Pgmodalpaperfile 147029360857a2e668b77be

Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar University, Srikakulam

General Regulations relating to
POST GRAUDATE AND PROFESSIONAL COURSES
Revised Syllabus for P.G. Courses with

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) for the academic year 2016-17
0. Candidates seeking admission for the Masters/Professional Degree Courses shall be required to
have passed the qualifying examination prescribed for the course of any University recognized by
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Srikakulam as equivalent there to
1. The course and scope shall be as defined in the Scheme of Instruction and syllabus prescribed.
2. The course consists of 2/4/6 semesters, @ two semesters/year, unless otherwise specified.
3. The candidates shall be required to take an examination at the end of each semester of the study as
detailed in the Scheme of Examination. Each semester theory paper carries a maximum of 100
marks, of which 85 marks shall be for semester-end theory examination of the paper of three hours
duration and 15 marks shall be for internal assessment
4. (a) Internal Assessment for 15 Marks: Two mid-term exams, one conventional (descriptive) and the
second on-line with multiple choice questions for each theory paper shall be conducted. The
average of these two mid-term exams shall be taken as marks obtained for the paper under internal
assessment. If any candidate appears for only one mid-term exam, the average mark, dividing by
two shall be awarded. If any candidate fails to appear for both the mid term exams of a paper, only
marks obtained in the theory paper shall be taken into consideration for declaring the result. Each
mid-term exam shall be conducted only once.
4. (b) Candidates shall be declared to have passed each theory paper if he/she obtains not less than E
Grade ie., an aggregate of 40 % of the total marks inclusive of semester-end and internal
assessment marks in each paper.
5. A candidate appearing for the whole examination shall be declared to have passed the examination
if he/she obtains a Semester Grade Point (SGP) of 5.0 and a CGPA of 5.0 to be declared to have
passed the Course.
6. Not withstanding anything contained in the regulations, in the case of Project Report/Dissertation/
Practical/Field Work/Viva-voce etc., candidates shall obtain not less than D grade, i.e., 50% of
marks to be declared to have passed the examination.
7. ATTENDANCE: Candidates shall put in attendance of not less than 75% of attendance, out of the total
number of working periods in each semester. Only such candidates shall be allowed to appear for the
semester-end examination.
7. (a) A candidate with attendance between 74.99% and 66.66% shall be allowed to appear for the
semester-end examination and continue the next semester only on medical and other valid grounds, after
paying the required condonation fee.
7. (b) In case of candidates who continuously absent for 10 days without prior permission on valid grounds,
his/her name shall automatically be removed from the rolls.
7 (c) If a candidate represents the University at games, sports or other officially organized extra-curricular
activities, it will be deemed that he/she has attended the college on the days/periods
8 Candidates who put in a minimum of 50% attendance shall also be permitted to continue for the next
semester. However, such candidates have to re-study the semester course only after completion of the
course period for which they are admitted. The candidate shall have to meet the course fees and other
expenditure.
9 Candidates who have completed a semester course and have fulfilled the necessary attendance requirement
shall be permitted to continue the next semester course irrespective of whether they have appeared or not at
the semester-end examination, at their own cost.
Such candidates may be permitted to appear for the particular semester-end examination only in the
following academic year; they should reregister/ reapply for the Semester examination.
The above procedure shall be followed for all the semesters
10. Candidates who appear and pass the examination in all the papers of each and every semester at first
appearance only are eligible for the award of Medals/Prizes/Rank Certificates
11. BETTERMENT: Candidates declared to have passed the whole examination may reappear for the same
examination to improve their SGPA, with the existing regulations without further attendance, paying
examination and other fees. Such reappearance shall be permitted only with in 3 consecutive years from
the date of first passing the final examination. Candidates who wish to appear thereafter should take the
whole examination under the regulations then in vogue.
12. The semester-end examination shall be based on the question paper set by an external paper-setter and
there shall be double valuation for post-Graduate courses. The concerned Department has to submit a panel
of paper-setters and examiners approved by the BOS and the Vice-chancellor nominates the paper-setters
and examiners from the panel.
13. In order to be eligible to be appointed as an internal examiner for the semester-end examination, a teacher
shall have to put in at least three years of service. Relaxation of service can be exempted by the
Vice-Chancellor in specific cases.
14. If the disparity between the marks awarded in the semester-end examination by internal and external
examiners is 25% or less, the average marks shall be taken as the mark obtained in the
paper. If the disparity happens to be more, the paper shall be referred to another examiner for third
valuation. In cases of third valuation, of the marks obtained either in the first or second valuation
marks, whichever is nearest to the third valuation marks are added for arriving at the average
marks.
15. Candidates can seek revaluation of the scripts of the theory papers by paying the prescribed fee as
per the rules and regulations in vogue.
16. The Project Report/Dissertation/ Practical/Field Work/Viva-voce etc shall have double valuation
by internal and external examiners.
17. A Committee comprising of the HOD, one internal teacher by nomination on rotation and one
external member, shall conduct viva-voce examination. The department has to submit the panel,
and the Vice-chancellor nominates viva-voce Committee.
18. Grades and Grade Point Details (with effect from 2009-10 admitted batches)
S. No Range of Marks Grade Grade Points
1. > 85 % O 10.0
2. 75 % 84 % A 9.0
3. 67 % - 74 % B 8.0
4. 58 % - 66 % C 7.0
5. 50 % - 57 % D 6.0
6. 40 % - 49 % E 5.0
7. < 39 % F (Fail) 0.0
8. Incomplete:
(Shall be upgraded from E to O Grade on
subsequent appearance of the same semester. I The
corresponding Grade Points will be
awarded)
19. Calculation of SGPA (Semester Grade Point Average) & CGPA (Cumulative Grade Point Average):
For example, if a student gets the grades in one semester A,A,B,B,B,D in six subjects having credits
2(S1), 4(S2), 4(S3), 4(S4), 4(S5), 2(S6), respectively. The SGPA is calculated as follows:
{ 9(A)x2(S1)+9(A)x4(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+8(B)x4(S4)+8(B)x4(S5)+6(D)x2(S
6)} 162
SGPA =
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------ = 8.10
{2(S1) +4(S2) +4(S3) +4(S4) +4(S5) +2(S6)} 20
i. A student securing F grade thereby securing 0.0 grade points has to appear and secure at least E
grade at the subsequent examination(s) in that subject.
ii. If a student gets the grades in another semester D, A, B, C, A, E, A, in seven subjects having credits 4(S1),
2(S2), 4(S3), 2(S4), 4(S5), 4(S6), 2(S7) respectively,
{6(D)x4(S1)+9(A)x2(S2)+8(B)x4(S3)+7(C)x2(S4)+9(A)x4(S5)+5(E)x4(S6)+9(A)x2(S7
)} 162
SGPA =
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- = ------ = 7.36
{4(S1) +2(S2) +4(S3) +2(S4) +4(S5) +4(S6) +2(S7)} 22
(9x2+9x4+8x4+8x4+6x2+6x4+9x2+8x4+7x2+9x4+5x4+9x2) 324
CGPA = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ = -------- = 7.71
(20+22) 42
a) A candidate has to secure a minimum of 5.0 SGPA for a pass in each semester in case of all PG and
Professional Courses. Further, a candidate will be permitted to choose any paper(s) to appear for
improvement in case the candidate fails to secure the minimum prescribed SGPA/CGPA to enable the
candidate to pass at the end of any semester examination.
b) There will be no indication of pass/fail in the marks statement against each individual paper.
c) A candidate will be declared to have passed if a candidate secures 5.0 CGPA for all PG and
Professional Courses.
d) The Classification of successful candidates is based on CGPA as follows:

i) Distinction CGPA 8.0 or more;
ii) First Class CGPA 6.5 or more but less than 8.0
iii) Second Class CGPA 5.5 or more but less than 6.5
iv) Pass CGPA 5.0 or more but less than 5.5
e) Improving CGPA for betterment of class will be continued as per the rules in vogue.
f) CGPA will be calculated from II Semester onwards up to the final semester. CGPA multiplied by 10
gives aggregate percentage of marks obtained by a candidate
1
Eligibility
Course Qualifying Examination for Admission

B. Sc with Geology (as main wherever
M. Sc. (Geology ) applicable), Mathematics and any other
non-biological science subject
The Programme is essentially a two year programme for the students to graduate with M.Sc.
(Geology) Degree, in the Department of Geo-Sciences.
2
M.Sc. GEOLOGY 1ST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
Course No. Title of the paper Instructions Exam. Max. Marks Total Credits
Hrs/week Duration Marks
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
G 101 Principles of Earth 4 3 20 80 100 4

System Sciences
G 102 Natural Hazards and 4 3 20 80 100 4
Environmental
Geology
G 103 Introduction to 4 3 20 80 100 4
Geophysics
Remote Sensing and
GIS
Practicals
PG 105 Introduction to 3 2 50 2
Geophysics Lab
PG 106 Introduction to 3 2 50 2
Remote Sensing and
GIS
G 107 Viva-voce 50 2
ELECTIVES
G 108 Earth and its 4 3 20 80 100 4
Resources
Global Tectonics
Total 30 750 30
3
M.Sc. GEOLOGY 1ST YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER
Internal Semester
Assessm Exam
ent
Theory CORE
G 201 Mineralogy and 4 3 20 80 100 4

Crystallography
G 202 Stratigraphy and 4 3 20 80 100 4
Paleontology
G 203 Structural Geology 4 3 20 80 100 4
and Tectonics
G 204 Sedimentology 4 3 20 80 100 4
Practicals
PG 205 Mineralogy and 3 2 50 2
Crystallography lab
PG 206 Stratigraphy and 3 2 50 2
Paleontology lab
PG 207 Structural Geology 3 2 50 2
and Tectonics lab
PG 208 Sedimentology lab 50 2
G Viva-voce 50 2
E LECTIVES
G 210 Fundamentals of 4 3 20 80 100 4
Geoinformatics
G 211 Techniques in 4 3 20 80 100 4
identification of
rocks and minerals
Total 33 850 34
4
M.Sc. GEOLOGY 2nd YEAR, THIRD SEMESTER
Exam.
Instructions Total
Course No. Title of the paper Duration Max. Marks Credits
Hrs/week Marks
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
G 301 Igneous and

Metamorphic 4 3 20 80 100 4
Petrology
G 302 Geochemistry 4 3 20 80 100 4
Economic Geology
G 303 and Indian Mineral 4 3 20 80 100 4
Deposits
4
G 304 Hydrogeology 3 20 80 100 4
Practicals
Igneous and
PG 305 Metamorphic 3 2 50 2
Petrology lab
PG 306 Geochemistry lab 3 2 50 2
Economic Geology
PG 307 and Indian Mineral 3 2 50 2
Deposits lab
PG 308 Hydrogeology lab 3 2 50 2
G 309 Viva-Voce 50 2
ELECTIVES
Introduction to
G 310 4 3 20 80 100 4
Economic Geology
Introduction to
G 311 4 3 20 80 100 4
Petroleum Geology
Communication &
G 312 Soft Skills 4 3 20 80 100 4
(Compulsory)
Total 40 950 38
5
M.Sc . GEOLOGY 2nd YEAR, FOURTH SEMESTER
Exam.
Instructions Total
Course No. Title of the paper Duration Max. Marks Credits
Hrs/week Marks
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
Mineral
Exploration and
G 401 4 3 20 80 100 4
Mineral
Economics
G 402 Fuel Geology 4 3 20 80 100 4
Geomorphology
G 403 and Engineering 4 3 20 80 100 4
Geology
Practicals
Mineral
Exploration and
PG 404 3 2 50 2
Mineral
Economics
Geomorphology
PG 405 and Engineering 3 100 4
Geology
Project work
PG 406 Dissertation and 150 6
Presentation
G Viva-Voce 100 4
ELECTIVES
Introduction to
PG 408 4 3 20 80 100 4
Remote Sensing
Environmental and
PG 409 Medical 4 3 20 80 100 4
Geoscience
Total 26 900 36
6
SYLLABUS
DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, ETCHERLA, SRIKAKULAM

M.Sc. GEOLOGY
I SEMESTER
G101: Principles of Earth System Science
Unit I - Understanding the dynamic planet earth- A holistic approach through Astronomy,
Geology, Meteorology and Oceanography. The Geological Time Scale and the Rock Record.
General characteristics and origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets. Earth in the
Solar system-origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and revolution parameters and its
age. Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.
Unit II - Atmospheric Circulation; weather and climate changes. Earths heat budget. Oceanic
current system and effect of coriolis forces. Concepts of eustasy, air-sea interaction. Wave
erosion and beach processes. Origin of oceans, continents, mountains and rift valleys.
Earthquake and earthquake belts. Volcanoes: types products and distribution.
Unit III - Earthquakes; History, Seismic waves; Body waves, surface waves, intensity,
magnitude, energy of earthquakes. Internal structure of the earth. Concepts of plate
tectonics- sea-floor spreading and continental drift. Geodynamic elements of Earth; Mid
Oceanic Ridges, trenches, transform faults and island arcs. Introduction to the geology and
geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
Unit IV - Earths gravity field, density distribution, shape and mass of earth, Gravity and
gravitational mechanics, earths magnetic field; origin of geomagnetic field, paleomagnetism,
susceptibility of rocks.Geological methods of mapping, sampling and principle of mining.
Geophysical methods principles of gravity, magnetic, electrical and seismic methods,
engineering problems.
Suggested Reading Books:
1. Principles of Physical Geology, 1992 by Holmes. Chapman & Hall.

