VA-105 vertical antenna with one section,
(5) VA-105 vertical antenna with two sections, (6) MP-105 magnetic field
probe, and (7),LP-105 loop antenna. A tuned half-wave dipole DM-105-Tl
was used to establish the field strength in the far field. Each antenna was
or"',ented for a maximum reading in the far field. This orientation was main-
tained for each antenna at each test distance. The field strength as
measured by each antenna at distances of 54, and 3 feet from the
radiating antenna are summarized in Table II.
Examination of this table reveals that the of some antennas increased
markedly relative to the gain of others. This effect is most noticable
between antennas 1 and 7. A possible explanation of this apparent gain
difference is that the capacitive coupling between the radiating antenna and
the test antennas is a function of the physical size of the latter in the
near-zone. The results of a detailed examination of antenna response as a
function of distance from the radiating source is shown in Figure 7. In

-32
e
...0
~
w
c./)
z
0
0..
c./) -42
w
~
<(
z
z
w
1-
z
<(
-57
-62
-67
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
DISTANCE FROM RADIATING ANTENNA (FT)
Figure 7. Relative Responses of Two Short Dipoles and a E-Field Probe.

TABLE II
FIELD STRENGTH AT THREE DISTANCES FROM A RADIATING
SOURCE AS MEASURED BY A NUMBER OF ANTENNAS
ANTENNA 54 F.EET 36 FEET 3 FEET

(dbm) (dbm) (dbm)
(l) GP-105 -50.5 -48.0 -32.0
(2) BB-105 (l Rod) -46.0 -43.0 -31.0
(3) BB-105 (2 Rods) -42.5 -39.0 -27.5

(4) VA-105 (l Section) -34.0 -32.0 -19.0
(5) VA-105 (2 Sections) -31.5 -30.0 -19.0
(6) MP-105 -72.5 -67.0 -56.0
(7) LP-105 -58.0 -51.0 -47.5
this test the relative responses of two short dipole antennas and a voltage
probe were determined. The test site, frequency, and radiating source for
this test were the same as those used in collecting the data in Table II.
The dipoles used -were the DM-l05-T3 antenna set with the telescopic arms
fully collapsed (short dipole) and the same set with the arms fully extend-
ed (medium dipole). The voltage probe used was the EP-105. As seen from
this figure the relative response difference of the two dipoles remained essent-
ially constant at all measured ranges from 40 feet to l foot. This difference
averaged about db. The response of the voltage probe changed with di?tance
relative to the dipoles. It is interesting to note that between 16 and 40 feet
the response of the voltage probe falls off at a rate proportional to the
reciprocal of the range, while the responses of the dipoles fall off at about
twice the rate of the probe.
19
Hhatever the explanation of the difference effect, it seems apparent
that in the open-field, meaningful absolute measurements cannot be made in the
near-zone wi th these antennas when far-field calibrations are used. It is
suggested that careful consideration be given as to the validity of measure-
ments procedures such as MIL- I-11748, MIL- I-16910A, MIL- I-17623 and others
which specifically call for near-zone case emission measurements with antennas
which have been calibrated in the Fraunhofer region.
D. Anechoic Chamber Techniques
1. Chamber Shaping
The primary objective of this task, t:2e determination of the most
economical and practical means for establishing a controlled electromagnetic
environment suitable for making near-field case radiation and susceptibility
measurements, suggests the use of chamber shaping to concentrate the undesired
radiation on a surface area as small as possible. Two geometric configurations
~vlhich have characteristics which make them particularly attractive for consider-
ation in this application are an ellipsoid and a paraboloid of revolution.
The cross-sectional view of an ellipsoid, shown in Figure 8, shows that all
of the radiation from a point source located at one focus point (Fl) is
focused on a point sink at the second focus point (F2) after a single reflec-
tion from the wall, with the exception of the direct radiation from Fl to F2,
which in the present case is the desired radiation. The cross-sectional view
of a paraboloid of revolution, shown in Figure 9, shows that all radiation
from a point source located at the focal point of the paraboloid is focused
to travel parallel to the axis of revolution. It is apparent that if the
walls of a shielded chamber were shaped to conform wi th either of these
20
Figure 8. with Reflected Rays .
...
....
Figure 9. Paraboloid with Reflected Rays.
21
configurations, the radiation on the walls would be concentrated
on a relatively small wall area.
Figure 10 shows a proposed shielded chamber in which the walls have
been shaped into a section of an One end wall is covered with
absorbing material and is located so that all reflected waves traveling to-
ward the second focal point impinge on this wall before the is reached.
A small section of the vertex on the end wall is removed and replaced
with absorbing material to eliminate reflections which would go directly back
to the focal point, the equipment under test or through the reflection-free
area outlined on the The floor is left flat to simulate the ground
in the open-field, and hence, the measurements r1ade in the shielded chamber
should have the same plane reflection characteristics and thus the max-
imum correlation with open-field measurements.
For a case radiation test, the to be tested is at the
focal point of the section and the test antenna is positioned in
the reflection-free area. For a case susceptib:~lity test, the radiating
source is placed at the focal point and the equ:~pment to be tested is position-
ed in the reflection-free area.
A similar chamber ut~lizing a section of a para-
boloid of revolution is shown in 11. Theoretically, the paraboloidal-
section approach offers two advantages over the ellipsoidal section, (l) all
reflected energy from the paraboloid is normal to the wall and
hence results in performance for the absorbing and (2) a
reflection-free area is obtained with the paraboloid for the same size
enclosure.
The feasibility of these chamber enclosure eonfigurations will be invest-
on a basis during the next quarter. It is to utilize
22
ABSORBING
MATERIAL MATERIAL
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
Figure Enclosure.
23
ABSORBING ABSORBING
MATERIAL MATERIAL
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
11. Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure.

a conventional, rectangular enclosure and obtain the desired geometric curvi-
tures by means of a light-weight, easily-formed filler material such as
expanded polyethelene or polystyrene and apply a conductive or absorbtive
coating over the filler material. It is felt that this approach is much
simpler from a fabrication standpoint than attempting to shape the shielding
walls to the required curvitures, and at the same time, maintain the required
degree of shielding. These techniques appear to have a good potential for
measurements down to approximately 50 Me. At lower frequencies the lack of
good absorbers with reasonable physical dimensi.ons and the wave-guide-below-
cut-off effects of the enclosure will probably prevent the satisfactory appli-
cation of these techniques. For frequencies below 50 Me, other techniques,
possibly similar to the techniques investigated by K. E. Mortenson3 at
Rensselaer will be investigated.
2. Absorbing Materials
One phase of the present program is a study to determine the most
economical and practical methods of using electromagnetic wave absorbing material
for reducing the field intensity standing-wave-ratios in shielded rooms. Re-
duction of the field intensity to levels which Nill not seriously affect the
1
evaluation of the near-field interference emiss:ion and susceptibility character-
istics of communication-electronic equipment in the shielded room is desired.
Anechoic chambers at microwave frequencies are fairly common. These enclosures
are used for radar cross-section measurements and antenna pattern studies and
remove the dependence of these operations on weather conditions and the external
radio frequency environment by providing an indoor shielded enclosure in which
measurements can be made. As the frequency of measurement is decreased, the
size of the required absorbing material increases appreciably. For instance,
25
a typical absorber of the foam pyramid type with a frequency range of use-
fullness of 200 Me to 50 gc is inches high ,;.rhile one useful over the fre-
quency range 50 Me to 50 gc is 96 inches high. Thus from space considerations
using absorbing material of this type it is highly desirable to investigate
ways to reduce the quanity of absorbing material required.
Several different types of absorbers are in corrnnon use. Probably the simplest
and most familiar is the hair type absorber. Early work with this absorber
4
was conducted at the Naval Research laboratory. One type of such an absorber
used medium density curled animal hair impregnated with graphite and neoprene
in xylene. The power reflection was less than 5 per cent of that of a flat
conducting plane over a frequency range of 2500 to 30,000 Me for two one-
inch thick layers of the material. Reproduction of the exact absorption charac-
teristics by this process was poor. It was found that the absorption character-
istics were improved when four sided pyramids were cut into the surface of the
hair type absorber to provide a smoother transition region. The hair abso:':'ber
provides an economical broad-band absorber and :is available from several
manufacturers. Some of the early experiments with this type absorber were with
wet excelsior which makes a good absorber useful on a temporary or emergency
basis. Excelsior presents a fire hazard since it can be readily ignited,
animal hair is also inflamable but can be made fire resistant. Where high power
dissipation is required, a glass-fiber absorber can be obtained.
Another class of absorber is formed of plastic foams. These are available
both in flexible and rigid foams, the rigid foaJLS being useful for structural
purposes. These foam absorbers are available at a frequency as low as several
hundred megacycles and useful through the microwave region. Again the size
of the material at the lower frequencies is quite large.
26
Another class of absorbers are the ferrite absorbers. For broadband
characteristics in such an absorber, the electri(! and magnetic properties of
the material must be controlled in a precise manner. These ferrites are usually
available in flat tiles an inch or two square or in shaped sections. The Emerson
and Cuming ~ccosorb * NZ material provides a broadband absorber in the frequency
range of 50 Me to 15 gc with approximately -15 d1) reflectivity. These absorbing
materials have the advantage of small size, being possibly one inch thick. A
big disadvantage exists, however, in their cost ~mich may be $50 to $200 per
square foot.
Resonant absorbers ** are used where the elimi.nation of a band of frequencies
is to be obtained. These absorbers are based on the Salisbury Screen principle
in which a 377 ohm layer of resistive material is spaced an electrical quarter
wavelength from a conducting surface. It can be obtained tuned to any fre-
quency in S through K band. A typical bandwidth between the 5 percent reflected
power points is 35 percent, sufficient to cover a radar band.
An interesting material, that will be evaluated, is the Goodrich SPN (Space
Net) material. This material is a nylon net with a 377 ohm per square surface
resistivity. The frequency range of usefulness is from VLF to 3000 Me. A
combination of this material with some high frequency hair or foam material may
provide a means for economically providing the required absorption of electro-
magnetic energy in the shielded room. The material may be used as either a
resonant absorber or a broadband absorber. When used as a resonant absorber the
material is placed a quarter wavelength in front of a conducting plane. 'When
used as a broadband absorber, it is used in the form of pyramids of the material
*Emerson and Cuming, Inc., Canton, Massachusetts.

**T.ype RF (Resonant Foam) Absorber, B. F. Goodrich, Sponge Rubber Products,
Shelton, Connecticut.
27
of dimensions depending on the lowest frequency of interest.
Present plans are to evaluate a combination of absorbers consisting of the
space net type and a hair type absorber in a sealed down screen room model.
3. Modeling
The evaluation of various types of al:)sorbing materials, placement of
absorbing materials in shielded enclosures, and chamber shaping will be accom-
plished by modeling techniques. This approach W'ill permit the maximum number
of different types of absorbing materials, material placements and chamber
shapes to be investigated with the minimum amount of sample quantities of
materials.
It is presently planned to use a 4:1 scaling factor for the models. Two
model enclosures, one 2' x 2' x 2' and one 2' x 3' x 2' are presently being
fabricated to simulate 8' x 8' x 8' and 8' x 12' x 8' shielded enclosures.
Test probes, probe positioning techniques and over-all enclosure measurement
techniques are being developed for use W'ith these models. The first step
W'ill be an attempt to correlate measurements made on the unimproved models
with measurements made on the full size enclosures. Once this correlation is
established, various absorbing materials, material placements, and enclosure
shaping techniques will be evaluated by means of the models.
4. Measurement Techniques for Evaluating Shielded Chamber Characteristics
Another phase of the present task is the development of measurement
techniques for determining the VSWR characteristics of shielded enclosures
over an extremely w"ide frequency range.
At frequencies where several wavelengths may be established wi thin the
confines of the enclosure, the simplest and most direct approach to VSWR
measurement is the termination VSWR technique. 5 In this technique, a probe
28
is inserted in the line to the radiator and set at the most sensitive position
available. The radiator is then moved in a straight line in any given direc-
tion and the ratio of peak to minimum indication in one or more wavelengths of
the movement yields the VSWR for the area probed by the moving antenna.
In the more general case, the wavelength may be longer than the largest
dimension of the enclosure such that the termination VSWR technique can not be
applied. This requires that the VSWR be measured in the line from the generator
to the radiator. The mismatch between the radiator and the line is thus incor-
porated in the measurement and must be taken into account.
The measurement of VSWR at long wavelengths is not practical using probed
lines due to the extremely long slotted section requirement. It is evident that
direct measurement of the VSWR by any current mE~thod is not a practical solution
at long wavelengths because at least one wavelength must be established for the
measurement. A better solution is obtainable through indirect techniques
utilizing incident and reflected power measurements.
A pair of directional couplers or hybrid networks may be calibrated and
utilized to sample the incident and reflected power in the cable between the
generator and the radiator. At frequencies where available, bi-directional
couplers may be used. The ratio of incident to reflected power in db is the
voltage reflection coefficient expressed in db for the combination of the screen
room and the radiator to line match. From this value, the reflection coefficient
and VSWR can be calculated.
At low frequencies where 4 terminal hybrids can be utilized, the line-
to-radiator matching may be adequately compensated by proper 4th terminal net-
W'Orks. In such cases, the effect of reflections. at the radiator-to-line coupl-
ing may be reduced to an insignificant value. In other instances, the reflection

coefficient at the radiator-to-line connection and the approximate phase
addition of the t\.-m returns should be known for accurate VSWR measurements.
Where the reflection coefficient is very small at the radiator-to-line connec-
tion, the effects of this reflected power may be neglected. IJ:'hough the accuracy
of this technique is not excellent, it should be sufficient to determine that
the screen room VSWR is below the specified value of 1.5 to 1.
At the present time, a number of these measurement techniques are being
investigated in order to establish a measurement capability which will permit
the evaluation of shielded enclosure improvements over the frequency range
from very low frequencies to microwave frequencies.
30
V. CONCLUSIONS
Present shielded enclosures exhibit resona::1ces, VS'WR, and wave guide
effects which make it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to correlate
near-field case radiation and susceptibility measurements made in them with
measurements made in the "open-field".
Enclosure shaping to focus the undesired radiated energy on a limited
wall surface covered with absorbing material appears to be a feasible
solution to obtaining a satisfactory shielded enclosure for making case
radiation and susceptibility measurements above 50 Me. For frequencies
below 50 Me, other techniques must be found. Special measurement techniques
must be developed for measuring shielded enclosure VSWR characteristics at
low frequencies.
Present measurement techniques, procedures, and test antennas for
making near-field case and cable radiation and susceptib measurements
are inadequate and additional investigation and improvement are needed in
these areas.
VI. PROGRAM FOR NEXT INTEHVAL
The analysis and abstracting of the references compiled during the
literature survey will continue during the next interval.
The fabrication of model shielded enclosures will be completed and
the development of measurement techniques for evaluating shielded enclosure
VSWR characteristics over an extremely wide frequency range will continue.
A number of absorbing materials, which have been obtained in sample
quantities, various enclosure shapes and absorbing material placements
will be evaluated by means of modeling techniques.

VII IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONI'JEL
Name Title Approximate Hours
E. E. Donaldson, Jr. Assistant Research Engineer 26
W. R. Free Project Director 296

N. T. Huddleston Graduate Research Assistant 364
W. L. Reagh Research Assistant 301
D. W. Robertson Head, Communications Branch 69

P. T. Spence Graduate Research Assistant 11+0
C. W. Stuckey Assistant Research Engineer 483

R. D. Trammell, Jr. Assistant Project Director 503
J. R. Walsh, Jr. Research Engineer 190
W. B. liarren Research Engineer 40

E. W. Wood Project Director 170
Mr. Free joined the project in August 1964 , He received a B.S. degree
in Electrical Engineering in 1954 and a M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering
in 1959, both from the Georgia Institute of Technology. His previous expeT-
ience includes 3 years as an Electronic Engineer with Sperry Gyroscope Company
at Great Neck, New York; 3 years as an Assistant Research Engineer wtth the
Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Tech; and 4-l/2 years as a Senior
Staff Engineer with Sperry Microwave Electronicr Company at Clearwater, Florida.
Mr. Free's experience has been in the fields of Communications, RFI, and
Circuit Design.
Mr. E. W. Wood accepted a position with industry in August 1964 and

Mr. P. T. Spence accepted a position with industry in September 1964.
33
VIII . REFERENCES
l. D. P. Kanellakos, 11 A New Technique for Evaluating the Performance of

Shielded Enclosures,~~ Fifth Conference on HFI, October 1959, pp. 526-559.
2. C. W. Harrison, "On The Receiving Characteristics of A Dipole In

Proximity to 'I\ro Intersection Conducting Surfaces," IRE Transactions on
Antennas and Propagation, September 1962, p. 543.
3. K. E. Mortenson, C. J. Taub, et.al., "An Investigation of Problems

Associated With Broad Band Interference Mea.surements,n Final Report,
Contract No. DA 36-039 sc-42488, Rensslaer Folytechnic Institute,
Troy, New York, 18 November 1955.
4. H. A. Tanner, A. G. Sands and M. V. McDowell, "Darkflex - A Fibrous

Microwave Absorber," NRL Report 4137, Naval Research Laboratory,
Washington, D. C., 20 April 1953.
5. Elery F. Buckley, uOutline of Evaluation Procedures for Microwave

Anechoic Chambers," Microwave Journal, August 1963, p. 69.
34
DISTRIBUTION LIST
No. of Copies To
1 OASD (R&E), Rm 3El065, ATTN: Technical Library, The

Pentagon, Washington 25, D. C.
1 Chief of Research and Development, OCS, Department of the

Army, Washington 25, D. C.
1 Commanding General, U. S. Army Materiel Command, ATTN:

R & D Directorate, Washington 25, D. C.
3 Commanding General, U. S. Army Electronics Command,

ATTN: AMSEL-AD, Fort Monmouth, N. J.
20 Commander, Defense Documentation Center, ATTN: TISIA,

Cameron Station, Bldg. 5, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. A. Combat Developments Command,

ATTN: CDCMR-E, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Ar:TJy Combat Developments Command,

Communications-Electronics Agency, Fort Huachuca, Arizona
l Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Electronics Research and

Development Activity, ATTN: Technical Library, Fort
Huachuca, Arizona
2 Chief, U. S. Army Security ~seney, Arlington Hall Station,

Arlington 12, Virginia
1 Deputy President, U. s. Army Security Agency Board, Arlington

Hall Station, Arlington 12, Virginia
l Director, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, ATTN: Code 2027,

Washington 25, D. C.
l Commanding Officer and Direetor, U. S. Navy Electronics

Laboratory, San Diego 52, Ca1ifornia
l Aeronautical Systems Division, ATTN: ASNXRR, Wright-Pat-

terson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433
1 Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, ATTN: CRZC,

L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford,, Massachusetts
l Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, ATTN: CRXL-R,

L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts
DISTRIBUTION LIST (Cor~inue~)
No. of Copies To
l Hq, Electronic Systems Division, ATrN: ESTI, L.. G. Hanscom

Field, Bedford, Massachusetts 01731
l Rome Air Development Centery ATTN: RAALD, Griffiss Air

Force Base, New York
l AFSC Scientific/Technical Liaison Office, U. S. Naval Air

Development Center, Johnsville, Pennsylvania
l USAELRDL Liaison Office, Rome Air Development Center, ATTN:

RAOL, Griffiss Air Force Ease, New York
l Commanding Officer, U. S ..Army Electronics Materiel Support

Agency, ATTN: SELMS-ADJ, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey
l Director, Monmouth Office, U. S. Army Combat Developments

Command, Communications-Electronics Agency, Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey
1 Commanding Officer, Engineer Research and Development

Laboratories, ATTN: Technical Documents Center, Fort
Belvoir, Virginia
l Marine Corps Liaison Office, U. S. Army Electronics Research

and Development Laboratories, Fort Monmouth, N. J.
1 AFSC Scientific/Technical Liaison Office, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Research and Develop:nent Laboratories, Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey
4 Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, AT'rN: Logistics Division, Fort
Monmouth, New Jersey, (MARKKD FOR: GUY JOHNSON)
l Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, AT rN: SELRA/DE, Fort Monmouth,
1
New Jersey
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Arrey Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, A~rN: Technical Documents Center,
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Arrzy Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, A~;N: SELRA/GF, Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey
DISTRIBUTION LIST (Concluded)
No. of Copies To
1 Commander, Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss Air Force

Base, New York, ATTN: EMCVR (C. R. Miller)
1 Chief, Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy, Washington

D. C. ATTN: Code 452 (Mr. Homan)
l Director, Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis Center,

ATTN: ACX (Lt. Col. John A. Gahr), U. S. Navy Marine
Engineering Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland 21402
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, NrTN: SELRA/GFA, Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. k~my Electronics Research and

Development Laboratories, NrTN: SELRA/GFR, Fort Monmouth,
New Jersey
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. ~~my Electronics Research and

Development Activity, ATTN: FC-05, White Sands, New Mexico
1 IIT Research Institute, ATTN: Mr. J. T. Ludwig, 10 W.

35th Street, Chicago 16, Illinois
~ ~-~~. AD Access1.on No.
Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institu t e o f Tec""'hn"'oi""'o=f!:Y::-,-,A<=t"la""nt""a-,"""Ge"'o:=rg3 i-::-a, Engine ering Experiment Station , Georgia Institut e of Tec"'hn""o"lo:-::f!:Y:-,-A""
t "1a=nt""'a,-,-;;Gc:-:eo:-:::rg""'i-::-
a,
W. R. Free, C. W. Stuckey, R. D. TrRJ111Ilell, Jr., and J . R. Walsh, J r. W. R. Free, C. W. Stuc key , R. D. Trammell, Jr., A.nd J . F.. WalGh, J r .
Report No. 27, Qua r t erly Report No. 6, 15 J uly 1964 to 15 October 1964, 34 pages, Repo rt No. 27, Q;Ja.r t erly Repor t No . 6, 15 J ul y 196.1; t o 15 Oe:tob er 1964, 34 pages,
13 illus. ( ~ ract No. DA 36-0)9 AMC-02294(E), Continuation o f Contract No. 13 illu s. (Contr a c t No. DA 36-039 AHC -02294(E), Continuation of Contract No .
DA 36-039 s c -8 7183, Department of the Arley Project : 106-20501-D-449), UNCLASSIFIED DA 36- 039 sc-87183, De;>n e nl of the Army Projec t : lG6-2050l-D- 449 ), UNCLAS SIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED REPORT UNCLASSIFIED REPORT
HEPJRT. RE R!RT.
1. Interferenc e 1. Interference
During the per iod cove r e d by this report, investigations to extend the determinat ion Dur ing the p P.r i od C' OVe r ed by thi s repOrt, invest i grttions t o exten d the dete rminat ion
2. Radio Frequency 2. Radio Frequency
of the interference characteristics o f U. S. A:rrrJy conmunication equipnent to include of t he i nter fe rence c l'a.,. ........ tllt " l 7 .A.niiQ' communicati on e quipnent to inc l ude
Interference Interfer e nce
the near- f ield emission and s usceptibility characteristics have been in i tiated. t he near- f1 P-1d emiss i C"".I _,.'" Ji:.lt. ~!ty ra e r i sti c s have been initiated.
3. Con:n:nunications 3. Communicat i ons
The obje ctives of t heGe investigation s are (l) the determination of the most e c onom- The cf ~hP. Sf' i r.vestie; at i o us are ( 1 ) t he determina tion of the most econom-
ical and practical means for establis hing a controlled electromagnetic environl:llent ical p -: : 7 - r ~ if' .. b l i Gh ing !:1. contro lled elect romagne tic env i r onment
I. W. R. Free, I. W. R . Free,
for me asuring ne ar-field radiated and susceptibility int erference characteristics for mecu>u r .. -!l ~ ~,. t 1 and s us ceptibility i n t er f erence c ha rac t eristics
of e le c tronic e quipnents and ( 2) develor;vnent of measurement techn i ques for measur-
C. "W . St uckey,
of t: 1ectror..i c e qu ipmen t. l:\ a nd (2) devel opme n-t of measurement te : ..,.~i 13_u es 1"or measur-
c. W. Stuc key,
R. D. Tramme ll, Jr., R. D. Trammell, Jr.,
ing ne ar-field radia ted and s u sceptibility int e r fe~ence characteristics of elec tronic i ng nea :r-fie l d r a.Ui a.t ed -'3.nd SLI Gcep t.ib ility inte r f erence cha r a ct e r i stics of electronic
e.nd J. R. Walsh, J r. a nd J. R. Walsh, J r.
e qu ipments in the above controlled elec t romagneti c env ironment 'w'hich can be correlat- eq_u i ... I !. .. ~ ~,. ~ - ;r.::: U ele c tromagn ~tic env i ronment wh ic h can be c orrelat-
ed 'w'it.h 10 0pen-fie1d" measur ements. e d -w ' , '!!. .. 11:
II. Report No . 27, II. Report No. 27,
r~ ( 1) a nechoic c hamber techniques, (2) measureme nt tech-
Quarter ly Report No. 6
A l l Lera t ure s urvey ec;verine ( 1 ) o.ne t.!hoic chamb er t e chni q ue s , ( 2) measurement tech-
Quarterly Report No. 6
nique s ~ ar rrl l.qt c chambers, (3) abso rb ing materials, (4) measurement L.i.q ue ::. 1'or evalua t i ng a nerhoic chamber~, (3 ) a b s orb i ng materi a ls , (4) mea~ urement
III. Contract No. DA 36- III. Contr a ct No. DA 36-
techn i ques f or nea.r-field radiation and susceptibility int erference c haracteristics, tecl:m i que s for near-field r adiat ion a nd s ueceptibil i t y interference c haracteristi c s,
039 AMC- 02294(E). De pt. 039 AMC-02294(E). Dept .
a n d (5) test antenna and near-f i eld probe tec hniques was conducted dur i ng the period a nd ( 5 ) LeG t a nt e nna a nd near-fi e ld probe t echniq'.les 'w'as c onducted d ur l ng the period
of the Arley Project l r.6- of t h e Arley Project lr.6-
c.ove r e d by this report. Over 200 references pertinent to these areas have been cover e d by Lh is repcrt . Over 200 l"efer e nt.! es pertinent to t hese areas have b een
2 05 0l-D-44 9 20501-D-449
l oc a ted a n d are bein g a nalyz e d and t:~.bstracted. 1.-.:- ~, 1 and ar e be i n!1 nnalyzed a nd abs t r a t.!ted.
IV. USAEL, Fort Monmo uth, IV. USAE L, Fort Monmouth,
An investigation of state-of-the-art anecho ic chamber techni ques, chamber evalua- An inves llgat ion of stat e- of- t he-art anec ho i c chambe r techni que s , chamber evalu a -
New JerGey New ~Ter s ey
tion technique s , and 1 ( t'.ig materials was ini t iated. The preliminary results t io r, tec hnique s , and absorbing materials was i nitiat e d. rrh e prelimi nary r es ults
f:tom this inves t igt:~. ti on are included. f r om t his inv( _:. t ~ -:'! ar e i nc l uded.
An i nvesti gation to determine the prob lems associated with near-field measurements , Ar. i nv est igat t .: r~ erm.i:1e t he pr ob l ems asaoc lated with near- fi. eld measurement s ,
and to deve l op adequate techniques and procedures for measurins: the near-field and t o dev e l OJ ~ f,.'f techni ques and proc edur es for mea s uring the nea r- f i e ld
radiated and susceptibility c haracteristics of electronic equip!ients, both in the oa.d i.a.ted and :l ~ I .. lity c ha ract.e r i stics of electronic equ i ]:l11ents, both i n the
open-fiel d and in shie l ded enclosure G, i s also being c onducted. 'lbe preliminary open-f"ield 9.nd i n sh i elded enclos ures , is also being conducted. %e preliminary
results o f this investigation B.re also inc luded. r e sult s o f t his investigation are rdso include d.
~ng-=,"'n""'ee""'r""'in""'g"E:x""p""'e""'rlc=me=n"t"S::-:ta t.-:io=-n,--;;-:-Georgia Ins~~~ ~~=i~~ ~~~"'hn=o"1o"'f!:Y::-,-cA"'t"la""nt;:::a-,"Ge""o=rg"'i.,--a,

i
7
: g inee r i ng t.:xperimer.t St a t. i on, Geor g i a Ins~~~~~=i~~ ~:~..,..hn-=-o"Jo-=gy-:-,-,A""tl"""'a""'nt""'a-,"Ge-co-rg"'i-=-
a,
W. R. Free, C. W. st uckey, R. D. Tr annnell, ,Jr ., a nd J. R. Walsh, Jr . W. R, Free, C. W. St ~- , ., !1: . D. Trarmnell, J r., and J . IL Wa l sh, Jr.
Report No . 27 , Quart e rly Report No. 6, 15 July 1964 to 15 October 1964, 34 pages, Repo r t No . 27, Quarter ly Report No . 6, 1 ) ,July 1964 t o 15 October 1964, 34 pages, t
13 illus. ( Contract No. DA 36- 0 39 AHC- 02294(E), Continuation of Contract No. 13 illuo. (Co ot. r~ct No. DA 36-039 AMC- 02294(E), Cont inua tion of Co nt ract No. !
DA ~6-0'39 sc- 8718~ . DepartmFmt. of t .hP A-rmy Prn jo:-1:'+: lC-6-20~01-D-1!!!9), L'NCL".SS!FTE'D UNCLA55IFTElJ H.l'.a"UH 'l' HA :>6-UJ)l ::; c - 8"(18), Dep<!.rtment of the Army Pro j ect": lo6- 20501-D-~l19), UNC LASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED RERlRT I
I
REPORT. 1. In t erference <E A:)RT . 1. Interference
During the period eovered by thi:s repor t, investiga tions to extend the determination 2. Radio Frequency D'..lring t he period covered by this r e port , i nvestiga tions to extend the detennination 2. Radio Frequency
o f' the i nterfe r e n c e characteri s t ics of U. S . Army communication equipnent to include Int erferen c e o f thP- int e r f'e r ence r,. ._ 1..rtr 7 la';L~ c: - . -. . C n i c a t i on eq uipnent to include Int erf erence
the near-fie l d em i ssi on and susce ptibility characteristi c s have been initiated. t he ne R.T'-f'ie l d emiss :!. ~ a -:C';;~1tJ,., ........ ~C'r.: '. i(" i ha ve been initiated. I
3. Communications 3. Communicat i o ns
The objecti ve s oi' these invest i"-~ i ons a re (1) the det ermination o " the moat econom- o t.._i ectives of t he s e i nve o.~ ' ...., lll ':.c ' 1c. vr r. he most e conom-
i r:a l and pr a c t i ca l means fo r estab1 i shing a controlled e lectromagnetic environment l:tnd pr ac tl cal mear.s f'or L .. :. 1[t: .... ~ro~llllld "'i.r'"!'"~ '.. ! c environment w. n. Free,
t!
I. W. R. Free, I.
f or measuring near -field radiated and susceptibility i nterference characterist ics C. w. Stuc key , fol' mea~ur i. ng nf>:w - f 1 plri. r A d i "'~~ t f' l :Jnd -:: us ~epti b ility i.nt e rferenc e charact eristics C. W. Stuckey,
of e l e ctronic equipnents and (2) devel opment of measurement techniques for measur- H. D. Tnumnell , .l r., of e l e c tronic e qu i pnents -9.nd ( 2 ) de velopment of ni.P-A.surement tec hn i ques i'or measur- R. D. Tramme ll , J r.,
ing near- f i e l d radiated and susceptibility interfer ence characteristic s of electronic and J . R. Walsh , J r. lng near- f i e ld rad i a t e d l . l J,,..,,.rr r- ..... rwc t er is t i c ~ of elec tron i c and .r. R. Walsh, J r.
e qu ipnents i n the above contro lled electro1Jlilrl"ll' l t ... envi r onment whic h can be correlat .. e quipments in the above .:: ... :.! J ! r I r ' t whi ch can be corre lat-
ed wi th "open-field" measurements. II . Report No. 2 7 , ed 'w'i th "open -f i eld" meah11rements. II. Report No . 27,
I
A l i t erature su:tvey c overing (1) anec hoi c c techniques, (2) measurement tech-
Quarterly 1\eport No. 6
A li t erat ure survey c over i ng (1 } a necho i c chamber te chnique s , (2 } me a.suremen t tech-
Quarterly 1\eport No. 6 [
niquE's f or evaluating anechoi c ehambers, (3 1 r bing materials, ( 4 ) measurement III. Contrac t No. DA 36- nique s f o r evaluatin~ an echoi c chambers, ( 3) absorbing tlla.t erials, ( 4 } measurement III. Cont r a ct No . DA 36 -
te chn iques for ne ar-field rad i ation and susc eptibility inter ference c ha r acteristics, 039 AMC- 02294 (E) . Dept. t c c lmiques f or n ear-fie ld r a d i ation and s usceptibility i nt erferenc e cha r ac t eristics, 039 AMC- 02294(E). Dept .
and ( 5) test ant en na and near-field probe te c hniques was conduc t ed during the period of the Arley Proj ect lC.6- a nd ( 5) tes t. ttntenna and near- f i eld probe t e c hni ques wa s conducted dur i ng the per iod of the Arley Project lG6-
covere d by t his report . Over 2 00 referen c es pert i nent to these areas have been 2 050l-ll-h49 c ove red by this report. Ove r 200 r efe rences pe rtinent to the s e a reas have been 20501-D-449
l ocated a nd are b eing a nalyzed and abstr a c ted. located a nd a.re be i ng a naly zed B.nd abstracted.
An i nvestigat i on of t t e-of-t.he-art anechoi c c hamber t e chniques, chamber ev alua-

ti on teclmiques, and a bsorbing m~:tte ri als was i nit i ated. The preliminary results
I V. US.AE L, Fort Mornnouth,
New Jersey An i t r ~ 'L '
(II ~tlt'-:_( . l -
t i on ("-- 1~. ~ n1 T !M
ane choi c chamber techniques, chamber e VB. l U!::l.-
-l als was init i a ted. The prelimi nary resul t s
IV . USAEL, Fort Mo nttJ.nut h,
New Jer sey
f rom thi s investigation a re included . from th is investigati on a re included .
An i nvestigation to detertni ne the problems assoc iated w1 th near-field meas urements, An investi g ~ t ic ..Jl i.ne t he prob l ems a ssoc iated "With near-field measurements,
and to develop adequat e techniqueG and pro cedures for measur i ng the near-field a nd to deveJ op ~ !..-chni ques a nd procedures for measuring the near-field
radiated and susceptibil ity characterist i c s of electronic equip!iente, both in the radiat e d and sus cc ept i bility charac ter istics of elec t rc...:.~ equipD.ents, both in t he
open-field and in shielded enc l o sures, is als o being co ndu cted, 'Ihe prel1.minary open-i' i eld and in shielde d enclos ures, i s also bei.ng c onducted. 'l'he preliminary
r e sults of this i nv estigation are al so included. r cs u ll,G ol' t his invP.sti ga t ion a re also in c l uded.
REPORT NO. 28
QUARTERLY REPORT NO. 7
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIIMENT INTERFERENCE
W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY,
and R. D. TRAMMELL, JR.
Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)

(Continuation of Contract DA 36-039 sc-8Tl83)
15 October 1964 to 15 January 1965
Prepared for
u. s. Army

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECI-tNOLOGY
Atlanta, Georgia
GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Atlanta, Georgia
REPORT NO. 28
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIIMENT INTERFE~RENCE

CHARACTERISTICS-CO:MMUNICATION TYPE
By
W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY, AND R. D. T.R.AMrviELL, JR.

(Continuation of Contract No. DA 36-0~39 sc-87183)
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PROJECT: lG6-~20501-D-449
The object of this research progrwm is to conduct a comprehensive investigation

signature) of u. S. Army communications equipment deemed necessary for the pre-
October 1964 to 15 January 1965
Performed for
U.S. ARMY
FOREWORD
This report was prepared at the Georgia ~;ech Engineering Experiment
Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The report covers the
activity and results of the seventh quarter's effort on a project to con-
duct a feasibility stu~ and investigation to determine methods for measur-
ing the interference characteristics (spectrum signature) of U. S. ~
communications equipment deemed necessary for the prediction and minimiz-
ation of electromagnetic interference.
Respectfully subm1,tted:
W. R. Free
Project Director
Appyoved: /"1
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. PURPOSE . . 1
II. ABSTRACT 2
III. PUBLICATIONS, IECTURES, REPORTS, AND CONFEHENCES 3

IV. FACTUAL DATA 4
A. Introduction 4
B. Hooded Antenna Technique 8
1. Description of technique 8
2. Hood design and construction 10
3. Broadband balun and antenna develo~ment . 12
4. Test procedures and results 18

C. Measurement Techniques for Evaluating Shielded Chamber
Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Low frequency VSWR measurement technique evaluation . 29
2. Antenna coupling measurements . 31

D. Chamber Shaping . 33
E. Anechoic Chamber 33
V. CONCLUSIONS . . . 37
VI. PROGRAM FOR NEXT INTERVAL . 39
VII. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL 40
VII I. REFERENCES 41
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Diagrrum of a Shielded Enclosure Showing Mlllti~le Signal

Paths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Measured Signal Level as a Function Of Distance Between the
Radiating Source and Receiving Antenna In The Open Field
And In A Shielded Enclosure at a Frequency of 3 Gc . . . . . 6
3. Cross-section View Of A Shielded Enclosure Showing A Hooded

Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. View Of The Antenna Hood, Receiving Antenna and Source

Antenna 11
5. A 900 Me to 10 Gc Tapered Line Balun 13

6. Test Configuration In The Shielded Enclosure 15
7. Hooded Receiving Antenna As Seen From The :3ource 16
8. View Of The Field Site 17
9. Measured Energy Level As A Function Of The Distance Of The
Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency Of 1 Gc. . . 19

Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 1. 5 Gc. 20

Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 2 Gc. . 21

Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 3 Gc. . . 22

Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 4 Gc. 23

Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 5 Gc. 24
Receiving Antenna From The Source At A Frequency of 7 Gc. . . 25
16. Calibration Curve For The Hooded Antenna 26

17. Open Field Antenna Patterns Of The Hooded And Unhooded
Receiving Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
iv
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Page
18. Antenna Coupling Technique In Model Enclos.ure 32

19. Paraboloidial - Section Enclosure rvbdel and Mold Core 34
20. Model Enclosure With Mold Core In Position . 35
21. .Anechoic Chamber . . 36
v
I. PURPOSE
program.
as follows:
I. The development of tests and procedures for the evaluation of the
type equipnents.
1
II. ABSTRACT
communication equipnent to include the near-fiE:;ld emission and suscep-
tibility characteristics have continued.
electromagnetic environment for measuring near-.field radiated and suscep-
tibility interference characteristics of electronic equipments and (2)
in the above controlled electromagnetic enviror.ment which can be correlat-
ed with "open-field T! measurements.
An investigation to evaluate a measurement technique, in which the

test antenna is shielded in all but the desired direction by means of a
metal hood lined with absorbing material, is described. The development
of a broadband balun and antenna for use in this technique is included.
The fabrication of model shielded enclosures and their use in evaluat-
ing enclosure shaping factors, absorbing materials, and absorbing material
placements within shielded enclosures are descr:ibed.
An investigation to develop techniques for measuring the VSWR for

shielded enclosures at low frequencies is also described.
2
III PUBLICATIONS, lECTURES, REPORTS AND CONFERENCES
Mr. Guy Johnson of USAEL, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, visited the
Georgia Tech Engineering Experiment Station on 29 October 1964. Project
progress to that date and programs to be followed for the remainder of
the project were discussed.
Mr. W. L. Reagh attended an instrumentation seminar sponsored by the

Hewlett-Packard Company 7-11 December 1964 in Atlanta, Georgia.
3
IV. FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction
During the period covered by this report, a program to extend the
determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army communica-
tion equipment to include near-field emission and susceptibility character-
istics has continued.
Present techniques for near-field case and. cable emission and suscept-
ibility measurements are seriouslY inadequate. If these measurements are
made in the "open-field", strong man-made and atmospheric background inter-
ference make measurements difficult, and often impossible. If the measure-
ments are made in a shielded enclosure to avoid the environmental inter-
ference, standing waves and enclosure resonanc1=s make the measurements
highlY susceptible to minor variations in equi]?ment placement, enclosure
dimensions and personnel location. The diagrrun in Figure 1 depicts a few
of the possibilities of multi-path reflections which cause distortions
in the radiated field patterns.
The graph of Figure 2(a) shows the measured signal level as a function
of distance between a radiating source and a receiving antenna in a con-
ventional 8 x 8 x 12 foot nmulti-cell" shielded enclosure at 3 Gc. The source
used in collecting these data was a dipole ante~nna located 17 inches out
from the center of one 8 x 8 foot wall. The receiving antenna, a 1-10 Gc,
triangular-tooth, log-periodic antenna, was located opposite the source
and moved along the long dimension of the enclosure. The graph of Figure 2(b)
shows the results of the same experiment in the open-field. The multi-path
distortion depicted in Figure 2 is typical of that observed for similar
4
DESIRED SIGNAL PATH
SOURCE
RECEIVING
ANTENNA
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE WALLS
Figure 1. Diagram of a Shielded Enclosure Showing Multiple

Signal Paths.
5
FREQUENCY: 3 Gc
45
40
35
<( 30
z
z
w
i- 25
z<(
(.!)....-..
z-:::!..
> 20
~-
=>w
V')>
~0
t
~ell
u..<(
o::g
w-
V')
z 40
0 35
a..
V')
w
~
:r 20
(B) OPEN FIELD'
I
24
I
28
I
32
I
36 40 44 48
I
52
=o: ~
56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
DISTANCE BETWEEN SOURCE AND MEASURING ANTENNA

(INCHES)
Figure 2. Measured Signal Level as a Function of Distance Between the Radiating

Source and Receiving Antenna in the Open Field and in a Shielded Enclosure
at a Frequency of 3 Gc.
measurements made in shielded enclosures at frequencies from 50 Me to 10 Gc.
Of the various methods that have been used to reduce or eliminate the
multi-path distortion problem in shielded enclosures, two similar methods are
currently in general usage. One method consis~ts of lining the inside walls,
floor and ceiling of the conventional enclosure with RF absorbing material.
The other method is use of an RF anechoic chamber, a specially designed
enclosure lined with absorbing material. Both methods 1-6 greatly reduce
multi-path interference, but both also have a number of disadvantages.
The greatest disadvantages of both methods are the large capital outlay
required for the room and the large amount of space required for the absorb-
ing material. The commercially available absorbing materials, with which
a conventional or anechoic enclosure may be li11ed, are generally rubber
based or ceramic ferrite. The former materialB must be several feet thick
to work efficiently at frequencies below 100 me. This thickness require-
ment greatly reduces the available working space in conventional enclosures
and results in anechoic chambers with very large outside dimensions. The
ceramic ferrite materials, about an inch thick, have good absorbing character-
istics at frequencies down to 50 me, but these materials cost approximately
$100 per square foot.
A search for a method which would reduce multi-path interference in
shielded enclosures, but which would not have the cost and space limitations
mentioned above, led to the concept of a hooded antenna. This concept and
the results obtained from open-field and shielded enclosure measurements
with a hooded antenna are discussed below.
7
B. Hooded Antenna Technique
l. Description of technique
The concept of reducing or eliminating multi-path interference
in a shielded enclosure by hooding the receiving antenna is illustrated in
Figure 3. A nmnber of possible signal paths is shown in this cross-section
view of a shielded enclosure. As illustrated, only that signal traveling
the desired path reaches the receiving antenna .
The antenna hood consists of a metal shield or box, open on one end,
the walls of which are lined on the inside with absorbing material. Addi-
tional absorbing material is required on the shielded enclosure wall opposite
the open end of the hood to prevent multiple reflections from reaching the
antenna. The area of this wall which must be covered by absorbing material
is determined by the angle formed by the extremities of the receiving antenna
and the hood, and the distance between the hood. and the wall. This is illus-
trated by the light lines of Figure 3.
The concept of the hooded antenna differs little from the concept of
the conventional RF absorbing material lined enclosure. The five absorber
lined walls of the hood, together with the partially lined enclosure wall look
essentially the same to the receiving antenna as the six absorber lined
walls of the conventional enclosure. The principle difference is that the
hooded antenna concept requires considerably less absorbing material.
Another consideration is that the hooded concept requires a balanced receiv-
ing antenna to isolate the desired signal from the currents set up on the
metal shield by reflections from the enclosure walls. This is not consider-
ed to be a severe limitation, however, since studies of antennas used in RFI
8
ABSORBING
FigurP 3. Cross-section View of a Shielded Enclosure Showing a

Hooded Antenna.
9
measurements have led to the conclusion that balanced antennas give more
meaningful results than unbalanced antennas when used for field strength
measurements. 7
2. Hood design and construction
To test the hooded antenna concept in a multi-path environment,
a hood, a balanced receiving antenna, and a so:..:trce antenna were constructed
to operate at frequencies above 1 Gc. Figure l+ shows a detailed view of
the two antennas and the hood.
The sides, top, and back of the outside shield of the hood were fabricat-
ed from 1/32 inch sheet steel. The removable bottom was made on 3/16 inch
aluminum for rigidity. The outside dimensions of the metal portion of the
hood measure 15 x 15 x 36 inches. The inside vmlls of the shield were lined
8
with Spongex 30 em. rubberized hair absorbing material. The lower frequency
limit of good absorption for this material is 1 Gc according to manufacturer's
specifications. The material which was availa"ble for use on this study
had been stacked for several years in a warehouse. As a result of this
storage, the material, which should have a. thickness of 4 inches, was com-
pressed to a thickness of about 3 inches. While it was assumed that good
absorption at the 1 Gc lower frequency limit could not be attained with this
particular material, its immediate availability prompted its use.
As shown in Figure 4, the absorbing material was extended three inches

beyond the metal shield at the front. This was done to minimize any distur-
bance in antenna pattern which might arise from edge currents at the front
of the hood. In addition to lining the inside of the shield with absorbing
material, a baffle made of the same material was cut to fit between the
antenna and the antenna support clamp. This was done to avoid any reflections
10
Figure 4. View of the Antenna Hood, Receiving Antenna and Source
Antenna.
from the metal supports of this clamp. When the hood was constructed, it
was not known whether the 10 inch balun associated with the receiving antenna
could be placed in front of the baffle or whether it had to be housed in the
recess behind the baffle. Later data indicated that the balun could be
placed in front of the baffle. with no adverse ,effects. Thus, only about the
front two-thirds of the hood were actually utilized. About 16 square feet
of absorbing material were required for lining the hood.
3. Broadband Balun and Antenna Development
In order to evaluate the hooded antenna technique over a wide fre-
quency range and also to demonstrate that the very wide frequency range of
interest could be covered by a relatively small number of hooded antenna
assemblies, a broadband antenna for use in the hood was required. The broad-
band antenna requirement did not present a severe problem since several loga-
rithmically periodic antenna structures which cover bandwidths of 10:1 or
greater are well known.9-ll However, since a balanced antenna was required,
the problem became more complex. Broadband ba1uns with bandwidths compatible
with the broadband log-periodic antennas are not readily available, and in
addition, the balanced requirement restricted the antenna selection to those
types which could be adapted to a balanced feed system.
A search of the literature for broadband balun techniques disclosed a

12
Tchebyscheff tapered coaxial line balun which can be made to function over
frequency bandwidths as great as 100:1. This balun not only accomplishes the
coaxial line to balanced two-conductor line transition, but it provides an
impedance transition as well. The impedance transition is accomplished by
cutting open the outer wall of the coax to obta:in a slotted line; the slot
12
width is increased in a tapered fashion (so that the input reflection
coefficient follows a Tchebycheff response in the pass band)

13 until the
slotted line impedance is equal to the balanced. line impedance. As the outer
wall of the coax is cut away to obtain the des:ired impedance, the coax shield
degenerates into the second conductor of a two.- conductor balanced line thus
yielding the coax to two-conductor transition. A balun of this type to oper-
ate over the frequency range from 900 Me to 10 Gc was designed and fabricated.
This balun is shown in Figure 5. A balanced, triangular-tooth, log-periodic

14
antenna was designed and fabricated for use as a receiving antenna. The
antenna was also designed to operate over the frequency range from 900 Me
to 10 Gc. The balun was mounted in the center of an Ethafoam block and the
two halves of' the antenna were mounted on the ~-5 sides of the block as
shown in Figure 4.
Figure 5. A 900 Me to 10 Gc Tapered Line Balun.
13
An untuned dipole antenna with a balun made of two cables cut to
different lengths was used as a source antenna, for these tests. While this
type antenna is balanced at those frequencies where the wire length differences
correspond to odd multiples of half wavelength.s, it can in general be con-
sidered an "unknown" source, in that efforts to predict its response at
certain frequencies by knowing its response at other frequencies prove
generally unsuccessful. It was necessary to place an absorbing material
baffle between the radiating dipole and the metal superstructure of the antenna
to prevent multiple reflections from the latter.
The dimensions of the hood and the placement of the receiving antenna
within the hood were chosen such that at a distance of about 9 feet, with
the hood opposite the center of an end wall, the extremities of the 8 x 8
foot end wall could be seen by the antenna. TI1is entire end wall of the
shielded enclosure was covered with absorbing n1aterial. The source antenna
was located 17 inches opposite the center of this wall. Radiation level
data were taken in the shielded enclosure as a function of the distance
between the source and receiving antenna for separations of from 24 to 84

inches. Measurements were made with the receiving antenna both hooded and
unhooded. Vertical polarization was used for all measurements. Figure 6

shows the test configuration inside the shielded enclosure with the hood in
place. Figure 7 is a view of the hooded receiving antenna as seen from the
source.
The experiments performed in the shielded ,enclosure were repeated in
the open field. Figure 8 shows the field site. Absorbing material was
used in the open-field to cover all supporting 1neasurement equipment which
14
f-'
V1
Figure 6. Test Configuration in the Shielded Enclosure.

Figure 1. Hooded Receiving Antenna as Seen from the Source.
16
Figure 8.
View or the Field Site.
might be a source of multi-path reflections.
4. Test Procedures and Results
Radiated energy levels as a function of the distance of the receiv-
ing antenna from the source were made in the open-field and the shielded enclo-
sure at fre~uencies of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, anct 7 Gc. Corresponding measure-
ments were made with and without the hood. The measurement distances were
varied in two inch increments for separations of from 24 through 60 inches,
and in four inch increments from 60 through 84 inches. The results of these
tests are shown in Figures 9 through 15.

