Mn hc

PHN TCH V THIT K H THNG THNG TIN

(4 VHT + 1 bi tp ln)
Kin thc chun b:
+ C s d liu
+ Ngn ng lp trnh
Mc ch mn hc:
+ Gii thiu v phng php PTTK HT c cu trc
+ C th phng php lun PTTK c cu trc
+ Gii thiu cc cng c phn tch
+ Cch thit k mt h thng.
Cch tip cn: TopDown
Ni dung gm:
Chng 1: i cng v cc h thng thng tin qun l
Chng 2: Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n
Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch v thit k h thng
Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l
Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu
Chng 6: Thit k h thng
Ti liu tham kho:
1. Nguyn Vn Ba. Phn tch thit k HTTT - NXB HQG H Ni
3. Thc Bnh Cng. Phn tch thit k HTTT NXB Khoa hc v k thut
4. inh Th Hin. Phn tch thit k HTTT NXB Thng k
5. Ng Trung Vit, Phn tch v thit k h thng qun l- kinh doanh nghip v,
nxb Giao thng Vn ti
6. L Tin Vng, Nhp mn CSDL quan h
7. Nguyn B Tng, C s d liu l thuyt v thc hnh, Nxb HQG
 Mc lc

Mc lc ............................................................................................................................... 1
Chng I i cng v cc h thng thng tin trong qun l............................................... 4
1. Khi nim v h thng ................................................................................................. 4
1.1. H thng............................................................................................................... 4
1.2. Mi trng ca h thng....................................................................................... 4
2. H thng kinh doanh.................................................................................................... 5
2.1. H thng kinh doanh............................................................................................. 5
2.2. c im ca h thng KD................................................................................... 5
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng KD.......................................................................... 5
3. H thng thng tin qun l........................................................................................... 6
3.1. Khi nim qun l ................................................................................................ 6
3.2. Chc nng ca h thng thng tin qun l ............................................................ 7
3.3. Nhim v ca h thng thng tin .......................................................................... 7
3.4. Vng i ca h thng thng tin ........................................................................... 8
3.4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin..................................................... 9
4. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho)......................................................... 9
4.1. Mc t ng ho.............................................................................................. 9
4.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh ................................................................ 10
5. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin............................................... 10
5.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................... 10
5.2. Cc giai on phn tch thit k h thng thng tin theo ..................................... 10
Chng II Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n................................................................. 13
1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st .......................................................................... 14
2. Kho st v nh gi hin trng ................................................................................. 14
2.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng............................................................ 14
2.2. Cc mc kho st................................................................................................ 15
2.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st ........................................................................ 15
2.4. Phn loi v h thng ho thng tin thu thp c.............................................. 15
2.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai ........ 16
3. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n.................................................... 16
3.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n) .............................................................. 16
3.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n.................................................................. 17
3.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho ............................................................................. 17
3.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton............................................................. 17
4. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi................................................................... 17
4.1. Cc mc t ng ho.......................................................................................... 17
4.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh............................................................................... 17
4.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi ......................................................... 18
5. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n ..................................................................... 18
5.1. Hnh thnh hp ng .......................................................................................... 18
2. Lp d tr thit b.................................................................................................. 18
3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n................................................................................ 18
Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc................................. 19
1. Cch tip cn tin hc ho: 2 cch ............................................................................... 21

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 2. Phn tch thit k h thng c phng php............................................................... 22
3. Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc .......................................... 22
4. Cc phin bn khc nhau ca phng php lun phn tch c cu trc....................... 23
5. T chc xy dng h thng thng tin ......................................................................... 23
Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l .............................................................................. 25
1. Mc ch, yu cu ca giai on phn tch................................................................. 25
1.1. Mc ch ............................................................................................................ 25
1.2. Cch tin hnh.................................................................................................... 25
2. Biu phn cp chc nng (BFD - Bussiness Function Diagram)............................ 25
2.1. Khi nim........................................................................................................... 25
2.2. Cc thnh phn ca BFD .................................................................................... 25
2.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng.......................................................... 26
2.4. Cch xy dng BFD ........................................................................................... 27
3. Biu lung d liu (DFD - Data Flow Diagram) ................................................... 28
3.1. Gii thiu v DFD .............................................................................................. 28
3.2 Biu lung d liu mc vt l (Hay cc lu h thng)............................... 28
3.3 Biu lung d liu (DFD- Data Flow Diagram) .............................................. 31
3.4. Chuyn t DFD mc vt l sang mc logic ........................................................ 43
Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu ........................................................................... 48
1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic phn tch d liu ............................................................. 48
1.1. Mc ch ca giai on....................................................................................... 48
1.2. Yu cu .............................................................................................................. 48
1.3. Phng php thc hin: C 2 phng php tip cn: .......................................... 48
2. Biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt (ER entity relation )............. 48
2.1. S thc th..................................................................................................... 48
2.2. Cc thnh phn ca s thc th...................................................................... 48
2.3. Xy dng s thc th - lin kt ...................................................................... 52
3. Hai cch tip cn thit k c s d liu quan h .................................................... 55
3.1. Chun ho theo hng phn tch:........................................................................ 55
3.2. Chun ho theo hng tng hp: ........................................................................ 56
4. Xy dng biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh d liu quan h ............................... 58
5. Xc nh mi quan h xy dng s E-R ............................................................... 59
6. M ho cc tn gi:.................................................................................................... 63
6.1. Khi nim m ho............................................................................................... 63
6.2. Cht lng c bn ca m ho............................................................................ 63
6.3. Cc kiu m ho khc nhau ................................................................................ 64
7. T in d liu .......................................................................................................... 66
7.1. Khi nim:.......................................................................................................... 66
7.2. Cc hnh thc thc hin t in: ......................................................................... 67
7.3. Cu to t in: .................................................................................................. 67
Chng 6: Thit k h thng.............................................................................................. 69
1. Thit k tng th........................................................................................................ 69
1.1. Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng my tnh v chc nng th cng ................. 69
1.2. Phn nh cc h thng con ca my tnh............................................................ 71
2. Thit k chi tit v cc th tc th cng v v cc giao tip ngi - my ................... 71
2.1. Cc chc nng th cng...................................................................................... 71
2.2. Thit k u vo ca thng tin ............................................................................ 72
2.4. Thit k mn hnh chn ...................................................................................... 73

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3. Thit k chng trnh................................................................................................. 74
3.1.i cng............................................................................................................ 74
3.2. Cc m un chng trnh.................................................................................... 74
3.3. Lc cu trc................................................................................................. 75
3.4. nh gi v lc cu trc .............................................................................. 76
3.5. Chuyn BLD thnh LCT..................................................................................... 76
4. Thit k c s d liu ................................................................................................ 78
4. 1. Mc ch ........................................................................................................... 78
4.2. Thnh lp lc logic ...................................................................................... 79
4.2.5. Nguyn tc truy nhp....................................................................................... 83
4.3. Thnh lp lc vt l ..................................................................................... 84
5. Thit k kim sot...................................................................................................... 85
5.1. Gii thiu ........................................................................................................... 85
5.2. Nghin cu kim tra thng tin nhp, xut ........................................................... 85
5.3. Nghin cu cc giai on tip cn phn tch cc kim sot ................................. 86
5.4. Nghin cu cc kh nng gin on chng trnh v phc hi............................ 87
6. Lp trnh, chy th v bo tr ..................................................................................... 89
6.1. Lp trnh............................................................................................................. 89
6.2. Vit ti liu hng dn s dng .......................................................................... 89
6.3. Bo tr h thng .................................................................................................. 90

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 Chng I
i cng v cc h thng thng tin trong qun l

1. Khi nim v h thng

1.1. H thng
nh ngha: H thng l tp hp gm nhiu phn t c cc mi quan h rng buc ln
nhau v cng hot ng hng ti mt mc ch chung. (v d mt c my l mt h thng
cc chi tit lin kt vi nhau thc hin chc nng ca c my...).
Nghin cu h thng l nghin cu xem h thng bin i ci g, bin i nh th no?

H thng
Ci vo Ci ra
Bin i

Nhng yu t c bn ca mt h thng bao gm:

- H thng lun c mc tiu, phi hng v mt mc ch chung
- Phn t trong h thng bao gm cc phng tin, vt cht v nhn lc, mi phn t
u c thuc tnh c trng quyt nh vai tr ca n trong h thng.
- H thng c gii hn xc nh nhng phn t trong v ngoi h thng, tnh gii hn
mang tnh cht m. Trong mt h thng cn c th c nhng h thng con.
- Gia cc phn t lun c mi quan h, mi quan h ny c th l bn cht vt l hoc
thng tin, cc mi quan h quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca h thng. Mi khi thm
bt phn t s lm bin i cc mi quan h.
- H thng c tnh kim sot (cn bng v t iu chnh) iu m bo tnh thng
nht, n nh v theo ui mc tiu ca mnh.
- H thng nm trong mt mi trng, trong c mt s phn t ca h tng tc vi
mi trng bn ngoi. phn bit mi trng vi h thng ta cn phi xc nh gii hn
ca h thng v phng din vt l hay khi nim, chnh xc ho cc giao im ca mi
trng v h thng
1.2. Mi trng ca h thng
Mi trng ca h thng l tp hp cc phn t khng thuc v h thng nhng trao
i thng tin vi h thng. Vic xc nh mi trng (hay cn gi l khoanh vng h thng)
da trn mc tiu c bn trn ton h thng.

Mi trng
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 Hnh 1 mi trng v h thng

VD: S quan h gia X nghip v mi trng (H.2)

NH CUNG CP NVL, dch v Dch v NGN HNG
hng ho ti chnh

Dng thanh ton

X NGHIP

Sn phm

KHCH HNG I L

Hnh 2 v d v mt h thng
2. H thng kinh doanh

2.1. H thng kinh doanh

L khi nim chung dng cho cc t chc kinh t nh nh my, x nghip, cng ty, t
chc dch v... c mc ch phc v cho kinh doanh (business). Kinh doanh c th v li ch
hoc v li nhun.
V d: - Cc cng ty, nh my, dch v ... l cc h thng kinh doanh v li nhun
- Cc trng hc, cc cng trnh cng cng, bnh vin, ... l cc h thng kinh
doanh v li ch.
2.2. c im ca h thng KD
- C s tham gia ca con ngi, c s sng to bng tr tu con ngi, lun bin ng cnh
tranh khng ngng v s lng v cht lng
- Mc ch ca h thng ny do con ngi t ra v phc v con ngi
2.3. Cc thnh phn ca h thng KD

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 H quyt nh: H quyt nh gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php xut cc
quyt nh, cc chin lc kinh doanh, n c lin quan n mi hot ng ca ton h
thng. Qu trnh ra mt quyt nh tri qua hai bc:
-Tm hiu tnh hnh
-La chn gii php
Tu theo tm quan trng, phm vi nh hng ta chia lm 2 loi quyt nh:
- Quyt nh chin lc: L quyt nh cho mt k hoch tng th lu di, c tnh
cht nh hng
- Quyt nh chin thut: Quyt nh ny c tnh cht cc b c phm vi hp trong
thi gian ngn h tr cho quyt nh chin lc
H tc nghip: H tc nghip bao gm con ngi, phng tin trc tip thc hin cc
nhim v ca h thng kinh doanh t mc tiu xc nh.
H thng thng tin: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin v phng php tham gia vo qu
trnh thu thp, lu tr, x l thng tin m bo mi quan h gia h quyt nh v h tc
nghip.
Thng tin bao gm:
-Nhng thng phn nh tnh trng hin thi ca h thng (tnh trng kinh doanh,
thng tin v vt t, thit b, nhn s...
-Nhng thng tin vo, ra

H Q
Vo Ra
H thng
thng tin

H tc nghip

Hnh 3 cu trc ca h thng KD

3. H thng thng tin qun l

3.1. Khi nim qun l

- Cng tc qun l:
- Qun l nh mt qu trnh bin i thng tin a n hnh ng, l mt qu trnh
tng ng vic ra quyt nh. (J.W.Forsester)
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 - Qun l bao gm vic iu ho cc ngun ti nguyn (nhn lc v vt cht) t
ti mc ch... (F.Kasat v J.Rosenweig).
- Cng tc qun l l mt ngh thut ng x ring ca tng c nhn lnh o tu
thuc vo hon cnh kinh t x hi, tnh a dng ca mi trng l mt ngh thut t
c mt mc ch no thng qua mt s ngi no .
- Tri thc qun l: L kinh nghim thc t kt hp vi kt qu nghin cu khoa hc ca
nhiu ngnh trong ngh ch quan ng vai tr quan trng.
- Cc t c bn cu cng tc qun l:- Hng ti mc ch
- Thng qua con ngi
- S dng cc k thut
- Bn trong mt t chc
- Cc chc nng qun l: -Vch k hoch
-T chc thc hin
-B tr cn b
-Lnh o
-Kim sot
3.2. Chc nng ca h thng thng tin qun l
- H thng thng tin phi h tr cho cc nh qun l h c th a ra nhng sch lc,
chin lc trong vic ch o.
- Thng tin phi mm do thch ng c vi nhng thay i v nhu cu v thng tin bng
cch iu chnh nhng kh nng x l ca h thng.
- Nhu cu thng tin cc mc qun l khc nhau:

Phn tch xu hng C. lc

K hoch, iu chnh Sch lc

Bo co nh k Tc nghip

X l giao dch Tha hnh

Hnh 4 Cc mc nhu cu thng tin

3.3. Nhim v ca h thng thng tin

- i ngoi: Trao i thng tin vi mi trng bn ngoi

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 - i ni: HTTT l cu ni lin lc gia cc b phn ca h thng kinh doanh. N cung
cp cho b phn quyt nh v b phn tc nghip cc thng tin phn nh tnh trng ni b
ca c quan, t chc trong h thng v tnh trng hot ng kinh doanh ca h thng.

3.4. Vng i ca h thng thng tin

Giai on Giai on
Hnh thnh Pht trin

Giai on Giai on
Thoi ho Khai thc

Hhnh 5 Vng i ca h thng thng tin

- Giai on hnh thnh: Mt ai c tng v h thng thng tin c th gip cung

cp thng tin c tt hn.
- Giai on pht trin: tng tr thnh thc t, nh phn tch h thng, ngi lp
trnh v ngi s dng cng lm vic vi nhau phn tch cc nhu cu x l thng tin v
thit k ra h thng thng tin. c t thit k c chuyn thnh cc chng trnh v h
thng c ci t.
- Giai on khai thc: Sau khi ci t, h thng tin bc vo giai on sn xut v i
vo vn hnh bnh thng phc v cho nhu cu thng tin ca cng ty. Giai on khai thc l
giai on di nht trong c 4 giai on (thng ko di t 4-7 nm). Trong giai on ny h
thng tin lin tc c sa i hoc bo tr gi n thay i cng vi nhu cu ca cng ty.
- Giai on thoi ho: Vic tch lu nhng thng tin bin i, tng trng lm nh
hng n tnh hiu qu ca h thng. H thng thng tin tr thnh rc ri n mc khng
th bo tr c na, vic duy tr n khng cn kinh t v hiu qu na. Lc ny n s b
loi b v chm dt vng i h thng ta phi xy dng h thng mi. Tuy vy, c th mt
s m un c ti s dng trong h thng mi.
Vic xc nh vng i h thng dn ti vic cn a c yu t loi b h thng vo
ngay trong qu trnh pht trin h thng.

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3.4. Cc b phn hp thnh ca H thng thng tin
Nu khng k n con ngi, phng tin th HTTT ch gm 2 b phn l: cc d liu
& cc x l
- Cc d liu:
D liu v cu trc: L nhng s kin, qu trnh tin ho, tng trng, cp nht c
lu tr tng i n nh.
D liu kinh doanh: Nhng thng tin v hot ng giao dch, thng l nhng tp d
liu c cu trc (ho n chng t).
Thng tin c cu trc bao gm lung thng tin vo v lung thng tin ra:
Lung thng tin vo: phn loi cc thng tin cn x l thnh 3 loi:
+ Thng tin cn cho tra cu: Cc thng tin t b thay i, thng c cp nht 1 ln.
+ Thng tin lun chuyn chi tit: l loi thng tin hot ng ca n v, khi lng
thng tin thng ln, cn phi x l kp thi
+ Thng tin lun chuyn tng hp: l loi thng tin c tng hp t cc cp thp hn,
thng tin ny thng c ng x l theo k hay theo l
Lung thng tin ra:
+ Thng tin u ra c tng hp t thng tin u vo, ph thuc vo nhu cu qun l
trong tng trng hp c th, tng n v c th.
+ Thng tin u ra quan trng nht l cc tng hp, thng k, thng bo.
- Cc x l:
- L cc chc nng, quy trnh, phng php, th tc x l cho php thu thp, lu tr,
tm kim, ch bin thng tin, thc cht l bin i t tp thng tin vo thnh tp thng tin ra
- Cc chc nng x l trong h thng c tnh lin hon vi nhau trong m bo s
thng nht, an ton trnh s c
4. Cc h thng thng tin t ng ho (tin hc ho)

4.1. Mc t ng ho
H thng t ng ho c th theo hnh thc:
- T ng ho ton b: H thng c x l hon ton t ng bng my tnh trong con
ngi ch ng vai tr ph trong h thng.
- T ng ho mt phn (b phn): H thng c chia thnh hai phn cng vic phn x l
gia con ngi (thc hin th cng) v phn thc hin trn my tnh (khng tnh nhng
cng vic con ngi phc v my tnh.
Vic t ng ho mt h thng kinh doanh c th lm vi hai cch:
- Phng php "h": S dng my tnh tp trung bao trm ton b h thng
9
- Phng php "ging": p dng my tnh cho tng b phn ring r, cho tng phm vi nht
nh.
Tin hc ho ton b l mc ch cui cng nhng khng phi bao gi cng thc hin
c, m nhiu khi ngi ta phi tin hnh tin hc ho b phn trc.

