ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The internship opportunity I had with BHARTI AIRTEL LIMITED was a great chance for learning
and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was
provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet so
many wonderful people and professionals who led me though this internship period.

I express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to Mr. Vivekanand Diwedi who in spite of
being extraordinarily busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct
path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization.

I express my deepest thanks to Mr. Joseph Kottaram for teaching me & giving necessary advices
and guidance and arranging all facilities to make my learning easier. I choose this moment to
acknowledge his contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Mr.
Deepak Sachdeva, Mr. Alok Grover and Mr. Saurabh Singh for this opportunity.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use the
gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their
improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of
you in the future.

Sincerely,

Pallavi Chaturvedi

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology

Bhopal
 4G Technology-An Overview

Why 4G?

3G is not sufficient to meet needs of high-performance applications like multi-

media, full-motion video, wireless teleconferencing.
Multiple standards for 3G make it difficult to roam and interoperate across
networks
Requirement of a single broadband network with high data rates which integrates
wireless LANs, Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc
4G - Also known as "Beyond 3G", 4G refers to the fourth generation of wireless communications.
The deployment of 4G networks started in 2009-2010 timeframe and enabled another leap in
wireless data-rate and spectral efficiency.
4G is all about convergence; convergence of wired and wireless networks, wireless technologies
including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth as well as computers, consumer electronics,
communication technology and several others. 4G is a Mobile multimedia, anytime anywhere,
Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service network
system
4G wireless technologies are also referred to by MAGIC which stands for Mobile
multimedia, Any-where, Global mobility solutions over, integrated wireless and Customized
services

The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve
still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new
services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access
communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems.
The 4G systems not only support the next generation of mobile service, but also support the fixed
wireless networks.
The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one word-Integration. The 4G systems
seamlessly integrate terminals, networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands.

Wireless technology has transformed our lives in many ways. Until very recently, we needed a
computer wired to a port, to get online. Even wired telephones are becoming a thing of past.
Nowadays, we use our mobile phones for banking, to check ticket availability at a Cinema Hall,
and many more. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the
use of enhanced electrical conductors or "wires. And, Wireless networking refers to any kind of
networking that does not involve cables. It helps in saving the cost of cables for networking in
addition to providing the mobility.

.
 HISTORY AND EVOLUTION
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to Fourth Generation are
discussed in this section. The table below presents a short history of mobile telephone
technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G.
The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular
structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early
systems.

1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps

AMPS = advanced mobile phone service
CDMA = code division multiple access
EDGE = enhanced data for global evolution
FDMA = frequency division multiple access
GPRS = general packet radio system
GSM = global system for mobile
NMT = Nordic mobile telephone
PDC = personal digital cellular
PSTN = pubic switched telephone network
TACS = total access communications system
TDMA = time division multiple access
WCDMA = wideband CDMA
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the
1980s.

The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice
applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques.
These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed.
The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different
and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (time
division multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S.; PDC (personal digital cellular) in Japan; and
CDMA (code division multiple access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate
nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users
in these system is very limited.
During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would
eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data
capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and thus we see the of two mobile standards for 3G.
An interim step was also taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It was basically an enhancement of
the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency)
channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very important
aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to
the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or
laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in today's
society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems
unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring from a decade
it was high time that the more advanced 4G systems had to be deployed due to the changing
needs of the consumers. Thus 4G came into play.
 FACTS ABOUT 4G-LTE
LTE is the successor technology not only of UMTS but also of CDMA 2000.
LTE is important because it will bring up to 50 times performance improvement and much
better spectral efficiency to cellular networks.
LTE introduced to get higher data rates, 300Mbps peak downlink and 75 Mbps peak uplink.
In a 20MHz carrier, data rates beyond 300Mbps can be achieved under very good signal
conditions.
LTE is an ideal technology to support high date rates for the services such as voice over IP
(VOIP), streaming multimedia, videoconferencing or even a high-speed cellular modem.
LTE uses both Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode. In
FDD uplink and downlink transmission used different frequency, while in TDD both uplink
and downlink use the same carrier and are separated in Time.
All LTE devices have to support (MIMO) Multiple Input Multiple Output transmissions, which
allow the base station to transmit several data streams over the same carrier
simultaneously.
All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based, including the backhaul
connection to the radio base stations. This is great simplification compared to earlier
technologies that were initially based on E1/T1, ATM and frame relay links, with most of
them being narrowband and expensive.
All interfaces between network nodes in LTE are now IP based, including the backhaul
connection to the radio base stations. This is great simplification compared to earlier
technologies that were initially based on E1/T1, ATM and frame relay links, with most of
them being narrowband and expensive.
Works with GSM/EDGE/UMTS systems utilizing existing 2G and 3G spectrum and new
spectrum. Supports hand-over and roaming to existing mobile networks.
 ADVANTAGES OF LTE

High throughput: High data rates can be achieved in both downlink as well as uplink. This
causes high throughput.