2. Planet Earth, Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and Environment.
3. Emiliani, C, 1992. Cambridge University Press.
4. Earth(second edition), Frank Press and Raymond Seiver, W.H.Freeman and Company,
San Francisco.
7
M.Sc. Geology, I Semester
Model Question Paper
G101: Principles of Earth System Science
Time: 3Hrs Max. Marks: 80
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
Each question carries 15 marks.
Answer four questions, choosing ONE from each Unit.
1. Write an essay on various theories that will explain origin of the Universe and solar
system.
OR
2. Write notes on the following:
a. Geological time scale
b. Planets in the solar system.
c. Various branches of earth sciences
3. Write an account on the atmospheric circulation, weather and climate changes and its
mechanisms. OR
a. Earthquakes
b. Volcanoes
c. Heat budget of the earth
5. Write an essay on internal structure of earth. Add a note on the composition

properties and transportations within crust, mantle and move.
OR
6. Write notes on the following
a. Mid-oceanic ridge.
b. Island Arcs
c. Geomorphology of Indian Subcontinent
7. Write an account on the earths gravity field and resultant density distribution and
gravitational mechanics.
OR
a. Paleo-magnetism
b. Gravity and magnetic methods
c. Geological mapping methods
Section B 5 X 4 = 20
Each question carries 4 marks
9. Write notes on the any five of the following:
a. Astronomy
b. Oceanic current system
c. Air / sea interaction
d. Seismic waves
e. Trenches
f. Mass of the earth
g. Rock susceptibility
h. Earths magnetic field
8
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
I SEMESTER
G102: Natural Hazards and Environmental Geology
Unit-I: Concepts and principles. Natural hazards - preventive/precautionary measures -

floods, landslides, earthquakes, river and coastal erosion. Impact assessment of
anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, open cast mining and quarrying, river-valley
projects, disposal of industrial and radio-active waste, excess withdrawal of ground water,
use of fertilizers, dumping of ores, mine waste and fly-ash.
Unit-II: Organic and inorganic contamination of ground water and their remedial measures.
Soil degradation and remedial measures. Environment protection - legislative measures in
India.
Unit-III: Concept and definition of Environmental Geology. Soil degradation and

changing land use pattern. Concepts of disaster: Types of disaster, Disaster
Mitigation, and Preparedness; Techniques of monitoring and design against
the disasters. Management issues related to disaster. pre-disaster risk & vulnerability
reduction, post disaster recovery & rehabilitation; disaster related infrastructure
development.
Unit-IV: Remote-sensing and GIS applications in real time disaster monitoring,

prevention and rehabilitation. Disaster Process: Concept and components of
relief, reconstruction; rehabilitation objectives, prerequisites and
constraints; resource mobilization, Disaster policy in India; Disaster Management Act of
2005; National and International Agencies: NDMA, NIDM, NCMC; UN, UNDRO, UNESCO,
UNDP; Role of NGOs.
Books:
1.Bell, F.G., 1999. Geological Hazards, Routledge, London.

2. Bryant, E., 1985. Natural Hazards, Cambridge University Press.
3. Smith, K., 1992. Environmental Hazards. Routledge, London.
4. Subramaniam, V., 2001. Textbook in Environmental Science, Narosa International
6. Keller, E.A., 1978. Environmental Geology, Bell and Howell, USA.
7. Patwardhan, A.M., 1999. The Dynamic Earth System. Prentice Hall.
8. Valdiya, K.S., 1987. Environmental Geology Indian Context. Tata McGraw Hill.
9
G102: Natural Hazards and Environmental Geology

Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write an account on the concept of numerical analysis. Add a note on how you can
find roots by various numerical methods. OR
a. Newtons formula
b. Gausss control difference formula
c. Richardson Extrapolation
3. Write an account on numerical differentiation and integration. Add a note on its
applications.
OR
a. Simpsons rule
b. Taylor series
c. Weddles formula
5. Write an account on the application of graphical representations in statistics.

OR
a. Mean and Median
b. Standard Deviation
c. Co-variance
7. Discuss the concept of probability. Give certain examples to explain probability in

natural environment, especially in geo-sciences.
OR
a. Conditional Probability
b. Binominal Distribution
c. Random Variable Section B
5 X 4 = 20
9. Write notes on the any five of the following:

a. Newton Rephson Method
b. Numerical integration by trapezoidal rule
c. Picards Method
d. Eulers Method
e. Runga-Kutta Method
f. Mass function
g. Intepretation of Probability
h. Probability in Geoscience
10
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
I SEMESTER
G103: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS

Unit-I
Principle of gravity prospecting: Rock densities, factors controlling rock
densities, concept of gravity anomaly, Properties of Newtonian potential, Laplaces and
Poissonss equations, Greens theorem, Gauss law, continuation integral, equivalent stratum.
Principle of magnetic prospecting: origin of magnetic anomalies, induced and remanent
magnetizations, demagnetization effect, concept of magnetic anomalies, magnetic
susceptibility, factors controlling susceptibility, magnetic classification of minerals and rocks.
Gravity and magnetic prospecting instruments and survey
procedures: static gravimeters, astatization, zero-length spring, Worden & Lacoste
Romberg gravimeters; Nuclear, fluxgate, optical pumping and squid magnetometers;
gradient measurements; Gravity and magnetic surveying for mineral, oil and geological
mapping on ground, air and sea, reduction of gravity and magnetic data of ground, air and
sea, preparation of anomaly maps (profile and contour maps).
UNIT-II
Interpretation of gravity and magnetic data: qualitative and quantitative interpretation,
nature of anomalies, identification of different structural features and litho contacts from
anomaly maps; dependence of magnetic anomalies on latitude and orientation; isolation and
enhancement of anomalies separation of regional and residual components, derivative
and continuation calculations; ambiguity in gravity and magnetic interpretation; gravity
and magnetic (vertical and total field) anomalies of simple geometric shape (spheres,
cylinders, faults, dykes, sheets), characteristics of anomaly profiles, interpretation by thumb
rules and characteristic curves; concepts of forward modeling and inversion techniques of
gravity and magnetic interpretation, computer models, automatic modeling and inversion of
gravity and magnetic anomalies of sedimentary basins, density and magnetic interfaces,
inversion of magnetic anomalies of dykes and sheets. Application of gravity and magnetic
methods for regional geological mapping, hydrocarbon, mineral and groundwater exploration
and in engineering problems.
Unit III:
Electrical methods of exploration: Electric conduction in rocks, Electric properties of
rocks and minerals, Classification, factors affecting resistivity, Archies Law, isotropy and
anisotropy, electrical fields, current and potential due to point and dipole sources, Ohms Law.
Self potential method: Self potentials, origin, field procedures, interpretation, limitations
and applications.
Principle of resistivity methods: electrode arrays-Wenner, Schlumberger, dipole-dipole,
half Schlumberger, Lee partition, geometric factors, concept of apparent resistivity,
resistivity field procedures-sounding and profiling, apparent resistivity profiles over
multi-layered earth (A, Q, K, H Types), interpretation, full curve and partial curve matching
techniques, auxiliary curves, qualitative and quantitative interpretation, resistivity profiles
over faults, dykes and vertical contacts, pseudo sections.
Unit IV:
Induced polarization technique: origin, time and frequency domain operations, relation
between time and frequency domain measurements, IP sounding and profiling, plotting of
results, pseudo sections, interpretation, spectral IP, magnetic induced polarization.
Application of SP, resistivity and IP methods in regional geology, mineral and ground water
explorations, limitations and advantages
11
G105: Practical exercises:
1. Reduction of gravity and magnetic data.

2. Regional-residual separation by graphical, grid and least-square methods.
3. Second derivative and continuation calculations using coefficients.
4. Forward modeling of gravity and magnetic anomalies of simple geophysical models
study of the properties of the anomaly profiles.
5. Interpretation of anomalies of the models in (4) through thumb rules and through
characteristic curves
6. Forward modelling of two-dimensional bodies using graticules
7. Demonstration of modelling and inversion of gravity and magnetic anomalies of
sedimentary basins, two-dimensional bodies of irregular geometry and faults.
8. Calculation of effective induced magnetization in two-dimensional bodies
9. Calculation of resultant magnetization for three-dimensional bodies and
effective resultant magnetization in two-dimensional bodies.
10. Calculation of SP anomalies of a sheet.
11. Interpretation of SP anomalies of sheets from characteristic curves.
12. Interpretation of resistivity data over a two layered earth by curve matching
13. Interpretation of two layer earth resistive and conductive substratum 450
asymptote.
14. Calculation of apparent resistivity over 3 layer earth for A, Q, K and H type models
through computer programs.
15. Interpretation of resistivity data using full curve matching.
16. Interpretation of resistivity data using partial curve matching.
17. Plotting of IP results- pseudo depth section.
Text books:
1. Gravity and magnetic methods of prospecting, B. S. R. Rao and I. V. R. Murthy,

2. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in Exploration Geophysics, I.V.Radhakrishna
Murthy, Geological Society of India Memoir No.41.
3. An introduction to geophysical exploration, Philip Kearey and Michael Brooks,
Blackwell Science.
4. Applied Geophysics, Telford W. M. et. al., Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
12
M.Sc. Geology, IV Semester
G103: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
15X4=60
Answer any Four questions, choosing ONE from each unit
All questions carry equal marks.
i. Explain the working principles of static and astatic gravimeters. Describe the
Locaste and Romberg gravimeter.
OR
ii. Describe in detail various corrections applied to ground gravity and magnetic data.
iii. Describe in detail the role of upward and downward continuation operations in
gravity and magnetic data interpretation.
OR
iv. What is meant by forward modeling of gravity anomalies? Discuss in detail
the automatic gravity modeling of sedimentary basins by Botts method.
v. Explain various forms of conduction of electricity through rocks and various

factors affecting resistivity.
OR
vi. What is self potential? Describe origin of self potentials. Mention the limitations
and applications of SP method.
vii. Derive apparent resistivity equations for Wenner, Schlumberger and

dipole-dipole arrays.
OR
viii. Discuss in detail application of SP, IP and resistivity methods in mineral and
ground water exploration.
Section B
5 X 4 = 20
ix. Write about any five from the following.

a. Factors affecting rock densities.
b. Magnetic classification of minerals and rocks.
c. Archies and Ohms laws.
d. Magnetic induced polarization.
e. Induced and remanent magnetizations
f. Greens theorem and Gusss law
g. Forward modeling of gravity and magnetic anomalies
h. Anisotropy.
13
M.Sc. GEOLOGY, I SEMESTER
G104: Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS
Unit I: Photo geology: Introduction, Aerial Photographs: types of aerial photographs,

