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This law is related to maturation. It also states Based on the law of primacy, students retain
that other things being equal when the individual is information they learn for the first time longer than
ready to act, to do so is satisfying, and not to do so is they retain information they must relearn.
annoying
7. Forgetting
2. Law of Exercise
Is the difference between what we have learned
This involves the strengthening of connections and what we have retained.
with practice. The law has two aspects called use and
disuse. FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING
-childrens knowledge, ideas, attitudes, and This is the kind of thinking involves extraordinary,
values develop through interaction with others. instead of conventional solutions. The important bases
of creative solution-making is imagination.
-major factor in learning is language.
MEMORY AND FORGETTING
-Language does not only provide a means for
expressing ideas and asking questions but it also What is MEMORY?
provides the categories and concepts for thinking.
- is a term used to label the way facts and past
TYPES OF THINKING experiences are impressed, retained and later recalled.
What was your lesson in Psychology with Maam Silva 1. Disuse or Fading Theory
last Friday?
With the passage of time, the normal metabolic
2. Semantic Memory processes of the brain cause fading or decay of the
memory trace which results to learned material
This contains generalized knowledge of the world that disintegrates and disappears altogether.
does not involve memory of a specific event.
2. Theory of Interference
Example:
This theory suggests that the new and old learning
How do you define languge? compete or interfere with each other so that the ability
3. Procedural Memory to retain or remember both, is limited.
This involves how to do things. This is also called as skill Two Types of Interference
memory. It is consists of a complicated sequence of
a. Retroactive Inhibitation
movements that cannot be described adequately in
words. b. Proactive Inhibitation
How do you start a computer? In this theory, some events are unable to recall in the
past because of the absence of the appropriate stimuli.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMORY Then suddenly, we are able to recall the same event
1. Sensory Memory because of a particular color, name or other stimuli.
This is the first stage of processing wherein information 4. Obliteration of the Memory Trace
from the senses sight, hearing, smelling is held in the The fourth cause of forgetting is the obliteration of
sensory register for a fraction of a second. memory trace because of certain conditions other than
2. Short-term Memory time. One is the effect of emotional shock. In this
theory, the engram is disrupted before consolidation has
This is the second stage of processing. If the information taken place.
in sensory memory is perceived, then it can enter this
stage but the information will disappear in twenty 5. Motivated or Repressive Forgetting
seconds if not put in use. This occurs without any effort of an individual.
3. Long-term Memory Repression is the unconscious process of excluding
unwanted thoughts from awareness. Motivated
If the information in short-term memory is further forgetting is evident when we try to forget an
processed, it may be encoded into long-term memory, unpleasant experience but are not completely
where it may stay indefinitely. successful.
d. Traumatic experiences during childhood may - refers to the variations in the ability to learn, to
enter consciousness years later. get along in society, and behave according to
contemporary social expectations
STRATEGIES TO IMPROVE MEMORY
- used in attempts to evaluate and measure
1. Metamemory actual or potential ability to perform selected task by
complex learning and thinking
This refers to the knowledge about how ones own
memory works. KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTS
These are strategies for placing information in an -Appear like a game or informal talk
organized context in order to remember it. These -Items were based on minimum essentials in
incorporate visual and verbal forms of elaboration every school child presumably had been exposed to or
processing ensuring their effectiveness. things the child should be able to pick up from everyday
Devices: experience
- is the capacity to understand oneself and - spend their lives in institution that provides custodial
ones thoughts and feelings, and to use such knowledge care, not capable of true interaction
in planning and directioning ones life. Intra-personal INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT (IQ)
intelligence involves not only an appreciation of the self,
but also of the human condition. These young adults What is Intelligence Quotient ?
may be shy. They are very aware of their own feelings
- Intelligence Quotient (IQ) is a single score
and are self-motivated.
which indicates the individuals general intellectual level.
9. Spatial Intelligence
- Anastassi (1990) defines an IQ as an
- is the ability to think in three dimensions. Core expression of an individuals ability level at a given point
capacities include mental imagery, spatial reasoning, in time, in relation to his age norms.
image manipulation, graphic and artistic skills, and an
active imagination. Young adults with this kind of What is Mental Age?
intelligence may be fascinated with mazes or jigsaw - Mental Age (MA) refers to the degree of
puzzles, or spend free time drawing or daydreaming mental development of an individual as compared with
LEVELS OF RETARDATION the average person of a particular chronological age.
- refers to hundreds of conditions that share - Chronological Age (CA) is the actual age of a
common symptoms of subnormal intellectual person
functioning and impaired adaptive behavior that seem
How to measure Intelligence Quotient ?
to originate during the development period of the
individual. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
- maybe trained to care for themselves, reach primary IQ= 80 or below average
level of education, hold mental jobs often in sheltered
workshop, difficulty in maintaining social relationships,
rarely marry
INTELLIGENCE LEVELS b) Self-confidence - Sureness about your self-worth
and capabilities.
LEVEL IQ RANGE
2. Self-Regulation
Severe Mental Retardation or Custodial Below 25
- You often have little control over when you
Moderate Mental Retardation or Trainable 25-50 experience emotions. Self-regulation involves
5. Social Skills
- Daniel Goleman
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