Macedonia (Greece)

Coordinates: 4045N 2254E

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Macedonia (/msdoni/ MASS-i-DOH-nee- ; Greek: ,

Makedona [maceonia]) is a geographic and historical region of Greece in Macedonia
the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second most populous
Greek region, dominated by mountains in the interior and the port cities of Traditional region of Greece
Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its southern coastline. Macedonia
is part of Northern Greece, together with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly
and Epirus.

It incorporates most of the territories of ancient Macedon, a kingdom ruled

by the Argeads whose most celebrated members were Alexander the Great
and his father Philip II. The name Macedonia was later applied to identify Flag Seal

various administrative areas in the Roman/Byzantine Empire with widely Anthem: Famous Macedonia (unofficial)
differing borders (see Macedonia (region) for details).

Even before the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830, it was
identified as a Greek province, albeit without clearly defined geographical
borders.[7][8][9][10][11] By the mid 19th century, the name was becoming
consolidated informally, defining more of a distinct geographical, rather than
political, region in the southern Balkans. At the end of the Ottoman Empire
most of the region known as Rumelia (from Ottoman Turkish: Rumeli,
"Land of the Romans") was divided by the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913,
following the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars of 191213. Greece,
Serbia, and Bulgaria each took control of portions of the Macedonian
region, with Greece obtaining the largest portion; a small section went to
Albania. The region was an administrative subdivision of Greece until the Macedonia (blue) within Greece
administrative reform of 1987, when the region was divided into the regions Coordinates: 4045N 2254E
of West Macedonia and Central Macedonia and part of the region of East
Country Greece
Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also the whole of the region of
Thrace.[12] Capital Thessaloniki
Region 1913[1]
Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with
Regions[2] 3
more than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists
who visited Greece that year). East Macedonia and
Thrace (part)
Central Macedonia
West Macedonia
Contents Government
Body Ministry for Macedonia and
1 History Thrace
1.1 Prehistory Minister for Maria Kollia-Tsaroucha
1.2 Ancient history Macedonia and (Independent Greeks)
1.3 Roman period Thrace
1.4 Medieval history Area
1.5 Ottoman Rule
Total 34,177 km2 (13,196 sq mi)
1.6 Modern history
Area rank 1st
2 Etymology
3 Local government Highest elevation 2,917 m (9,570 ft)
4 Economy and transport Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
5 Tourism
6 Culture Population (2011 census)[3]
6.1 Macedonian cuisine Total 2,400,721
6.2 Macedonian music Rank 2nd in Greece
7 Demographics Density 70/km2 (180/sq mi)
7.1 Languages Demonym(s) Macedonian
7.2 Population of largest towns
7.3 Regional identity GDP (PPP) 39.749 billion[4] ($53.140
7.4 Minority populations billion[5] )
7.4.1 Slavic-speakers Per capita 16,557 ($22,135[5] )
7.4.2 Aromanians GDP (nominal) 36.634 billion[4] ($48.976
7.4.3 Megleno-Romanians billion[5] )
7.4.4 Arvanites
Per capita 15,260 ($20,400[5] )
7.4.5 The Jews of Thessaloniki and other cities
 7.4.6 Others The flag is widespread, even on an official level, but
8 See also bears no official legal standing as a symbol for the
8.1 Portals region.
9 References The use of the Vergina Sun is widespread, though it
bears no legal standing as an official emblem of the
9.1 Bibliography
region. However, Greece has lodged a claim for
9.2 Notes
trademark protection of it as an official state symbol
10 External links
under the World Intellectual Property Organization,[6]
10.1 Official links
Famous Macedonia is a military march of the Greek
army, but is regarded as the regional anthem of
Macedonia.

History East Macedonia is part of the region of East Macedonia

and Thrace.

Prehistory

Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs of human
habitation date back to the palaeolithic period, notably with the Petralona cave in which was found the oldest European humanoid,
Archanthropus europaeus petraloniensis. In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to 3500 BC), trade took place with quite distant
regions, indicating rapid socio-economic changes. One of the most important innovations was the start of copper working.

Ancient history

Archaeological site of Facade of the "Tomb of Lion of View of the ancient View of ancient Dion
Pella, capital of ancient Philip II of Macedon" (4th Amphipolis Philippi, an UNESCO
Macedonia BC), Vergina World Heritage Site

Ancient Macedonian fresco in Agios Facade of the "Tomb of

Athanasios, Thessaloniki Judgment" in ancient Mieza

According to Herodotus, the history of Macedonia

The golden larnax and the golden
grave crown of Phillip II, Vergina.
began with the Makednoi tribe, among the first to use
the name, migrating to the region from Histiaeotis in
the south. There they lived near Thracian tribes such
as the Bryges who would later leave Macedonia for
Asia Minor and become known as Phrygians.
Macedonia was named after the Makednoi. Accounts
of other toponyms such as Emathia are attested to
have been in use before that. Herodotus claims that a
branch of the Macedonians invaded Southern Greece The expansion of ancient Macedonian
towards the end of the second millennium B.C. Upon kingdom up to the death ofPhillip II.
reaching the Peloponnese the invaders were renamed
Dorians, triggering the accounts of the Dorian
invasion. For centuries the Macedonian tribes were organized in independent kingdoms, in
what is now Central Macedonia, and their role in internal Hellenic politics was minimal, even
before the rise of Athens. The Macedonians claimed to be Dorian Greeks (Argive Greeks) and
there were many Ionians in the coastal regions. The rest of the region was inhabited by
various Thracian and Illyrian tribes as well as mostly coastal colonies of other Greek states
such as Amphipolis, Olynthos, Potidea, Stageira and many others, and to the north another
tribe dwelt, called the Paeonians. During the late 6th and early 5th century BC, the region
came under Persian rule until the destruction of Xerxes at Plataea. During the Peloponnesian
War, Macedonia became the theatre of many military actions by the Peloponnesian League and
the Athenians, and saw incursions of Thracians and Illyrians, as attested by Thucidydes. Many
Macedonian cities were allied to the Spartans (both the Spartans and the Macedonians were
Dorian, while the Athenians were Ionian), but Athens maintained the colony of Amphipolis
under her control for many years. The kingdom of Macedon, was reorganised by Philip II and
achieved the union of Greek states by forming the League of Corinth. After his assassination, his
son Alexander succeeded to the throne of Macedon and carrying the title of Hegemon of League
of Corinth started his long campaign towards the east.