As expected, the hooded antenna did not function well in the shielded
enclosure at 1 Gc. The reduced thickness of the material probably accounts
for the poor absorption characteristics of the material at this fre~uency.
However, at fre~uencies of 1.5 Gc and above, the agreement between the hooded
antenna in the shielded enclosure and the hooded antenna in the open-field
is ~uite good. The primary difference between the data for the hooded
antenna in the shielded enclosure and the data for the unhooded antenna in
the open-field is the signal attenuation, or gain, provided by hooding the
antenna; the characteristic shapes of the curves are essentially the same.
A calibration curve can be constructed for any particular antenna and hood
which will compensate for the signal level difference, since it is a con-
stant insertion loss (gain) at each fre~uency. The calibration curve for
the antenna and hood combination reported herein is given in Figure 16.
This curve was constructed by determining the average difference between
the open-field hooded and unhooded measurements at each fre~uency.
The effect of multi-path interference on the measurements made in the
18
40
35 FREQUENCY: 1 Gc
30
25 0..
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED 0 CL =oO
20~~~----_.--~--~--~--~--~~~~---L---L--~--~'---L--~'
30
25
<( 20
z
:;;L
zw
1- 15
z<( OPEN Fl ELD HOODED
(,!)-
~~ 10 f 1 1
a:::-
::lw
!/)>
<Co
wal
~<(
U....o 25
0~
w
V)
z 20
0
0..
V)
w 15
0:::
10
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84

(INCHES)
Figure 9. Measured Energy Level as a ~:runction of the Distance

of the Receiving Antenna from the Source at a
Frequency of 1 Gc.
19
50 FREQUENCY: 1.5 Gc
45
.O.o
40 0
0
0
35
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
45
40
<{ 35 .~
z
zw
c. Cl.
"""'1!3- (b A
1-- 30 "h.
z
<{ OPEN FIELD HOODED
(.!')-
z~ 25
~ ......
:::Jw
V')>
<t:o
wa:J
::E<{
U....a 45
0~
w
V')
z 40
0
a..
V')
w 35
a::::
~ ~
6 '6
30
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED
25
50
45
40
35 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE UNHOODED
30 ~--~--~------~--~--~~~~~~~---~--------------....----_.____
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
(INCHES)
Figure 10. Measured Energy Level as a Function of the Distance

Frequency of 1.5 Gc.
20
40
FREQUENCY: 2 Gc
35
30
0 0 6 6
25 0 "b
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
40
35
30
<(
z
z
w 25
1-
z OPEN FIELD HOODED
<(
<!).-.. 20
z- >
::i.
a::.-
=>w
V)>
<(0
wc:l
::E<(
40
u....a
0~
w
II') 35
z
0
ll..
V)
w 30
0::
~
~
25 n- Q ~
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED ~
6
20 I
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
(INCHES)

Frequency of 2 Gc.
21
40 FREQUENCY: 3 Gc
35
30
CL 1)
0 0
25 OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
45
40
<( 35
z
z
w ~
1- 30 ~ A
z
<(
OPEN Fl ELD HOODED ~
(.!)...-...
z > 25 I I
- :::l..
t:t: .....
=>w
C/)>
<(0
wco
:E<(
u....o 45
o"'C
w'""--'
C/)
z 40
0
c..
C/)
w
t:t: 35
zs- A ~
6
30 "0
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED ~
25 I I
40
35
30
25
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE UNHOODED
w A
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
(INCHES)
Figure 12. Measured Energy Level as a Flmction of the Distance

Frequency of 3 Gc.
22
35
FREQUENCY: 4 Gc
30
25
20
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
15 t t ?: :s>==-:A
35
30
< 25
z
z
w
t- 20
z OPEN FIELD HOODED
<
(.!).......,
~ ~ 15
a::-
=>w
V)>
<o
wa:l
::!:<
U.....o 35
0~
w
V)
z 30
0
a..
V)
w 25
0::
'--A Q ~
20 ~ 2S (\

15 ]'
30
25
20
15
10
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
(INCHES)
Figure 13. Measured Energy Level as a F1mction of the Distance

Frequency of 4 Gc.
23
35 FREQUENCY: 5 Gc
30
25
0
20
4) -=-o---...o--'0--0
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
35
30
<(
z 25
zw
1-
z 20
<( OPEN FIELD HOODED
(!)-
~~ 15
0::: ....
=>w
1,/)>
<Co
wco
~<(
u...J:l
03 35
w
1,/)
z 30
0
c..
1,/)
w ""''C>--
0::: 25 2S ......o-. '""'0
6 23
6
20
15
35
30
25
20
15 I
W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ n M 00 M
(INCHES)

Frequency of 5 Gc.
24
35
FREQUENCY: 7Gc
30
25
20 OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
35
30
<( 25 <b A
z 0 (\
~
z
w
1- 20 OPEN FIELD HOODED
z<(
(.!)-
~~ 15
a:::r-
::::>w
V)>
<o
wco
~<(
U....c 35
03
w
V)
z 30
0
ll..
V)
w 25
a::: 0 z:s 6 0 6--
6
20 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED
15
35
30
25
20
15 20~----------~--~------~------~--~--~--~--~--~--------_.
24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84
(INCHES)

Frequency of 7 Gc.
25
6
5
<(
t-
<(
0
4
<(
z
zw 3
t-
z
<( 2
0
w
0
0
0
J:
0 0
t-
0 .,
::0
0
<(
0
- -1
t-
0:::
0 -2
t-
u
<(
u.. -3
z
0
r- -4
<(
0:::
co
....l -5
<(
u
-6
-7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FREQUENCY
(Gc)
Figure 16. Calibration Curve for the Hooded Antenna.
26
shielded enclosure without the hood is apparent. These data points have
been connected with straight line segments; however, it is recognized that
additional signal nulls and peaks may exist between data points. It should
be noted that the effect of multi-path interference on these measurements is
reduced somewhat by the absorbing material covering one of the 8 x 8 foot
walls. The extent of this reduction can be judged by comparing the shielded
enclosure unhooded data from Figure 12 with those of Figure 2(a).
To determine the degree of electrical isolation of the receiving antenna
from the metal shield of the hood, a t'Wo foot square sheet of steel was used
as a reflector to alter the wave pattern incident on the hood. This test
was performed at each test frequency at a source-to-hooded-antenna distance
of 56 inches. A technician would walk along the sides and back of the antenna,
moving and rotating the reflector randomly. For the hooded antenna in the
shielded enclosure, the peak-to-peak deviation in the received signal level
varied from 1.3 db at 1.5 Gc to 0.5 db at 7 Gc. No peak-to-peak ripple was
observed for the srume experiment in the open-field. This suggests that the
small shielded room ripple that was observed was actually caused by reflec-
tions from the absorber-lined end wall. From these results, it would seem
that the positions of the unlined walls of the shielded enclosure relative to
the hooded antenna have essentially no effect on the measured results. Hence,
the hooded antenna concept should be equally ap:plicable to a variety of
shielded enclosure sizes and configurations.
Antenna patterns of the receiving antenna ,~ere made hooded and unhooded
in the open-field. The patterns, which were made at frequencies of 1, 2, and
5 Gc, are shown in Figure 17. These patterns suggest the possibility of
27
65
ANTENNA UNHOODED
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
(A) FREQUENCY: 1 Gc
15
10
70
ANTENNA UNHOODED
65 ._,/'
ffi' 60
~~
01- 55
a.z
V'IW
w-
~ClJ
50
~~
zW
w> 45
t-0
zCll
<< 40
~
35
30
(B) FREQUENCY: 2 Gc
25
20
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
AZIMUTH (DEGREES)
Figure 17. Open Field Antenna Patterns of the Hooded and

Unhooded Receiving Antenna.
28
using hoods on receiving antennas to improve directivity and suppress
sidelobe response. This could be particularly applicable at lower fre-
quencies where signal-to-noise-ratio, rather than sensitivity, is the
paramount consideration.
C. Measurement Techniques for Evaluating Shielded Chamber Characteristics
1. low Frequency VSWR Measurement Technique Evaluation
The effort to develop a technique for measuring the VSWR of a
shielded enclosure at low frequencies (as described in the Sixth Quarterly
Report) was continued during this reporting period.
In order to evaluate the low frequency VS~~ measurement technique, a
bidirectional hybrid reflectometer was constructed which is theoretically
capable of measuring VSWR's of 1.1 to 1 or larger at a frequency of 50 Me.
The reflectometer is first used to determine the magnitude of the reflection
coefficient, p , at the antenna-to-cable junction under "open-field" or

a
"free-space" conditions. The antenna is then positioned within the screen
room and the combined reflection coefficient, p , for the antenna and
c
screen room is determined with the reflectometer. Since the reflected
power measurements provide no phase information, on~ the maximum and min-
imum possible values of the reflection coefficient, p , of the screen room

s
may be determined. These values are determined by assuming either phase
coherence or phase opposition of the reflected ,:!omponents. The following
equations result:
j Ps I min =
~I 2
(1)
1 - p
a
29
ps I max = (2)
If it is assumed that p be no larger than 0.2 (the value for a VSWR

s '
of 1. 5:1 or less), the value of p must never E?xceed 0.193 under the optimum
a
condition that p = 0. This means that the "free-space" antenna VSWR must
c
in general be much less than 1.48:1. It is generally concluded that such
values of VSWR are difficult to obtain without precisely tuned antennas.
A tuned, balanced, dipole antenna was used in an attempt to measure the
VSWR within a screened enclosure 8' x 8' x 12' . The "free- space" VSWR of
the antenna was in excess of 1.48:1; however, the enclosure was not lined
with absorptive material and a positive result could be obtained. Sufficient
change of reflected power was obtained in this experiment to establish a
maximum and minimum VSWR for the unimproved enclosure.
It is obvious that tuned antennas can not be utilized within the screen-
ed enclosure because of their large size at low frequencies. Attempts were
made to use both a short dipole and a loop antenna without success. The
free-space VSWR for these antennas was excessive to the degree that sufficient
lossless matching could not be obtained. The radiation resistance of the
antennas was so small that no significant variation in reflected power could
be obtained between the "free- space" and enclosed antenna measurements.
In view of the severe problems encountered with the low frequency VSWR
measurement technique and the limited time rema:ining to accomplish the present
program, a decision was made to terminate the low frequency VSWR measurement
effort and to utilize other methods for evaluat:ing shielded enclosure character-
istics.
30
2. Antenna Coupling Measurements
A technique of comparing the measure<i coupling between two antennas
in a shielded enclosure with the measured coupling in the open -field (similar
to the technique used in evaluating the hooded antenna concept) appears
to be adequate for evaluating shielded chamber characteristics. This
technique is a more direct approach to obtaining the degree of correlation
between inside and outside measurements, and at the same time circumvents
the problems and limitations associated with tl1e low frequency VSWR measure-
ments.
Figure 18 shows the antenna coupling technique being applied to a
2 x 2 x 2 foot model shielded enclosure. Two loop antennas, 3 inches in
diameter, were fabricated and mounted in the center of the model enclosure
with a spacing of 10 inches between them. Sinc:e a scaling factor of 4:1
was used for the model, these antennas represent two 12 inch loops separated
approximately one meter with axes aligned 4 feet above the floor in an
8 x 8 x 8 foot shielded enclosure. The antenna coupling measurement tech-
nique consists of determining the coupling betv;een the two test antennas
in the "open-fieldtl over the frequency range of' interest and then measur-
ing the coupling between the test antennas inside the shielded enclosure
over the same frequency range under different test conditions. The ''open-
fieldu coupling values serve as a standard. Comparing the measured inside
coupling values with this standard determines the value of various absorb-
ing materials and material placements and configurations in establishing
the desired environment. Measurements are presently being made with the
configuration in Figure 18 to determine the ftopen-f'ield'' coupling, and the
coupling inside the enclosure with (1) no abso~)ing material, (2) one end
31
Figure 18. Antenna Coupling Technique in Model Enclosure.
wall covered, (3) both end walls covered, and (4) four walls and ceiling covered.
This modeling technique allows various experiments to be performed with only
1/64 the volume of absorbing material that would be required in a full-size

enclosure.
D. Chamber Shaping
A model of the paraboloidal-section enclosure described in the last
quarterly report is being fabricated. The enclosure shell and polyethe-
lene foam mold in a recent stage of construction are shown in Figure 19.
The mold is being coated with plaster of Paris to obtain the desired final
surface contour. Figure 20 shows the enclosure shell with the mold core in
approximate position for molding the paraboloid wall sections. The small
outboard box, in the foreground of the figure, will contain the absorbing
material backing for the unit under test as described in the Sixth Quarterly
Report. When fabrication is completed, the enclosure will be evaluated by
means of the antenna coupling technique, descri"bed in the previous section.
E. Anechoic Chamber
The anechoic chamber obtained from Western Electric as excess property
through the General Services Administration was received during this report-
ing period. Since the height of this chamber is 14'8", it is being assem-
bled in a warehouse in order to obtain the necessary overhead clearance.
Figure 21 shows the present status of assembly of the chamber. Assembly
is approximately 80 percent complete, and is be:ing held up at this point
due to the fact that in excess of 100 square feet of absorbing material
is missing. The General Service Administration has been notified of the
shortage and a search for the missing material is presently in progress.
33
Figure 19. Paraboloidial-Section Enclosure Model and Mold Core.
Figure 20. Model Enclosure with Mold Core in Position.
35
Figure 21. Anechoic Chamber.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Considerable reduction in the distortion of field strength measurements
in a shielded enclosure caused by multi-path interference was obtained by
using a hooded antenna. 'When the appropriate insertion loss (gain) con-
stants are applied to the hooded antenna data, the agreement between these
data and the data from the same experiments performed in the open-field is
excellent. It is felt that for most RFI measurements in shielded enclosures
at frequencies of 1.5 Gc and above, the hooded antenna concept presented
herein will yield highly acceptable results. In general, it appears that the
extent of agreement between hooded antenna date, in a shielded enclosure and
corresponding open-field data depends on the excellence of the absorbing
material used in the hood and on the end wall cf the enclosure. Investigations
to extend the hooded antenna concept to lower frequencies will be conducted
during the next reporting period.
There are a number of advantages of the hooded antenna approach to field
strength measurements as compared to anechoic chambers. The principle
advantage is cost; it is conservatively estimated that the material costs
for the hood and absorber-lined end wall reported herein amounted to 100
dollars. Another advantage is that comparatively little space is required
for the ablsorbing material. The data indicate that the position of the un-
lined walls of the shielded enclosure relative to the hooded antenna has
little or no effect on the measurements; thus the hooded antenna approach
should be useful in most conventional enclosures.
The measurement of VSWR in shielded enclosures whose dimensions are
considerably less than a wavelength is extremely difficult. The magnitudes
of the problems encountered in the effort to develop a technique for measuring
37
the VSWR of shielded enclosures at very low frequencies were so great that
this effort was terminated. The technique of comparing the coupling values
between two antennas inside an enclosure with coupling values in the "open-
field" appears to be a more direct and satisfactory method of evaluating
enclosure characteristics than VSWR measurements.
38
During the next quarter, an attempt will 1)e made to extend the hooded
antenna concept to lower frequencies. The initial phase of this task will
be to fabricate and test a hooded antenna assenfuly to operate over the fre-
quency range from 400 Me to 1 Gc.
An effort will be made to develop broadbaEd, circularly polarized
antennas for use in case and cable radiation and susceptibility measurements.
Preliminary efforts will be directed toward use with the hooded antenna tech-
nique.
The model shielded enclosure measurements, utilizing the antenna coupl-
ing measurement technique, will be continued. The results of this measure-
ment program will be used to evaluate the ability of this measurement tech-
nique to provide meaningful measurements of shielded enclosure character-
istics, as well as, to determine the value of various absorbing materials
and material placements in shielded enclosures.
It is anticipated that fabrication and eva1uation of the paraboloidial-
section model enclosure will be completed during the next quarter. The
assembly of the Emerson and Cuming anechoic chanfuer will be completed dur-
ing this period provided the missing absorbing ntaterial is located or add-
itional absorbing material can be obtained in sufficient time.
39
VII. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL
w. R. Free Project Director 346

D. E. Gentry Research Assistant 72
N. T. Huddleston Graduate Research Assistant 274
w. L. Reagh Research Assistant 355
D. w. Robertson Head, Communications :Branch 70
c. w. Stuckey Assistant Research Engineer 360
R. D. Trannnell, Jr. Assistant Project Director 338
Mr. Gentry joined the project in January 1965. He received a B. s.

degree in Electrical Engineering in 1961 from the Tennessee Polytechnic
Institute and is presently pursuing a M. S. degree in Electrical Engineering
at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Mr. ~~ntry has been associated
with the Engineering Experiment Station since 1961 and has been concerned
wi th radio frequency interference projects. He served as a Communications
Officer with the U. S . .Army Signal Corps from 1962 to 1964.
40
VIII. REFERENCES
1. "Radio Frequency Anechoic laboratory Design Study," HRB Singer, Inc.,

Science Park, State College, Pennsylvania, AF-30(602)-2445, Task I,
November, 1961.
2. "Testing of Absorbers and Free Space Rooms," McMillan Industrial Corpora-

tion, Ipswich, M:tss., 1961, Report Number F'S-4.
3. "Theory and Practice in Space Room Engineering," McMillan Industrial

Corporation, 1961, Report No. FS-3.
4. Frand J. Ihly, "Anechoic Chamber Design, Construction, and Test of Model

Using Light Beams to Simulate Microwave Ene-rgy, T! Lockheed Aircraft Corpora-
tion, Missile Systems Division, Palo Alto, California, March 15, 1957,
AD-127 915.
5. K. W. Heizer and W. W. Koepsel, ''Studies Leading to the Development of an
11
Electromagnetic Darkroom, Southern Methodist University, for the Navy
Department of Yards and Docks Navy Contract NOy-73242, Navcerelab,
AD-255 299.
6. Leon Peters, Jr., Roger C. Rudduck, "Application of Electromagnetic
Absorbing Materials as Interference Reduction Techniques," Ant. lab.,
Ohio State Univ., Res. Foundation, Columbus, Final Engr. Report,
April 1964.
7. K. E. Mortenson, et.al., "An Investigation of Problems Associated With

Broad Band Interference Measurements, 11 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, New York, Contract No. DA 36-039 sc 42488, AD-85 879 (1955).
8. H. A. Tanner, A. G. Sands, and M. V. McDowell, "Darkf'lex - A Fibrous

Microwave Absorber, '' April 20, 1953, Naval Research lab., Washington,
D. C. NRL Report 4137, AD-10 220.
11
9. R. H. DuHamel and D. E. Isbell, Broadband Logarithmically Periodic
Antenna Structures," IRE National Convention Record, 1957, Part 1,
pp. 119-128.
10. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "Logarithmically Periodic Antenna Designs,"

IRE National Convention Record, 1958, Part 1, pp. 139-151.
11. M. Nussbaum, "Designing Broadband Conical Helix Antenna,'' Electronic

Design, September 3, 1955, pp. 58-61.
12. J. W. Duncan and V. P. Minerva, "100:1 Bandwidth Balun Transformer,"

Proceedings of the IRE, February, 1959, pp. 156-164.
41
13. R. W. Klopfenstein, " A Transmission Line ~:aper of Imi>roved Design,''
Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 44, pp. 31-35, January 1956.
14. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "log Periodic Feeds for lens and Reflectors,"
42
DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR QUAR REPORT NO. 7 on CON'rRACT DA 36-039 AMC-02294(El
No. of Copies
20 Defense Documentation Center, ATTN: TISTIA, Cameron Station,

5), Alexandria, Virginia
1 Office of Assistant Secretary of Defense (Research and Engineering)

ATTN: Technical Library, Rm 3El065, Washington, D. C. 20315
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Building, Room 1528, Washington 25, D. C.
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Washington, D. C. 20390
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ATTN: Library, San Diego, California 92152
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ment Center, Johnsville, Pennsylvania
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New York 13442
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Ohio 45433
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Div (ESTI) L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts 01731
1 Air Force Cambridge Research La-boratories, ATTN: CRXL-R, L. G.

Hanscom Field, Bedford, Massachusetts 01731
2 Chief of Research and Development, Department of the Army, Wash-

ington, D. C. 20315
1 Ofc of the Chief of Communications-Electronics, ATTN: OCC-E

Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. 20315
2 Commanding General, U. S. Army Materiel Command, ATTN: R&D

Directorate, Washington, D. C. 20315
1 Redstone Scientific Information Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
1 Commanding General, U. S. Army Combat Developments Command, ATTN:

CDCMR-E, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
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unications-Electronics Agency, Fort Huachuca, Arizona
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Durham, North Carolina
No. of To
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Library), Hall Station, 12, Virginia
l Deputy President, U. S. Army Security Board, Arlington

Hall Station, 12, Virginia
2 Commanding Officer, U. S. Army R&D Laboratories, ATTN:

STINFO Fort Belvoir, Virginia
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Division, Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703 (MARKED FOR: GUY JOJINSON)
l Commanding General, U. S. Electronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-

CM, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703
l Director of Materiel Readiness, ATTN: AMSEL-MR, 228 S. 18th

Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
l Commanding General, U. S. Army Electronics Corrnnand, ATTN: AMSEL-

IO- Fort Monmouth, New 07703
l Director, U. S. Army Electronics La-boratories, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-RD-ADrr, Fort Monmouth, Nevl
l Director, U. S. Electronics LalJoratories, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-RD-GR (Record Copy), Ft. Monmouth, N. J.
l Director, U. S. Army Electronics Laboratories, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Command, ATTN: AM:SEL-RD-LNA, Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703
l Director, U. S. Pxmy Electronics Laboratories, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-RD- Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703
l Commanding General, U. S. A.I'my Electronic Proving Ground, ATTN:

Technical Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613
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AMSEL-RD-WS-A, White Sands, New Mexico 88002
l USA.EL Liaison Officer, Rome Air Development Center, ATTN: RAOL,

Griffiss Air Force Base, New York 13442
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Center, ATTN: ACX, U. S. Navy Marine Engineering Laboratory,
Annapolis, Maryland
l Bureau of Ships, ATTN: Code 452 (tvrx. Roman), Department

of the Washington 25, D. C.
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Griffiss Air Force Base, New York
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tronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-RD-ND (C. Friedman, Comm. Security
Division) Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703
i inc lass if led
Security Classification
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA R&D
(Security claeeillcation ol title, body ol ab11tract and indexinQ annotation muet be entered whn the overall report I claeellied)
1. O~IGINATIN G ACTIVI"!'Y (Cotparate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Unclassified
Institute of Atlanta, 2b. GROUP
3. REPORT TITLE
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFERENCE CHARACTERISTICS-COMMUNICArriON TYPE
4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ol report and incluive datee)
Quarterl Report No. 7, October 1964 to ,January 1965

s. AUTHOR(S) (Laat name, lint name, initial)
Free, William R., Stuckey, Charles W., and Trammell, Robert D., Jr.
6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES
15 1965
Sa. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S ,.EPORT NUMBE,.(S)
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)
b. PROJECT NO. A-67B - 7
1G6-20501-D-449
c. lb. OTHER ,.t:PORT NO(S) (Any other number that may be aeel,ed
thl rept,rt)
d.
1 O. AVAIL ABILITY /LIMITATION NOTICES
may obtain copies of this from DDC. This Report

has been released to CFSTI.
11. SUPPL EMEN TAAY NOTES 12. SPONSOPUNG MILITARY ACTIVITY
Frequency Interference U. S . Army Electronics Laboratories

;tr:!fllnLlcations Fort Monmouth, r~ew
13- ABSTRACT
the period covered by this report, investigations to extend
the determination of the interference characteristics of . S. Army communication
equipment to include the near-field emission and susceptibility characteristics
have been continued.
The objectives of these are (1) the determination of the most
economical and practical a controlled electromagnetic
environment for near-field radiated a.nd susceptibility interference
characteristics of electronic equipments and (~:) development of measurement
techniques for measuring near-field radiated and susceptibility interference
characteristics of electronic equipments in the above controlled electromagnetic
environment which can be correlated with "open-field" measurements.
An investigation to evaluate a measurement tect.nique, in which the test antenna
is shielded in all but the desired direction by means of metal hood lined
with absorbing material, is described. The development of a broadband balun
and antenna for use in this technique is included.
rrhe fabrication of model shielded enclosures and their use in evaluating
enclosure factors, materials, and absorbing material
ments \ri thin shielded enclosures are described.
ion to develop for measuring the VSWR for shielded
is also described.
DO FORM
1 JAN e4 1473 Unclassified
--
REPORT NO. 29
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFERENCE

W. R. FREE AND C. W. STUCKEY
:,
. . _~G\A r~_
' r~ ~,n
r. I '.....
. . ~c~ . en'-~~
w -J?
<~ ~ \...t-J\\1~
. ;-~
~
f Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E) ,

J I I (Continuation of Contract DA 36-039 sc-8"1183) ;, J\JN 7 1~
(':
~, 15 January 1965 to 15 April 1965

~
f
Prepared for
u. 8. Army

6EOR61A INSTITUTE OF TEC:HNOLOGY
Atlanta, Georgia
REV i C.:: -.,v /\? ,

/ ,.,- "'/ b.l--;y /~
l'\TENT
. .....................
l/ . 19 ~-
~~ -
FORMAT ... /..9... :..2. ..... 19.~.2 ... BY ......Q. .::::....-

Atlanta, Georgia
REPORT NO. 29
QUARTERLY REPORT NO . 8
PROJECT A-678
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFBRENCE

CHARACTERISTICS-CO:MMUNICATION TYPE
By
CONTRACT NO. DA 36-039 AMC-02~~94(E)

The object of this research program is to conduct a comprehensive investigation

signature) of U. S. Army communications equipment deemed necessary for the pre-
15 January 1965 to 15 April 1965
Performed for
U. S. ARMY
FOREWORD
Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The report covers the
activity and results of the eighth quarter's effort on a project to con-
duct a feasibility study and investigation to determine methods for measur-
ing the interference characteristics (spectrum signature) of U. S. Army
communications equipment deemed necessary for the prediction and minimiz-
ation of electromagnetic interference.
Respectfully submitted:
W. R. Free
Project Director
ii
TABLE OF CONTEN'IS
Page
I. PURPOSE . l
II. ABSTRACT 2
III. PUBLICATIONS, LECTURES, REPORTS, AND CONFERENCES 4

IV. FACTUAL DATA . . . . . . . . 5
A. Introduction 5
B. Hooded Antenna Technique 5
l. Background and Test Procedure . 5
2. Test Results and Discussion . 10
C. Evaluation of MOdel Enclosure . . 22
D. Evaluation of Paraboloidal-Section Model Enclosure 27

v. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . 35
VI. PROGRAM FOR N:EX:T INTERVAL . 37
VII. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONID~L . 38
VIII. REFERENCES. . 39
IX. APPENDIX 40
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Cross-Section View of a Hooded Antenna Usea. to Minimize the

Effects of Multipath Interference in a Shielded Enclosure . 6
2. Interior of the Shielded Enclosure Showing the Non-Directional

Source Antenna and a Part of the Receiving Antenna Hood. The
Source Antenna is Shown at an Azimuth of 30 Degrees Relative
to the Receiving Antenna. . . . . . . o 9
3. Source Antenna Average Patterns in the Open Field and Shielded

Enclosure, Hooded and Unhooded, at a Frequency of 4 Gc. . . . . 11
4. Source Antenna Average Patterns in the Open Field and Shielded

Enclosure, Hooded and Unhooded, at a Freque~ncy of 6 Gc. . . . . 12
5. Antenna Patterns of an Eighteen Inch Dish With a log-Periodic

Feed at a Frequency of 2 Gc . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 o Iow Frequency Hooded Antenna Before Final Assembly. . 20
7. low Frequency Hooded Antenna Assembled. 21
8. MOdel Enclosure with Absorbing Material Installed . 23
9. Coupling Between Antennas in Model Enclosure. . . . 24
10. Coupling Between Antennas in Model Enclosure with Absorbing

Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
11. Finished Core for Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure. . . 28
12. Paraboloidal-Section Model Enclosure. . . . . . . . 29
13. Coupling Between Antennas in Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure 31

14. Comparison of Coupling Between Antennas in (a) Bare Enclosure,
(b) Enclosure Lined with Absorbing Material, and (c) Para-
boloidal-Section Enclosure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
I. Correlation Coefficients Comparing Individual Patterns to

the Open Field Hooded Average Pattern at Each Frequency . 15
v
I. PURPOSE
program.
as follows:
I. The development of tests and procedurel3 for the evaluation of the
type equipments.
1
II. ABSTRACT
communication equipment to include the near-field emission and suscep-
tibility characteristics have continued.
electromagnetic environment for measuring near-.field radiated and suscep-
and susceptibility interference characteristics. of electronic equipments
in the above controlled electromagnetic environment which can be correlat-
ed with "open-field" measurements.
Two techniques, the Hooded Antenna Technique and a Paraboloidal-
Section Shaped Enclosure, show considerable promise as a means of obtain-
ing the desired controlled environment. Descriptions and evaluations of
these techniques are discussed in detail.
A model of a conventional shielded enclosure was evaluated in consider-
able detail to provide a reference for evaluating the hooded antenna technique
and the paraboloidal-section enclosure. The mo11e1 enclosure was also utilized
to evaluate absorbing materials and the placement of absorbing materials in a
conventional shielded enclosure. A description of the antenna coupling tech-
nique utilized in these evaluations, as well as the data resulting from these
evaluations are discussed.
An annotated bibliography covering (1) aneehoic chamber techniques, (2)
2
measurement techniques for evaluating anechoic and shielded chambers, (3)
absorbing materials, (4) measurement techniques for near-field radiation
and susceptibility interference characteristics, and (5) near-field test
antenna and probe techniques is included as an appendix to this report.
3
III. PUBLICATIONS, LECTURES, REPORTS AND CONFERENCES
Mr. C. W. Stuckey authored a paper titled "The Hooded Antenna: An

Approach to Meaningful Field Strength Measurements in Shielded Enclosures".
This paper has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Electro-
magnetic Compatibility.
Mr. R. D. Trammell, Jr. authored a paper titled "A Method For Determin-
ing Mixer Spurious Response Rejection". This paper has been submitted for
publication in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.
4
IV. FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction
determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army communica-
tion equipment to include near-field emission and susceptibility character-
istics has continued. Primary emphasis has been in the development and
evaluation of techniques for establishing controlled electromagnetic environ-
ments. Measurements to determine the correlation between interference measure-
ments made in the controlled environments and measurements made in the open-
field have been performed, and the resulting data are included.
B. Hooded Antenna Technique
1. Background and Test Procedure
The hooded antenna technique and the initial evaluation of the

l
technique were described in some detail in Quarterly Report No. 7. While
the initial evaluation demonstrated that the hooded antenna technique
significantly reduces the effect of multipath interference in shielded
enclosures, this evaluation provided little information as to the extent
of the improvement, i . e. , the dynamic range over which the technique could
be utilized. In order to further evaluate this aspect of the technique and
to better define the applicability of the technique to case radiation and
susceptibility measurements, pattern measurements of antennas were made in
a 8 x 8 x 12 foot shielded enclosure and compared with pattern measurements
of the same antennas made in the open field.
Figure 1 shows the test configuration used for making the antenna
pattern measurements in the shielded enclosure. Various possible signal
paths are shown to illustrate the concept of red.ucing or eliminating
5
Balanced
Receiving
Antenna
Metal
Shield
Absorbing
Material
Source
Antenna
Absorbing Material
1. Cross-section View of a Hooded Antenna Used to Minimize

the Effects of Multipath Interference in a Shielded Enclosure.
6
multipath interference in the enclosure by using a hooded receiving antenna.
Assuming perfect absorbing material, only that signal traveling the desired
path reaches the receiving antenna. An important departure from the hooded
antenna concept as given in reference 1 occurs when the source is considered
as having physical dimension. To avoid multipath reflections into the hood
from the source, it is necessary to line the enclosure wall opposite the
back of the hood with absorbing material as well as the wall opposite the
open end of the hood. A possible consequence of not lining the back wall
is illustrated by the dashed lines of Figure 1 .
It was felt that a non-directional source antenna would produce higher
multipath interference levels in the shielded enclosure, and at the same
time would better simulate a case radiation condition than would a highly
directional source antenna. To substantiate this conjecture, field strength
measurements were made on a dipole antenna and a directional 18 inch dish
antenna with a log-periodic feed. The measurements were made at various
distances from the antennas both in a shielded enclosure and in the open
field. The hooded antenna technique was not used. It was found that the
agreement between the open field and shielded enclosure measurements was
much better for the directional antenna than for the dipole. Hence, it was
felt that the use of a non-directional source antenna would provide a better
test for a multipath reduction technique than would a directional source
antenna.
To evaluate the hooded antenna technique w:L th antenna pattern measure-

2
ments, a non-directional, triangular-tooth, log .. periodic source antenna
was designed and fabricated to operate over the frequency range from 900
Me to 10 Gc. This antenna was fed from a Tchebyscheff tapered coaxial
7
line balun3 designed to operate over the same frequency range. A balanced,
4
triangular-tooth, log-periodic antenna was used as the receiving antenna.
A complete description of the receiving antenna. and the hood can be found
in reference 1. Absorbing material was used on the two end walls j accord-
ing to manufacturer's specifications the refleeted power is less than one
percent of the incident power for the material at a normal incidence angle
for all test frequencies considered. Figure 2 is a view of the interior of
the shielded enclosure showing the source antenna and the receiving antenna
hood.
Measurements of the source antenna output level were made at ten degree
increments as the source was rotated manually through 360 degrees. Measure-
ments were made at frequencies of 4 and 6 Gc. A distance of 48 inches between
the hooded receiving antenna and the source antenna was maintained for all
measurements; however, the distance of the source antenna from the absorbing
wall was varied randomly from run to run. Equal antenna heights, 60 inches
from the ground plane, were maintained. Five 360 degree patterns of the
source antenna were made at each frequency. Between each of the five runs
the receiving and source antennas were misaligne:d and then realigned accord-
ing to a consistent procedure.
The experiment was repeated in the shielded enclosure with the receiving
antenna unhooded, and in the open field with the receiving antenna both hood-
ed and unhooded. In each instance five 360 degree patterns of the source
antenna were made at each frequency.
Several sources of possible error which could cause non-repeatability
from run to run in measuring the source antenna pattern at each frequency
became apparent early in the investigation. Among these, the more import-
ant seemed to be: (1) the space orientation of the source antenna relative
8
Figure 2. Interior of the Shielded Enclosure ~3howing the Non-directional
Source Antenna and a Part of the Receiving Antenna Hood. The
Source Antenna is Shown at an Azimuth of 30 Degrees Relative
to the Receiving Antenna.
9
to the receiving antenna, (2) the zero aztmuth set repeatability, (3) the
exactness with which the test frequency could 1)e set, and (4) the exactness
with which the distance between source and the receiving antenna could be
repeated. These sources of error are common to both open field and shielded
enclosure measurements using either a hooded or unheeded receiving antenna.
Of these, the space orientation problem was thE~ most severe. The test
procedure used for aligning the receiving and source antennas reduced these
errors to quite w'Orkable levels. However, since all sources of error
could not be completely eliminated, it was felt that each pattern should
be repeated a sufficient number of ttmes to provide a representative average
pattern under each test condition. As indicated above, five repetitions
of each pattern were made.
The major source of error in making antenna pattern measurements
in the shielded enclosure arises from standing wave patterns caused by
multipath reflections within the metal enclosure. To emphasize the effect
of multipath interference on individual antenna pattern measurements made
in a shielded enclosure, the location of the source antenna (and hence of
the receiving antenna) was varied slightly from run to run for both the
hooded and unhooded antenna measurements in the enclosure.
2. Test Results and Discussion
Figures 3 and 4 show the average source antenna patterns obtained
at 4 and 6 Gc, respectively, for the open field and shielded enclosure measure-
ments using both a hooded and unhooded receiving antenna configuration. For
each test condition, the average pattern was obtained by converting the decibel
responses for each of the five runs to their voltage equivalents, averaging
the responses at each azimuth, and reconverting the average to decibel form.
10
FREQUENCY: 4 Gc OPEN FIELD UNHODDED
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
OPEN FIELD HOODED
35
30
25
C(
z
z 20
I.J.J
1-
z
C(
15
0
z
...... a
> 10
I.J.J
UI.J.J
I.J.J>
0:::0 5 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED
co
Lr... C(
0
..0
I.J.J '"0 35
u;-
z
0
a.. 30
Vi
I.J.J
0:::
25
20
15
10
5
35
30
25
20
AZIMUTH
{Degrees)
Figure 3. Source Antenna Average Patterns in the Open Field and Shielded
Enclosure, Hooded and Unhooded, at a Frequency of 4 Gc.
11
FREQUENCY: 6 Gc
35
OPEN FIELD UNHOODED
30
25
20
15
10
35
OPEN FIELD HOODED
30
25
<(
z: 20
z:
LL.I
1-
z:
<( 15
(.!:l
z:
....... 0
> ,_
.......
10
LL.I
ULL.I
w>
0:: 0
35 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE HOODED
co
U...<(
0
LL.I "'0
_Q
30
Vl-
z:
0
Cl..
Vl
25
LL.I
0::
20
15
10
35 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE UNHOODED
30
25
20
15
100 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
AZIMUTH
( Oeg rees)
Figure 4. Source Antenna Average Patterns in the Open Field and Shielded
Enclosure, Hooded and Unhooded, at a Frequency of 6 Gc.
12
Visual inspection of the average patterns indicates that the effects
of multipath interference in the shielded enclosure are greatly reduced when
the receiving antenna is hooded. With the exception of the depths of a few
nulls in the 6 Gc patterns, the open field unhooded, open field hooded, and
shielded enclosure hooded average patterns are equivalent. The effects
of multipath interference on the shielded enclosure unhooded patterns are
obvious. It should be noted that the enclosure unhooded patterns were made
in an enclosure in which two walls were lined with absorbing material. An
idea of the increase in degradation which might be expected in a bare
enclosure may be obtained by comparing Figure lO(b) with Figure 9(b).
When antenna patterns are made by sampling at discreet azimuth posi-
tions, slight azimuth misalignments can lead to fairly large measurement
errors. These errors are particularly troublesome when the antenna pattern
being measured has sharp nulls, or when the pattern is bimodal within a
null. For the most part, errors of this type are easily avoidable when
continuous azimuth samples are taken, such as when an antenna pattern
plotter is used. Subsequent to the measurementB from which Figure 4 was
constructed, the source antenna pattern at 6 Gc was measured wi th an antenna
pattern plotter. This continuous plot revealed that the pattern was sharp];.y
bimodal within a null at an azimuth of about 160 degrees. The apparent
ambiguity between the open field unhooded and open field hooded measure-
ments of Figure 4 at this azimuth can probably be attributed principally
to slight azimuth misalignments within this bimodal null.
A non-observer evaluation of the average patterns shown in Figures 3
and 4 is available through the use of the linear correlation coefficient. 5
As applied to antenna patterns, the correlation coefficient is a measure
13
of the degree to which the responses from one })attern at a given azimuth
are linearily related to the responses from another pattern at the same
azimuth.
At 4 Gc, the correlation between the open field unhooded and open
field hooded average patterns is 0.995. The correlation between the open
field unhooded and enclosure hooded average patterns is 0.990. The correlation
between the open field hooded and enclosure hooded average patterns is
0.995. The corresponding correlation coefficients for the 6 Gc average
patterns are 0.917, 0.921, and 0.921 respectively. It is felt that the
lower correlation coefficients associated with the 6 Gc patterns are primarily
the result of an increased number of nulls in these patterns as compared
to the 4 Gc patterns, and the measurement errora related to these nulls.
The correlation coefficients reported above were computed using the
average pattern measurements expressed in decibels above l microvolt. If
the coefficients are computed using the average pattern measurements expressed
in microvolts, the lowest coefficient calculatecl at 6 Gc would be 0.967. Since
the expression of antenna patterns in terms of 'roltages rather than decibels
tends to de-emphasize the details of pattern nulls (and emphasize the de-
tails of pattern peaks), the higher resulting voltage-based coefficients
are in agreement with the above discussion of measurement errors being
associated principally with nulls. It should bE! pointed out that the errors
associated with the measurement of pattern nulls are not peculiar to shielded
enclosure measurements. The data indicate that correlations involving shield-
ed enclosure hooded average pattern measurements are at least as good as
those involving open field average pattern measurements.
Correlation coefficients were computed to compare the open field
14
unhooded average pattern and open field hooded average pattern to the enclo-
sure unhooded average pattern. At 4 Gc the results were 0.671 and 0.677,
respectively. At 6 Gc the corresponding coefficients were Oo 727 and 0. 793.
Averaging five individual source antenna patterns has the effect of signifi-
cantly reducing or normalizing alignment errors; however, in those runs sub-
ject to multipath interference the averaging process also tends to minimize
the effects of this interference. To further investigate the differences
between the shielded enclosure hooded and unheeded patterns, individual patterns
were correlated with the appropriate open field. hooded average pattern. The
results are summarized in Table I. The open field hooded average pattern
11
was chosen as the standard" pattern rather than the open field unhooded
pattern because the individual patterns were slightly more homogeneous.
There are indications that some open field unhooded patterns were subject to
distortion from ground reflections (another source of multipath interfer-
ence). Use of the hood in the open field apparently eliminated this problem.
TEST RUN OPEN FIELD SHIELDED ENCLOSURE

FREQUENCY NUMBER UNHOODED HOODED UNHOODED
4 Gc l .996 .988 .802

4 Gc 2 .993 .986 .681
4 Gc 3 .993 .979 .489
4 Gc 4 .981 .975 .481
4 Gc 5 .980 .960 .327
6 Gc l .913 .921 .733
6 Gc 2 -909 .918 .712
6 Gc 3 .900 .916 .636
6 Gc 4 .892 .897 .516
6 Gc 5 .878 .870 .441
TABLE I. Correlation Coefficients Comparing Individual Patterns to

the Open Field Hooded Average Pattern at Each Frequency.
15
The results summarized in Table I have been ordered for ease of compar-
ison. Examination of the correlation coefficients shown in this table in-
dicate that the individual hooded antenna patterns made in the shielded
enclosure are not only significantly higher than the individual unhooded
patterns, but are also more homogeneous. Remerr.~ering that at least a part
of the discrepancy between the open field and shielded enclosure hooded
patterns can be attributed to alignment errors, the agreement is quite
good. It is apparent from the table that relocating the source antenna
in the shielded enclosure between each run had a much greater effect on
the unhooded data than on the hooded data.
The shielded enclosure interfering energy level (stray radiation
level) at the hooded antenna was calculated by aligning the source antenna
on a pattern sidelobe, varying the distance between the hooded receiving
antenna and source antenna, and recording the minimum and maximum voltage
deflections as the distance was varied. This method of determining residual
reflections in an enclosure is discussed in detail by Buckley.

6 At 4 Gc,
the stray radiation level calculated was 26 db below the direct radiation.
At 6 Gc, the calculated stray radiation level was 28 db down.
These results suggest that when patterns w:lth peak-to-null ratios of
greater than 20 db are measured in the shielded enclosure, it will be necessary
to average several measurements in order to ach:leve accuracy at the lower
levels. For single measurements in the enclosure reported herein, a signal
20 db below the peak signal could have a maximum measurement error of about
4 db. An alternative to averaging measurementB to achieve greater accuracy

is to place superior absorbing material on the two end walls and in the
antenna hood and thereby further reduce the strs radiation level.
16
Absorbing material with a specified wall absorption of at least 20 db
was used in the hood and shielded enclosure. ~me 26 to 28 db measured

stray radiation levels at the hooded antenna are in agreement with the
material specifications. It is interesting to contrast these results with
those of Cory. 7 In the latter experiment the 'valls and ceiling of a shield-
ed enclosure were completely covered with a 30 db absorber. Using a
sophisticated technique for evaluating the performance of the chamber,
it was shown that the average effective wall al)sorption was only about 13 db.
These results indicate that a significant improvement in the utilization of
absorber performance may be possible when the hooded antenna configuration
is employed. The fact that the stray radiation level may be considerably
higher at places in the enclosure remote from the hooded antenna is not of
consequence when the technique is used to record antenna pattern or case
radiation measurements.
To demonstrate the use of the hooded antenna technique for antenna
pattern measurements on a directional antenna, the pattern of an 18 inch
dish antenna wi th a log-periodic feed was recorded both in the open field
and in a shielded enclosure. The results of these measurements are shown
in Figure 5. The shielded enclosure unhooded :pattern was recorded in the
enclosure with no absorbing material. When evaluating the shielded enclo-
sure hooded pattern, it should be remembered that since the stray radiation
level at the hooded antenna was about 26 db down from the peak response, one
should expect little more than a casual relationship between this pattern
and the open field patterns at levels 20 db or more down from the main
beam peak response.

++t+I-+1\H-t+++t+t-H+f-t++H:opEN FIELO.
-t+H-rlH-N-t+-t+"t-1-m'+t-t+++IJHOOOEO
Figure 5. Antenna Patterns of an Eighteen Inch Dish with a

Log-Periodic Feed at a Frequency of 2 Gc.
18
A lower frequency hooded antenna assembly to operate over the fre-
quency range from 400 Me to l Gc -was designed and fabricated during this
reporting period. Figure 6 shows the various components before final
assembly of the low-frequency hooded antenna. The hood is 20 11 x 20" x 34"
and is constructed of l/8" sheet aluminum. The hood is lined with :Emerson
and Cuming Eccosorb NZ-1 ferrite absorbing material. This material has a
reflectivity of approximately -15 db or less over the frequency range from

3
50 Me to greater than 15 Gc. A Tchebyscheff tapered coaxial line balun ,
similar to the one used in the high frequency hooded antenna, but designed
to operate down to below 400 Me was fabricated. A broadband, balanced,

2
circularly-polarized, unidirectional, log-period.ic antenna to operate
over the frequency range from below 400 Me to well over l Gc was designed
and fabricated. The antenna consists of four t:~iangular-tooth structures
as shown in Figure 6. The teeth of the vertically polarized pair of struc-
tures are cut so that they are in space quadrature with respect to the
teeth of the horizontally polarized pair. Hence, circular polarization is
obtained -wi thout the necessity of electrically quadrature feeds. Two ad-
jacent quarter-structures are fed against the other two structures. The
sense of the circular polarization can be reverE.ed by switching the feed
points or by regrouping the quarter-structures. Figure 7 shows the low
frequency hooded antenna assembly with the antenna quarter-structures
assembled and mounted on Ethafoam triangles in the hood. The tapered-line
balun is mounted in the center of the antenna assembly and the coaxial
connector projects through the rear wall of the hood.
Evaluation of the low frequency hooded ante:~na assembly has been delayed
pending the completion of the evaluation of the 1 - 10 Gc hooded antenna.