4.2. Cc phng thc x l bng my tnh

- X l theo l (batch processing): thng dng trong cc trng hp sau:
- X l c tnh cht nh k, (in cc bo co, kt xut, thng k)
- Trong trng hp in cc giy t c s lng ln
- X l trc tuyn (on-line processing): Cc giao dch pht sinh, cc thng tin n c cp
nht v cn t ng x l ngay.
Th d: Bn v my bay, v tu, cung cp thng tin trn INTERNET...
+u im ca x l trc tuyn:
- Gim c cng vic giy t, cc khu trung gian
- Kim tra c s ng n ca d liu ngay sau khi nhp
- Cho tr li nhanh chng
+Nhc im:
- Xy dng h thng tn cng sc, thi gian, chi ph t hn c v phn cng v
phn mm
- X l khng kp khi khi lng thng tin vo ra ln
- D b nhm ln.
- Kh phc hi d liu (v d liu lun trn dng d liu)
Thng thng mt h thng c c hai ch x l trn v c s iu khin chuyn i gia
hai phng thc thc hin ph hp vi yu cu tr li thng tin.
5. Cc giai on phn tch v thit k H thng thng tin

5.1. Gii thiu

Phn tch v thit k mt h thng l vn nhn thc mt h thng. phn tch, thit
k ta phi dng cc phng php m t. C nhiu phng php nhng Vit Nam s dng
ch yu hai phng php:
- SADT (Structure Analysis and Design Technology)
- MERI (ca Php)
5.2. Cc giai on phn tch thit k h thng thng tin theo phng php SADT (k
thut phn tch v thit k c cu trc)

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 How? M t h thng Xc nh h thng
thc lm vic nh mi thc hin nh
th no? th no?

Mc vt l

Mc khi nim
hiu h thng Xc nh h thng
lm g? mi lm g?
What?
Cn ci
tin g?

- Giai on 1 xc nh vn c bn v tnh kh thi ca d n: Cn tr li cc cu hi nh:

C nn thc hin khng?; Mc chi ph bao nhiu?; Quy m n u?...Cn a ra cc
lp lun lm xut hin mc tiu ca n cui cng nu chp nhn d n th phi vch
k hoch cho giai on 2.
- Giai on 2 phn tch h thng: Giai on ny ta m t h thng mc khi nim phn
tch su sc hn cc chc nng, d liu ca h thng c (tr li cc cu hi l g?; lm g?)
sau a ra m t khi nim cho h thng mi.. Khi phn tch dng cc biu (chc
nng nghip v, lung d liu, m hnh d liu)
- Giai on 3 thit k i th: Trn c s m hnh khi nim G 2 ta m t h thng
mc vt l, tr li cc cu hi lm th no? Xc nh cc h thng con, vai tr ca my
tnh...
- Giai on 4 thit k chi tit bao gm:
-Thit k c s d liu
-Thit k cc th tc, cc m un x l
-Thit k cc chc nng chng trnh
-Thit k cc mu th
-Thit k giao din
-Thit k cc kim sot
- Giai on 5 ci t chng trnh
- Giai on 6 khai thc v bo tr
Ch : Vic phn chia giai on trn ch c tnh cht tng i. nh gi tng quan gia
cc phn cng vic c th c nhiu tiu chun khc nhau tu theo trnh tin hc tng quc
gia.

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VD: cc nc phng Ty phn cng vic t giai on 1 - 4 c nh gi t 50-60%,
phn lp trnh ci t t 20-30%, cn li l phn bo tr.

KHO ST

BO TR V PHT TRIN PHN TCH

CI T THIT K

XY DNG

Hnh 6 S th hin cc giai on trin khai

xy dng mt d n

Cu hi chng 1
1/ Ti sao khi xy dng cc HTTT cn phi c phn tch thit k h thng?
2/ Mc ch ca phn tch thit k h thng?
3/ Nhim v ca HTTT
4/ Vai tr ca HTTT trong h thng kinh doanh?
5/ Cc giai on ca qu trnh PTTK h thng?
6/ Nhng lnh vc no x l theo l, trc tuyn?

12
 Chng II
Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n

Tin trnh trin khai mt d n

y l giai on u tin ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k h thng, n quyt nh d

n c tn ti hay khng.
Cc bc tin hnh tng qut nh sau:

Kho st hin trng v thu thp thng tin

(Kho st 4 mc: Tha hnh, qun l, lnh o, chuyn gia)

Pht hin yu km v yu cu t ra cho tng lai

Xc nh mc tiu d n
(cc b, ton b)

nh gi kh nng thc hin

(con ngi, ti chnh, thit b, thi gian, khng gian, mi trng)

Cn nhc tnh kh thi v la chn gii php

Lp d tr v trin khai d n

Cho php gii p mt s cu hi c bn sau:

+ Mi trng, hon cnh, cc rng buc v hn ch i vi h thng nh th no?
+ Chc nng v nhim v v mc tiu cn t c ca h thng l g, tc l ngi
dng mun g h thng ?
+ C th hnh dung s b mt gii php c th p ng c cc yu cu t ra nh th
no?

13
1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic kho st

Mc ch:
Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n l giai on u ca qu trnh phn tch v thit k
h thng. Mc ch ca giai on ny l tm c s m t h thng bng vn bn, xut
ra phng n thc hin, cui cng l k c mt hp ng v hnh thnh 1 d n mang
tnh kh thi (giai on kho st cn c th coi nh "Nghin cu tnh kh thi" hoc "Nghin
cu hin trng")
Vic kho st thng c tin hnh qua 2 giai on:
- Kho st s b nhm xc nh tnh kh thi ca d n.
- Kho st chi tit nhm xc nh chnh xc nhng g s thc hin v khng nh nhng li
ch km theo
Cc yu ca vic kho st:
- Kho st, tm hiu, nh gi s hot ng ca h thng c
- xut cc yu cu, cc mc tiu v cc u tin gii quyt cho h thng mi.
- Phc ho gii php mi v cn nhc tnh kh thi ca d n
- Lp k hoch cho d n cng vi cc d tr tng qut.
2. Kho st v nh gi hin trng

2.1. Ni dung kho st v nh gi hin trng

- Tm hiu mi trng XH, kinh t, k thut ca h thng, nghin cu c cu t chc ca c
quan
- Nghin cu chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp
cc quyn hn
- Thu thp, nghin cu cc h s, s sch, cc tp cng vi cc phng thc x l thng tin
trong
- Thu thp v nghin cu cc qui tc qun l, cc qui nh, cc cng thc lm cn c cho
qu trnh x l thng tin
- Thu thp cc chng t giao dch v m t cc chu trnh lu chuyn v x l thng tin v
ti liu giao dch
- Thng k cc phng tin v ti nguyn v c th s dng
- Thu thp cc i hi v thng tin, cc kin, d on, nguyn vng trong tng lai
nh gi ph phn hin trng, ra hng gii quyt
- Lp s tng th v hin trng

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2.2. Cc mc kho st
Vic tin hnh kho st c tin hnh trn 4 mc i tng
- Thao tc tha hnh: l kho st nhng ngi trc tip vi nhng thao tc ca h
thng. H c k nng, nghip v cao, nhn bit c nhng kh khn, phc tp v nhiu
vn chuyn su trong cng vic.
- iu phi qun l: y l nhng ngi qun l trc tip v mt mng cng vic no ,
chng hn qun c phn xng, h hiu c tnh hnh c quan thi im hin ti nhng
khng c kh nng nhn nhn c cc vn xy ra trong tng lai
- Quyt nh ca lnh o: y l nhng ngi ra quyt nh nn h c yu cu v cc
thng tin tr gip
- Mc chuyn gia c vn : y l nhng ngi nhn thc c s pht trin v vn ng
ca h thng trong nhng mi trng
2.3. Cc hnh thc tin hnh kho st
C nhiu hnh thc kho st, chng c s dng kt hp nng cao hiu qu, tnh
xc thc, tnh khch quan, tnh ton din ca vic kho st.
(1)- Quan st, theo di, ghi chp (gm quan st chnh thc v khng chnh thc):
- Chnh thc: C chun b, c thng bo trc cho i tc chun b thng tin tr li theo
yu cu ca ngi kho st.
- Khng chnh thc: Khng thng bo trc cho i tc chun b thc hin bt k lc no,
u...Vi quan st khng chnh thc thng cho kt lun chnh xc hn, tuy vy cch ny
rt mt thi gian, thng lm vic vi nhng ngi lm vic lu din t cho
mnh.
(2)- Phng vn: a ra nhiu loi cu hi, cu hi trc tip, cu hi ng (lit k tt c cc
phng n tr li theo kiu trc nghim), cu hi m c tnh cht gi .
(3)- Nghin cu ti liu, cc ti liu gm:
- Cc bo co nghip v
- Qui ch v chc nng, nhim v
- Quy nh, ni qui
- Cc s sch thng tin chi tit giao dch hng ngy...
(4)- Dng bng hi, phiu iu tra: Gi phiu iu tra cho i tc thu thp tr li x l
gin tip khng c s trao i tranh lun. Phng php ny thng nhanh, r tin nhng
tin cy thp.
2.4. Phn loi v h thng ho thng tin thu thp c
-Thng tin hin ti phn nh chung v mi trng, hon cnh, cc thng s c li ch
cho vic tm hiu, nghin cu h thng trong qu kh v hin ti.
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 - Thng tin cho tng lai phi c kho st t m v cht ch. Nhng thng tin ny
bao gm nhng thng tin c pht biu ra chng hn nhng li ca thn, phn nn, mong
mun, c loi thng tin c thc nhng khng c pht biu ra, trng hp ny phi gi
ly c li pht biu chnh thc, c nhng thng tin v thc, y l nhng pht biu
khng r rng, mp m, cn phi d on nhn c nhng thng tin .
- Thng tin tnh (c th cc thng tin s ng, cu trc ho): Nh h s cc phng ban, c
nhn (h tn, chc v, nm sinh).
- Thng tin ng: Hnh trnh ca thng tin trong h thng. ng v thi gian l thi im
thay i, x l, kim tra thng tin. ng v khng gian l con ng di chuyn thng tin
trong h thng.
- Thng tin bin i: Cc qui tc qun l, quy nh ca Nh nc, ca c quan lm nn cho
vic tnh ton, x l, kt xut thng tin.
- Thng tin mi trng v thng tin ni b. Thng tin mi trng phn bit c u l
phn t trong h thng, u l phn t ngoi h thng. D thng tin v mi trng khng
lin quan n h thng nhng c nh hng ln n h thng ta khng th b qua khng
xem xt k
- Xem xt s b cc thng tin nhn c trn 4 kha cnh sau:
- S lng
- Tn sut s dng
- chnh xc
- Thi gian sng
2.5. Pht hin nhng yu km ca hin trng v nhng yu cu trong tng lai
+ Yu km
- Hthng thiu ci g, (chc nng, phng tin, nhn lc)
- Km hiu qu, hiu sut cng vic thp
- Phng php x l khng cht ch, di chuyn thng tin vng vo
- C cu t chc bt hp l
- Giy t, ti liu trnh by km gy n tc lm cho h thng qu ti, gy tn ph v vt
t, thit b, con ngi
+ Yu cu ny sinh
- Khc phc nhng yu km trn
- Nhng yu cu v thng tin cha c p ng
- Nhng nguyn vng ca nhn vin
- Cc d kin v cc k hoch pht trin v quy m ca n v
3. Xc nh phm vi, kh nng v mc tiu ca d n

3.1. Xc nh phm vi (khoanh vng d n)

- Ch r h thng mi tin hnh trong phm vi no?
+ Trong ton b c quan (phng php h)

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 + Trong tng b phn (phng php ging). Nn kho st tng th trc khi
khoanh vng ni thc hin tin hc ho.
- nh gi tng phng php:
+ u im ca phng php h l nht qun trong x l, c s d liu tp trung nn
trnh c d tha d liu, tuy nhin tc x l s chm, ci t phc tp
+ Vi phng php ging th d thc hin nhng kh pht trin h thng con thnh
h thng tng th.
Ch : Mt HTTT thng kh phc tp m khng th thc hin trong mt thi gian nht
nh bi vy cn hn ch mt s rng buc h thng mang tnh kh thi nht nh. Ti thi
im ny cn xc nh cc mc tiu cho d n, chnh cc mc tiu ny l thc o kim
chng v nghim thu d n sau ny.
3.2. Kh nng v hn ch thc hin d n
Xt trn 5 mt sau:
- V mt ti chnh: Kinh ph cho php trin khai.
- V con ngi: Kh nng qun l, nm bt k thut mi, kh nng v o to, tip nhn
cng ngh mi
- V trang thit b k thut cho php
- V mt thi gian: Cc rng buc ca cc h thng v thi gian hon thnh.
- V mi trng: Cc yu t nh hng v mi trng, x hi.
3.3. Mc tiu ca vic tin hc ho
- Khc phc yu km h thng c
- p ng c yu cu trong tng lai
- Mang li li ch kinh t
- Tho mn c hn ch v chi ph v con ngi
- Th hin c chin lc pht trin lu di
3.4. Xc nh yu t thnh cng ca bi ton
- Mc tiu qun l: c ch ra bng cm danh ng t th hin tm tt cc qui trnh qun
l c bn
- Yu t thnh cng ca bi ton (CSF Critical Successful Factor): c th hin bng
mt danh t, y l cc thng tin u ra phi c mt ca h thng.
4. Phc ho gii php, cn nhc tnh kh thi

4.1. Cc mc t ng ho
- T chc li cc cng vic th cng
- T ng ho vic x l tin nhng khng lm thay i c cu t chc
- T ng ho km theo thay i t chc
4.2. Hnh thc s dng my tnh
- X l theo m hay trc tuyn (offline or online)
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- X l tp trung/phn tn
4.3. Phn tch hiu qu v nh gi tnh kh thi
-Tnh hiu qu: + Chi ph
+ Li ch (v kinh t)
- Tnh kh thi: + Kh thi v mt k thut
+ Kh thi v tc v
+ Kh thi v chi ph
Nguyn tc chung l xut 1 s phng n i snh
5. Lp d tr v k hoch trin khai d n

5.1. Hnh thnh hp ng

Quyt nh h thng kh thi hay khng v tho thun cc iu khon s b dn n 1 hp
ng kinh t v trch nhim ca cc bn tham gia.
2. Lp d tr thit b
- S b v d n
+ Khi lng d liu cn lu tr
+ Cc dng lm vic: Trc tuyn, t xa, theo m,...
+ S lng ngi dng
+ Khi lng thng tin cn thu thp, xut ra
- Thit b cn c: My tinh n l hay mng my tnh, cc thit b chuyn dng v cc phn
mm ang dng...
- iu kin mua bn v lp t: iu kin v mt ti chnh, iu kin giao hng, k hoch
tp hun, k hoch lp t, o to ngi dng...

3. Lp k hoch trin khai d n

- Lp h s k hoch gm: Danh sch thnh vin nhm lm vic gm c hai bn; cc kt
qu kho st s b; cc ph phn hin trng v yu cu pht trin trong tng lai; cc gii
php v la chn; k hoch trin khai d n.
- Thng qua trao i tho lun hon tt cc h s trn. Sau khi quyt nh phn cng
nhim v cho tng nhm hay tng c nhn thc hin cc giai on tip theo.

