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ISSN: 0976-9390
International Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
2013, Mar., Vol. 4 (1)
IJCPS
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preparation of mint flavoured beverages. Roots of phytochemical investigation of the plant. The
are chewed with betel nuts as a stomachic and its phytochemical investigation shows that the plant
decoction is used as an appetizer [6] while some Hyptis suaveolens contains essential oils as major
parts of the plant are used for the treatment of components mainly in leaves, shoots and seeds.
headache. Indians used to take it in the morning However, the oils from H. suaveolens differ in
soup which is made by mixing it with corn. Tea compositions according to geographical origin of
made from the roots of H. Suaveolens is used to plants. Hyptis suaveolens contains many diverse
purify the blood, and is also used as a remedy for phytochemicals like -Phellandrene (12), which is
the diseases of women. In Indonesia, the plant a monocyclic terpene with a pleasing aroma, -
infusion is used to treat catarrhal (inflammation of pinene (18) a terpene having very reactive four
mucous membranes, especially of the nose and membered rings,4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-Methylene-
throat) conditions, affections of the uterus, Bicyclo{7.2.0}-Undec-4-ene (16), -Caryophyllene
parasitic cutaneous diseases while the leaves are (16b), 3-cyclohexen-1-carboxaldehyde (17), 5-
used as stomachic. In Philippines, the leaves are androst-2,11-dione (19), 5-androst-9(11)-en-12-
used for the antispasmodic, anti-rheumatic and one (20), 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-3-
antisoporific. In West Africa the leaves of H. cyclohexen-1-ol (22), Thujane (13), 1 8 cineole
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In another investigation, Chukwujekwu et suaveolens has good medicinal value due to the
al isolated an abietane-type diterpenoid presence of essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids,
endoperoxide, 13-epi-dioxiabiet-8(14)-en-18-ol phenols, saponins, terpenes, and sterols. In
(43) through bioactivity-guided fractionation of traditional System of Medicine, the plant was used
the petroleum ether extract of the leaves of Hyptis as a stimulant, carminative, for wounds, sudorific,
suaveolens which differs only in the substitution of lactogogue, in catarrhal condition, infection of
the endoperoxide group on the aromatic ring of uterus, parasitic skin diseases. It was also used as
Dehydroabietinol (42). [24]During recent an anthelmintic.[9, 46] The leaves are applied as
investigation (Raja et al, 2005) two novel insectifuge because of its strong aroma especially
compounds were isolated from Hyptis suaveolens against mosquitoes. A leaf poultice is applied to
and identified as (2E)-1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) pent- cancers and tumours in the America.[55]Leaf sap of
2-en-1one (45) and 1-[(3-Hydroxy-5, 5-dimethyl H. suaveolenswith lemon juice is taken in Sierra
cyclohex-3en-1yl) oxy] Hexane-3-one (46). Leone for stomach ache and the leaf is applied
[42]Very recent systematic study (Lautie et al, around the head for head ache or topically to
2008) using LC-MS of H. suaveolens extract, maturate boils. [6]
showed the ion peaks similar to those of 4.1. Antimicrobial activity
podophyllotoxin and 1HNMR spectroscopy signal
led to the discovery of podophyllotoxin (47).[44] The antibacterial activity of H. suaveolens
volatile oil was tested against various kinds of
4. PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
bacteria and fungi that caused dermatological
Although biological attributes of the plant diseases. It was reported that the volatile oil from
have not been well documented but Hyptis H. suaveolensinhibits certain bacteria and fungi.[27]
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Another study provedthat the essential oil of 4.2 Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and wound
Hyptis suaveolens leaves showed antibacterial healing activity
activity at 5 mg/ml concentration against two
The anti-inflammatory activity of the two
gram-positive and four gram-negative bacteria.[28]
compounds namely suaveolol and methyl
Various extracts from Hyptis suaveolens leaves suaveolate was tested for the first time as
were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity in
inhibition of croton oil-induced dermatitis of the
vitro. Steam distillation extract exhibited broad-
mouse ear. These two compounds showed nearly
spectrum antibacterial against Bacillus subtilis,
the same dose-dependent topical anti-
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, inflammatory activity; only two to three times
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Micrococcus luteus
lower than that of the reference drug
and antifungal activity against Fusarium
indomethacin. The anti-inflammatory properties
oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Helminthosporium of these compounds could contribute to the
oryzae. It showed highest antifungal and
antiphlogistic (Reducing inflammation or fever)
antibacterial activity against Aspergillus niger and
activity of extracts of Hyptis species and confirm
Micrococcus luteus, respectively. Activity indices of the rational use of Hyptis suaveolens
Aspergillus niger against miconazole (25 g/ml)
extracts.[32]The ethanolic extract of Hyptis
and Micrococcus luteusagainst chloramphenicol
suaveolens was tested to study the effects on the
(10 g/ml) were 0.89 and 0.67, respectively.[29]
inflammatory reaction, using the technique of
Iwu et al observed that essential oil of H. Carageenan induced paw edema in albino rats.