Figure 6. Low Frequency Hooded Antenna Before Final Assembly.
Figure 7. Low Frequency Hooded Antenna Assembled.
However, on the basis of a few preliminary meafmrements, it appears the
assembly will meet the design goals. The gain, circular polarization,
balun, and operation of the hood appear to be quite satisfactory to the
extent they have been tested thus far.
C. Evaluation of Mbdel Enclosure
The antenna coupling measurement program to evaluate the characteristics
of a 2 x 2 x 2 foot model enclosure was completed during this reporting period.
The 2 x 2 x 2 foot model enclosure used in this measurement program is shown
in Figure 8 with the four side walls and ceiling lined wi th B. F. Goodrich
VHP-4 absorbing material. A 4:1 scaling factor was used for this model enclo-
sure, hence all frequencies discussed below must be reduced by a factor of 4
to obtain actual frequencies in a 8 x 8 x 8 foot enclosure. The two 3n loop
antennas utilized to obtain the antenna coupling measurements are shown mounted
on the base of the model enclosure separated by 10 inches. The coupling between
the two loops with the model enclosure removed (open-field) was measured over
the frequency range from 40 Me to 2 Gc and is shown in Figure 9(a). This curve
is normalized to the coupling obtained with co~[ cables connecting the signal
generator and receiver, and hence, represents the insertion loss of the two
loops and the propagation path between them. The curve in Figure 9(a) was
used as a reference for all subsequent antenna eoupling measurements made
inside the model enclosure. The curve in Figure 9(b) shows the coupling
between the two loops with the model enclosure in place (with no absorbing
material in the enclosure). The curve in 9(b) has been normalized with
respect to 9(a), and hence, all coupling variations shown in 9(b) result
from the presence of the enclosure walls alone. It is apparent from
Figure 9(b) that the coupling between the two loops inside the enclosure
varys radically from the coupling in the open-field over the entire frequency
range. It is also apparent that there is very little possibility of obtaining
22
Figure 8. Model Enclosure with Absorbing Material Installed.
23
-10
:;;- -20
~
V'l
~
-30
1-
z
<:(
-40
t
3
l;j -50
al
(!)
z
_, -60
c..
:::0
0
<....)
Cl -70
ILJ
N
_,
<:(
::E: -80
ex
0
z
-90
-100 I I I I I I
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(a)
+60
+40
:;;-
~
V'l
<:(
z
+20
~
~
<:(
z
ILJ
......
3
~ 0
(!)
z
_,
c..
:::0
0
<....)
~ -20
_,
<:(
~
~
-40
-soL-___.__- L__._~_._.~----------~----~----~--~-L--~~--._-L--~~~--~~._~~'~'--
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2ooo
FREQUENCY (Me)
(b)
Figure 9. Coupling Between Antennas in Model Enclosure.
24
any correlation between measurements made in the enclosure with measurements
made in the open field, and errors in the order of 40 db are to be ex-
pected in the enclosure measurements.
One wall of the model enclosure (the wall behind the transmitting
loop) was lined with VHP-4 absorbing material. The coupling between the
loops was again measured ove:r the frequency range from 40 Me to 2 Gc.
The curve resulting from these measurements is shown in Figure lO(a).
This curve, as well as the other two curves shown in Figure 10, has also
been normalized with respect to the reference curve in Figure 9(a), and
hence all coupling variations shown result from the enclosure characteristics,
since the coupling variations due to the characteristics of the loops have
been removed by the normalization. Comparing Figure lO(a) with Figure
9(b), it is apparent that lining one wall of the enclosure significantly
reduces the coupling variations over the entire frequency range and the
maximum variations are reduced from 40 db to ~~5 db. It is interesting
to note that even though the manufacturer makes no claims for the performance
of VHP-4 absorbing material below S Band, significant reductions in coupling
variations were obtained down to and below 100 Me.
A second wall of the enclosure (the wall behind the receiving loop)
was lined with absorbing material and the coupling measurements were re-
peated. The curve obtained from these measurements is shown in Figure lO(b).
By comparing lO(b) with lO(a), it can be seen that lining the second wall
of the enclosure with absorbing material did not significantly reduce the
variations in coupling in the enclosure with the exception of an approximate-
ly 10 db improvement over a small range around 100 Me.
Figure lO(c) shows the results obtained by lining all four walls and
25
+60
.0
~ +40
V)
""'
.,
)
) T R
__ ,~LOOP LOOP
,__
z
""'z
LU
+20
i
0
I -20
-40 I I I I
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(a)
R
) LOOP
+40
"0
) IT
I
)LOOP
I
z: +20
3
,__
"'
;
a
~-20
-40 I I I I
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(b)
+60
! +40
I
~ +20
~
"-
::>
0
u
rv ftt tC"""o r
..,.::> e e. e e
0
N
I -20
-40 I I I I I I
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(c)
Figure 10. Coupling Between Antennas in Model Enclosure with

Absorbing Material.
26
the ceiling of the model enclosure with VHP-4 absorbing material. Com-
paring 10( c) wi th 10( a) shows that lining the three additional walls and
ceiling does not significantly reduce the coupling variations in the
range below 600 Me with the exception of a small range around 100 Me.
Above 600 Me the performance of the absorbing material is apparently
quite good, and the reduction in coupling variations is readily apparent.
The very good correlation between the coupling curve for the fully
lined enclosure in lO(c) and the open-field reference curve in 9(a) over
the frequency range from 600 Me to 2 Gc tends to indicate: (1) that the
antenna coupling technique provides a true measure of the enclosure charac-
teristics, and (2) that the open-field reference curve was quite accurate
and provides a reliable reference.
D. Evaluation of Paraboloidal-Section Model Enclosure
The fabrication of a model enclosure in the shape of a paraboloidal
section, described in Quarterly Reports No. 6 and No. 7, was completed
during this reporting period. The finished mold. utilized to obtain the
paraboloidal shaped walls is shown in Figure 11. This mold was constructed
with an expanded polyethelene core coated with a masonry filling and patch-
ing compound (Glidden Blockaid) . Originally it was planned to use plaster
of Paris, but problems were encountered wi th shrinkage and cracking, and
the masonry compound was found to be much more satisfactory. A final coat
of paraffin, approximately 1/8 11 thick was applied. to the mold to facilitate
obtaining the desired surface contour and to assure the easy removal of the
mold after molding.
The completed model enclosure is shown in F:Lgure 12. The contoured walls
are formed of the same type materials utilized in the mold. The surface of
27
Figure 11. Finished Core for Parapoloidal-Section Enclosure.
28
Figure 12. Paraboloidal-Section Model Enclosure.
29
these walls were coated with a silver conductive paint (Emerson and Cuming
Eccocoat CC-2) to assure a good reflective surface. One end wall and a
small area at the vertex of the paraboloidal section were lined with
Emerson and Cuming Eccosorb HPY-12 absorbing material. The end wall
absorbs the waves reflected :from the paraboloidal walls and the material
at the vertex absorbs the back radiation from the unit under test as des-
cribed in Quarterly Report No. 6. The main enclosure portion of the model
shown in Figure 12 is 36" x 24" x 16". The out'board absorber box at the
vertex is 12" x 8" x B". A 6:1 scale factor was utilized for this model so
that the model represents an 18 x 12 x 8 :foot enclosure with a 6 x 4 x 4 :foot
outboard absorber box at the vertex. If :ferrite absorbing material, similar
to Eccosorb NZ-1, were used in this enclosure, the dimensions could be
reduced to 12 x 12 x 8 feet, the outboard box eliminated completely, and
the same working area retained.
The paraboloidal-section enclosure was eva1uated by means of the
antenna coupling technique utilized in the other model evaluations. To
take into account the 6:1 scaling :factor, two 2" loops were used separated
by 6 3/4" to simulate two 12" loops separated by approximately one meter.
The loop antennas are shown mounted on the model enclosure base in Figure 12.
The paraboloidal-section enclosure was evaluated over the same fre-
quency range as the 2 x 2 x 2 foot model enclosure. The shaped room was
evaluated up to 3 Gc so that the 6:1 scaled down :frequency range would
coincide with the 4:1 scaled down :frequency range of the 2 x 2 x 2 :foot
model up to 2 Gc.
The open-field reference curve for the 2" loops mounted on the enclosure
base is shown in Figure 13(a). Comparing this curve with the curve in
30
0
-10
.0
-o
-20
(/')
~ -30
:5
~
<>::
-40
~
3:
1-
~ -50
<!)
:5
...J -60
g,
8
-70
-'
<>::
~ -80
0
z
-90
-100
50 100 200 500 1000 1500 2000 3000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(a)
+60
+40
+20
~
o~--------------------------------~~~-;r~~------~cr~~~~~\1~~-----
A o,.l
-40
FREQUENCY (Me)
(b)
Figure 13. Coupling Between Antennas in Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure.
31
Figure 9(a), it is seen that the two reference curves are very similar with
the curve for the smaller 2" loops translated up in frequency as would be
expected.
The curve in Figure 13(b) shows the coupling bet-ween the two loops with
the paraboloidal-section model enclosure in place. The curve in 13(b)
has been normalized with respect to the open-field reference curve in 13(a)
and hence, this curve shows the variation in coupling, with respect to the
open-field coupling, due to the presence of the enclosure walls. Comparing
Figure 13(b) with 12(c), it is apparent that the shaped enclosure gives
slightly better results than the fully lined room. When it is considered
that the shaped room requires less than 25% the amount of absorbing material
required for the fully lined room, these result:3 are quite significant.
In order to better evaluate the results of the model enclosure measure-
ment program, the three most significant coupling curves obtained from the
measurement program are shown in Figure 14. Tht? frequency scales of these
curves have been translated down by the scale factors to actual frequency
in a full size enclosure in order to obtain a more realistic comparison
between the curves. The three curves are normalized with respect to the
coupling between the same two antennas in the open-field.
Figure 14(a) shows the variation in coupling between two antennas over
the frequency range from 20 Me to 500 Me in a conventional 8 x 8 x 8 foot
shielded enclosure with no absorbing material. Figure 14(b) shows the
variation in coupling between the two antennas l.n the same shielded enclosure
with the four walls and ceiling lined with 500 Me absorbing material.
Figure 14( c) shows the variation in coupling in a paraboloid a.l
32
+50
+40
:;;
.::::.. +30
!/')
<
z
z +20
w
r-
z
<
+10
~
3
r-
::;:: 0
<.!l
z
--'
Q..
:::l -10
0
u
8 -20
~
--'
<
::0:::
0::
0 -30
z
-40
-50
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(a)
~ +30
!/')
<
z
z
w +20
r-
z
<
~
3
+10
r-
l-1.1
co
<.!l
::;
0 v
--'
a..
:::l -10
0
u
8N -20
-'
<
~
0 -30
z
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
FREQUENCY (Me)
:;; (b)
.::::.. +30
!/')
<
z
Ei
r- +20
z
<
z
t:::l +10
3
I-
l-1.1
co
<.!l
0
::;
--'
Q..
:::l
0
-10
<...>
8
s
<
-20
~
0
z
-30
10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
FREQUENCY (Me)
(c)
Figure 14. Comparison of Coupling Between Antennas in (a) Bare

Enclosure, (b) Enclosure Lined. with Absorbing Material,
and (c) Paraboloidal-Section Enclosure.
33
section shaped enclosure 16' x 12' x 8' with 200 Me absorbing material on
the end wall and over a 4' x 4' area at the vertex of the paraboloid.
It is apparent from Figure 14 that a fully lined room and a paraboloidal
shaped room give essentially the same improvement in enclosure character-
istics. At frequencies WBll below the absorber frequency range, they both
give reduction in coupling variation of approximately 30 db, with the
coupling variation in the paraboloidal shaped room being somewhat better
behaved at the low frequencies. Within the frequency range of the absorb-
ing materials, the coupling variations are maintained within approximately
3 db in both rooms.
34
V. CONCLUSIONS
Antenna patterns made in the open field and in a shielded enclosure
using both a. hooded and an unhooded receiving antenna indicate that hood-
ing the receiving antenna greatly reduces the effects of multipath inter-
ference. With the exception of the depths of a fe-vr pattern nulls, the
open field antenna patterns and the shielded er:,closure antenna patterns
made with a hooded receiving antenna were equivalent. Correlations between
the open field and hooded shielded enclosure average patterns ranged from
0.92 to 0.99.
The effects of multipath interference on the unhooded measurements
made in the shielded enclosure were severe. A high degree of pattern
repeatability was demonstrated in the enclosure hooded measurements;
quite the opposite effect was apparent for the unhooded measurements.
The stray radiation level in the shielded enclosure at the hooded
receiving antenna was calculated. At 4 Gc, the stray radiation level was
found to be 26 db down from the direct radiation in the enclosure. At
6 Gc, the stray radiation was 28 db down. While the measured stray radia-
tion levels are quite satisfactory for many applications, it is felt that
careful selection of the absorbing material uee<1 in conjunction with the
hooded antenna technique would yield substantially lower stray radiation
levels.
It is felt that the hooded antenna technique discussed herein is
applicable to reliably determining transmitter and receiver case emission
measurements in shielded enclosures. The succe8sful pattern measurement
of the non-directional source antenna used in this study indicates that
hooded antenna results are valid even when the radiation pattern is of a
35
complex nature. It is recommended that the hooded antenna technique be
given serious consideration in future studies of case emission and sus-
ceptibility.
The results of the model enclosure measurement program indicate that
the technique of comparing the coupling values between twu loop antennas
inside the enclosure w'ith coupling values in the open-field is a satis-
factory method of evaluating enclosure characteristics at low frequencies
where VSWR measurements are extremely difficult. Results from this measure-
ment program also indicate that lining one wall of a shielded enclosure
reduce the variation in antenna coupling due to multipath reflections by
approximately 15 db.
The antenna coupling variations due to multipath reflections in a
fully lined enclosure (four walls and ceiling l:lned with absorbing material)
and a paraboloidal shaped enclosure were mainta:Lned within approximately
3 db within the frequency range of the absorbing material. At frequencies
well below the absorber frequency range, the coupling variations were
reduced by approximately 30 db.
Since the paraboloidal-section enclosure requires only about 25% the
amount of absorbing material required for a fully lined enclosure, and
gives comparable results, it appears this enclosure technique merits con-
sideration as a possible environment for case emission and susceptibility
measurements.
During the next quarter the major emphasis of the program will be
shifted from the development of controlled electromagnetic environments
to the investigation and development of broadband, balanced, circularly-
polarized antennas for near-field measurements of the interference charac-
teristics of communication equipment in shielded rooms. This investigation
will include broadband balun matching techniques, broadband quadrature
network techniques, and techniques for reducing the physical size of low
frequency antennas.
The evaluation of the low frequency hooded antenna will be completed
during the next quarter. It is felt that the hooded antenna is equally
applicable to both the antenna task and the controlled environment task.
In addition, the broadband, balanced, circularlJr-polarized log-periodic
antenna and broadband tapered-transmission-line balun, utilized in the
hooded antenna, are also applicable to the antenna task.
37
VII. IDENTIFICATION OF KEY TECHNICAL PERSONNEL
w. R. Free Project Director 435

D. E. Gentry Research Assistant 232
N. T. Huddleston Graduate Research AssJ.stant 288
w. L. Reagh Research Assistant 216
D. w. Robertson Head, Communications Branch 81
c. w. Stuckey Assistant Research Engineer 512
R. D. Trannnell, Jr. Assistant Project Director 241
w. B. Warren Research Engineer 77
38
VIII . REFERENCES
1. W. R. Free, C. W. Stuckey, and R. D. Trannnell, Jr., "Electronic

Equipment Interference Characteristics-Comnmnication Type 11 , Qrtly.
Rpt. No. 7, Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of
Technology, 15 Oct. 1964 to 15 Jan. 1965, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-
02294(E).
2. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "logarithmically Periodic Antenna Designs",
3. J. W. Duncan and V. P. Minerva, "100: 1 Bandwidth Balun Transformer",

Proceedings of the IRE, February, 1959, pp. 156-164.
4. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "log Periodic Feeds for Lens and Reflectors",
5. P. G. Hoel, "Introduction to Mathematical Statisticsu, John Wiley

and Sons, Inc., New York, New York, Chapter 7, 1954.
6. E. F. Buckley, "Outline of Evaluation Proced.ures for Microwave Anechoic

Chambers", Microwave Journal, August, 1963, pp. 69-75.
7. W. E. Cory, et.al., "Standing Wave Reduction in a RFI Laboratory",

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, :March, 1965, pp. 64-72.
39
IX. APPENDIX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON
(1) Absorbing Materials
(2) Anechoic Chamber Techniques
( 3) Measurement Techniques For ::Waluating

Anechoic and Shielded Enclosures
(4) Measurement Techniques For Near-Field

Interference Characteristics
(5) Near-Field Test Antenna and Probe Techniques
40
l. ''Absorbent Material for Electromagnetic Waves", R. W. Wright, I\TRL
Report 4 745 (Secret), May 18, 1956.
2. "Absorption and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves", Dr. H. W.

Helberg, Rome Air Development Center of the Air Research Develop-
ment Command, United States Air Force, Phase J, Contract No. AF
61(052)-154, Sept. 30, 1961, AD-272 110.
It is shown, that a thin, homogeneous, dissipative layer in front of

a metal plate absorbs electromagnetic waves: over a wide range of fre-
quencies (reflection coefficient IRI < 10%). The frequency range is
extended towards higher frequencies by arranging the dissipative lay-
er in a small distance from the metal plate. The frequency interval
w"ith optimal matching (IRI < 10%) calculated from measured values of
1-1 of the ferrite ferramic E-is l: 10 wi thout and 1:20 with air layer
between metal plate and dissipative layer. Measurements with a similar
ferrite, Ferra.mic E 1960, are in principle confirming the predetermined
results.
3. "Absorption and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves 11 , H. W. Helberg

and C. Wunsche, Phase K: Multi-Layer Absorb-er; Physikalisches Institut
der Universitat Gottingen, Technical (Annual) Report, Contract No. AF
61(052)-154, 30 September 1961.
In order to extend the frequency bandwidth of absorbers for electro-

magnetic waves, arrangements consisting of two or three layers of
homogeneous, dissipative material are investigated. Frequency response
curves of the input impedance and the reflection coefficient were
calculated for absorbers consisting of two or three layers of purely
dielectric layers. Variation of the parameters of the individual
layers led to the detection of a three-layer absorber, which has a
reflection coefficient of less than 10% in the frequency interval of
1:2.
In the experimental part of this subject an investigation was made
with artificial dielectric and magnetic matE!rials.
4. "Absorption and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves", F. Haring,

Phase F: Propagation of CM-Waves along Absorbing Layers, Technical
(Final) Report, Contract No. AF 61(052)-154, RADC, 30 September 1961.
The propagation of electromagnetic em-waves above absorbing layers

has been studied. The elliptical polarization of the electric field
near the absorber could be demonstrated. The essential details of the
field were found to be in agreement with simple theoretical consider-
ations.
5. "Absorption and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves 11 , S. Luhmann,

Rome Air Development Center of the Air Research & Development Command,
United States Air Force, Phase L: Contract No. liT 61(052)-154, Sept.
30, 1961, AD-271 797
41
Two types of absorbers are described (slot and loop absorbers) vrit h
the absorbing structures behind a metal plate. With the resonance
slots behind the metal plate, the energy may be dissipated by any
suitable absorber. The reflection coefficient becomes almost in-
dependent of the polarization direction, if circular holes or ring
slots are used. The bandwidth is investigated as function of the shape
of the slots.
With the loop absorbers, sections of strip lines are used as absorbing
elements. This absorber is still in the state of development.
6. "Absorption and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves", E. G. Neumann,

Phase H: Dipole-Resonance-Absorber for wide angles of incidence, Insti tut
der Universitat Gottingen, Technical (Final) Report, Contract No. AF
61(052)-154, 30 September 1961, RADC.
The subject of the investigations described in this report is the re-
duction of the reflection coefficient of di:~)Ole absorbers for oblique
incidence of electromagnetic waves. In order to complete the theory
of reflection by the additional system of dipoles, the propagation of
electromagnetic waves in an artificial abso:~bing medium, consisting
of infinitely long, parallel wires with small conductivity was in-
vestigated.
7. "Alternative Field Representations in Regions Bounded by Spheres,

Cones, and Planes I!' Leopold B. Felsen, IRE ~rransactions on Antennas
and Propagation, Jan. 1957, p. 109.
Alternative representations are obtained directly by the method of

characteristic Green's functions for the fields radiated by arbitrarily
placed scalar and vector (electromagnetic) point sources in regions
bounded by surfaces which are describable in terms of single coordinates
in a spherical coordinate system. Such surfaces are spheres, cones,
and planes, or a combination of these.
8. "An Analysis of Polarization Variation and l.ts Applicatl.on to Circularly-

Polarized Radiators", T. S. Chu and R. G. Kouyou Mjian, IRE Transactions
on Antennas and Propagation, March, 1962, p. 188.
Three general theorems giving conditions for a radiating system to

exhibit stationary polarization, stationary gain, and the coincidence of
stationary polarization and gain in a prescribed direction are presented.
A necessary and sufficient condition for the polarization invariance
of a circularly-polarized radiator is derived. The theorems are applied
to a number of circularly-polarized sources and antennas which are broadly
directional.
9. "Anechoic Chambers for Radio Interference Measurements Above 50 mcs ",

D. J. Shamp, Proceedings of Fourth Conference on Radio Interference
Reduction & Electronic Compatibility, October 1958, p. 257.
42
Shielded structures lined w'ith absorbing material are finding wider
use as free space areas in which development and production tests
of radiating equipment can be made. The general design features of
such a chamber ie given for measurements above 50 megacycles. In-
formation is also presented on the modificE~tion of the attenuation per-
formance of the shielded room by the presence of the absorbing material
particularly at the microwave frequencies.
10. "An Anechoic Chamber Making Use of a New Broadband Absorbing Material 11
,
A. J. Sinnnons and W. H. Emerson, Report 4193, 7 July 1953, (14:14:0),

Unclassified, Naval Research Laboratory, AD-16 432.
11. "Antenna and Antenna Test Cover Development 11 , W. A. Little, 30 Jan. 1964,
Confidential Report, AD-347 643
12. "Antenna Couplern, Collins Radio Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa, l November 1962,
Secret Report, AD-346 008L.
13. "Antenna Laboratory Publications, Electromagnetic Scattering n, Research

Foundation, Ohio State University, December 47 - December 63, AD-440 869.
A listing is presented of publications in the general area of scattering,

radar cross-section, and related topics produced by the staff of the
Ohio State Antenna Laboratory. The compilation is in four parts: pub-
lished papers, oral papers, theses and dissertations, and technical
reports. The Antenna Laboratory cannot supj;Jly copies of any publication
to individual requestors. The procedure fo::- obtaining copies of any
item in this compilation is given.
14. "Antennas", Khristo Dimitrov Shinev, Foreign Tech. Div., Air Force
Systems Corrunand, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio' 19 Dec. 1963, AD-429 454.
15. !!Antenna Techniques Which Provide a Randomly Polarized Signal r!, M. J.

Bock and G. E. Malby, Secret Rpt., Ratheon Co., Contract AF 33-657
8703, AD-347 957.
16. "Application of Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials as Interference

Reduction Techniques 11 , Leon Peters, Jr., ancl Roger C. Rudduck, Ohio
State Univ., Research Foundation, Columbus, Final Engr. Report, April
1964.
Means of controlling undesired radiation of antennas for reduction of

radio frequency interference are given for three antennas: the horn,
the parabola, and the Luneberg lens. The radiation mechanisms of
each antenna are obtained and used as a guide line for this reduction.
A new approach for finding the diffraction by thick edges has been
developed and is used to determine the radiation patterns of horn
antennas. It has been shown that back radiation for the horn may be
reduced by reducing the energy incident on these edges. Choke joints
have been used for this purpose, and are proposed as a method for
increasing the e~~ectiveness o~ shielding screens. A method is given ~or
creating nulls in the Fresnel zone o~ an antenna by use o~ a small amount
o~ absorber material.
17. "Application o~ Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials As Inter~erence

Reduction Techniques", Leon Peters, Jr. and Roger C. Rudduck, Ohio
State University, Research Foundation, Colambus, Sept. 63, AD-419 496
The calculation o~ radiation patterns o~ thick-walled horns was under-

taken ~or the purpose o~ RFI reduction studies. The solution ~or
di~~raction o~ a cylindrical wave by a v.redge is obtained. This result
is used to calculate di~~raction by a thick edge.
18. "Applications o~ Electromagnetic Absorbing Materials As Inter~erence

Reduction Techniques", L. Peters, Jr., R. C. Rudduck, and P. M. Russo,
Interim Engineering Rpt., 6 March to 5 September 1962, Gri~~iss AFB,
New York, Electronic War~are Lab. , March 1963.
The use o~ radar absorber material is being considered ~or reduction

to radio ~requency inter~erence (RFI). The study o~ side-lobe re-
duction is being applied to three antenna types: the paraboloid re-
~lector, the Luneberg lens, and the horn an~:,enna.
"Backscattering From a Finite Cone", Joseph B. Keller, IRE Transactions

on Antennas and Propagation, March 1960, p. 175.
Backscattering is calculated ~or an acoustic; wave incident on a per-

~ectly-conducting ~ini te cone. Two shapes o~ cone are treated. Sugges-
tions ~or shaping an object to minimize its backscattering are also
included.
20. "Broadband Absorbent Material ~or Use in Mierowave Darkrooms", R. W.

Wright and W. H. Emerson, Proceedings o~ First Con~erence on Radio
Inter~erence Reduction, December 1954.
21. "Broadband Conical Helix Antennas", Harry S. Barsky, IRE National

Conventional Record, Part I, 1959, p. 138.
This paper discusses the design o~ circularly polarized, unidirectional,

broadband antenna structures. Various typeE: o~ conical helix antennas
are described.
22. "A Broadband Microwave Absorber ~or Outdoor Use", W. H. Emerson, C. A.

Bartholomew, M. V. McDowell, and A. G. Sands., NRL Report 4992, (Con-
~idential), September 4, 1957.
23. "Conducting Medium", K. Iizuka and R. W. P. King, IRE Transactions on

Antennas and Propagation, July, 1962, p. 384.
44
The object of this investigation is to measure the driving point admitt-
ance, the amplitude distribution of the current, and the phase distri-
bution of the current relative to the phase at the driving point for
a dipole antenna immersed in a homogeneous conducting medium. The
relationship between measurements made in a tank of finite size as
compared to those of an infinite medium are correlated w'ith the stand-
ing wave patterns measured along the ground plane from the base of the
antenna to the wall of the tank.
24. "Companion Studies of Shielded Techniques"; Boeing Co., Airplane Division,

Renton, Washington, Supplementary Report No. 1, 4 June 1963 to 29 February
1964, D6-2043.
Basic theoretical groundwork underlying the results in this report

are presented. Test setups by means of which the basic shielding
effectiveness data were obtained is described Shielding density has
been calculated for several metals, and conditions for optimum shield-
ing density for a single uniform shield is derived.
25. "A Comparison of RF Shielding Materials", Norman H. Cale, Electronic

Industries, Dec. 1962, p. 106.
This article gives comparative data on some commonly used shielding

materials.
26. "Darkflex - A Fibrous Microwave Absorber", :=I. A. Tanner, A. G. Sands

and M. V. McDowell, Naval Research laboratory, High Polymer Chemistry
Division, Washington, D. C., NRL Report 413'T, 20 April 1953.
It was desired to develop a microwave absor1Jer to be very broadband

and cover all frequencies from 2,500 to 30,000 Me with a power re-
flection of less than 5% of that of a flat eonducting surface. The
idea of using a fibrous material, which is light-weight and affords
advantages in flexibility, low cost, and lor reflection, originated
early in the investigation and has emerged a~s the most practical
solution. The name "Darkflex" has been cres.ted to apply to such
microwave absorbers of the fibrous type.
27. "Derivation of Aerospace Antenna Coupling- Factor Interference Pre-

diction Technique", D. K. Adams, W. R. DeHart, R. M. Kalafus, A. I.
Simanji, and R. B. Harris, Interim Tech. Rpt. No. 7, Cooley Electronics
Lab., 1 Aug. - 1 Nov. 1963.
Three Archimedean spirals were tested for antenna patterns and coupling
patterns: (1) circular, (2) square, and (3) dielectric-cavity-backed
circular. The latter was used in the fundamental mode with out-of-
phase currents at the feed. The square spiral exhibits a broader beam,
a better ellipticity ratio, and a larger VSWJ~ over the band, than the
circular spiral. The effect of the dielectric is to broaden the beam,
45
since the antenna radiates from a smaller region. This broadening
effect is significant when the cavity thickness is greater than one-
quarter wavelength. Another square spiral, oppositely wound, was tested
for coupling patterns, and exhibited essentially mirror-image behavior
to the first square spiral. A theoretical consideration of mounted
flush-horn antennas indicates rough coupliLg estimates may be obtained
rather simply from curves given. The feed and geometry of the horn
determine the aperture field distribution; this, in turn, determines the
fields in space and along the ground plane. Phase variations due to
horn flare tend to smooth out sidelobes and. broaden the beam. Fresnel
zone phenomena are not considered.
28. "Design Curves for a Circular Polarizer II' w. c. Danforth, Jr. and L. J.
Ricardi, Lincoln Lab., Mass. Inst. of Tech., Lexington, 19 August 63,
AD-417 184.
A common method of producing a circularly-polarized wave in a constant
cross section waveguide consists of exciting two waves which are linearly
polarized and mutually orthogonal. Adjusting the relative phase velo-
city of the two waves enables one to produce a single wave which is
circularly polarized. The theory of operation and a set of curves
showing the relationship between design parameters are presented.
29. "Design Guide Catalog", Technical Wire Products, Inc., 1962.
This is an RFI gasketing design catalog. It presents basic design consider-

ations for gaskets along with applications and specifications.
30. "Dual-Mode Horn Feed for Microwave Multiplexing", D. J. Levine and

W. Sichak, Electronics, p. 162, September 1954.
The decoupling between cross-polarized fields is of interest because

of its frequency independence, and because of the simplicity of the
system which results from its use. Even though a cross-polarized mode
radiator decouples only two channels, the 40 db or more decoupling
obtained cheaply simplifies the receiver filtering problem. In view
of this a dual mode cross-polarized square vraveguide-feed horn was
investigated and built.
31. "A Dual Polarization Feed Horn for a Parabolic Reflector", J. Y. Wong,
The Microwave Journal, September 1962, p. 1B9.
A dual-polarized antenna feed which employs a fin-line coupler to

guide or separate tw'O orthogonal modes is described in this paper.
32. "Development of Broadband Absorbing Materials for Frequencies as

Low as 500 Me", W. J. Emerson, A. G. Sands, and M. V. McDowell,
Naval Research Laboratory, Memorandum Report 300, May 1954, (10:4:0),
Unclassified, AD-32 631.
46
33. "Development of Radar Absorber Materials", W. D. Greene, Qrtly. Report
No. 2, Secret Report, AD-347
34. "Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves By a Circular Aperture in an

Infinitely Conducting Plane Screen", J. Baz.er and L. Rubenfeld,
Courant Inst. of Mathematical Sciences, Research Rpt., March 1964.
Attention is focused chiefly on the low frequency end of the spectrum

w'here the product ka of the wave number k and the aperture radius a
is small. Transverse electric and transverse magnetic modal excita-
tion appropriate to the cylindrical geometry of the problem is assumed.
New integral representations of the solution corresponding to incident
fields of this kind are presented. These representations, which involve
a pair of unknown functions, are designed so as to automatically satisfy
VJaJGrell' s equations, the boundary conditions, the radiation condition
and all but one of the edge conditions. The differential equations
follow directly from the representations by means of an elementary cal-
culation. Convergent power series solutions of these integra-different-
ial equations are readily obtained for small enough ka, w'hen it is assumed
merely that the excitation is sufficiently :regular in the aperture. These
results are employed to derive the first terms in the aperture fields
and of the transmission coefficients. When the incident transverse electric
and magnetic modes are specialized to those which occur in plane wave
excitation these expressions are found to reduce to the well-known plane
wave formulas obtained by other means.
35. "Diffraction by a Half-Plane With a Special Impedance Variation", J.

Shmoys, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec. 1959, p. S88.
This paper deals wi th the diffraction of a plane electromagnetic wave

incident on a variable impedance half-plane,. at right angles to the
edge. Boundary conditions can be chosen in such a way as to permit
arbitrary values of reflection and transmission coefficients for the
half-plane far away from the edge. The dependence of the diffraction
on these coefficients is discussed.
36. "Diffraction of a Plane Wave by a Perfectly Conducting Sphere With a.

Concentric Shell", M.artin A. Planus, IRE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, November 1961.
A general solution to the problem of diffraction from a perfectly

conducting sphere with a concentric shell spaced any distance from
the surface of the sphere is presented. If the shell consists of a
dielectric material the solution simplifies by using asympototic
expressions for the spherical Bessel function. Another simplification
results when the shell is assumed to be thin.
37. "Direction Finding in a Two-Component Field", D. N. Travers, IRE

Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1960, p. 520.
The purpose of this paper is to Ehow that a spinning loop antenna,
or crossed loops and goniometer with a single-channel receiver, can
be used to analyze a two-component field and display both the azimuths
and the relative amplitudes of the two incident waves.
38. "Doubly Dispersive Frequency Scanning Antenna (For Two Plane Scanning)",
J. Croney, The Microwave Journal, July 1963, p. 77.
This paper outlines a simple scheme for obtaining a two plane scan by fre-
quency variation of the power source alone.
39. "Eccosorb Anechoic Chambers", Emerson and Cuming, Inc., (Brochure).
This is an advertisement brochure of Emerson and Cuming, Inc. It

gives pictures and brief descriptions of some chambers that they have
designed.
40. "Effect of a Dissipative Medium of Finite Size on Antenna Measurement",

K. Lizuka and R. W. P. King, Journal of Research of the National Bureau
of Standards, 4 July 1963, p.
An experimental investigation was made of the driving-point admittance

of a dipole antenna immersed in a finite diBsipative medium in order to
obtain information about the dependence of the admittance upon the
size of the medium. The effect of reflections from the side and back
walls was investigated quantitatively by means of 16 tanks of different
sizes. It was shown that a shift in the position of the antenna from
the center of the tank is equivalent to enlarging the dimensions of the
tank. A resonance phenomenon was observed and studied.
41. "Effective Broadband Filtering for Interference Elimination in the

Frequency Range From 10 Me to 10,000 Me", 3rd National Radio Interference
Symposium Digest, Washington, D. C., June 1~!, 1961.
This paper is concerned only with filtering, and specifically with

filtering by means of high-E ceramic capacitors in the frequency range
(VHF, UHF and microwave) where conventional filters are too bulky and
often ineffective. The problems and engineering techniques used with
high-E ceramics in filter elements are discussed.
42. "An Electrically Screened Room For Microwave Experiments", Philips

Technical Review, Vol. 23, 1961/62, p. 155.
43. "Electromagnetic Backscattering Cross Section of a Circular Cylindrical

Section", S. L. Borison, Lincoln Lab., M. I. T., Rpt. No. 1964 14,
18 February 1964.
The electromagnetic backscattering cross section of a perfectly con-

ducting circular cylindrical section is expressed in the Kirchoff
approximation. The cross section for incidence at an arbitrary angle
48
in either a longitudinal or a transverse plane is related to a geo-
metrical structure integral. Using methods of contour deformation,
this integral is approximated for the case of large linear dimensions
compared to the incident -wavelength.
44. nElectromagnetic Compatibility", Armour Research Foundation of Ill.

Inst. of Technology, USAF Contract No. AF 33(616)-8507, August to
September, 1961.
1
45. ' An Electromagnetic Diffraction Problem Involving Unidirectionally
Conducting Surfaces", R. A. Hurd, Canadian Journal of Physics, Oct.,
1960, p. 1229.
Tqe exact value of the electromagnetic field scattered by a unidirec-

tionally conducting surface under plane, wave excitation is obtained.
The surface, -which is an entire plane, is the junction of two uni-
directionally conducting half-planes whose conductivity directions
are inclined at an arbitrary angle to each other, and to the boundary
line.
46. "Electromagnetic Field Probes", Haven Whiteside, Cruft Lab., Harvard

University, Cambridge, Mass., Technical Rpt. No. 377, 25 October 1962.
The errors in measurement of electromagnetic fields due to the finite

size of loops and probes is discussed. Electric mode currents are
studied in measurement loops and methods for reducing them are proposed.
The behavior of loop probes is studied in general, both theoretically
and experimentally.
47. "Electromagnetic Penetration Aid In Low-Altitude Flights", David I. Punl_,

Contract SD50_, Task 12, December 1963_, Secret Report, AD-350 894L.
48. "Electromagnetic Properties of Wedge and Cone Surfaces With a Linearly

Varying Surface Impedance", L. B. Felsen, IRE Transactions on Antennas
and Propagation, December 1959, p. S231.
This paper presents the formal aspects of an analysis of the electro-

magnetic behavior of wedge and cone surfaces with a linearly varying
surface impedance. Special attention is given to reactive surfaces
which can support a new type of surface wav.e.
49. "Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers"_, McMillan Industrial Corp., (Brochure).
Microwave absorber literature, material specifications.
50. Electromagnetic Waves, S. A. Schelkunoff, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1943.
51. "Electronic Countermeasurers and Interferenee Reduction Study (U)",

General Electric Co., Syracuse, N. Y., Final Rpt., November 1962.
52. "Electronics Program: Radio Frequency Interference at Orbital Altitudes",
K. H. Hurlbut and C. J. Zamites, Aerospace Corp., Los Angeles, Calif.,
20 March 1964, AD-437 329.
53. "ELF and VLF Shielding Effectiveness of High Permeability Ms.terials",
R. B. Shultz, Boeing Company, Airplane Division, Renton, Washington.
This paper describes research conducted to determine the low frequency

shielding effectiveness of magnetic materials. Expressions of shielding
effectiveness of flat sheets for very low frequencies are derived.
54. "EMI - Shielding Effectiveness of Copper - :Sprayed Enclosures",

Homer A. Lasitter, Naval Civil Engr. Lab., ~rechnical Rpt., 1 May 1964.
The shielding effectiveness of three screen rooms was determined and

evaluated before and after copper-spraying. Cost and manpower re-
quirements for copper-spraying are discussed..
55. uEvaluation of the Airborne Instruments Laboratory Anechoic Chamber",

Purchase Order No. 141888, B. F. Goodrich Co., September 27, 1963.
This evaluation of an anechoic chamber discussed 1), scope of measure-

ments; 2), performance specifications; 3), ehamber description; 4),
measurement techniques and 5), data taken.
56. 11
Eva.luation of the Martin-Marietta Corporation Anechoic Chamber",
Contract No. DENFZ 29632, B. F. Goodrich Co . , Ms.rch 22, 1963.
This evaluation report discusses measurements techniques and results

obtained.
57. "An Evaluation of a Microwave Anechoic Cham"ber ", Bob Marsh, M9.ster 's
Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, August 1964.
The purpose of this work was to evaluate a microwave anechoic chamber

at Georgia Tech. The room has various undesirable features which are
listed and discussed.
Three basic performance capabilities were studied and evaluated: ( 1)
radar cross section measurements, (2) antenna impedance and antenna -
coupling measurements, and (3) antenna pattern measurements.
58. "Evaluation of Radar-Cross-Section Ranges for Continuous-Wave Operation",

Emerson and Cuming, Inc., (Brochure).
This publication discusses measurement procedure, equipments, and data

for the evaluation of radar-cross-section ranges. The test method
described here is applicable equally to evaluation of all cross-section
ranges, whether they be open outdoor ranges or fully enclosed microwave
anechoic chambers.
50
59. "Evaluation of the Sperry Gyroscope Co. Anechoic Chamber, Antenna Pattern
Comparison Technique", B. F. Goodrich Co., Shelton, Conn.
This report describes a detailed and extensive evaluation of the Sperry

Gyroscope Company anechoic chamber by the Antenna pattern comparison
technique.
60. "Evaluation of the Sperry Gyroscope Company Anechoic Chamber", Purchase

Order No. 252831, B. F. Goodrich Co., June 21, 1963, Shelton, Conn.
This evaluation of an anechoic chamber diecusses: l), scope of measure-

ments; 2), performance specifications 3), design 4), measurement
techniques; and 5), data taken.
61. "An Experimental Study of Bistatic Scatteri:e1g from Some Small Absorber -
Coated, Metal Shapesn, R. J. Garbacy and D. L. Moffatt, Proceedings
of the IRE, July 1961.
Experimental data are presented on the bistatic scattering cross sections

of some small metal bodies, uncoated and coated w-ith a resonant, lossy
layer. All of the targets (spheres, cylinders, etc.) are of a size to
be in the resonant region at w-avelengths of approximately 3 em.
62. nAn Experimental Study of the Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Immersed in a

Stratified Conducting Medium", K. Lizuka and R. W. P. King, IRE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, July 1962, p. 394.--
Measurements of the driving-point admittance and the amplitude and

phase distributions of the current for a half-w-ave dipole antenna
immersed in a stratified mediwn for various gradients, where the
origin of the coordinates is at the driving point of the dipole antenna
and the x axis is along the antenna are described.
The study includes a description of the apparatus, a discussion of the
effect of the nylon films separating the layers, and an interpretation
of the data. Reference is made to the possible application of a half-
wave dipole antenna to the detection of an inhomogeneity in a medium.
63. "An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Back Scattering

Cross Sections", J. Sevick, Ph. D. Thesis, N5oir-76, June 1952,
(120:39:0), Harvard University, Cruft Laboratory, Unclassified.
64. "Facilities and Services of the Electronic Calibration Center~r,

NBS Report 5589, August 1958, U. S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado.
This report describes a program for instrume::1tation of the Electronic

Calibration Center and list the calibration services available novr or
in the near future.
51
65. "Feasibility Study and Design Program for a Laboratory Simulation
Testing Facility", Aerospace Communications and Controls Div., Radio
Corp. of America, Burlington, Mass., Report for l :May 1961 - 30 March
1963.
Feasibility study and design program for a laboratory eimulation testing

facility is presented. The objective was to perform a study and investiga-
tion of the feasibility of applying simulation techniques to the problem
of evaluating the compatibility of electronic equipment in simulated
environments derived from mathematically mo,jeled electromagnetic environ-
ments.
A feasibility demonstration model of a portion of the simulator and
preliminary performance specifications representing the most feasible
approach to RFI simulation, were also realized.
66. "Feasibility Study of Shielding Techniques"., Boeing Airplane Division,

First Qrtly. Progress Rpt., June 4, 1963, Contract No. DA 36-039
AMC-02308(E).
This report gives the progress of research towards obtaining reliable

data for use by design personnel in assessing the effectiveness of a
given shielding configuration wi th a great degree of accuracy and
confidence.
67. "Feasibility Study of Shielding Techniques") Boeing Airplane Division,

Third Q;rtly. Progress Rpt., February 29, 1964, Contract No. DA 36-039
AMC-02308(E).
This report gives the progress of research towards obtaining reliable

data for use by design personnel in assessing the effectiveness of a.
given shielding configuration with a great degree of accuracy and
confidence.
68. "Feasibility Study of Shielding Techniques", Vellar C. Plantx and

David R. Brush, Boeing Co., Seattle, Washington, Qrtly. Progress
Rpt. No. 2, 26 December 1963, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02308(E),
AD-430 390.
69. "Ferromagnetic At Very High Frequencies III, Tw"o Mechanisms of Dis-

persion in a Ferrite", G. T. Rado, R. W. Wright, and W. H. Emerson,
Physical Review, Vol. 80, No. 2, October 1950.
70. "Fields and Waves in Modern Radion, S. Ramo and J. R. Whinnery,

John Wiley and Sons, 1944.
!!Foliage Penetration Measurements 11 , Conduct ron Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich.,

December 1963 - February 1964, AD-349 225.
72. "Fresnel Region and Far Field Patterns of a Horn Antenna at Funda-
mental and Harmonic Frequencies", 0. Salati and D. Lewis, 7th Conference
on Radio Interference Reduction and Electron:ic Compatibility, p. 315.
52
A description is given of a test facility for measuring the patterns
of microwave antennas at fundamental and harmonic frequencies in both
the Fresnel region and the far field region. The facility was cali-
brated by using standard gain horn antennas and dipole antennas.,
The patterns and impedance of an "L" band horn antenna, AT-3lb,
excited by a UG-953/U, waveguide to coax transducer were then measured
as a function of distance from the antenna from well into the Fresnel
region to the far field region. The measurements were made at three
frequencies in the design band and at harmonics up to the tenth for
both horizontal and vertical polarization.
73. "Fresnel Region Field Distributions of Circ~lar Aperture Antennas n,

Ming-Kuei Hu, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, May 1960,
p 344.
Fresnel region approximations and Fresnel rt~gion distributions are

derived for large circular aperture antennas.
74. Fundamentals of Electric Waves, H. H. Skilling, John Wiley and Sons,

1948.
75. "Geometrical Optics Approximation of Near-Field Back Scattering",

F. Sheppard Holt, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
October 1959, p. 43 .
The backscattering cross section is calculated when the point of

observation is in the near field region for a perfectly conducting
infinite plane and a convex, doubly curved, perfectly conducting sur-
face.
76. "Graded Dielectric Absorber", Emerson and Cuming, Inc., Engr. Rpt.
No. 2, 15 October 1963 - January 1964.
77. "Group Velocity in a Dispersive Medium", J. Menkes, Institute for

Defense Analyses, Washington, D. C., Contract SD50, AD-429 371.
78. "High-Frequency Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves by a Circular

Aperture in an Infinite Plane Conducting Screen", S. R. Seshadri
and T. T. W, IRE Transactions on Antennas a.nd Propagation, January
1960, p. 27.
The scattering of plane electromagnetic wave of number k by a circular

aperture of radius a in an infinitely condueting plane screen of zero
thickness and infinite extent is considered.
79. "High Frequency Shields", Raymond E. Lafferty, IRE National Convention
Record, 1956, p. 151.
A method is described which uses either conventional laboratory

equipment or algebraic equations to closely approximate the effective-
ness of a cylindrical rf shield. The shielding factor (attenuation)
53
is shown to be to the Q of the shield and a means of measuring
the Q is developed. The Q measurements, as well as the calculations,
are substantiated by field strength measurements and are also shown
to agree wi th other published material in related fields.
80. "An Instrument for Measurement of Interference Field Strength In

The Frequency Range 30 to 225 Me/sf!, H. Lorenz, Nachrichtentechnik,
Vol. 10, No. 1, 23-8, January 1960. In German.
A general description is given of the FMG2 instrument developed by the VEB

Funkwerk, Dresden, which operates as a calibrated heterodyne receiver.
A block diagram shows the arrangement of the various units. The total
frequency range is covered on 8 scales and the uncertainty of the fre-
quency indication is 1%. A detailed account is given of the working
of the instrument and of the method of calibration.
11
81. Interference Problems Due to Structures in High RF Fields", White
Electromagnetics, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, Project No. 4540, Final
Report C-24-F, AF 30(602)-2691, AD-299 257.
This report treats the problems of the interference effects and suppres-
sion of dielectric breakdown (corona), and harmonic generation. In
addition, the results of investigation of structural shielding and
grounding are provided.
11
82. An Introduction to Free Space Room Designu, McMillan Industrial Corp.,
Ipsw'ich, Mass. (Brochure).
This brochure is designed to assist prospective purchasers of free

space rooms. Basic principles of space rooms are presented along with
design considerations and information.
83. uThe Inverse Scattering Problem in Geometrical Optics 11 , Joseph D.

Keller, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1959, p. 146.
The method of geometrical optics is used to determine the shape of a

reflector which produces a prescribed scattered wave. The scattered
wave is characterized by its angular pattern, which determines the
differential scattering cross section of thE; reflector. Explicit
formulas for cylindrical and rotationally symmetric objects are used.
84. "Investigation and Development of High Loss .Magnetic Materials )",

Bjorksten Research laboratories, Inc., AF 30(602)-1481, Confidential
(Four Reports).
85. "Investigation of High Loss Ferrites 11 , R. Hack, R. Walser, and C. Halla.da,

Conductron Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich., March 64, AD-348 871.
86. "An Investigation of Near-Field Radiation Patterns Measured with Large
Antennas", E. V. Jull, IRE Transactions on .Antennas and Propagation,
July 1962, p. 363.
The plane wave spectrum concept is used to d.eri ve an expression for

the radiation pattern of an antenna in a two-dimensional system and
an investigation is made of the effect of t::1e aperture size of the
measuring antenna on the pattern obtained. Measurements of near-
field antenna radiation patterns are carrie(! out in a parallel-
plate pattern range, and the predicted effects of measuring antennas
of finite size on the beamwidth and sidelobe levels of the measured
patterns are confirmed experimentally.
87. "IDw Reflection Absorbers for Electromagnetic Waves !I, Erwin Meyer and
Reinhard Pottel, Physikalisches Institut der Universitat, AFCRL-TR-
60-199, Communication Sciences Laboratory, l~lectronics Research
Directorate, USAF, Bedford, Mass.
Different methods of reducing reflections from plane surfaces are

discussed. Wedge, Pyramid, rib, foil, layer, dipole, slit, and loop
absorbers; low density material absorbers and E = J.L absorbers are studied.
Finally test methods for low reflection absorber (measurement in the
free field and in the echo chamber) and their application in electro-
magnetically shielded and anechoic rooms are discussed.
88. nMa.nmade Interference Measurement Technique::.", General Dynamics/

Astronautics, San Diego, Calif., Final Rpt., August 1963.
Techniques for electromagnetic interference testing over the fre-

quency range of 10 to 22 gigacycles were studied theoretically and
experimentally. Basic equipment requirements and general test pro-
cedures are presented for each type of interference measurement made
at frequencies over 10 gc. The study included a literature search
and examination of measurement techniques for conducted interference,
measurement techniques for radiated measurements, dat?- translation
schemes, and computer analysis techniques.
89. "Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters by Use of Spheres Placed

Near a Wall in a Resonant Cavity", IRE National Convention Record, March
1955.
90. "Merits of the Double Electrically Isolated R-F Enclosure", Erik A.
Lingren and Associates, Inc., 4515-17 N. Ravenswood Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois.
This article elaborates on the importance that the inner and outer
walls of a screenroom be completely electrica.lly insulated.
55
91. "Method and Apparatus for Measuring the Po-wer of Spurious Radiation
From Short-Wave Transmitters", I. I. Seleznev, M. S. Safin and A. D.
Taranenko, Foreign Tech. Di v .. , Air Force Systems Conn:nand, Wright-
Patterson AFB, Ohio, Elektrosvyaz, No. 1, 1963.
92. "Microwave Absorbers", Sponge Rubber Products Co., Shelton, Conn.