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 Chng 3: Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc

Ni dung:
+ Phn loi h thng tin hc / Cch tip cn trong vic tin hc ho
+ Phng php phn tch thit k h thng
+ Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng
+ T chc xy dng h thng
Gii thiu s lc mt s phng php phn tch thit k

Phn tch thit k HTTT l phng php lun xy dng v pht trin HTTT bao gm
cc l thuyt, m hnh, phng php v cc cng c s dng trong qu trnh phn tch v
thit k h thng. C nhiu phng php khc nhau.
Phng php SADT (Structured Analysis and Design Technique)
K thut phn tch v thit k cu trc
Phng php ny xut pht t M, tng c bn ca n: Phn r mt h thng ln
thnh cc phn h nh v n gin.
- c xy dng da trn 7 nguyn l sau:
1. S dng 1 m hnh
2. Phn tch i xung (top down)
3. Dng mt m hnh chc nng v mt m hnh quan nim (gi l m hnh thit k)
4. Th hin tnh i ngu ca h thng
5. S dng cc biu din di dng ho
6. Phi hp hot ng ca nhm
7. u tin tuyt i cho s vit
- SADT s dng cc k thut:
+ Dng d liu hay cn gi l biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams)
+ T in d liu (Data Dictionary)
+ Ting anh c cu trc (Structured English)
+ Bng quyt nh
+ Cy quyt nh

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 Phng php MERISE (Methode pour Rassembler les Idees Sans Effort)
Phng php MERISE l phng php phn tch c ngun gc t Php, ra i vo cui
thp nin 70.
- tng c bn xut pht t 3 mt c bn sau:
+ Mt th nht: Quan tm n chu k sng ca h thng thng tin tri qua nhiu giai
on Thai ngn- Quan nim / nim Qun tr Cht, c th ko di t 10 15 nm vi
cc t chc ln.
+ Mt th hai: cp ti chu k c t hay chu k tru tng. Qui trnh x l c
m t trn bnh din quan nim, k tip l trn bnh din t chc v cui cng l trn bnh
din tc nghip.
+ Mt th ba: Lin quan n chu k ca cc quyt nh
- c trng c bn ca phng php MERISE
+ Nhn ton cc
+ Tch ri cc d liu v x l
+ Tip vn theo mc
- u im: c c s khoa hc vng chc
- Nhc im: Cng knh
Phng php MCX (Methode de xavier castellani)
Phng php phn tch MCX c ngun gc t Php
- Mt s nt c bn v phng php phn tch MCX:
+ Cho php xy dng c m hnh tng qut, chnh xc, biu din HTTT hc cc
phn h thng tin.
+ Cho php phn tch, nm c d liu, qu trnh x l v truyn thng cc HTTT
+ Cho php biu din cc x l vi cc lu v cc chng trnh, son tho bi 1
ngn ng gii thut dng cc mc khc nhau.
+ Cho php lng ho cc x l.
- Cc giai on c bn ca qu trnh phn tch:
+ Phn tch macro
+ Phn tch s b
+ Phn tch quan nim
Phng php GALACSI (Groupe d Animation et de Liaison pour i Analyse et la
Conception de systeme d Information)

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 Phng php GLACSI c ngun gc t Php. Ra i thng 4/1982. Ni dung c bn
trnh by mt tp hp c cng c v nguyn liu tin hnh cc giai on c bn sau y
ca qu trnh phn tch:
- Nghin cu cc h thng t chc v cc h thng thng tin tng ng: nghin cu
hin trng, nghin cu kh thi
- Phn tch chc nng: m hnh d liu, m hnh x l
- Phn tch cu trc: t chc d liu, t chc x l, mi trng tip nhn, giao din
ngi my.
- Lp trnh
Nhc im ca phng php ny l cha th nghim nhiu trong thc t.
1. Cch tip cn tin hc ho: 2 cch
- Tin hc ho b phn
- Tin hc ho ton phn
Cu hi:
+ Nh th no iu kin tin hc ho ton phn ?
+ Hay iu kin tin hc ho c
+ xut tin hc ho b phn hay ton phn?
+ Bt u t u trc?
iu kin tin hc ho c:
+ Khi lng thng tin nhiu (v d: x l kho)
+ Qu trnh hot ng n nh (v d: vic thu/chi)
Tin hc ho ton phn:
+ Khi khi lng thng tin ln
+ Mi vic trao i thng tin c lm trong ton phn
Phn loi h thng tin hc:
+ H thng mc b phn: qun l k ton
+ H thng mc x nghip : gii php ERP qun tr doanh nghip
+ H thng mc ton ngnh
Cu hi: + Tin hc ho b phn Tin hc ho ton phn: l khng tt
V: khng nhn thy c mt cch tng th, chp v
+ Gii php tng th: a ra c nn chung nguy c khng lng trc c
vic dng chung s liu nn d dn n sai
+ Ton ngnh: ti chnh phn ra 3 cp
Cp 1: cp TW: a ra chnh sch, b phn iu hnh
Cp 2: a ra vn bn hng dn ca cp 1: trung gian gia 1 v 3
Cp 3: cp di
+ M hnh tin hc: l m hnh 2 cp:Cp di chuyn ln cp trn
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2. Phn tch thit k h thng c phng php

Cu hi: Th no l C phng php: (bn cht l phi tri qua cc bc theo

phn tch TK HT c 1 phng php lun no )
phng php? Thc hin cc bc theo phng chm lm k 1 bc trc
khi chuyn sang bc tip theo

Cu hi: Ti sao lm Lm vic c phng php:

vic c phng php - Trnh sai st (gim thiu mc sai st)
li c hiu qu hn ? - D t chc qun l thc hin (Khng quan trng nm)
- Hiu qu cao hn: (yu t ny quan trng nht)
Cht lng tt hn khng chp v
Nhanh hn v tin
- D bo tr
3. Phng php lun phn tch thit k h thng c cu trc

- Cu hi: V sao chn phng php lun PTTK c cu trc?

Phng php lun PTTK c cu trc c c th g?
- Phn tch h thng c cu trc l cch tip cn hin i ti cc giai on phn tch v
thit k ca chu trnh pht trin h thng, c chp thun khc phc cc nhc im
ca nhiu cch tip cn truyn thng. N s dng phng php lun bao gm:
+ B cng c, k thut, m hnh ghi nhn v phn tch h thng hin ti v cc yu
cu mi t xc nh khun dng mi theo d kin.
+ Mt khun kh chung ch ra mi giai on s dng nhng cng c no v lin quan
vi nhau ra sao

Cc c th ca phng php lun c cu trc:

(1) Phn tch h thng t 3 phng din: Chc nng, d liu, lung d liu (y va
l u im, va l nhc im)
u im:
+ So vi cc phng php trc y n quan st c c chc nng v phn tch d liu
+ n gin ho c bi ton
Nhc im: Khng xem xt c mi quan h gia d liu v chc nng
Khc phc:
+ Sinh ra m hnh lung d liu g ri cho nhc im ny
+ Sinh ra phng php lun hng i tng: quan st c hnh ng c d liu thng
tin m i tng c
(2) Cch tip cn TopDown: Xem xt s vt bt u t tng th chi tit ho dn dn tng
bc

22
 Mc tiu qun l
Dng
Lm
Dliu
g?
g?

M hnh M hnh Phn

chc nng d liu tch

M hnh lung d liu

Thit
k
Thit k Thit k Thit k

(3) S dng 3 cng c kinh in trong phn tch thit k

- BFD s phn r chc nng
- DFD s dng d liu
- ERD s quan h thc th
C th l xy dng cc s :
- S chc nng nghip v (BFD): Ch ra cc chc nng ca h thng cn thc hin
- S lung d liu (DFD): Ch ra cc chc nng cng vi thng tin cn thit thc
hin cc nhim v
-S cu trc d liu (ERD): Ch ra cc thc th v mi quan h gia cc thc th
trong c s d liu.
4. Cc phin bn khc nhau ca phng php lun phn tch c cu trc
Chung: + BFD s phn r chc nng
+ ERD s quan h thc th
Khc nhau:
+ Cc bc thc hin (hay s lng bc)
+ Cc cng c x dng th hin lung d liu
5. T chc xy dng h thng thng tin

- Phi c ban qun tr d n

Cu hi: Ngi qun l d n Tin hc phi c nng lc th no?
Trong cc nng lc sau chn ci no:
+ Nhng hiu bit v tin hc
+ C kh nng nghip v
+ Nng lc qun l
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Qun tr d n cn quan tm + C kh nng nghip v
+ Nng lc qun l
Nng lc qun l:
+ Xc nh mc ch nhanh
+ Bit iu phi, ch ra k hoch + Bit vic
.. Lp k hoch: + Nng lc ca tng c nhn
.. Kim sot + Chi ph
.. Qun l ti chnh

Qun tr d n: chia lm 2 khi

Pha lp trnh Pha ngi dng
Qun tr d n Qun tr d n: 3 yu t
+ Phn tch, thit k + Ngi hiu c c li qui trnh nhim v, i
+ Lp trnh vin din cho quyn li b phn iu hnh
K s trng + i din cho b phn thc hin
Lp trnh vin + nh hng
+ TestCase

Vit Nam: a s khng c b phn lm cng vic kim chng chuyn nghip
Cu hi: Trong trng hp khng c b phn Test th dng n v no lm?
- Nn nh ngi s dng
- Hay dng ngi phn tch
- Khng cho ngi lp trnh vin lm v ngi ta ch nhn nhn h thng v mt k
thut ch khng nm c nghip v
K s trng lm g?
- Nm v cng c tham gia vi thit k lm cng c lp ghp cc modul khc nhau
vo h thng

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 Chng 4: Phn tch h thng v x l

1. Mc ch, yu cu ca giai on phn tch

1.1. Mc ch
- Nhn din v phn nh cc thnh phn v mi quan h trong h thng
- u vo ca giai on ny l h s kt qu ca kho st h thng
- u ra bao gm:
+ Biu chc nng nghip v (BFD - Bussiness Function Diagram)
+ Biu dng d liu (DFD - Data Flow Diagram)
+ Biu cu trc d liu (ERD Entity Relational Diagram)
1.2. Cch tin hnh
- Xut pht t h thng c v cc nhu cu pht trin xy dng h thng mi
- Chuyn t m t vt l sang m t logic hay ni cch khc l chuyn t mc vt l sang
mc khi nim.
- S dng k thut phn tch t trn xung (Top-down) hay i t tng th n chi tit. Phn
tch h thng thnh 2 giai on con l phn tch h thng v x l v phn tch h thng v
d liu.
- C th tm tt giai on phn tch h thng v x l thng qua lc "How-What"

M t h thng lm M t h thng mi
How? vic nh th no? lm vic nh th no?

M t h thng M t h thng mi
What? lm vic g? lm vic g?

M t h thng lm vic g ch ra nhc im ca h thng c

M t h thng mi lm vic nh th no ch ra u im ca h thng mi.
2. Biu phn cp chc nng (BFD - Bussiness Function Diagram)

2.1. Khi nim

BFD l vic phn r c th bc n gin cc chc nng ca h thng trong min kho
cu thnh cc chc nng nh hn, cui cng thu c mt cy chcnng.
2.2. Cc thnh phn ca BFD

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- K hiu chc nng l mt hnh ch nht bn trong
Qun l kho
l tn chc nng
- Lin kt cc chc nng l ng thng
-Tn chc nng l ng t - b ng v ng t nn dng thc mnh lnh
V d: Qun l XN

Qun l nhn Qun l ti chnh Qun l vt t

s

Qun l h s Qun l lao ng

2.3. c im ca biu phn cp chc nng

- Cung cp cch nhn tng qut v chc nng ca h thng, phm vi cn phn tch
- BPC trnh by cc chc nng ca h thng dng tnh, tc l khng th hin c mi
quan h v chuyn giao thng tin gia cc chc nng, khng th hin trnh t thc hin x
l thng tin.
- Biu phn r chc nng thng c s dng b tr cho vic xy dng biu
lung d liu.
- Cht lng ca tn t cho cc chc nng l quan trng cho thnh cng ca h thng.
Mi chc nng cn c mt tn duy nht, tn nn biu th tht st, y ngha ca cc
chc nng con ca chc nng c t tn. Tn ca chc nng cn phi phn nh c cc
chc nng ca th gii thc ch khng ch cho h thng thng tin.
- Biu ny rt gn vi s t chc, tuy nhin khng c lm ln gia 2 s .
V d: S c cu t chc ca x nghip:

Ban gim c

Phng t chc Phng KH, ti v Phng vt t

Biu phn cp chc nng Qun l x nghip

Qun l nhn s Qun l ti chnh Qun l vt t

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2.4. Cch xy dng BFD
BFD th hin cc u vic m h thng cn thc hin t c mc tiu qun l
(qun l ci g?), vic xy dng da trn c s ca bc kho st, v vy kho st cng k
lng th vic xc nh m hnh chc nng cc y chnh xc.

Mc tiu qun l
Lm g?

M hnh chc nng

Thng tin c trn BFD:

- Th hin y cc chc nng m h thng thc hin
- Mt chc nng ln c th c phn thnh cc chc nng nh hn
- Vic phn r c tin hnh theo tiu ch: + Theo bn cht x l (chc nng)
+ Theo b phn thc hin
+ Theo d liu phi x l
Xy dng biu chc nng theo cc bc sau:
- Xem c h thng l 1 chc nng duy nht, cn gi l mc 0
- Phn r khi chc nng mc trn thnh cc chc nng nh hn mc di, ln lt
nh s l mc 1, mc 2, ...

H thng Mc 0

A B C D Mc 1

Mc 2

- Trong mc cao nht mt chc nng chnh s l mt trong nhng loi sau:
- Qun l tin trnh sn xut.
- Qun l cung cp dch v
- Qun l ti nguyn, tin vn
- Qun l con ngi
...
T chc nng chnh ny chng ta phn r thnh cc chc nng con hnh thnh nn mt
biu hnh cy m gc trn.

27
 - Thng thng i vi h thng ln cng khng nn c nhiu hn 6 mc (v kh theo
di) v i vi h thng nh v trung bnh khng nn qu 3 mc.
- Mt chc nng khng nn qu 7 chc nng con (kh theo di m hnh)
- S nn tng i "cn bng" theo ngha mc ca cc chc nng con thp nht nn
c xc nh tng ng nh nhau.
- Phn tch chc nng a ra nhng chi tit quan trng m nhng chi tit s c
dng nhiu nhng giai on sau ca phn tch.
3. Biu lung d liu (DFD - Data Flow Diagram)

3.1. Gii thiu v DFD

Khi nim
- DFD din t tp hp cc chc nng ca h thng v mi quan h chuyn giao thng tin
gia cc chc nng hay ni khc i n cung cp bc tranh ng v h thng.
- DFD c s dng l cng c c bn trong tt c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, trao i
v lu tr d liu.
Mc ch
- Xc nh yu cu ca ngi s dng (NSD)
- Lp k hoch v minh ho cc phng n cho nh phn tch v NSD xem xt
- L cng c trao i gia nh phn tch v NSD do tnh tng minh ca DFD
- Lm ti liu c t yu cu hnh thc v c t thit k h thng.
Vic din t biu c chia thnh 2 mc:
- Biu lung d liu mc vt l:
+ Trong biu mc vt l m t tt c cc chc nng x l, cc phng tin x l, cc gi
mang thng tin (phng tin mang, vt mang) cng vi cc mi lin quan khng gian v
thi gian.
+ Biu ny m t h thng lm vic nh th no (tr li cu hi "How?"), do vy n
dng trong kho st h thng hin ti v thit k h thng mi
- Biu lung d liu mc logic (mc khi nim, hay cn gi l mc quan nim)
+ Biu ny b qua yu t vt l, ch tp trung vo m t h thng lm g hay ni cch
khc n tr li cu hi "What?" (m t h thng lm g?)
+ Biu ny ch quan tm n cc chc nng no cn x l trong h thng v nhng thng
tin lin quan n chc nng .

3.2 Biu lung d liu mc vt l (Hay cc lu h thng)

K hiu chung

28
 <Tn thng tin>

Ho n xut

K hiu ring: Din t chi tit cc thng tin c lin quan n cc thit b

Trng t
Trang in

Danh sch di Ba c l

Bng t Bng giy

a t Mn hnh

Cc k hiu x l
- K hiu chung Tn chc nng

- X l th cng
Sa h s

- X l nhp liu

Phn r
Nhp tp

Chn tp Xp xp

29
 K hiu ng truyn
Chuyn giao thng tin
ng truyn xa
V d 1: M t bi ton v ng k mua hng v thanh ton c trnh by nh sau:

Phiu ng Nhn n T chi

k mua hng

Tp khch n hng Ho n Phiu

c chp Tp hng thanh ton
nhn

Ghi
Ghi nhn Tp khch Lp ho Tp khch nhn
n hng ghi nhn n n ghi ho n thanh
ton

n khng
gii quyt Phiu ghi
c Tp khch nhn thanh
thanh ton ton

Khch hng mun mua hng phi gi 1 phiu ng k cho b phn ghi nhn khch
hng, b phn ny duyt phiu ng k nu khng gii quyt th tr li cho khch hng,
ngc li th lu tr li phiu ng k. B phn ghi nhn n hng cn c vo n mua hng
ca khch cng vi cc phiu ng k c duyt lc ra nhng n hng khng th
p ng c v nhng n hng c th p ng c. Cc n ny chuyn cho b phn
lp ho n. B phn lp ho n tra cu thng tin v hng cng vi n hng chp nhn
vit thnh ho n. Mt lin tr li cho khch v 1 lin gi li. B phn thanh ton cn c
vo t ho n trn thanh ton cho khch hng. Khi thanh ton phi lm thnh 2 lin, 1
lin tr li cho khch, 1 lin lu tr li. (s ny cn c mt cch gi khc l s lun
chuyn thng tin trong h thng.)