classification and geometry. Photogrammetry. Stereo grams, stereo scopes. Stereo
scopy and scale in aerial photographs. Aerial mosaics. Aerial mosaics vs toposheet.
Principles and fundamentals of aerial photo interpretation and Basic recognition
elements in aerial photographs.
Unit II: Principles of Remote Sensing: Electromagnetic spectrum, lnteraction of EMR
with atmosphere and earth surface features. Spectral characteristics of vegetation,
water and soil. Remote sensing observation flat forms, resolutions and orbits. Global
and Indian space missions i.e. LANDSAT, METEOSAT, SEASAT, SPOT, RADARSAT & IRS
Series of satellites.
Unit III: Image interpretation: introduction to digital image processing, Fundamentals
of image interpretation. Basic recognition elements in satellite image interpretation.
False colour composite (FCC), Aerial photo vs satellite image. Application of remote
sensing in geology, geomorphology, mineral exploration and hydro geological studies.
Unit IV: Geographical Information Systems definition and scope; Geospatial data
entities and attributes; Components of a GIS; Geographic coordinate system and
datum; Map projections types of projections, Commonly used map projections
Data representation in GIS: Graphic representation of spatial data vector and
raster formats and their relative merits and limitations; Database structures for
managing attribute data Hierarchical, Network, Relational database management
systems; Topology: topological elements points and nodes, lines and arcs,
polygons;
G106: Practicals
a. Stereoscopic study of aerial photos
b. Visual interpretation of satellites images
c. Introduction to image processing techniques
d. Introduction to GIS techniques
e. Application of GIS for one case study.
Text Books
1. G.L. Prost and P.L. Prost, Remote Sensing for Geologists: A Guide to Image
Interpretation (2nd Edition), CRC Press, 2002.
2. R.P. Gupta, Remote Sensing Geology, Springer-Verlag, 2003.
3. N.M. Short (Sr), Remote Sensing Tutorial, NASA 2010 available at
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/foreword.html.
4. S. Rajendran et al., Mineral Exploration: Recent Strategies, Eastern Book
Corporation, 2007.
5. A.N. Rencz and R.A. Ryerson (Eds), Remote Sensing for earth Sciences (Manual
of Remote Sensing 3rd Edition), American Society for Photogrammetry and
Remote Sensing, 1999.
6. Burrough P.A., Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land
Resources Assessment, Oxford University Press.
7. Michael N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, John
Wiley & Sons, inc., 1997.
8. Paul R. Wolf, Elements of Photogrammetry with applications in GIS, Mc
GrawHill, International Edition 2004.
G 107: Viva-Voce
14
G104: Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write an essay on the principles of photo-geology and its applications in
geosciences with examples.
OR
a. Areal Mosaic
b. Stereoscope
c. Photogrammetry
3. Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum of the earth will interact with
atmosphere and surface of the earth.
OR
4. Write notes on the following.
a. Principles of remote sensing
b. Indian space programme
c. Spatial characteristics
5. What is meant by image interpretation and add a note on fundamentals of
image interpretation and digital image processing.
OR
a. Visual interpretation
b. False colour composite
c. Remote sensing in mineral exploration
7. What is the principle behind GIS Tool. Add a note on various components of GIS
and its application in earth science.
OR
a. GIS software and hardware
b. Raster ad vector formats
c. Relational database
Section B
5 X 4 = 20
Each question carries 4marks
9. Write notes on any five of the following:
a. Types of aerial photos
b. Aerial photo interpretation
c. LANDSAT and SPOT
d. Spectral characteristics of water and soil
e. Aerial photo vs satellite image
f. Geo-referencing
g. GIS data types
h. Topology
15
M.Sc. GEOLOGY,
I SEMESTER
G 108: EARTH AND ITS RESOURCES (ELECTIVE)
Unit-I
Earth and solar system, internal structure of the earth, crust, mantle and core,
surface features of the earth, Lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Unit-II
Dynamic earth, changes on the earths surface, weathering and erosion of the
surface, action of rivers, glaciers, wind and oceans, important features of the earth and
submarine features
Unit-III
Earths materials Rocks- igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks,
rock cycle and its significance, soils and soil formation, ground water
Unit-IV
Mineral resources of the earth and their economic importance in nation
building: ores, metallic ores, nonmetallic ores, fuels. Genesis and distribution of ores
of iron, manganese, aluminum, Copper, Lead, Zinc in India, Coal, petroleum and
natural gas resources of India. Radioactive minerals
Unit-V
Sensitive environments of the earth, wet lands, coastal eco systems, mangroves:
environmental pollution due to various anthropogenic activities, pollution due to
mining, chemical industries and other activities. Soil and ground water pollution.
Books:
1. A Text Book of Geology, P.K.Mukherjee
2. General essays from various Standard text Books as per Teachers Choice
16
Model Question paper
G 108: EARTH AND ITS RESOURCES (ELECTIVE)
Time:3hours Max.Marks: 80
Answer all the questions
Unit-I
1. Write an account on the internal structure of the earth and discuss the
composition of different layers.
Or
a. Solar system.
b. Composition of the crust.
c. Hydrosphere.
Unit-II
3. Discuss the process of weathering and erosion and resulted geological
materials on the surface of the earth.
Or
a. Action of rivers.
b. Glacial features.
c. Submarine features.
Unit-III
5. Write an account on the rock cycle and discuss its importance in the study of
rock genesis on the earth.
Or
a. Types of Igneous rocks.
b. Metamorphism.
c. Types of sediments.
Unit-IV
7. Write an account on economic mineral deposits occurring on the earth and
their utility in the economic development of a country.
Or
8. Write note on the following
a. Manganese deposits of India.
b. Coal Fields of India.
c. Petroleum resources of India.
Unit-V
9. Discuss in detail the environmental impacts on the earth due to various man
made activities, give examples.
Or
a. Ground water pollution.
b. Impacts of mining.
c. Mangrove environment.
17
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
I SEMESTER
G 109: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL TECTONICS (ELECTIVE)
Preamble: This paper presents the basic knowledge on global tectonics to the student.
The student will develop the conceptual process of Global Tectonics and plate
movements.
UNIT-I
Orogeny and epiorogeny. Theories of Mountain building and its relation to tectonism.
Isostacy movements and theories. Plate tectonics and Cenozoic mountain
UNIT-II
Definitions. Types of plate boundaries, Role of rotation of plates. Mechanism of
movement of plates Mantle convections
UNIT-III
Convergent and Divergent plates, Rift valleys and their characteristics -Transform
Faults and Transcurrent faults-Triple junction-Benioff zones.
UNIT-IV
Mid-oceanic ridges. Evidences of plate tectonics and Polar wandering. Theories of
palaeomagnetism-Ice ages and their periodicity. Continents and Ocean Basins-their
permanence and evolution-Rethinking of earth history- Mid-oceanic ridges. Evidences
of plate tectonics and Polar wandering.
Books:
1. P.J.Wyllie, 1971, The Dynamic Earth, John Wiley and Sons,
2. J.A.Jacobs, R.D.Russel and J.T.Wilson., Physics and Geology
3. 1959, International Series in the Earth Sciences, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.,
4. B.F.Windley, 1978. The Evolving continents, , John Wiley & sons,
5. Allen Cox, 1973, Plate Tectonics, Freeman and company, Plate tectonics, Lee
6. Moores,E and Twiss,R.J. (1995) Tectonics, Freeman
7. Keary.P. and Vine,F.J. (1990) Global Tectonics. Blackwell.
18
G 109: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBAL TECTONICS (ELECTIVE)
Time: 3Hours Max.Marks:80
Answer four questions, choosing ONE from each unit.
15x4=60
1. Explain Continental Drift theory and Write a brief note on evidences which are
support to it.
OR
2. Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
a) Orogeny
b) Isostacy
c) Structure of Earth
3. Write brief note on Mechanism of movement of plates Mantle convections.
OR
a) Conventional currents
b) Plate boundaries
c) Subduction zone
5. Explain about Convergent and Divergent plates with suitable diagrams and examples
OR
a) Rift valleys
b) Transform Faults
c) Triple junction
7. Write Theories of palaeomagnetism-Ice ages and their periodicity.
OR
a) Mid-oceanic ridges
b) Polar wandering
c) Island arc
Section B
5x4=20
9. Write about any five from the following:

a) Time scale
b) Trench
c) Peninsular India
d) Seduction zone
e) Benioff zone
f) Rift valley
g) Laxmi Ridge
h) San Adreas fault
19
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
II SEMESTER
G201: Mineralogy and Crystallography
Unit-I: Crystallography: Morphological relations of crystals, symmetry elements, normal

classes of crystal systems. crystallographic laws, kinds of space lattices. Crystal optics:
Concept polarization and pleochroism, Interference colours. Extinction angle, optical
axial angle. Accessory plates, Uniaxial & Biaxial crystals
Unit-iI: Introduction to Minerals. Classification of silicate minerals. Structure, chemistry,

physical and optical properties of (a) Olivine Group (b) Garnet Group (c) Epidote
Group (d) Aluminosilicate Group (e) Pyroxene Group Structure, chemistry, physical
and optical properties of (a) Amphiboles Group (b) Clay minerals (c) Mica Group (d)
feldspathoids (e) Feldspars
Unit-III: Isomorphism, Polymorphism. Structure, chemistry, physical and optical

properties of silica minerals, Classification of nonsilicates, chemistry and paragenesis
of Native elements, Oxides and Sulphides.
Unit-IV: Chemistry and paragenesis of Carbonates, phosphates, Halides and Sulphate

minerals. Gemstones and Semi-precious stones
PG 205: Mineralogy Lab:

a. Megascopic and microscopic identification of important silicate and
non-silicate minerals.
b. Calculation of Mineral formula
c. Interpretation of X-ray diffractograms of common minerals
d. SEM photographs of common minerals
TEXT BOOKS:
1. An Introduction to the rock forming minerals by W.A.Deer, R.A. Howie and J.
Zussman
2. Danas Text book of Mineralogy by W.E. Ford
3. Manual of Mineralogy by Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr.C.S
4. Descriptive Mineralogy by L.G. Berry and Mason.
5. Book: Introduction of crystallography by F. C. Phillip
20
M.Sc. Geology, II Semester
G201: Mineralogy and Crystallography
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
UNIT-I
1. Write indetail about the classification of silicate minerals with neat sketches?
OR
2. Write an essay on olivine group of minerals
UNIT-II
3. Describe the structure, chemistry and optical properties of amphibole group of
Minerals
OR
4. Write an essay on mica group of minerals
UNIT-III
5. Write about the structure, chemistry, physical and optical properties of silica
minerals ?
OR
6. Write an essay on native elements ?
UNIT-IV
7. Write in detail about chemistry and paragenesis of the Sulphide group of
minerals?
OR
8. Write an essay on gem stones?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20
9. Answer any five of the following

a. Chemistry of carbonate minerals
b. Structure of pyroxenes
c. Physical properties of non-silicate minerals
d. Smictite group of minerals
e. Isomorphism
f. Give 3 mineral names and chemical composition from garnet group
g. Give 3 mineral names and chemical composition from feldspar group
h. Paragenesis of halides
21
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
II SEMESTER
G202: Stratigraphy and Paleontology
UNIT I: Importance and principles of stratigraphy, geological time scale, Huttons
uniformitarianism controls and development of stratigraphic record, Litho
stratigrapghy, correlation and stratigraphic code. Bio stratigraphy: Review of current
trends, Zonation and time significance.
UNIT II: Magneto stratigraphy, Cyclostratigraphy and Event stratigraphy.

Seismicstratigraphy and Sequence stratigrpahy, geochronology and
Chrono-stratigraphy, Chemostratigraphy, Completeness and incompleteness of
stratigraphic records.
UNIT III: Geological time-scale. Precambrian stratigraphy of India. Stratigraphy of

the Proterozoic. Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations of India. Gondwana
system and Gondwanaland. Rise of the Himalaya and evolution of Siwalik basin.
Deccan Volcanics. Quaternary Stratigraphy. Rock record, palaeoclimates and
palaeogeography.
UNIT IV: Elementary ideas about the major morphological groups of Ostracoda,
Radiolaria, Coccolithophores/ Calcareous Nanoplankton, pollen and spores and
their stratigraphic and paleoecological significance Stable Isotopes and
palaeoclimate. Taphonomy and paleobiogeography.
PG 206: Stratigraphy and Paleontology Lab

1. Processing and preparation of samples for Microscopic study.
2. Identification of selected fossils/species of Foraminifera,
Ostracoda and Radiolaria under stereo binocular Microscope with CCTV.
3. Study of Important microfossils from stratigraphic formations of India.
4. Study of SEM photographs of microfossils.
5. Construction of Biostratigraphic range charts and paleoenvironmental
analysis of well sections.
6. Preparation of different stratigraphic distribution maps of India.Study of
paleogeographic Maps.
Text Books:
1. Stratigraphic principles and practice, 1960. J. Marwin Weller. Harper and
Row Publisher.
2. Stratigraphy of India, M.S.Krishnan
3. Haq, B.U and Boersma, A. 1978; Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology,
Elsevier.
4. Boggs, Sam JR; 1995; Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy Prentice
Hall.
References:
1. Doyle, P and Bennet, M.R., 1996; Unlocking the stratigraphic Record. John
Wiley.
2. Brenner, R.E and MC Hargue, T.R; 1988; Integrative Stratigraphy Concepts
and applications Prentice Hall.
3. Prothero, D.R. 1988; Bringing fossils to life. An Introduction to palalo-biology.
MC grew Hill.
22
G202: Stratigraphy and Paleontology

Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Discuss about the principles of Stratigraphy ?

OR
2. Write an essay on Correlation and stratigraphic codes ?
3. Discuss about the magneto and cyclo-stratigraphy ?

OR
4. Give a detail note on chronology and chrono-stratigraphy ?
5. Write an essay on Geology and tectonics of Cuddapah Basin ?

OR
6. Write an essay on Gondwana System ?
7. Write in detail about ostrocoda fossils ?