(Brochure).
This brochure describes three broadband absorbing materials for specific

frequency ranges: (1) 2400 Me and above including K, X, and S bands,
(2) 100 Me and above, and (3) 500 Me and above.
93. "A Micro-wave Anechoic Chamber Making Use of a Ne-w Broadband Absorbing
Material", A. J. Sirrnnons and W. H. Emerson, Convention Record of the
Institute of Radio Engineers, Part 2, 34-41, (1954).
94. "Military Specification, Absorbing Sheet, Radio Sheet, Radio Fre-

quency Radiation Absorber (For Darkroom Use)", MIL-A-1619A (SHIPS),
1 April 1951.
Scope: This specification covers broadband microwave absorbing material

to be used for covering -walls or objects which reflect electromagnetic
energy in the band of 1.25 to 12.5 centimeters. The use of this material
will permit antenna radiation measurements ~:JO be made indoors.
95. "Military Standard Attenuation Measurements for Enclosures, Electro-

magnetic Shielding, for Electronic Test Purposes, Method Of n, MIL- STD-285,
25 June 1956.
Scope: This standard covers a method of measuring the attenuation

characteristics of electromagnetic shielding enclosures used for
electronic test purposes over the frequency range 100 kc to 10,000 Me.
96. "Model Techniques for Interference Measurements", W. A. Meyer,

D. W. Prins, and M. 1. Parker, Melpar, Inc., Falls Church, Va., Nov. 62.
97. "Modified WKB Methods for the Propagation and Scattering of Electro-
magnetic Waves", D. S. Saxon, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Pro-
pagation, Decerr.~er 1959, p. S320.
A new formulation of scattering and propagation problems has been

developed using Green's functions. Higher order corrections to the
formulation depend on the spatial variation of the local index of
refraction. By way of illustration, the method has been applied to
the propagation of electromagnetic waves in an isotropic stratified
medium and to the scattering of waves by an inhomogeneity.
11
98. Multiple Plate Antenna Analysis", Roy Glasser, Robert 1. Lagace,
William Montville, Richard K. Bennett and Richard G. Mills, 10 Dec.
1963, SR No. 1, Contract AF 19(628)-297, Project 46oo, AD-429 852.
56
99. Multipole Internal Reflections in Dielectric Prisms", R. G. Fellers,
11
South Carolina University, Columbia, 31 August 1963, AD-417 486.
This report describes research concerned with the transmission of

microwave beams around right angle corners by use of double curva-
ture reflectors, the evaluation of the effect of multipole reflec-
tions in a prism device and computation of :near zone antenna fields.
A pair of dielectric prisms was used as an adjustable directional coupler,
an adjustable attenuator, and a duplexing d~=vice. An analysis is given
for the case of matched interfaces at the surfaces of the prisms. A
theoretical derivation of the power transmitted to receivers located
at right angles to the transmitter was carr:ied out.
100. "Near-Field Gain of Aperture Antennas", Ala:~ F. Kay, IRE Transactions

on Antennas and Propagation, November 1960, p. 586.
Formulas for the ratio 11 of received to transmitted power are examined

for microwave aperture antennas at any range. It is shown that with
optimum aperture illuminations the far field. range equation continued
to hold fairly vJ'ell in the near field down to a distance at which it
implies nearly all the transmitted po-vrer is received However, the
aperture illuminations with maximum 11 are d:Lfferent from the uniform,
constant phase illumination which is optimum in the far-field case.
A formula is given for the power density of a transmitting aperture
in the near field.
101. "Near-Zone Back-Scattering From Large Spheresu, V. H. Weston,

Applied Science Research, Sc. B., Vol. 9, p . 107.
For an incident electromagnetic plane wave, the near-zone behavior

of the backscattered field produced by a pE~rfectly conducting sphere
is investigated for small wavelengths The backscattered cross-
section becomes appreciably different when the receiver approaches
to within a distance of several radii from the center of the sphere,
and in fact becomes the cross-section of a flat plate for the receiver
near the sphere.
102. "Nesting Cans 11 , Magnetic Shield Division, Perfection Mica Company,

Data Sheets 143, 109, 126 (Brochures).
A group of four Netic nesting containers and. four matching co-Netic

units, are now available. These containers are cylindrical cups and
constructed in a manner that permits them to be inserted into each
other, making it possible to set up a structure having a maximum of
four layers.
103. trA New Lightweight Broadband Absorbertr, R. W. Wright, W. H. Emerson,

and C. A. Bartholomew, Report of NRL Progress, March 1955, Confidential.
57
104. "A New Look at Fresnel Region Phenomena", Benjamin Lindeman, RADC,
Griffiss Air Force Base, New York, October 1962, 23p.
The subject of this report is a short intuitive discussion of the

basic phenomena of signal radiation in the Fresnel Region, and the
criteria associated wi th the establishment of a boundary between the
two regions.
105. nA New Method of Near-Field Analysis", R. C. Hansen and L. L. Bailin,

IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagatio~, December 1959, p. 8458.
The problem of the accurate determination of the total electromagnetic

field produced by a current distribution on a circular disk type
aperture is examined. Maxwellian, radial, and angular integrals are
used to evaluate a number of cases and are suitable for high speed
calculations.
106. uNew Results in Backscattering From Cones and Speroids", A. Olte

and S. Silver, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Dec.
1959, 861.
Experimental results are given for backscattering cross sections of

cones, prolate speroids, and oblate spheroids. A brief resume is given
first of the image-plane technique used in measuring cross sections.
Cross-section data for various aspects of the targets are compared
with geometrical optics cross-sections and those obtained by various
other theoretical procedures.
107. "New Techniques in R-F Room Construction 11 , J~rik A. Lindgren & Assoc. Inc.,
Chicago, Ill.
This brochure discusses clamping based on an investigation of the clamp-

ing method of three types of rooms.
108. "New Techniques in R-F Room Construction", Erik A. Lindgren, Electronic

Industries, December 1963, p. 152.
This paper discusses problems encountered in building an r-f-shielded

room and their solution as well as availablE~ shielded rooms and tests
made on these rooms.
109. "A New Type of Omni-Azimuthal Radio-Echo Enhancer 11 , J. Croney and

W. D. Delany, The Microwave Journal, March, 1963, p. 105.
A omni-azimuthal echo enhancer which behaves as a single point source

such as the Luneberg lens with a reflecting ribbon round an equator, is
the subject of this paper. A description of an analogue of the Luneberg
lens enhancer which works by reflection only and avoids the weight,
cost, and complexity, of a progressively graded refracting medium is
discussed.
110. "Nonflammable Conductive Carbon-Black Coating", Chomerics, Inc., 341
Vassar St., Cambridge, Mass.
A latex carbon-black paint that yields conductive, flexible and

nonflammable coatings is being introduced by Chomerics, Inc. The
new paint coating is useful for anechoic chambers and component
testing rooms.
11
111. Numerical Evaluation of Aperture-Synthesis Method of Measuring
Multipath Field Components", Charles 0. Stearns and :Mary E. Chrisman,
8 May 1964, Central Radio Propagation lab., Nat. 'l Bur. of Standards,
Boulder, Colorado, Contract AF 30( )-2385, AD-441 582.
An aperture-synthesis method of measuring multi-path field components

is evaluated by generating simulated measured amplitudes and phases
of the field taken at half wave intervals along 3 orthogonal axes and
for 3 orthogonal antenna. polarizations with an aperture length of 10
wavelengths. The simulated values are generated with 7 figure accuracy
by assuming amplitude, phase and of arrival with respect to
the axis of measurement for 4 multi-path components. From these
values, 6 quantities are computed. They art~ the amplitude and relative
phase of both the horizontal and vertical f~~eld component and the
azimuthal and elevation angles of arrival. Computations were performed
assuming 10 components with the generated data rounded to 2 signi-
ficant figures since this is near the accuracy obtainable in practice.
Tests were made to determine the dynamic range, the angular resolution,
the effect of letting the phase approach zero and the effect of on-
axis angles of arrival. Results were obtained vd th a maximum absolute
error of 0.11 volts/meter for the normalized amplitude, 19.0 degrees
for the phase and 1.5 degrees for the angle of arrival.
112. The Numerical Solution of Antenna and Scattering Problems", IRE

11
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, December 1959, p. S402.
Theoretical numerical methods of solution of' electromagnetic boundary

problems such as antenna and scattering proclems are emphasized.
By using a certain fundamental integral equation for the electro-
magnetic field, it is shown that many problems can be reduced to the
solution of standard types of integral equations for which numerical
techniques of solution already exist.
113. "On The Receiving Characteristics of a Dipole in Proximity to Two

Intersecting Conducting Surfaces 11 , Charles W. Harrison_, IRE Trans-
actions on Antennas and Propagation, September 1962, p. 543.
A general theory is advanced for determining the receiving properties

of a dipole that is oriented parallel to the line of intersection of
two infinite highly conducting plane surfaces. The equivalent circuit
of the receiving antenna is determined and the power in the load is
obtained for two receiving antenna systems
59
114. "On Scattering by large Conducting Bodies", Roger F. Harrington, IRE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, April 1959, p. 150.
Two sets of sources, equivalent in the sense that they produce the
same field as does an illuminated conductor, are discussed. Both
representations are suggestive of approximation. Crude approximations
are made, yielding what are called "the physical optics solution",
and the "image induction solution".
115. "On the Simulation of Fraunhofer Radiation Patterns in the Fresnel

Region", David K. Cheng, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,
Physical limitations on the size of obstacle-free test sites give

rise to the need of making radiation-pattern measurements on high gain
antennas at a reduced distance. This article summarizes three differ-
ent approaches of defocusing the primary source along the principal
axis of the antenna reflector by a small distance so that Fraunhofer
patterns may be simulated in the Fresnel region.
116. "The Optical Approach in Microwave Measurement Technique", British

Communications and Electronics, July 1958, p. 500.
Wavelength measuring techniques used in optics are examined for

possible application at centimetric and millimetric wavelengths.
A survey is made of some interferometers and grating spectrometers
for millimetric waves.
117. "Outline of Evaluation Procedures for Micro1.vave Anechoic Chambers",

Elery F. Buckley, Microwave Journal, August 1963, p. 69.
This article includes the explanation and definitione of performance

criteria, measurement of quiet zone reflect:Lvity, the antenna-pattern-
comparison technique, measurement of equivalent radar cross section,
and the measurement of chamber "termination.. VSWR". Four references
are listed and some discussion is made concE:rning the relationship
between "termination VSWR" and the accuracy of chamber room measure-
ments
118. "Pattern Characterietics of an Antenna Focused in the Fresnel Region",

John J. Stangel and William Yarnall, IRE Convention Record, 1962, p. 3.
The field of a circular antenna focused in the Fresnel region is approx-

imated in terms of finite Hankel transforms of the aperture amplitude
function. A series solution for the pattern through the focal plane
is given for an amplitude distribution expressible as a power series.
119. "The Performance of Screening Rooms", J. Miedzinski, Electronic

Engineering, October 1950, p. 414.
6o
The comparison of measured and theoretical attenuation characteristics
were made of four similarly constructed screenrooms with different
materials. The comparison of measured and theoretical results showed
general agreement in shape and magnitude.
120. "Polarization Properties of Corner Reflectors wi th Modified Walls",

Edwa.rd M. Kennaugh, Antenna Lab., Ohio State University, Report No. 612 6,
1 January 1957, AD-430 140.
121. "A Portable Instrument for the Measurement of Radio Interference in

the Frequency Range 0.15- 3Mc/ s 11 , H. Albsmeier, Elektrotech Z., Edn
B, 3rd October 1960, Vol. 12, No. 20, pp. 483-486.
The battery-operated instrument described conforms to the German

VDE specifications for interference-measurement equipment.
122. "A Practical Approach to RF Shielded Enclosure Design 11 , Harry W.

Kenny and Barton L. Conard, Ace Engineering and Machine Co., Inc.
This report discusses the purpose, expecta.t:ions, and various types

of shielded rooms along with various accessories that come with
shielded rooms.
123. "Practical Aspects in Evaluating Shielded Rooms", James C. Klauds,

Electro-Technology, June 1961.
This paper outlines some items to be considered in the design or

selection of a. shielded enclosure. It also lists tests to be con-
ducted in order to evaluate an enclosure.
124. "Predicting the Antenna's Role In RFI", Ernest Jacobs, Electronic

Industries, May 1960, p. 96.
Antenna regions for large and small radiators; antenna characteristics

gain, impedance, and radiation pattern; Fresnel and far field trans-
mission, and spurious frequency gain are discussed.
125. "Predicting Power Transfer Between large Aperture Antennas at Close

Separations", Ernest Jacobs, IRE Transactions on Radio Frequency
Interference, October 1962, p. 23.
To obtain a reduction in the separation requirement for the prediction

of antenna power transfer, a general power transfer formula is developed
with no direct restriction on separation. 'Ihe general formula. is
applied to the special case of two rectangular aperture antennas. The
result is expressed in the form of the Friis transmission formula
multiplied by two correction factors which are derived for six com-
binations of aperture illuminations.
61
126. "Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Rectangular Guides Loaded
With Magnetized Ferrite", Giorgio Earzilai and Girgio Gerosa, Contract
AF-61(052)-101, AFCRL 64 354, AD-601 134.
The -vrork previously publiehed in five Technical Notes is briefly

sunnnarized and the relative references given. Further investigations
were carried out in order to analyze the behavior of the propagation
constant versus the frequency for the zero order modes of a rectangular
guide partially filled with a slab of transversely magnetized loss-
less ferrite situated against one side wall. For the same structure
the zero order modal spectrum for the case of lossy ferrite has been
investigated. Some experimente to measure the phase constant for a
unidirectional mode of the same structure are recorded.
127. "Properties of Focused Apertures in the Fresnel Region", John W.

Sherman, IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, July 1962
The diffraction field of continuous, rectangular apertures is analyzed

when the system is focused in the Fresnel region. The Fresnel region
ie defined by phase and amplitude considerations, and the boundary
separating the near and Fresnel regions is given as well as the con-
ventional boundary distinguishing between the Fresnel region and far
field. Also included is the expression for of a focused rectangular
antenna, and a discussion of the concept of gain where a strict
2
1/R dependence does not exist.
128. "Radar Absorber System for Spacecraft Applications", W. F. Bahret,

F. J. Stimler, L. D. :Barnett, and W. B. Cro:3s, Goodyear Aerospace
Corp., Interim Engr. Rpt., 1 July 1963.
129. "Radar Backscatter From Some Low Cross-Sect:Lon Shapes 11 , A. F. Smith

Lincoln Lab., Mass. Inst. of Tech., Contract AF-19(628)-500, 16 Jan.
1963, AD-431 780.
Radar Backscattering measurements have been made on four low-cross-

section shapes. Results indicate that littie improvement is found
over the return from a cone-sphere. Comparison of measured data with
approximate theoretical calculations shows fair agreement.
130. ''Radar: Smmnary Report and Harp Project; u Part III ''Harp-Material
wi th Artifically Constructed Dielectric Constant & Permeability",
0. Halpern and M. H. Johnson, Sunnnary Technj_cal Report of Di v. 14,
NDRC, Vol. 1, December 1946.
131. "Radiation Field of a Conical Helix 11 , J. S. Chatterjee, Journal of

Applied Physics, May 1953, p. 550.
It is now well known that a cylindrical helix, when excited at fre-

quencies corresponding to wavelengths comparable to the length of one
turn of the helix, can radiate a sharp beam along the axis over a 1>ride
62
frequency range (about one octave). It is shown in the present
communication that if the helix is conical instead of cylindrical,
then the axial mode of radiation can be maintained over a much wider
band of frequencies.
The radiation pattern for a conical helix is studied experimentally.
The effect of increasing the number of turns is studied. Theoretical
expressions for E and Ee are derived.
132. "Radio Frequency Anechoic Laboratory Design Study", HRB Singer, Inc.,
Science Park, State College, Pennsylvania, .AF-30(602)-2445, Task I,
November, 1961.
This report is a study of the requirements of an RF anechoic chamber

designed to perform as a general radiation 1neasurement laboratory.
The investigation extends to present a theoretical review of RF
absorber and shielding material characteristics and their application
to chamber design, and a derivation of geometrical shapes for both
two dimensional and three dimensional radiation pattern measurements.
Finally measurement techniques are considered with regard to the improve-
ment of chamber performance characteristics by instrumentation discrimin-
ation.
133. "Radio Frequency Interference From High Power Emitters to Commercial

and Entertainment Equipment", Richard E. Rube, George A. Long, and
Hildred R. Butters, RADC, Griffiss AFB, N. Y., August 1963, (TISTE/
JWS), Unclassified Report, AD-417 685.
134. 11
Radio Frequency Shielding Properties of Metal Honeycomb Materials and
of Wire-Mesh Enclosures", University of California and Hexcel Products,
Inc., Berkeley, California.
The paper describes means of estimating the high-frequency limit of

shielding above which any open cell structure may pass the interfering
signal. The lower limit is determined by considering the structure
as having an equivalent mass or an equivalent conductivity.
This paper also discusses the shielding properties of perforated metal
sheets and of wire meshes.
135. ''Radio Interference in the Ultra-Short-Wave Range, its Propagations,

Forms of Appearance and Measurement", W. Knopf, Nachr Tech., April, 1958,
Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 167-173.
Test arrangements and specifications of equipment suitable for inter-

ference field-strength measurements are discussed.
136. Theory Vs. Normal Mode Theory in Wave Propagation Problems",
Leslie G. McCracken, IRE Transactions On Antennas and Propagation,
January p. 137.
The Euler-Maclaurin expansion, as a possible tool. for summing mode

series in wave propagation problems, is ex~~ined for the problem of
a radiating monochromatic energy between two parallel plates.
When the expansion is applied to this problem it is found that the
expansion formula transforms the mode series into the known ray theory
solution.
137. "Recent Advances in Finline Circuits 11 , Sloan D. Robertson, IRE Trans-

actions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, October 1956, p. 263.
Detailed studies of transmission properties of the finline coupler

have revealed existence of certain phenomena which adversely affect
the transmission characteristics. A discussion of the origin and
successful elimination of such effects is described.
New applications for the finline coupler have been found in the design
of hybrid junctions, tw'ists and bends in multimode waveguide, and
other polarization selective devices.
The paper concludes with a presentation of theoretical and experimental
results in the application of finline techniques to low-pass micro-
wave filters.
"The Reflection of Electromagnetic Radiation", Herbert B.

Report No. RF-TR-63-4, Vol. 15 March 1963, Advanced Systems
Laboratory, Future Missile Systems Division, U. S. Army Missile
Command, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama.
These studies, based on classical electrodynamics, present numerical

values of the Fresnel intensity reflection coefficients in tables and
graphs. The reflection coefficients are given for normal and oblique
incidence for approximately 2500 indices of refraction W = n - ki,
i.e., n = 0.1 (0.1) 4.0, K = 0, (0.1) 6.0, for angles of incidence
H = 0 (5) 85. A set of graphs illustrate the solutions of the
Fresnel equations.
139. The Reflection of Electromagnetic Radiation", Herbert B. Roll,

11
Volume II - Appendix, Report No. RF-TR-63-4, March 1963, Future

Missile Systems Division, U. S. Army Missi.le Command, Redstone
Arsenal, Alabama.
This report consists of various reflection coefficients for different

indexes of refraction and angles of incide~nce based on classical
Electrodynamics.
64
140. "Reflection Factor of Gradual Transition Absorbers for Electromagnetic
and Acoustic Waves", Klaus Walthen, IRE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, November 1960.
Absorbers for electromagnetic or acoustic waves are described, for

which a good impedance match and low reflection factor can be achieved
by providing a gradual transition of material constants into the
lossy medium. Reflection factor can be calculated by means of a
Riccati-differential equation. General conclusions from the WKB-
perturbation method can be drawn for absorbers. Numerical solutions
of the reflection factor for highly refractive panels with expon-
entially varying material constants are reported.
141. "Reflection Properties of Radar Targets (Secret Supplement) (U) ",

M. L. Meeks, Charles H. Wilcox, and N. A. L)gan, Nord 11386, August
1954, (73pp.), Engineering Experiment Station, Georgia Institute
of Technology, Secret, AD-54 294.
142. "Reflection Properties of Radar Targets (U) 11 , M. L. Meeks, Charles H.

Wilcox, and N. A. Logan, Nord 11386, August 1954, 318 pp., Engineering
Experiment Station, Georgia Institute of Technology, Confidential,
AD-60 221.
143. "Reflection of Surface Waves at Abrupt Discontinuities", J. G. Miller,

November 1963, Royal Aircraft Establishment ;1 Unclassified Rpt.,
AD-432 461L.
144. "Reflection and Transmission of Plane Electromagnetic Waves by

Ferrite Sheets", G. Jeromson, Report 120, Series 60, N7onr 29529,
30 September 1954, (22:5:0) University of California, Unclassified,
AD-52 845.
145. "Reliable Electrical Contact Theory Applied to RFI Control,,,

0. P. Schrieber, Technical Wire Products, Inc., Cranford, New Jersey,
1962, RF-21.
This brochure begins -vdth a discussion of Rl?I problems, then discusses

the concept of RF leakage as applied to the concept of high and low
impedance waves. Various types and forms of RF gaskets are discussed.
146. "Requirements of Measurements of Shielded Installations", R. G. Klouda,

7th Conference on Radio Interference Reduction and Electronic Compati-
bility, p. 460.
This paper deals with the various practical requirements of shielded

installations and how measurements are made under field conditions.
The usefulness of various materials used in shielded installations
over a given frequency range are listed. New ideas. and techniques
are offered to enhance the shielding effectiveness for shielding
installations.
147. "Research On Log - Periodic Arrays of Slots", J. W. Greiser, Illinois
University, Urbana, Engineering Experiment Station, Technical Rpt.
No. 3, January 1964.
148. "Research on Methods of Reducing Radar Cross Section of Aircraft",

G. J. Falkenback, B. H. ListJ R. J. HarrisonJ and E. Paskell,
AF-19(6o4)-1414J Secret.
149. "Research On New Types of Antenna Systems for the Frequency Range
50 - 1000 :Me" J James E. Lindsay and Warren :~. Wheeler J Denver Research
InstituteJ ColoradoJ 15 August 1963J AD-417 138.
This report deals wi th the design and construction of new types of antenna
systems for use in the frequency range 50 to 1000 Me. Theoretical
and experimental work on antennas consisting of a monopole placed
near a circular dielectric cylinder and a square dielectric cylinder
is described.
150. ''Research Studies on Problems Related to Antennas" J Electrical

Engineering Research Lab., University of IllinoisJ UrbanaJ Qrtly.
Progress Report No. 3, 25 June 1963, AD-418 571.
151. "Research Studies on Problems Related to Antennas", James Rippin,

University of IllinoisJ Qrtly. Report No. 6J December 1963 to
December 1964.
An investigation was made into radiation patterns from periodic

structures. Log-periodic cavity-backed slot antennas which produce
vertically polarized radiation were studied, and further investigation
on the construction of a feed system to eliminate the need for a
ground screen was considered. Pattern measurements on both uniform
and log-periodic zigzag antennas were calculated, and the character-
istics of both present forms and new versions of the conical logarithmic
spiral antenna were discussed. Studies were made on antennas for
airborne direction findingJ the feasibility of utilization varactor
diodes in a backfire antennaJ and wave propagation along helical
conductors as well as of periodic structures of wideband applications,
and radiation from circular waveguides. Research was also done on
the development of new types of log-periodic antennas, a high resolution
millimeter antenna, and omnidirectional and steerable beam antennas
which can be operated at millimeter wavelengths. A bibliography
containing 104 entries is also included in the report.
152. "Resonance Absorber for Electromagnetic Waves at a Circular Cylinder"J

I. ImaiJ 137, 31-48(1954(J (SA, 54A-9403) Unclassified, Zeitschrift
Fur Physik.
153. "RF Shielded Structures", J. J. O'Neil, G.S.E. Magazine, Vol. 3J

No. 5, October/November 1961.
66
This article presents the recommendations of the U. S. Army Signal
Research and Development laboratory for selecting shielding contractors
and design criteria. Shielding specifications, construction, and
maintenance are discussed.
154. "RFI Shielded Enclosures", H. W. Kenny and B. L. Conard, Electrical

Design Ne-ws, September 1962, p. 88.
Various types of shielding materials and st.ielding enclosures, as well

as selection factors for shielding enclosures, are discussed.
155. "RFI Testing from 200 Me to 10 gc; An Annotated Bibliography",

Eugene E. Graziano, N64-ll540, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, California, June 1963.
This selective bibliography of 79 items is the product of a search

of the world literature for the period January 1955 to May 1963.
Of particular interest are testing methods and procedures for the
detection and measurement of conducted and radiated RFI in the range
200 Me to 10 gc. Testing procedures for component susceptibility and
RFI generation in these same electromagnetic ranges were of equal
interest.
156. "The Scattering Of Electromagnetic Waves by an Ideally Conducting Sphere

In an Inhomogeneous Medium", Yu. S. Sayosov, Soviet Physics-Technical
Papers, September 1961, p. 189.
A study is made of the cross section for scattering of a plane wave

by an ideally conducting sphere in an inhomogeneous medium and also
of the characteristics of the radiation from this system in the case
in which the primary antenna is an electric or magnetic dipole placed
at the surface of the sphere.
157. "Screened Rooms and Enclosures", D. L. HollH-ay, Proceedings of the IRE

Australia, October 1960, p. 660.
The theory of continuous sheet, single and double mesh screened rooms
and enclosures is discussed briefly. The attenuation of different
screen materials is presented in the form of design curves.
The design and construction of rooms having high attenuation is con-
sidered and illustrated by descriptions and performance measurements
of typical sheet and mesh rooms.
158. "Screening at V .H.F. ", B. Roston, Wireless E!ngineer, July 1948, p. 221.
The paper ains at examining the v.h.f. screening properties of the

various metallic surfaces which are economic and which may be readily
adapted to production. An analysis of the problem of shielding shows
that in the case of a receiver, where only the radiation field requires
screening, a conducting sheet makes an efficient shield. The shielding
of a source or of a receiver near a source is relatively more difficult,
since the induction field may predominate and only a thin surface layer
of a shield is effective in neutralizing this component of the field.
159. "Shortcuts to RF Shield Design", C. S. Vasaka, Electronic Industries

and Tele-Tech, March 1957, p. 71.
A method of RF shield design is presented here and takes into account

electric, magnetic, and plane wave reflection losses, and corrects
for electrically thin sheets and shield discontinuities. Data. for
common shield designs have been calculated and are presented in exten-
sive reference tables.
160. "A Solution to the Frequency-Independent Antenna Problem", . R. S.

Cheo and V. H. Runsey, IRE Transactions on .Antennas and Propagation,
November 1961, p.
A solution of MaxvJ'ell' s equations is obtained for an antenna consist-

ing of an infinite number of equally spaced wires in the form of co-
planar equiangular spirals. A remarkable feature of the solution is
that the current consists of an inward traveling wave at infinity
when the antenna is excited in that sense which produces an outward flo-vT
at the center.
161. !!Solving Shielding Problems With High Permeability :Materials",

R. B. Schulz, Boeing Company, Airplane Divif3ionJ Renton, Washington.
New data on shielding effectiveness at extremely low frequencies are

presented for un-heated, high permeability materials. The effect
of various structural junctions in the sheet material is shown and
a design approach for uee of these data is suggested.
162. "Some New Methods of Analysis and Synthesis of Near-Zone Fields 11 ,

Ming-Kuei IRE National Convention 1963, p. 13.
Five new methods of analysis and synthesis of near zone fields are
presented. Examples of the synthesis methoo~s and a discussion of
their merits are presented.
163. "Some Useful Analogies for RF Shielding and Gasketing", 0. P. Schreiber,

Technical Wire Products, Inc., Cranford, New Jersey, 1961, Rpt. No. RF-17.
Technical personnel well versed in Radio Frequency Interference often

have difficulty in communicating with others outside their field because
of a lack of rapport or common language. This paper suggests some
analogies or work pictures that should help solve this problem.
164. "State of the Art in Electromagnetic Interference Applied to Problems

of the Bureau of Yards and Docks", IIT Research Inst., Chicago, Illinois,
Final Report Phase l, July 1960, Contract N~y24936, Project El20, AD-431 126.
68
11
165. 11
Stu.dies Leading to the Development of an Electromagnetic Darkroom ,
K. Vl. Heizer and H. W. Koepsel, Southern Methodist Univ., School of
Final Report, NBy-73242, ( :5), Unclassified.
166. 11
A Study of Experimental Equipment", Richard B.
Mack, Cruft Cambridge, M.ass., 1 May 1963,
AD-417 617.
Construction details are given for experimental equipment designed
to permit measurement of the self and mutual admittances, c:1rrent
distribution along the radiating elements, and far field radiation
patterns of small antenna arrays. The antennas are formed by extend-
ing the slotted inner conductor of a rigid coaxial
line beyond a large ground plane while terminating the outer conductor
on the ground A small balanced loop probe can be moved along
the slot to sample the tangential magnetic field near the conductor.
Measurement errors due to the probe are discussed. The array under
test can be rotated by means of a turntable vhich is described.
Radiation patterns are measured by transmitting with the array under
test and receiving wi th a corner reflector :1ntenna mounted on the
ground plane but in the far field of the array. Although designed
for 663 Me, the equipment will operate over a wide range of frequencies.
"Study and Investigation of a UHF-VHF Antenna", J. E. Herman and

S. B. Rhee, Cooley Electronic Lab., University of Michigan, Bimonthly
Report No. 6, 2 November 1963 - 2 January 1964, Contract No. AF33(657)-
10607.
Design criteria for optimal use of ferrites in rectangular slot
radiators are established. Analysis firmly indicates that similar
optimization can be achieved for annular slot antennas. Further
experiments vi th log conical spirals were performed which resulted in
extension of frequency range. A conical antenna taking full
advantage of the frequency range of the available ferrite powder was
made. The thickness of ferrite surrounding log conical antenna
elements appears to be a negligible factor. An analytical study of the
equiangular spiral which can be adapted to the introduction of layers
of ferrite was completed. Computer results for specific cases are not
yet available. Preliminary test data on a 1og zig-zag antenna using
powdered ferrite are presented.
168. "Study and Investigation of a UHF-VHF Antenna", J. E. Herman,

S. B. A. I. Simanyi, and D. E. Oliver,. Cooley Electronics
Lab., University of Michigan, Bimonthly Report No. 8, 3 March-
2 May 1964, Contract No. AF (657)-10607.
Extensions of the rectangular slot filled with ferrite and cavity
backed were made. Experiments were performed in replacing certain
rectangular prismatic with balsa wood in place of ferrite.
The ensuing effects upon VSWR and radiation patterns were observed
and reported. In addition nillllerous experiments were performed using
a log conical spiral backed by an aluminum cylindrical cavity. Ferrite
vtas placed in numerous locations and data \.;r-ere recorded for a variety
of arrangements yielding very promising, although tentative results.
169. "Suggested Definitions of Shielding Terms", 0 .. P. Schreiber, Electronics,

July 21, 1963, pp. 56-60.
This article defines and illustrates eleven concepts having to do with

shielded rooms and shielded systems.
170. Surface Fields Produced by a Slot on a Cone 11 , G. Held and G. Hasserdjian,

11
IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, October 1957, p. 398.
This paper presents an experimental study of the field distribution

on the surface of a cone excited a slot and the degree of inter-
action between the slot and the tip of the cone.
11
171. Surface Wave Guiding and Radiating Systems", S. P. Schlesinger,
P. Diament, and V. 1. Granatstein, Columbia University School of
Engineering, New York, March 1963, Report No. CV25 62; Contract
AF 19(604)-3879, AD-426 997.
"Survey of Absorbent Materials for Electromagnetic Waves", R. W. Wright,
Proceedings of the First Annual Rome Air Development Center, !!Radar
Absorbent Materials'' Symposium, May 1958.
173. "A Technique for Measuring the Effectiveness of Various Shielding

Materials", H. E. Dinger and J. E. Raudenbush, NRL Report No. 4103,
January 22, 1953, AD 9353.
174. "Techniques for Measurements of Reduced Radar Cross Sections 11 ,

C. G. Bachman, H. E. King, and R. C. Hansen_, Microwave Journal.
(Part l - February 1963, p. 61) This paper delineates the important

problems incurred in realizing high sensitivities for long distances,
and lists five types of radar cross section ranges. Each type is
evaluated quantitatively in terms of the sa:~ient problems and is
followed by a discussion of some typical equipment block diagrams.
(Part 2 - March, 1963, p. 95.) This paper discusses shapes and types
of anechoic chambers, the radome or balloon covered range, the con-
ventional outdoor range, the ground plane range, and the oblique range.
(Part 3 - April, 1963, p. 80) The use of CV.T radars, pulse radars,
and F"M/CW radars are described and sources of equipment errors in the
measurement of radar cross section are given. Appendix A (Range
Equation), Appendix B (Pulse Intergration), and Appendix C (Scale
Measurements of Radar Cross section) are included.
''Testing of Absorbers and Free Space Rooms", McMillan Industrial

Corporation, Ipwich, Mass., 1961, Report No. FS-4.
70
176. "Theory, Design and Engineering Evaluation of Radio Frequency Shielded
Rooms", C. s. Vasaka, U. S. Naval Air Ddevelopment Center, Rpt. No.
NADC-EL-54129, 13 August 1956, AD-117 564.
177. "Theory of Graded Radar Absorber Materials", Thomas, A. S., Inc.,

Boston, Mass., December 1963, Confidential, AD-348 710.
178. "Theory and Practice in Space Room Engineering", McMillan Industrial

Corp., 1961, Report No. FB-3.
This publication gives advantages and disadvantages of general con-

sideration in the design of free space rooms.
179. "Theory of Simulated Skin Effect Filters", H. M. Schlicke, Allen-

Bradley Company, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1963 .
The theory of a ceramic low-pass filter, highly effective above 30

Me to microwaves, is discussed. Its performance in based on
simulation of the skin effect whereby the VHF, illiF_- and microwave
currents are forced along a thin, electrically permeable resistive
film deposited inside a high-E dielectric tube while a large de
current may flow through the axial conductor.
This filter shows great promise of becoming a significant means in
combating conducted electromagnetic interference.
180. "A View of Frequency Independent Antennas", R. S. Elliot, The Microwave

Journal, December 1962, p. 61.
The approach adopted in achieving a general analytic treatment of

frequency independent antennas parallels the early theoretical work of
Rumsey, except that the treatment of the three dimensional case is
simplified. Some applications of the theory are presented including
planar shapes, conical shapes, three dimensional shapes, and the log-
periodic element. Experimental results are given as well as some of the
latest advances.
71
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Unclassified
(Security c:Ja .. lllcatlon ol title, Mdy olabetl'flct llftd lndJdn4 ~notatltlft ,.,.,,,be 41Nltarecf wft41ft the owrall taport Ia c,.ellied)
1. 0~1 GINA TIN G ACTIVI'!'Y (CotpoiWite IIUthor) 2 a. fllltlltOIItT SECUflll TY C LASSIFICA. TION
Unclassified
reorg-: Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia lb. GIIIIOUIIt
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFERENCE CHARACTERISTICS-COMMUNICATION TYPE
4. DESCftlftTIVE NOTES (ry,p. ol "'PPf't and lnclvaln 4a,_.)
Quarterly Report No. 8, 15 January 1965 to 15 April 1965

s. AUTHON(S) (L . .t naone, llrat n.me, Initial)
Free, William R. and Stuckey, Charles W.
&. ftE PO ftT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. 011' ftAGIEa
.5 May 1965 71
Ia. CONTRACT Ollt GtiiiANT NO, ta. OfltetN.ATOIIta fltiEIIIOtiiiT NUMeiEIIt(.S)
DA 039 AMC-02294(E)
b. IDRO..IECT NO.
A-678 - 8
lG6-2050l-D-449
c.
d.
10. AVAIL ABILITY /LIMITATION NOTICES
Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from DDC. This report
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTal tz. SftONSOftiNG MILI'TARY ACTIVITY
Radio Frequency Interference U. 8. Army Electronics laboratories

Communicati.ons Fort Monmouth, New Jersey
13. ABI.TftA~T . . . . . ,
Durlng the perlod covered by thls report, lnvestlgatlons to extend the determlna
tion of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army communication equipment to
include the near-field emission and susceptibility characteristics have continued.
The objectives of these investigations are (l) the determination of the most
economical and practical means for establishing a controlled electromagnetic en-
vironment for near-f'ielj characteristics of equipments and (2) develop-
ment of measurement techniques for measuring near-field characteristics of equip-
ments in the above controlled electromagnetic environment which can be correlated
wi th ''open-field" measurements.
TwD techniques, the Hooded Antenna Technique and a Paraboloidial-Section Shaped
Enclosure, show- considerable promise as a means of obtaining the desired controlled
environment. The evaluations of these techniques are discussed in detail.
A model of ~ conventional shielded enclosure was evaluated in detail to provide
a reference for ev.aluating the hooded antenna techn:i.que and the paraboloidial-
section enclosure.. The model enclosure was also utilized to evaluate absorbing
materials and the placement of absorbing materials in a conventional shielded en-
closure. A description of the antenna. coupling technique utilized in these evalua-
tions, as well as the data from these evaluations are discussed.
An annotated bibliography covering (l) anechoic chamber techniques, (2) measure-
ment techniques fer evaluating anechoic and shielded chambers, (3) absorbing mater-
ials, ) measurement techniques for near-field radiati.on and susceptibility inter-
ference characteristics, and (5) near-field test antenna and probe techniques is
included as an appendix to this report.
Unclassified
14. L.INK A L.INK 8 L.lNK C
KEY WOFtOS
,_OLE WT .-oLE WT .-oLE WT
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AD
TJ E

CHARACTERISTICS- COMMUNICATION TYPE

QUARTERLY REPORT

By
W. R. FREE-C. W. STUCK

OCTOBER 1965

e
ECOM
UNITED STATES ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND FORT MONMOUTH, N.J.
Contract DA36-039 AMC-02294(E)
Atlanta, Georgia
'\I!
DDC AVAILABILITY NOTICE

Qualified may obtain copies of this
report from DDC. This report has been released
to CFSTI.
.
-4
TECHNICAL REPORT ECOM-02294-9 OCTOBER 1965
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFEID~CE

l May 1965 to September 1965
Report No. 30

DA Project No. lE6-2050l-D-449
Prepared By
ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT STATION
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
For
U. S . ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND

FORT MONMOUTH, N. J.
ABSTRACT

communication equipment to include the case em:lssion and susceptibility
characteristics have continued.
The major emphasis during this period has been on the development
and evaluation of broadband, balanced, circularly-polarized antennas
for use in measurements of the interference characteristics of cormnu-
nication equipment in shielded enclosures.
The design, fabrication, and evaluation of (1) a conical log-helix

antenna, (2) a circularly-polarized log-periodi.c antenna, (3) a crossed
bow-tie antenna, and (4) a hooded antenna are discussed. These antennas
were designed to operate in the 200 Me to 1000 Me range. Techniques for
extending the use of these antennas to lower frequencies are discussed.
iii
FOREWORD
This report was prepared at the GeorgieL Tech Engineering Experi-

ment Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The work covered
by this report was performed wtthin the Comnmnications Branch under the
general supervision of Mr. D. W. Robertson, Head of the Communications
Branch. The report covers the activities and results of the ninth
quarter's effort on a project to determine methods for measuring the
interference characteristics of U. S. Army communication equipments.
The authors are pleased to acknowledge the efforts of R. D. Trammell,

Jr. in the design and development of the crossed bow-tie antenna, and
the efforts of J. G. Doster and D. C. Griffin in the measurements pro-
gram.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I FACTUAL DATA . 1
A. Introduction 1
B. Conical Log-Helix Antenna 2
C. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna 11
D. Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna 24

. E. Hooded Antenna .
1. Background
2. Description of Low Frequency Hood
3. Evaluation Procedure . .
4. Measurement Considerations Associated with a

Circularly-Polarized Probe 36
5. Results of Hooded Antenna Evaluation 47
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59
III. LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . 61
vii
LIST OF' ILLUSTRA~:IONS
Page
1. Diagram of Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna 4
2. Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna 7
3. Gain and VSWR of Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna . . 8

4. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
800 and 1000 Me 9
400 and 600 Me ............. 10

200 Me . ........... ..... . 11
7. Polarization Patterns of the Conical Log-Helix Antenna 12
8. Planar Diagram of Circularly-Polarized j:-_,og-Periodic

P~ntenna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna Before

Final Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna Assembled . 18
11. Gain and VSWR of Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic

Antenna 20
12. Antenna Patterns of Circularly-Polarized. Log-Periodic

Antenna at 800 and 1000 Me 21
13. Antenna Patterns of Circularly-Polarized. Log-Periodic

Antenna at 400 and 600 Me 22
14. Polarization Patterns of the Circularly-Polarized

Log-Periodic Antenna 23
15. Diagram of Crossed Bow- Tie Antenna 25

16. Diagram and Specifications of 3-db Hybrid. Coupler . 28
17. Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna . . 29
18. Gain and VSWR of Crossed Bow- Tie Antenna 31

19. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at
800 and 1000 Me ,,
ix
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Continued)
Page
20. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow- Tie Antenna at

4oo and 6oo Me ............ ...... 33
200 Me . ................. .... 34
22. Polarization Patterns of the Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna 35
23. Low Frequency Hooded Antenna Assembled 37
24. Possible Horizontal and Vertical Azimuth Patterns of a
Horizontal Dipole . . . . . . . 39
25. Measured Horizontal and Vertical Azimuth Patterns of a
Horizontal Dipole . . 40
26. Open-Field Azimuth Patterns of a Log-Periodic Antenna
at a Frequency of 1000 Me . . . . 42
at a Frequency of 800 Me ... ..........
. 43
at a Frequency of 600 Me ... ..........
. 44
at a Frequency of 400 Me ... . ..
. . . ... 45
30. Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns of
a Horizontal Dipole at 1000 Me ........... 48
a Horizontal Dipole at 900 Me . ..... .....
. 49
Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns of
a Horizontal Dipole at 800 Me ............ 50
a Horizontal Dipole at 700 Me ..... ......
. 51
a Horizontal Dipole at 600 Me ............ 52
a Horizontal Dipole at 500 Me . ..........
. 53
X
Page
Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns of

a Horizontal Dipole at 450 Me . . . . . . . . . . .

a Horizontal Dipole at 400 Me . . . . 55
38. Stray Radiation Level in the Shielded Enelosure as a
Function of Frequency . . . . . . . . . .
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Horizontal-to-Vertical Gain Ratios for a Unhooded and

Hooded Log-Periodic Antenna . . . . 46
xiii
I. FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction

determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army commu-
nication equipment to include case emission and susceptibility charac-
teristics has continued. Primary emphasis has been in the development
for measurements of the interference characteristics of communication
equipment in shielded enclosures.
Test antennas presently being used to perform interference measure-

ments in shielded rooms suffer from a number of disadvantages and in-
adequacies. Linearly-polarized antennas require multiple runs of tests
to account for different polarizations and/or result in the omission
of some spurious emissions and responses at different polarizations.
Unbalanced antennas cause problems from the standpoints of repeatibility,
cable lays, equipment placements, and personnel positions wtthin the
shielded rooms. Most of the presently used test antennas are not truly
broadband or frequency independent, and hence~, require tuning at each
measurement frequency or else their electrics.l characteristics (impedance,
gain, directivity and pattern) vary appreciably over their frequency
range of operation. The calibration of these antennas and the processing
of the resulting data are extremely tedious a.nd time consunnning operations.
Most of the test antennas presently recommended for measurements at low
frequencies are quite large relative to the d.imensions of the screen
rooms in which they are used and relative to the dimensions of the units
under test. Both of these conditions raise questions to the validity
of the resulting data.
A search of the literature revealed that a class of antennas common-

1 2
ly referred to as frequency-independent antennas ' appears the most
likely to satisfy all of the test antenna requirements. This class of
antennas includes the conical log-helix and log-periodic antenna structures.
Two antennas from this class, a conical log-helix and a circularly-
polarized log-periodic, were fabricated and evaluated and are described
in detail in later sections of this report. J~ third broadband antenna,
a crossed bow-tie or triangular-dipole, not a member of the frequency
independent class, was fabricated and evaluated and is also discussed in
a later section of this report.
Another problem associated wtth making radiation measurements in a

shielded enclosure in:qolves the effects of multipath reflections from
the enclosure walls on the measurements. If these reflections are not
eliminated, it appears that it is extremely dj_fficult, if not impossible,
to correlate measurements made in the enclosure with measurements made in
the open-field. This particular problem has been investigated during the
Ill
4
previous three quarterly periods 3' '5, and a hooded antenna technique
has been developed to attenuate the multi-path reflections to the point
that they are comparable to reflections in the open-field. The evalua-
tion of this technique at frequencies above l Gc is described in refer-
ences 4 and 5. the period covered by this report, a lower fre-
quency hooded antenna configuration was evaluated. This hooded antenna
configuration was designed to operate over the frequency range from 400
Me to l Gc and included a circularly-polarized probe antenna. The hood-
ed antenna configuration and the evaluation are described in detail in
a later section of this report.
B. Conical Log-Helix Antenna
Of all the antenna configurations considered, the balanced conical

log-helix antenna appeared the most likely to satisfy all of the desired
requirements for the test antenna. The bandwidth obtainable with this
antenna configuration is almost entirely at the discretion of the design-
er. Antennas with bandwidths of higher than 40 to l have been construct-
ed. A balanced antenna may be obtained by winding two identical spiral
arms on a conical surface. As long as physical synnnetry is maintained,
identical spirals maintained at 180 degrees on the conical surface, a
balanced, essentially constant impedance is obtained at the apex of the
antenna over the design bandwidth. Circular-polarization is obtained
with this antenna configuration. A maximum on-axis voltage axial ratio
of l. 2 is. typical over the bandwidth of the antenna. The field is cir-
cularly-polarized well off-axis, and a voltage axial ratio of less than
2.0 is typical out to 45 degrees off-axis. In addition to satisfying the
broadband, balanced, circular-polarization requirements for a near-field
test antenna, the conical log-helix antenna offers a number of other
desirable characteristics. The field pattern of the conical antenna is
confined to one hemisphere, i.e., it is unidirectional, with the main
lobe occuring on the longitudinal axis off the apex of the cone. For
small cone , 20 degrees or less, a rotationally symmetrical main
lobe with a half-power beamwidth of 50 degrees to 70 degrees is obtained.
Under these conditions a front-to-back ratio of 15 db or greater is
obtained. These unidirectional characteristics are desirable in a test
antenna to be used in a shielded enclosure since they significantly
reduce the susceptibility of the test antenna to multi-path reflections
from the enclosure walls. In addition, the directional characteristics
of the antenna improve the threshold sensitivity of the instrumentation
system, and the rotational symmetry of the main lobe masks the pattern
rotation with frequency, which is inherent in the log-helix antenna. In
addition, the configuration of the conical log-helix antenna is particular-
6 8
ly compatible with a number of broadband balun techniques ' 7' and, at
the same time, appears to be the most compatible configuration for loading
wi th dielectric or ferrite materials for miniaturizing purposes 9 .
2
The geometry of a balanced conical log-helix antenna is shown in
Figure 1. The diameter of the truncated apex, d, defines the upper fre-
quency limit of the antenna and is defined by
where: A.H = wavelength of the highest useable frequency. The dia-

meter of the base, D, determines the lower frequency limit of the antenna
and is defined by
where: A.L = wavelength of the lowest useable frequency. One

helical arm is shown as solid diagonal lines on the surface of the cone.
The second helical arm of the balanced structure is shown as dashed
diagonal lines. The second arm is rotated 180 degrees on the cone sur-
face relative to the first arm, and it is apparent from the figure that
the arms alternate and that the spacing between the arms increases in
a logarithmic fashion as you move from the apex to the base. It is also
apparent that the arms maintain a constant angle, a, with the radius
vector of the cone. The pattern beamwidth, :front-to-back ratio, axial
ratio and VSWR characteristics all appear to be related to the rate of
spiral and hence are dependent on the angle ()I and the cone angle 28 0
Thus, after the bandwidth has been determined by selecting values for
the truncation diameters, D and d, it is necessary to select values
for 0! and eo which will provide the desired pattern and impedance
characteristics over the operating bandwidth.
The helical arms are defined on the surface of the cone by
where : e0 = 1/2 cone angle
0! = spiral angle
= angle of progression of the spiral around the cone

starting at P = Po
d
Po = 2 sin e
~
D
Pmax = 2 sin e
0
3
.il
Figure 1. Diagram of Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
4
The length of the antenna, L , is a function of the diameters of the
a
truncations and the cone angle and is defined by
L = L L
a max o
D d
=
2 tan e
0
2 tan e 0
D- d
=
2 tan e
0
In order to evaluate the applicability of the balanced conical log-

helix antenna to the case radiation and susce]Jtibili ty measurement pro-
blem, an antenna to cover the frequency range from 200 Me to 1 Gc was
designed and fabricated. The design parameters of this antenna were:
0
e = 10
0
0
Q'
= 82
A.H
d = 4= 2.95fT
'
AL
D = 4= 15.0" ' and
D- d 15 - 2.95 .
L
a = 2 tan e0 = 0
- .2"
2 tan 10
The antenna was formed on a hollow fiberglass conical form. The

arms were wound w'i th RG- 58/U coaxial cable. One arm was also used as
a feed line for the antenna and acted as an ninfinite balun". It has
been shown that the antenna currents on the anns decay rapidly once
past the active radiating regions of the arms (see reference 1, pp.
66-67), and hence no significant currents are present at the ends of
the arms. This condition is necessary in order to obtain a frequency
independent antenna w'ith finite dimensions sinee it is necessary to
truncate the antenna w'ithout significantly effecting the current dis-
tribution on the antenna. An additional advantage of this character-
istic can be obtained by utilizing these extremely low current regions
to isolate the feed terminals from ground in a balanced manner. The
11
infini te balun 11 feed technique operates in the following manner: (1)
an unblanaced coaxial feed line is connected tc the end of one coaxial
arm, (2) at the apex of the antenna, the center conductor of the feed
arm is tied to the outside shield of the opposite arm, (3) the outside
5
of the shields of the two arms act as radiators, one fed by the center
conductor and the other by the inside of the shield of the feed line in
a balanced manner, and (~)the low current region at the end of the feed
arm prevents a. significant amount of antenna current from flowing on the
outside of the feed cable beyond the end of the feed arm. Utilizing this
feed technique, it is possible to obtain a balanced, circularly-polarized
antenna with an extremely broad bandwidth. It is apparent that the band-
,,ridth limitations imposed by external baluns and quadrature hybrid couplers
in many types of broadband, balanced, circularly-polarized antennas are
not encountered with this configuration.
The complete antenna is shown in Figure 2. The measured gain of

this antenna relative to a X/2 dipole and the VSWR referred to 50 ohms
over the design bandwidth are shown in Figure 3. The upper curve in
Figure 3 is the measured of the log-helix antenna compared to the
gain of a horizontal dipole while utilizing a horizontal dipole as a
radiating source. The second curve is the gain of the log-helix com-
pared wi th the gain of a vertical dipole, utilizing a vertical dipole
as a radiating source. The VSWR curve is based on measurements made on
a 50 ohm slotted line. The gain curves indicate that the antenna oper-
ates satisfactorly over the frequency range from 300 to 900 Me
with an average gain of approximately 3.65 db relative to a X/2 dipole.
There is considerable degradation in the gain characteristics in the
range from 300 to 200 Me and a slight degradation in the range from 900
to 1000 Me. The VSWR curve indicates that the impedance of the antenna
is reasonably constant and well behaved over the design bandwidth. It
appears that if the antenna were terminated in 100 ohms rather than 50
ohms, the VSWR would not exceed 1.5 over the design bandwidth.
The antenna patterns obtained over the design bandwidth with the
conical log-helix antenna are shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6. Both hori-
zontally polarized ~) and vertically polarized (E8) field patterns
are shown. Over the frequency range from 400 Me to 800 Me, unidirec-
tional patterns are obtained. Within this range, the main lobes are
well-formed, symmetrical about the mechanical bore sight and have half-
power beamwidths in the range from 45 to 70 degrees. The front-to-
back ratio and sidelobe levels are better than 15 db. At 1000 Me the
vertically polarized pattern indicates that the operation of the antenna
is deteriorating at this upper frequency limit. The main lobe is begin-
ning to break up and the backlobe and sidelobe levels are beginning to
increase significantly. It is felt that the bandwidth could be increased
to include this frequency by extending the apex truncation point to
obtain a smaller apex diameter and exercising greater care in the con-
struction of the feed terminals. The patterns in Figure 6 indicate that
200 Me is below the bandwidth of the antenna. The patterns have degen-
erated into distorted bidirectional dipole patterns. This degradation
at 200 Me appears to be caused by the active region of the antenna being
located at the base truncation. there is no stop region to cause
a back-fire unidirectional pattern, and hence, the pattern becomes bi-
directional. In addition, the absence of a stop region causes the con-
ditions for the "infinite balun" to be violated, the balanced feed
6
Figure 2. Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
7
6
..D
-o
5
w
....J
0
0..
.......
Cl 4
N
--.....
.-<(
0 3
1-
w
>
~ 2
c:C
....J
w
0::
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED SOURCE
z:
:;;:
<..!l
..D
-o 5
w
....J
0
0..
4
.......
Cl
N
--..... 3
.-<
0
1-
w 2
>
.......
1-
c:C
....J
w
0::
z:
<
<..!l 0
VERTICAL POLARIZED SOURCE
-1
0::
3
Vl
3
>
0 200 400 600 800 1000

FREQUENCY - Me
Figure 3. Gain and VSWR of Balanced Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
8
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1
I
Ji
I 1
!,
I. 1!
\ ( I ~~: ; I I i i : 1, I :. ~-il 1, ll : !I i 1
I 'I i'
\ I ! :hJ
I, II ij r lj:f: I:If; i fir i I
Vi~ ,\ l; I I rz! 1Lj 1' iioTIH li 111!!,''~:

1 1
ANGLE
~
: i l,ziH,
:1 ~f! ::}.u iar , iz:
z . i i
~~I rHl1 h-1!3 ~!-j d i ' I [1~' ~~I
1
ANGLE
I . i
I* 3' !
i !
..
i
5
Figure 4. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna

at 800 and 1000 Me.
9
ill
l l 1 1 l Jr r 1-! i 1 1
, ;-t\1 I II r i+ 1
I r ~~o c
'~ I :i ' Iii ,.! I. !I i /. : ~. j I I j~I
. I .. !l I I/I i\ I I ' : '
I IJ ' I i II I : i I:' .
I
I I
iiI 'f1] I i I . .
i I i
I
1
I I I' I
I
'i
i
I ..
I \
I \] i i ; I
l.i
j I
i
; ''
I<
l: .I .
i i i I I'
'
i I .
' I
i I ! [\ I
'
I '
'
i I:\ I 'i 'I I II . ,: 'i !I I ! I I ' 11--io.. I I iii

I! . i\ ) I lL: ' I I I __ L _:_ I I I '\
j ! i ,,~
1/ i ~.1
I
i
! .