Roman period

Macedonia remained an important and powerful kingdom until the Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168
BC), in which the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated King Perseus of Macedon, ending
the reign of the Antigonid dynasty over Macedonia. For a brief period a Macedonian republic
called the "Koinon of the Macedonians" was established. It was divided into four administrative A statue of Alexander the Great
districts. That period ended in 148 BC, when Macedonia was fully annexed by the Romans.[13] in Thessaloniki, capital of
The northern boundary at that time ended at Lake Ohrid and Bylazora, a Paeonian city near the Macedonia, Greece.
modern city of Veles. Strabo, writing in the first century AD places the border of Macedonia on
that part at Lychnidos,[14] Byzantine Achris and presently Ochrid. Therefore ancient Macedonia
did not significantly extend beyond its current borders (in Greece). To the east, Macedonia ended according to Strabo at the river
Strymon, although he mentions that other writers placed Macedonia's border with Thrace at the river Nestos,[15] which is also the
present geographical boundary between the two administrative districts of Greece.

The Acts of the Apostles (Acts 16:9-10) records a vision in which the apostle Paul is said to have seen a 'man of Macedonia'
pleading with him, saying, "Come over to Macedonia and help us". The passage reports that Paul and his companions responded
immediately to the invitation.

Subsequently the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly as well as other regions to the north were incorporated into a new Provincia
Macedonia, but in 297 AD under a Diocletian reform many of these regions were removed and two new provinces were created:
Macedonia Prima and Macedonia Salutaris (from 479 to 482 AD Macedonia Secunda). Macedonia Prima coincided approximately
with Strabo's definition of Macedonia and with the modern administrative district of Greece[13] and had Thessalonica as its
capital, while Macedonia Salutaris had the Paeonian city of Stobi (near Gradsko) as its capital. This subdivision is mentioned in
Hierocles' Synecdemon (527528) and remained through the reign of emperor Justinian.

The Slavic, Avar, Bulgarian and Magyar invasions in the 67th centuries devastated both provinces[16] with only parts of
Macedonia Prima in the coastal areas and nearer Thrace remaining in Byzantine hands, while most of the hinterland was disputed
between the Byzantium and Bulgaria. The Macedonian regions under Byzantine control passed under the tourma of Macedonia to
the province of Thrace.

A new system of administration came into place in 789802 AD, following the Byzantine
empire's recovery from these invasions. The new system was based on administrative divisions
called Themata. The region of Macedonia Prima (the territory of modern Greek administrative
district of Macedonia) was divided between the Thema of Thessalonica and the Thema of
Strymon, so that only the region of the area from Nestos eastwards continued to carry the name
Macedonia, referred to as the Thema of Macedonia or the Thema of "Macedonia in Thrace". The
Thema of Macedonia in Thrace had its capital in Adrianople.[17][18][19]

Medieval history

Familiarity with the Slavic element in the area led two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saints Cyril
and Methodius, to be chosen to convert the Slavs to Christianity. Following the campaigns of
Basil II, all of Macedonia returned to the Byzantine state. Following the Fourth Crusade 1203
1204, a short-lived Crusader realm, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, was established in the region.
It was subdued by the co-founder of the Greek Despotate of Epirus, Theodore Komnenos
Doukas in 1224, when Greek Macedonia and the city of Thessalonica were at the heart of the View of the interior of the
short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Returning to the restored Byzantine Empire shortly Roman-era Rotunda in
thereafter, Greek Macedonia remained in Byzantine hands until the 1340s, when all of Thessaloniki with remnants of
the mosaics.
Macedonia (except Thessaloniki, and possibly Veria) was conquered by the Serbian ruler Stefan
Duan. [20] Divided between Serbia and Bulgaria after Duan's death, the region fell quickly to
the advancing Ottomans, with Thessaloniki alone holding out until 1387. After a brief Byzantine
interval in 14031430 (during the last seven years of which the city was handed over to the Venetians), Thessalonica and its
immediate surrounding area returned to the Ottomans.[21]
 The capture of Thessalonica threw the Greek world
into consternation, being regarded as the prelude to
the fall of Constantinople itself. The memory of the
event has survived through folk traditions containing
fact and myths. Apostolos Vacalopoulos records the
following Turkish tradition connected with the
capture of Thessalonica:[22]

Saints Cyril and Methodius.
While Murad was asleep in his palace at The Frankish Castle of Platamon, Pieria.
Yenitsa, the story has it that, God
appeared to him in a dream and gave him
a lovely rose to smell, full of perfume.
The sultan was so amazed by its beauty
that he begged God to give it to him. God
replied, "This rose, Murad, is
Thessalonica. Know that it is to you
granted by heaven to enjoy it. Do not
waste time; go and take it". Complying
with this exhortation from, Murad
marched against Thessalonica and, as it
has been written, captured it.

Ottoman Rule

Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administration in the Balkans. While most of

Macedonia was ruled by the Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic community continued to
exist in a state of autonomy. The remainder of the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an
autonomous status: the "Koinon of Mademochoria" was governed by a locally appointed council
due to privileges obtained on account of its wealth, coming from the gold and silver mines in the
area.

