IX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page.No

Title -------I

Certificate -------II

Declaration -------III

Acknowledgement -------IV

Abstract -------VI

Table of contents -------IX

List of figures -------XV

List of Tables -----XXVIII

CHAPTER: I BACKGROUND ------001

1.1 Introduction -------001

1.2 Anatomy and Conception of Metal Building System -------005

1.3 Primary Framing System -------007

1.3.1 Main Frames -------007

1.3.2 Load paths of stability bracing ------009

1.3.3 Knee/haunch area ------009

1.3.4 End wall frames ------011

1.4 Secondary Framing Members ------013

1.4.1 Eave strut ------013

1.4.2 Purlins -------013

1.4.3 Girts ------014

1.4.4 Purlin bridging ------016

1.4.5 Girt Bridging ------019

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1.5 Bracing Systems ------023

1.5.1 Diaphragm action (Stressed skin Design) ------023

1.5.2 X-Bracing ------027

1.5.3 Fixed base columns ------029

1.5.4 Portal Frame ------030

1.5.5 Brace to interior main frame ------031

1.5.6 Flange braces ------031

1.6 Cladding System ------034

1.6.1 Roof Cladding ------034

1.6.2 Wall Cladding ------035

1.7 Framed Openings ------036

1.8 Crane Beams ------037

1.9 Mezzanine Floor ------039

CHAPTER: II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ------040

2.1 Background ------040

2.2 Terminology ------047

2.2.1 Lateral-Torsional Buckling ------047

2.2.2 Flange Local Buckling and Web Local Buckling ------048

2.2.3 Distortional Buckling -------048

2.3 General Beam behavior ------049

2.4 Lateral Bracings ------051

2.5 Review of previous bracing studies ------053

2.6 Review of previous tapered member studies ------068

2.7 Practical design and fabrication of web tapered

Steel rigid/main frames ------080

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2.8 Review of current web tapered beam specifications

ASD and LRFD ------084

2.8.1 Coefficient for continuity past supports, B ------094

2.9 Review of current Relative and Nodal bracing requirements

for beams (ASD and LRFD) ------098

2.10 Metal diaphragm behavior ------101

2.11 Available stiffness through secondary members,

Metal cladding and flange braces ------103

2.12 Other contributions to the inner flange restraint ------108

2.13 Objectives and scope of research ------110

2.13.1 Objectives ------112

2.13.2Scope of research ------114

2.14 Thesis Organization ------116

CHAPTER: III FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ------118

3.1 Introduction to FEA ------118

3.2 Abaqus Software ------121

3.3 Source of Non linearitys in structural response ------123

3.3.1 Geometric Nonlinearity ------124

3.3.2 Material Nonlinearity ------124

3.4 Non Linear Finite element analysis ------125

3.5 Non Linear equilibrium equations ------127

3.6 Non Linear Finite element solution techniques ------128

3.7 RIKS-Wempner Method (The arc length method) ------130

3.8 Von Mises Yield criterion ------133

3.9 Implementation of material plasticity in ABAQUS ------137

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3.10 Finite Element Modeling considerations ------141

3.11 Finite Element Modeling Details ------142

3.12 Shell Elements ------143

3.13 Spring Elements ------146

3.14 Finite Element mesh ------147

3.15 Source of modeling uncertainties ------147

3.16 Imperfection seed ------148

CHAPTER: IV VERIFICATION STUDY ------150

4.1 Background ------150

4.2 Verification of the model-1 ------154

4.3 Verification of the model-2 ------162

4.4 Verification of the model-3 ------168

4.5 Verification of the model-4 ------179

CHAPTER: V PARAMETRIC STUDY-I ------185

5.1 Analytical test configuration & key parameters ------185

5.2 Loading details ------189

5.3 Boundary conditions ------189

5.4 Geometrical imperfections ------190

5.5 Material property definitions ------192

5.6 Assumptions considered in this research ------194

5.7 Input for Abaqus modeling and analysis ------196

5.8 Output from Abaqus analysis ------196

5.9 Presentation of results ------197

5.10 Testing of Developed Equations ------228

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5.11 Presentation of Abaqus results for the verification of

Web tapered I-beam with a span of 9144 mm (360 inches)

And with a lateral brace stiffness of 17.52 N/mm

(0.10 kips/inch) ------231

CHAPTER: VI PARAMETRIC STUDY-II ------238

6.1 Analytical test configuration & key parameters ------238

6.2 Loading details ------240

6.3 Boundary conditions ------240

6.4 Geometrical imperfections ------240

6.5 Material property definitions ------240

6.6 Assumptions considered in this research ------241

6.7 Output from Abaqus analysis ------242

CHAPTER: VII CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS,

DESIGN PROPOSAL AND FUTURE SCOPE
OF RESEARCH ------291

7.1 Conclusions ------291

7.2 Recommendations ------294

7.3 Design proposal for the lateral stiffness components

Due to nodal lateral bracing systems ------296

7.4 Future scope of research ------298

APPENDICES: ------301

APPENDIX A: ABAQUS input files for the verification study-1 ------302

APPENDIX B: ABAQUS input files for the parametric study ------305

APPENDIX C: ABAQUS input files for the parametric study

(Non Linear Analysis) ------309

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APPENDIX D: Technical Paper Presented By P.Ravindra Murthy

Dr.V.V.V.S Murty and Dr.N.V.Ramana Rao ------313

BIBLIOGRAPHY ------314