1i ;' II ' 1)1I i i'il ji
I ,
;
I , :t: I \,1\
V'
! I,''',I
Ji ,+I Ii 2
j 'll ;h ~~ ; I! J i !l i I I ' jl ! f i~o Me
: I ! 1! I jl I II ! : i ;J
'I
:I' 1 :,
'
I
: :
I' 14
! I '6
1
I
I
'
1
!'11
'
1
I:
1
I :' : '
I
11
i '
:r-~
;' . '
.
I '
1 Lt'
!
1
:
I ' '
i'1 1 1 1'--c_~ I ,I
1
'I
r
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!ill :,
'I : 1 I;'
I :
I\ i i:
:\ ~ 1 I
: ...
I : i ~:
! , :,' i I',', ; '-1 [,Is I ;I J , : / . \ : \ ; ' . : I I : !! !.;
I
: i !, ''J
I
''!.
I i
j
I
'. f
I / 1
1'1
.
I i ] [I'
'
I \ L'l'
i\
i.
I I
I '
i
I : i ', I i I Ii \J' ! ! l J : ' \II : I II I I ! !i I
i :j':
'.I I ';A I i i I :\!I iI 'i :I I I I
+----4i--1-'-z1 '' , I ,
: ' :, : .' I: I
I
II I i: Iii 1-~
'\
i '\I ! :
I
I ' I': I i i
I I : f 41 ! ! i l' I iii I / \ I' ~ I II j
1
I
1
I i
i '!'l!
1 !
I II; 1I
~ ~ .... \
'j
! i l l i'
i ;1 !"fh I : ! / 1 , 1 1
! f I
i
Il
! ..
I : ' : ! ! I! :'iili 1\l!l!
! I
t ! i !\ I
1
I
i :.1 1. 1 ! 1 'l J ... I Yo ,
I ' 1 :
.,' '\..
!
'!/''
l
;I : I
'i
.
'
1 l\
1I ' i\
[\,I j
[,";,_.
\.
I IV'
/: I. '
i
' .
I
' !
,: j -
'ti !\'Ji ' !
j ,: ! ' .
Figure 5. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna

at 400 and 600 Me.
10
L ill I -1 r T 1-h
~
I I I I _I i FTT h+1 ! ': l ~I I ~~
Ee
--I-[!;~ IJ =rP .ic -1!-,l ~ ' i I ! ~
II r--...1 I :
f!3- l+l-Jl h'+i 111* i :, lt;Li ' il 11~

ih 11\:i/ ,'; ! /III
i i
' I IT I :. I ',
I
;i
1 ll
. ' l i\ 'X
' r
[1 !1 i
II
:1 i ~ [I h.\h : Iij
: i ~. Ii: '_Y 1
-: i 11 r 1
1 I ll '~I ~~: ;Tr. l
'1 . .'.
I
'',.I 'i 1[1 ' ! ij ;t '-j~Tfrl i '1 i
'I
-'
!~~.~. I ! i~ I I t :I 11:I1 ~~'; !i, I I
:L I ; ! '1 I f I! :: I ii
,~ :J I /1[ -r: I ~ ! I T ~II fj '.-~ ,I

i
f! i: !i ,
1
0 I
'
tl I !j _I ,\ '' i
I
i i : , r!' II!:! I'!!,
1
i - I ;,
I
.!;:-' I ,-ii r Tl 1 I , 1,I l','r j, II :_ I
' I'
! !) 'I . ',-;T I f 1 !1. I .\'

1
l i 1 i
I
: iJ 1 i I
I ,I
H 'i i: +
I
I 'I l 'llj-11 :
i i _; ll 1 i i
I
'
I ij I
i :L! i '
i: HI lr I!
i
', I I
' ,,_ I I i .:
i i I i I
I
i.j
I I
,i I, i i
i
! I ! i' ''
'I
! ''
i
,., I
:I ; .: i i
':'', , i I+ i i ! 1-!
:!
I
i 1:.! ;'!1 I ~~ :- ~-
'
llj I Ih .Ji ~I I iI i i
:i
I 1 i I -~~ f I lT 1
r i i 'f i ! ~-' .:.
~k_._'1; ~I!. l~~! i j! ~~l-1 hti: i E~: ~~~
:.
~ 1 lrlr::k: '21 it~' ih

A~ 3LE
Figure 6. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 200 Me.
conditions are no longer obtained, and additional distortion in the

field pattern results. The bandwidth could be extended downward to
include 200 Me by extending the base truncation point to provide a
sufficient stop region to obtain a back-fire pattern and the "infinite
balun" conditions. It appears that the base diameter would have to be
increased from 15 to 22.5
11 11

The on-axis polarization patterns of the conical log-helix antenna

are shown in Figure 7. The circular-polarization characteristics of
this antenna are quite good over the frequency range from 400 Me to
800 Me with the voltage axial ratio remaining considerably below 1.2.
The degradations in the antenna operation at the lower and upper fre-
quency limits, which were apparent in the gain and pattern measurements,
are again apparent in the polarization charac1~eristics. The degradation
at the upper frequency limit is slight, which agrees with the gain and
pattern results, and the axial ratio increases to 1.22. The degradation
at the lower frequency limit is quite signifieant and the axial ratio
increases to 1.80.
C. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna
The log-periodic antenna configuration wa.s also selected for evalua-

tion as a possible test antenna for case radiation and susceptibility
11
90'
f
AR
1.5 1.5
270
270'
90' f 90'
AR f
AR
1.~ 1.5
270'
Figure 7. Polarization Patterns of the Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
12
measurements. Like the conical log-helix antenna, the log-periodic
antenna is a member of the frequency-independent antenna family, and the
bandwidth obtainable with this antenna configuration is theoretically
unlimited. In practice, the low frequency limit is usually determined
by the maximum antenna dimensions that can be tolerated and the high
frequency limit is determined by the dimensions required at the feed
point. The log-periodic antenna is basically a balanced structure and
the field pattern of the nonplanar configuration is unidirectional as
a result of the same type of back-fire characteristic as the conical
log-helix antenna. The more conventional nonplanar log-periodic antenna
is linearly polarized, but a circularly-polarized antenna can be obtained
by adding a second pair of log-periodic structures in quadrature with the
10
original pair. A planar diagram of a circular-polarized log-periodic
antenna is shown in Figure 8. The geometry of the log-periodic structure
is such that the electrical properties repeat periodically with the
logarithm of the frequency. Thus a log-periodic structure guarantees
only a periodic repetition of the electrical characteristics. However,
if a sufficient number of periodic elements are provided at close
spacings, the electrical characteristics can be maintained w"ithin very
restrictive limits, and satisfactory operation can be obtained over a
continuous bandwidth.
The circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna shown in Figure 8

consists of four metal-sheet log-periodic structures with triangular
teeth. The low-frequency limit of the antenna is defined by the length
of the longest tooth. The low-frequency cutoff occurs when the longest
tooth is one-quarter wave-length long. The high frequency cutoff occurs
when the shortest tooth is approximately one-. quarter wavelength long.
After the low-frequency and high-frequency limits have been selected
and hence the length of longest and shortest teeth specified, the selec-
tion of a plate angle, a, defines the length of the quarter-structure.
The angle a in the log-periodic antenna is equivalent to the cone angle
in the log-helix antenna and has a considerat,le effect on the resulting
beamvlidth of the antenna. In many cases it is necessary to make a com-
promise between antenna length and beamwidth in the selection of the
angle a. The number of teeth and the location of teeth is defined by
R

se 1 ec t lng a ra t lO
T n+ l
= -R--. Fr om F.lgure 8 , Rn lS
. th e d.lS t ance f rom th e
nth
vertex to the tip of the n tooth on one side of a quarter-structure,
and Rn+l is the distance from the vertex to the tip of the next shortest
tooth on the same side. The distance from the vertex to the nth tooth
on the other side of the quarter-structure is r and r = ITR . These
n n n
notations apply to quarter-structures 1 and 3 in Figure 8. Structures
1 and 3 may be operated as shown in the figure without structures 2 and
4 being present. In this case the balanced structure must be fed with
a balanced feed at the vertex and a horizontally polarized bidirectional
pattern is obtained. If the two structures a::'e bent toward each other to
form a non-planar V-shaped antenna, the radia~~ion pattern changes from
bidirectional to unidirectional, and the beamwidth, input impedance,
13
o.-----
sidelobe level, and gain of the antenna become a function of the angle
between the structures ( w). Circular-polar:ization may be obtained by
operating two identical pairs of structures in space quadrature and fed
in phase quadrature; this is equivalent to obtaining circular-polariza-
tion wi th a crossed dipole structure. This approach requires a 3- db
quadrature coupler and two baluns having bandw'idths equal to, or greater
than, the desired bandwidth of the antenna. Another technique for obtain-
ing circular-polarization is to scale the second pair of structures
(structures 2 and 4 in Figure 8) so that the periodic radiating elements
are in space quadrature with the radiating elements of the first pair of
structures. The required scaling is accomplished by multiplying the R
l n
dimensions of the first structure by T4 as Bhown for structures 2 and 4
in the figure. This scaling technique eliminates the requirement for a
quadrature coupler and reduces the number of baluns required to one,
since the two pairs of structures may now be fed in parallel. Thus,
the feed requirements of the circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna,
utilizing the scaling technique, reduces to the same requirements as the
conical log-helix antenna, and is compatible w'ith the same broadband
balun techniques including the "infinite balun" technique. The currents
decrease quite rapidly after progressing past the region w~ere a tooth
one-quarter wavelength is located, and thus, in order to utilize the
11
infini te balun" technique with the log-periodic antenna, a coaxial
feed line is routed down the center of one quarter-structure to the
apex feed point. The outside shield of the feed line is continuously
bonded to the structure so that the current distribution on the outside
of the feed line shield is the same as the current distribution on the
quarter structure.
In order to evaluate the applicability of the circularly-polarized

log-periodic antenna to the case radiation and susceptibility measure-
ment problem, an antenna to cover the frequency range from 400 Me to l
Gc was designed and fabricated. A low-frequency cutoff of 400 Me rather
than 200 Me was selected for this antenna in order to use the antenna
in a hood where the dimension of the longest element could not exceed
18 inches.
The design parameters for this antenna vrere:
0
Q'= 45
0
t3 = 10
0
*= 45
'
and
Rn+l
T = -R- = 0. 70 .
n
These parameters should yield an antenna wi th the following character-

istics:
15
E - Plane Beamwidth = 66
'
H Plane Beam-width = 66
GAIN/Dipole = 7.7 db and

'
Max. Side lobe Level = -12 db
Since the "infinite balun" technique had been utilized -with the log-helix
antenna, a decision was made to use a broadband tapered-transmission line
balun -w'ith the log-periodic antenna so that both balun techniques could
be evaluated along with the antennas. The balun -was fabricated as des-
cribed by Duncan and Minerva in reference 7. The technique consists of
cutting a slot in a section of solid shield coaxial line. The width of
the slot is increased in a Tchebycheff-taper manner until the shield
degenerates into the second conductor of a two-conductor balanced line,
the center conductor of the coaxial line being the other conductor. The
impedance of the coaxial line increases as the slot 'W'idth increases, and
hence this balun technique provides an impedance transition as -well as
an unbalanced-to-balanced line transition. Since the ''infinite balun"
technique does not provide this impedance transition, it is theoretically
possible to obtain a better VSWR characteristic bet-ween the balun and the
antenna utilizing the tapered transmission line balun. If the length of
the slot taper is designed to be approximately one-half wavelength at the
lo-r,.rest frequency of interest, the Dolph-Tchebycheff taper assures the
11
optimum transition for this length of taper.
A tapered transmission line balun -was fabricated utilizing a 22"

section of brass tubing (I.D. = 0.562", O.D. = 0.627") for the coaxial
shield and a section of 0.25'' brass round stock for the center conductor.
The design parameters for this balun were:
Input Impedance = 50 ohms
Output Impedance = 100 ohms

'
Frequency Range = 300 Me - 3 Gc ,
Slot Length = 20 inches , and
Total Length = 23 1/16 inches

(Including type "N" connector on input end).
The circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna is shown in Figure 9

before final assembly. The four log-periodic quarter structures, the
tapered transmission line balun, and a pyramid-like foam mounting form
are sho-wn in this photograph. The assembled circularly-polarized log-
periodic antenna is sho-wn in Figure 10. Although it doesn't sho-w in
this view, the tapered balun is mounted on the axis of the antenna
through the center of the foam mounting form. The balanced 100 ohm
end of the balun is attached to the quarter-structures at the apex of
16
Figure 9. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna Before Final Assembly.
00
Figure 10. Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna Assembled.

the antenna, and the unbalanced 50 ohm end :projects from the rear of
the form w'ith a type "N" connector provided.
The measured gain of the log-periodic antenna relative to a A/2

dipole and the VSWR referred to 50 ohms over the design bandw'idth are
shc',;n in Figure 11. The response of the log-periodic antenna to a
horizontally polarized field is shown in the upper curve. The gain at
the ends of the design bandw'idth, approximately 6.5 db, agrees rea-
sonably well with the design gain of 7.7 db relative to a tuned dipole;
however, the gain at the center of the design bandwidth, particularly
at 600 Me, was considerably lower than expected. There is obviously a
problem in the operation of the antenna in this region, but there was
not sufficient time available to determine the specific cause of the
poor performance.
The response of the antenna to a vertically-polarized field is

shown in the middle curve of Figure 11. The gain is reasonably flat
over the range from 400 Me to 1 Gc, and averages about B db which is
very close to the design gain of 7.7 db.
The VSWR for the log-periodic antenna is shown in the bottom curve
of Figure 11. The VSWR over the range from l.f-00 Me to BOO Me is relative-
ly flat, but is not as low as had been expected, particularly consider-
ing the impedance transition obtainable w'ith the tapered balun. Results
12
from previous work indicate that it should be possible to maintain
the VSwn of the balun-log-periodic antenna combination at less than 2
over the entire bandwidth of the antenna. The degradation of the VSWR
characteristic in the region from Boo Me to 1 Gc is believed to be due
to lack of sufficient precision in the assembly of the structure at
the feed points.
The antenna patterns obtained over the de sign bandwidth with the
circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna are shown in Figures 12 and 13.
Both horizontally-polarized (E~) and vertically-polarized (E9) field
patterns are shown. Over the frequency range from 600 Me to 1 Gc, uni-
direction patterns are obtained with reasonably well formed main lobes
w'i th half -power beamwidths in the range from 40 to 60 degrees. The
sidelobe levels of the vertically-polarized ~atterns (average -lO.B db)
agree quite well with the design level of -12 db. The side lobe levels
of the horizontally-polarized patterns, however, are poor, averaging
about -5.7 db. This substantiates a problem in the horizontal response
characteristic of the antenna in the 600 to Boo Me region, already made
apparent by the gain measurements. The patterns at 400 Me have degen-
erated into bidirectional, distorted dipole patterns similar to patterns
obtained at 200 Me with the log-helix antenna, and indicate that this
frequency is below the low frequency cut-off of the antenna.
The on-axis polarization patterns of the circularly-polarized log-

periodic antenna are shown in Figure 14. The circularly-polarized
characteristics at 1 Gc appear satisfactory and compare favorably with
19
ill
..0
'"0
10
_.
w
8
0
0...
HORIZONTAL POLARIZED SOURCE
.......
Cl
N
......... 6
.-<
0
I-
LJ..J 4
>
........
I-
_.
c::c:
w 2
0:::
z
........
c::c:
(..!) 0
..0
'"0 10
_.
LJ..J
0
0...
8
........
Cl
N
.........
.-<
6
0
I-
w 4
>
........
I- VERTICAL POLARIZED SOURCE
c::c:
_.
w 2
0:::
z
;;;( j
(..!)
0
4
0:::
3:
Vl
>
3
0 200 400 600 800 1000

FREQUENCY - Me
Figure 11. Gain and VSWR of Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antenna.
20
1 i,
, ,
I ' 1 ' ,
.~ _,
rt 11r l11. I~. ,
r1 '

1
1
'
1 ' ! lj
,.,
!.f' ~, 1 ., \, ! ,. 1 '41
Figure 12. Antenna Patterns of Circu1ar1y-Po1arized Log-Periodic

Antenna at 800 and 1000 Me~
21
Figure 13. Antenna Patterns of Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic
Antenna at 400 and 600 Me.
22
90 f ;
f 1\R
AR ;
1.5
270'
f;
AR
goo f ; 200 Me
AR
2. 5
270'
Figure 14. Polarization Patterns of the Circularly-Polarized

Log-Periodic Antenna.
23
the results obtained w'ith the log-helix antenna. The poor performance
of the antenna at lower frequencies, already noted during the gain and
pattern measurements, is again apparent in the form of a degradation
in the circularly-polarized characteristics.
It is felt that w'ith sufficient refinement the prototype log-

periodic antenna could be made to meet the original design specifica-
tions. However, since approximately equivalent care was taken in the
design and fabrication of the log-periodic and the log-helix antennas,
the poorer performance of the log-periodic antenna indicates that a
completely satisfactory log-periodic antenna would be much more difficult
to obtain than a log-helix antenna of equivalent performance.
D. Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna
The crossed bow-tie antenna configuration was also evaluated as

a possible test antenna for case radiation and susceptibility measure-
ments. The bow-tie antenna (a planar biconical dipole, also referred
to in the literature as a fin antenna, fan-dipole, and triangular-
dipole) is not a member of the frequency-independent antenna family,
as were the log-helix and log-periodic antennas discussed previously,
but it belongs to a class of angular antennas, which also includes the
discone and biconical antennas, which before the advent of the frequency-
independent antennas, were considered the ultimate in broadband antennas.
The bo'W-tie antenna is not capable of continuous scaling wi th frequency
as in the case wi th the log-helix or periodic scaling as in the case
w'ith the log-periodic. If the bo'W-tie antenna is truncated at a finite
length, the "end effect" is apparent and has a pronounced effect on the
performance of the antenna outside of a rather limited frequency band-
width. However, bo'W-tie antennas with satisfactory characteristics over
a 3 or 4 to 1 bandwidth have been fabricated and hence the bow-tie
antenna merited consideration in the present application. The bo'W-tie
antenna is basically a balanced structure with a bidirectional pattern
similar to a tuned dipole. The basic bow-tie antenna is linearly
polarized, but a circularly-polarized antenna configuration can be
obtained by operating two bow-tie antennas in space quadrature fed in
phase quadrature, the same technique utilized to obtain circular-
polarization 'Wtth crossed dipole antennas. 1 3
A diagram of the crossed bow-tie antenna is shown in Figure 15.

The important parameters of the configuration are the flare angle of
the triangular sections, et, and the length of the triangular sections,
A, in terms of wavelength or electrical degrees. A thorough experi-
mental investigation and analysis of the biconical and bow-tie antennas
14
has been conducted by Brown and Woodward. This investigation included
the measurements of the impedance and radiation patterns of bo'W-tie
antennas with wtde variations of both flare angle and length. The imped-
ance of a bow-tie antenna of infinite length has been calculated for
24
Figure 15. Diagram of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
25
1
various flare angles by Carre1. 5 The results from these works indicate
that for any given flare angle, the measured impedance of a finite bow-
tie antenna approaches that of the infinite case in an oscillatory fash-
ion as the dipole length is increased. It is also apparent from these
works that if the flare angle is selected so that the structure is
self-complementary over its finite area, the percentage variation of the
impedance will be minimum. On the basis of these results, a flare angle
of 45 degrees was selected for the crossed bow-tie antenna to be fabri-
cated for evaluation. The 45 degree flare angle provides a self-
complementary structure over the finite area of the structure and hence
provides the optimum approximation to a constant impedance over a wide
frequency bandw"idth. It is understood that in order to be truly comple-
mentary, the elements would have to be infinite in length or the currents
in the conducting sheets, and hence the electric fields tangent to the
complementary openings, would have to deminish to insignificant values
before the truncations were encountered. By extending Babinet's principle
16
and Booker's relation, Deschamps developed a procedure for calculating
the impedance of n-terminal self-complementary structures. Applying
Deschamp's procedure to the four-terminal bow-tie structure, the impedance
was calculated to be 191 ohms. To assure that the impedance would remain
close to this value over the frequency range from 200 Me to 1 Gc, the
length of the triangular sections, A, was made 15 inches. The next task
in the design was to match the 191 ohm balanced impedance of the antenna
to a 50 ohm unbalanced transmission line over the frequency range from
200 Me to 1 Gc. A small, broadband, transmission line transformer wound
on a ferrite core was developed to accomplish the impedance and unbalanced-
to-balanced transitions. The transformers developed were of the type
described by Ruthroff. 17 Ruthroff's designs included an unbalance-to-
balance 4:1 impedance transformer, and since a 4 to 1 impedance trans-
former between the 50 ohm and 191 ohm impedances would result in a VSWR
of 1.04 to 1, this configuration was selected for the balun development.
The winding diagram of the basic transformer configuration in conventional
form is shown below:
200 ohms
26
The broad bandw'idth is obtained by making all of the windings bifilar
in the form of a twisted-pair transmission line. In this manner, the
interwinding capacity is utilized as a component of the characteristic
impedance of the transmission line, and hence, good high-frequency
response is obtained.
Several interesting facts were determined during the development

of these baluns. The bandwidth of the balun is determined by the electri-
cal length of the w'indings and the characteristics of the ferrite core
material. Once a core size and material is chosen, there is little that
can be done to change the bandwidth ratio obtainable. The low frequency
response can be improved by adding turns to :Lncrease the inductance and
coupling, but such action increases the electrical length of the winding
and lowers the high frequency response correspondingly. Extremely w'ide
bandwidth transformers can be obtained utilizing very small cores having
a permeability at the lowest frequency of interest.
The desired characteristic impedance for the various windings can

be obtained by proper w'ire selection. A micrometer is useful in this
selection in order to obtain a wire size and coating which will yield a
twisted parallel-wire line with the desired characteristic impedance.
It was also determined that the number of twi.sts per inch of line had
little effect on the impedance of the line over a wide range of values.
Five or more twists per inch provide good balance in the bifilar windings.
It was necessary to fabricate a number of baluns before the desired

characteristics were obtained. The best results were obtained using No.
30 enameled w'ire twisted 5 turns per inch for the 50 ohm w'inding and
20-44 litz wire twisted 5 turns per inch for the two 100 ohm windings.
The baluns used in the final antenna configuration were wound on General
Ceramics CF-104 cores of Q-3 type ferrite material with three turns per
winding section. The VSWR of the two final baluns, measured with a 200
ohm balanced termination, reached a maximum of 2.03 at 400 Me but re-
mained below 1. 5 over 6Cfl/o of the range from 50 to 1050 Me. However, it
is suspected that the termination contributed to the measured VSWR since
the VSWR for the complete antenna assembly, antennas, baluns, and quadra-
ture coupler, was found to be well below 1. 5 over the entire design
bandwidth of the antenna.
7ne remaining component necessary to realize the circularly-

polarized bow-tie antenna assembly is a broadband quadrature coupler.
A decision was made to purchase a Sage Laboratories' Model 751X 3-db
hybrid coupler for this purpose. This coupler is 15 ll/16" L x 2
19/64n H x 1 1/2" W and operates over the frequency range from 200 Me
to 1 Gc. The 90 degree phase differential of the two outputs are main-
tained w'ithin 6 degrees maximum over the operating bandwidth. Complete
specifications of the coupler are shown in Figure 16.
Two view'S of the completed circularly-polarized bow-tie antenna

are shown in Figure 17. The upper photograph shows a front view of the
antenna in an operating position. The lower photograph is a rear-view
27
Model 751X 3-db H~brid CouEler, S/N 3 VSWR SLB-438
Coupled Main Coupled Main Isolated
Freq. - me OutEut - db Out~ut - db Directivit~ - db In~ut Out~ut OutEut Arm
200 3.5 2.6 22.5 l. 06 l . 12 l. 08 l. l 0
250 3.0 2.9 26.0
300 2.6 3. l 27.8
400 2.9 3.3 26.9
500 3.2 3. l 23.8
600 3.3 2.8 24. l l. 14 l . 14 1.20 l . 17
700 2.8 3.2 27.2
800 2.6 3.4 29.8
900 2.9 3.5 27.6
950 3.2 3.2 23.8
1000 3.5 2.7 21.5 l. 30 l .l0 l. 36 l. 18
N
00
COUPLED ISOLATED
OUTPUT ARM
INPUT MAIN
OUTPUT
Figure 16. Diagram and Specifications of 3-db Hybrid Coupler.

Figure 17. Crossed Bow-Tie 1illtenna.
29
of the antenna showing the two baluns mounted at the feed points and
the hybrid quadrature coupler.
The gain and VSWR characteristics of the bow-tie antenna are shown
in Figure 18. Poorer gain characteristics were expected wi th the bow-tie
antenna than wtth the log-helix and log-periodic antennas since the
pattern of the bow-tie is bidirectional and the half-power beam width is
considerably wider. The extremely low gains obtained in the horizontal
response at 400 Me and in the vertical response at 600 Me, however,
are considerably lower than expected. The fact that the quadrature
response in both cases is not low indicates that these low gains are the
result of severe elliptical polarizations at these frequencies. The
gain curves indicate that the gain of a truly circularly-polarized bow-
tie would be approximately -3db relative to a half-wave dipole.
The VSWR curve shows that the VSWR of the bow-tie antenna remains
well below l. 5 over the frequency range from 200 Me to l Gc. Thus it
appears the impedance of the bow-tie antenna remains quite constant over
the entire design bandwidth, and the impedance transformation character-
istics of the baluns are good over the entire design bandwidth.
The antenna patterns obtained over the design bandwidth wi th the

circularly-polarized bow-tie antenna are shown in Figures 19, 20 and
21. The patterns obtained were very disappointing. The only satis-
factory patterns were obtained at 200 Me where the bow-tie structures are
one-half wavelength. Some beam splitting was expected in the E~ patterns
at the higher frequencies, but it was not expected to be as severe as
the patterns show it to be. The Ee patterns had been expected to remain
relatively circular with frequency. The fact that the variations in the
vertically polarized azimuth patterns were so severe appears to indicate
that the cross-polarization rejection of the basic bow~tie dipole is
quite low and that the quadrature component of each bow-tie structure
should be taken into account when predicting the resulting patterns.
The polarization patterns of the crossed bow-tie antenna are shown

in Figure 22. Here again, the only satisfactory performance was obtained
at 200 Me. This, of course, is to be expected w'ith the highly distorted
field patterns since the circular-polarization depends on the summation
of two equal amplitude fields from the two quadrature antennas on a common
axis.
From the data obtained with the crossed bow-tie antenna, it is

apparent that the present configuration is not satisfactory for use as
a test antenna over a wide frequency range. There is a possibility that
a crossed bow-tie configuration in which the dipole elements e.re shorter
than one-half wavelength over the operating band would work. However, it
is felt that the impedance and gain would be extremely frequency sensitive
and the calibration of such an antenna would be extremely difficult. In
addition, the fact that the bow-tie antenna is bidirectional, and hence
30
..0
"0
2
LJ..I
_J
0
0
a..
8
N
....... -2
...<
0
1-
LJ..I -4
>
......
1-
c(
_J
-6 HORIZONTAL POLARIZED SOURCE
LJ..I
0:::
z
......
c(
~
-8
..0 -2
"0
LJ..I
_J -4 VERTICAL POLARIZED SOURCE
0
a..
8
N -6
.......
...<
0
1- -8
LJ..I
>
~
c(
_J -10
LJ..I
0:::
z
:;: -12
~
-14
~
0:::
~
3
(/)
2
>
t t !
...,
0 200 400 600 800 1000
FREQUENCY - Me
Figure 18. Gain and VSWH of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
31
:; jTi i, ,I I I
i ! I I ;j-l ~~ !-! I 1
1 I I 1I i I i i ~~c ;, ,; -,1
1. :
i i'
l: .I I ! ~; j : l i ill I i 1 i II i ; I : ;
. : ~ 1 i I i ii I I !! i i : I I I j i iI !
, 11
1 i! I c::J
~ :r
1: ; 1

'
~~.
1
1 1 I I 'F; I II I I: I I ~
:I 'i," I I 1 I 1
,I 1 I:: i
1 I; I;
!! !
,' I
'i :,
:-. i.
I
L I .
'
I .' '
II.
~..
I I
I i . ; . I;I i
!
:r i 1 ' 1 1
1
' 1
1
., 1
1
I I
Figure 19. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna

at 800 and 1000 Me.
32
Figure 20. Antenna Patterns of Cross,ed Bow-Tie Antenna
at 400 and 600 Me.
33
Figure 21. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at 200 Me.
is more susceptible to multi-path reflections and offers less gain, make

it less attractive than the log-helix and log-periodic antennas.
E. Hooded Antenna
1. Background
During the previous two quarters, a hooded antenna technique for

making field intensity measurements inside a shielded enclosure was develop-
ed and evaluated over the frequency range from 1 to 7 Gc. Basically the
hooded antenna technique consists of shielding the probe antenna in all
but the desired direction by means of a metal box open at one end. The
inside of the box is covered with absorbing material to minimize the effect
of the metal shield on the operation of the antenna. The hooded antenna
technique and the microwave frequency evaluation are described in detail
in references 4 and 5. The results of the microwave evaluation were ex-
tremely encouraging and indicated that the hooded antenna technique is
capable of reducing the multi-path reflections in shielded enclosures to
a level comparable w'ith the reflections normally encountered in open-
field measurements.
34
f
AR "
90' f
AR
4.0
270"
Figure 22. Polarization Patterns of the Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
35
2. Description of Low Frequency Hood
The fabrication and evaluation of a lower frequency version of

the hooded antenna were completed during this reporting period. The
antenna hood was constructed of 1/8 inch aluminum fabricated into a
rectangular box measuring 20 x 20 x 36 inches. The inside of the box
was lined with Emerson and Cuming Type NZ-1 ferrite absorbing material.
According to the manufacturer's specifications, this 3/4 inch thick
material provides a minimum of 15 db absorption at incident angles up
to 30 degrees over a frequency range from 50 Me to over 15 Gc.
3. Evaluation Procedure
The previous hooded antenna evaluation was made with a linearly-

polarized antenna mounted in the hood; however, since the final test
antenna will be circularly-polarized, it was felt that the hood should be
evaluated with a circularly-polarized antenna. The lower cut-off fre-
quency of the circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna described in
Section C was made 400 Me so that it would fit in the hood and thus could
be utilized in the evaluation. The antenna hood with the circularly-
polarized log-periodic antenna installed inside are shown in Figure 23.
Emerson and Cuming Type FR-350 absorbing material was used to cover
the end wall of the 8 x 8 x 12 foot shielded enclosure which would be
behind the radiating source. This absorbing material yields reflected
power levels of less than one percent for frequencies down to 450 Me.
The previous evaluation indicated that antenna pattern measurements

are particularly applicable to the evaluation since they not only provide
a means of determining the correlation between measurements made in an
enclosu~e and in the open-field, but also provide a means of determining
the stray radiation level inside the enclosure. Therefore it was decided
that the evaluation would consist of comparing the antenna patterns of
a half-wavelength horizontal dipole made in a shielded enclosure and
in the open-field, with the probe antenna hooded and unhooded, over the
frequency range from 4oo Me to l Gc.
Since the probe antenna for this evaluation would be circularly-

polarized, some consideration was given to what effects this might have
on the results obtained. These factors are discussed below.
4. Measurement Considerations Associated with a Circularly-

Polarized Probe
The theoretical field pattern of a tuned half-wave dipole is

well known and can be found in most texts on antennas. The field inten-
sity is greatest at right angles to the line of the conductor and decreases
as the direction becomes more nearly in line with the conductor until,
right off the ends, the field is zero. In theory, a horizontal dipole
does not have a vertically polarized field component. In practice,
horizontal dipoles exhibit a small vertical field component by virtue of
Figure 23. Low Frequency Hooded Antenna Assembled.
the fact that the finite diameter of the conductor results in the antenna
having a finite vertical dimension. If a horizontally-polarized probe
is used to determine the horizontal azimuth pattern of a dipole, casual
attention to the alignment of the two antennas will usually yield a
pattern which differs very little from the theoretical pattern. This is
due to the cross-polarization rejection (or insensitivity to the vertical
field component) of the horizontal probe. The principal difference is
generally that the null depths will be less than expected. Further
attention to the alignment of the two dipoles w'ill usually result in
patterns which exhibit greater null depths. It can be concluded, there-
fore, that for most practical applications the casual alignment of the
horizontal dipoles will yield patterns of sufficient accuracy.
One result of using a circularly-polarized probe (sensitive to both

vertical and horizontal field components) will be to fill in the hori-
zontal pattern nulls with the vertical field components that result
from the vertical dimension of the dipole. However, the use of antennas
with reasonably large length-to-diameter ratios should prevent this
degradation from becoming significant. Misalignment between the dipole
and a circularly-polarized probe can also introduce an "apparent" vertical
field component. For the horizontal test dipole these vertical fields
would exhibit nulls and peaks 90 degrees out of position phase w'ith the
horizontal field pattern. Figure 24 show'S expected horizontal and vertical
azimuth patterns of a horizontal dipole when the probe is aligned slightly
above or below the plane generated by the rotating dipole. The composite
pattern, resulting from the summation of the horizontal and vertical
patterns, is also shown in Figure 24, and it is apparent that the composite
pattern shows a significant departure, particularly in the null regions,
from the true horizontal pattern.
To test the "vertical component as a result of misalignment"

theory the horizontal and vertical azimuth patterns of a horizontal
dipole were made in the open-field to determine the relative magnitude
of asymmetrical alignment effects. In this experiment considerable
effort was devoted to optically boresighting the probe dipole and the
horizontal test dipole. Results of this study are shown in Figure 25
for frequencies of 4oo, 600, Boo, and 1000 Me. The pictured results,
which are typical of those obtained every 100 Me from 400 to 1000 Me,
show a marked resemblance to the sketch of Figure 24.
Since conunercially available balanced tunable dipoles were used in

obtaining these data and considerable attention was paid to proper
alignment, it is probable that the results shown in Figure 24 are typical
of those that can be expected in most experimental investigations of
similar nature.
Referring again to Figure 24, the dashed curve represents the

pattern of a horizontal dipole as plotted with a perfectly circular
probe antenna, assuming that the horizontal and vertical voltage
components of the field are in time phase. These results indicate that
the patterns of a horizontal dipole as detected by a circular probe
~-HORIZONTAL
-10 PROBE
...Q -20
-o
LLJ
VI
:z:
0
0...
VI -30
LLJ
0:::
LLJ
>
VERTICAL
w
1--i
t-
PROBE
\.0 <(
......J -40
LLJ
0:::
-50
I I
-60
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360

AZIMUTH (degrees)
Figure 24. Possible Theoretical Horizontal and Vertical Azimuth

Patterns of a Horizontal Dipole.
~.i~il,. ~..~11-H.d-,.i v~~~
1
n1. ~.T4ovo/c
1 1
11
N+JL

''!
1
, ,
'
\
,, :
: .
I !I
. , .Jl,
,
I
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r
i
1 11
i;: I
..
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-1 Tl
,
\t 1 'i
u
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.
:
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:
,
I
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I
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,
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r ! !
. i
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1\i I
~ ,. L
I i i I
Figure 25. Measured Horizontal and Vertical Azimuth Patterns

of a Horizontal Dipole.
4o
antenna might differ markedly from those patterns as detected by a
linear probe. In particular, it might reasonably be expected, that
dipole patterns made wt th circular probes will show significantly
shallower nulls than those made with linear probes.
It should be pointed out that, although patterns from the same

dipole made wi th a linear and a circular probe may differ, the patterns
made with both probes can in fact be correct. The linear probe primarily
wtll detect the parallel polarized component of the total field about
the dipole, and w'ill yield the more "tradi tiona.l'' dipole pattern. The
circular probe will detect both the parallel ar~d cross components (and
any other components which may exist) indiscriminately and yield a
pattern which describes the total field in the measurement plane.
Examination of the hypothetical patterns of Figure 24 shows that

the dashed pattern expected for a circular probe antenna could only be
obtained if the probe were perfectly circular. If the probe had a hori-
zontal-to-vertical gain ratio of other than unity, the resulting pattern
could be significantly different from the one shown in this figure. The
fact that a "circularly-polarized" probe antenna was not in fact circular
would distort the resulting pattern. However, it should in no way in-
fluenoe the results of an experiment to determine if a hooded circular
probe in a shielded enclosure gave the same pattern from a given dipole
as the unhooded probe in the open-field, unless the pattern of the probe
it self were changed by adding the hood. To inv~~stiga te the latter
possibility, patterns were made of the circularly-polarized log-periodic
probe antenna.
Horizontal and vertical azimuth patterns o=~ the log-periodic

antenna were made in the open-field every 100 Me from 400 to 1000 Me
under both hooded and unhooded conditions. A tunable dipole antenna
was used as a probe for making these measurements; the measurement dis-
tance from dipole to log-periodic antenna was 1 meter for all measure-
ments. Results of this study are shown in Figures 26 through 29 for
frequencies of 4oo, 6oo, 800 and 1000 Me.
As shown in these figures, the beamwidth of the log-periodic antenna

was considerably reduced by the antenna hood. Likewtse, a significant
reduction in the sidelobe responses was realized under hooded conditions.
The horizontal and vertical patterns at each frequency under each test
condition (hooded or unhooded) were made at the same power level, where-
as power levels between test conditions were allowed to vary. It is
evident by comparing the relative levels of the peaks of the horizontal
and vertical patterns at each test condition that the horizontal and
vertical gains of the log-periodic antenna are not equal. The ratios of
horizontal-to-vertical gain at all frequencies considered are summarized
in Table I.
As shown in Table I it is necessary to express the horizontal-to-

vertical gains of the unhooded log-periodic antenna at both the electrical
and optical (mechanical) boresights. These boresights differ by more than
41
,,,
,1 I /.L !.fL .Li.l d I .I I . I I I I I I I I I I 1\ I I I I I If I \

11'i l _fl 8 '.l ' U I I I 1 l J. I l_l_j 1' I J.J ' ' 1]. l L' L
:tlH-r WJt +Y H- t H-1l
I
1
ll ': :: : ' l~'f~t-1 ~H Ll 1
i I
l i-~ t 1t Lft l -! 1 1HfH 1: I I I ;~, +~ -H+

1
1 1
I I 1 :
~ 'I -i -f j--1- j I I ' I ' i ! I~ ~+Hi .~~ ~- Ti+- ~j.L,- 1
1. l l t lL. I I I Il l I I I I I I II I I II I I! .I I ! II I
I 1:t- --rT I I I II I I I I I I I , I ' 11! I I I I !: II I
.j.u L I I I ' I j L~ I 1 I ! I I I.' I~ I i

' II I .1 1 ! I I I I I' I V! I I
i 1i .r
l[ol..L] ~l.l~LI
8
I
: ~J ' irzH- I ~\~1 H--tn
111
i l J,.J li iz l ,i3ru
IIII I I II I ' I &" 12"
1l1 15
I14 I :39
ltl\l 1 I JiWJ 11Jtoa U. 12 I 36 [ I II I II 13s"r I ll lni I !lui 1 llHIJJl ill:
ANGLE
Figure 26. Open-Field Azimuth Patterns of a Log-Periodic Antenna

at a Frequency of 1000 Me.
42
i I I II I
'r4ri I
I
L I
1 I ! 1
II I I' :' j~~J:;: +-J.I ' I

: II Lf UNHOOOEO
VERTICAL
''il l i r ::,
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I
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if~ i L~ 1 1
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i i j, i ...
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l j l ~ I ' ~ . 'i i :--1 \ iJ i
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'+! I IT ! I] ~T ti Gt I I:+, t i
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rr t '!z. dij
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i ,I: '!; tH ~f 1 'l~1 I .t !t~

43
44
45
12 degrees in horizontal azimuth for the unhooded antenna at all fre-
quencies considered below 700 Me. Possible effects of this phenominon
are discussed below.
HORIZONTAL-TO-VERTICAL GAIN RATIO
FREQUENCY UNHOODED* UNHOODED** HOODED

(Me) (db) (db) (db)
1000 +1 +1 +1
900 0 0 -1
Boo -3 -3 -4
700 0 0 0
6oo -4 -6 -5
500 -1 -3 -2
450 +2 0 +6
~-00 -2 -3 +15
*At Electrical Bore sight **At Optical Bore sight
TABLE I. Horizontal-to-Vertical Gain Ratios for a Unhooded and Hooded

Log-Periodic Antenna.
Examination of the data in Table I shows that the least horizontal-

to-vertical gain ratio occurs at 600 and Boo Me. Application of this
information to the sketch of Figure 24 leads to the conclusion that when
the log-periodic antenna is used as a probe to plot the patterns of a
horizontal dipole, the resulting patterns should exhibit the least null
depths at 600 and Boo Me. Conversely, the greatest null depths should
occur in the dipole pattern when the log-periodic probe is hooded at
400 and 450 Me. Based on the horizontal-to-vertical gain ratio data in
Table I, the open-field patterns of the horizontal dipole should differ
when the log-periodic probe is hooded and unhooded at frequencies of 400
and 450 Me.
The electrical and optical boresights are no more than 2 degrees

different in azimuth for the hooded log-periodic antenna at any of the
frequencies considered. A difference this small could be a sighting
error in optically aligning the antenna. However, for the unhooded
antenna the electrical and optical boresights are about 6 degrees
different at 700, Boo, 900 and 1000 Me, 12 degrees different at 600
Me, and 36 degrees different at 500 and 450 Me. Because of the lack of
directivity at 400 Me, the difference is hard to define (Figure 29).
Since the log-periodic probe antenna is designed to be used in an

optical boresight configuration, a rather severe amplitude taper (and/
or phase shift) should appear across the horizontal dipole at all fre-
quencies 600 Me and below when the log-periodic probe is used unhooded.
46
Smaller amplitude tapers should appear at higher frequencies with the
unhooded antenna. While it is difficult to predict the exact effect of
an amplitude taper on the resulting dipole patterns, it is sufficient
for the present study to know that it wJll tend to make the dipole
patterns measured w'ith the hooded and unhood.ed probe antenna dis-
similar. A study of the patterns of the unhooded log-periodic antenna,
together wi th a knowledge of the beamwidth necessary to illuminate a
tuned dipole at a distance of 1 meter, indicates that the most severe
amplitude taper will occur at 600 Me (3. 75 db from tip to tip) and the
least severe at 700 Me (0.2 db). Generally severe amplitude tapers will
occur at ~-00, 450 and 500 Me. Thus, while there is evidence to suggest
that open-field pattern measurements of a tuned horizontal dipole may
be dissimilar when the hooded and unhooded log-periodic probe is used
at all test frequencies, the greatest differences should occur at the
lower ( 600 Me and below) frequencies.
5. Results of Hooded Antenna Evaluation
Antenna patterns of a horizontal d:Lpole were made in the open-

field and shielded enclosure, using the log-periodic antenna as a probe,
hooded and unhooded. These patterns were made at frequencies of 400,
450, 500, 600, 700, Boo, 900, and 1000 Me at a probe-to-dipole distance
of 1 meter. The results are given in Figures 30 through 37 respectively.
The agreement between the open-field hooded and unhooded and shielded
enclosure hooded patterns is quite good at 1000, 900, Boo, and 700 Me.
Al~hough the patterns are consistant at each of these frequencies, the
shallow-er null depths recorded with the nonlinear probe as compared to a
horizontal probe are apparent when Figures 30 through 33 are compared
with Figure 25. These results are as expected.
Also as expected, the shallowest open-field hooded and unhooded null

depths occur at 600 Me. The next shallowest occur at Boo Me. This is
the result of vertical gain of the probe at these frequencies, as out-
lined in Table I. The greatest difference in null depths between patterns
recorded with a hooded and unhooded probe in the open-field occurs at
400 Me (Figure 37). At this frequency the hooded log-periodic probe
has a horizontal-to-vertical gain of 15 db. 'rhus, the open-field hooded
pattern exhibits much the same null depths as the pattern recorded with
a horizontal dipole probe at the same frequeney shown in Figure 25.
The unhooded probe exhibits a horizontal-to-vertical gain of -3 db at
the same frequency and thus a much flatter dipole pattern results.
Also, possibly contributing to the flatness o:~ the latter pattern is the
lack of gain of the unhooded log-periodic at this frequency (Figure 29).
As shown in Figures 34 through 37 the sh:~elded enclosure hooded

pattern null depths are shallower than those for the open-field hooded
data at the same frequencies. This is possibly caused by the shielded
enclosure stray radiation level. The stray ra.diation level as a function
of frequency is shown in Figure 3B.
47
Figure 30. Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns of
a Horizontal Dipole at 1000 Me.
48
i, .. i t. t.'l i / L i .!.1\ ! ljj I
i . 'I \ 1'/; i i \ ,I f I
111 :rc \ 1
I i. !\11:/
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Figure 36. Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns ot'
54
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40 A ANGLE

55
-5
-10
-15
-20
500 600 700 800 900 1000

TUNED FREQUENCY Me
Figure 38. Stray Radiation Level in the Shielded Enclosure as a

Function of Frequency.
The stray radiation level at a given frequency was determined by re-

cording the maximum and minimum po-wer incident on the hooded probe antenna
as a sheet of metal -was moved randomly about in the enclosure. The re-
quired level of a single interfering source, adding in and out of phase
with the desired signal to yield the recorded power spread, was calculated
and taken as the stray radiation level. This measurement -was repeated at
three different azimuth positions of the horizontal dipole at each fre-
quency. At no frequency did the three calculated levels differ by more
than 2 db. When differences did exist, the maximum calculated stray
radiation level -was used.
Stray radiation levels calculated by.the above method were compared

to those calculated by Buckley's short method
18
under the same conditions.
The differences bet-ween the levels calculated by the two methods rarely
differed by more than 2db. The method of measuring power spread dis-
cussed above is considerably easier to implement and is faster than Buckley's
method, but it can only be used when the probe antenna is hooded.
Reference to Figure 38 shows a sharp increase in stray radiation level

in the shielded enclosure at frequencies below 700 Me. It is felt that the
increased stray radiation levels account for the fact that the null depths
for the shielded enclosure hooded patterns are shallower than the corres-
ponding open-field hooded patterns.
It is felt that the stray radiation level at the hooded antenna can
be reduced by placing superior absorbing material on the end wall of the
enclosure and in the antenna hood. A possible method of achieving lower
stray radiation levels with a given absorbing material is to lengthen
the antenna hood. The effect of this should be two-fold. First, the
antenna beamw'idth should be reduced and second, stray radiation reflected
from the inside absorbing walls of the hood would undergo multiple
scattering.
57
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The results from the evaluations of the three broadband, balanced,

circularly-polarized antennas indicate that the conical log-helix antenna
is the best configuration from which to develop test antennas for case
radiation and susceptibility measurements in a shielded enclosure. The
unidirectional pattern, relatively narrow and constant bearnwidth over
the bandwidth, better-than-dipole gain, good circular-polarization
over the bandwidth, and unlimited bandwidth (neglecting physical dimen-
sional limitations) characteristics of the conical log-helix antenna
overshadow the other two configurations. In addition, the fact that
utilizing the "infinite balun" technique w'ith the conical log-helix
antenna results in a practically built in'' balance for the antenna
11
over the broad design bandwidth enhances the attractiveness of the log-
helix configuration. There is a possibility that the log-periodic
antenna is capable of approaching the characteristics of the log-helix,
however, the precision in fabrication required to obtain a satisfactory
circular-polarization over the entire bandwidth is much more difficult.
In addition, the size of a log-periodi~ to cover a given frequency range
is somewhat larger than the equivalent log-helix, and although the
"infinite balun'' technique can be utilized with the log-periodic, it is
more difficult to apply. The crossed bow-tie configuration evaluated
was found to be unsatisfactory due to beam splitting and beam tilting
and the subsequent loss of circular-polarization. However, before the
crossed bow-tie configuration is rejected, a 1'short 11 bow- tie configuration
will be evaluated.
The evaluation of the hooded antenna over the frequency range from
400 Me to 1 Gc indicated that this technique :Ls capable of providing
field strength measurements in a shielded enclosure which can be correlated
to open-field measurements over this frequency range w'ith a high degree
of accuracy. The hooded antenna reduced the n1ulti-path radiation in the
enclosure to a level 15 db below the direct radiation at 400 Me and 24 db
below at 1 Gc.
The use of a circularly-polarized probe antenna in the hood generated

some additional measurement problems and complicated the evaluation.
This was primarily because of the inconsistant circular-polarization
characteristics of the log-periodic antenna over the frequency range of
interest. Use of the log-helix antenna, whict. exhibited superior circular-
polarization characteristics, should provide improved performance when
used with the hood. Measurements to verify such performance are currently
under way.
59
III . LITERATURE CITED
1. E. C. Jordan, G. A. Deschamps, J. D. Dyson and R. E. :Mayes, "Develop-

ments in Broadband Antennas", IEEE Spectrum, April 1964, pp. 58-71.
2. R. S. Elliott, "A View of Frequency Inde:9endent Antennas", Microwave

Journal, December 1962, pp. 61-68.
3. W. R. Free, C. W. Stuckey, R. D. Trammell, Jr. and J. R. Walsh, Jr.,

"Electronic Equipment Interference Charaeteristics-Communication Type'',
6th Quarterly Report, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech,
October 1964, AD-456 192.
4. W. R. Free, C. W. Stuckey and R. D. Trammell, Jr., "Electronic Equip-

ment Interference Characteristics-Communication Type", 7th Quarterly
Report, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, January 1965,
AD-614 803.
5. W. R. Free and C. W. Stuckey, "Electronie Equipment Interference

Characteristics-Communication Type", 8th Quarterly Report, Con-
tract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, April 1965.
6. G. A. Deschamps and R. H. DuHamel, "Frequency Independent Antennas",

Chapter 18 in Antenna Engineering Handbook, Henry Jasik, ed., McGraw-
Hill, 1960.
7. J. W. Duncan and V. P. Minerva, lflOO:l Ba.ndw'idth Balun Transformer",

Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 48, February 1960, pp. 156-164.
8. M. Gans, D. Kajfez and V. H. Rumsey, "Frequency Independent Baluns 11

,
Proceedings of the IEEE, June 1965, pp. 647-648.
9. J. A. M. Lyon, et.al., nstudy and Investigation of a UHF-VHF Antenna",