There were several uprisings in Macedonia during Ottoman rule, including an uprising after the
Battle of Lepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek population, the uprising in Naousa of the
armatolos Zisis Karademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by a Klepht called Ziakas
(17301810) and the Greek Declaration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pappas in
1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In 1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepht
Ziakas, together with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among the captains at the siege of Naousa
in 1821, led another uprising in Western Macedonia that has been profusely commemorated in
Greek folk song.

Modern history Metrophanes Kritopoulos;

theologian, monk andPatriarch
Greece gained the southern parts of region with Thessaloniki from the Ottoman Empire after the of Alexandria who was born in
First Balkan War, and expanded its share in the Second Balkan War against Bulgaria. The Veria[23] in 1589.
boundaries of Greek Macedonia were finalized in the Treaty of Bucharest. In World War I,
Macedonia became a battlefield. The Greek Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, favoured
entering the war on the side of the Entente, while the Germanophile King Constantine I favoured neutrality. Invited by Venizelos,
in autumn 1915, the Allies landed forces in Thessaloniki to aid Serbia in its war against Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, but their
intervention came too late to prevent the Serbian collapse. The Macedonian Front was established, with Thessaloniki at its heart,
while in summer 1916 the Bulgarians took over Greek eastern Macedonia without opposition. This provoked a military uprising
among pro-Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki, resulting in the establishment of a "Provisional Government of National Defence"
in the city, headed by Venizelos, which entered the war alongside the Allies. After intense diplomatic negotiations and an armed
confrontation in Athens between Entente and royalist forces the King abdicated, and his second son Alexander took his place.
Venizelos returned to Athens in June 1917 and Greece, now unified, officially joined the war on the side of the Allies.

In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis (194144), with Germany taking western and central Macedonia with
Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupying and annexing eastern Macedonia.

From the 1870s, Slavic[24] speaking communities of northern Greece split into two hostile and opposed groups with two different
national identities - Greek and Bulgarian.[25] By the Second World War and following the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split
between the Slavic group occurred. Conservatives departed with the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Leftists began
identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joining the communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army of Greece.[26] At the conclusion
 of the Greek Civil War (194649), most
Macedonians of Slavic background left Greece and
settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Republic of
Macedonia. Some also migrated to Canada or
Australia.[27]

Etymology
The name Macedonia derives from the Greek The 1st Battalion of theArmy of
Greece following the Balkan Wars, the (Makedona),[28][29] a kingdom (later, National Defence marches in
province of Macedonia can be seen region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Thessaloniki on its way to the
written at the bottom. Their name, (Makednes), is cognate Macedonian Front during World War I
to the Ancient Greek adjective
(makedns), meaning "tall, slim". It was
traditionally derived from the Indo-European root *mak-, meaning 'long' or 'slender', but according to modern research by Robert
Beekes both terms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot be explained in terms of Indo-European morphology.[30] However,
Beekes' views are not mainstream.

Local government
Macedonia is divided into three regions (Greek: ) comprising fourteen regional units (Greek:
). The regional units are further divided into municipalities (Greek: ) or "communities" (Greek:
roughly equivalent to British or Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministry for the Interior, while the Ministry of
Macedonia and Thrace is responsible for the coordination and application of the government's policies in the region.[31] Prior to
the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greece's regional units were called "prefectures", and Thasos was part of the prefecture of Kavala.

Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessaly to the south, Thrace (part of the East Macedonia and Thrace region) to the
east and Epirus to the west. It also borders Albania to the north-west, the Republic of Macedonia to the north and Bulgaria to the
north-east. The three Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are:

regions, regional units and

Map of Macedonia # autonomous communities as Capital Area Population
of 2011
Total West Macedonia Kozani 9,451 km 301,522
1 Regional Unit of Kastoria Kastoria 1,720 km 53,483
2 Regional Unit of Florina Florina 1,924 km 54,768
3 Regional Unit of Kozani Kozani 3,516 km 155,324
4 Regional Unit of Grevena Grevena 2,291 km 37,947
Total Central Macedonia Thessaloniki 18,811 km 1,871,952
5 Regional Unit of Pella Edessa 2,506 km 145,797
6 Regional Unit of Imathia Veria 1,701 km 143,618
7 Regional Unit of Pieria Katerini 1,516 km 129,846
8 Regional Unit of Kilkis Kilkis 2,519 km 89,056
9 Regional Unit of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki 3,683 km 1,057,825
10 Regional Unit of Chalkidiki Polygyros 2,918 km 104,894
11 Regional Unit of Serres Serres 3.968 km 200,916
East Macedonia
Total Kavala 5,579 km 249,029
(Part of East Macedonia and Thrace)
12 Regional Unit of Drama Drama 3,468 km 103,975
13 Regional Unit of Kavala Kavala 1,728 km 131,289
14 Regional Unit of Thasos Thasos 379 km 13,765
Mount Athos (autonomous
15 Karyes 336 km 2,262
community)
Total Macedonia (Greece) Thessaloniki 34,177 km 2,424,765[32]
The geographical region of Macedonia also includes the male-only autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos, but this is not part
of the Macedonia precincts. Mount Athos is under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, and
enjoys a special status: it is inaccessible to women;[33] its territory is a self-governed part of Greece, and the powers of the state
are exercised through a governor. The European Union takes this special status into consideration, particularly on matters of
taxation exemption and rights of installation.[34] The governor of Mount Athos is appointed by the Greek Foreign Ministry.

