Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) emphasized that lateness or tardiness is not just the

problem of the late student but it affects the surrounding people. A student coming late

in class distracts the rest of the students and disrupts the flow of the teacher's

discussion. It is even a burden to the student/s whom the late students ask for what to

catch up with.

The rest of the effects given by Nakpodia and Dafiaghor are about the welfare of the

whole school, its productivity and revenue. Knowing the possible effects of lateness or

tardiness it is necessary for solutions to be executed. Though, it does not guarantee to

make zero tardiness inside the school, at least it can alleviate it.

Breeze et al. (2010) contributed by saying that, lateness is synonymous with tardiness,

which implies being slow to act or slow to respond, thus not meeting up with proper or

usual timing.

This is the antonym of the word Punctuality. That nowadays, is taken for granted.

Tardiness or lateness is never been a good attitude. Students as well as workers need

to follow the time intended for school or work. Or else, they will be punished and suffer

from consequences.

Lauby (2009) puts it as a term used to describe people not showing up on time".
 Tardiness is about not coming on time. It is the attitude of Filipino's that is well

known in other country. There are some factors affecting the attitude of Filipino's which

is gain through family, peers, and even from culture. Tardiness is always associated with

'Filipino Time'.

Sprick and Daniels (2007) said that is one of the most recurring and the most

"frustrating problem" that the schools are having with their students nowadays is

tardiness.

Student tardiness leads to early laziness which they should overcome. As a

student, they are expected to come on time because they are preparing for the real

world of job. A student who failed to prepare is preparing to fail. Though, only some

students are the affected ones, the whole being of them is also affected. It is because

their personality reflects to them as a student.

According to the results of the study of the U.S Department of Education on "truancy",

which is related to tardiness, being present and on time in going to school are big

factors on the 'success and behavior' of the students (Zeiger,2010)

Thus, it is a lot important to value time and practice being on time while being a

student. It is because, it spell the difference between a successful or stagnant person in

the future. It can be seen in the society as well. Person who came or do things on time

tend to get the good result. While those late, tends to cram and make a not so ideal

result. These should not be tolerated in students so that they can give their best shot in

everything they do, as much as possible.

Local Literature

According to the National Initiative Attendance Works (2015) missing just 10 percent of

the school year in the early grades causes many students to struggle in primary school,

and lateness in later grades is associated with increased failure and drop out rates.

Fortunately, parents can help prevent tardiness from becoming frequent enough to

negatively impact their child's school life.

This is very evident in every school. Absenteeism is never been tolerated. As a

matter of fact, missing school for just thrice a month will put you in a home visit list. Its

even harder to catch up the missed lesson. And even harder to achieve the good

grades you have wished for. So, its true that tardiness and absenteeism will have an

impact not only for oneself but for his future too.

Jef Menguin (2011) published an article in Goods News Philippines, Manila about

"Filipino Time". He states that to label is to libel. Filipino Time is a label grounded on

ignorance and contempt. People make generalization and make us think that Filipino's

are not as good as the others.

This statement stated is agreeable and arguable at the same time. Before even the

civilization came, Spaniards label as 'always late' because whenever we have meetings

or there are important matters we don't do or arrive on time. This is evident in the novel

of Dr. Jose Rizal wherein there is a play and almost everyone came on time except for

the General Gobernadorcillo and even some minor characters especially the people in

highest caste system. Though, only some are living like the old times, we don't need to

make generalizations that all Filipino are like that and not good as the others because
we are totally globally competitive when it comes to skills, beauty and intelligence.

Worldwide recognition proves that.

Jm Tuazon (2011) explained that Pinoy's penchant for arriving late at an appointment

has been described as 'Filipino Time'. Most Pinoy's, apparently, are habitual late-comers

that it has earned for them a virtually new time zone.

This is proven by many studies conducted here and abroad. Even nowadays, we

still have another time zone. It means that when there is an exact time, we arrive a

minute or hour late. Though, it started from our culture we should not tolerate and adopt

it always because later on in our lives it will have an effect. Being a habitual-latecomer

will lead you in a cramming experience most of the time.