30
V d 2: Qui trnh x l bi ton qun l kho
Nh cung cp B phn kho K ton kho n v nhn Lnh o

Nhp
Hng PNhp
hng

Kho

Hng

Xut hng Phiu

xut

Tng hp tn

Bo co th
kho th kho

Lu :
- Xc nh xem cc b phn tham gia x l nm ct no
- V vo s nhn thng tin hay sinh ra u ra
- Gia 2 hnh bnh hnh khng c mi tn (Cc thc th)
- Gia 2 hnh ch nht c th c mi tn
- C nhng thng tin g s ny
Cc chc nng m h thng phi thc hin: l hnh chc nht
Thng tin d liu: Hnh bnh hnh
Lung d liu
n v tham gia qun l: B phn kho, K ton kho, Lnh o
3.3 Biu lung d liu (DFD- Data Flow Diagram)
3.3.1. Cc thnh phn ca biu
+ Chc nng x l (Process)
+ Lung thng tin (Data Flows)
+ Kho d liu (Data Store)
+ Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity)
+ Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity)
Cc chc nng x l (Process)
- Khi nim: Chc nng l mt qu trnh bin i thng tin
-K hiu chc nng
31
 Tng hp
tn

- Tn chc nng: C dng ng t + b ng nu cn, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt

chc nng lm g. Trong thc t tn cc chc nng phi trng vi tn t cho cc chc
nng trong s chc nng nghip v.
V d: Ghi ho n, nhp h s, . . .
Lung d liu (Dng d liu Data Flow)
- Khi nim: y l lung thng tin vo hoc ra ca 1 chc nng x l.
- K hiu lung thng tin: L mt ng k c mi tn, trn c vit tn ca lung d
liu

<Tn lung> <Ho n kim

tra>
Tn lung d liu phi l mt danh t, km thm tnh t nu cn, cho php hiu vn
tt ni dung ca d liu c chuyn giao
V d: Ho n kim tra, n hng duyt, H s sinh vin....
Lung d liu thng gn vi 1 chc nng no

Tr 1 s trng hp c th, ni chung mi lung thng tin u phi c tn.

Tn ny khng nht thit phi l duy nht, theo ngha cng thng tin c th i vo mt s
tin trnh, nhng m bo rng cc dng thng tin khc nhau c mang cc tn khc nhau.
Nhng thng tin no c thay i th nn c mang tn sa i biu th r iu .

V d: H s Duyt H s duyt
h s

Ch : Cc dng d liu v tn c gn cho chng phi ch ra c thng tin "logic" tng

ng ch khng phi l ti liu vt l.
Kho d liu (Data Store)
- Khi nim: Mt kho d liu l mt d liu (n hay c cu trc) c lu
li c th c truy nhp nhiu ln v sau.
<Tn kho>
- K hiu:
- Tn kho c dng Danh t + tnh t nu cn v cho php hiu mt cch vn tt ni dung
ca d liu c lu d.
V d: H s cn b, ho n nhp, im mn hc, Danh sch gi....

32
- Lin quan gia kho v chc nng c cc tnh hung nh sau:
+ Ct hay ghi d liu vo kho
Hiu Nhp
<Tn chnh h s
CN> gi c

<Tn kho> Danh sch gi H s cn b

+ c d liu t kho
<Tn kho> Danh sch gi H s cn b

<Tn Ln gi Tm
n kim
CN>
hng

+ Cp nht d liu trong kho <Tn

CN>

<Tn kho>

Trong cc trng hp ny tn lung d liu khng phi ghi v c hiu l tn kho

Hiu B tr
chnh kho cho
h s n hng

H s cn b Tp kho

Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity)

L 1 ngi, 1 nhm ngi, 1 t chc hay 1 i tng (thc th) bn ngoi h thng,
nhng c trao i thng tin vi h thng.
S c mt ca cc nhn t trn s ch ra gii hn h thng v nh r mi quan h
ca h thng vi th gii bn ngoi. iu quan trng cn hiu l "ngoi lnh vc nghin
cu" khng nht thit l bn ngoi t chc. VD: vic nghin cu h thng x l n hng

33
ang c xem xt th b phn k ton, b phn mua hng v cc b phn kho tng c th
u l nhn t bn ngoi.
Nhn t bn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun gc cung cp thng
tin cho h thng v l ni nhn cc sn phm ca h thng.
- K hiu tc nhn ngoi l mt hnh ch nht <Tn tc nhn ngoi>
- Tn tc nhn ngoi l Danh t
VD: Khch hng, Nh cung cp, sinh vin, Gio vin, Phng o to...
Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity)
- y l 1 chc nng hay l 1 h thng con ca h thng ang kho st c m t
trang khc ca biu .
- K hiu: Hnh ch nht thiu 1 cnh, c ghi tn l ng t km b ng

<Tn chc nng> hoc T/D DM vt t

VD: cung ng vt t

Mua hng Bn hng

Chc nng x l th cng

<Tn chc nng>

Mt s ch trong biu lung d liu:

Trong biu khng c 2 tc nhn ngoi trao i vi nhau

Khng c trao i trc tip gia 2 kho d liu m khng thng qua chc nng x l

Kho c tn, nn lung d liu vo kho khng cn tn, ch khi vic cp nht, hoc trch
t kho ch mt phn thngtin kho, ngi ta mi dng tn cho lung d liu
V l do trnh by nn tc nhn ngoi, tc nhn trong v kho d liu s dng nhiu ln c
th c v li nhiu ni trong cng biu d c, d hiu hn

34
 i vi kho d liu phi c t nht 1 lung vo v t nht mt lung ra. Nu kho ch c 1
lung vo v khng c lung ra l kho V tch s, ch c lung ra v khng c lung
vo l kho Rng
Tc nhn ngoi khng trao i vi kho d liu m phi thng qua chc nng x l
Trong biu lung d liu c khi no khng c tc nhn ngoi khng ? Ti sao?: Tc
nhn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h
thng cng nh chng nhn sn phm thng tin t h thng
3.3.2. Phng php xy dng biu dng d liu (DFD)
- DFD cng c chia thnh cc mc tng ng vi cc mc trong biu phn cp chc
nng (BFD)
- C 3 mc c bn c cp n:
+ Mc 0: B lung d liu mc khung cnh (Context Data Plow Diagram)
+ Mc 1: Biu lung d liu mc nh (Top level Data Plow Diagram)
+ Mc 2: B lung d liu mc di nh( Levelling Data Plow Diagram)
Biu lung d liu mc khung cnh (Context Data Plow Diagram):
y l m hnh h thng mc tng qut nht, ta xem c h thng nh 1 chc nng.
Ti mc ny h thng ch duy nht c mt chc nng. Cc tc nhn ngoi v ng thi cc
lung d liu vo ra t tc nhn ngoi n h thng c xc nh
S ng cnh bao gm 1 vng trn trung tm biu th ton b h thng ang nghin
cu l mt chc nng c ni vi mi tc nhn ngoi h thng. Cc ng ni th hin
thng tin vo - ra h thng. Ta c th xy dng DFD t s ng cnh ny.
+ S ng cnh (cn gi l DFD mc khung cnh - mc 0 )

Ban X Lung dl2

- Qui ch
o to
Bo co

- Yu cu
Thng tin HT
H
th
Lung dl1 Lung dl3
ng
x
Thng Y
bo Hc sinh

Biu lung d liu mc nh (Top level Data Flow Diagram)

- DFD mc nh (mc 1): y l s phn r trc tip t biu mc khung cnh v phi
p ng 1 s yu cu sau y khi phn r:
+ Bo ton cc tc nhn ngoi v cc lung thng tin vo/ra ca h thng
+ Thay th 1 chc nng duy nht ca h thng bi nhiu chc nng con

35
 + B sung thm cc lung d liu ni b v cc kho d liu cn thit

X
K
Biu lung d liu mc di nh ( Levelling Data Plow Diagram)
- Cc chc nng c nh ngha ring tng biu D hoc ghp li thnh 1 biu trong
trng hp biu n gin
- Cc thnh phn ca biu tun th nguyn tc:
+ V chc nng: phn r CN cp trn thnh CN cp di thp hn
+ Lung d liu: vo/ra mc trn th lp li mc di, b sung thm cc lung d liu
do phn r cc chc nng v thm kho d liu
+ Kho d liu dn dn xut hin theo nhu cu ni b
+ Tc nhn ngoi: xut hin y mc khung cnh, mc di khng th thm g.
- V d: t mc nh ta c di nh nh ngha nh sau:
B=EF C=IJ D=HL

X K K J

E I
F
X
K1
Y
K

H
L

- DFD mc di nh: T mc 2 tr i, c gi l mc di nh. Khi phn r chc nng

h thng t DFD mc nh, s nhn c biu mc di nh, theo nguyn tc:
+ Thay th 1 chc nng mc nh bng 1 DFD mi c mt hoc mt s chc nng, c
th xut hin thm cc lung d liu lin h v cc kho d liu mi trong biu
+ Bo ton cc tc nhn ngoi vi cc lung thng tin vo ra h thng
- d theo di qu trnh phn r, tin hnh nh s cc chc nng theo kiu chng/mc

36
 1.1.1
1.1
1.1.2
1
1.2.1
1.2
2 1.2.2
1.2.3

S mc phn r ph thuc vo tng bi ton v tu thuc vo yu cu ca giai on sau.

C th qu trnh phn r dng li khi xc nh r c chc nng l chc nng th cng
hay chc nng my tnh.
V d 1: Hot ng ca qu tn dng
Khch hng mun vay tin tn dng, phi lm n vay. n ny c
chuyn n b phn cho vay ca qu. B phn ny tin hnh duyt n vay ca khch tr
li gii quyt cho vay hoc t chi.
Cn c duyt do qu tn dng quy nh: khi 1 n c chp nhn, qu tn dng thc
hin cho khch vay, ng thi ghi thng tin vo s n
Khi khch hng mang tin n tr, b phn thu n tin hnh xc nh phn loi
khch tr ng hn v khng ng hn tnh cc li sut tng ng v cp nht vo s ghi
n.
Mc tiu qun l:
- Theo di vay: Nhn n
Duyt vay
Tr li n
- Theo di thu n: Xc nhn tr ng hn
Xc nh k hn tr
Xc nhn tr ng hn
yu t thnh cng ca bi ton: S n
BFD ca h thng nh sau:

Hot ng tn dng

Thu n Cho vay

Xc nhn tr Xc nhn tr Nhn Duyt Tr li

ng hn KH ng hn n n n

37
 DFD mc khung cnh Khch vay n vay

Tr li n H thng
qu tn
Hon tr dng

DFD mc nh
n vay Cho vay Ghi n
1

Khch hng Danh sch n

Hon tr Thu n
2

DFD mc di nh chc nng 1

Nhn n
n vay 1.1 n nhn
Khch vay

Duyt n
1.2

n tr li
Tr li
n
1.3 n duyt

Danh sch n

38
 DFD mc di nh chc nng 2

Khch vay
Cp nht

Tr tin
Tr ng hn tr
ng hn
2.2

Xc nh Danh sch n
loi tr
2.1
Cp nht
Tr khng tr khng
ng hn ng hn
2.3

V d 2: Chng trnh qun l Nhn s - Tin lng

Xy dng BFD v DFD ca bi ton qun l Nhn s - Tin lng ca mt Cng ty vi cc
yu cu sau:
- Qun l nhn s:
+ p ng c yu cu cp nht v lu tr h s nhn vin trong cng ty (trong
c c lng c bn v ph cp chc v nu c)
+ Xem l lch ca bt k nhn vin khi c yu cu
+ iu chnh l lch nhn vin: iu chnh thng tin v h s l lch, xo....
- Qun l tin lng:
tnh lng da vo s chm cng ca cc b phn v cc thng tin v lng c
bn, h s ph cp,.... trong h s nhn vin. Chng trnh cn p ng c:
+ Nhp s chm cng hng thng ca tng nhn vin
+ Thay i s liu chm cng
+ Tnh lng theo qui nh cho tng nhn vin
+ Thng k lng theo tng b phn
+ Thng k lng ton n v. qun l
BFD: nhn s tin lng

qun l nhn s qun l tin lng

thm hiu tra t.tin chm iu bo co

mi chnh nv cng chnh lng
nv nv nv c.cng

39
 DFD:
+ Biu khung cnh
Thng tin nhn s
Ban gim c Yu cu
Phng T chc

Bo co
qun l Yu cu
nhn s
Thng tin ngy cng tin lng
Phng k ton

B phn chm
cng Bo co lng

+ DFD mc nh
Ban gim c Phng k ton B phn chm
Phng T chc cng

Qun l Bng chm cng

H s nhn vin
Nhn s
Qun l
1
Tin
lng
H s nhn vin 2
+ DFD mc di nh chc nng 1:

Thng tin
NV mi Ban gim c Yu cu iu chnh
Phng T chc

Cp nht iu chnh
h s NV h s NV
1.1 1.2
Lu thng tin

H s nhn vin

Thng tin
theo yu cu
Tra cu Yu cu
thng tin Ban gim c
N.vin Phng T chc
1.3 Bo co kt qu

40
 + DFD mc di nh chc nng 2:

Qui nh mc thng, pht Ban gim c

B phn chm cng Phng T chc

Thng tin
ngy cng
Chm iu
cng chnh
2.1 chm
cng

Bng chm cng

H s nhn vin

Tnh Yu cu tnh lng

lng & Phng K ton
Bo co Kt qu lng
2.3
V d tng hp: Bi ton cung ng vt t nh my X
Hot ng cung ng vt t nh my X c m t nh sau: Khi 1 phn xng c yu
cu v vt t sn xut, th phn xng phi lp bn d tr gi ln b phn t hng
( t hng). B phn ny tip nhn bn d tr ca cc phn xng, tp hp li sau tin
hnh thng lng vi cc khch hng ( c hoc cha c giao dch). Sau khi tho lun
vi khch hng b phn t hng lp n hng v chuyn cho ngi cung cp. Ngi cung
cp mang hng n nh my giao cho b phn nhn hng, b phn ny c chc nng nhn
hng ca ngi cung cp ng thi pht hng v cho cc phn xng. Khi nhn hng h
phi thc hin ghi nhn vi ngi cung cp s hng nhn thng qua cc phiu giao hng.
Do h khng gi cc bn d tr nn h khng th t ng pht hng cho cc phn xng.
ng thi h khng nm gi n hng nn cng khng th bit hng nhn c ng nh
yu cu t mua hay khng. Do 2 h thng t hng v pht hng hot ng vi nhau nh
vy nn nh my phi c 1 b phn i chi th cng thc hin cc cng vic sau:
1. i chiu hng nhn vi n hng pht hin nhng sai lch trao i vi khch
hng.
2. Kim tra li s hng nhn do b phn nhn hng bo li so vi ho n m khch
hng mang n thanh ton, nu c sai st phi trao i li vi khch hng.
Sau khi hon tt th tc i chiu, b phn i chiu s thng bo cho b phn pht hng
thng tin v cc phn xng v hng m h d tr. B phn pht hng s tin hnh giao
hng cho cc phn xng.

41
 ng thi, b phn i chiu gi cho b phn thanh ton xc nhn s tin cn phi tr
cho ngi cung cp. B phn thanh ton giao tin cho ngi cung cp v bo li cho bn t
hng bit l n hng gii quyt xong.
Thc hin bi ton
Cc chc nng chnh ca h thng bao gm: - t hng
- Nhn v pht hng
- i chiu
- Thanh ton
Hai tc nhn ngoi l : - Phn xng
- Ngi cung cp (Ngi CC)
BFD
Qun l vt t

t hng Pht hng i chiu Thanh ton

Tm Lp In Ghi In Lp Ghi i Xc Ghi Khp

ngi n danh nhn danh phiu nhn chiu nh nhn ho
cung hng sch hng sch pht giao n /c tr n
cp n v nhn hng hng hng pht tin &
hng hng & hng hng
hng v
nhn

DFD mc khung cnh Thng lng

n t hng NCC

Phiu giao hng

H Ho n
D tr
cung ng
vt t Tin
Phn xng
Ho n sai
NCC
Phiu pht hng Hng sai

42
 DFD mc di nh

n hng
D tr Ngi CC

Phn xng
D tr

Thng lng
Khch hng Tin tr

Phiu giao hng

Phiu pht hng

t
hng Tr
n hng tin

DS n hng
Xc nhn thanh ton
Ho n

i
chiu

Danh sch
nhn hng Hng nhn

a ch pht hng
Nhn
& pht
hng

3.4. Chuyn t DFD mc vt l sang mc logic

3.4.1. DFD mc vt l
- Trong biu mc vt l cn chc cc yu t vt l bao gm cc phng tin, a
im, ngi thc hin chc nng.
- Khi cc yu t vt l c mt trong biu s gy cn tr cho vic khi qut ho cc
chc nng cu h thng, kh hiu c bn cht ca quy trnh x l.
3.4.2. DFD mc logic
L biu DFD trong khng cn cha cc yu t vt l
3.4.3. Cch thc chuyn t DFD mc vt l sang mc logic
- Loi b cc ngn t lin quan n phng tin, phng thc hay gi mang thng tin.
- Loi b cc chc nng gn lin vi bin php, ch gi li cc chc nng gn vi ni
dung (duyt xem, thng lng, in ra giy....)
-T chc li biu : C th gom mt s chc nng gn nhau mc di thnh 1 chc
nng mc trn.