suaveolens displayed good antimicrobial activity
The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory
against yeast, filamentous fungi and showed a
activity comparable to the reference standard
mild inhibitory effect on Candida albicans and Ibuprofen. Antioxidant investigations of the
Aspergillus nigers.[10] The hydro distilled essential
ethanol extract along with its fraction using nitric
oil of fresh leaves of wild Hyptis suaveolens
oxide induced free radical assay methods showed
exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against good free radical scavenging activity thereby
Mucor sp. when compared to ketoconazole.[15]
supporting its anti-inflammatory
However when antimicrobial activity of H.
properties.[31]Shirwaikar et al evaluated Hyptis
suaveolens was compared to A. galangal, H. suaveolens for its wound healing activity in ether-
suaveolens was found to have the MID values of anaesthetized Wistar rats at doses of 400 and 800
1:160, 1:160, 1:80, 1:20, 1:20, 1:80, 1:80 against
mg/kg using incision, excision, and dead space
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus suis,
wound model. Significant increase in skin
Erysipelothrix husiopathiac, Pseudomonas breaking strength, granuloma breaking strength,
aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida
wound contraction, hydroxyproline content, dry
and Actinomyce pyogenes,
granuloma weight and decrease in epithelization
respectively.[30]Antifungal studies of leaves of period was observed. However the enhanced
Hyptis sauveolens Poit. confirms that 95% ethanol
wound healing activity may be due to free radical
extracts (2.39% w/w) were known to have
scavenging action of the plant and enhanced level
antifungal activity.[31]It was also documented that of antioxidant enzymes in granuloma tissue.
the antifungal potential of H. suaveolens oil was
Better collagenation may be because of improved
more pronounced than its antibacterial
antioxidant studies.[50] Anti-nociceptive property
properties. The same study reported that
of aqueous extract of Hyptis suaveolens leaves was
inhibition of fungal growth was dose dependent studied using both chemical and thermal models
with a MID value of 1:640. The 20% ethanolic
of nociception in mice. After oral administration of
solution of H. suaveolens oil had antifungal power
aqueous extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)
similar to 6% boric acid, 2% benzoic acid, or 5% writhing induced by acetic acid decreased licking
salicylic acid but higher than 4% phenol. The
activity of the early phase in formalin test and
activity decreased when the oil was stored at high
increased the reaction time in hot-plate test.[51]
temperatures (>40c). The oil inhibits the growth
of all test microorganisms, albeit at different 4.3 Anti-oxidant activity
concentrations. By comparison, it was found to In view of antioxidant activity, a
have more potent activity in antifungal than supportive study was done on granuloma tissue to
antibacterial action. The oil was less active against estimate the levels of catalase and superoxide
gram negative bacteria, particularly P. aeruginosa dismutase. Significant increase in the level of
and E. coli, while it showed good results against these antioxidant enzymes was recorded.
gram positive bacteria. This might be due to the Granuloma tissue was subjected to
protection of the gram negative bacteria by a histopathological examination to determine the
hydrophilic outer membrane which could pattern of lay-down for collagen using Van Gieson
suppress the passage of the lipophilic essential and Masson Trichrome stains.[48] The antioxidant
oil.[27] activity of the essential oils was determined by
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using two complementary methods: 2, 2-diphenyl- 4.5. Antiulcer activity and Gastroprotective
1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay Activity
and 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-
Antiulcer activity of aqueous (500 mg/kg)
sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical decolourization
and ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg) of the Hyptis
assay. Results indicated that the essential oil of H. suaveolens was evaluated on Cysteamine
suaveolens have IC50 (g/ml) values of
hydrochloride (450 mg/kg) induced gastric and
37210.019.[28] The antioxidant activity of
duodenal ulceration. The aqueous extract of the
aqueous extract the Hyptis suaveolens was
plant Hyptis suaveolens showed potent activity
determined by mean of the 1,1-diphenyl-2- than ethanolic extract, concluding that the plant
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test.