Economy and transport

Macedonia possesses some of the richest farmland in Greece in the plains of Veria,
Thessaloniki, Serres and Drama. A wide variety of agricultural products and cash crops are
grown, including rice, wheat, beans, olives, cotton, tobacco, fruit, grapes, Florina peppers;
there is also production of wine and other alcoholic beverages. Food processing and textile
weaving constitute the principal manufacturing industries. Tourism is a major industry
along the coast, particularly in the Chalcidice peninsula, the island of Thasos and the
northern approaches to Mount Olympus. Many tourists originate from Germany and
Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is a major port city and industrial center; Kavala is the The port of Thessaloniki, major
second harbor of Macedonia. Apart from the principal airport at Thessaloniki (Makedonia economic and industrial center.
Airport), airports also exist in Kavala (M.Alexandros Airport), Kozani (Filippos Airport),
and Kastoria (Aristotelis Airport). The "Via Egnatia" motorway crosses the full distance of
Macedonia,[35] linking most of its main cities. It also has a train system; it is usually
criticized for being underfunded, and there has been much anger directed against OSE, the
national railway company.

Tourism
Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more than 3.6
million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists who visited Greece that year).
Marble quarry, Thasos island.
Popular tourist destinations include the various UNESCO World Heritage sites, the various
beaches (such as the peninsula of Chalkidiki) during the summer and ski resorts like
Vasilitsa. There is also significant religious tourism to Mount Athos.

Culture
Macedonian cuisine

The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Constantinople in the 20th century
popularised Ottoman and Constantinopolitan recipes.

A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lamb cooked with quince or various View of Egnatia Odos (modern road).
vegetables and fruits, goat boiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavala to
Kastoria and Kozani offer lamb with quince, pork with celery or leeks.

Some current specialties are trahana with crackling, phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and
wild boar. Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheese spread), soupies krasates (cuttlefish
in wine), mydia yiachni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pita bread for the popular
souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled but fried. The variety of sweets has been particularly enriched with
the arrival of the refugees. (Information included from 'Greek Gastronomy', GNTO, 2004)

Macedonian music

Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographic region of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part
of the music of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dances in Macedonia include Makedonia (dance),
chasapiko, leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis, Samarinas, stankena, Akritikos,
baidouska, Macedonikos antikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos, mpougatsas,
Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedonias. In Macedonia, there are also patriotic songs sung by View of Mount Athos from
the Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedonia. Sartri

Demographics
The inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are overwhelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are
Greek Orthodox Christians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is also a sizable
Muslim minority consisting mainly of Pomaks and Western Thrace Turks, although
almost all Greek Muslim communities of Western Macedonia such as the Vallahades
left the region as part of the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1922
23. Most Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks who came to Greece during or shortly
before the 192223 population exchange with Turkey were resettled in Greek
Macedonia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in towns and villages that had had
large Muslim populations until 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th century,
the ethnic composition of the region of Macedonia is characterized by uncertainty both
about numbers and identification. The 1904 Ottoman census of Hilmi Pasha people Panorama of Serres.
were assigned to ethnicity according which church/language they belonged, it recorded
373,227 Greeks in the vilayet of Selnik (Thessaloniki), 261,283 Greeks in the vilayet
of Monastir (Bitola) and 13,452 Greeks in the villayet of Kosovo.[36] For the 1904
census of the 648,962 Greeks by church, 307,000 identified as Greek speakers, while
about 250,000 as Slavic speakers and 99,000 as Vlach.[37][38] Hugh Poulton, in his
Who Are the Macedonians, notes that "assessing population figures is problematic"[39]
for the territory of Greek Macedonia before its incorporation into the Greek state in
1913.[39] The area's remaining population was principally composed of Ottoman Turks
(including non-Turkish Muslims of mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert
origin) and also a sizeable community of mainly Sephardic Jews (centred in
Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers of Romani, Albanians and Vlachs.
Panoramic view of Kavala.
During the first half of the twentieth century, major demographic shifts took place,
which resulted in the region's population becoming overwhelmingly ethnic Greek. In
1919, after Greek victory in World War I, Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of
Neuilly, which called for an exchange of populations between the two countries.
According to the treaty, Bulgaria was considered to be the parent state of all ethnic
Slavs living in Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from Bulgaria were resettled in Greek
Macedonia; most Slavs were resettled in Bulgaria but a number remained, most of them
by changing or adapting their surnames and declaring themselves to be Greek so as to
be exempt from the exchange. In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of
Lausanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (19191922), and in total 776,000
Greek refugees from Turkey (674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia
(5,000), Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region.[40] They replaced between
300,000 and 400,000 Macedonian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma, Slavic Panorama of Veria.
and Vlach ethnicity) who were sent to Turkey under similar terms.[41]

Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often known by multiple names (Greek,
Slavic or Ottoman Turkish by the respective populations). After the partition of
Ottoman Europe, most cities in Greece either became officially known by their Greek
names or adopted Greek names; likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia became officially known or adopted names in the languages of their
respective states. After the population exchanges, many locations were renamed to the
languages of their new occupants.
Naousa, Imathia.
Year Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others Total

42.6% 9.9% 39.4% 8.1%

1913[40] 1,205,000
(513,000) (119,000) (475,000) (98,000)

After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands of Bulgarians left and after the
Population exchange between Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the region,
while hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees settled in the region thus changing the
demography of the province.