43
V d: Bi ton cung ng vt t
Biu mc di nh ca chc nng 1 (t hng)

n hng
NCC
n t hng

Lp
n hng
1.2

In DS
n hng
Nh CC D tr n hng
1.3
chn s hiu
H d tr
DS n
hng
Chn
NCC
Thng lng 1.1 i chiu

Phn xng Ngi cung cp

D tr

DFD mc di nh chc nng 2 (Pht hng)

i chiu

NCC Danh sch /c pht

hng nhn hng

Phiu
giao hng In DS
hng nhn
2.2 Lp phiu
pht hng
Ghi nhn
2.3
hng v
2.1
Phiu pht
hng

Ghi nhn
giao hng
Hng nhn Phn 2.4
xng

44
 DFD mc di nh ca chc nng 3 (i chiu)

DS n Hng sai
NCC
t hng
t hng Ho n sai
Ho n
Khp ho
Khp n v
Xc nhn tr n hng
n hng
& hng 3.3
nhn
3.1
Tr tin n i
chiu xong n hng
Pht hng
DS hng nhn Xc nh
/c pht
a ch pht hng hng
3.2

DFD mc di nh ca chc nng 4 (Thanh ton)

Xc
nhn tr In phiu
4.1 thanh ton
4.2

Phiu Xc nhn thanh ton

thanh ton
i chiu
Ngi CC
*Loi b yu t vt l
- Pht hin v loi b cc chc nng vt l: Trong h thng c 2 chc nng 1.3, 2.2; l 2
chc nng in n, loi b 2 chc nng ny.
- Chn tn l gc ph hp: Chc nng 4 tr tin i thnh thanh ton;
* Ci tin cc thao tc th cng
* T chc li biu nh sau
- Chc nng 1.1 : thnh chc nng 1 (Chn ngi cung cp)
- Chc nng 1.2 : - 2 (Lm n hng)
- Chc nng 2.1 : - 3 (Ghi nhn hng v)
- Chc nng 3.1, 3.3 : - 4 (Kim hng v)
- Chc nng 2.3 : - 5 (Lm phiu pht hng)
- Chc nng 3.2 : - 6 (Xc nh a ch pht hng)
- Chc nng 4.1, 4.2 : - 7 (Thanh ton)

45
 Sau khi loi b cc yu t vt l, t chc li cc chc nng ta c DFD ph hp nh
sau:

DFD sau khi gp ( mc logic) Nh cung cp

n hng
Ho n
Ho n sai

Kim
Lp hng v

Phiu thanh
n hng 4

ton
2
Xc nhn
TT
S hiu n

n hng Ho n Thanh
ton

Phiu giao
7

hng
Xc nh
a ch
pht hng
6
D tr/n hng Ghi nhn
D tr
pht hng

hng v
a ch

Chn
NCC 3
1 Hng nhn

Lp
Thng phiu
lng pht hng
Nh C.cp
5
Nh cung cp D tr
Phiu pht hng

Phn xng
3.4.4. Hon thin DFD ca h thng mi
- Xem xt nhng nhc im ca h thng c, cc yu cu, mc ch ca h thng mi
- Xem xt DFD ca h thng c xc nh nhng ch tha, thiu v nhng ch c bin i
nhiu. T thc hin khoanh vng mt s cc thay i trong cc vng khoanh, c th
cc chc nng v vng d liu theo nguyn tc sau:
- Bo ton lung d liu vo/ra ca vng
- Xc nh chc nng tng qut ca vng thay i
- Xo ton b biu trong vng v v li theo nh hng sau:
- Cc trung tm bin i v trc
- Bin i trng thi t vo thnh ra
- C th thm cc kho, lung d liu vo trong h thng.

46
V d: Bi ton cung ng vt t

Nh cung cp
n hng
Ho n
Ho n sai

Kim
Lp hng v

Phiu thanh
n hng 4

ton
2
Xc nhn
TT
S hiu n

n hng Ho n Thanh
ton

Phiu giao
7

hng
Xc nh
a ch
pht hng
6
D tr/n hng Ghi nhn
D tr pht hng
Chn hng v
NCC a ch 3
1 Hng nhn

Lp
Thng phiu
lng pht hng
Nh C.cp
5
Nh cung cp D tr
Phiu pht hng
Tn kho
Phn xng CN 5

CN1 Duyt
Qun
d tr
l kho
8
9

Phn xng

47
 Chng 5: Phn tch h thng v d liu

Ni dung: M hnh thc th lin kt ER (Entity Relationship)

M hnh quan h (Relation Base Modeling)
1. Mc ch, yu cu ca vic phn tch d liu

1.1. Mc ch ca giai on
- Gip cho vic t chc cc kho d liu mt cch hp l, y , v chun mc.
- Xy dng c lc cu trc d liu (BCD). Trong lc ny cho bit c:
+ Cn lu tr nhng thng tin g?
+ Mi lin h gia cc thng tin?
1.2. Yu cu
- Trnh b st: cn g phi c y
- Trnh trng lp: V d khai nm sinh khng cn phi khai tui
- Trnh nhp nhng: Loi b tnh a tr ca thng tin
- Khi phn tch ta cha quan tm n cc yu cu v tnh sn dng, tnh ti u trong lu
tr v truy nhp.
1.3. Phng php thc hin: C 2 phng php tip cn:
+ Dng m hnh thc th - lin kt: cn c gi l cch nhn t trn xung (Top down)
v cung cp ci nhn trc quan i vi d liu
+ S dng m hnh quan h: Tip cn t di ln (BottomUp). C th: xut pht t
nhng thng tin cn phi kt xut ra i ngc ln hnh thnh lc quan h. Cung cp
thng tin mc va cho yu cu x l hin ti.
2. Biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt (ER entity relation )

2.1. S thc th
- S thc th xc nh cc n v thng tin c s cn thit cho h thng (cc thc th)
v mi quan h gia chng (iu ny c ngha l tt c d liu ch lu tr mt ln trong ton
b h thng v c th thm nhp t bt c chng trnh no).
- Trong thc t c nhiu m hnh biu din, phm vi chng trnh ta nghin cu mt loi
m hnh l m hnh quan h. D liu lu tr trong h thng di dng tp cc bng. S
thc th lin kt s xc nh trong h thng c bao nhiu bng v mi quan h gia
chng.
2.2. Cc thnh phn ca s thc th
- Thc th: L mt i tng, mt s kin cn c lu tr thng tin
VD: mi khch hng l mt thc th v n th hin bng mt dng trong bng

48
- Kiu thc th: L tp cc thc th c cng tnh cht, m t cho mt loi thng tin (bn
thn n khng phi l thng tin). Trong s m hnh E-R, kiu thc th c k hiu c
dng hnh ch nht. N tng ng vi cu trc ca mt bng.
VD: Khch hng l mt kiu thc th v n m t tng thc th khch hng

<tn thc th>

-Thuc tnh 1
- Thuc tnh 2
...
Kiu thc th c xc nh -Thuc tnh n
+ Lin quan n thc th mang thng tin
+ Lin quan n i tng qun l hoc mang tnh thng k
+ Thng tin lin quan ti mt giao dch ch yu ca h. (VD: n t hng,...)
+ Thng tin lin quan n thuc tnh hoc ti nguyn ca h. (VD: Kho, Nh cung cp,
Khch hng,...)
+ Thng tin khi qut di dng thng k lin quan n lp k hoch hoc kim sot.
(VD: Bng lng, lch iu xe,...)
- Thuc tnh: Mi thc th bao gm nhiu thng tin, mi thng tin l thuc tnh ca thc
th. C 3 loi thuc tnh bao gm:
+ Thuc tnh kho: Gm mt hay nhiu thuc tnh trong Kiu thc th c dng
xc nh duy nht mt thc th.
VD: Thuc tnh S hiu khch hng l thuc tnh kho cho kiu thc th Khch hng.
iu ny c ngha l mi khch hng trong bng u phi c mt s hiu khch hng khc
nhau. Thuc tnh tn khch hng c th l mt ng c vin cho kho, nhng bao gi cng
c kh nng trng tn gia hai hoc nhiu khch hng.
+ Thuc tnh m t: Hu ht cc thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th u c nhim v m
t cho thc th c ni ti, thng tin ny lm tng hiu bit ca ta v thc th v phc v
cho cc mc ch qun l ca h thng.
+ Thuc tnh kt xut: L thuc tnh m gi tr ca chng c tnh ton t cc thuc
tnh khc.
+ Thuc tnh kt ni (kho ngoi): Dng xc nh mi lin kt gia cc kiu thc
th. l thuc tnh trong mi quan h ny l thuc tnh kho nhng trong mi quan h
khc ch l thuc tnh m t. Vic xc nh thuc tnh ny kh tru tng v kh khn.
- Lin kt (mi quan h) v kiu lin kt
+ Lin kt l ch ra 1 s kt ni c ngha gia 2 hay nhiu thc th phn nh s rng
buc v mt qun l. (VD: quan h gia gio vin vi hc sinh)
+ Kiu lin kt: l tp hp cc lin kt c cng bn cht

49
- Cc kiu lin kt:
+ Lin kt 1-1 1 1
A B

Thc th A gi l c quan h 1-1 vi thc th B

VD:
Con ngi Chng minh
th
Sinh vin Th SV

+ Lin kt 1- n
Thc th A c gi l lin kt 1-n vi thc th B
1 n
Lp HS

VD: lp c nhiu hc sinh;1 hc sinh thuc vo 1 lp no

+ Lin kt n- n
Thc th A c gi l lin kt n-n vi thc th B
n n
A B

VD: Mt gio vin dy nhiu mn hc; 1 mn c dy bi nhiu gio vin

Nhn vin Li xe Sinh vin

Cng vic Phng tin Mn hc

- xc nh cc kiu lin kt phi da vo cc lin t trong mnh din t quan h. V

d: c, ca, thuc vo, cho....
- Trn thc t khi x l mi quan h nhiu - nhiu ngi ta a thm vo 1 thc th trung
gian tch quan h nhiu - nhiu thnh 2 quan h 1-nhiu (quan h n-n l khng r rng,
d nhp nhng khng s dng c)

n n n n
A B A A/B B

50
V d 1: Nu thm vo thc th ph:

Li xe
Phiu iu ng
Ngy iu ng
Xe no
Li xe no
Phng tin

Th quan h trn s c chuyn: Li xe

Phiu iu ng

Phng tin

V d 2:

Nhn vin Nhn vin

x Bn phn cng

Cng vic Cng vic

V d 3: Sinh vin Gio vin

Sinh vin Gio vin

Thi kho biu

Sinh vin Gio vin

Thi kho biu

Lp

Trong v d ny phn r quan h n-n phi qua 2 cng on, thm vo thc th thi
kho biu v lp.

51
 Ch : C 1 s quan h dng qui nh sau:
+ Quan h qui 1-n: Mt thc th c th quan h vi nhiu thc th di quyn thuc
cng 1 kiu, nhng tng thc th di quyn ch c mt thc th cp trn c lin quan vi
n.
VD: Kiu thc th "Nhn vin" thng cha 1 quan h qui.

Nhn vin

+ Quan h qui n-n: Tng thc th trong bng c th c quan h vi mt s cc thc

th di quyn trong cng mt bng v cng c ngha l tng thc th di quyn c th c
mt s cc thc th cp trn trong cng quan h.
VD: C mt s tha t c hp li, ri cc tha ny li c tch ra mi

Tha

# S hiu tha
.....
......
chi tit tch nhp
# S hiu tha mi @
# S hiu tha c
@

2.3. Xy dng s thc th - lin kt

2.3.1. La chn m hnh
Hin nay trong cc bi ton vn s dng ch yu l m hnh quan h
2.3.2. Pht hin kiu thc th
- T cc ngun ti nguyn nh: vt t, ti sn, con ngi, mi trng
- T cc giao dch: nhng lung thng tin n t mi trng bn ngoi v lm kch hot 1
chui hot ng no ca h thng (khi c 1 n hng cung cp n th b phn nhn
hng mang hng n kho, chuyn qua b phn k nhn,...)
- Nhng lung thng tin cu trc ho (VD: th th vin, s theo di kho sch,...)
2.3.3. Pht hin cc kiu lin kt (1-1; 1-n; n-n)
- Ch ghi nhn cc kiu lin kt c ch trc tip cho bi ton qun l (VD: Qun l nhn s:
ch n nhng lin kt c lin quan n qun l nhn s)

52
- xc nh c kiu lin kt phi cn c vo lin t theo cc mnh m t v d liu,
m t v quy trnh, quy phm qun l v x l thng tin. C cc kiu lin kt sau: 1-1, 1-
nhiu, nhiu-nhiu.
VD: Quan h GV v mn hc
Gio vin Mn hc

+ Nu quy nh mi gio vin ch dy 1 mn th y l quan h 1-nhiu

+ Nu mi gio vin dy nhiu mn th y l quan h nhiu-nhiu
- Trc khi thnh lp biu cu trc d liu (BCD) phi gii trnh quan h gia cc thc
th.
- Nu gia 2 thc th c quan h nhiu-nhiu thng tch thnh 2 cp quan h
1-nhiu bng cch a vo 1 thc th trung gian.
2.3.4. Pht hin thuc tnh
+ Thuc tnh kho
+ Thuc tnh m t
+ Thuc tnh kt xut (thuc tnh ny c loi b khng a vo danh sch.
+ Thuc tnh kt ni

M ngi mua - M ngi mua

- H tn
- a ch
M hng
- M hng
- Tn hng

V d minh ho: Tr li bi ton cung ng vt t, tin hnh pht hin cc thc th nh sau:
(1) Xc nh thc th:
- Thc th mang thng tin: D tr, Ho n, n hng, Giao hng, Pht hng
- Thc th l i tng qun l hoc mang tnh thng k: Ngi cung cp, Phn xng,
Mt hng
(2) Xc nh quan h gia cc thc th
(3) Chun ho cc quan h (bin i cc lin kt n-n thnh lin kt 1-n)
(4) Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca thc th
Ta thu c s E-R nh sau:

53
 Phn xng Phiu pht hng

D tr n hng

Mt hng Ngi cung cp

Ho n Phiu giao hng

Phn xng Phiu pht hng * SHPH

* SHPX + SHPX
Tn PX - Ngy
M t

D tr * SHDT Dng pht hng * SHPH

+ SHPX *MH
Ngy DT - S lng

Dng d tr * SHDT Dng n hng

+ MH * SHH
S lng * MH
- S lng

n hng * SHn
- Ngy
+ SHNCC

Mt hng MH/NCC Ngi cung cp * SHNCC

* MH Tn
Tn hng ach
VT * SHNCC
n gi * MH

Dng ho n * SH
Phiu giao hng * SHGH
MH * SHNCC
Soluong Ngy

Dng giao hng

Ho n * SHGH
* SH
* MH
* SHNCC
- Lng
- Ngy
54
3. Hai cch tip cn thit k c s d liu quan h

3.1. Chun ho theo hng phn tch:

Thc hin chun ho dn dn theo 3 bc 1NF, 2NF, 3NF

(1) a v dng chun 1: tch cc thuc tnh lp (khng n)
- Nhm cc thuc tnh n (cn li) to thnh 1 quan h. Chn kho cho chng.
- Nhm cc thuc tnh lp c tch ra, tng thm kho ca quan h trn to thnh 1
quan h (hay 1 s quan h theo ch ). Chn kho cho (cc) quan h ny, thng l
kho bi, trong kho ca quan h trn l mt thnh phn.
=> Cc quan h u l 1NF
(2) a v dng chun 2 :
- Tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt phn ca kho.
- Nhm cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c
- Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt (hay 1 s) thuc tnh
no ca kho) tng thm (cc) thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h, vi
cc kho l (cc) thuc tnh tng thm ny.
= > Quan h lp c u l 2NF
(3) a v dng chun 3 :
- Tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt (hay mt s) thuc tnh ngoi kho.
- Nhm cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c.
- Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt (hay mt s) thuc tnh
ngoi kho) tng thm (cc) thuc tnh m chng ph thuc, to thnh mt quan h, vi
kho l (cc) thuc tnh tng thm ny.
=> Cc quan h c lp u l 3NF
V d 1 : Trn mt n hng, ta gom c danh sch cc thuc tnh nh sau :
+ Cc thuc tnh n :
SH-H
SH NCC
Tn NCC
Ch NCC
NgyH
Tng cng
+ Cc thuc tnh lp:
M MH

55
 M t MH
VT
SL t
ngi
Thnh tin
Cc thuc tnh Thnhtin v Tng cng l cc thuc tnh tnh ton, b loi khi danh
sch.
+ Cc PTH tm c:
F = {SH- H -> SH NCC, Tn NCC, DCh NCC, Ngy H
SH- H, MH -> MtMH, VT, ngi, Slng t
SH-NCC -> TnNCC, achNCC
MMH -> MtMH, VT, n gi }
Chng t giao dch: n hng
Danh sch thuc tnh 1NF 2NF 3NF
SH-H # SH-H # SH-H # SH-H
SH NCC SH NCC SH NCC SH NCC
Tn NCC Tn NCC Tn NCC NgyH
Ch NCC Ch NCC Ch NCC
NgyH NgyH NgyH # SH NCC
M MH Tn NCC
TnMH # SH- H # SH- H Ch NCC
M t MH # M MH # M MH
VT TnMH SL t # SH- H
ngi M t MH # M MH
SL t VT # M MH SL t
ngi TnMH
SL t M t MH # M MH
VT TnMH
M t MH
VT
Cui cng ta thu c 4 quan h:
n hng (SH-H, SH NCC, Ngy)
NgCCp (SH NCC, tn NCC, a ch NCC)
Dng H (SH-H, MaMH, SL t)
Mt hng (MMH, TnMH, VT, M t)
3.2. Chun ho theo hng tng hp:

56
Cch lm ny cho ngay ra cc lc quan h 3NF m khng qua cc giai on 1NF, 2NF
(1) Xut pht t danh sch cc thuc tnh. Tm cc PTTH trong danh sch cc thuc
tnh
(2) Lp th cc PTH:
- Mi thuc tnh trong danh sch l 1 nt
- Mi nhm thuc tnh l v tri ca PTH cng l mt nt
- Nu c PTH A->B th v mt cung ni nt A ti nt B
(3) a th v ph ti thiu ca n:
- Hoc lm bng tay, m bin i ch yu l loi b cc cung kp kn hnh tam gic.
- Hoc lm bng my tnh
Trn cc th ch cn cc PTH trc tip
(4) Dng cc hnh ch nht khoanh vng trn th thnh cc quan h nh sau: mi
nt trong (tc l nt con) ly lm kho, hp thnh vi cc con ca n lp thnh 1
quan h
cc quan h u l 3NF
V d :
F = {SH- H -> SH NCC, Tn NCC, DCh NCC, Ngy H
SH- H, MMH -> MtMH, VT, ngi, SL t
SH-NCC -> TnNCC, achNCC
MMH -> MtMH, VT, n gi }
Thm cc PTH tm thng
SH- H, MH -> SH- H, MH

SH- H, MH

SH- H SL t MMH

Ngy H MtMH VT n gi
SH NCC

TnNCC achNCC

th PTH lp t mt n hng

57
 SH- H, MH

SH- H SL t MMH

Ngy H MtMH VT n gi
SH NCC

TnNCC achNCC

Ph ti thiu v cc quan h 3NF t n hng.