Final Report, Contract 33(657)-10607, Univ. of Michigan, April 1965.
10. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "Logarithmically Periodic Antenna Designs",

11. R. W. Klopfenstein, "A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design",

Proceedings of the IRE, January 1956, pp. 31-35.
12. R. H. DuHamel and F. R. Ore, "Log Periodie Feeds for Lens and
Reflectors", IRE National Convention Record, 1959, Part 1, pp. 128-137.
13. J. D. Kraus, ANTENNAS, McGraw-Hill, 1950, pp. 429-432.
14. G. H. Brown and 0. M. Woodward, Jr., Experimentally Determined Radia-

11
tion Characteristics of Conical and Triangular Antennas", RCA Review,

December 1952, pp. 425-452.
61
15. R. L. Carrel, "The Characteristic Impedance of the Fin Antenna of
Infinite Length", Technical Report No. 16, Contract AF 33(616)-
3220, January 1957.
16. G. A. Deschamps, "Impedance Properties of Complementary Multi-
terminal Planar Structures", IRE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, December 1959, pp. 8371-378.
17. C. L. Ruthroff, 11 Some Broad-Band Transformers", Proceedings of the

IRE, August 1959, pp. 1337-1342.
18. E. F. Buckley, "Outline of Evaluation Procedures for Microwave Anechoic

Chambers", Microwave Journal, August 1963, pp. 69-75.
62
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1 Commanding General, U. S. Army ElE~ctronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-

RD-ADO-RHA, Fort M:mmouth, New Jersey, 07703
No. of Copies To

Library), Arlington Hall Station, Arlington 12, Virginia
1 Deputy President, U. S. Army Security Agency Board, Arlington

Hall Station, Arlington 12, Virginia
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Army Engineer R&D Laboratories, ATTN:

STINFO Branch, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
2 Director, U. S. Army Electronics Laboratories, ATTN: Logistics

Division, Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703 (MARKED FOR: GUY JOHNSON)
1 Commanding General, U. S. Army Electronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-

CM, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey O'T703
1 Director of Materiel Readiness, ATTN: AM3EL-MR, 228 S. 18th

Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanta 19103
1 Commanding General, U. S. Army Electronics Command, ATTN= AMSEL-

IO-T, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703

tronics Command, ATTN: AM3EL-RD-ADT, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey

tronics Command, ATTN: AM3EL-RD-GR (Record Copy), Ft. Monmouth, N. J.

tronics Command, ATTN: AMSEL-RD-LNA, Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703

tronics Command, ATTN: AM3EL-RD-LNR, Fort Monmouth, N. J. 07703
1 Commanding General, U. S. Army Electronic Proving Ground, ATTN:

Technical Library, Fort Huachuca, Arizona 85613 -
1 Commanding Officer, U. S. Army El,~ctronics R&D Activity, ATTN:

AM3EL-RD-WS-A, White Sands, New Mexico 88002
1 USAEL Liaison Officer, Rome Air Development Center, ATTN: RAOL,

1 Army Deputy Director, Electromagnetic Compatibility Analysis

Center, ATTN: AGX., U. S. Navy Ma'rine Engineering Laboratory,
1 Chief, Bureau of Ships, ATTN: Code 452 (Mr. Roman), Department

of the Navy, Washington 25, D. C.
1 Commander, Rome Air Development Center, ATTN: EMCVR (C. R. Miller)

1 Director, U. S. Army Electronics laboratories, U. S. Army Elec-

tronics Command, ATTN: AM3EL-RD-ND (C. Friedman, Comm. Security
Division) Fort Monmouth, New Jersey 07703
Unclassified
(Security claeeillcation ol title, body ol abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report ie clasllied)
1 O~IGINATIN G ACTIVI''!"Y (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
Unclassified
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 2b. GROUP
3. REPORT TITLE

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and inclusive dates)
Quarterly Report No. 9, 1 :May 1965 to 31 September 1q6s

s. AUTHOR(S) (Laat name, ttrst name, Initial)
Free, William R., and Stuckey, Charles W.
17b. 0~ REFS
8
6. REPORT DATE 7a. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES NO.
October 1965 62
Sa. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUME!IER(S)
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)
b. PROJECT NO.
A-678 - 9
1E6-20501-D-449
c. 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any othernumber/1 that may be aa11iQned
this report)
d.
10. AVAIL ABILITY /LIMITATION NOTICES
Qualified requestors may obtain copies of this report from DDC. This report
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY
Radio Frequency Interference U. S. Army Electronics Command

Communications Fort Monmouth, New Jersey AMSEL-RD-GF
13. ABSTRACT
During the period covered by this report, investigations to extend the

determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army communication
equipment to include the case emission and susceptibility characteristics
have continued.
The major emphasis during this period has been on the development and
evaluation of broadband, balanced, circularly-polarized antennas for use in
measurements of the interference characteristics of communication equipment
in shielded enclosures.
The design, fabrication, and evaluation of (1) a conical log-helix
antenna, (2) a circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna, (3) a crossed
bow- tie antenna, and ( 4) a hooded antenna are discussed. These antennas
were designed to operate in the 200 Me to 1000 Me range. Techniques for
extending the use of these antennas to lower frequencies are discussed.
llncJassifjed
Unclassified
14. LINK A LINK B LINK C
KEY WORDS
ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT
Near-Field Emission and Susceptibility Measurement~

Radio Frequency Interference
Electromagnetic Compatibility
'-Iooded Antenna
Absorbing Material
Broadband Balun
Broadband Antenna
Shielded Enclosure
Anechoic Chamber
Frequency Independent Antennas
Conical Log-Helix Antenna
Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antennas
Crossed Bo-w-Tie Antennas
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DD FORM
1 JAN 64 1473 <BACK> Unclassified
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TECHNICAL REPClR.T_::.ECbM~o-2294~ 10



QUARTERLY REPORT

FEBRUARY 1966

ECOM
Contract DA36-039 AMC02294(E)
Atlanta, Georgia
NOTICES
Disclaimers
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an

official Department of the Army position, unless so desig-
nated by other authorized documents.
The citation of trade names and names of manufacturers in

this report is not to be construed as official Government
indorsement or approval of commercial products or services
referenced herein.
Disposition
Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not

return it to the originator.
DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

TECHNICAL REPORT ECOM-02294-10 FEBRUARY 1966
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT INTERFERJ~CE

1 October 1965 to 31 December 1965
Report No. 31

DA Project No. 1E6-20501-D-449
Prepared By
W. R. FREE AND B. M. JENKINS
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
For
U. S ARMY ELECTRONICS CO:MMAND

FORT MONMOUTH, N.J.
ABSTRACT

communication equipment to include the case emission and susceptibility
characteristics have continued,
A hooded antenna technique has been developed which shows consider-

able promise of satisfying the measurement requirements. This technique
consists of mounting the test antenna in an absorber-lined hood which
shields the probe in all but the desired direction.
and evaluation of small, broadband, balanced, circularly-polarized
antennas capable of being operated in an antenna hood of reasonable size.
The development and evaluation of a 30 conical log-helix antenna

and a 11 short 11 crossed bow-tie antenna are discussed. In additionJ a
short dipole antenna incorporating transistor emitter-followers was
designedJ fabricatedJ and evaluated during this reporting period. A
program to investigate the feasibility of obtaining satisfactory
operation of a conical log-helix antenna at lower frequencies by load-
ing the antenna with carbonyl iron material w.~s initiated during this
period. The study to define the problems associated with near-field
measurements has continued. Primary objectives of this study program
are to define suitable measurement techniques and probe characteristics
for near-field measurements.
iii
FOREWORD

Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The work covered by
this report was performed w'ithin the Electronics Division and under the
Branch. The report covers the activities and results of the tenth
quarter 1 s effort on a project to determine methods for measuring the
The authors are plea sed to ackno-wledge the efforts of J. G. Doster,

W. S. Giddens, and D. C. Griffin in the fabrication and measurement
phases of the program.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. FACTUAL DATA . . . . . . . . . . l
A. Introduction . . . . . . l
B. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna ..... l
C. Short Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna 22
D. Transistorized Short Dipole Antenna 40

E. Antenna Loading 46
F. Near-Field Measurement Study . 52
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
III. LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . .
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
l. 30 Conical Antenna . . 3
2. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna In Open-Field . 4
3. Antenna Patterns of Conical Antenna at

800 and 1000 Me In Open-Field 6

400 and 600 Me In Open-Field . . . . 7
5. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna in Anechoic Chamber . . 8
800 and 1000 Me . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Antenna Patterns of Conical Antenna at

400 and 600 Me in Anechoic Chamber ll
8. On-Axis Polarization Patterns of Conical Log-

Helix Antenna . . . . 12
9. Off'-Axis Polarization Patterns of Conical Log-

Helix Antenna . . . .
10. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna Mounted in Hood 14
ll. Gain of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna in

Open-Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Conical Antenna

at 800 and 1000 Me in Open-Field . .
Antenna Patterns of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna

at 400 and 600 Me in Open-Field . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14. Gain of Hooded Conical Antenna in

Anechoic Chamber 19
15. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna
at 800 and 1000 Me in Anechoic Chamber . . . . . 20
16. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Conical Antenna

at 400 and 600 Me in Anechoic Chamber 21
ix
Page
17. On-Axis Polarization Pattern of Hooded Conical

Log-Helix Antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
18. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Hooded Conical
Log-Helix Antenna . . 24
19. Short Crossed Bo-~r-Tie Antenna . 26
20. Gain of Crossed Bo~-Tie Antenna . 27

800 and 1000 Me . . 28
22. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Eo~- Tie Antenna at

400 and 6oo Me . 29
23. On-Axis Polarization Patterns of Crossed Eo~- Tie
Antenna 30
24. Off -Axis Polarization Patterns of Crossed Eo~- Tie
An.tenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
25. Gain of Hooded Crossed Bo~-Tie Antenna 33
26. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bo~-Tie
Antenna at 800 and 1000 Me . . . . . . . . 34
27. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bo~-Tie

Antenna at 400 and 600 Me . . . . . . 35
28. Insertion Loss of Hood Versus Depth in Hood 37
29. E~ Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie

Antenna as a Function of Depth in the Hood . . . . .
30. E8 Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna

as a Function of Depth in the Hood . . . . . . . . . 39
31. On-Axis Polarization Pattern of Hooded Crossed

Eo~- Tie
Antenna . . . 41
32. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Hooded Crossed

Eo~- Tie Antenna . . . 42
X
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Concluded)
Page
33. Schematic of Transistorized Short Dipole 43

34. Short Dipole Antenna 44
35. Gain of Short Dipole Antenna 45
36. Antenna Patterns of Short Dipole Antenna 47
37. Gain of Hooded Short Dipole Antenna . . 48
38. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Short Dipole Antenna . 49

39. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with Carbonyl
Iron Particles . . . . . . . . . . 51
40. Semirigid 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna . . . 53
xi
I FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction

determination of the interference characteristics of U. 8. Anrry communi-
cation equipment to include case emission and susceptibility character-
istics has continued.
A hooded antenna technique has previously been developed on this

program which shows considerable promise of providing a means of measur-
ing near-field radiated and susceptibility interference characteristics
in shielded enclosures which can be correlated w'ith open-field measure-
ments. The development and evaluation of the hooded antenna technique
was described in the seventh, eighth and ninth 3 quarterly reports.
1 2
A program to investigate various types of antennas and to determine

which types are best suited for case radiation and susceptibility
measurements was conducted during the previous quarter. This program
was described in the ninth quarterly report. The results from this
investigation indicated that the conical log-helix antenna was the best
configuration from which to develop test antennas for case radiation
and susceptibility measurements in shielded enclosures. The results
from the antenna evaluation program also indicated that a "shortn
crossed bow-tie antenna configuration should be investigated.
Primary emphasis during this reporting period has been in the

development and evaluation of a small conical antenna and a
small crossed bow-tie antenna, both suitable for operation in an
antenna hood. The gain, antenna pattern, and circular-polarization
characteristics of these antennas were evaluated over the frequency
range from 400 Me to 1000 Me w'i th the antennaE: operating unhooded and
in an antenna hood.
In addition, a short dipole antenna, incorporating transistor

emitter-followers for impedance matching, was developed for evaluating
the antenna hood at lower frequencies. A study program to better de-
fine the problems associated with near-field measurements has continued
during this reporting period.
B. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna
The conical log-helix antenna developed for the antenna evaluation

program during the previous quarter was designE:d to operate over the
frequency range from 200 Me to l Gc. A 20 cone angle was selected in
order to optimize the gain, beam pattern, front-to-back ratio, and
impedance characteristics of the antenna for evaluation purposes. How-
ever, this small cone angle resulted in the overall length of the antenna
being in excess of 34 inches. Thus, the antenna was too large to operate
in any of the available antenna hoods.
In order to investigate the effects of the antenna hood on the

conical log-helix antenna characteristics, a smaller antenna was developed
which was suitable for mounting in the 20 x 20 x 36 inch ferrite lined
antenna hood. This reduction in size was accomplished by increasing the
cone angle from 20 to 30 while maintaining the other parameters the
same as before. This resulted in decreasing the length of the antenna
from approximately 34 inches to approximately 22 inches.
The design parameters of the 30 conical log-helix antenna were:
8 15,
0
Ql 82
'
AH
d 2.95 ",
4
AL
D =4 15.0" and
1 ::::
D - d
==
15 - 2.95 == 22.4 11
a 2 tan 8
0 2 tan 15
These parameters are defined in the ninth quarterly report. The antenna
was supported on a solid, polyethylene foam, conical form. The arms were
wound wi th RG-58/u coaxial cable. One arm was also used as a feed line
for the antenna and acted as an "infinite balun''. The completed antenna
is shown in Figure l.
The measured gain of the 30 conical log-helix antenna relative to

a !c/2 dipole over the frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc is shown in
Figure 2. These measurements were made with the antenna operating in
the open-field. The upper curve in Figure 2 is the measured gain of the
log-helix antenna compared to the gain of a tuned horizontal dipole while
utilizing a horizontal dipole as a radiating source. The lower curve is
the gain of the log-helix compared wi th the gain of a vertical dipole,
utilizing a vertical dipole as a radiating source. The average gain of
the antenna is approximately 0 db relative to a half-wave dipole over
the frequency range. Comparison of these gain curves with those obtained
2
Figure 1.
30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
3
8
6
..0
-o
I
LI.J 4
_J
-
0
c..
0
2
"'
.........
.-<
0 0
1-
-
LI.J
> FREQUENCY - Me
1-
<( -2
_J
LI.J
0:::
-
:z
<(
(.!)
-4
HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED SOURCE
-6
-8
6
..0
-o
I
LI.J 4
_J
-"'
0
c..
0
2
.........
.-<
0
1- 0
100 200 300 400 500
"-..JJ'
-
LI.J
> FREQUENCY - Me
1-
<( -2
_J
LI.J
0:::
VERTICALLY
-
:z
<(
(.!)
-4 POLARIZED SOURCE
-6
-8
Figure 2. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna in Open-Field.
4
for the 20 conical antenna 3 shows that the average gain of
the 30 antenna is approximately 3.5 db less than that of the 20
antenna. It is also apparent that the 30 antenna gain is less well
behaved over the frequency range. However, it is felt that much of this
gain variation with frequency is due to ground reflections in the open-
field measurements. This premise is supported by gain data obtained in
an anechoic chamber (these data are discussed in a later section of the
report).
The antenna patterns of the 30 conical log-helix antenna obtained

in the open-field over the frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc are
shovn1 in Figures 3 and 4. Both horizontally polarized (E~) and vertically
polarized (E8) field patterns are shown. Over the frequency range from
400 Me to 800 Me, the patterns are unidirectional with a front-to-back
ratio of greater than 10 db. The main lobes are reasonably well-formed
with ha.:u-power beamwidths in the range from 65 to 96 degrees. At 1000
Me, the main lobe is beginning to break up and the back lobe and side lobe
levels are beginning to increase significantly. Below 400 Me, the patterns
degenerate into distorted bidirectional dipole patterns. Comparison of the
patterns of the 30 log-helix antenna with the patterns for the 20 log-
helix antenna (ninth quarterly report) shows that the front-to-back ratios
of the 30 antenna are approximately 5 db less., the half-power beamwidths
are approximately 10 to 30 degrees , and the symmetry of the main
lobes about the mechanical bore sight, is considerably poorer. Eowever,
the characteristics of the 30 antenna appear to be adequate for
evaluating the effects of an antenna hood on the characteristics of a
conical log-helix antenna.
Tho characteristics of the 30 conical log-helix antenna were also

measured in an anechoic chamber. 'I'hese measurements were made over the
frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc. The results of these measurements
were utilized to substantiate the open-field measurements, to check
for possible reflection and interference effects in the open-field
measurements, and to evaluate the effects of ground reflections on the
open-field gain measurements.
The measured gain of the 30 log-helix antenna operating in an

anechoic chamber is shown in Figure 5. While the average gaiP over the
frequency range is approximately the same as measured in the open-field,
it is apparent that the gain of the antenna operating in the anechoic
chamber is much more well behaved over the frequency range. This
improvement appears to be due to tl:;.e absence of ground reflections in
the anechoic chamber. A comparison of Figures 2 and 5 indicates that
ground reflections in the open-field contribute gain variations in the
order of 3 db.
5
Figure 3. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
800 and 1000 Me in Open-Field.
6
Figure 4. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
4oo and 600 Me in Open-Field.
7
8
6
..c
""0
I
LIJ
4
....1
0
c..
~
0 2
N
........
.-<
0
.......
0
LIJ
>
~
FREQUENCY - Me
....... -2
<C
....1
LIJ
0:::
z:
~
-4
<C
(.!) HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED SOURCE
-6
-8
6
..c
""0
I
LIJ
....1
4
0
c..
~
0
N
2
........
.-<
0
....... 0
LIJ
>
~ FREQUENCY - Me
.......
<C
....1
-2
LIJ
0:::
z: VERTICALLY
~
<C
-4 POLARIZED SOURCE
(.!)
-6
-8
Figure 5. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna in Anechoic Chamber.
8
The antenna patterns of the 30 conical log-helix antenna operating
in an anechoic chamber, over the frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc, are
shown in Figures 6 and 7. Over all, there is very good agreement between
the patterns obtained in the anechoic chamber and the patterns obtained
in the open-field. Some differences are apparent in null depths and
low level side lobe structures, but differences of this nature and
magnitude are normally expected in duplicating a measurement set-up
in the open-field.
The on-axis polarization patterns of the 30 conical log-helix

antenna are shown in Figure 8. The circular-polarization character-
istics are quite good over the frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc,
but the degradation in the antenna operation at l Gc is reflected
an increase in the axial ratio at this frequency.
Off-axis polarization patterns at 600 Me are shown in Figure 9.

The upper pattern was made at 22.5 degrees off-axis and shows a voltage
axial ratio of 1.209. The lower pattern was made at degrees off-
axis and shows a voltage axial ratio of 1.558, still well within the
limit of 2.0 to be expected at this orientation -with respect to the
axis of the antenna. On the basis of these results, it appears that
the circular-polarization characteristics of the 30 log-helix are
adequate for any anticipated measurement requirements.
The 30 conical log-helix antenna was mounted in a 20 x 20 x 36

inch hood lined with ferrite absorbing material. A photograph of the
antenna mounted in the hood, with the top of the hood removed, is shown
in Figure 10. It is apparent from this photograph that the size re-
duction accomplished by increasing the cone angle to 30 degrees was
sufficient to make the antenna compatible for mounting in this antenna
hood.
The gain, antenna pattern, and circular polarization measurements

performed on the 30 conical log-helix antenna were repeated, as near
as possible under identical circumstances, on the hooded antenna.
Again the gain and pattern measurements were nBde in both the open-
field and the anechoic chamber in order to establish the correlation
between the two environments.
The measured gain of the hooded log-helix antenna, operating in

the open-field over the frequency range from ~-00 Me to l Gc, is shown
in Figure 11. The upper curve shows the response to a horizontally
polarized field and the lo-wer curve shows the response to a vertically
polarized field. Comparing Figure ll with Figure 2, indicates that the
hood reduces the gain of the antenna 4 to 6 db at 400 Me and increases
the gain by approximately 2 db at l Gc.
9
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ANGLE ANGLE
Figure 6. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 800

and 1000 Me in Anechoic Chamber.
10
Figure (. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
400 and 600 Me in Anechoic Chamber.
11
f 1000 me fBOOmc
AR = 1.311 AR=l.012
1.5
f=600mc f 400 me
AR 1.281 AR = 1.162
1.5
Figure 8. On-Axis Polarization Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
12
f 600 me
AR = 1. 209
1.5
22.5 OFF AXIS
f = 600 TTIC
AR 1. 558
1.5
Figure 9. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
13
Figure 10. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna Mounted in Hood.
14
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Figure 11. Gain of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna in Open-Field.
15
The antenna patterns of the hooded 30 conical log-helix antenna
operating in the open-field are shown in Figures 12 and 13. Comparison
of these patterns with those of Figures 3, 4, 6, and 7 clearly shows
a number of the distinct improvements obtained through use of the hood.
It is apparent that the addition of the hood significantly reduced the
beamwidth of the main lobe, reduced the side lobes and improved the front-
to-back ratio. In addition, the symmetry of the main lobe with respect
to the mechanical bore sight was improved. Of particular interest is
the improvement in the pattern at 1 Gc. The hood transformed the distorted,
irregular, wide beamwidth main lobe of the unhooded antenna into a well-
formed main lobe with a half-power beamwidth of approximately 48 degrees
for horizontal polarization and 40 degrees for vertical polarization.
In addition, the hood reduced the side lobe and back lobe levels by
approximately 10 db or more. At 600 and 800 Me the addition of the hood
reduced the half-power beamwidth of the main lobes to approximately
one-half the beamwidth obtained with the antenna alone. Here too, the
side lobe and back lobe levels were reduced 10 db or more. At 400 Me
the shape and symmetry of the main lobe of the EP pattern with respect
to the mechanical bore sight were improved, the half-power beamwidth
was reduced by approximately 30%, but the side lobe and back lobe levels
were not significantly reduced. The hooded and unhooded measurements
were repeated in the open-field at 400 Me and cross-checked with the
patterns obtained at 400 Me in Figures 7 and 16, but the results
indicated that the side lobe levels of the EP pattern were not signi-
ficantly reduced by the hood. The effects of the hood on the E9
pattern at 400 Me were more in line w'ith those obtained at the higher
frequencies with the exception that the side lobe and back lobe levels
were only reduced by approximately 5 db. The reason for the failure
of the hood to produce the anticipated effects in the EP pattern at
400 Me has not been determined at this time.
The measured gain of the hooded log-helix antenna operating in an

anechoic chamber is shown in Figure 14. Comparison of Figure 14 with
Figure 5, shows that the hood reduces the gain of the log-helix antenna
6 db at 400 Me. The gain of the hooded antenna relative to the unhooded
antenna increases with frequency. At approximately 700 Me, the gain of
the twu antenna configurations are equal, and at 1000 Me the gain of the
hooded antenna is approximately 2 db greater than that of the unhooded
antenna.
The antenna patterns of the hooded 30 conical log-helix antenna

operating in an anechoic chamber are shown in Figures 15 and 16. Again,
as in the case of the unhooded antenna measurements, there is very good
agreement between the patterns obtained in the anechoic chamber and
the patterns obtained in the open-field. Some differences still exist
in null depths and low level side lobe structures, but differences of
this magnitude are to be expected in duplicating measurement set-
ups. Further, stray radiation levels in the anechoic chamber and in
16
Figure 12. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
17
HJ.
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Figure 14. Gain of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna in Anechoic Chamber.
19
20
21
the open-field (due to reflections from the ground and other near-by
objects) in the order of 20 db below the peak of the main lobe are to be
expected.
The on-axis polarization pattern of the hooded log-helix antenna

at 600 Me is shown in Figure 17. The voltage axial ratio of 1.216
obtained for the hooded antenna is somewhat better than the axial ratio
of 1.281 obtained for the unhooded antenna. This is to be expected
after examining the E~ and E8 patterns for 600 Me in Figures 7 and 16.
These patterns show that the addition of the hood improves the alignment
of the main lobes of the E~ and E8 patterns with the mechanical bore
sight of the antenna and tends to make the amplitudes of the two fields
more nearly equal on axis.
Off-axis polarization patterns of the hooded log-helix antenna

at 600 Me are shown in Figure 18. The upper pattern was made at 22.5
degrees off-axis and shows a voltage axial ratio of l.ll. The lower
pattern was made at 45 degrees off-axis and shows a voltage axial ratio
of 1.24. Comparison of Figure 18 with Figure 9, shows that the off-
axis circular-polarization characteristics of the hooded antenna are
significantly better than the characteristics of the unhooded antenna.
Referring again to the E~ and E8 patterns for 600 Me in Figures 7 and
16, this is to be expected. The addition of the hood shapes the skirts
of the main lobes of the E~ and E8 patterns so that the amplitudes of
the two patterns at 22.5 and 45 degrees off-axis are more nearly
equal than in the case of the unhooded antenna.
C. Short Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna
The crossed bow-tie antenna developed for the antenna evaluation

program during the previous quarter was designed to operate over the
frequency range from 200 Me to l Gc. The length of the triangular dipoles
were made A/2 at 200 Me under the assumption that this length would pro-
vide the optimum gain and impedance characteristics over the frequency
range from 200 Me to l Gc. However, during the subsequent evaluation
of this antenna at the higher frequencies, it became apparent that the
relatively long lengths of the dipole elements resulted in severe beam
splitting which made the pattern and circular-polarization character-
istics of the antenna unsatisfactory.
In order to eliminate this beam splitting, a "short" crossed bow-

tie antenna was designed and fabricated. The lengths of the triangular
dipoles of this antenna were made 6 inches, i.e., approximately A/2
at the highest operating frequency of l Gc. Hence, over the entire
bandwidth of the antenna the dipoles are shorter than A/2 and no beam
splitting is anticipated. It is expected, however, that this shorting
of the dipole elements will degrade the gain and impedance characteristics
22
f = 600 me
AR = l. 216
1.5
Figure 17. On-Axis Polarization Patterr:. of Hooded Conical

Log-Helix Antenna.
23
f = 600 me
AR=l.ll
22.5 OFF AXIS
f = 600 me
AR 1.24
1.5
45 OFF AXIS
Figure 18. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Hooded Conical

Log-Helix Antenna.
24
of the antenna to some extent. All other desi.gn parameters of this
antenna vrere maintained the same as the crossed bow-tie antenna
described in detail in the ninth quarterly report. The broadband 3
db quadrature coupler and broadband baluns used with the bow-
tie antenna were also used wi th the "short 11 bow-tie antenna. These
components are described in the ninth quarterly report. The completed
11
short" crossed bow-tie antenna, with the broadband baluns and quadrature
coupler connected, is shown in Figure 19.
The measured gain of the "short" crossed bow- tie antenna operating
in an anechoic chamber is shown in Figure 20. Comparison of the
curves in Figure 20 with the gain curves for the crossed bow-tie
antenna (1''igure 18 in the ninth quarterly report) indicates that the
of the short antenna is more vrell behaved over the design bandwidth
than the larger antenna. However, it should be pointed out that the gain
measurements were made on the mechanical bore sight of the antennas,
and that any beam splitting in the larger antenna w-as reflected as a
change in this antenna. Thus, the actual overall
gain or the large bow-tie is not as irregular as the gain curves in-
dicate. The gain curves of the two antennas indicate that the average
gain o:f the short antenna is approximately 2 or 3 db lower than the
average of the larger bow-tie antenna.
Th.e antenna patterns of the !!short" crossed bow-tie antenna operat-

ing in an anechoic chamber are shown in 21 and 22. At 1000 Me
the patterns very closely approximate the theoretical patterns for a
A./2 The Eili pattern is a figure-8 pattern with a half-power
beam'\~'idt.h of 80 s. The theoretical pattern for a A/2 is
a pattern with a half-power beamwidth of 78 degrees. The
E8 pattern, which is primarily the pattern of the vertical dipole,
remains within l l/2 db of the theoretical flat pattern. At 600 Me
and l1elow, the E~ pattern very clo approximates a theoretical pattern
4
of a short dipole w'i th a half- povrer beamwidth of 90 degrees. At the
lower frequencies, the E8 patterns deviate considerably from the theoretical
flat pattern. This is thought to be due to the vertical dimensions of
the ho.rizontal dipole element. Since the triangular dipole has a
ificant vertical dimension, it is expected tha1: this antenna will be
susceptible to vertically polarized fields, and since most of this
vertical dimension is located near the ends of the dipole, vertical
signals received by this dipole will tend to cancel or add at different
frequencies at different azimuth orientations. Overall, the patterns
of the short bovr-tie antenna are much more weL~ behaved than the patterns
of the larger bow-tie over the de bandwidth and are satisfactory
for the present requirements.
1.ne on-axis polarization patterns of the "shortlt crossed bow-tie

antenna over the frequency range from 400 Me to l Gc are shown in
23. While these patterns are not as circular as the
25
Figure 19. Short Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
26
10
5
.0
"I:)
I
LLJ
0
_.J 100
0
a..
~
FREQUENCY - Me
Cl -5
N
...........
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LLJ
>
POLARIZED SOURCE
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~
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~
-25
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10
5
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0
100 200 300
a.. FREQUENCY - Me
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Cl
-5
N
...........
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LLJ
>
~
1-
c::c: -15 VERTICALLY
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LLJ POLARIZED SOURCE
0:::
z: -20
~
c::c:
~
Figure 20. Gain of Crossed Bow-~rie Antenna.
27
Figure 21. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at
800 and 1000 Me.
28
I- I II il II i !1 II 'I! I II I f 400 Me
.___..11 _: I 'I
I '~ 'I 1 1 Iiiii I 11 'I Ee
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i I-,
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1:'1 I II I II I 'i I. I I I ' II I II I I iII

~-- .1 .1 I I l2'1 Jl i'i II i 't'l II 2'! I! ''i I : 4' 1 1 , 5'
1
loj I .4~ IIWI il I li II I ~; I 11~, I s'; i 24; I I so

11ti' I \!41 .~ II ia' I ~z I ll ~~ I I i I 113~~ I I 7~i , ! l1 :e: 1 IJ1'I l1~q
ANGLE
Figure 22. Antenna Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at

400 and 600 Me.
29
f = 1000 me f=800mc
AR 1.128 AR = 1. 708
1.5 1.5
f = 600 me f 400 me
AR 2.007 AR = 1. 373
1. 5 1.5
Figure 23. On-Axis Polarization Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
30
for the conical log-helix- antenna, they are quite adequate for the present
requirements. The voltage axial ratio varies from approximately 1.1 to
2.0 over the frequency range from 400 Me to 1 Gc. to
21 and 22, it is apparent that there is a good correlation between the
axial ratios shown in and the relative amplitudes of the E<P
and E8 patterns on bore sight at the respective
Off-axis polarization patterns of the crossed bow-tie antenna at

600 Me are shown in 24. Comparison of the 600 Me on-axis pattern
23 with the patterns in , shows that the off-axis
ratios are better than the on-axis axial ratio. This was an
unexpected result; however, reference to the E<P and E8 patterns obtain-
ed at 600 Me, shown in Figure 22, shows that there is a null in the
E8 pattern on bore so that the amplitude of the E8 pattern is
approximately db less than the amplitude of the E<P pattern. Further,
at 22.5 s off-axis (to the of bore sight) the amplitude
has increased 2 db and E<P has decreased almost 1/2 db so that the
amplitudes of the two patterns differ by less than 3 db. At 45 degrees
off-axis, the E8 pattern has increased another 2 db while the E<P
pattern has decreased more than 2 db so that the E8 amplitude is now
approximately 1 1/2 db greater than E<P amplitude. Under these con-
ditions, it is that the axial ratio at 22.5 degrees and
degrees would be better than the on-axis ratio, and hence, this
examination tends to substantiate th<2 validity of polarization
measurements.
The short crossed bow-tie antenna was mounted in the same ferrite
lined antenna hood utilized with the 30-degree conical antenna.
The cTossed bow-tie antenna -vras mot~nted at a depth of inches in the
hood. This is the same location as the rear or base of the log-helix
antenna mounted in the hood.
The measured gain of the hooded crossed bow-tie antenna, operating

in an a:: .echoic chamber over the frequency range from 400 Me to 1 Gc,
1
is shovJn in Again, the upper curve show'S the response to

a horL~ontally polarized and the lower curve shows the response
to a vertically polarized :.field. Comparison of the gain curves in
with the gain curves for the unhooded crossed bow- tie antenna in
Figure 20, shows that the hood reduces the of the antenna approxi-
mately 6 db at 400 Me and increases the gain by approximately 4 db at 1 Gc.
The antenna patterns of the hooded crossed bow-tie antenna operating

in an anechoic chamber are sho,rn in Figures 26 and 27. Comparison of
the hooded patterns in anJ with the unhooded patterns in
21 and 22, shows that the hood transforms both the bidirection-
Eip patterns and the omnidirectional E8 patterns into well-
narrow-beam, unidirectional patterns. Of particular interest is
a comparison of the unhooded E8 patterns and the hooded E8 patterns.
31
f 600 me
1.5 AR = 1. 75
22.5 OFF AXIS
f ~ 600 me
1.5 AR = 1.195
45 OFF AXIS
Figure 24. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
32
10
5
..c
'"0
0
LLJ
_J
0
0..
....... -5
Cl
N
........__
.-< -10
0
1-
HORIZONTALLY
LLJ
POLARIZED SOURCE
>
....... -15
1-
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z
.......
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-25
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10
5
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......
Cl
-5
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1- -10
l.LJ
VERTICALLY
>
...... POLARIZED SOURCE
1-
<C -15
_J
l.LJ
a:::
z
...... -20
<C
C,!j
-25
-30
Figure 25. Gain of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna.
33
I 'II I I' I I It I I II', I I I 1 1000 ~c
i i I iI I , I C 11 ' ill'\ I' 1:1! Ill Ee
I I 2 I I I I' L ll Jl
..
I
4 I I I I I lrl 'I
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r+I L i :I
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'I Ill I I . I . II i I I I
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t
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11
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l
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_I I I I II IIi I
if I! I I,
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.I 3' r'l f i 1+, '0 1111 I II z'l 4'111 5'
.I H1~ II,I
8
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'
11
72i ::3~i l lH ! 11 6 ' Ill ~, I
1136' I ! I 121 I
rlllit I 1!12'41 sq
1~c)
ANGLE
Figure 26. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at

Boo and 1000 Me.
34
Figure 27. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna at
4oo and 600 Me.
35
Since the unhooded E9 patterns are essentially omnidirectional in the
azimuth plane, all of the directivity, beam shaping, side lobe and
front-to-back ratio characteristics of the hooded patterns are a direct
result of adding the hood. Comparison of the hooded E~ and E9 patterns
at 1000 Me shows that the original directivity of the unhooded E~
pattern resulted in only a 4 degree sharper half-power beamwidth and
approximately 3 db lower side lobe level. The front-to-back ratio of
the EQ pattern is approximately 2 db less than the E9 pattern.
Comparison of the hooded crossed bow-tie patterns of 26 and

27 w'ith the hooded conical log-helix patterns of Figures 12 and 13
shows that the hood has considerably more effect on the crossed bow-tie
patterns at the higher frequencies than on the log-helix patterns.
This is thought to be due to the fact that at these frequencies the
phase center of the log-helix antenna is near the front of the helix
structure, and hence, the depth of the radiating in the hood is
considerably less than in the case of the crossed bow-tie antenna, which
is a planar structure. To substantiate this hypothesis, the crossed
bow-tie antenna was moved in increments of 4 inches from its normal
operating position out to a depth of 4 inches in the hood. Measurements
were made at each of the 4 inch increments.
The insertion loss of the hood as a function of the depth of the

antenna in the hood is shown in Figure 28. The upper curve shows the
insertion loss measured with a horizontally polarized field, and the
lower curve shows the insertion loss measured with a vertically
polarized field. It is important to note that these curves are referenced
to zero insertion loss at a hood depth of 4 inches. Unfortunately,
sufficient data to allow these curves to be referenced to the unhooded
antenna were not available at this time. From the curves it appears
that the insertion loss increases quite linearly with depth in the hood
from 4 inches in the hood to 23 inches in the hood. The rate of in-
crease in this linear region is approximately l db per 4 inch increment.
The rate increases in the 23 to 27 inch region as the antenna approaches
the back wall of the hood. For horizontally polarized fields, the in-
sertion loss increases approximately 3 db over the to 27 inch region,
and for vertically polarized fields, the insertion loss increases
approximately 2 l/2 db.
The antenna patterns of the hooded crossed bow-tie antenna as a

function of the depth of the antenna in the hood at 800 Me are shown in
Figures 29 and 30. A composite of all six E~ patterns are shown in
Figure 29. The upper pattern was obtained at a depth of 4 inches, the
second pattern was obtained at 8 inches, etc., down to the bottom pattern
which was obtained at a depth of inches. Figure 30 is a composite
of the six E9 patterns. From these patterns, it is apparent that the
beamwidth decreases and the side lobe levels decrease as the hood depth
is increased. The EQ half-power beamwidths decrease from degrees to
30 degrees and the E9 beamwidths decrease from 45 degrees to 33 degrees
The side lobe levels are decreased from 2 to 12 db.
8
6
..Cl
"'0
5
(.1')
(.1')
0
....J
4
-
z
0
1-
~
w
(.1')
3
z
0
7 9 ll 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
DEPTH IN HOOD-INCHES
6
..Cl
"'0
5
(.1')
(.1')
0
....J
4
-
z
0
1-
~
w 3
-
(.1')
z
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27
DEPTH IN HOOD-INCHES
Figure 28. Insertion Loss of Hood versus Depth in Hood.

i
I
II
I
i
I
i I I I ! f = 800 Me
I
i : I I ! I
! I E4>
I . I !
! !Al E'~\I ! I i
i I !
I
I
r~r I i
I
I
I
I Vif \N
i. I
I .\1 I
I I
I 1/~ I I \ \ ~ I I i : ~ I
'llf-W--1-\i_LI-+-+-t-+--+-+-+'I_
1-+---1-t-t-+-+-1--*+4+--'-'-1-t--1--'--i---r---11---t--t-+-t-I+J,..'-+'-r---'---i----+--t-1-+-H\H'H ++-1--1----lt--i/--1--+~ ! I
~ 6~~i'~~~~~j~~~*+l+++++~~~~~~~~,~i~~~:HH~~~~~~+++I++~I++~
>- I Ji/f I/ I 1\ l\\ I I : ;
~
1
;
8
f
I rJ I y ! I ' 1
t-+-t-t-t-+-t-r.!Zil-:-t. I i I I #!/l' I
1 I i I i I ,,\ ' : I I
I i
~_l20 I I IV AI I I 1\ '' ~ I I . I
~ I I 1/~V / 1 : I I I i I ' 1\\, ~ II I l I
I
(If ~ i i r: ~' ~I ~~ n ""

~~ ~~
1 I 1 ' '
l-H-fH-1++-H-IIW!-rl I i\ ' , \ I ' ,

\f I I : i i ~ I \ l '~ I ~
I I i I I I \ I i ~~ 11 I :f
! : I ~ i ~ I I I l\ .\I
i l I
A ........,.. rltJ ANGLE 'Y!f"" '\tl"
Figure 29. Em Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna

as a Function of Depth in the Hood.
38
I I I
I
i I
!
ill i I I I I
I
I
i
I I
I
I
i i I
i i
I
I
'f V't y j ! I i I I L\ ' \
I
'
I
I
I
I
l
:
! I
i
I
tt+ I
I
I I !
I J. !,li
i I \i
I I
I
I '
l1
J
I I
I
I
TTl I
I
I : i y
10 0 10 2" 3"
I
6" 6"1
1
i 1201 181
I
36~ 3 6j 721 1 tqa~
ANGLE
Figure 30. E Antenna Patterns of Hooded Crossed Bow-Tie Antenna

8
as a Function of Depth in the Hood.
39
An on-axis polarization pattern of the hooded crossed bow-tie
antenna is shown in Figure 31. The on-axis voltage axial ratio of the
hooded antenna is seen to be 2.226 somewhat worse than the on-axis
axial ratio of the unhooded antenna of 2.007. This indicates that the
shaping of the E~ and E8 patterns by the hood tended to make the ampli-
tudes of the patterns on bore sight somewhat more unequal.
Off-axis polarization patterns at 22.5 degrees and 45 degrees

off-axis are shown in Figure 32. The voltage axial ratios off-axis
are better than the axial ratio on bore sight; the improvement however,
is not as great as in the case of the unhooded antenna. This is to be
expected since the hood has removed the positive-going portion of the E8
pattern which tended to equalize the amplitudes of the E~ and E8
patterns off-axis in the unhooded antenna case.
D. Transistorized Short Dipole Antenna
In order to evaluate the hooded antenna technique at low frequencies,

a small (capable of being mounted in a 20 x 20 inch hood), low frequency
(50 Me), antenna is required. An antenna of this type is also required
to determine the low frequency limits of different hood configurations
and to investigate the waveguide-below-cutoff characteristics of
absorber-lined tunnel structures. Some measurements were attempted
with a conventional short dipole, but it was found that the gain of
this antenna at the frequencies of interest was so low that satisfactory
measurements could not be obtained. In an attempt to satisfy these
antenna requirements, a short dipole antenna incorporating transistor
emitter-followers was developed. The transistorized circuitry of the
antenna is shown in Figure 33. This circuitry was designed to present
a high impedance to the dipole elements, while at the same time pre-
senting an unbalanced 50 ohm output impedance. Thus a better power
transfer betwBen the dipole elements and the output load is achieved
over the design bandwidth of 50 Me to 500 Me. A dipole length of 17
inches was selected to make the antenna compatible with a 20 x 20 inch
hood. The completed antenna is shown in Figure 34.
The measured gain of the transistorized short dipole relative to a

A/2 dipole over the design bandwidth of 50 to 500 Me is shown in Figure
35. These data indicate that the gain of the antenna is reasonably
flat (2 db) over the frequency range from 200 Me to 440 Me with an
average gain of approximately 0 db relative to the gain of a A/2
dipole. The fact that the gain is positive relative to a A/2 dipole
over a range around the resonant frequency of the short dipole apparently
indicates that the balun and impedance matching circuitry of the transis-
torized short dipole is more efficient than the equivalent circuitry in
the reference dipole. Below 200 Me and above 440 Me there is a consider-
able roll-off in gain. At 500 Me the gain is down 10 db and at 50 Me the
40
f == 600 me
AR == 2. 226
1.5
Figure 31. On-Axix Polarization Pattern of Hooded Crossed

Bow-Tie Antenna.
41
f=600mc
AR " 1.95
1.5
270
22.5 OFF AXIS
f=600mc
AR = 1.59
1.5
Figure 32. Off-Axis Polarization Patterns of Hooded Crossed

Bow-Tie Antenna.'
42
390n 390n
2N2857 2N2857
DIPOLE ELEMENT DIPOLE ELEMENT
390n
TYPE N
11 11
CONNECTOR
Figure 33. Schematic of Transistorized Short Dipole.
Figure 34. Short Dipole Antenna.
44
10
5
..,Cl
'"'0
0
w
_J
0
c..
..........
0 -5 FREQUENCY - Me
N
.............
r<
0 -10
1-
LJJ
>
..........
1- -15
<(
_J
LJJ
~
z: -20
..........
<(
(..!J
-25
-30
Figure 35. Gain of Short Dipole Antenna.
45
gain is down 22 db. A comparison of the gain of the transistorized
short dipole with that of a 17 inch conventional dipole over the frequency
range from 50 Me to 500 Me, showed that the gain of the transistorized
dipole was 3 to 6 db higher over the range from 50 Me to 250 Me and
that there was no significant difference in the gains from 300 to 500 Me.
The antenna patterns of the transistorized short dipole over the

frequency range from 100 Me to 500 Me are shown in Figure 36. The
patterns are typical dipole patterns and show very good agreement with
theoretical patterns for a 17 inch dipole at the respective frequencies.
The transistorized short dipole was mounted in the 20 x 20 inch

ferrite lined hood at a depth of approximately 31 inches. The measured
gain of the hooded short dipole is shown in Figure 37. Comparison of
Figure 37 with Figure 35, shows that the addition of the hood reduced
the gain at 50 Me by approximately 10 db, at 200 Me by 8 db, and at
500 Me by 8 db .
The antenna patterns of the hooded short dipole are shown in
Figure 38. Comparison of Figure 38 with Figure 36 shows that at 500
Me the addition of the hood reduced the half-power beamwidth of the
main lobe from 64 degrees to 40 degrees and reduced the back lobe
approximately 18 db. At 300 Me the hood reduced the beamwidth from
93 degrees to 66 degrees and reduced the back lobe by approximately
10 db, and at 100 Me the hood reduced the beamwidth from 98 degrees to
93 degrees and reduced the back lobe by 6 1/2 db. Thus, it is apparent
that the hood had considerably less effect on the performance of the
antenna at low frequencies. The cause of the degradation in the per-
formance of the hood at low frequencies remains to be determined. The
degradation could be due to an unbalance in the antenna at low fre-
quencies, a degradation in the performance of the absorbing material,
fields due to edge currents on the hood, or any combination of these
conditions.
E. Antenna loading
The hooded antenna technique has proved valuable for making radiated
measurements in shielded enclosures at the higher frequencies. Small
(compatible with mounting in a reasonable sized antenna hood) antennas
which operate satisfactorily at low frequencies would permit extention
of the hooded antenna technique to include the lower frequency ranges.
These small, low frequency antennas should also exhibit the same
desirable characteristics as the higher frequency probe antennas, i.e.,
a balanced configuration, broad bandwidth and circular-polarization.
46
Figure 36. Antenna Patterns of Short Dipole Antenna.
10
5
...c::!
'"0
I
0
I..I.J
....J
50 100 200 300 400 500
0
c...
....... FREQUENCY - Me
Cl -5
N
...........
.-<
0 -10
1-
LLJ
>
.......
1- -15
c::c
....J
I..I.J
0:::
z: -20
.......
c::c
(.!:'
-25
-30
Figure 37. Gain of Hooded Short Dipole Antenna.
48
Figure 38. Antenna Patterns of Hooded Short Dipole Antenna.
Based on these requirements, an investigation to determine tech-
niques for reducing the size of conical log-helix antennas has been
conducted. A search of the literature revealed that work at the
University of Michigan5 has produced some encouraging results in the
reduction of the size of helix and conical log-helix antennas through
use of ferrite materials. Size reductions in the order of 2:1 and 3:1
were achieved in this program w'i th no significant degradation in the
pattern or VSWR characteristics of the antennas.
A program was initiated during this reporting period to investigate

the feasibility of reducing the physical size of conical log-helix
antennas by means of loading with dielectric materials. The theory of
the loading technique is based on the fact that the phase velocity of
the wave along the antenna is a function of (~e)- / of the media
1 2
surrounding the antenna, and hence, if the antenna is immersed in a
dielectric media having a high ~ and e relative to air, the phase
velocity of the wave on the antenna will be slowed down and the "active
region" of the antenna will be shifted to a smaller part of the conical
log-helix antenna. Thus, the entire bandwidth of the broadband antenna
is shifted to a lower frequency range.
As a first attempt at dielectric loading, a 30 conical log-helix

antenna, as near as possible identical to the antenna described in
Section B, was coated with a mixture of carbonyl iron particles sus-
pended in an epoxy binder. Due to weight, amount of material, and
fabrication considerations, the thickness of the carbonyl iron coating
was limited to approximately one-eighth inch. Carbonyl iron was selected
as the dielectric material over ferrite materials because previous
6
work has shown that this material is not as lossy as most of the ferrites
over the frequency range of interest, 50 Me to 500 Me. This material
has a ~ of approximately 5 and an e of approximately 20. Thus:
1 1 1
------- = ----------- = 10 .
~ /(5)(20)
r r
In an infinite medium of this material, the phase velocity, and hence,
the size of the antenna would be reduced by a factor of 1/10.
The coated antenna is shown in Figure 39. Subsequent measurements

on this antenna indicated that this thin coating did not significantly
lower the operating frequency range of the antenna; on the other hand,
these measurements did not reveal any degradation of the antenna charac-
teristics as a result of the carbonyl iron coating. The fact that this
thin layer of loading did not produce a significant downward shift in
the operating frequency range was not too surprising since the thickness
of the dielectric loading was considerably less than those which have
proved successful in other applications.
50
Figure 39. 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with Carbonyl
Iron Particles.
51
Since it is apparent that considerably thicker layers of dielectric
material will be to produce an appreciable downward shift in
the operating frequency range of the antenna, it was decided that much
smaller antennas would be utilized for this investigation in order to
the amount of dielectric material re within reasonable limits.
since it w'ill probably be desirable to vary the thickness
the dielectric inside the helix, it was decided that self-
antennas not requiring a form would be
helix antenna meeting these requirements has been fabricated and is shown
in 40. This antenna was designed to cover the frequency range
from 1 Gc to 5 Gc and is approximately 7 inches long and 5 inches
in diameter. The antenna is formed of solid semi-flexible coax
cable (Precision Tube Co. Part No. ll63T ) and is completely
self-supporting. The antenna is presently be tested, and if the
characteristics are sati it will be wi th carbonyl iron
dielectric material and evaluated.
F. Near-Field Measurement Study
A theoretical study of problem areas associated with near-field

measurements has continued during this period. This is
a search of the literature for information on the sub
of near-field propagation and near-field measurement techniques,
a theoretical analysis of the resulting information. The objectives of
this are (l) a better definition of the problems associated with
near-field measurements, (2) a definition of what parameters of the
near-field must be measured to adequately describe or predict near-
field or close-proximity interference problems, and (3) the determination
of the optimum measurement techniques and configurations for
the required near-field parameters. The conclusions and
reconnnendations from this study will be presented in the final
52
Figure 40. Semirigid 30 Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
53
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMEJ'TDATIOJYS
An evaluation of a conical log-helix antenna operating in an

antenna hood indicates that this antenna configuration is compatible
w'ith the hooded antenna technique, at least at frequencies above 200
Me. In order to accommodate broadband conical antennas in reasonable
size antenna hoods, it appears it may be necessary to use larger cone
angles to prevent the length of the antennas from becoming excessive.
While an increase in cone angle degrades the pattern characteristics
somewhat, the improvement in beam shape and reduction in side and back
lobes provided by the addition of the hood is sufficient to make this
degradation in the basic antenna characteristics of little
consequence. At low frequencies, the dimensions of this antenna con-
figuration become excessive for mounting in a reasonable size hood.
An investigation of the feasibility of reducing the size of this antenna
by means of dielectric is present in progress.
An evaluation of a "short 11 crossed bor-tie antenna operating in

an antenna hood indicates that this antenna configuration is also
compatible wi th the hooded antenna technique. The gain and circular-
polarization characteristics of the crossed bow-tie antenna, however,
are not as satisfactory as those of the conical antenna.
The crossed bow-tie antenna also suffers from low frequency limitations.
The most immediate of these is the length of the broadband quadrature
coupler required to obtain circular-polarization with this configuration.
The present coupler is inches long and covers the frequency range
from 200 Me to l Gc. The characteristics of this coupler determined the
low frequency limit of the evaluation of the crossed bow-tie antenna.
Since the length of this type coupler is required to be A/4 at the
center of the coupler bandwidth, lower frequency couplers become very
unwie ldy. A study to investigate techniques for obtaining shorter low
frequency quadrature couplers is presently in progress.
1-ieasurements made with the 11 short" crossed bow-tie antenna at

different depths in the hood revealed that depth in the hood has a
pronoun;;ed effect on the beamwidth, side lobe levels and back lobe
of the re pattern.
55
III. LITERATURE CITED
1. W. R. Free, C. W. Stuckey and R. D. Tramrnell, Jr., "Electronic Equip-

ment Interference Characteristics-Communication Type,'' 7th Quarterly
Report, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, January 1965,
AD-614 803.
2. W. R. Free and C. w. stuckey, "Electronic Equipment Interference

Characteristics-Communication Type," 8th Quarterly Report, Con-
tract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, April 1965, AD-618 722.
3. W. R. Free and C. W. Stuckey, "Electronic Equipment Interference

Characteristics-Communication Type," 9th Quarterly Report, Contract
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, October 1965.
4. J. D. Kraus, Antennas, McGraw-Hill, 1950, pp. 142-143.
5. J. A. M. Lyon, et.al., "Study and Investigation of a UHF-V1:IF

Antenna,n Final Report, Contract No. AF 3_3(657)-10608, University
of Michigan, April 1965.
6. W. B. Warren, et.al., "RFI Applications of Dielectric l'v'Taterials, ''

Technical Report No. RADC-TR-65-466, Cont~act No. AF 30(602)-3282,
Tech, December 1965.
57
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Unclassified
DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D
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1. O~IGINATIN G ACTIVITY (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SEC URI TV CLASSIFICATION
Unclassified
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 2b GROUP
3. REPORT TITLE

4. OESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ot report and inclusive dates)
Quarterly Report No. 10, l October 1965 to 31 December 1965

s. AUTHOR(S) (Last name, first name, initial)
Free, William R., and Jenkins, Bernard M.