OR
8. Give a detail note on roll of pollens and spores in stratigraphic and
paleoecological studies ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Uniformarianism
b. Facies
c. Diagenesis
d. Litholog
e. SEM
f. Wentworth scale
g. Index fossil
h. Chrono-stratigraphy
23
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
II SEMESTER
G203: Structural Geology and Tectonics
UNIT I: Mechanical principles and properties of rocks and their controlling

forces. Concept of stress and strain. Composition and resolution of forces. Principles
of failure by rupture relation of rupture to strain. Two dimensional strain and
stress analysis. Types of strain ellipses and ellipsoids, their properties and geological
significance.
UNIT II: Folds and their classification. Mechanics and causes of folding.
Determination of top of beds by primary features. Fractures and Joints.
Nomenclature, origin, significance and classification of faults. Causes and dynamics of
faulting, strike slip faults, normal faults, overthrust and nappe etc.
UNIT III: Concept of petrofabrics and symmetry. Field and laboratory techniques.
Stereographic treatment, Types of fabrics, fabric elements.
UNIT IV: Plate tectonics, Dynamic evolution of continental, oceanic crust, and
sedimentary basins. Tectonics of Precambrian Orogenic Belts of India. Formation of
Mountain roots. Anatomy of orogenic belts with case examples such as Apline
Himalayan, the Andes etc.
PG207:Structural Geology Lab
Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections.

Structural problems concerning to economic mineral deposits.
Recording and plotting of field data.
Plotting and interpretation of petrofabric data on the stereographic nets.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Structural Geology by M.P. Billings.

2. Structural Geology and Tectonic Principles by P.C. Badgley.
3. Principles of Physical Geology by A. Holmes and D. L. Holmes.
4. Aspects of Tectonics focus on South Central India by K.S. Validya.
5. An outline of structural Geology by Bruce E. Hobbs.
24
G203: Structural Geology and Tectonics
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Define stress and stain and discuss strain ellipsoids ?

OR
2. Write about the mechanical properties of rocks and their controlling forces ?
3. Discuss about the folds and different types ?

OR
4. Write an essay on faults ?
5. Write about the concepts of petrofabrics ?

OR
6. Write an essay on stereographic treatment of field studies ?
7. Write in detail about tectonics of orogenic belts of India ?

OR
8. Write an essay of evolution of sedimentary basins ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Ductile deformation
b. Youngs modulus
c. Stress ellipsoid
d. Overthrust
e. Oceanic crust
f. Subduction zone
g. Dynamics of faulting
h. Orogenic belts
25
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
II SEMESTER
G204: Sedimentology
UNIT I: History and development of sedimentology. Liberation and flows of

sediments, processes of transport and generation of mechanical, chemical and
biogenic sedimentary structures and controls on the sedimentary rock record. Origin
of sedimentary rocks.
UNIT II: Sedimentary textures, frame work matrix and cement of terrigenous
sediments. Sedimentary environments and facies - Characteristics of continental:
desert, fluvial, glacial, lacustrine, deltaic and transitional, lagoonal, littoral and
barrier complex environments.
UNIT III: Clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. Biogenic, chemical and
volcanogenic sediments - Classification of conglomerates, sandstones and mudstones,
and carbonate rocks - Provenance of sediments - Diagenesis and fluid flow -
Diagenesis of mudstone, sand stone, limestone and Dolomites - Changes in
mineralogy, fabric and chemistry.
UNIT- IV: Definition, measurement and interpretation of grain size: Wentworth

scale, sieving and grain size parameters. Heavy minerals and its applications in
provenance study. Field and laboratory techniques in sedimentology: recording of
sedimentary structures, preparation of litho logs, rock and thin section staining.
Paleocurrent analysis, applications of SEM, XRD and cathode luminescence studies
PG 208: Sedimentology Lab
Study of primary, secondary and biogenic sedimentary structures in hand

specimens, of photographic atlases, field photographs and wherever possible on
the outcrops.
Pipette analysis sand, silt and clay separation and estimation of percentages
Size analysis (sieving), calculation of grain size parameters.
Heavy mineral- liquid separation-bromoform method
Graphical representation of data-Preparation of histograms, triangular
coordinate diagrams and Shepard classification chart.
Study of heavy minerals
Paleocurrent analysis
G 209: Viva-Voce
TEXT
BOOKS:
1. Bhattacharya, a and Chakraborti,C.,2000: Analyses of sedimentary successions,
Oxford-IBH
2. Boggs Sam Jr.m1995: Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Prentice
Hall.
3. Sengupta S., 1997: Introduction to Sedimentology. Oxford-IBH
4. Nicholas,G.,1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. Blackwell.
5. Friedman G.M.,and J.E Sanders: Principles of Sedimentology
26
G204: Sedimentology
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write about the history and development of sedimentology ?

OR
2. Write an essay on different types of sedimentary structures ?
3. Discuss about the sedimentary textures ?

OR
4. Give a detail note on sedimentary environments ?
5. Write an essay on clastic sediments ?

OR
6. Write an essay on limestones and dolomites ?
7. Write in detail about grain size analysis and its interpretations ?