4. Xy dng biu cu trc d liu theo m hnh d liu quan h
(Relational Data Model)

M hnh d liu quan h (m hnh quan h) l m hnh d liu, trong s xc nh

mt danh sch cc thuc tnh ca cc bng thc th
Qui trnh thnh lp lc d liu cho h thng, theo m hnh quan h nh sau :
(1) Thnh lp danh sch cc thuc tnh gi l danh sch xut pht . C th xem y l
mt quan h, vi 1 ngh khi qut no , danh sch ny khng bao trm c cc
d liu ca ton h thng, bi v qu trnh s cng c lp li vi nhiu danh sch
xut pht khc nhau cho n khi vt cn cc thng tin cn thit cho h thng.
C hai cch tip cn cho vic thnh lp danh sch xut pht :
- Cch 1 : l tp hp cc thng tin c bn, pht hin c trong mt phm vi iu
tra no , m ta xem l c ch cho cng tc qun l.
- Cch 2 : Xut pht t 1 hay mt s ci ra ca h thng. Ci ra c th l :
+ Mt chng t hay mt ti liu in ra t h thng
+ Mn hnh trong giao tip ngi / my.
(2) Tu sa li danh sch xut pht, qua cc cng vic sau:
- Loi b cc tn ng ngha
- Loi b cc thuc tnh tnh ton
V d: Thnh tin = SLxDG
Tng cng = Tng thnh tin
- Truy nguyn cc thuc tnh dng tnh ton cc thuc tnh b loi trn nu chng
cha c mt trong danh sch
- Thay th cc thuc tnh khng n bi cc thuc tnh n.

58
V d: C thuc tnh im Ton: thc cht y l mt dy kt qu thi ln1, ln2, ln3, ln4.
(3) Tm ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh:
- u tin l r cc kh nng c PTH gia tng cp cc thuc tnh trong danh sch.
- Sau xt cc PTH c v tri gm 2, 3 .. thuc tnh
(4) Tin hnh chun ho da trn tp cc PTH lp c trn, s dng 1 trong cc
phng php chun ho bit. Kt qu thu c l tp cc lc 3NF.
(5) Lp li cc bc t (1) n (4) cho cc danh sch xut pht khc nhau, cho n khi
qut ht cc phm vi kho st. Ta c nhiu tp cc lc 3NF.
(6) Ly hp cc kt qu thu c t cc ln lp trn. Khi ly hp nh vy, nu c 2
quan h c kho trng nhau, th chng ta gp thnh 1 quan h vi danh sch cc
thuc tnh l hp ca hai danh sch tng ng
5. Xc nh mi quan h xy dng s E-R

- Xy dng Ma trn thc th/kho: xc nh cc mi quan h trong m hnh ta lp

bng ma trn thc th/kho trong :
+ Cc ct lit k cc tp thc th, cc hng lit k cc thuc tnh kho c trong cc tp
thc th.
+ Tng ng vi mi giao gia ct v hng, nu:
* Kho c trong tp thc th ta cho du X
* Nu khng phi l kho nhng c xut hin trong tp thc th ta cho du O
- Thit lp cc mi quan h: Cn c vo bng thc th/kho ta lit k cc mi quan h
theo cch thc sau: Bt u t Tp thc th ct th nht, t cha kho ca n ta chiu
qua cc k tip ca hng xem no c du X hoc O th ta s c mt lin kt ca
Tp thc th ang xt vi tp thc th m c cha du trn cng mt hng.
- Xy dng m hnh quan h
V d: C 1 n hng bn ca mt cng ty nh sau:

Cng ty XYZ
S hiu:.........
n hng bn

Ngy:...............
Tn khch hng: ........................................... M s KH...............
a ch:................................................................................................

M s MH Tn V S lng n gi Thnh tin

T

59
 Tng s tin: xxx xxx xxx

Kho st chn danh sch cc thuc tnh

Tinh chnh cc thuc tnh.
Xc nh cc ph thuc hm
Thc hin qu trnh chun ho:
n hng bn
cha chun ho 1NF 2NF 3NF
S hiu n
M s KH
Ngy t hng
Tn KH
a ch
M s MH
Tn
VT
S lng
n gi
Chun ho dng 1
Ta thy cc thuc tnh: M s MH
Tn
VT
S lng
n gi
c th lp nhiu ln trong mt thc th n hng, do cn loi b v to ra tp thc th
mi

60
 n hng bn
cha chun ho 1NF 2NF 3NF
S hiu n # S hiu n
M s KH M s KH
Ngy t hng Ngy t hng
Tn KH Tn KH
a ch a ch
M s MH
Tn Tp thc th
mi
VT # S hiu n
S lng # M s MH
n gi Tn
VT
S lng
n gi
Chun ho dng 2
Ta thy m t mt hng ch ph thuc hm vo M s MH ch khng ph thuc vo ton b
kho l 2 thuc tnh ghp M s MH v S hiu n hng. Do ta lp thm tp thc th
mi t tiu chun dng 2.

n hng bn

cha chun ho 1NF 2NF 3NF

S hiu n # S hiu n # S hiu n
M s KH M s KH M s KH
Ngy t hng Ngy t hng Ngy t hng
Tn KH Tn KH Tn KH
a ch a ch a ch
M s MH
Tn
VT # S hiu n # S hiu n
S lng # M s MH # M s MH
n gi Tn S lng
VT
S lng # M s MH
n gi Tn
VT
n gi
Chun ho dng 3
Ta thy Tn KH v a ch KH ph thuc hm vo M s KH l thuc tnh khng phi
l kho trong tp thc th, do chng ta a chng vo tp thc th mi m kho chnh l
M s KH.

61
 n hng bn

cha chun ho 1NF 2NF 3NF

S hiu n #S hiu n #S hiu n #S hiu n
M s KH M s KH M s KH M s KH
Ngy t hng Ngy t hng Ngy t hng Ngy t hng
Tn KH Tn KH Tn KH
a ch a ch a ch #M s KH
M s MH Tn KH
Tn a ch
VT # S hiu n # S hiu n
S lng # M s MH # M s MH #S hiu n
n gi Tn S lng #M s MH
VT S lng
S lng
n gi # M s MH #M s MH
Tn Tn
n gi n gi
VT VT
Sau khi chun ho dng 3, t n hng bn ta lp c 4 quan h chun ho 3NF l:
n hng bn(S hiu n, M s KH, Ngy t hng)
Khch hng(M s KH,Tn KH, a ch)
Dng n hng(S hiu n, M s MH, S lng)
Mt hng(M s MH, Tn, VT, n gi)
Kt hp cc thng tin thu c:
Gi s ta c 2 ti liu l n hng & Ti liu giao nhn hng c chun ho nh sau:
n hng bn(S hiu n, M s KH, Ngy t hng)
Khch hng(M s KH, Tn KH, a ch KH)
Dng n hng(S hiu n, M s KH, S lng)
Mt hng(M s MH, M t mt hng, n gi)
Giao nhn(S hiu giao nhn, M s KH, Ngy giao, a ch giao nhn)
Dng giao nhn(S hiu giao nhn, S hiu n, M s MH, s lng giao)
Bc 4: Xc nh cc mi quan h
Ma trn thc th/kho
Giao Dng
n hng KH Dng H Mt hng
nhn giao nhn
S hiu n X X X

62
M s KH O X X
M s MH X X X
S hiu GN X X
Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt:

Khch hng n hng Mt hng

Giao nhn Dng giao nhn Dng n hng

6. M ho cc tn gi:

6.1. Khi nim m ho

D liu dng trong h thng thng 2 dng s v dy k t (phi s). V ngha th

dy k t l tn ca mt i tng no trong h thng.

Ta gi m ho (codification) l vic gn mt tn gi vn tt (gi l m) cho mt i

tng no . Cc i tng trong h thng c t tn c th l:

Cc ng dng tin hc khc nhau trong doanh nghip.

Cc chc nng.

Cc n v x l.

Cc chng trnh.

Cc ti liu.p d liu.

Cc thng tin trong cc ti liu v cc tp.

Cc bin dng trong cc chng trnh...

6.2. Cht lng c bn ca m ho

Vic m ho phi c gng t mt s yu cu v cht lng nh sau:

- Khng nhp nhng: th hin nh x 1-1 t tp cc i tng v tp cc m.

- Thch hp vi phng thc s dng:

S dng cho ngi: m phi d hiu, d gii m.

S dng cho my tnh: m phi c nh ngha mt cch cht ch.

- C kh nng m rng v xen thm:

63
 M rng: b sung pha trn v pha di.

Xen thm: b sung trong mt th t.

thc hin kh nng xen thm c th dng 2 cch:

Nhy cc theo mt gi tr nht nh.

Nhy cc theo mt kt qu thng k.

- Phi ngn gn, bi v m cng di th vic x l cng thm kh khn. Tuy nhin,
chiu di ca m li nh hng ti kh nng m rng m. V d: Vi m l 4 con s th
nhiu nht c th ch nh 9999 i tng.

- C tnh gi (din ngha): nhn m, con ngi c th d on ra i tng. Chng

hn m ho cc thnh ph th:

H Ni c gn m 29 (trong bin s xe) l km gi .

Tri li, trong ngnh hng khng, ngi ta ch cn dng ba ch ci ch nh cc

thnh ph, m vn giu tnh din ngha:

H Ni c m l HAN

Bng cc ---------- BKK

Bombay ----------- BOM

6.3. Cc kiu m ho khc nhau

(1) M ho lin tip:

- Dng cc s lin tip ch cc i tng

V d: M ho cc khch hng theo th t thi gian: 001, 002, ...084,...

- u im:

Khng nhp nhng (nu khng hn ch v di).

n gin.

M rng pha sau c (nu khng hn ch v di).

- Khuyt im:

Khng xen thm c.

Khng gi , vy phi c mt bng tng ng m v i tng,

Khng phn nhm.

(2) M ho theo lt:

64
Dng tng lt cho tng i tng. Trong mi lt, thng dng kiu m ho lin tip.
V d: cc i tng l cc hng ng kim:
0001 - 0999: hng ng kim b, trong :
0001 - 0099 : cc loi vt
0100 - 0299 : cc loi -cu.
0300 - 0499 : cc loi bu-long
1000-1999: cc chi tit bng kim loi, trong :
1000 -1099 : cc st ch U.
- u im:
Khng nhp nhng (nu cc lt l tch ri, tc l khng c i tng thuc vo 2
lt khc nhau).
n gin.
M rng v xen thm c.
- Khuyt im: Vn dng bng tng ng.

(3) M ho phn on

M c phn thnh nhiu on, mi on mang mt ngha ring.

V d: S ng k xe my:

99 AA 999
S hiu lin tip
Cc ch tr lt

S hiu tr tnh, thnh

S bo him x hi cho tng c nhn:

9 99 99 99 99 999 999
S ng k trong phng
}
Phng x
Qun, huyn Ni
Tnh thnh
Nm }
Ngy sinh
Thng

Gii tnh

- u im:
Khng nhp nhng.
M rng v xen thm c (nu mi on cn ch).

65
 Dng ph bin.
Cho php thit lp cc kim tra gin tip (V d: s bo him c khp vi cc thng
tin tng ng ghi trong chng minh th khng?).
- Khuyt im:
Thng qu di.
Thao tc nng n khi m c qu nhiu on.
Vn c th b bo ho.
M khng c nh (v d i ni th phi i s bo him).

(4) M ho phn cp:

Cng l phn on, song mi on tr mt tp hp cc i tng v cc tp hp bao

nhau theo th t t tri qua phi.

V d: nh s cc mc trong mt cun sch

9 9 9
S th t mc trong tit
S th t tit trong chng
S th t chng

(5) M ho din ngha:

Gn mt tn ngn gn, nhng hiu c cho tng i tng.

V d: #MANS: L m s cn b trong c quan.

u im: Tin dng cho x l th cng.

Khuyt im: Khng gii m c bng my tnh.

7. T in d liu

7.1. Khi nim:

T in d liu l mt t liu tp trung v mi tn gi ca mi i tng c dng

trong h thng trong c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, ci t, bo tr.

Chng hn

+ mc logic, c: cc lung d liu, cc giao dch, cc s kin, cc chc nng x l,

cc thc th, cc thuc tnh, ...

+ mc vt l: cc tp, cc chng tnh, cc chng trnh con, cc modun, th tc, ...

T in d liu l cn thit c bit cho qu trnh trin khai cc h thng ln, c ng

ngi tham gia. N cho php:
66
 + Trong PT v TK: qun l tp trung v chnh xc mi thut ng v cc m dng trong h
thng, kim sot c s trng lp, ng ngha hay ng m d ngha, ...

+ Trong ci t: ngi ci t hiu c chnh xc cc thut ng t kt qu PTTK

+ Trong bo tr: khi cn thay i, th pht hin c cc mi lin quan, cc nh hng c

th ny sinh.