Year Greeks Bulgarians Muslims Others Total

88.8% 5.1% 0.1% 6.0%

1926 League of nations data 1,511,000 Kastoria.
(1,341,000) (77,000) (2,000) (91,000)

The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion as well as on the language.[42]
 Year Christians Jews Muslims Total

1928 Greek Census data 95.51% 4.28% 0.21%

1,412,477
Religion (1,349,063) (60,484) (2,930)

Year Greek Slavic dialects Turkish Ladino Aromanian Armenian Other Total

1928 Greek Census data 82.52% 5.72% 5.09% 4.19 0.95% 0.84% 0.69%
1,412,477
Language (1,165,553) (80,789) (71,960) (59,146) (13,475) (11,859) (9,695)

The population was badly affected by the Second World War through starvation, executions, massacres and deportations. Central
Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, was occupied by the Germans, and in the east Nazi-aligned Bulgarian occupation forces
persecuted the local Greek population and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occupation zone in eastern Macedonia and western
Thrace, deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deaths in Macedonia are estimated at over 400,000, including up to
55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy fighting affected the region during the Greek Civil War which drove many inhabitants of rural
Macedonia to emigrate to the towns and cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Languages

An article published in an Athenian newspaper from 1959 tells a detailed story of the
ceremony which took place in the village of Atrapos, when the villagers - mostly women
and children - took "the oath before God" to cease speaking the local Slavic idiom, which
gives ground for misunderstandings to the Bulgarians.[43][44]

Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only official language of public life and
education in Macedonia. The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialects from Mount Falakro, Drama Prefecture
other parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spoken by some Greeks of Pontic descent. One
archaic Greek dialect indigenous to Greek Macedonia and other parts of Northern Greece
is that spoken by the Sarakatsani, a traditionally transhument shepherd community whose
dialect has undergone very little change through foreign influences. Macedonian Slavic
dialects are the most widely spoken minority language while Aromanian, Arvanitic,
Megleno-Romanian, Turkish and Romani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by some
Jews in Thessaloniki.

Population of largest towns

Axios river
 Town or city Greek name Population[32]

01. Thessaloniki (municipality) 363,987

02. Kavala 63,293

03. Katerini 56,434

04. Serres 56,145

05. Drama 55,632

06. Kozani 47,451

07. Veria 47,411

08. Giannitsa 33,775

09. Ptolemaida 28,942

10. Kilkis 24,812

11. Naoussa 22,288

12. Aridaia 20,213

13. Alexandria 19,283

14. Edessa 18,253

15. Nea Moudania 17,032

16. Florina 16,771

17. Kastoria 16,218

18. Grevena 15,481

19. Polygyros 10,721

20. Skydra 5,081

Regional identity

Macedonians (Greek: , Makednes) is the term by which ethnic Greeks

originating from the region are known. Macedonians came to be of particular importance
during the Balkan Wars when they were a minority population inside the Ottoman
province of Macedonia. The Macedonians now have a strong regional identity, manifested
both in Greece[45] and by emigrant groups in the Greek diaspora.[46] This sense of identity
has been highlighted in the context of the Macedonian naming dispute after the break-up
of Yugoslavia, in which Greece objects to its northern neighbour calling itself the
"Republic of Macedonia", since explicit self-identification as Macedonian is a matter of
national pride for many Greeks.[47] A characteristic expression of this attitude could be
seen when Greek newspapers headlined a declaration by Prime Minister Kostas
Karamanlis at a meeting of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg in January 2007, saying
that "I myself am a Macedonian, and another two and a half million Greeks are
Macedonians."

The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians is also the product of the fact that it
was closer to the centres of power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, was Apogevmatini headline quoting Kostas
Karamanlis:
considered culturally, politically, and strategically more important than other parts of
"I myself am a Macedonian, just as 2.5
Greece during these two periods, and also the fact that the region had a far more ethnically
million Greeks are Macedonians."
and religiously diverse population in both the medieval and Ottoman periods. In the late
Byzantine period Greek Macedonia had also been the centre of significant Byzantine
successor states, such as the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the short-lived state established by
the rival Byzantine emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and - in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus, all of
which helped promote a distinct Greek Macedonian identity. In the contemporary period this is reinforced by Greek Macedonia's
proximity to other states in the southern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic and religious minorities in East Macedonia
and Thrace not found in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants and refugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Russia,
and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Caucasus) have usually
gravitated to Greek Macedonia rather than southern Greece.

Minority populations
The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groups of Macedonia is officially unknown, as Greece has not conducted a
census on the question of mother tongue since 1951. The main minority groups in Macedonia are:

Slavic-speakers

Slavic-speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria, Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida

and Naousa regions. Their dialects are linguistically classified variously either as
Macedonian or Bulgarian, depending on the region and on political orientation. The exact
number of the minority is difficult to know, and its members' choice of ethnic
identification is difficult to ascertain (since some people are cautious in the replies that
they give when surveys are conducted). The Greek branch of the former International
Helsinki Federation for Human Rights has estimated that those of an ethnic Macedonian
national conscienceness number between 10,00030,000.[48] Distribution of the Slavic Macedonian
language in Florina Prefecture and
Aromanians Aridaia regions (1993).

See also: Aromanians in Greece and Aromanian speakers of Greece

Aromanians form a minority population throughout much of Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and most belong to the
Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 census they numbered 39,855 in all Greece (the number in Macedonia proper is unknown).
Many Aromanians villages can be found along the slopes of the Vermion Mountains and Mount Olympus. Smaller numbers can
be found in the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains.