According to Mico's blog (2016) "Filipino Time" is the coined phrase for the embarrasing

affliction of tardiness among Filipino's. It is curious and mind boggling how the general

population of a certain nation could possibly be chronically late. And yet, it has been

tried and tested to be true to this very day. Try having a party with the invitation stating

an arrival time of 4pm, and people will start trickling in at 5 or 6 pm. Filipino time is such

a phenomenon that made enough of an impression.

This real situation nowadays proved that first impression last. Only some people

are late comers in their job or school but it is taken as a whole. It is because it is what

they see and heard before. But in reality, it is happening around. Knowing that a certain

event will start at that time and just preparing for the last minute scenario. This is the

culture we have grown up. But it's still us, who will decide if we want the always rushing

type of person.
Foreign Studies

This study examined by Blue (2009) about job involvement and organizational

commitment as interactive predictors of absenteeism and tardiness behaviors.

Personnel records and questionnaires were used to collect tardiness and absence data

for a subsample of 82 registered staff nurses out of a total sample of 228 nurses from a

large Midwestern hospital. Results showed support for the hypothesis that individuals

showing higher levels of job involvement and organizational commitment would exhibit

less unexcused tardiness and absenteeism than those with lower levels of job

involvement and organizational commitment. The implications and limitations of these

findings are discussed.

This revealed that when a person is involved in any job or work he kept himself

busy. And disregard the external destruction that may lead to tardiness. Having the

motivation and dedication inside himself, triggers to do better until he achieve the best

in his work goals.

According to the study of CAESC (2007) and Zeiger (2010) the most essential learning

time of the day for the students lies in the morning, specifically between 8:00-9:30 am.

This scientific study is evident because the students are most mindful and

observant at this time of the day. It is also the reason why the most important lessons

and subject matters are discussed during this time. So, when the students are late or

are absent during that time of the day, they, in effect missed out most of the important

lessons to be noted and learned.

According to Cowan Avenue Elementary School Community (2007) the official school

publication of CAESC, states that while having "occasional tardy" isn't a big deal,

unfailing tardiness is and it gives students problems including being ill-prepared for the

job market.

This study revealed the reality of students life. That what you do reflects on you in

the future. They want their future to be better but not making the best out of them today.

Being a latecomer always is simply as being tardy for the future. Because when you do

your best today it puts you to the next step which is higher than before. It has a late

effect that last for a lifetime.

Santillano (2010) stated that psychological theorists considered some personality traits,

including low self-esteem and anxiety as triggering factors of tardiness. She also

mentioned that while some theorists considered tardiness as an inborn quality since

our being early or late is partially biologically determined, which she also agreed, other

experts also believed that some people are chronically tardy for the reason that they

consciously and unconsciously get good things from it.

This study is adopted by some because it reasons out the factors of tardiness of

students. There are sometimes good things you can get from tardiness. Just like

finishing your project or homework first before going to school. Its about making

everything perfect before leaving your house. But contrary to this, leaving late makes

you deal with heavy traffic, penalties from your work, or missed lesson in school.

Another study was conducted by Enamiroro Oghuvbu in Nigeria. The objective of the

study was to determine the causes of the absenteeism and lateness among the
secondary students in Nigeria and to seek for solutions to the growing problem.

According to Oghuvbu (2008), female students are more likely to be late than male

students because of their involvement in domestic activities by their parents. Also, as

cited by Oghuvbu, distance to school, school discipline, family background and school

location (Emore, 2005) are some of the common causes for the tardiness of the

secondary students.

The study revealed that the causes of lateness among the secondary students in

Nigeria were going late to bed because of doing house chores resulting into waking up

late in the morning, distance to school and keeping friends who are not students

(Oghuvbu, 2008). These results went consistent with the results of Oghuvbus reference

studies which proves that tardiness among students have been a growing problem and

that it is caused, not just because of the students but also because of the lack of

imposing discipline from the parents.