T in d liu : l mt tp hp cc mc t, mi mc t tng ng vi mt tn gi km
vi gii thch i vi n.
7.2. Cc hnh thc thc hin t in:

- Bng tay: l mt tp ti liu

- Bng my tnh: dng 1 h phn mm cho php d dng thnh lp, thay i
7.3. Cu to t in:
K php m t ni dung cho t in d liu tun theo bng sau:

Kt cu d liu K php ngha

= c to t
Tun t + v
Tuyn chn [|] hoc
Lp { }n lp n ln
() d liu tu chn
* Li ch thch * gii hn ch thch

V d: t ho n bn hng sau:

HO N BN HNG
S ho n: 135 Ngy bn: 10 11 2006
Bn cho ng / b: L Hoi Nam Ti khon: LTM010254
a ch: 354 Phan nh Phng Tel: (0280) 756350
STT M hng Tn VT n gi S lng Thnh tin Ghi ch
1 X30
....
Tng cng:
Bng ch:
K ton trng Ngi np tin Ngi bn hng

Ta c mt phn t in sau:

* Xc nh mt t ho n nh sau *

67
 + Hng n
Ho n = S H + Ngy bn + Khch hng + + S lng
+ Tng cng + KT trng + Ngi bn + Thnh tin

* Xc nh thng tin v khch hng *

Khch hng = H tn khch + Ti khon + a ch + in thoi

* Xc nh thng tin v tng mt hng *

Hng = M hng + Tn + VT + n gi

68
 Chng 6: Thit k h thng

Tng quan v giai on thit k

Xut pht: u vo ca giai on ny bao gm biu phn cp chc nng, biu lung
d liu v biu cu trc d liu.
Nhim v: Nhim v ca giai on ny l chuyn cc m t mc khi nim ca h thng
mi thnh m t vt l bng cch b sung tr li cc bin php, cc phng tin (b sung li
cc yu t vt l)
Tin hnh: C th phn chia thnh 5 bc
Bc 1: Thit k tng th, trong bc ny c tch thnh 2 bc nh
Bc 2: Thit k cc m un x l
Bc 3 Thit k giao din
Bc 4: Thit k cc kim sot
Bc 5: Thit k cc tp
1. Thit k tng th

1.1. Phn nh ranh gii gia chc nng my tnh v chc nng th cng
- D liu u vo ca phn ny l biu lung d liu mc no , ti liu ra (u ra)
vn l biu nhng c phn nh r ranh gii gia my tnh v th cng.
- Cch thc hin nh sau:
a) i vi cc chc nng x l:
Vi cc chc nng nm hn v 1 bn hoc l th cng hoc l my tnh th gi nguyn,
cn vi nhng chc nng cha phn nh r c th xy ra mt trong hai kh nng:
- Cn c vo tnh hnh mc tin hc ho chuyn sang thc hin trn my tnh hon
ton; hoc chuyn sang lm th cng hon ton
- Phn r tip thnh mt s chc nng cho n khi chc nng mi c xc nh l chc
nng th cng hay chc nng ca my tnh.
b) i vi cc kho d liu:
- Vi cc kho nm vng th cng (c th ch cc h s chng t vn phng) phi i
chiu vi biu cu trc d liu loi b thc th tng ng vi kho d liu ny.
- i vi kho d liu nm trong vng my tnh thng n s l cc tp tin phi i
chiu li vi biu cu trc d liu b sung thm thc th tng ng vi n (nu thiu)
VD: Tr li bi ton cung ng vt t vi chc nng l chn ngun cung cp
69
 H cung cp Nh CC/MH NCC

B sung
NCC

Lm
Chn hp ng
NCC Nh CC
c chn CC

Hp ng mi

Thng lng
Cho hng
Yu cu CC

Yu cu CC Ngi CC

Trong 2 chc nng trn u c phn va th cng va my tnh nn tin hnh phn r
tip nh sau:

H cung cp Nh CC/MH NCC

Tra Tra cu Ghi nhn Ghi nhn

cu cc v NCC NCC mi H mi
H c 1.3 2.2 2.3
1.2
MT

TC

Tm Thng
NCC NCC c chn lng H
1.1 2.1

TT H
Yu cu TT cho hng mi
cho hng

Nh CC Chi tit thng lng

70
 Ch : Trong v d ny vic phn r ch mang tnh cht minh ho. Vic phn r phi
da vo quy trnh x l c th trong tng giai on.
1.2. Phn nh cc h thng con ca my tnh
- Mc ch: Xy dng c cc b chng trnh ng gi (packet), mi gi tng ng
vi h thng con trong h thng. Cn c vo cc chc nng ca h thng trong cc biu
phn r.
- Cch thc hin: Dng cc ng gch ni khoanh tng vng ng vi cc chc
nng lin quan n nhau trong vic x l. Ngoi ra c mt s cn c sau:
a) Theo kiu thc th
Gom t cc chc nng c lin quan n mt kiu thc th hay mt nhm thc th (c
th l 1 tp). V d h thng con khch hng bao gm cc chc nng lin quan n thc th
khch hng (v d: chc nng chn NCC, lp n hng, tr li thng lng vi khch
hng... l mt nhm. Cc chc nng v qun l kho vt t lin quan n thc th kho hng
bao gm cc chc nng nhp hng, xut hng, bo co tn... vo mt nhm)
b) Theo giao dch
Gom t theo giao dch: Cn c vo lung d liu, khi t mi trng bn ngoi vo s
kch hot 1 lot cc chc nng ca h thng.
VD: Khi c yu cu d tr vt t th nhng chc nng lin quan khch hng u b kch
hot.
c) Theo trung tm bin i
Quan st trn biu lung d liu, nu pht hin c c 1 khu vc tp trung x l
cc thng tin ch yu th gom nhng chc nng ny li.
VD: Chc nng lm bng lng s ko theo cc chc nng nhp bng chm cng, nhp
nh mc lng, chc nng in n cc biu lng.
d) Theo tnh thit thc
Theo cu trc kinh doanh ca c quan, theo v tr c s, theo trnh i ng, trch
nhim cng tc (phn quyn)
VD: Gim c c th xem bo co nhng gim c khng sa c.
*Ch : Khi khoanh vng gia cc vng c th xy ra trng hp l cc vng khng
lin thng vi nhau khi h thng s c nhiu chng trnh con tch ri. Nu cc my tnh
trong h thng c ni mng ta c th t chc thnh CSDL chung c th lin thng vi nhau.
2. Thit k chi tit v cc th tc th cng v v cc giao tip ngi - my

2.1. Cc chc nng th cng

71
 - Hnh ng ra quyt nh: Con ngi lm ch h thng nn mi quyt nh u do con
ngi thc hin, my tnh ch c th cung cp thng tin tr gip
- Hot ng giao tip gia con ngi v con ngi: S trao i vi cc tc nhn ngoi
h thng (i tc kinh doanh, cc b phn tc nghip...)
- Cc nhim v phc v cho my tnh
- Cc chc nng th cng bao gm m ho thng tin, kim sot, sa cha thng tin,
nhp thng tin, kim tra v phn phi ti liu xut. Cc chc nng ny c nhiu loi:
C loi khng lin quan n my tnh
C s tr gip ca my tnh 2 ch Online hoc Offline.
L nhng chc nng th cng "n theo" hay ni cch khc l nhng chc nng pht
sinh do vic s dng my tnh.
- Khi s l cc chc nng th cng phi ch r ni dung cng vic phi lm theo khng
gian v thi gian, c bit l khi pha trn gia my tnh v th cng, yu cu v nng sut
cht lng, k nng, quy trnh thc hin, cc cch x l khi gp sai st.
2.2. Thit k u vo ca thng tin
a) Chn phng thc thu thp thng tin
- Phng thc trc tuyn
- Phng thc theo m
- Phng thc thu thp t xa qua cm bin
b) K thut iu tra thu thp thng tin
-Dng mu iu tra: Dng thu thp thng tin, ngi c hi in vo mu c sn.
Mu thng chia lm 3 phn:
Phn u: L tiu
Phn ni dung: Chi tit thng tin cn iu tra
Phn cam oan
Phn k tn
Mt sau phiu l cc hng dn tr li, cch in vo cc mc trong phiu
- Dng cu hi (c hai loi cu hi ng, cu hi m): Cu hi ng l nhng cu hi
m cc phng n tr li l c a ra sn; cu hi m l nhng cu hi mang tnh cht
gi , cn phi phi hp nhiu cu hi mi xc nh c ng thng tin cn thit.
c) Yu cu vic thu thp thng tin
- Thun tin cho ngi iu tra
- Thun tin cho vic m ho
- Thun tin cho vic g phm
- Ni dung n gin, r rng, chnh xc...
3. Thit k cc ti liu xut
72
 -Yu cu i vi cc ti liu xut l phi thng tin theo yu cu v phi chnh xc, d
hiu, d c.
- Cc phng thc xut thng tin:
a ra my in
a ra mn hnh
a ra b nh ngoi
a ra cc xung iu khin
-Cc ti liu xut bao gm cc loi sau:
- Thng tin tu tin khng c chun trc. Nhng thng tin ny thng di dng l kt
qu ca cc truy vn v l mt trong nhng nhu cu tng i ph dng trong cc bi
ton qun l.
- Cc ti liu in c cc mu biu theo tiu chun. Cc hnh thc a ra:
+ C khung in sn
+ Khng c khung in sn
- V cch trnh by mt biu nh sau:
+ u biu: tn ca biu
+ Thn biu: bao gm cc ni dung c bn v cc nhm logic quan h vi nhau
+ Cui biu: VD: H ni, ngy... thng....nm...

2.4. Thit k mn hnh chn

- Mc ch s dng mn hnh: Dng i thoi Ngi My s dng trong i thoi c
c im:
+ Thng tin thng l ti thiu
+ Vo ra gn nhau (dng hi - p)
- Yu cu v mt thit k
+ C tnh m thut, thn thin, d nhn, d hiu
+ Biu din cu lnh ngn gn ch c cc thng tin ti thiu
73
- Hnh thc i thoi trn mn hnh
+ Dng thc n chn (menu): cp 1, cp 2, cp 3
+ Dng cu lnh, du nhc
+ Dng in mu (form)
+ Dng hp chn, nt iu khin, danh sch chn ...
- S dng a phng tin v d nh: m thanh, cc thit b im lm sinh ng trong giao
tip ngi my.
3. Thit k chng trnh

3.1.i cng
-Mc ch: Xc nh tng quan chng trnh v phn nh cc m un chuyn cho
cc lp trnh vin ci t chng trnh
-Ni dung: Phn nh cc m un. Xc nh mi quan h gia cc m un (vic trao
i thng tin, gi nhau trong chng trnh chnh). c t tng m un: xc nh cc bin,
cc thut ton, cc d liu c x l, cc chc nng x l. Cch ghp ni cc m un.
Thit k cc mu th ring cho tng m un
-Phng php: Thit k theo phng php Topdown lm mn dn cc m un. S dng
lc cu trc
3.2. Cc m un chng trnh
- Chng trnh bin tp
- Chng trnh nhp
- Chng trnh cp nht
- Chng trnh hin th
- Chng trnh tnh ton
- Chng trnh to menu
- Chng trnh in
-Mi m un c th l mt chng trnh con, cng c th l mt on lnh. Mi m un c
nhng c trng sau:
(1)- Ci vo, ra: Nhng thng tin ca m un khc truyn cho n; thng tin n truyn
cho cc m un khc
(2)-Chc nng: Th hin vic bin i ci vo thnh ci ra
(3)-C ch thc hin: Cc thut ton dng trong m un
(4)-D liu cc b: D liu ring ca m un c th ch sinh ra tm thi trong b nh
trong khi hon thnh nhim v s b xo i.

74
 c trng 1, 2 gi l c trng ngoi, 3, 4 gi l c trng trong, ngoi ra cn cc c
trng ph nh tn, v tr ca m un...
-Khi thit k chng trnh trc ht ta phi m t cu trc chng trnh theo cc m un
da trn cc c trng ngoi, sau chi tit ho cc m un (Topdown)
- m t cu trc chng trnh ta dng lc cu trc (LCT)
3.3. Lc cu trc
-Biu din m un: Dng hnh ch nht bn trong c tn m un, m un c sn dng hnh
CN c hai vch hai cnh bn:

-Biu din cc lin kt: Dng on thng c hng, nu gi nhiu ln c thm cung trn: (A
gi B; A gi C nhiu ln)

A B A C

-Cu trc gi c la chn: A gi B hoc C

B C

- Biu din lung thng tin

V d: M un tnh lng

tnh lng
Bc L.
L. chnh
75
chnh P. cp
L. P. cp
chnh
tnh L. chnh tnh P. cp in b. lng
3.4. nh gi v lc cu trc
-S tng tc: Ni ln s nh hng ln nhau gia cc m un, cc m un cng t nh
hng nhau cng tt, m bo s c lp gia cc m un. C cc s tng tc sau:
-M un ny can thip vo m un kia, tng tc ny khng tt cn loi b.
-Tng tc v iu kin: m un ny chuyn thng tin iu kin cho m un kia, phi
hiu ni b m un kia cn iu kin g nh vy vi phm tnh che du ca m un m thng
thng mi m un l mt hp kn. Do tng tc ny khng tt
-Tng tc v d liu: Tng tc cng n gin cng tt, thng dng tham tr, hn ch
dng tham bin, nn truyn theo d liu hn l dng con tr.
- S cu kt: Phn nh s gn b v mt l gc ca cc b phn trong m un
-Hnh thc: Biu hin cu trc b ngoi ca LCT c dng Topdown
-Phm vi iu khin: L vai tr quyt nh ca m un ny vi m un khc mnh hay
yu khc nhau gia cc m un.
3.5. Chuyn BLD thnh LCT
-Nguyn tc:
-Phi tinh ch BLD trc khi chuyn
-Ch cc chc nng chnh yu trc cc chc nng ph sau
-Ngoi cc chc nng trong BLD cn c thm cc m un vo ra
5.1-Phng phng php phn tch theo bin i
(1) Di theo cc dng d liu vo cho n khi d liu vo tr thnh tru tng nht
hoc gp mt thit b, mt kho m d liu c coi l d liu vo th nh du li.
(2). Lm ngc li vi thng tin ra.
(3) Cn c vo cc im nh du khoanh li mt vng ca BLD ta lp mt LCT

76
 (4) u tin v mc cao nht l m un chnh mi dng vo l mt m un vo, mi
dng ra l mt m un ra
(5) Trin khai tip trong cu trc s xut hin nhng m un gia thc hin cc chc
nng bin i trong m un chnh
-V d:

x1 x2 x3 q3
Ngun X A B C q1 H s1 s2
x4 J K L
G
y1 y2 y3 y4
q2 I q4
Ngun Y A E F

Vo Bin i RA

Vo bin i Ra

Ly x4
x4 G
Ly y4
x3 C
Ly x3
x3
G G
x2 B
Ly x2
x2 J

x1 A
Ly x1

x4
Ngun 44
77 y4 s1
x
44
to s1
5.2-Phng phng php phn tch theo giao dch
Qu trnh hnh thnh h thng con thng qua giao dch. Ta quan tm n nhng thng tin
theo lung trong BLD n khi n kch hot cc chc nng khc th dng li lp LCT cho h
thng con ny.
H hp l
V d:

n hng Phn
H khng hp
4. Thit k c s d liu loi l

4. 1. Mc ch
H khng p
ng
- C s d liu l ni lu tr lu di cc d liu ca h thng b nh ngoi. Cc d
liu ny phi c t chc tt theo hai tiu ch:
Hp l: ngha l phi dng v khng d tha
Truy nhp thun li: ngha l tm kim, cp nht, b sung v loi b cc thng tin sao
cho nhanh chng v tin dng.
- giai on phn tch, ta nghin cu d liu theo tiu ch hp l ( v khng d
tha). Kt qu l thnh lp c lc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt hay m hnh
quan h. Thng c gi l lc khi nim v d liu, v n dng li yu cu
v khng tha, m b qua yu cu nhanh v tin.
- Sang giai on thit k, ta phi bin i lc khi nim ni trn thnh lc vt
l, tc l mt cu trc lu tr thc s ca d liu b nh ngoi.
- Ngi ta thng tch vic thit k d liu thnh hai bc:
(i) Thng qua vic nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp m bin i lc khi nim
thnh mt dng trung gian gi l lc logic v d liu:
Qui tc chuyn cc kiu thc th:
+ Tn thc th -> Tn quan h
+ Thuc tnh ca thc th -> thuc tnh ca quan h

78
 + Thuc tnh kho -> kho ca quan h
Qui tc chun ho cc quan h:

Bng vi nhm lp
Tch nhm lp

Chun 1, cha chun 2

Tch ph thuc
vo 1 phn kho
Chun 2, cha chun 3

Tch ph thuc
bc cu
Chun 3

Hp nht cc quan h:
- Loi cc quan h tha
- Ch : S ng ngha, S ng danh, S ph thuc bc cu
Qui trnh thit k:
- Chuyn cc m hnh thc th sang m hnh quan h
- Xc nh kho v chun ho cc quan h nhn c
- Tch hp cc quan h nhn c
- V biu m hnh d liu quan h v xc nh cc lc lng tham gia vo quan h
(ii) Thng qua vic nghin cu cc cu hnh ca h thng, c bit l cc ngn ng lp
trnh, cc h qun tr CSDL c chn dng m bin i lc logic thnh lc vt
l thch hp vi cu hnh .
4.2. Thnh lp lc logic

4.2.1. Lc logic:
Mi cu trc lu tr vt l, d l tp hay CSDL th cng u to nn t cc n v c
s l cc bn ghi. V vy ngi ta chn lc logic, mt dng trung gian trc khi n
lc vt l, l mt cu trc kiu bn ghi.
Mi kiu bn ghi l mt tp hp nhng bn ghi c cu trc trng ging nhau, thng
c gi cho gn l mt bng. Bng c biu din bng mt hnh ch nht c tn bng
(vit bn ngoi), danh sch cc trng (vit bn trong). Gia 2 bng thit lp mt mi
lin kt din t bng 1 mi tn, nu hai bng c mt trng chung. Tn trng ny c
ly lm nhn cho kt ni

79
 V d:

c gi Mn Sch
S th G S th G M sch
Tn c gi M sch Tn sch
a ch Ngy mn Tn tc gi
Trnh Ngy tr NXB

Bc thit k logic xut pht t mt lc khi nim v d liu di dng m hnh

quan h chun ho (v 3NF). trong mi quan h tr thnh mt kiu bn ghi, cn cc
kt ni s c thm vo khi c mt cc kho ngoi.
Mc ch ca thit k logic l xut pht t lc khi nim ta i tm mt cu trc kiu
bn ghi ph hp vi cc yu cu truy nhp ca cc chc nng x l trong h thng. Chnh v
vy vic thit k logic c xu hng git li so vi qu trnh phn tch: chp nhn s d tha,
c th h chun, min l s li/hi ca bc git li ny l c cn nhc rt cn thn.
4.2.2. a thm cc thuc tnh tnh th v nh gi cc khi lng
- Trong giai on trc, ta a cc thuc tnh tnh ton v thuc tnh tnh th ra khi
lc d liu. S d v cc thuc tnh ny d tha. Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh ny li rt c
ch v quen dng trong cng tc qun l, chng phn nh tnh trng no ca mt khu vc
(chng hn s d ti khon, lng hng tn kho, ..) thng c tra cu lun, m mi ln
dng khng phi tnh ton vng vo na.
giai on ny ta quan tm n nhu cu truy nhp d liu lm sao cho nhanh v tin,
th ta li phi xem xt cc thuc tnh tnh th , ci no c dng nhiu, dng lun th ta
kt np chng vo bng. Cng vi cc thuc tnh ny ta xut cc rng buc ton vn mi
h thng c th kim tra tnh ton vn ca d liu khi cn thit.
- nh gi s cc bn ghi cho mi bng trong lc s ny c gi l khi lng ca
bng. Khi lng ca mi bng thng l c bin ng theo thi gian.
4.2.3. Nghin cu cc yu cu truy nhp
- Khi ni rng CSDL phi c thit k sao cho c th p ng cc yu cu truy nhp
mt cch nhanh chng v tin li, th s p ng ny khng phi hng ti bt k yu cu
truy nhp no, m ch yu hng ti cc yu cu truy nhp ca cc chc nng x l thng
tin trong h thng.
- Mt yu cu truy nhp, th hin mt s tm kim, cp nht, b sung hay loi b mt s
thng tin trong CSDL, thng gm 2 v:
+ Bit mt (s) trng (tc l thuc tnh) no
+ Tra cu mt (s) trng khc.