Megleno-Romanians

Megleno-Romanians can be found in the Moglena region of Macedonia. The

Megleno-Romanian language is traditionally spoken in the 11 Vlach villages,
Archangelos, Notia, Karpi, Koupa, Lagkadia, Perikleia, Skra and Kastaneri
(the other three are found in the Republic of Macedonia). They are generally
adherents to the Orthodox Church while the former majority in Notia was
Muslim.
Right: The Megleno-Romanian and the Aromanian
Arvanites
linguistic area.
Left: Map of the Megleno-Romanians settlements.
Arvanites communities can be found in Greek Macedonia. Five Arvanite
communities exist in Serres regional unit while many can be found in the
capital, Thessaloniki. There are three Arvanites villages in the Florina regional unit (Drosopigi, Lechovo and Flampouro) with
others located in Kilkis and Thessaloniki regional units.[49]

The Jews of Thessaloniki and other cities

The Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in mainland

Jewish woman of Thessaloniki,
gravour of the late 19th
century.
Europe, and was mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki became the
largest center of the Sephardic Jews, who nicknamed the city la
madre de Israel (Israel's mother)[50] and "Jerusalem of the
Balkans".[51] It also included the historically significant and
ancient Greek-speaking Romaniote community. During the
Ottoman era, Thessaloniki's Sephardic community comprised
more than half the city's population; the Jews were dominant in
commerce until the ethnic Greek population increased after
independence in 1912. By the 1680s, about 300 families of
Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had converted to
Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dnmeh (convert), and
migrated to Salonika, whose population was majority Jewish. Sabbatai Zevi
They established an active community that thrived for about 250
years. Many of their descendants later became prominent in
trade.[52] Many Jewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, the Romance language of the
Sephardic Jews.[53]

The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of the center of the city and left 50,000 Jews
homeless of the total of 72,000 residents who were burned out.[54] Having lost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated:
to the United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not wait for the government to create a new urban plan for rebuilding, which
was eventually done.[55]
After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsion of Greeks from Turkey, many refugees
came to Greece. Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki, reducing the proportion
of Jews in the total community. After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city's population.
During the interwar period, Greece granted the Jews the same civil rights as other Greek
citizens.[54] In March 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens of Greece enjoyed equal
rights, and a considerable proportion of the city's Jews decided to stay.

World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks, since in 1941 the Germans occupied Jewish workers of theSocialist
Greece and began actions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Resistance and Italian Workers' Federation march in
forces (before 1943) tried to protect the Jews and managed to save some.[50] By the 1940s, the Thessaloniki (19081909).
great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmly identified as both Greek and Jewish.
According to Misha Glenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered "anti-Semitism as in
its North European form."[56]

In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thessaloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near
the railroad lines and beginning deportation to concentration and labor camps. They deported
and exterminated approximately 96% of Thessaloniki's Jews of all ages during the Holocaust.[50]
Today, a community of around 1200 remains in the city.[50] Communities of descendants of
Thessaloniki Jews both Sephardic and Romaniote live in other areas, mainly the United
States and Israel.[50] Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about the Jews of The Jewish synagogue of Veria
Thessaloniki, called "Wait for me, Thessaloniki".

Other cities of Greek Macedonia with significant Jewish population (Romaniote or Sephardi) in the past include Veria, Kavala and
Kastoria.

Others

Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armenians and Romani. Romani communities are concentrated mainly around the city
of Thessaloniki. An uncertain number of them live in Macedonia from the total of about 200,000300,000 that live scattered on all
the regions of Greece.[57]

See also
Macedonians (Greeks)
Macedonia (region)
Macedonia (terminology)
List of Macedonians (Greek)
Modern regions of Greece

Portals

References
Bibliography

Council of Europe, Steering Committee on Local and Regional Democracy (2001). "Special Regulations for Particular
Areas the Legal Status of Aghion Oros". Structure and operation of Local and Regional Democracy. Council of Europe.
ISBN 92-871-4644-6.
Elster, Ernestine S.; Renfrew, Colin, eds. (2003). Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in Northeast Greece, 19681970.
Monumenta Archaeologica 20. 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 1-931745-03-X.
Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). "Serbian Participation in the Byzantine Civil War". The Late Medieval Balkans. University
of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Renfrew, Colin; Gimbutas, Marija; Elster, Ernestine S., eds. (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi: a Prehistoric Village in
Northeast Greece. Monumenta Archaeologica 13. 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 0-917956-51-6.
Renfrew, Colin (1969). "The Autonomy of the South-east European Copper Age". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.
35: 1247. Retrieved 2009-05-11.
Rodden, R.J.; Wardle, K.A., eds. (1996). Nea Nikomedeia: the Excavation of an Early Neolithic Village in Northern Greece
19611963. Supplementary series 25. 1. Athens: British School of Athens.
Samsaris, Dimitrios C. Historical Geography of Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1976 and
Historical Geography of Western Macedonia (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1989 (publisher=Society for Macedonian Studies)
Souvatzi, Stella G. (2008). A Social Archaeology of Households in Neolithic Greece : an Anthropological Approach.
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83689-0.
Treadgold, Warren (1995). "The Roman Army's Second Millenium". Byzantium and Its Army, 2841081. Stanford
University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3163-2. [sic]
 Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). History of Macedonia, 13541833 (translated by P. Megann). Zeno Publishers. ISBN 0-
900834-89-7.
Wardle, K.A. (1997). "The Prehistory of Northern Greece: a Geographical Perspective". Afieroma to N.G.L. Hammond.
Society of Macedonian Studies. ISBN 960-7265-36-X.