Low latency: Time required to connect to the network is in range of a few hundred
milliseconds and power saving states can now be entered and exited very quickly.

FDD and TDD in the same platform: Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division
Duplex (TDD), both schemes can be used on same platform.

Superior end-user experience: Optimized signaling for connection establishment and

other air interface and mobility management procedures have further improved the user
experience. Reduced latency (to 10 ms) for better user experience.

Seamless Connection: LTE will also support seamless connection to existing networks
such as GSM, CDMA and WCDMA.

Plug and play: The user does not have to manually install drivers for the device. Instead
system automatically recognizes the device, loads new drivers for the hardware if needed,
and begins to work with the newly connected device.

Simple architecture: Because of Simple architecture low operating expenditure (OPEX).

SPECTRUM ALLOCATION- 4G BANDS
 LTE NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:

The User Equipment (UE).

The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).

The Evolved Packet Core (EPC).

The evolved packet core communicates with packet data networks in the outside world such as
the internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem. The interfaces between
the different parts of the system are denoted Uu, S1 and SGi as shown below:

The User Equipment (UE)

The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the one used by UMTS and
GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment comprised of the
following important modules:

Mobile Termination (MT) : This handles all the communication functions.

Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.

Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known as the SIM card for LTE
equipments. It runs an application known as the Universal Subscriber Identity Module
(USIM).

A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card. This keeps information about the
user's phone number, home network identity and security keys etc.
The E-UTRAN (The access network)
The architecture of evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below.

``

The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet
core and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB
is a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is
communicating with a mobile is known as its serving eNB.

LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are
following two main functions supported by eNB:

The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and
digital signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.

The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.

Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to
nearby base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet
forwarding during handover.

A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can
only be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group.
The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network)
The architecture of Evolved Packet Core (EPC) has been illustrated below. There are few more
components which have not been shown in the diagram to keep it simple. These components are
like the Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS), the Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
and Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF).

Below is a brief description of each of the components shown in the above architecture:

The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from UMTS and
GSM and is a central database that contains information about all the network operator's
subscribers.

The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside world ie.
packet data networks PDN, using SGi interface. Each packet data network is identified by
an access point name (APN). The PDN gateway has the same role as the GPRS support
node (GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS and GSM.

The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router, and forwards data between the base station
and the PDN gateway.

The mobility management entity (MME) controls the high-level operation of the mobile by
means of signalling messages and Home Subscriber Server (HSS).

The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a component which is not
shown in the above diagram but it is responsible for policy control decision-making, as well
 as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control Enforcement
Function (PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.

Functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC

Following diagram shows the functional split between the E-UTRAN and the EPC for an LTE
network:
 2G/3G Versus LTE

2G/3G LTE

GERAN and UTRAN E-UTRAN

SGSN/PDSN-FA S-GW

GGSN/PDSN-HA PDN-GW

HLR/AAA HSS

VLR MME

SS7-MAP/ANSI-41/RADIUS Diameter

DiameterGTPc-v0 and v1 GTPc-v2

MIP PMIP
 LTE-OFDM TECHNOLOGY
To overcome the effect of multi path fading problem available in UMTS, LTE uses Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink - that is, from the base station to the
terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of
spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth ie. OFDM uses a large number
of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to carry data.

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)

scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method.

OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers with high peak rates.

The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. The resource blocks have a total size of
180kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain. Each 1ms Transmission Time
Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot).

Each user is allocated a number of so-called resource blocks in the time.frequency grid. The more
resource blocks a user gets, and the higher the modulation used in the resource elements, the
higher the bit-rate. Which resource blocks and how many the user gets at a given point in time
depend on advanced scheduling mechanisms in the frequency and time dimensions.

Advantages of OFDM
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with
severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper
wire, narrowband interference and frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without
complex equalization filters.
 Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many slowly-
modulated narrowband signals rather than one rapidly-modulated wideband signal.

The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable,
making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).

This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks (SFNs), where
several adjacent transmitters send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency,
as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather
than interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.

Drawbacks of OFDM
High peak-to-average power ratio

Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well.