80
i vi mi bc truy nhp,
Mn
ta cn ch ra 4 c im sau:
MG
+ Bng cn c truy nhp MaSach
Ngy mn
+ Kho tm kim Ngy tr
+ Trng cn tra cu
KL:5000
+ Tn sut truy nhp
c gi
Sch
MG
Tn G MaSach
a ch Tn sch
Trnh Tc gi
NXXB
V d: Khi nghin cu chcKL:100
nng iu tra vic s dng sch: cn truy cp ti 3 bng:
KL:2000
c gi, Sch, Mn vi 3 yu cu truy nhp:
- Yu cu A: Bit MG, tm a ch
- Yu cu B: Bit MG, tm NXB cc sch m ngi mn
- Yu cu C: Bit MaSach, tm Trnh ca nhng ngi mun sch .
Ta thy:cc bc truy nhp ca cc yu cu :
+ Yu cu A: gm 1 bc A1 Bng: c gi
Kho TK: MG
A1 Tra cu: a ch
Tn sut: 150 ln/1 tun
+ Yu cu B gm 2 bc B1, B2

Bng: Mn Bng: Sch

Kho TK: MG Kho TK: MaSach
Tn sut: 30 ln/1 tun Tra cu: NXB
B1 mi ln tm c: B2 Tn sut:
5000/100 = 50 bn ghi 30 x 50 = 150 ln/tun

+ Yu cu C: gm 2 bc C1, C2

Bng: Mn Bng: c gi
Kho TK: MaSach Kho TK: MG
Tra cu: MG Tra cu: Trnh
C1 Tn sut: 20 ln/1 tun C2 Tn sut:
mi ln tm c: 20 x 2,5 = 50 ln/tun
5000/2000 = 2,5bn ghi 81
- Tng hp cc yu cu truy nhp:

- Qua s tng hp ny ta c th nhn xt nhiu iu:

+ Bng no c nhu cu truy nhp cao
+ Kho tm kim no c s dng nhiu
+ Cc cm trng no c tra cu cng nhau
Cc nhn xt ny cho php ta chia ct li cu trc cc kiu bn ghi, ni mc
sau.
4.2.4. Chia ct li cc kiu bn ghi:
Cu trc kiu bn ghi c chnh li cho ph hp vi cc kt qu nghin cu v yu cu
truy nhp trn:
- Cc kt ni khng h c s dng (tc l nhn ca kt ni khng c lm kho tm
kim cho mt bc truy nhp no c) th s c d b (cng vi kho tng ng).

82
 - Cn c trn s pht hin cc cm trng c tra cu ng thi m thc hin cc bin
i sau:
+ Nu c 1 cm nm ri ra trn 2 bng, th nn gp 2 bng thnh 1, bt s bc
truy nhp
+ Nu nhiu cm ri nhau li nm trn cng 1 bng ln, th nn ct bng ra thnh
nhiu bng nh theo cm, cc bng gn nh hn.
+ C th lp li mt s trng mt bng khc (tc l lp 1 bn sao ca n), nu thy
nh th tin tra cu hn.
- Nu thy c mt bng no c tra cu nhiu theo 1 kho tm kim no , th ta
nn thit lp cho n mt trng truy nhp c bit.
4.2.5. Nguyn tc truy nhp
-Vi mi x l ra cn ch ra cc cu hi:
-Truy nhp tp no
-S dng iu kin g?
-Tra cu g, tn sut truy nhp
-Nu kho v ni dung tra cu cng mt tp th truy nhp trc tip, nu khng phi thc
hin lin kt
V d:

Phn S dng Vt t
xng

chc
nng
kim tra
vic s

Phn xng s dng vt t

SHPX SHPX M VT
Tn PX M VT n gi
SL cng Tn VT Ni xut
nhn SL
Ngy
-Mt s cu hi:

83
(a) Tm s lng cng nhn ca phn xng c s hiu l PX1
(b) Tm n gi ca loi vt t ca phn xng PX1 s dng
(c) Tm s lng cng nhn ca phn xng s dng vt t VT1
Vi cu hi a:
Truy nhp tp: Phn xng
Kho tm: SHPX
Ni dung cn tra cu: S lng cng nhn
Tn sut: 10 ln/ngy
Hnh thc: Trc tip
Vi cu hi b:
b1 Truy nhp tp: S dng
Kho tm: SHPX
Ni dung cn tra cu: M vt t
b2 Truy nhp tp: Vt t
Kho tm: M VT
Ni dung cn tra cu: n gi
Vi cu hi c:
c1 Truy nhp tp: Vt t
Kho tm: M VT
Ni dung cn tra cu: M vt t
c2 Truy nhp tp: S dng
Kho tm: M VT
Ni dung cn tra cu: SHPX
c3 Truy nhp tp: Phn xng
Kho tm: SHPX
Ni dung cn tra cu: S lng cng nhn
Tn xut: 20 ln /ngy
4.3. Thnh lp lc vt l
- Lc vt l l cu trc lu t thc ca d liu b nh ngoi, ph thuc vo cu hnh
h thng (cc ngn ng lp trnh, cc h qun tr, ...). C hai phng n chn la chnh l
cc tp v c s d liu, theo m ta chuyn i lc d logic thu c t bc trn thnh
lc vt l thch hp.
- im khc bit gia tp v CSDL l:
i vi tp, ngi dng phi trc tip thnh lp n v khai thc n, ngha l phi hiu
r v chu trch nhim trc tip v n. Nh th th chhng trnh v d liu rng buc cht
ch vi nhau.

84
 i vi CSDL, s c mt ca h qun tr CSDL cch ly chng trnh ca ngi dng
vi cu trc lu tr ca d liu lm cho chng tnh c u im l c lp vi d liu. i
li th cc ngn ng nh ngha d liu, cng nh cc ngn ng thao tc d liu cung cp
bi cc h qun tr CSDL li phi nhng c vo ngn ng lp trnh c chn ci t
h thng, iu ny khng phi bao gi cng c thun li.
5. Thit k kim sot

5.1. Gii thiu

Vi mc tiu l m bo cho tnh ng n trong mi hot ng ca h thng, cn phi
nghin cu tin hnh mt s cc bin php kim sot cn thit nhm chng li mt s nguy
c sau:
- Mt mt v sai lch thng tin
- Nhng li sai xy ra trong qu trnh xut, nhp thng tin
- Sai st do cc s c k thut
- Sai st do nhng xu
- Do ri ro v mi trng. VD: ho hon, l lt, chin tranh,...
Cc kha cnh c bn trong thit k kim sot bao gm:
- chnh xc: phi kim tra xem tng thao tc ang c tin hnh c thc hin
chnh xc khng, cc thng tin ang lu tr v ang x l trong CSDL c ng n khng
- an ton: m bo rng khng th mt mt thng tin trong mi tnh hung do v
tnh hay c hoc do nhng ri ro ng nhin
- ring t: kim tra vic bo v cc quyn ca c nhn, ca tp th.
5.2. Nghin cu kim tra thng tin nhp, xut
5.2.1. Mc ch yu cu
Mi thng tin xut nhp u phi kim tra m bo tnh xc thc ca thng tin. Thng
thng ngi ta hay kim tra nhng ni thu nhn thng tin, trung tm x l v ni phn
pht thng tin. Vic kim tra nhm pht hin li v khc phc sa cc li pht hin
5.2.2. Hnh thc kim tra
- Kim tra th cng: c th dng phng n kim tra y hoc ngu nhin
-Kim tra bng my: dng 2 phng thc trc tip v gin tip. Trc tip l
s dng cc rng buc ton vn, gin tip l tham kho cc thng tin khc c kim tra.
5.2.3. Th t kim tra
Thng thng ta kim tra trc tip trc, gin tip sau. Khi kim tra trc tip ch n s
c mt ca gi tr, khun dng, kiu gi tr v min gi tr. Kim tra gin tip l cc rng
buc v cc mi lin h logic gia cc thng tin trong h thng.

85
5.3. Nghin cu cc giai on tip cn phn tch cc kim sot
5.3.1. Xc nh cc "im h" trong h thng
"im h" l im ti h thng c nguy c b thm nhp bi nhng ngi trong hay
ngoi t chc trong ton b h thng tnh ton.
5.3.2. Xc nh mc e do t im h
Cc loi e do bao gm:
- Sai hng phn cng
- Sai v phn mm
- Thng tin b n cp, ph hoi c ch
5.3.3. nh gi mc e do
- Mc cao: h thng c th b tn tht nghim trng, c th b ngng tr nu tnh hung xu
nht xut hin
- Mc va: c th b tht thot thng tin nhng vn c th hng chu c, khng nh
hng ln n hot ng chung
- Mc thp: c th d kin c trc 1 s mi e do v c cc phng n, phng tin
ngn cn.
5.3.4. Xc nh tnh trng e do
S dng DFD theo di c li im h r sot cc nh hng trong tng qu trnh do
li gy ra t im h. Trong qu trnh di c th xut hin thm im h mi, cn phi nh
du v c lng c mc nghim trng ca cc e do trong lung nh hng trn.
5.3.5. Thit k kim sot cn thit
Trn c s nh gi c mc thit hi t cc im h ngi thit k phi quyt nh la
chn cc phng thc bo v cn thit. Cc phng thc c th l nh sau:
- Bo v vt l: cc phng php bo v th cng, chng hn nh ngi canh gc, tho ri
cc b phn ca thit b, kho bo v, ...
- Nhn dng nhn s hay xc lp quyn truy nhp bao gm
+ mc chc nng ca h thng: mi ngi s dng c th gn quyn s dng 1 s
chc nng no ca h thng.
+ V mt d liu: vi mi ngi s dng c th c gn 1 s quyn truy nhp n
cc th mc v tp tin trong h thng.
+ ng k tn v mt khu
- Bo v bng phng php m ho: trong ch yu l dng m mt
- Bo v bng gi li: khng cho php truy nhp trc tip m phi thng qua s gim st ca
1 h thng khc.
86
5.3.6. Phn bit ring t
Phn bit ring t l phn bit quyn truy nhp ca cc i tng khc nhau thng qua qun
tr h thng. Trong vn qun tr quyn gm c: trao quyn, rt quyn, u quyn, tha k
quyn.

5.4. Nghin cu cc kh nng gin on chng trnh v phc hi

5.4.1. Nghin cu cc gin on chng trnh
Nguyn nhn:
- Hng gi mang
- Hng v phn cng, v mi trng (h iu hnh)
- Nhm ln thao tc
- Lp trnh sai, hu qu gy mt th gi, mt thng tin
5.4. 2. Ci t cc th tc phc hi
- Ci t chng trnh theo m: nh k l sao lu, sau phc hi li tuy vy phng
php ny mt thi gian.
- S dng phc hi trc tuyn, v d c ch gng
-Nguyn tc v phc hi, sao lu nh sau: C gng phc hi li h thng 1 thi im
gn nht trn c 2 phng din l cc thao tc v cc d liu, y ghi bin bn h thng l
cc file log.

M ho
1. Gii thiu
Khi m ho thng tin, kt qu vic m ho to thnh mt bng m, khi xy dng cn nghin
cu s phn b thng k ca cc i tng. Cht lng m ho c nh gi qua cc tiu
ch sau:
- n tr (khng nhp nhng)
- Phi thch ng vi phng thc s dng m ho. V d nu m ho bng tay th m
phi d hiu v d gii m. i vi my phi c cc lut m v gii m hay cn gi l c
php cht ch
- Bng m phi c kh nng m rng, xen thm c. Cn nghin cu s lng cc i
tng c m ho v phi lng trc c s pht trin v s lng ca cc i tng
- Bng m phi ngn gn, iu ny mu thun vi kh nng m rng ca bng m
- Bng m phi c nhng gi
2. Cc loi m
2.1 M ho lin tip:
87
S dng cc s nguyn k tip nhau gn cho cc i tng (m ca i tng), u im
l n gin v n tr, d thm vo pha sau, nhc im l khng xen c vo gia,
khng c nhng gi , khng c tnh cht phn nhm
2.2. M ho theo lt
V nguyn tc l dng cc s nguyn nhng phn ra tng lt m ho cho cc lp i
tng m ho cho tng lp.
- u im l n tr v n gin v xen c
- Nhc: bng m ko di c th b bo ho (do 1 lt ht m)
2.3. M ho phn on
Bn thn m c phn thnh nhiu on, mi on mang 1 ngha ring
- u: n tr, m rng v xen c, cho php thit lp cc kim tra gin tip i vi m ca
cc i tng.
- Nhc: qu di, thao tc nng n, khng c nh
2.4. M ho phn cp
S dng m ho kiu chng, mc trong cc d liu
VD: 2.6.4 chng 2, bi 6, tit 4
- u: tng t nh m phn on, tm kim nhanh, d phn loi hn
- Nhc: tng t m phn on
2.5. M ho din ngha
-u: tin li cho s l bng tay
-Nhc: kh gii m, khng thun tin cho gii m bng my tnh

88
6. Lp trnh, chy th v bo tr

6.1. Lp trnh

6.1.1. Cc bc chun b cho lp trnh

-Thnh lp t lp trnh gm cc lp trnh vin, chia nhm lm vic
-La chn h qun tr CSDL v ngn ng lp trnh hp l
-Chn mi trng ng dng
6.1.2. Cc yu cu
-p ng ng cc nhu cu vo, ra
-D hiu, d s dng
-M lnh n gin d hiu d bo tr nng cp
-Phi ti u v tc v b nh
6.1.3. Tin hnh
-Ci t cc tp d liu
-Vit cc on chng trnh chung
-Bin tp cc m un
-Ci t giao din
-Lin kt cc chc nng
6.1.4. Chy th, ghp ni
-Mu th: Mu th do ngi thit k to ra hoc do ngun d liu c sn no nhng ch
phc v cho mc ch th
-Yu cu v mu: Phi bao qut, ngu nhin, st vi thc t
6.2. Vit ti liu hng dn s dng

6.2.1. Phn i cng v h thng

-Ti liu i cng gii thiu nhng nt khi qut v h thng quy m phm vi s dng
chng trnh. Nu ln cc yu cu v phn cng, phn mm, h iu hnh, cc thng s mi
trng...phng thc khai bo.
-Qu trnh ci t chng trnh, cc phn mm h tr nh font, my in...
-Nhng yu cu v trnh ngi dng, phm vi qun l...
6.2.2. Phn hng dn chng trnh
-Trnh t ci t, s dng khai thc chng trnh

89
-M t c trng u vo, ra, khun dng d liu, cch thc truy nhp
-M t u ra cc khun dng, hnh thc kt xut, cc thit b ra
6.2.3- Hng dn vn hnh
-Yu cu v mt quy trnh k thut quyn hn ngi dng
-Yu cu v an ton, bo mt h thng
6.3. Bo tr h thng

6.3.1.Mc ch
-Sa cc li pht sinh khi s dng chng trnh
-iu chnh theo yu cu mi pht sinh
-Tng hiu nng ca h thng
6.3.2.Yu cu
-Phi hiu c chng trnh t cc ti liu
-Tm theo dng x l pht hin li
6.3.3. Chi ph
-Bo tr sa cha h thng: 17 -20%
-Bo tr thch ng: 18 25%
-bo tr hon thin: 55 60%

90