Notes
1. "Macedonia" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354264/Macedonia). Encyclopdia Britannica.
www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
2. .. 51/87 " ... " (Determination
of the Regions of the Country for the planning etc. of the development of the regions). Government Gazette. 1987.
3. "Announcement of the results of the 2011 Population Census for the Resident Population" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
31113172928/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_0
0_2011_02_F_EN.pdf) (PDF). Hellenic Statistical Authority. Archived from the original (http://www.statistics.gr/portal/pag
e/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1602/PressReleases/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_EN.pdf) (PDF) on 13 November
2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
4. "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices at NUTS level 3" (http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/port
al/product_details/dataset?p_product_code=NAMA_R_E3GDP). Eurostat. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
5. According to the United States Internal Revenue Service, the average exchange rate of the United States Dollar to the Euro
in 2011 was 0.748 (https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small/international/article/0,,id=206089,00.html).
6. World Intellectual Property Organization: 1st variety (http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/im
ages/gr1.jpg), 2nd variety (http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/images/gr2.jpg), 3rd variety
(http://www.wipo.int/ipdl/IPDL-IMAGES/SIXTERXML-IMAGES/images/gr3.jpg)
7. Grigoriou, Alexandros Ch.; Chekimoglou, Evangelos A. (2008). 14301930 (https://book
s.google.com/?id=p6vdPgAACAAJ&dq=%CE%97+%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B
F%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7+%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD+%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%C
E%B7%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD) [The Thessaloniki of Explorers 14301930] (in Greek).
Thessaloniki: . p. 43. ISBN 960-7265-91-2. Retrieved 2 August 2011. "From Robert de
Dreux's personal journals, 1669: Leaving a village named Baicui, we reached Thessaloniki, which is one of the most
splendid cities of Macedonia and the whole of Greece."
8. "The whole of Greece is divided into four great pashaliks; Tripolizza, Egripo or Neropont, Yanina, and Salonica. The
pashalik of [] Salonica [comprises], the southern divisions of Macedonia. The north of Macedonia is governed by beys;
" Quoted from: Thomas Thornton, The Present State of Turkey, London 1807, Vol. 2, p. 10,
http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/thornton/t2c5.shtml
9. http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/thornton/page_images/t2c5_p010.jpg
10. The most fertile districts of Greece are Macedonia, Thessaly, and the eastern parts of Phocis and Boeotia." Quoted from:
Conder, Josiah: The Modern Traveller, Volume the Fifteenth: Greece. London : J.Duncan, 1830, Vol. 1, p. 12. Archive.org (h
ttps://archive.org/stream/moderntraveller15condiala)
11. "There is some difficulty in prescribing the exact boundaries of the country properly called Greece. Formerly it included
Macedonia, Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands, Crete and a part of what is now called Albania. [...] The present divisions of
Greece, adopted by the [1829] provisional government, are the following: Eastern Hellas, Western Hellas, Morea, Epirus,
Thessaly, Macedonia, Crete, and the Islands. [] What proportion of Macedonia is considered as coming within the
boundaries of Greece, we have no means of deciding" Quoted from: John L. Comstock, History of the Greek Revolution
compiled from official documents of the Greek government, New York 1829, pages 5 (https://books.google.com/books?id=fy
0FAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA5,M1) and 6 (https://books.google.com/books?id=fy0FAAAAMAAJ&printsec=tit
lepage#PPA6,M1), Google Books
12. .. 51/87 " ... "
(Determination of the Regions of the Country for the planning etc. of the development of the regions, Efimeris tis
Kyverniseos A 26/06.03.1987
13. N. K. Moutsopoulos, . , 22
1994, . 101.
14. "Strabo, Geography, BOOK VII., CHAPTER VII." (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.02
39:book=7:chapter=7&highlight=macedonia).
15. D. C. Samsaris, Historical Geography of Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1976, p. 8897
16. John Julius Norwich A short history of Byzantium, Penguin 1998
17. , , "
"
18. Warren Treadgold, Byzantium and Its Army 2841081, Stanford University Press, 1995
19. George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rutgers University Press 1986
20. Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans, 301302
21. Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 13541833, 8997 (http://www.promacedonia.org/en/av/av_3_4.htm)
22. Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 13541833, 97 (http://www.promacedonia.org/en/av/av_3_4.htm)
23. "Metrophanes Kritopoulos." (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/378855/Metrophanes-Kritopoulos).
www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2009-08-31. "Metrophanes Kritopoulos Greek patriarch and theologian - born 1589,
Beroea, Macedonia, Ottoman Empire died May 30, 1639, Walachia"
24. 'nashi' meaning 'ours' is the name speakers give to their unique dialect, spoken largely in the mountain prefectures of Florina
(Lerin) and Kastoria (Kostur) in north western Macedonia.
25. " - , " (http://www.standartnews.com/bg/article.php?article=201326).
- , .
26. 'The Truman Doctrine Brings Death to our people in Aegean Macedonia' Makedonska Iskra January 1947, page 3
27. Panayiotis Diamadis et al. (1995) A Child's Grief. A Nation's Lament Sydney: Stentor Press.
28. "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, " (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?d
oc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2364599).
29. "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Macedonia).
30. Beekes, Robert (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, II, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894
31. "The Role of the Ministry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090513004551/http://www.mathra.gr/default_15.aspx) (in
Greek). Greek Ministry of Macedonia and Thrace. Archived from the original (http://www.mathra.gr/default_15.aspx) on
2009-05-13. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
32. "National Statistical Service of Greece" (http://www.statistics.gr). NSSG. statistics.gr. 2001. Retrieved 2007-12-26. "2001
census" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090318065626/http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.
pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_1_TB_DC_01_03_Y.pdf) (PDF) on
2009-03-18.
33. Greek laws provide for a penalty of incarceration up to twelve months for women that violate this rule. For criticisms of this
provision, see "European Parliament Adopts Report on Fundamental Rights in the EU Mt Athos Status" (http://www.greek
embassy.org/embassy/Content/en/Article.aspx?office=3&folder=360&article=11935&hilite=rehabilitation). Embassy of
Greece in the US. 5 September 2003. Retrieved 2009-05-08.
34. Council of Europe, Structure and Operation of Local and Regional Democracy, 8. See also the article 105 of the