SC-FDMA Technology
LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
(SC-FDMA) in the uplink. This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a
very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).

High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on
linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and drains the battery faster.

SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that
reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR
also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance.
 LTE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
The information flows between the different protocols are known as channels and signals. LTE
uses several different types of logical, transport and physical channel, which are distinguished by
the kind of information they carry and by the way in which the information is processed.

Logical Channels : Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic
channels, control channels, system broadcast, etc. Data and signalling messages are
carried on logical channels between the RLC and MAC protocols.

Transport Channels : Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are
encoding, interleaving options used to transmit data. Data and signalling messages are
carried on transport channels between the MAC and the physical layer.

Physical Channels : Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N
symbols in the DL frame. Data and signalling messages are carried on physical channels
between the different levels of the physical layer.
 Logical Channels
Logical channels define what type of data is transferred. These channels define the data-transfer
services offered by the MAC layer. Data and signalling messages are carried on logical channels
between the RLC and MAC protocols.

Logical channels can be divided into control channels and traffic channels. Control Channel can
be either common channel or dedicated channel. A common channel means common to all users
in a cell (Point to multipoint) while dedicated channels means channels can be used only by one
user (Point to Point).

Logical channels are distinguished by the information they carry and can be classified in two
ways. Firstly, logical traffic channels carry data in the user plane, while logical control channels
carry signalling messages in the control plane. Following table lists the logical channels that are
used by LTE:

Channel Name Acronym Control Traffic

channel channel

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH X

Paging Control Channel PCCH X

Common Control Channel CCCH X

Dedicated Control Channel DCCH X

Multicast Control Channel MCCH X

Dedicated Traffic Channel DTCH X

Multicast Traffic Channel MTCH X

 Transport Channels

Transport channels define how and with what type of characteristics the data is transferred by the
physical layer. Data and signalling messages are carried on transport channels between the MAC
and the physical layer.

Transport Channels are distinguished by the ways in which the transport channel processor
manipulates them. Following table lists the transport channels that are used by LTE:

Channel Name Acronym Downlink Uplink

Broadcast Channel BCH X

Downlink Shared Channel DL-SCH X

Paging Channel PCH X

Multicast Channel MCH X

Uplink Shared Channel UL-SCH X

Random Access Channel RACH X

Physical Channels
Data and signalling messages are carried on physical channels between the different levels of the
physical layer and accordingly they are divided into two parts:

Physical Data Channels

Physical Control Channels

Physical data channels
Physical data channels are distinguished by the ways in which the physical channel processor
manipulates them, and by the ways in which they are mapped onto the symbols and sub-carriers
used by Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDMA). Following table lists the physical
data channels that are used by LTE:

Channel Name Acronym Downlink Uplink

Physical downlink shared channel PDSCH X

Physical broadcast channel PBCH X

Physical multicast channel PMCH X

Physical uplink shared channel PUSCH X

Physical random access channel PRACH X

The transport channel processor composes several types of control information, to support the
low-level operation of the physical layer. These are listed in the below table:

Field Name Acronym Downlink Uplink

Downlink control information DCI X

Control format indicator CFI X

Hybrid ARQ indicator HI X

Uplink control information UCI X

Physical Control Channels
The transport channel processor also creates control information that supports the low-level
operation of the physical layer and sends this information to the physical channel processor in the
form of physical control channels.

The information travels as far as the transport channel processor in the receiver, but is completely
invisible to higher layers. Similarly, the physical channel processor creates physical signals,
which support the lowest-level aspects of the system.

Physical Control Channels are listed in the below table:

Channel Name Acronym Downlink Uplink

Physical control format indicator channel PCFICH X

Physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel PHICH X

Physical downlink control channel PDCCH X

Relay physical downlink control channel R-PDCCH X

Physical uplink control channel PUCCH X

The base station also transmits two other physical signals, which help the mobile acquire the
base station after it first switches on. These are known as the primary synchronization signal
(PSS) and the secondary synchronization signal (SSS).
 NETWORK PLANNING
Network planning and design is an iterative process encompassing topological network synthesis
and realization and is aimed at ensuring that telecommunication network and services meet the
nededs of the subscriber and the operator.

NETWORK PLANNING METHODOLOGY

A traditional network planning methodology involves five layers of planning namely-

Business Planning
Long term and medium term network planning
Short term network planning
IT asset sourcing
Operations and maintenance

Each of these layers incorporates plans for different time horizons i.e. the business planning layer
determines the planning that the operator must perform to ensure that the network will perform as
required for its intended life span. The Operations and maintenance layer however examines how
the network will run on a day to day basis.