Hyptis suaveolens increases healing of duodenal
The results were again in favour that H.
ulceration and prevents the development of
Suaveolens exhibit strong antioxidant radical experimentally induced duodenal ulceration in
scavenging activity with IC50 value of 100g/ml.
rats.[45] Vera-Arzave et al 2012 reported that
The antioxidant activity of aqueous extract could
suaveolol isolated from hexane extract showed
be due to the presence of flavonoids.[48] gastroprotective activity at doses between 10 and
Nantitanon et al examined Hyptis suaveolens for its
100 mg/kg.[57]
antioxidant by means of the DPPH radical
scavenging test and ABTS free radical 4.6. Antifertility activity
decolourization assay. In both methods the The anti-fertility effects of the petroleum
antioxidant activity of H. suaveolens was ether, alcohol, and aqueous extracts of Hyptis
dependent on time and concentration showed IC50 suaveolens were studied in pregnant rats. The
value of 3.72 mg/ml whereas the TEAC value alcoholic extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (leaves)
determined by the ABTS assay was 65.02 showed a 100 % anti-fertility action at doses of
M/mg.[49] In another study, the antioxidant 150 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg, respectively. Further
activity of the methanol extracts of the leaves of research is in progress to determine the stage of
Hyptis suaveolens Poit. was reported to exhibit gestation at which Hyptis suaveolens is most
strong antioxidant radical scavenging activity with effective.[34]
IC50 value of 14.04 g/Las compared to 0.4 and
1.15 gmL-1 for Gallic acid, BHA respectively. This 4.7. Immunomodulatory activity
observation of antioxidant potential of methanolic The alcoholic extract of H. suaveolens
extract expected due to the presence of possesses immunomodulatory as well as anti-
flavonoids.[52] oxidant property, and the latter property may be
4.4. Antiplasmodial activity responsible for the amelioration of the
immunosuppressant effect of pyrogallol.[35] A
Hyptis suaveolens, widely used in recent investigation, done by Jain et al, reported
traditional medicine for malarial treatment and that the dried alcoholic (90%) extract of the aerial
increased interest ledto the identification of parts of H. suaveolens not only prevented the
theconstituent responsible for this activity.[56] pyrogallol induced suppression of Humoral
Dehydroabietinol isolated from Hyptis suaveolens Immune Response (HIR) and Cell mediated
(L.) Poit. was found to inhibit growth of Immune Response (CMIR) but also prevented the
chloroquine-sensitive as well as chloroquine- rise in Lipid peroxidase enzyme (LPO) levels,
resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum when administered orally (75 mg/kg for 28 days),
cultivated in erythrocytes in vitro (IC50 26 - 27 to the group of mice with artificially induced
M). However, erythrocytes exposed to immune suppression and oxidative stress using
dehydroabietinol were transformed in a dose- pyrogallol (50 mg/kg for 05 days). However, the
dependent manner towards spherostomatocytic immunomodulatory activity of H. suaveolens has
forms with concomitant formation of been attributed to their anti-oxidant properties
endovesicles, as disclosed by transmission confirmed by TBARS (Thiobarbiturate Acid
electron microscopy.[23] Later petroleum ether Reactive Substance) method.[53]
extract of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens was
found to restrain an abietane-type diterpenoid 4.8. Anti-diabetic activity
endoperoxide known as 13-epi-dioxiabiet-8(14)- The anti-diabetic study of the extracts in
en-18-ol which on further investigation displayed alloxan-induced diabetic rats, showed significant
an elevated antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 of (p<0.05) reduction in the blood glucose
0.1g/ml. The antiplasmodial constituent concentration and the result tends to suggest that
dehydroabietinol of Hyptis suaveolens showed its the methanolic extract of H. suaveolens leaves
activity due to transformation of discocytes into possess anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced
stomatocytes.[24] diabetic rats.[54]
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Congress on Science and Technology of
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