Constitution of Greece and the Common Declaration on Mount Athos attached to the Treaty of Entry of Greece to the EEC
(1 January 1981).
35. http://www.egnatia.gr/files/images/Project_Status_ENG.jpg
36. Gillespie, Richard (1994). Mediterranean politics (https://books.google.com/books?id=UpC4QJP66HUC&lpg=PP1&dq=el
&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q=&f=false). Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 89. ISBN 0-8386-3609-8.
37. Shaw, Stanford; Shaw, Ezel. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and
Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 18081975 (https://books.google.com/books?id=AIET_7ji7YAC&pg=PA208) (11
ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
38. Hodge, Carl. Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 18001914 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5zTkGKy4wEC&
pg=PA631). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 631. ISBN 978-0-313-04341-3.
39. Poulton, Hugh (2000). "Greece". In Second. Who Are the Macedonians? (https://books.google.com/?id=8_zeaeTOz6YC&p
g=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=85). Indiana University Press. pp. 8586. ISBN 0-253-21359-2.
40. The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact on Greece, Dimitri Pentzopoulos, page 134, 2002
41. " (Catalogue of Refugee Communities in Greek Macedonia,
includung changes in Macedonian place-names" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090211100900/http://www.freewebs.com/o
noma/eap.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.freewebs.com/onoma/eap.htm) on 2009-02-11.
42. " 15-16 1928 - - -
- , , 1935 . ' " (http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_0
2_0101_00022.pdf) (PDf).
43. Loring M. Danforth, The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Publisher: Princeton
University Press, 1997, ISBN 0691043566, p. 77. (https://books.google.bg/books?id=ZmesOn_HhfEC&pg=PA77&lpg=PA
77&dq=greek+news+paper+sphera+bulgarian+language+1959&source=bl&ots=Ee2cxDIAVQ&sig=frV2bqxUauwO_E_3
VXe2K_oHfdo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3ypDk1abTAhUMPVAKHd6aB_QQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q&f=false)
44. A Disclosure on the situation of the Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia. Central Committee of the Macedonian Patriotic
Organizations of the U.S.A. and Canada, 107 South Capitol Avenue - Indianapolis 25, Indiana, USA, June, 1960, p.3. (htt
p://www.makedonskatribuna.com/DISCLOSURE1960.pdf)
45. Liotta, P. H.; Simons, A. "Thicker than Water? Kin, Religion, and Conflict in the Balkans" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
61125163221/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter/liotta.htm). Parameters (Winter 1998). pp. 1127.
Archived from the original (http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/98winter/liotta.htm) on 2006-11-25.
46. Jupp, J. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins, Cambridge University Press,
October 1, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80789-1, p. 147.
47. Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with
FYROM"," (http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_199601/ai_n8752910). 24 (1996) Journal of Political and
Military Sociology, 285. 1996. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
48. "Greece Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National
Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)" (https://web.archive.org/web/200
30523145306/http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/mugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223). Greek Helsinki Monitor
(GHM) & Minority Rights Group Greece (MRG-G). 1999-09-18. Archived from the original (http://dev.eurac.edu:8085/m
ugs2/do/blob.html?type=html&serial=1044526702223) on 2003-05-23. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
49. Euromosaic (1996): "L'arvanite / albanais en Grce". Report published by the Institut de Sociolingstica Catalana.
50. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090506235802/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/greece/nonf
lash/eng/salonika.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/greece/nonflash/eng/sal
onika.htm) on 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
51. Abrams, Dennis (2009). Nicolas Sarkozy (Modern World Leaders) (https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YkKVeMIMOmo
C&pg=PA26&dq=sarkozy+jewish&hl=en&ei=eYaETe3tLsOxhAerjPGzBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1
&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=sarkozy%20jewish&f=false). Chelsea House Publishers. p. 26, Library Binding
edition. ISBN 1-60413-081-4.
 52. Kirsch, Adam (15 February 2010). "The Other Secret Jews" (http://www.tnr.com/book/review/the-other-secret-jews).
Review of Marc David Baer's The Dnme: Jewish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries, and Secular Turks. The New
Republic. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
53. Kushner, Aviya. "Is the language of Sephardic Jews, undergoing a revival?" (http://www.myjewishlearning.com/culture/2/L
anguages/Other_Jewish_Languages/Ladino/Today.shtml). My Jewish Learning. Ladino Today. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
54. Yakov Benmayor. "History of Jews in Thessaloniki" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081226001725/http://www.jmth.gr/we
b/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm). Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki. Archived from the original (http://www.jmt
h.gr/web/thejews/pages/pages/history/pages/his.htm) on 2008-12-26. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
55. "The Great Fire in Salonica" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111018013408/http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/History/GreatF
ireInSalonica1917.html). Greece History. Hellenica Website. Archived from the original (http://www.mlahanas.de/Greece/H
istory/GreatFireInSalonica1917.html) on 18 October 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
56. Misha Glenny, The Balkans, p. 512.
57. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070914020127/http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id=99).
Archived from the original (http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id%3D99) on 2007-09-14. Retrieved 2007-05-19.

External links
Macedonian Press Agency
Museums of Macedonia
Nikolaos Martis - Macedonia's Hellenism: Empirical documents and sources
An online review of Macedonian affairs, history and culture
EMS.name
University of Macedonia
University of Western Macedonia
Macedonia, The Historical Profile of Northern Greece
Map of Makedonia
Technological Educational Institution of Serres
Department of Physical Education Science & Athletics of Serres
Roman province of Macedonia
Alistrati Cave in Serres
Lake Kerkini in Serres - Kerkini Wetland (Ramsar & Natura 2000 Protected)

Official links
Macedonia and Thrace region site
Ministry for MacedoniaThrace (in Greek)
Region of Central Macedonia
Region of Western Macedonia
Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
Municipality of Pella
Serres Prefecture
City of Thessaloniki
City of Edessa
City of Serres
Map of Macedonia

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macedonia_(Greece)&oldid=795196264"

This page was last edited on 12 August 2017, at 17:28.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc., a non-profit organization.