The network planning process begins with the acquisition of external information. This includes-

Forecasts of hot the network/service will operate.

The economic information concerning costs.
The technical details of the networks capabilities.
 PCI PLANNING
While there are challenges associated with building any new wireless network, one of these
challenges is managing neighbour cells. This is a tough task even for traditional mobile networks,
and it becomes even harder as new mobile technologies roll out with 2G and 3G cells already
exist. These neighbour cells are firmly in place and not going anywhere.

To help address this, and to stay in line with 3GPP specifications, network operators are turning
need PCI planning. If PCI is not planned well, it will cause high interruption of the Reference
Signal (RS). This situation may then result in an effective lack of signal coverage. Physical Cell ID
(PCI) is one of the most important cells identifier in the wireless network of LTE system.
Therefore, PCI planning is one of the most important steps in LTE network planning and
construction. To assign PCI correctly and efficiently will increase resource utilization and QoS of
the LTE system for subscribers. Poor planning results in PCI conflicts or collisions which impact
network performance.

PCIs, or Physical Cell Identifiers, in LTE networks provide a psuedo- unique value for identifying
eNodeBs. The PCI value is created from two components PSS and SSS. The PSS, Primary
Synchronization Signal, has the value 0, 1, or 2. The SSS, Secondary Synchronization Signal, can
have a value between 0 and 167. The PCI value is [(3x SSS)+(PSS)], resulting in a value between
0 and 503. With only these 504 values, PCIs are reused in the network and planning reuse, reuse
strategy, options, etc is a study all unto itself.

PCI= (3*SSS)+PSS

PSS is present in subframe 0 and 5 (OFDM symbol 6) and is mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the
band. The PSS is 3 sequence number (0, 1 and 2). SSS is present in subframe 0 and 5 (OFDM symbol 5), and
is also mapped on 72 subcarriers in the middle of the band as shown in figure 1.The SSS is 168 sequence
number (0 to 167).

When we need to deploy an LTE network in a city that needs 6000 cells. Each of the 6000 cells
will have their own PCI, but since there are only 504 physical cell IDs, we will need to repeat them.
The key is that the two cells that share a PCI cannot be geographically close or otherwise they will
interfere with each other. It is quite expensive to use RF DTs at each cell location to determine cell
overlap and interference. A better approach is predicting in advance and such algorithm is
implemented so that two cells having same PCIs should not be close to each other. Once
assigned, cells need not constantly reconfigure when the network is expanded thus the network
remains stable with regard to IDs. (No reassignment influenced by a neighbouring cell change).
 eNodeB-ID
Evolved NodeB IDentifier. Used to identify an eNodeB uniquely within a Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN). The eNB-ID can have either 20 bits or 28 bits. It is also comprised within the
Global eNB-ID, which uniquely identifies an eNodeB globally. The Global eNB-ID is constructed
from the Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC) and eNB-ID.

TRACKING AREA IDENTITY

While an LTE device (UE) is in active state, its location is known by the LTE network at cell level ),
e.g.in cell2 in eNB1.
However, while the UE is in idle state, its location is known by the LTE network at Tracking
Area(TA) level, instead of cell level. An operator defines a group of neighbour eNBs as a TA
(These grouping are performed at the initial deployment of the network. Each eNB is configured
with its own TA.). For example, eNBs in A neighbourhood are defined as TA1, those in B
neighbourhood as TA2, those in C neighbourhood as TA3, and so on.
A TAI consists of a PLMN ID and a TAC. Here, a PLMN ID, a combination of a Mobile Country
Code (MCC) and a Mobile Network Code (MNC), is the unique code assigned to each operator in
the world. Each eNobe broadcasts a special tracking area code (TAC) to indicate to which
Tracking Area the eNodeB belong to and the TAC is unique within a PLMN. Since PLMN is a
unique number allocated to each of the system operator and TAC is a unique in a PLMN, if we
combine these two numbers we would have a globally unique number. This number (PLMN +
TAC) is called Tracking Area Identity (TAI).
 CONCLUSION
This internship opportunity gave me a chance to learn about the
overall aspects of 4G-LTE starting from the basics of it comprsing of
architecture to the planning of upcoming 4G sites.I also gained an
insight experience about how the ordering of hardware takeds place
through SR punching.
 REFRENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/lte/lte_overview.htm
http://internet-access-guide.com/an-overview-of-4g-network-communications/
http://www.ttswireless.com/the-value-of-pci-planning-in-lte/
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/fc2a/6cd552deaa09c47521da0f56e4eb8cbb5465.pdf