6. REPORT OATE ?a. TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES 17 b. NO. OF REFS
January 1966 5'T 6

8a. CON TRACT OFt GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGINATOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)
b. PRO.JEC T NO.
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lE6-2050l- D-449
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Communications Fort MOnmouth, New Jersey AMSEL-RD-GF
13. ABSTRACT

communication equipment to include the case emission and susceptibility
characteristics have continued.
A hooded antenna technique has been developed which shows consider-
able promise of satisfying the measurement requirements. This technique
consists of mounting the test antenna in an absorber-lined hood which
shields the probe in all but the desired direction.
and evaluation of small, broadband, balanced, circularly-polarized
antennas capable of being operated in an antenna hood of reasonable size.
The development and evaluation of a 30 conical log-helix antenna
and a "short" crossed bow-tie antenna are discussed. In addition, a
short dipole ante.nna incorporating transistor emitter-followers was
designed, fabricated, and evaluated during this reporting period. A
program to investigate the feasibility of obtaini.ng satisfactory
operation of a conical log-helix antenna at lower frequencies by load-
ing the antenna with carbonyl iron material was initiated during this
period. The study to define the problems associated wi th near- field
measurements has continued.
FORM
DD 1 .JAN 64 1473 Unclassified
Unclassjfied
KEY WORCS
ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT
Near-Field Emission and Susceptibility Measurements

Radio Frequency Interference
Hooded Antenna
Absorbing Material
Broadband Balun
Broadband Antenna
Shielded Enclosure
Anechoic Chamber
Frequency Independent Antennas
Circularly-Polarized Log-Periodic Antennas
Crossed Bow-Tie Antennas
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I JAN t'S4 1473 <BACK> Unclassified
lAD
REPOR'T ECOM-02294-F


FINAL RE:PORT

By

W. R. FREE, B. 1\1. JENKINS
and S. L. ROBINETTE f,J 0
This document is net t ._.I
k ..
L'<..:'
w~d
uJ~ anyone

DISTRIBUTION OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED

ECOM
Contract DA3&~D39 AMC-D2294(E)
Atlanta, Georgia
NOTICES
Disclaimers
The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official

Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other
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Disposition
Destroy this report when it is no longer needed. Do not return

it to the originator.
TECHNICAL REPORT ECOM-02294-F JULY 1966
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN~~FERENCE

FINAL REPORT
15 February 1966 to 30 April 1966
Report No. 32

DA Project No. 1E6-20501-D-449
Prepared By
W. R FREE, B. M. JENKINS AND S L. ROBINETTE
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
For
U. S ARMY ELECTRONICS COMMAND

FORT MONMOUTH, N. ~r

ABSTRACT
This report summarizes the accomplishments of a thirty-six month

program to develop methods for measuring those characteristics of communi-
cation equipments which are necessary to predict and minimize electro-
magnetic interference. During the first half of the program, emphasis
was given to problems associated with the mea:3urement of interference
characteristics of U. S. Army communication equipments operating in the
l to 10 GHz region. During the last half of the program, attention
was turned to the measurement of case emission and susceptibility
characteristics of equipments located in shielded enclosures. The
activities and results obtained during the final quarter are reported
in some detail.
The spectrum signatures of four communication systems (.AN/GRC-50,

.AN/TRC-29, .AN/TCC-13 and AN/FRC- 34) were measured and recorded in a
format suitable for processing by computer. In a demonstration pro-
blem on a Burroughs B220 Computer, interference-free channel assignments
v.rere derived for two transmitter-receiver sets operating in close
proximity. The effect of multipath interference in a typical FM
system with time division multiplexing was assessed.
Studies of mixer interference characteristics led to the development

of a general mathematical model, which can be used to predict the
generation of spurious responses from specific solid state or vacuum
tube mixers.
A hooded antenna measurement technique has been developed as a

means for measuring wi thin conventional shielded enclosures the
electromagnetic near-field emission and susceptibility characteristics
of electronic equipments. The hooded antenna technique has been
evaluated over the frequency range from 50 MHz to 10 GHz, and results
from this evaluation indicate that satisfactor:r measurements, exhibiting
very good correlation w'ith measurements made in the open-field, are
possible.
iii
FOREW"ORD

Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(:~). The 1-rork covered by
this report was performed -within the Electronics Division and under the
Branch. The report covers the activities and results of a thirty-six
month effort on a project to determine methods for measuring the
The authors are pleased to acknowledge the efforts of M. 0. Bennett,

J. W. Cofer, J. G. Doster and W. S. Giddens in a number of the fabrication
and measurement phases of the program.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. FACTUAL DATA . . . l
A. Introduction . 1
B. Development of Test Techniques and Procedures for

Spectrum Signature Measurements 2
C. Spectrum Signature Measurements 2
D. Development of Prediction Techniques, Computer

Programs and Data Formats . . . . . . . 3
1. General 3
2. Lash-Up Exercise 4
E. Mixer Studies 5
F. Development of Test Techniques for Measuring Case
Emission and Susceptibility Characteristics 7
1. General 7
2. Hooded Antenna . 8
G. Final Quarter Studies 10
1. Hooded Antenna Below 200 MHz 10
2. Auxiliary Tests 11
3. Antenna Evaluation . 22
4. Series Injection Calibration Technique 24
5. Antenna Loading 31
II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57
III. LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . 59
IV. SUMMARY OF PTJBLICATIONS UNDER CONTRACT DA 36-039
AMC-02294 (E) . . . .
vii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
1. Diagram of a Conventional Measurement Setup in a

Shielded Enclosure Showing Multiple Signal Paths 9
2. Diagram of a Hooded Antenna Measurement Setup in
a Shielded Enclosure . . 9
3. Open-Field and Shielded Enclosure Antenna Patterns of a
Horizontal Dipole at 500 MHz 12

Horizontal Dipole at 400 MHz . . ... 13
Horizontal Dipole at 300 MHz . . . 14

Horizontal Dipole at 150 MHz . . . . . . . 15

Horizontal Dipole at 100 MHz . . 16
Horizontal Dipole at 50 MHz . . . 17
9. Stray Radiation Level in the Shielded Enclosure as a
Function of Frequency . . 18
10. Coupling Between Antennas as a Function of Distance

Between Antennas at 150 MHz . . .. 18

Between Antennas at 100 MHz . .. .. .. 20

Between Antennas at 50 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
13. Diagram of the Series Injection Calibrati.on Technique 25
14. Conical Log-Helix Antenna wi~h Integrated Series

Injection Calibration Network . . . . . . . . . 26
Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 1000 MHz
as Transmitting Antenna with Series Injection
Calibration Netw'Ork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ix
Page
16. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 400 MHz

as Receiving Antenna -wi th Series Injection
Calibration Net-work . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
17. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna 33
18. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded -with Carbonyl
Iron Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
19. Gain of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded -with
Carbonyl Iron Particles . . . . . .
20. Antenna Patterns for Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded

with Carbonyl Iron Material, Hooded and Unhooded,
at Boo and 1000 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
-wi th Carbonyl Iron Material, Hooded and Unhooded,
at 4oo and 600 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
with Carbonyl Iron Material, Hooded and Unhooded,
at 200 and 300 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Small Self-Supporting Conical Log-Helix Antenna 41
24. Small Log-Helix Antenna Mounted in Short Hood 41
Two Views of Hood for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna 42
Gain of Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Hooded
and Unhooded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gain of Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Potted

and Unpotted . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
28. Gain of Small Log-Helix Antenna -with Short Hood,
Potted and Unpotted . . . . . . .
29. Gain of Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna

Potted and Unpotted .
30. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna
at 3000, 4ooo, 5000 and 6ooo MHz . . .. . .. . 46
X
Page

at 6oo, Boo, 1000 and 2000 MHz . . . . . . . . . .

with Short Hood at 4oo, 6oo, Boo and 1000 MHz 48
Hooded at 3000, 4ooo, 5000 and 6ooo MHz

Hooded at 6oo, Boo, 1000 and 2000 MHz . 50
Loaded 'W'ith Carbonyl Iron Material at 1000, 2000,
3000 and 4000 MHz . . . 51
Loaded wi th Carbonyl Iron Material at 600 and Boo MHz 52
37. Antenna Patterns for Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix
Antenna Loaded wi th Carbonyl Iron Material at 1000,
2000, 3000 and 4000 MHz . . . . 53
38. Antenna Patterns for Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix
Antenna Loaded wi th Carbonyl Iron Materiai at 400,
500, 6oo and Boo MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
39. VSWR of the Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna 55
40. VSWR of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna .
41. VSWR of Potted Small Log-Helix Antenna .
42. VSWR of Potted Small Log-Helix Antenna Hooded
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
l. Antenna Port vs Calibration Port Ratio for Conical

Log-Helix Antenna with Series Injection
Calibration Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
xiii
I. FACTUAL DATA
A. Introduction
The prediction and minimization of electromagnetic interference

between various U. S. Army electronic equipments constitutes a serious,
ever-present, and growing problem. This report summarizes a study of
methods of measuring those characteristics of communications equipments
which are necessary to predict and minimize such interference.
During the first five quarters of this three-year effort, attention

was directed to the particular measurement techniques and tests required
l-6
for equipments operating in the l to 10 GHz frequency range. The
spectrum signatures of Army radio sets typical of equipments in this
frequency region were measured and tabulated.T-9
One objective of the project was the refinement and optimization

of interference prediction with a computer. 1he basic work of an earlier
10-14 .
study was extended, and a two-part exerclse was run on a Burroughs
16
B220 computer. 15 ' The first computer exercise generated a complete
mutual interference chart for one transmitter and one receiver operated
physically near each other. The transmitter was half of one radio set;
the receiver, half of another radio set. The second computer exercise
generated from a list of candidate frequencies the compatible channels
for full duplex operation of both radio sets.
The conceptual model for interference sus8eptibility of receivers

and for interfering signal generation from transmitters, is a mixer/
harmonic generator. Fitting spectrum signature data to the general
mixer/harmonic generator model has required an extensive set of operational
rules.lO,ll The centrality of the mixer model led to a closer study of
1 17
mixer behavior. - 5 ' Techniques were developed for prediction of both
the frequencies and the amplitudes of spurious and intermodulation
signals generated in mixers, and methods of cmrrparing the predicted
values with experimentally measured values were improved. Suggestions
for reduction of interference generation evolved from this study.
During the last six quarters of the progrE~, attention was directed
to the measurement of case emission and susceptibility characteristics
of communication equipment located in shielded enclosures.
B. Development of Test Techniques and Procedures for
Spectrum Signature Measurements
Test techniques and procedures for measuring the interference

characteristics of U. S. Army radio relay systems and equipments oper-
ating in the 1 to 10 GHz range were developed. The test procedures were
1
reported in the first five quarterly reports, - 5 and in the Manuscript
6
of Catalogue, Volume 10.
The equipments to which the tests may be applied include transmitters

-with po-wers from 1 to 1000 -watts, channel spacings from 1 to 10 MHz, and
FM, PDM-FM, PPM-FM, PCM-FM and composite FM modulations. Receivers in the
systems may have sensitivities from -115 to -80 dbm. Multiplex sets may
have pulse, FDM, TDM-PCM, or TDM-PPM modulations.
The tests for transmitters include output po-wer, spurious and harmonic
emission, intermodulation, and case radiation measurements. The tests for
receivers yield intermodulation and spurious response characteristics.
The system tests assess the effects of CW, ICW, AM, and FM interference.
System tests for co-channel and co-frequency interference, and multipath
interference, are included.
Special problems are encountered at these frequencies; special

procedures -were developed where needed. The pitfalls associated -wi th
the shortcomings of test equipment were analyzed and are presented in
the reports cited.
C. Spectrum Signature Measurements
The test procedure and technique development during the first five
1
quarters of the contract - 5 culminated in the publication of four
6
Manuscripts of Catalogue. -9 Volume 10, as outlined above, presents the
tests in a general form. Volumes 400, 401, and 402 present in detail the
applications of the tests to specific equipments and systems. In volume
400 the spectrum signatures of t-wo R-418/G receivers and t-wo T-303/G
transmitters are presented, along with system test data on one Radio Set
AN/TRC-29 and one Multiplexer Set AN/TCC-13. Spectrum signatures of two
R-ll48(P)/GRC receivers and two T-893(P)/GRC transmitters and data on
the interference susceptibility of the AN/GRC-50 system are presented in
Volume 401. In Volume 402 the spectrum signatures for one 4UR2B2
receiver and one 4UT2B2 transmitter (from a Radio Set AN/FRC-34) are
presented.
2
In this array of equipment a transmitted power range of 2 to 20 watts
and a frequency range of 600 to 2400 MHz are represented. The channel
spacings range from l to 9 MHz, and modulation types include pulse, FM,
PDM/FM, and composite. The multiplexer modulation is TDM-PPM. The
number of tuneable channels represented ranges from 24 to 500.
D. Development of Prediction Techniques, Computer

Programs and Data Formats
l. General
.
The lmprovemen . t.lng me th o d s lO-l 4 o f pre d.lC t.lng ln
t o f exls . t er-
ference wi th the aid of a digital computer was one of the objectives of
this program. For an early computer program (1961), outlined in
10 11
Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 5, a basic 1nixer equation was used
to predict the frequencies of interfering signals which might be
expected in a receiver:
where f SP = frequency causing spurious response,
p integer denoting harmonic of local oscillator frequency, f ,

10
fiF = intermediate frequency,
and q = integer denoting harmonic number associated with fSP.
The above general equation is fitted to a particular reciever by deter-

mining from measurements the set of integers (p,q) which best describe
the equipment as an interference generator. ~be decision criteria by
which particular (p., qk) pairs are included i.n the describing matrix
. thJe ear l'ler wor k . lO-l 4
were descrl'b e d 1n
. 10-14
In the case of a transmitter, the spurious emission equatlon
is similar to the above mixer equ~tion:
= I m fTO n fTO I
l . 2
where fSE = frequency of spurious emission,
3
m = integer, O, 2, 3
n = integer, 0, 1, 2, 3
frequency of variable master oscillator,
frequency of fixed transmitter oscillator.
The spurious signals emitted from transmitters may arise from

harmonics of its master oscillator, or harmonics of the carrier, or
from sums and differences (mixing) of the harmonics. A describing
matrix of sets of (~, ni) pairs is generated by rules outlined in
. 10-14
the earller reports.
From the sets (p,q) and (m,n) which have been experimentally
determined for various equipments, predictions can be made of mutual
interference in systems composed of such equipments. Comparison of
predicted ~rith measured interference, in early validation experiments,
10
showed predictions to be about 25 percent pessimistic . Later
improvements have included effects of: the levels of interference
signals at receivers, selectivity, signal leakage, harmonic order
number dependence, guardbands, attenuation by distance, etc.
Charts of receiver vulnerability to interference and charts of

transmitter generated interference can be combined to produce charts
of mutual transmitter/receiver interference in a system, and techniques
have been evolved for constructing such mutual interference charts
10-16
(MIC's) with a computer.
2. Lash-Up Exercise
The culmination of the development of computer prediction of

interference was a set of programs in ALGOL computer language which
permitted the listing of compatible frequencies for a "lash-up" of
16
transmitter/receiver radio sets located at a common site. 15 , Two
approaches to the problem were demonstrated in a computer exercise.
The first approach produced a complete mutual interference chart

for one AN/PRC-25 receiver versus one AN/VRC-12 transmitter. This
chart was a complete matrix, with a dimension of 920 x 920 possible
channels wi th a YES/NO presentation of interfering/ noninterfering
channels. Computer time on a Burroughs 220 was 10 hours.
4
The second approach generated a list of :interference-free channels
from an input list of candidate operating frequencies, for two receivers
and two transmitters, i.e., two duplex pairs, located at the common site.
The test input list contained 31 candidate frequencies, or 961 possible
channels. The computer extracted 135 acceptable interference-free
channel assignments. Computer time was one hour and four minutes. (To
print out the complete mutual interference chart for the t-wo transmitters
and receivers operated as two duplex pairs vJ'ould have required 20 hours.)
The time economy of the second approach was aehieved by having the computer
consider, in the mutual interference matrix, only those frequencies
which -were presented as candidate frequeneies. In addition, only the
interference-free combinations -were listed as answers.
It should be pointed out that the two approaches meet different

frequency-assignment needs. The first program would be used by a
frequency management officer, for instance, who must make operational
or regional frequency assignments to communication equipment users.
The second program would then enable the operator of a particular
group of eq_uipments to generate a set of compatible channels from the
frequency list given him by the frequency management officer.
E. Mixer Studies
In the previous section it was pointed out that, for prediction

purposes, interference generation is generally related to mixer action.
The centrality of this conceptual model of interference generation
led to a study of actual mixer behavior.l- 5, 17 The aims of the study
were to reduce the number of measurements needed to characterize the
interference susceptibilities of typical mixers and to aid in the
design of mixers.
The usual concept of mixer action is tpat two or more sinusoidal

signals first combine additively and are then impressed upon a nonlinear
element, the transfer characteristic of which ean be represented as a
finite power series:
j
i e.l '
mo
where i = mixer output current,

mo
e. = mixer input voltage,

l
[K. J = coefficient set, defining a typical mixer.

J
5
Also,
e.
l
= cos wrot + eb cos wcst,
where wl.Ot = 211 f I.Ot'
w t 2n t,
cs s
fLO = local oscillator frequency,
carrier signal frequency,

s
e
a = amplitude of local oscillator voltage at mixer,
eb = carrier amplitude at mixer.
Prediction of two-frequency mixer response can be achieved to the

extent that the set [K.] can be determined; methods of deriving the set
J
from measurements on mixers were examined. Various modifications of
Pascal's triangle allowed comparisons of experimental and calculated
subsets of J for a particular mixer.
A method was formulated for predicting the amplitudes of spurious
and intermodulation responses from a minimum set of measurements of
mixer characteristics. Experiments on crystal mixers verified the
method; measured spurious and intermodulation response amplitudes
agreed w'i th predictions w'i thin about 9 db. The method can not be
applied, however, to a receiver with an amplifier ahead of the mixer
if the nonlinearities of the amplifier generate appreciable harmonics
of f
cs
From the mixer study came several recommendations. Spurious responses
could be reduced in a mixer by inserting isolation pads and low-pass
filters in both the signal input.path and the local oscillator path. AGC
control prior to the RF amplifier was also suggested. It was also pointed
out that improved RF selectivity (ahead of the mixer in receivers and
after the mixer or harmonic generators in transmitters) significantly
improves mixer behavior. Investigations to determine the feasibility of
including selectivity characteristics in a prediction scheme and to
develop measurement procedures for measuring selectivity characteristics
were recommended.
6
F. Development of Test Techniques for Measuring Case
Emission and Susceptibility Characteristies
l. General
During the period since the end of the fifth quarter~ the
primary emphasis has been on extending the determination of the inter-
ference characteristics of U. S. Army connnunieation equipment to include
the near-field emission and susceptibility characteristics.
Present techniques for near-field case and cable emission and sus-
ceptibility measurements are seriously inadequate, and need to be improved
to assure reasonable repeatibility and correlation between measurement
data taken at different times and/or different locations. If these
measurements are made in the "open-field", strong man-made and atmospheric
background interference make measurements difficult, and often impossible.
If the measurements are made in a shielded enclosure to avoid the environ-
mental interference~ standing waves and enclosure resonances make the
measurements highly susceptible to minor variations in equipment place-
ment~ enclosure dimensions and personnel location.
Experience has shown that radiated field measurements in shielded

enclosures have been inaccurate and unrepeatable. The resultant data
becomes a function of not only the radiating source and sensor character-
istics but also the enclosure characteristics.
A shielded enclosure is a rectangular cavity. As such, it exhibits

a resonance phenomena that is frequency dependent. A cavity resonator
has an infinite number of resonant frequencies given by the expression:
2 2 2
m n p
f
mnp
= 150 -2 + -2 + - 2 :MHz
a b t
where a = width, b = height, t = length, (all dimensions in meters),

and m~ n~ and p are integers. For an 8 x 8 x J_2 foot shielded enclosure,
the low-est resonant frequency is approximately 96 MHz, and for an 8 x 8 x
8 foot enclosure the lowest resonant frequency is approximately 107 :MHz.
These resonant phenomena also exhibit finite Q's; and these Q
values create bands or regions of resonance rather than at a discrete
frequency. At these frequencies, standing waves exist in the screen
room and large field variations w'ill exist.
In order to evaluate the magnitude of the problem of correlating

measurement data obtained in a conventional unimproved shielded
enclosure with data obtained in the open-field, a series of measurements
7
-was made to determine the coupling between two antennas in an 8 x 8 x 12
foot enclosure, in an 8 x 8 x 8 foot enclosure and in the open-field.
These measurements are discussed in some detail in Quarterly Reports No.
618 and 719.
The results from these measurements indicate that coupling variations
in the order of 40 db are possible as a function of the position of the
test setup in the shielded enclosure, the spacing between the source and
test antenna, or the frequency of operation. It is obvious that measure-
ments made under these conditions are of little value and the possibility
of correlating these measurements with measurements made in the open-
field is very remote.
The objectives of this phase of the program are (1) the determination
of the most economical and practical means for establishing a controlled
electromagnetic environment for measuring near-field radiated and suscep-
with open-field measurements.
2. Hooded Antenna
The diagram in Figure 1 depicts a conventional case radiation

measurement setup in a shielded enclosure. This diagram also shows a few
of the possible multi-path reflections which could cause variations in
the coupling between the source and the test antenna compared to the
coupling that -would be obtained in the open-field. It is apparent from
this diagram that the phase of the multi-path reflections, and hence the
magnitude and sense of the coupling variations, will be a function of
the dimensions of the enclosure, the location of the test setup in the
enclosure, the spacing between the source and the test antenna, the
frequency of operation and the presence of other reflecting objects in
the enclosure.
An obvious way of eliminating the effects of the multi-path reflec-

tions would be to shield the test antenna in all but the direction of
the desired signal. In the process of investigating the feasibility of
this approach to the problem, a hooded antenna measurement technique
was developed. A diagram of a hooded antenna measurement setup in a
shielded enclosure is shown in Figure 2. A number of possible signal
paths are shown in this diagram, but the hooded receiving antenna
allows only the signal traveling the desired path to reach the receiving
antenna.
The antenna hood consists of a metal shield or box, open on one end,
the walls of which are lined on the inside with absorbing material.
8
RECEIVING
ANTENNA
4----SHIELDED ENCLOSURE WALLS
Figure 1. Diagram of a Conventional Measurement Setup in a Shielded

Enclosure Showing Multiple Signal Paths.
SHIELDED
ENCLOSURE
Figure 2. Diagram of a Hooded Antenna Measurement Setup in a

Shielded Enclosure.
9
Additional absorbing material is provided on the shielded enclosure wall
opposite the open end of the hood to prevent multiple reflections from
reaching the antenna.
The concept of the hooded antenna differs little from the concept
of a complete anechoic chamber. The five absorber lined walls of
the hood, together with the partially lined enclosure wall look
essentially the same to the receiving antenna as the six absorber lined
walls of a conventional chamber. The principle difference is that
the hooded antenna concept requires considerably less absorbing material.
The hooded antenna technique was evaluated over the frequency range
from 200 MHz to 10 GHz. These evaluation programs are reported in
Quarterly Reports No. 7-10. 18-22 The results of these evaluatlons
.
clearly indicate that the technique permits measurement of radiated field
characteristics that have excellent correlation with those obtained in
the open-field or within an anechoic chamber.
G. Final Quarter Studies
1. Hooded Antenna Below 200 MHz
A program to evaluate the hooded antenna technique from 50 MHz

to 200 MHz was conducted during the last quarter. In order to evaluate
the technique in this frequency range, it was necessary to replace the
Eccosorb FR 350 absorbing material lining the end wall of the shielded
enclosure with lower frequency material. Eccosorb HPY-72 was selected
for this purpose. As the thickness of this material is 72 inches, a
larger shielded enclosure was needed in order to provide an adequate
working area. An 8 x 8 x 8 foot enclosure and an 8 x 8 x 12 foot enclo-
sure were combined to form an 8 x 8 x 20 foot shielded enclosure. With
the HPY-72 material mounted on one end of this enclosure, an 8 x 14 foot
working area was available.
The previous evaluation efforts at higher frequencies have indicated

that antenna pattern measurements are particularly applicable to the
evaluation of the hooded antenna technique in that they provide a means
of determining the correlation between enclosure and open-field measure-
ments and a means for determining the extent of multi-path reflection
attenuation. In order to permit correlation with previous measurements
wi th the FR 350 absorbing material, the lower frequency pattern measure-
ments were made over the range of 50 MHz to 500 MHz. This permitted an
overlap in results with the two materials from 200 to 500 MHz.
Antenna patterns of horizontal dipole antennas were made in the

8 x 20 foot shielded enclosure and the open-field, using a hooded and
unhooded probe antenna, at frequencies of 500, 400, 300, 150, 100 and
10
50 MHz. The results from these measurements are shown in Figures 3
through 8 respectively. At all frequencies, the correlation between
the open-field patterns and the patterns obtained in the shielded
enclosure wi th a hooded probe antenna are very good.
2. Auxiliary Tests
The distortion obtained in the enclosure w'ith an unhooded

probe is consistent with results obtained at higher frequencies and is
evident in the patterns of Figures 3, 4, 5, and 7. However, the
patterns of Figures 6 and 8 (150 MHz and 50 Wlz) are at variance w'ith
all previous data for shielded enclosure-unhooded probe measurements
in that a definite lack of significant distortion is apparent. In
order to gain further insight as to the lack of distortion at these
twn frequencies and to further substantiate the excellent performance
of the hooded probe at all frequencies, additional measurements utilizing
different evaluation techniques were performed.
As one alternate method of evaluating the hooded antenna technique,

the stray radiation level in the shielded enclosure was measured over
the frequency range from 50 MHz to l GHz. The stray radiation level
at a given frequency was determined by measuring the maximum and minimum
power incident on the hooded probe antenna as a large metal reflector
was moved randomly about the enclosure. The level of multipath signal,
adding in and out of phase with the desired signal, required to yield
the measured power spread was calculated and taken as the stray radia-
tion level. Previous measurements at higher frequencies have indicated
that this technique yields results which agree within approximately 2
db w'ith those calculated by Buckley's short method23 under the same
conditions. This technique is considerably easier to implement and is
faster than Buckley's method, but it can only be used when the probe
antenna is hooded. This measurement was repeated at three different
azimuth positions of the source antenna at each frequency. At no
frequency did the calculated values differ by more than 2 db.
The stray radiation level as a function of frequency over the range

from 50 Wlz to l GHz is shown in Figure 9. I'his curve shows that the
1
stray radiation or multipath reflection incident on the hooded probe

antenna was at least 13 db below the peak signal in this frequency range.
Hence, from the stray radiation standpoint, the performance of the hooded
antenna technique appears to be satisfactory down to 50 MHz. However, the
sharp decrease in the stray radiation level in the region from 150 to 50 MHz
was unexpected since previous stray radiation measurements have indicated
that the level increased rapidly as the lower frequency limit of the absorb-
ing material on the enclosure end wall or the absorbing material lining the
hood was approached. The lower frequency limit of both the Eccosorb HPY-72
on the enclosure end wall and the Eccosorb NZ-1 lining the antenna hood
ll
I 'rid~r-:\if 1 il r
1
i i I
1
'H 1
\ i I I'
I !; ' \ Uti- I :~ i I i ,_J I' I I I I I I I I
I I_:~
. I! l I
, . 11
' I-\~
' ' i
.
_'
I
I I

I
. i'
i i :
'
I' I I i I
~~] i l' i : :I .I ! 1' + i 1\ : I I :1I I I

-
I
....
II
!'
'
I 'U .~. ~ilj! I.:T.i ! . I ! t-'. '-iL ' '.1 :1' i !.'!.I ,' I :i
' . ~~ i' !\' . I I I i 1 1f I .
' : ' i, I . i I i I ! f - I ; ' . ,f
I ':;! r. V ; ' .; J i J T i ~~~ I I i .' ' ~~- .I ' I i I :I.~ j+ I ; 1 ,. i . ' ,.

f---.....j-.C-,
6
:
!
' ' I
I.
i
.
'
l
I
'
I
!
t' u
. 1' T
!
I
I --++-.i
I , I
I. f ~ 1 _j I !i I l '
1
f ~j
1
.. 1.~:'
30
f----1 L'.[ i
r---1---'2 i ' i I ' . I -h-1 T
I . .... ' i I : i ii II
I I : I
1
1
1
I _fiT I " ;-~6
, '
,
. I
I I I
I i
I u- , . , : I
. -: ..
I I ! ~ I .I . I I 'II II ! 1.1 I L. '
!.!
I
' I Li lf I .. i I .,-: I' 0 I .I I I; '2' ' ! I I
:m o. '" ,,,,." . " ANGlE "~

a Horizontal Dipole at 500 MHz.
12
Figure 4. Open-Field and Shielded Encloslrre Antenna Patterns of
13
14
15
1: ~-- :
1 1
' i I :1 , ! HTF \1 '
1
r 1
1
-- ; i-Lt
~ :.! .L' -: ~. i i + I "~ ' ' ~ ,r d 1. r--- ,__

1 i
I
0
I+ I L _!HI
,I! . 1
l i i I i.LLJLI
''iljl'
:-1-~
!SHIELDED--
, -~ : ( V:; i j h~. 1\j ll ~(;-~~~~~E

i----'--1r---'i6\ I
,' ~ 1\il
,1
+Lf!'--
I i H :j
~ J.!L' ',
f +!
1I ,I
I ! ~HJ>
r1.11-' .' IIi
,: 1.i!flUJJJ
! i i I ! 'I i II\ 1 I, I' i
-~ 1 11 1 IH i I' il Hll'l' l; ! 1
1
'+
tl it:--:l ; I H '+~,, i Ji,fiJ I lhl

16
17
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
FREQUENCY -MHz
Figure 9. Stray Radiation Level in the Shielded Enclosure as a

Function of Frequency.
//
/
/
......._,
. / ' . ,,
I ' ...,
-------' ' ' ------
',,'....
--~.,.....,., /
/
/
/
I ..... ,, ......
........
-.............__
---------
I ................ __
I -- --
.........
------- --------- -----
I
I HOODED IN
I SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
I UNHOODED IN
SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
HOODED IN
OPEN-FIELD
UNHOODED IN
OPEN-FIELD

(INCHES)
Figure 10. Coupling Between Antennas as a Function of Distance

Between Antennas at 150 MHz.
18
is 50 :MHz. Thus, it was concluded that other factors were responsible
for the reduction in the stray radiation level in the 50 to 150 MHz
region.
Since the results from both the antenna pattern evaluation method
and the stray radiation level measurements left some question as to the
performance of the hooded antenna technique in the 50 to 150 MHz region,
additional measurements were made in this frequency range utilizing a
third evaluation technique. This technique consisted of measuring the
signal level at the probe antenna as a function of the spacing between
the source and probe antennas for separations over the range from 30 to
100 inches. These measurements were made w'ith the probe antenna hooded
and unhooded, in the open-field and in the shielded enclosure. The
measurements were performed at 50, 100 and 150 MHz, and the results from
these measurements are shown in Figures 10, 11 and 12.
Figure 10 shows four curves of antenna coupling as a function of

distance obtained at 150 MHz in the open-field and in the shielded
enclosure w'ith the probe antenna hooded and unhooded. .A number of
interesting points may be observed in this f:lgure. The two curves
obtained with the probe antenna hooded, one in the open-field and one in
the shielded enclosure, show very good correlation at distances out to
approximately inches. .At spacings greater than inches, the curve
for the hooded probe in the shielded enclosure becomes erratic and
diverges from the curve obtained in the open--field. Previous calculations
had indicated that, with these hood and enclosure configurations, at
spacing greater than 50 inches, the aperture of the hood would allow
the probe antenna to "see" the side walls of the enclosure, and hence,
effects of multipath reflections from the side walls should be expected
in data obtained with the hooded antenna at these spacings.
A significant fluctuation in the coupling curve for the unhooded

probe antenna in the shielded enclosure is also apparent in Figure 10.
This curve shows two distinct nulls and peaks in the spacing range from
30 to 100 inches wi th a total coupling variation of approximately 20 db.
Comparing the open-field and shielded enclosure curves obtained with the
unhooded probe antenna, it is apparent that the difference between the
curves is very sensitive to spacing, and henc:e, correlation of data
taken under the two conditions would be extremely difficult.
The fact that all four coupling curves intersect at a spacing of

approximately 40 inches is very significant. Since the antenna patt~rn
and stray radiation measurements were made with the probe antenna spaced
one meter (approximately 40 inches) from this source, it is felt that the
intersection of the coupling curves at this spacing explains why no
distortion was observed on the antenna pattern obtained in the shielded
enclosure with the unhooded probe antenna at 150 MHz.
19
/
/ ---
z:
LLI
LLI
3
>-
LLI
""
"'
z:
"-
::>
C>
u HOODED IN
D
LLI SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
<(
UNHOODED IN
~ SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
HOODED IN
OPEN-FIELD
UNHOODED IN
OPEN-FIELD
- IJ
(INCHES)

-75
-80
~
,,
'\
\ '<
\
---- ------- ----
/
-......
\ .....
-...... ............
------- ---,
..................
------------,-._---
-"'
-o
Vl
...............
I
-85
z:
3
>-- -90
""
"'
z:
_J
"-
::>
C>
u
D -95
LLI
_J ---HOODED IN
<(
:>: SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
"'z:
C>
- - - UNHOODED IN ' '' ... ' , ,_
-100 SHIELDED ENCLOSURE
,, ,,
------- HOODED IN
OPEN-FIELD
,,
- - - UNHOODED IN ...............
-105 OPEN-FIELD ' ... ,
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

(INCHES)

20
Before leaving Figure 10, it is interesting to note that the rate of
decrease in coupling with distance is more rapid with the hooded probe
antenna than wi th the unhooded probe. This phenomenon is discussed in
a later section.
Figure ll show-s the four coupling-versus-spacing curves obtained at

100 MHz. Reasonably good correlation between the hooded open-field and
the hooded enclosure curves at spacings out to approximately 50 inches is
again apparent. The effect of w-all reflections on the hooded enclosure
curve at spacings greater than 50 inches is :particularly apparent in
this figure since the enclosure curve deviates rapidly from the open-
field curve and goes into a deep null in the vicinity of 70 inches.
A large fluctuation in the coupling curve for the unhooded probe in

the enclosure is again apparent at 100 MHz. This curve shows a very
deep null at a spacing of approximately 72 inches and a coupling
variation over the total spacing range of approximately 28 db.
Comparing the open-field and shielded enclosure unhooded curves

reveals a coupling difference of approximately 6 db at a spacing of 40
inches and thus a significant distortion would be expected in an antenna
pattern made at this spacing with an unhooded. probe antenna in the
shielded enclosure. Figure 7 shows that indeed this is the case.
Again, it is noted that the rate of decrease in coupling with

distance is more rapid with the hooded antenna than with the unhooded
antenna.
Figure 12 shows the four antenna coupling-versus-distance curves

obtained at 50 MHz. Extremely good correlation between the hooded open-
field and the hooded enclosure curves is obtained at spacings out to 50
inches. At spacings greater than 50 inches the enclosure curve gradually
diverges from the open-field curve. However, in this case the divergence
is not large (3.5 db max.) and the enclosure curve remains smooth out
to 100 inches.
The coupling curve obtained wi th the unhooded probe in the enclosure

at 50 MHz is of particular interest. In the distance range from
approximately inches to 100 inches there are no signs of erratic
fluctuations or peaks and nulls. Comparing this curve with the unhooded
open-field curve over this spacing range reveals that the difference
between the two curves is in the order of 5. 5 db and, for all practical
purposes, is constant. These results appear to indicate that at low
frequencies, where the path length difference between the direct wave
and the wall reflections is very small compared to a wavelength, the
wall reflections arrive at the probe antenna at practically a constant
phase relative to the direct wave phase and hence, the sunnnation of the
direct and reflected waves differs by a constant from the open-field
direct wave, independent of probe spacing. If further investigation
21
proves that indeed this is the case, there is a possibility that shielded
enclosures can be calibrated at low frequencies and correction factors
determined which will convert measurement data obtained in an enclosure
to the equivalent of data obtained in the open-field. HowBver, consider-
ably more investigation in the low frequency range is needed before the
feasibility of this approach can be determined.
Comparing the curves for the hooded probe with the curves for the
unhooded probe again reveals that the rate of decrease in coupling with
distance is more rapid with the hooded antenna than with the unhooded
antenna. This effect is inconsistant with results that wBre obtained
at higher frequencies. Additional measurements to extend the curves at
both ends revealed that the hooded and unhooded curves are identical
curves but are translated with respect to each other, i.e., the hooded
curve is equivalent to the unhooded curve shifted approximately 22
inches to the on the distance axis and dropped several db (the
exact value depends on the frequency) with to the
axis. The apparent cause for the shift with to the distance
axis is that the addition of the hood shifts the effective aperture of
the probe antenna from the actual location of the probe to the aperture
of the hood. With the present probe antenna-hood configuration, this
distance is 22 inches. This pheonomenon had not been observed at higher
frequencies because the probe antennas were well out in the far-field where
the change in rate of decrease in coupling w'ith distance is so small
for an aperture shift of 22 inches that it is not readily
Comparing s 10, 11 and 12 it is apparent that the difference in
slope between the unhooded and hooded curves increases rapidly in the
range from 150 MHz to 50 MHz, and the lower the frequency the more
rapid the increase in slope difference.
The vertical displacement between the hooded and unhooded curves

appears to be due to the insertion loss of the hood. To determine this
insertion loss from the open-field hooded and unhooded curves shown in
Figures 10, ll and 12, it is necessary to translate one relative to the
other in the horizontal direction until the slopes of the two curves
match up. The displacement between the curves under this matched-slope
condition then represents the insertion loss of the hood. This technique
yields a hood insertion loss of approximately 5 db at 150 MHz, 8 db at
100 MHz and db at 50 MHz. These results indicate that the insertion
loss of the hood is frequency sensitive in this frequency range, and
that possibly these frequencies are below the cutoff frequency of the
waveguide formed by the hood. Additional investigation is needed to
adequately define this aspect of the hooded antenna technique.
3. Antenna Evaluation
Most of the test antennas presently being used to perform

interference measurements in shielded enclosures suffer from a number
22
of inadequacies. Linearly-polarized antennas require multiple tests
to account for different polarizations and possible spurious emissions
and responses at different polarizations. Unbalanced antennas cause
problems from the standpoints of repeatibility because of cable lays,
equipment placements, and personnel positions within the enclosure.
Most presently used test antennas are not truly broadband or frequency
independent, and hence, require tuning at each measurement frequency
or else their electrical characteristics (impedance, directivity
and pattern) vary appreciably over their freq_uency range of operation.
The calibration of these antennas and the processing of the resulting
data are extremely tedious and time consuming operations. Most of the
test antennas presently recommended for measurements at low frequencies
are quite relative to the dimensions of' the shielded enclosures
in which they are used and relative to the dimensions of the units
under test. Both of these conditions raise q~estions as to the validity
of the re data.
Prior to the final quarter, a study was conducted to select optimum

probe antenna types for use in the evaluation of the hooded antenna
technique. Desired characteristics vlere broad a balanced
configuration, and circular polarization. A search of the literature
had revealed that a class of antennas commonly referred to as frequency-
24
independent antennas ' 25 appeared most likely to sati all of the
test antenna requirements. This class of antennas includes the conical
log-helix and the log-periodic structures. r:r~o antennas from this
class, a conical log-helix antenna and a circularly-polarized log-
periodic, and a third broadband antenna, a crossed bow- tie or triangular-
dipole (not a member of the frequency-independent class) were studied
and a number of experimental hooded antennas covering the frequency
range from 200 MHz to 10 GHz were fabricated and evaluated. The
study indicated the conical log-helix antenna to be best for use with
the hood. Detailed descriptions and discussions of the design, fab-
rication and evaluation of these antennas are presented in Quarterly
22
Reports No. and 10.
The conical log-helix antennas W'ere further studied and developed

during the final quarter. Series injection calibration techniques were
evolved and evaluated. Several conical log-helix antennas were loaded
with carbonyl iron dielectric to lower the OIJerating Details
of the calibration technique and the dielectric loading of investigations
are described in sections 4 and 5. These investigations were conducted
to prove the of the approaches, and the were not
refined beyond the point of the preliminary evaluation. Consequently,
additional consideration should be to these techniques in order
to permit their use in an operational hooded antenna configuration.
23
4. Series Injection Calibration Technique
The calibration of measurement systems is an extremely important

consideration since the accuracy of the data obtained with the system
can be no better than the accuracy of the calibration. The calibration
of a field intensity measurement system is particularly difficult
since there is normally an appreciable length of transmission line
between the test antenna and the receiver. This transmission line
may include several components (filters, rejection networks, attenuators,
etc.) all of w'hich have frequency sensitive insertion losses and VSWR 1 s.
In addition, the impedance of the test antenna is frequency sensitive
to some extent, and thus, the match between the test antenna and the
transmission line is frequency sensitive. Ideally, the calibration
technique takes all of these factors into account.
A series injection calibration technique appears to be the best

presently available method for including all of these factors in the
calibration since this technique allows the test antenna, transmission
line, all transmission line components and the receiver to remain
connected in their normal operating configuration during calibration.
A simplified schematic diagram of the series injection calibration

technique is shown in Figure 13. The calibration signal is injected
in series wi th the transmission line near the test antenna terminals.
Since this technique requires that the calibration network be connected
during normal operation, a 10:1 divider network is provided to reduce
the loading of the calibrator. This, of course, requires additional
calibration power. It is apparent from Figure 13 that this technique
makes it possible to calibrate the system with all connections in their
normal operating configuration.
A series injection calibration network was integrated into an

experimental conical log-helix antenna as shown in Figure 14. The
conical log-helix antenna was the 30-degree conical antenna described
in Quarterly Report No. 10. The arms of this antenna are wound with
RG-58/U coaxial cable. One arm is used as a feed line for the antenna
and acts as an "infinite balun". The second arm was used as the cali-
bration feed line. This line also has a built in "infinite balun".
The center conductor of the second arm was connected to the center
conductor of the feed arm through a 47 ohm resistor. The center con-
ductor of the feed arm was connected to the shield of the second arm
through a 4.7 ohm resistor. This configuration gives the coaxial
equivalent of Figure 13.
The antenna pattern and gain measurements of the conical log-helix

antenna were repeated after the calibration network was added, and
compared with measurements made before the network was added. The
results indicated that the effect of the calibration network on these
parameters of the antenna was negligible.
24
47n
CALIBRATE
SIGNAL
GENERATOR
COAXIAL COMPONENTS (FILTERS,

COUPLERS, REJECTION NETWORKS,
-----ETC.) IN SERIES WITH THE TRANS-
MISSION LINE.
Figure 13. Diagram of the Series Injection Calibration Technique.
25
.r CALIBRATE PORT
Figure 14. Conical Log-Helix Antenna with Integrated Series Injection

Calibration Network.
The ideal antenna calibration -would consist of determining the

amount of series injection calibration po-wer required to duplicate,
at the antenna terminals, the conditions produced by a given field
intensity at the test antenna. However, this is an extremely difficult,
time cons,.uning calibration effort, and it was felt that this type of
calibration should be reserved for future operational antennas.
In order to get an indication of the sensitivity of the calibration

port relative to the normal antenna port, and also to determine the
flatness of the divider net-work with frequency, some relatively simple
preliminary calibration efforts were performed. In one case the log-
helix antenna with the series injection calibration net-work installed
was operated as a radiator. A dipole connected to a FIM was set up
in the far-field and bore-sighted on the log-helix radiator. A signal
generator was connected to the antenna port of the log-helix antenna
and the calibrate port was terminated with a 50 ohm termination. The
power output of the signal generator was adjusted to establish a reference
level on the FIM connected to the remote dipole. The signal generator
-was then s-witched to the calibrate port and the termination moved to
the antenna port. The output of the signal generator was then adjusted
26
to re-establish the reference level at the FIM. It was felt that this
procedure provides a means of duplicating the drive conditions at the
terminals of the log-helix antenna while feeding the antenna from either
of the two ports. Thus, measurements utilizing this technique should
provide a good indication of the relative sensitivities of the two ports.
Measurements utilizing this technique were made at 4oo, 6oo, 800,
and 1000 MHz with the remote dipole antenna in both the horizontal (~)
and vertical (8) polarization positions. The results from these
measurements are shown in part A of Table I. These data indicate that
the sensitivity of the calibrate port relative to the antenna port is
. 7 db lower at 400 MHz. This difference in sensitivity gradually
decreases as the frequency increases and reaches 10.8 db at 1000 MHz.
The change in relative sensitivity w'ith frequency is believed to be
due to the fact that conventional resistors were used in the calibration
network a~d the parasitic reactance characteristics of these resistors
is sufficient to change the divider ratio as a function of frequency.
This indicates that the use of high frequency disk and sleeve resistors
should be considered in future calibration networks for use in opera-
tional test antennas.
To cross check the data shown in part A of Table I, a second

experiment was performed with the log-helix antenna, with calibration
netw'Ork, operating in the receive mode and the remote dipole operating
as the radiator. The FIM was connected to the antenna port of the log-
helix antenna, the calibrate port was terminated with a 50 ohm termina-
tion, and the signal generator was connected to the dipole. The output
of the signal generator was adjusted to establish a reference level on
the FIM. The FIM was swi tched to the calibrate port, the termination
was moved to the antenna port, and the signal generator output was
adjusted to re-establish the reference level on the FIM. Measurements
utilizing this technique were made at 4oo, 600, 800 and 1000 MHz
wi th the remote dipole in both horizontal ( ~) and vertical ( 8)
polarization positions. The results from these measurements are shown
in part B of Table I. Although the conditions at the log-helix
terminals were not duplicated in the receive mode, the correlation
between the two sets of measurements is quite good.
Antenna patterns obtained with the log-helix antenna operating as

a radiator, fed both from the antenna port and calibration port are
shown in Figure The fact that the patterns obtained with the feed
at the calibration port are not identical with the patterns obtained
wi th the feed at the antenna port indicates that the current distribution
on the antenna structure and the conditions at the antenna terminals
are not identical under the two feed conditions.
Antenna patterns obtained with the log-helix operating in the

receive mode, with an FIM connected to the antenna port and the calibra-
tion port, are shown in Figure 16. Again the patterns obtained at the
calibration port are different from the patterns obtained at the
antenna port.
27
A. LOG-HELIX ANTENNA IN RADIATE MODE
POWER IN POWER IN ADDITIONAL POWER

POL. ANTENNA CALIBRATION AT
PORT PORT CALIBRATION PORT
(MHz) ' ( dbm) (dbm) (db)
400 iJ! -38.3 -22.6 .7

e -38.3 -22.6 .7
6oo iJ! -43.1 -30.0 .1
e -43.2 -30.0 .2
800 iJ! -34.8 -24.0 10.8
8 -34.8 -24.0 10.8
1000 iJ! -28.8 -18.0 10.8
8 -28.8 -18.0 10.8
B. LOG-HELIX ANTENNA IN RECEIVE MODE
POWER IN TO EST. POWER IN TO EST. ADD. POWER

POL. REF. LEVEL AT REF. LEVEL AT FOR
ANTENNA PORT CALIBRATION PORT CALIBRATION PORT
(MHz) (dbm) (dbm) (db)
400 ~ -38.4 -22.1 .3
8 -38.4 -22.1 .3
600 ~ -42.8 -29.0 .8
e -42.8 -29.0 .8
800 iJ! -35.8 -24.1 11.7
e -35.8 -24.1 11.7
1000 iJ! -28.8 -18.0 10.8
e -28.8 -18.0 10.8
TABLE I. Antenna Port vs Calibration Port Ratio for Conical