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor (2011) attribute lateness or tardiness to a lot of factors or

causes. Going late to bed and waking up late next morning are the most common. The

authors added film-watching late at night as a cause for tardiness. The student may

forget that he/she needs to be in school the next day. The distance between the

students home and school or solely the schools location is also considered by

Nakpodia and Dafiaghor as a possible cause for tardiness. Not just because it takes

more time to get to school, but according to the authors, the student is susceptible to

more distractions and hindrances along the way. Parents untimely tasks and

commands are also reasons that students come late to school. Habitual tardiness can
also be learned from other members of the family, especially from the older ones. Lack

of a firm and consistent policy on punctuality also encourages students to come late at

school since there are no consequences attached to lateness or tardiness. These

causes of tardiness will lead to serious effects.

This revealed the situation of the students and the factors that affects them. It

showcases how the students deal and suffered from it. But if you really want to finish

studies, no hindrances can come and beat you along the way. And for the parents

though, there are only some parents who have done it to their sons and daughters they

can adopt it and pass it to others.

Local Studies

This investigation conducted by Michael A. Clores (2010) states that the phenomenon of

school absenteeism evolves or is experienced by the college students. In-depth

interviews of ten absentee students and the use of editing style analysis and a method

described by Colaizzi (1978) yielded three category schemes of experience of school

absenteeism. (a) Disempowering circumstances-feeling of helplessness or tardiness.

(b) Misguided value system-mixed up priorities; and (c) pedagogical dilemmas-

unappealing academic environments. Based on the findings, the pedagogical,

psychological and socio-cultural implications are discussed.

This is evident to students from kinder to college that they can suffer from tardiness

in their life. It start when someone or something provokes you do to so. It is not an

illness to be scared of but an attitude to develop and removed afterwards. When you
enter college life, time matter most. Missing just a single activity, term paper or even

quiz puts you to risk of getting grades of 3, 4, or 5. Time and grades matter because its

the time they can see the real world. So, they need to change the bad attitude they

possessed or else left them outside the door with nothing.

According to Martinez, Javier (2015) In his study of Violating Filipino Time: A

Sociological Perspective he said that Filipino Time like other norms, is a tool for social

control.

This revealed that the Filipino Time or Tardiness is somehow good in its own way.

Because, when a Filipino works with a Filipino Company and with a Filipino co-workers

chances are more likely to have a harmonious environment. They can understand each

other's time that leads for social control. Though, its just a tool for combing and making

unity in some aspect it doesn't mean that it is accepted by all.

According to Adam (2008) the study deals with a single machine scheduling problem,

where job processing time is given as a start time dependent linear function. The

objective is to find such a schedule which minimizes the maximum lateness criterion.

This study revealed that in order to lessen late student it is important to have a

transparency board for time. This is applicable to workers and even teachers. But the

students dont have it. Only the attendance says if they are present, absent or late. This

is to know the situation of the student and to address the problem and to make a

solution out of it.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Journals, Magazines, Articles

Clores, M.A., "A Qualitative Research Study on School Absenteeism Among College

Students" in Ateneo de Naga University 2010.

Dafiaghor and Nakpodia, "Lateness: A major problem confronting school

Administrators" in Delta State, Nigeria 2011.

Daniel and Sprick, "Factors Affecting Students Tardiness in College of Business

Administration and Accountancy" 2008.

Janiak, A., "Minimizing maximum lateness under linear detioriration" 2008.

Lauby. " Assessment of Absenteeism and Lateness among Hospitality and Tourism

Students" in Sunyani Polytechnic 2009.

Martinez, J., "Filipino Time: A Sociological Perspective 2015.

Oghuvbu, E., "Absenteeism and lateness among secondary students" in Nigeria 2008.

Santillano, G., "A review of Factors Associated with Student's Lateness Behavior and

Dealing Strategies" 2010.

Zeiger., "Success and Behavior of students" 2010.

Published/Unpublished Materials

www.gmanews.com

www.goodnewsphil.com

www.micoblog.com

"Effects of Tardiness on your child's Education" 2016.

"National Initiative Attendance Works" 2016.

Covan Avenue Elementary School Community 2007.

D. Internet

http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/INGOJ/article-full-text-pdf/F26860141028

http://-newsinfo.inquirer.net/225514/rude-late-absent-students,#ix224rt32eBx