Antenna with Series Injection Calibration Network.
28
Figure 15. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 1000 MHz as
Transmitting Antenna with Series Injection Calibration Network.
29
Figure 16. Antenna Patterns of Conical Log-Helix Antenna at 400 MHz as
Receiving Antenna with Series Injection Calibration Network.
30
These preliminary results indicate the possibility of integrating
a series injection calibration system into a conical log-helix antenna
structure. However, the results also indicate the need for considerably
more investigation and development in order to optimize the broad band-
width characteristics of the injection network, to develop a technique
for calibrating antennas in terms of field intensity incident on the
antenna versus calibrate input level and to determine the absolute
accuracy of the calibration system.
5. Antenna Loading
It is extremely important, particularly at lower frequencies,

that the size of the probe antenna be as small as possible so that the
dimensions of the hood can be maintained small relative to the enclosure
dimensions. Maintaining small hood dimensions is also important from
the standpoint of weight and cost, since the ferrite absorbing material
presently being used weighs approximately 9 pounds per square foot and
costs $100.00 per square foot.
A program was initiated to investigate the feasibility of reducing

the physical size of conical log-helix antennas by means of loading
with dielectric materials. The theory of the loading technique is based
on the fact that the phase velocity of the wave along the antenna is
a function of (~J.e)- / of the media surrounding the antenna, and hence,
1 2
if the antenna is immersed in a dielectric media having a high 1-1 and
e relative to air, the phase velocity of the wave on the antenna will
be slowed down and the "active region" of the antenna will be shifted
to a smaller part of the conical log-helix antenna. Thus, the entire
bandwidth of the broadband antenna is shifted to a lower frequency
range.
Carbonyl iron was selected as the dielectric material over ferrite

26
materials because previous work has shown that this material is not as
lossy as most of the ferrites over the frequency range of interest, 50
MHz to 500 MHz. This material has a 1-1. of approximately 5 and an e
of approximately 20. Thus:
1 l 1
= 10
~ /(5)(20)
r r
In an infinite medium of this material, the phase velocity, and hence,

the size of the antenna would be reduced by a factor of l/10.
Since it is not possible to obtain an inf'inite medium of the

loading material, a reduction factor of less than 1/10 must be expected
31
with this material. Results from a similar program, in which ferrite
materials are used for loading, indicate that a loaded to unloaded
reduction ratio of approximately
l
[ l
+~J t
+ e
can be expected wi th a solid core of loading material. Thus, with a

full core of carbonyl a reduction ratio of l/4 would be expected.
Results from this effort also indicate that partial core loading gives
approximately the same size reduction with a significant reduction in
weight and the amount of loading material required.
As a first attempt at dielectric loading, a 30-degree conical

helix antenna, as near as possible identical to the antenna described in
Quarterly Report No. 10, was coated with a mixture of carbonyl iron
particles suspended in an epoxy binder. Due to weight, amount of material,
and fabrication considerations, the thickness of the carbonyl iron
coating was limited to approximately one-eighth inch.
Subsequent measurements on this antenna indicated that this thin

coating did not significantly lower the operating frequency range of
the antenna; on the other hand, these measurements did not reveal any
degradation of the antenna characteristics as a result of the carbonyl
iron coating. The fact that this thin layer of loading did not produce
a significant downward shift in the operating frequency range was not
too surprising since the thickness of the dielectric loading was consider-
ably less than those which have proved successful in other applications.
The thickness of the carbonyl iron coating on the 30-degree log-

helix antenna was increased to approximately one-half inch and a series
of measurements was performed to evaluate the effect of the coating on
the characteristics of the antenna.
The measured gain of the log-helix antenna over the frequency

range from 200 to 1000 MHz, before the carbonyl iron coating was applied,
is shown in Figure The average gain over this range is shown to be
approximately -2 db relative to a half-wavelength dipole.
The gain of the same log-helix antenna after a one-half inch thick
coating of carbonyl iron particles wasapplied is shown in Figure 18.
The average gain of the coated antenna over the frequency range from
100 to 1000 MHz is shown to be approximately -11 db relative to a half-
wavelength dipole. Thus the addition of the carbonyl iron coating
reduced the of the log-helix antenna approximately 9 db. Comparing
the curves in Figures 17 and 18 reveals that the coating improved
+10
+5
w
.....J
200 400 600 800 1000
0
0...
~
0
Cl
N
...........
.-< -5 FREQUENCY-Me
0
1-
w
>
~
-10 HORIZONTALLY
1-
c:::c:
POLARIZED SOURCE
.....J
w
0:::: -15
z
~
c:::c:
C!l
-20
+10
....0
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w
+5
.....J
0
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200 400 600 800 1000
~
Cl 0
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...........
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w
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1-
c:::c:
-10 VERT I CALLY
.....J
w POLARIZED SOURCE
0::::
z
~
-15
c:::c:
C!l
-20
Figure 17. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
33
10
.c
-o
I 5
w
....J
0
0..
1-4
0 0
N
200 400 600 BOO 1000
...........
.-<
0
-5 FREQUENCY Me
1--
w
> HORIZONTALLY
1-4
-10
1--
c.t: POLARIZED SOURCE
....J
LJJ
a:::
z::
-15
1-4
c.t:
(.!)
-20
5
.c
-o
I
w 10
....J
0
0..
1-4
0
0
N
........... 200 400 600 BOO 1000
.-<
0
1-- -5 FREQUENCY Me
w
>
1-4
1--
c.t: -10 VERTICALLY
....J
w
a:::
z:: -15
1-4
c.t:
(.!)
-20
Figure 18. Gain of Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with

Carbonyl Iron Particles.
34
the low frequency gain relative to the midband gain and significantly
reduced the relative gain at the high frequency end. This could be
interpreted as an indication that the coating has shifted the operating
bandwidth of the antenna to a lower frequency range. On the other hand,
this change in the shape of the gain curve could be due to the loss
characteristic of the carbonyl iron material which increases with
frequency. In all probability the change in shape of the gain curve is
caused by a combination of these two factors.
The measured gain of the loaded log-helix antenna mounted in a

20 x 20 x 36 inch ferrite lined hood is shown in Figure 19. The
average gain of the hooded, loaded log-helix antenna over the frequency
range from 100 to 1000 MHz is shown to be approximately -12.5 db relative
to a half-wavelength dipole. Comparison of the gain curves in Figures
18 and 19 shows that the addition of the hood reduces the gain of the
antenna approximately 5 or 6 db in the low frequency range from 100
to 300 MHz, has very little effect on the gain in the midband range
from 400 to 700 MHz, and increases the gain l to 2 db in the high
frequency range from 700 to 900 MHz.
Antenna patterns of the 30-degree conical log-helix antenna loaded

wi th a one-half inch coating of carbonyl iron material, both hooded
and unhooded, are shown in Figures 20, 21 and 22. Comparison of the
patterns of the unhooded, loaded antenna wi th the patterns of the unloaded
antenna (Figures 6 and 7 in Quarterly Report No. 10) shows that the
patterns obtained from the loaded antenna are considerably less desirable
than the patterns obtained from the unloaded antenna over the frequency
range from 400 to 1000 MHz. In the frequency range from 600 to 1000 MHz,
there are indications of beam splitting in the patterns of the loaded
antenna. This appears to indicate that the carbonyl iron loading has
shifted the operating frequency range so that proper radiating regions
for these frequencies no longer exist on the loaded antenna structure.
The pattern obtained at 300 MHz with the loaded antenna is much superior
to the pattern obtained with the unloaded antenna at this frequency.
However, at 200 MHz, the pattern obtained from the loaded antenna
indicates that this frequency is below the frequency bandwidth of the
antenna. Thus it must be concluded that this particular loading did
not shift the entire frequency bandwidth of the antenna to a lower
frequency range. These results indicate that considerably more experi-
mentation is necessary in order to optimize the loading technique.
The patterns of the hooded, loaded antenna shown in Figures 20, 21

and 22 indicate that the patterns of the hooded, loaded antenna are
quite acceptable over the entire frequency range from 200 to 1000 MHz
even though the patterns of the basic or unhooded, loaded antenna are
completely unsatisfactory over most of this range.
Since it was apparent that considerably more experimentation with

loading techniques would be required, it was decided that smaller
35
10
...0 5
-o
I
_.
w
0 0
0..
1--1 200 400 600 BOO 1000
Cl
N FREQUENCY-GHz
.........
.-<
-5
0
1-
w -10
>
1--1
1-
c:(
d
0::::
-15
:z:
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~ -20 HORIZONTALLY
POLARIZED SOURCE
-25
10
...0
-o
5
I
_.
w
0
0..
0
1--1
Cl
200 400 600 BOO 1000
N
......... -5 FREQUENCY-GHz
.-<
0
1-
w
>
-10
1--1
1-
_.
c:(
w
0::::
-15
:z:
1--1
c:(
<.!' -20 VERTICALLY
POLARIZED SOURCE
-25
Figure 19. Gain of Hooded Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with

Carbonyl Iron Particles.
36
Figure 20. Antenna Patterns for Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded
with Carbonyl Iron Material, Hooded and Unhooded, at
800 and 1000 MHz.
37
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i\ 1 ~ 9 :
1 i \ :
I ! I ! ' J ' 1 I I .: -H I I I "/ I 1

L '! jl!l!
' -r:c: , 1i\'
I
,
j_ __j
,
-
,
!
:
!
, , ,
I
1 ;
i
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-1 11
I
-4-\-+-,+'1,_'4z:,: i \_,J
~- ~,:
',1 , l
f----1 i II, i , :
1 I
I :1 i i
'
1-
i
I - I ! : H' ---i- 1'--
-- f -1---1+1~-'- -t H+- +I' i

1
j 100 MHz
"""' : 2!i ' 1 I:: / --:-r--._;. UNHOOOE/0

1-----+'-cr--1 41 I "i ! I I i i i ! I ~
; : \-H I l 14 I : i : \
' li i_l ~L' ' I I 1':,

. 1!
i ' I
\ITt--1 y
-,L ;:
'' i-, I '
i'-i\ ... 1/
- : , , i- ,1 I
8
J - -~ i I ' j ' ' i i :
' : h: ~
r-----t+'_', ~~ I~ . I
1' : i 1
: ! , -
!
,_,
, , ,
i .. -
_ ~-'L:\ . _ I Li
Ii :
1-----j--:.---+...
f-1>:- ~-'- 1-r ,_ :lh- :\' : 1
-
iII
I
_, L .. Lf- 1
I i l: l i
r-----:-- -+~
i !
16 I I I i
~ +~ 1- +-+--- f ! i I ii : 1- I i i I I:l -~
+i r--r--- -+H~!~ l- +L- -t 1
! I
j~tJ+-- -+ '
RfTI +itH ++
-:.: l I i
-I ! -H+++-+---j+---++---~1+++-+-++--i'-H--r-l+
i
I I I
I
I
!
!
j
I I. I i f H-! -~- -+- i- j---:--+H++,+1-+-+-H-P+---t- !-11

' i ' i -t~~- I : I
-r 1- , ,---
+- -l+ii'
r--n-Tf"'fsT HHir--+-H+I
i
I i - 1
; ! ! t_j__
1--~---+a+r~-+--++~1-~~++++r-+~~~~-H
IL I 1- - - -,_i_- 'I
'I i
iJ .1 1 ' +-1-- ~+T~L i ,,
'I-- -~

200 and 300 MHz.
39
antennas should be utilized for this investigation in order to keep the
amount of dielectric material and fabrication effort required wi thin
reasonable limits. In addition, it was anticipated that the ability
to vary the thickness of the dielectric inside the helix would be
desirable. Thus it was decided that self-supporting antennas not
a center form would be required.
A conical log-helix antenna meeting these requirements was designed

and fabricated and is shown in 23. This antenna was designed to
cover the frequency range from 1 to 5 GHz and is approximately 7 1/2
inches long and 5 inches in diameter. The antenna is formed of solid
semi-flexible, 0.141 inch diameter coaxial cable (Precision
Tube Co. Part No. 1163Tl413-19) and is completely self-supporting. A
small circular hood, lined with ferrite absorbing material (Emerson
and Cuming Eccosorb NZ-1) was fabricated for use with this small antenna.
This hood was made 8 inches in diameter and 19 1/2 inches long. The
inside diameter (clearance inside the ferrite absorbing material) is
6 1/4 inches. 24 shows the small log-helix antenna mounted on
the end plate of the hood. Two views of the complete hood, wi th the
antenna mounted inside, are shown in Figure 25.
The measured of the small conical log-helix antenna, hooded and

unhooded, over the frequency range from 400 MHz to 4 GHz is shown in Figure
26. These gain curves show that the loss in gain due to the addition
of the hood varies from zero to 15 db in the frequency range from 1.2 to
4 GHz. Of particular interest is the sharp break in the gain curve for
the hooded antenna at 1.2 GHz and the rapid loss in gain below this
point. This indicates the possibility that a characteristic similar
to a waveguide-below-cutoff may be associated w'ith the hood at low
frequencies.
After the small conical log-helix antenna was evaluated, both

hooded and unhooded, a one-quarter inch thick core of carbonyl iron-epoxy
was inserted inside the conical log-helix structure and potted in position
wi th a coating of carbonyl iron-epoxy material over the core-antenna
structure combination.
The gain curves in 27 show the gain of the unhooded antenna

over the frequency range from 400 MHz to 4 GHz before and after loading
with the one-quarter inch thick carbonyl iron core. These gain curves
show that the loading caused a loss in gain of approximately 15 db over
the frequency range from 1 to 2.5 GHz. Below 1 GHz and between 2.5 and
3 GHz the loss in gain due to loading is considerably less. Above 3 GHz
the loading increases the of the antenna approximately 2 to 3 db.
During the evaluation of the small antenna, it was discovered that

the configuration shown in Figure 24, consisting of the log-helix antenna
mounted on the end plate of the hood (which actually is a 2 inch
hood), exhibited some very interesting characteristics. This configuration
40
Figure 23. Small Self-Supporting Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
Figure 24. Small Log-Helix Antenna Mo1mted in Short Hood.
41
Figure 25. Two Views of Hood for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
42
+10
..0
-o
I
I.J.J
...J
0
0
-10
--------------------------------
,...------ '' ~
~--,
~~
~-
~--- '~ ~-~ -~~

0...
.......
0 ~~--~
N
-..... -20 /
-< I
0
f-
/
I.J.J -30 I
>
....... /
f- /
<(
...J
-40 \ /
I.J.J
c::: \ ,~J --UNHOODED
z
:;:
<!J -50 '
\...,
---HOODED
-60
0 2 3 4
FREQUENCY -GHz
Figure 26. Gain of Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Hooded and Unhooded.
+10
..0
-o
0
I
I.J.J
...J
0
0...
-10
.......
0
N
-..... -20
-<
0
f-
I.J.J -30
>
.......
~
...J
LJ..I
c:::
-40
--UNPOTTED
z
:;: ---POTTED
<!J -50
-60
0 2 3 4
FREQUENCY-GHz
Figure 27. Gain of Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Potted and Unpotted.
43
and the characteristics are discussed in a later section.
28 show'S the measured of this configuration, with the
antenna loaded and unloaded, over the frequency range from 400 MHz
to 4 GHz.
The measured gain of the hooded antenna, both loaded

and unloaded is shown in 29. It is interesting to note that the
loss of gain in the midband (1.5 to 2.5 GHz) due to loading is
considerably less with the hooded antenna than with the unhooded antenna.
Also of interest is the fact that the increase in gain in the 3 to 4
GHz region due to is much with the hooded antenna.
Antenna patterns of the basic (unhooded and unloaded) small conical

log-helix antenna over the frequency range from 600 MHz to 6 GHz are
shown in Figures 30 and 31. In the patterns above 4 GHz there is evidence
of beam splitting indicating that these frequencies are above the operating
bandwidth of the antenna. The serious degradation in the pattern at
600 MHz indicates that this frequency is below the bandwidth of the
antenna.
After the small conical log-helix antenna was mounted on the end
plate of the small circular hood, the gain and pattern measurements
were to determine that the operation of the antenna was still
satisfactory before the hood was added. These measurements revealed that
the addition of the end did not significantly the gain of
the antenna s 26 and 28) but it did significantly improve the
in the frequency range from 600 to 1000 MHz. Tne results from
these measurements also indicated that possibly the end plate was pro-
viding a dielectric effect on the antenna, shifting the low
frequency limit to a lower frequency, since satisfactory patterns were
obtained at 400 and 600 MHz. The patterns of the log-conical antenna
mounted on the end plate of the hood (short hood) over the frequency
range from 400 to 1000 MHz are shown in Figure 32. Comparing Figures
31 and shows the significant improvement in the shape of the main beam,
sidelobe reduction and front-to-back ratio provided by the addition of
the short hood (end plate). These results indicate very definite
possibilities of significantly improving the pattern characteristics of
frequency independent antennas by the addition of a short hood.
Antenna patterns of the hooded small conical log-helix antenna

(before loading with carbonyl iron material) over the frequency range
from 600 MHz to 6 GHz are shown in 33 and 34. Evidence of beam
splitting is still apparent in the pattern at 6 GHz. However, the
remainder of the patterns are quite good and the significant improvement
in beam shape, sidelobe level and front-to-back ratio provided by the
hood is readily apparent.
Antenna patterns of the small log-helix antenna after it was loaded

with a l/4 inch thick core of carbonyl iron are shown in Figures and
44
+10
:g 0
I flllllllll- _ _ _ _ _ . . . .
LIJ
....J
~
.......
0
-10 \ , ,.------ _____ __. ..,-"""' ..,-
~
'"""'"\
-
N
'::<- -20
/ ~
0
1-
w
>
.......
1-
.::t:
....J
~ -40
z: - - LINPOTTED
:;:
(.!:! -50 ---POTTED
2 3 4
FREQUENCY-6Hz
Figure 28. Gain of Small Log-Helix Antenna with Short Hood, Potted
and Unpotted.
+10
..0
-o
LIJ
I
0 ,..~---- --- - _,..
,. ,.
..J
0 -10
0..
.......
,.
- ,. ,.
0
N
,.
,. ,
.-< -20
0
, ""'
1-
LIJ
> -30
.......
1- /
t
..J
w
0:::
~
-40 " - - UNPOTTED
t
(.!:!
-50 ---POTTED
-600 2 3 4
FREQUENCY-6Hz
Figure 29. Gain of Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Potted

and Unpotted.
45
LI 1 L J 1 I cL 1 1
_ L_ 1
LLJ 1
.~ . 1
_t: 'i I i.
~--
J I 11I ILil II LL I f l_ i I
' !I !,! ' [! IJJ ; ' _i I
'
h i i
[
i i f 4000 MHz 11 Ji 1 ![ 1: lj I I i I I f3000MHz
1 jl-:+ I., i II ! ., ~~~ i I I,, :'-~: h ilUk- :};-4): I:

i l Il- +- '+ :A I H t .+ i i I - }1lf . l \ lH l \L I
I l
~
I ! I
,,
i ! I
i
1
V
\-
'
I .j
1
j_ I
I !
I Ii !r:- 1i ~ __i1
I
II L
I I
1 I ~~-H c 'i i' ,, ~~-"~I!~'\ I 'l :1: j-! 1
:. tr.H -If h 1 1 r -H- : 1 ; ,. 1 ,. \ :,
Figure 30. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna at

3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 MHz.
46
Figure 31. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna at
600, 800, 1000 and 2000 MHz.
47
Figure Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna with
Short Hood at 4oo, 600, 800 and 1000 MHz.
48
Figure 33. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Hooded
at 3000, 4ooo, 5000 and 6ooo MHz.
49
Figure 34. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Antenna Hooded
at 600, Boo, 1000 and 2000 MHz.
50
Figure 35. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with
Carbonyl Iron Material at 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 MHz.
36. These patterns were made with the antenna unhooded and cover the
frequency range from 600 MHz to 4 GHz. The patterns show appreciable
distortion due to the loading. In the range from 2 to 4 GHz, the
patterns show serious beam splitting indicating that these frequencies
are above the operating range of the antenna, and in the range from
600 to 1000 MHz the patterns show a very poor front-to-back ratio
indicating that these frequencies are below the operating range of the
antenna. A good operating range for this antenna could not be located.
These results indicate that more investigation and experimentation will
be necessary before a satisfactory loading can be accomplished.
Antenna patterns of the hooded small log-helix antenna loaded wi th

carbonyl iron material are shown in Figures 37 and 38. These patterns
show that the improvement provided by the hood is sufficient to overcome
the degradation caused by the loading. Satisfactory patterns are
obtained over the entire frequency range from 400 MHz to 4 GHz.
The measured VSWR of the small conical log-helix antenna (unhooded,

hooded, loaded unhooded and loaded hooded) over the frequency range
from l to 6 GHz are shown in Figures 39-42. These curves show that
both loading and hooding significantly improve the VSWR characteristics
of the antenna at the low and high ends of the frequency range.
- IllI L .. II _I TT T~ f -~ -1 l.j.. i . :~
I, T ~
I
I 1 1 , I 1 f 600 HHz
, H - l+i- +-
1
~Hi i-H~ Iii-,-+

. -H - I I t- ' 1T I ~" j I I
!ri~ r;:-H H---:---, I I Li lTry :~/~i

~- --- -- -~L lrl-~- !.,~. --f .ii
;T \'\: j' :---
u
1 i I" I i ' I . i ' I
l \tt[+ i j
: [ : I [fJ : -1 '=j -I i\ : i : I
l1 ,-l~-i~iliifHil' 1 11-'-H-+-- 1
! +~~~~ i
1
1 i rr
h+-H fJ --jr I I ll-11 i I I ~I- f 11 i rl_lli H
H ~ - J1 ~-1
I [lJI
1- --1 + -!Ti --1 i\1 ~ ~+
i I I i I I I
! li
I
1 : I -,- 'tJJ -1
I
l :-r T ' r I I I
I '
I - I
I
rT
I I
1i
It Iif -,-~J 1~ 1~ -p ~ -H H ~ 1-: 11- r ! I-
Ht---1- .i' f-l1j.J.!irr
~ u 1lf.-J.L r-: :I - 1
11:. 11
R+ ,~j_ !1 ,
1
1 1 , , ,
i 1
1
tl1
1! 1 1
1'. ' i I
! +
,
ri~1~
I
I ~ i- H H:I
4
f lj IF 1 - r
:I
1+
'
-
611
I
I
li - -
I
I;
I' :I'''
j +t ~ ~,
I
+1-+ '. '
! f ' !
i ! I
r-f;-H
''
: tI -IT ! ; 1- t T-- - l i :i +1-ti

1--- ! I
i
!: i ' i _L'
I
I f- _;
I
~~ lI'
'; --11- I
.:......ll~ ' i . I
I -;T-:-[
I' !I
Ill
j lj I lj
I
- ~-!
'I
-' i
I
!,. fl+
I I T
I 1-- !-I +---W..:--i
' '
iiI ::III'
I'
1~--~Hiil;L
I I 1;-
Figure 36. Antenna Patterns for Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded with
Carbonyl Iron Material at 600 and 800 MHz.
52
Figure 37. Antenna Patterns for Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded
with Carbonyl Iron Material at 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 MHz.
53
38. Antenna Patterns for Hooded Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna Loaded
with Carbonyl Iron Material at 400, 500, 600 and 800 MHz.
54
10
0::: 6
3:
V')
::> 5
2 3 4 5 6
FREQUENCY-GHz
Figure 39. VSWR of the Small Conical Log-Helix Antenna.
10
0:::
6
3
V')
::> 5
FREQUENCY-GHz
Figure 40. VSWR of Hooded Conical ~og-Helix Antenna.
55
6
0:::
4
3
V)
> 3
1 2 3 4 5 6
FREQUENCY-GHz
Figure 41. VSWR of Potted Small Log-Helix Antenna.
0:::
4
3
V)
> 3
2 3 4 5 6
FREQUENCY-GHz
Figure 42. VSWR of Potted Small Log-Helix Antenna Hooded.

II. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Methods for measuring and processing the interference characteristics

of communication equipments operating in the l to 10 GHz frequency range
have been developed and evaluated. These techniques and procedures have
6
been presented in Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 10, and it is recommended
that they be considered for possible incorpo:ration into military standards
and specifications concerned wi th the measurement of interference
characteristics.
Limitations of pre available test equipment and techniques

for improving the interference characteristics of communication equip-
ments were also presented in :Nfanuscript of Catalogue, Volume 10. It
is recommended that this information be given consideration for
possible action.
The studies of mixer interference characteristics during the early

phases of this program pointed out the need for considerably more
investigation in this area. A separate program
28has subsequently
been initiated and this effort is presently being continued.
A hooded antenna measurement technique has been developed as a

means for measuring the electromagnetic near--field emission and suscepti-
bility characteristics of military communication equipment in conven-
tional shielded enclosures. The hooded antenna technique has been
evaluated over the frequency range from 50 Mliz to 10 GHz, and results
from this evaluation indicate that satisfactory measurements, exhibiting
very good correlation w"ith measurements made in the open-field, are
possible over this frequency range.
Several experimental hooded antennas operating over the frequency

range from 200 MHz to 10 GHz have been fabricated and evaluated.
A series injection calibration technique has been investigated for

use with the hooded antenna. The results from a preliminary evaluation
indicate the compatibility of this calibration technique with the conical
log-helix antenna and establish the need for additional investigation
in order to determine the feasibility of maki.ng the calibration system
an integral part of a hooded antenna.
It is recommended that operational hooded antennas covering the

frequency range from 50 MHz to l2"GHz be developed. The development
of these operational hooded antennas should include the optimization of
the bandwidth and calibration characteristics. of the antenna configurations.
57
Specific measurement procedures, utilizing the operational hooded
antennas, should also be developed. The procedures and hooded antennas
developed should be validated by making case emission and susceptibility
measurements, both in a shielded enclosure and in the open-field, and
demonstrating the degree of correlation between the two sets of measure-
ments.
58
IIIo LITERATURE CITED
1. E. W. Wood, et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference Characteristics-

Cormnunication Type," Quarterly Report No.1, (Confidential), Contract
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (June 1963), AD-340 291.
2. R. D. Trarmnell, Jr., et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference

Characteristics-Cormnunication Type," Quarterly Report No.2, Contract
DA 36-039 AMC-02294 ), Georgia Tech, (September 1963), AD-423 645.
3. C. W. Stuckey, et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference Character-

istics-Cormnunication Type, 11 Quarterly Report No. 3, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (December 1963), AD-433 705.
4. 0. H. Ogburn, et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference Character-

istics-Cormnunication Type," Quarterly Report No.4, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (March 1964), AD-439 503.
5. C. W. Stuckey, et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference Character-

istics-Communication Type," Quarterly Report No. 5, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (August 1964.), AD-448 299.
6. C. W. Stuckey and E. W. Wood, "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 10,

Methods for Measuring and Processing the Interference Characteristics
of Communications Equipments Operating in the l to 10 kMc Frequency
Range," Electronic Equipment Interference Characteristics-Communica-
tion Type, Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (15 July
1964), AD-469
7. W. 1. Reagh, et al., "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 400, Inter-

ference Characteristics of Radio Sets AN/TRC-29 and AN/TCC- , "
Electronic Equipment Interference Characteristics-Communication Type,
Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (15 July 1964),
(Secret), AD-354 7981.
8. J. G. Doster, et al., "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 401, Inter-

ference Characteristics of Radio Set AN/GRC-50, 11 Electronic Equipment
Interference Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (15 July 196~), (Confidential), AD-353 0501.
9. N. T. Huddleston and E. W. Wood, "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 402,

Interference Characteristics of Radio Set AN/FRC-34," Electronic
Equipment Interference Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (15 July 1964), (Secret),
AD-344 0541.
59
10. R. N. Bailey, et al., "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 5, Inter-
ference Characteristics, Interference ssion, and Compatible
Selection," Electronic Equipment Interference Character-
istics-Communication Type, Contract DA 36-039 sc-87183, Georgia Tech,
(26 October 1961), AD-274 050.
11. "Military Standard Radio Frequency Characteristics,

Measurement Of," MIL-STD-449A, (24 October 1961), MIL-STD-449C,
1, (l March 1965).
12. S. P. Lenoir, et al., "Manuscript of , Volume 6, Mutual

Interference Chart Constructor Program," Electronic Equi'pment
Interference Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract DA 36-039
sc-87183, Georgia Tech, (20 July 1962), AD-286 713.
13. R. N. et al., ":Manuscript of , Volume 7, Computer

Reduction of Laboratory Data for Input to MIC Construction and Fre-
quency Selection Programs," Electronic Equipment Interference
Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract DA 36-039 sc-87183,
Georgia Tech, (9 January 1963).
14. C. W. Stuckey, et al., "Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 8, A Computer

for the Selection of Compatible Frequencies for Communica-
tions Equipment Lash-Ups, " Electronic Equipment Interference
Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract DA 36-039 sc-87183,
Georgia Tech, (ll January 1963), AD-296 945.
15. "Mutual Interference Chart (I:v1IC) (AN/VRC-12 Transmitter and AN/PRC-25

Receiver)," Submitted to the Electromagnetic Environment Division,
( April 1964) .
16. "Lash-Up Output Data (AN/VRC-12 and AN/PRC-25 Equipments," Submitted

to the Electromagnetic Environment Division, (15 April 1964).
17. R. D. Jr., et al., "Manuscript of , Volume 11,

Mixer Interference Characteristics," Electronic E ui ment Interference
Characteristics-Communication Type, Contract DA 3 -039 AMC-0229 E
Georgia Tech, (15 August 1964), AD-469 168.
18. W. R. Free, et al., uElectronic Equipment Interference Characteristics-

Communication Type," Quarterly Report No. 6, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (November 1964), 192.
19. W. R. Free, et al., "Electronic Equipment Interference Characteristics-

Communication Type, u Quarterly Report No. 7, Contract DA 36-039
AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (February 1965), AD-614 803.
20. W. R. Free and C. W. Stuckey, uElectronic Interference

Characteristics-Communication Type, u Quarterly No. 8, Contract
DA AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (May 1965), AD-618 722.
60
21. W. R. Free and C. W. Stuckey, "Electronic Eq_uipment Interference
Characteristics-Communication Type," Quarterly Report No. 9,
Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (October 1965).
22. W. R. Free and B. M. Jenkins, "Electronic Eq_uipment Interference

Characteristics-Communication Type, n Quarterly Report No. 10,
Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E), Georgia Tech, (February 1966).
23. E. F. Buckley, "Outline of Evaluation Procedures for Microwave

Anechoic Chambers," Microwave Journal, (August 1963), pp. 69-75.
24. E. C. Jordan, et al., "Developments in Broadband Antennas,"

IEEE Spectrum, (April 1964), pp. 58-71.
25. R. S. Elliott, "A View of Freq_uency Independent A11tennas,"

Microwave Journal, (December 1962), pp. 61-68.
26. W. B. Warren, et al., "RFI Applications of Dielectric Materials,"

Technical Report No. RADC-TR-65-466, Contract No. AF 30(602)-3282,
Georgia Tech, (December 1965).
27. J. A. M. Lyon, et al., "Ferrite-loading Effects on Helical and

Spiral Antennas," Abstracts of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium -
USAF Antenna Research and Development Program, University of
Michigan Radiation Laboratory, EE, Ann Arbor, Michigan, (October
1965).
11
28. Study of Receiver Mixer Characteristics," Contract DA 38-043
AMC-Ol426(E), Department of the Army, U. S. Army Electronics
Command, Fort Monmouth, New Jersey.
61
IV. SUMMARY OF PlffiLICATIONS UNDER CONTRACT DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)
This section contains a summary of the 24 reports, manuscripts of

catalogue, and papers published under Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E).
In addition to the above, 23 monthly letter type reports vlere submitted
to the U. S. Army Electronics Command, Fort MOnmouth, Ne~ Jersey.
A. Quarterly Reports
l. Report No. 22, Quarterly Report No. 1, 15 February 1963 to

15 May 1963, (Confidential), AD-340 291.
:Many useful spectrum signature measuring techniques were

developed for the AN/GRC-50, AN/TRC-29, and AN/TCC-13 communications
sets.
A modified General Electronics Laboratories speech system test

set was used to evaluate the degree of degradation of speech
intelligibility in radio relay communications systems when they are
subjected to CW and ICW interference.
The effects of injected harmonics on three different diode mixers

are analyzed.
2. Report No. 23, Quarterly Report No. 2, 15 :May 1963 to 15

August 1963, (Unclassified), AD-423 645.
This report contains qualitative common channel interference

tests made on a w'ideband FM system. The effect of simultaneous reception
of two signals on the intelligibility of the desired signal is reported.
Two-path interference tests were initiated on a radio relay system

with time-division multiplex. PCI (a measure of intelligibility) as
a function of relative phase angles, for a delay of 0.25 ~sec, indicates
that this is not a sufficient delay to cause significant degradation
in intelligibility.
Equipment limitations and the inherent errors of the prediction

technique are examined for possible sources of mixer prediction errors.
Error-density data for fourteen diode mixer tests indicate that test
equipment can produce significant errors under certain conditions of
mixer operation.
3. Report No. 24, Quarterly Report No. 3, 15 August 1963 to
15 November 1963, (Unclassified), AD-433 705.
The effects of multipath interference on PCI in an FM time-

division multiplex system are reported. Measurements indicated that
degradation in intelligibility -v.rill exist in an FM/TDM system when
multipath signals of equal strength are received over paths which
differ in length by as little as 0.15 mile (0.8 ~sec delay). The
FM/TDM system is shown to be more vulnerable to multipath interference
than wideband FM.
The prediction of mixer spurious response levels, with various

operating conditions, is compared with experimental results. Several
improvements in the design of radio receivers, to reduce interference,
are suggested.
A simplified Pascal triangle method of obtaining the coefficients of

the approximating polynomial for the transfer characteristics of a mixer
is described.
4. Report No. 25, Quarterly Report No. 4, 15 November 1963 to

15 February 1964, (Unclassified), AD-439 503.
Techniques for deriving spectrum signatures of U. S. Army

microwave communications receivers are outlined. The importance of the
receiver preselector in a receiver evaluation study is emphasized.
Common pitfalls in test procedures are discussed and alternate test
methods are presented.
A finite Fourier series model of a mixer characteristic is developed,

and calculated harmonic levels based on the mathematical model are shown
to approximate the corresponding measured levels from a simple diode
mixer. MOdifications of the model to make it more closely approximate
actual diode nonlinearities are considered. Mixer theory for a vacuum
tube triode mixer is discussed. Data from a 6J4 triode mixer, when
compared to predictions based on an extension of the diode mixer model,
indicate that the model is valid.
5. Report No. 26, Quarterly Report No. 5, 15 February 1964 to

15 July 1964, (Unclassified), AD-448 299.
Interference effects in multi~lexed FM, with pulse code

modulation, are reported. The PCM messages were simulated by modulating
a transmitter with a square wave signal at the pulse repetition frequency
of the multiplexer. The transmitter signal was conducted to a receiver,
demodulated, and compared with the modulating signal. Error rate was
determined by a count over a one second interval of incorrectly received
64
pulses. Per cent error rates versus CW, AM and FM interfering signal
powers (normalized to the desired signal power) are plotted. Parameters
for the twenty-five experiments were (l) frequency separation between
desired and interfering signals and (2) desired signal power level,
A detailed study was made of a cavity crystal mixer receiver.

Techniques were developed for calculating predicted levels of the
spurious response and intermodulation characteristics. The prediction
calculations were based on a set of measurements which included (l)
preselector passband characteristics (2) signal-to-local oscillator
power ratio required for a standard response (3) receiver sensitivity,
and (4) the set of local oscillator harmonics generated in the mixer.
The predicted characteristic, as calculated for a typical military

receiver, was compared to the measured spectrum signature.
Predicted and measured responses agreed wi thin an error range which

was about the same as the range of spectrum signature data on receivers
of a given type. As an example of the accuracy of the method, inter-
fering signal levels for third order intermodulation were predicted
wi thin 9 db.
A sunnnary of fifteen reports and papers published between 15

February 1963 and 15 July 1964 is included in this Fifth Quarterly
Report.
6. Report No. 27, Quarterly Report No. 6, 15 July 1964 to 15

October 1964, (Unclassified), AD-456 192.
Investigations to extend the determination of the interference

characteristics of U. S. Army communication equipment to include the
near-field emission and susceptibility characteristics were initiated.
The objectives of these investigations were (l) the determination

of the most economical and practical means for establishing a con-
trolled electromagnetic environment for measuring near-field radiated
and (2) development of techniques for measuring near-field radiated
wi th ''open-field 11 measurements.
A literature survey covering .(1) anechoic chamber techniques, (2)

measurement techniques for evaluating anechoie chambers, (3) absorbing
materials, (4) measurement techniques for near-field radiation and sus-
ceptibility interference characteristics, and (5) test antenna and near-
field probe techniques was conducted. Over 200 references pertinent to
these areas were located, analyzed and abstracted.
An investigation of state-of-the-art anechoic chamber techniques,
chamber evaluation techniques, and absorbing materials was initiated.
The preliminary results from this investigation are included in the
report.
An investigation to determine the problems associated W'ith near-

field measurements, and to develop adequate techniques and procedures
for measuring the near-field radiated and susceptibility characteristics
of electronic equipments, both in the open-field and in shielded enclosures,
was also initiated, and the preliminary results are reported.
7. Report No. 28, Quarterly Report No. 7, 15 October 1964 to

15 January 1965, (Unclassified), AD-614 803.
An investigation to evaluate a measurement technique, in W'hich

the test antenna is shielded in all but the desired direction by means
of a metal hood lined W'ith absorbing material, is described. The
development of a broadband balun and antenna for use in this technique
is included.
The fabrication of model shielded enclosures and their use in

evaluating enclosure shaping factors, absorbing materials, and absorbing
material placements within shielded enclosures are described.
8. Report No. 29, Quarterly Report No. 8, 15 January 1965 to

15 April 1965, (Unclassified), AD-618 722.
Twu techniques, the Hooded Antenna Technique and a Paraboloidal-

Section Shaped Enclosure, which show considerable promise as means of
obtaining a controlled environment, are discussed in detail.
A model of a conventional shielded enclosure was evaluated to provide

a reference for evaluating the hooded antenna technique and the para-
boloidal-section enclosure. The model enclosure was also utilized to
evaluate absorbing materials and the placement of absorbing materials in
a conventional shielded enclosure. A description of the antenna coupling
technique utilized in these evaluations, as well as the data resulting
from these evaluations are discussed.
An annotated bibliography covering (1) anechoic chamber techniques,

(2) measurement techniques for evaluating anechoic and shielded chambers,
(3) absorbing materials, (4) measurement techniques for near-field
radiation and susceptibility interference characteristics, and (5)
near-field test antenna and probe techniques is included as an appendix
to this report.
66
9. Report No. 30, Quarterly Report No. 9, l May 1965 to 31
September 1965, (Unclassified).
The major emphasis during this period was on the development

for use in measurements of the interference eharacteristics of communica-
tion equipment in shielded enclosures.
The de fabrication, and evaluation of (1) a conical log-helix

antenna, (2) a circularly-polarized log-periodic antenna, (3) a crossed
bow-tie antenna, and (4) a hooded antenna are discussed. These antennas
were designed to operate in the 200 MHz to 1000 MHz range. Techniques
for extending the use of these antennas to lower frequencies are
discussed.
10. Report No. 31, Quarterly Report No. 10, l October 1965 to
31 December 1965, (Unclassified).
The hooded antenna technique, which show-s considerable promise

in screen-room antenna measurements, w-as studied further. A conical log-
helix antenna was evaluated and found to be suitable for case radiation
and susceptibility measurements in a shielded enclosure. A "short"
crossed bow-tie antenna was also indicated as usable. The gain, antenna
pattern, and circular-polarization characteristics of these antennas
were evaluated over the frequency range from 400 IvlHz to 1000 MHz with the
antennas operating unhooded and in an antenna hood. An investigation
to extend the operation to lower frequencies) by loading the antenna
with carbonyl iron, was initiated. In addition, a short dipole antenna,
incorporating transistor emitter-followers for impedance matching, was
developed for evaluating the antenna hood at lower frequencies.
A study program to better define the problems associated wi th

near-field measurements was continued during this reporting period.
B. Manuscripts of Catalogue
1. Manuscript of Catalogue, Volume 9, '~ Second Radio Frequency

Interference Bibliography, With Abstracts," l December 1963,
(Unclassified), AD-430 549.
This bibliography contains over titles, summaries, and

abstracts of works related to radi'o frequency interference and electro-
magnetic compatibility, published during the period January 1960 to
June 1963.
It is a continuation of the materials contained in the first

general RFI bibliography published first under Contract DA 36-039 sc-74855,
3. "Mutual Interference Chart (MIC) and lash-Up Exercise,"
submitted to the Electromagnetic Environment Division, USAEL,
24 April 1964, (Unclassified).
This report contains a summary of an exercise performed at

Georgia Tech to demonstrate how Mutual Interference Charts, or the lash-
Up program, can be used to assign channels for compatible operation of
AN/VRC-12 and AN/PRC-25 equipments operating in close proximity.
Limitations and comments of the programs are discussed. This exercise
demonstrated the flexibility of the lash-up program as it appears in
Volume 8, Manuscript of Catalogue. Because of its modular construction,
it is only necessary to add library procedures to this program to accomplish
other equipment lash-up tasks.
This exercise raised questions about the use of measured spectrwn

signature data. For close proximity EMC applications, it is felt that
adequate spectrum signature tests are not being conducted on receivers
to determine effects of strong signals on (l) spurious response genera-
tion, (2) two-signal (adjacent channel) selectivity, and (3) RF
selectivity. In addition, improved methods for measuring and identifying
the spectrwn output from frequency synthesizer type transmitters are
needed.
D. Papers
l. "The Behavior of Nonlinear Mixing," Proceedings of the Ninth

Tri-Service Conference on EMC, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 59-81,
October 1963, (Unclassified).
This paper discussed the formation of spurious products and

presents methods for the prediction of spurious responses in a mixer.
The effects of harmonics of the injected local oscillator, and
harmonics of the input signal, are analyzed.
2. "The Effect of Multipath Interference on the Intelligibility

of Speech Transmitted Over an FM System Employing Time
Division Multiplexing, 11 1964 IEEE International Convention
Record, Volume 12, Part 6, pp. 305-319, New York, N. Y.,
23-26 March 1964, (Unclassified).
This paper reports the results of two-path interference tests

on a typical FM system which utilizes TDM. The variable parameters
of the test configuration used were the delay time between paths or path
length difference, the relative power levels between paths, the absolute
power level or receiver quieting, and the relative phase angle between
paths. The audio output S/N ratio was measured under various test
70
conditions and used to predict the intelligibility of received isolated
monosyllabic wDrds. It was found that the video distortion produced
was primarily assignable to the following causes:
(l) limited noise due to absence of the carrier,
(2) noise produced by amplitude modulation due to lack of effective

limiting action at low signal levels, and
(3) phase modulation of the direct signal by the delay signal.
The distorted video signal produced random gating in the demultiplexer,

resulting in the generation of random noise at the audio output.
It was found that at approximately equal relative power levels, the

predicted intelligibility fell to zero for a delay of 0;8 ~sec at
absolute power levels corresponding to 35 db or less of receiver quieting.
In general, the data indicate that degradation in the intelligibility
of transmitted speech can be expected from the effects of multipath
interference on this system for path length differences of a few tenths
of a mile.
3. "The Hooded Antenna: An Approach to Meaningful Field Strength

Measurements in Shielded Enclosures," IEEE Transactions on
Electromagnetic Compatibility, Volume EMC-6, No. 4, pp. 360-
367, December 1965.
A technique is described for significantly reducing the effect
of multipath interference on field strength measurements made in con-
ventional shielded enclosures by hooding the receiving antenna. Field
strength measurements in a shielded enclosure and corresponding measure-
ments in the open field were made at frequencies from 1 to 6 GHz/s with
and W'ithout an antenna hood. It was found that when the appropriate
insertion loss constants are applied to the hooded antenna data taken
in a shielded enclosure, the agreement betwBen these data and the data
from the same experiments performed in the open field without a hood
is excellent.
Principal advantages of the hooded antenna over anechoic chambers

include reduced cost, reduced inside space requirements for absorbing
material, and applicability of use in most existing shielded enclosures.
4. "Application of the Hooded Antenna Technique to Antenna

Pattern Measurements in a Shielded Enclosure," to be
published in Microwave Journal.
Standing waves and enclosure resonances make antenna pattern

measurements susceptible to minor changes of equipment or personnel
positions in shielded enclosures; anechoic chambers are expensive; open-
field measurements are subject to ambient interferences. When the
antenna is shielded in all but a desired direction by a metal
hood lined wi th absorbing material, field patterns can be made in a
conventional shielded enclosure.
5. "A Method for Determining Mixer Spurious Response Rejection,"

accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic
Compatibility.
In this paper, a technique for the prediction of rejection to

spurious response generation in singularly nonlinear mixers is developed.
The prediction technique utilizes sample response measurements and the
signal-to-local-oscillator power ratio to determine the level of rejection
for any response whose order is included in the sample measurements.
Calculation procedures and data requirements are discussed. The statistical
evaluation of prediction error is presented for a large population of
datum points.
72
(Security claasllicatlon ol title, body ol abstract and indexing annotation must be entered when the overall report ie claeeilied)
1. O~IGINATIN G ACTIVI"!"Y (Corporate author) 2a. REPORT SEC URI TV C L.ASSIFICA TION
Unclassified
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 2 b. CROUP
3. REPORT TlTL E
4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type ol report and Inclusive dates)
Final Report, Februa.ry 1963 to April 1966

5. AUTHOR(S) (Lat~t name. first name, initial)
Free, William R., Jenkins, Bernard M., and Robinette, Spurgeon L.

6. REPORT DATE ?a. TOTAL. NO. OF PAGES
July 1966 72
-Sa. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. 9a. ORIGIN A TOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S)
DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)
b. PRO.JEC T NO. A-678 - F
lE6-2050l-D-449
c. 9b. OTHER REPORT NO(S) (Any other numbers that may be aaallb'led
this report)
d. ECOM-02294-F
1 O. AVAIL AlliLITY /LIMITATION NOTICES

Communications Fort Monmouth, New Jersey AMSEL-RD-GF
tl.ABSTRACTThis report summarizes the accomplishments of a thirty-six month pro-

gram to develop methods for measuring those characteristics of communication
equipment which are necessary to predict and minimize electromagnetic interference.
During the first half of the program, emphasis was given to problems associated
with the measurement of interference characteristics of U. S. Army communication
equipments operating in the l to 10 GHz region. During the last half of the pro-
gram, attention was turned to the measurement of case emission and susceptibility
characteristics of equipments located in shielded enclosures. The activities
and results obtained during the final quarter are reported in some detail.
The spectrum signatures of four communication systems (AN/GRC-50, AN/TRC-29,
AN/TCC-13 and AN/FRC-34) were measured and recorded in a format suitable for
processing by computer. In a demonstration problem on a Burroughs B220 Computer,
interference-free channel assignments were derived for two transmitter-receiver
sets operating in close proximity. The effect of multipath interference in a
typical FM system with time division multiplexir~ was assessed.
Studies of mixer interference characteristi.cs led to the development of a
general mathematical model, which can be used to predict the generation of
spurious responses from specific solid state or vacuum tube mixers.
A hooded antenna measurement technique has been developed as a means for
measuring the electromagnetic near-field emission and susceptibility character-
istics of military communication equipment in conventional shielded enclosures.
DO FORM
1 .JAN 64 1473
KEY WOAOS ROLE WT ROLE WT ROLE WT
1'adio Frequency Interference

Spectrum Signature Measurements
Near-Field Emission and Susceptibility Measurement
Interference Prediction
Hooded Antenna
Shielded Enclosure
Material
Independent Antennas
INSTRUCTIONS
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ATTN: DOO-IRS, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
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.I :. rBY : AND R. Walsh

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.

ELECTRONIC EQUIFMENT INTERFERENCE

- t W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY, R. D. TRAMMELL, JR.,

Contract DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)

15 July 1964 to 15 October 1964

Engineering Experiment Station

ELECTRONIC EQUIIMENT INTERFERENCE

W. R. FREE, C. W. STUCKEY, R. D. TRAMMELL, JR.,

CONTRACT NO. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E)

The object of this research program is to conduct a comprehensive investigation

15 July 1964 to 15 October 1964

This report was prepared at the Georgia Tech Engineering Experiment

~ Station on Contract No. DA 36-039 AMC-02294(E). The report covers the

~ activity ana results of the sixth quarter's effort on a project to conduct

a feasibility study and investigation to detennine methods for measuring

the interference characteristics (spectrum signature) of U. S. Army comm-

unications equipment deemed necessary for the prediction and minimization

III . PUBLICATIONS, LECTURES, REFORTS, .AND CONFERENCES 4

This report contains 34 pages.

2. Test Set-up For Screen Room Measurements 12

4. Antennas Centered in Dimension of Screen

7. Relative Response of Two Short Dipoles and a

9. Paraboloid With Reflected Rays 21

10. Ellipsoidal-Section Enclosure . . 23

I. RESONANT FREQUENCIES FOR 8' x 8' x 12' ENCLOSURE .

II. FIELD STRENGTH AT THREE DISTANCES FROM A RADIATING

The purpose of this project is to conduct a feasibility study and in-

vestigation to determine methods for measuring the interference character-

istics (spectrum signature) of U. S. Army communications equipment deemed

necessary for the prediction and minimizing of electromagnetic interference.

ful in determining optimum characteristics for communications equipments

operating in prescribed interference environments is also included in the

I. The development of tests and procedures for the evaluation of the

interference susceptibility and emanation characteristics of communications

II. The use of computer techniques for processing measured inter-

ference data to produce outputs useful in interference prediction and

During the period covered by this report, investigations to extend

the determination of the interference characteristics of U. S. Army

communication equipment to include the near-field emission and suscept-

ibility characteristics have been initiated.

The objectives of these investigations are (1) the determination of

the most economical and practical means for establishing a controlled

electromagnetic environment for measuring near-field radiated and suscept-

ibility interference characteristics of electronic equipments and (2)

development of measurement techniques for measuring near-field radiated

and susceptibility interference characteristics of electronic equipments

in the above controlled electromagnetic environment which can be correlated

with "open-field 11 measurements.

A literature survey covering (1) anechoic chamber techniques, (2)

measurement techniques for evaluating anechoic chambers, (3) absorbing

materials, (4) measurement techniques for near-field radiation and sus-

ceptibility interference characteristics, and (5) test antenna and near-

analyzed and abstracted.

An investigation of state-of-the-art anechoic chamber techniques, chamber

evaluation techniques, and absorbing materials was initiated. The pre-

liminary results from this investigation are included.

An investigation to determine the problems associated with near-field

measurements, and to develop adequate techniques and procedures for measuring

the near-field radiated and susceptibility characteristics of electronic

being conducted. The preliminary results of this investigation are also

Mr. E. E. Donaldson attended a meeting at the Electromagnetic Com-

Mr. W. R. Free attended a meeting at NANEP, Webster Field, Maryland,

consider changes for revising MIL-STD-449B.