OR
8. Give a detail note on heavy minerals and its applications in provenance study ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Mechanical transport
b. Facies
c. Diagenesis
d. Litholog
e. SEM
f. Wentworth scale
g. Graded bedding
h. Ripple marks
27
M.Sc. GEOLOGY, II SEMESTER
G 210: FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOINFORMATICS (ELECTIVE)
Preamble: This paper will introduce Geo informatics and its applications in a simple
and straight forward way. All the necessary basics are incorporated, so that the student
can further work on this subject if needed.
UNIT-I
Preparation of maps - contouring, instruments used for mapping - compass - GPS -
concept of cadastral survey - Theodolite map survey - representations - terrain data,
contour diagrams, relief map, geological map, drainage map - weather map etc.
Compilation of base maps - map design and lay our - lettering and typology - tools and
techniques for map drawing map reproduction. Computer assisted cartography
UNIT-II
Satellite Remote sensing. Electromagnetic Radiation: Spectral Reflectance of Earth
surface features in difference wavelength regions of Electromagnetic radiation.
Platforms (Aerial and Satellite), Photographic and Non-photographic systems sensors,
Signal diction, Recording Scanning Mechanisms and orbiting mechanisms of satellite.
UNIT-III
Thermal Remote Sensing: Micro Wave Remote sensing - Micro wave sensors - Micro
wave radiometers - Geometric Characteristics - Spatial Resolution - SLAR, SAR Satellite
Altimeters - Scatterometer and Airborne Sensors. Sensors, Geometry and Radiometry
of LANDSAT, SPOT, IRS Series. TERRA (ASTER-MADIS, IKONAS, ERS, ORE view
meteorological and other satellites. Introduction to image processing softwares like
ERDAS, ENVIS, etc.
UNIT-IV
Elements of spatial data; data sources: primary and secondary, census and sample-data;
quality and error variations-raster and vector data structures data
conversion-comparison of raster and vector databases-methods of spatial
interpolation - GIS data formats for the computer environment. Data
capture-verification integrated analysis of spatial and attribute data, overlay analysis,
neighborhood operations and connectivity functions. Remote sensing data as a data
source for GIS.GIS technology - data generation and limitations - visualization in GIS -
Digital Elevation Models (DEM and TINS). GIS - basic flow chart for GIS application. GIS
standards, legal system. GIS as a Decision Support System. Introduction ti GIS software
packages (MapInfo, Arc GIS, etc) Interpretation of Geology, Geomorphological units,
Hydro geological, characters and structures, Land use pattern, soil types, environment -
Town planning, Environmental Management and
Books for Study:
1. Robbinsin A.H. 1983: Elements of Cartography. John Wiley and sons, new York
2. Monkhouse F.J. & Wilkinson, K.H.R. (1994) Maps and Diagrams, Methuen, London
3. Streets, J.A. (1991) Map projections. University of London, London
4. Aronoff S. (1989) Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective,
DDL Publication Ottawa.
5. Burrough P.A. (1986) Principles of Geographic information Systems for Land
Resource Assessment Oxford University Press, New York
6. Fraser Taylor D.R. (1991) Geographic information Systems. Pergamon Press,Oxford.
7. Maquire D.J.M.F.Goodchild and D.W.Rhind (eds.). Geographic information
Systems: Principles and Application. Taylor & Francis, Washington, 1991.
8. Peuuquet D.J. and D.F. Marble (1990), introductory Reading in Geographic
Information Systems. Taylors & Francis, Washington.
28
G 210: FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOINFORMATICS (ELECTIVE)
15x4=60
1. Write briefly on concept of cadastral survey and give the importance GPS and
Compass in Mapping
OR
a) Geological map
b) Typology
c) Cartography
3. Explain about Satellite Remote sensing. How the Electromagnetic Radiation Earth
surface features in difference wavelength regions.
OR
a) Signal diction
b) Recording Scanning Mechanisms of Satellite
c) Aerial photograph
5. Explain Thermal Remote Sensing, Micro Wave Remote sensing.

OR
a) SLAR Satellite Altimeters
b) ERDAS
c) Micro wave radiometers
7. Explain GIS - basic flow chart for GIS application

OR
a) Elements of spatial data
b) Remote sensing data
c) Town planning,
Section B
5x4=20
a) GPS
b) Cadastal survey
c) Remote sensing
d) Non-photographic systems sensors
e) Indian Satellites
f) Airborne Sensors
g) Digital Elevation Models
h) Environmental Management
29
M.Sc. GEOLOGY,
II SEMESTER
G 211: TECHNIQUES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS (ELECTIVE)
Preamble: This paper will give the techniques required to identify the rocks and
minerals. The basic knowledge on various physical and optical properties of rocks and
minerals can be understood by this paper.
UNIT-I:
Crystalline and amorphous substances, structure, form, cleavage, colour, luster,
transparency, streak, hardness, sp.gravity, tenacity, feel, taste, odour. Electrical, Magnetic
and Thermal Properties. Empirical and Structural formula of minerals. Isomorphism,
polymorphism and pseudomorphism. Non-crystalline minerals. Fluorescence in
minerals.
UNIT-II:
Plane polarized light-Double refraction-Snells law. Optical properties of minerals: Colour,
Form, Cleavage, Refractive Index, Relief, Alteration, inclusions, Zoning, Pleochroism,
Pleochroic haloes, Twinkling, Isotropism and anisotropism, Extinction, Polarisation
colours, Birefringence, Twinning.
UNIT-III:
Physical properties, chemical composition, Classification, diagnostic properties and
mode of occurrence of (Ortho and Ring silicates: Olivine group, Garnet group, Alumino
silicates-Epidote group, Zircon, Staurolite, Beryl, Cordierite and Tourmaline. Properties
of precious and semi-precious minerals. Sheet silicates and chain silicates: Mica group,
Chlorite group and clay minerals. Pyroxene group, Amphibole group and Wollastonite.
Frame work silicates: Quartz group, Feldspar group, Feldspathoid group, Zeolite group
and Scapolite group, Non-silicate-Spinel group, Carbonates and Phosphates.
UNIT-IV:
Megascopic identification of Quartz group, Feldspar group, Feldspathoid group.
Pyroxene group, Amphibole group and important silicates: Tourmaline, Topaz, Beryl,
Zircon, Rutile, Apatite. Calcite, Gypsum. Metamorphic minerals: Garnet, Cordierite,
Kyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite, Sphene, Staurolite, Chondrodite.Microscopic study of
Quartz group, Feldspar group, Feldspathoid group, Pyroxene group, Amphibole group
and important silicates: Tourmaline, Topaz, Beryl, Zircon, Rutile, Apatite, Calcite,
Gypsum. Metamorphic minerals: Garnet, Crdierite, Dyanite, Sillimanite, Andalusite,
Sphene, Staurolite, Chondrodite.
Books Recommended:
1. W.A.Deer, R.A.Howie and J.Zussman, 1966, An Introduction to the Rock Forming
minerals, Longmans.
2. Alexander N.Winchell, 1968, Elements of Optional Mineralogy, Parts I and II, Wiley
Eastern (P) Ltd.,
3. Ernest, E.Walhstrom, 1960, Optional Crystallography, John Wiley and Sons.
4. E.S.Dana, 1935, A Text Book of Mineralogy, John Wiley & Sons.
5. L.G.Berry Mason, 1961, Mineralogy, W.H.Freeman & Co.,
6. Kerr,B.F., 1995, Optical Mineralogy 5th Ed. Mc Graw Hill, New York.
7. S.Mitra, 1994, Fundamentals of Optical, Spectroscopic and X-ray Mineralogy,
S.R.Technico Book House, Ashok Raj Path, patna.
30
G 211: TECHNIQUES IN IDENTIFICATION OF ROCKS AND MINERALS (ELECTIVE)

15x4=60
1. Explain physical properties of Crystalline and amorphous substances.
OR
a) Electrical Properties of crystalline substances
b) Thermal Properties of crystalline substances
c) Magnetic Properties of Amorphous substances
3. Explain Plane polarized light and Double refraction.

OR
a) Cleavage
b) Zoning
c) Pleochroism
5. Write a note about Olivine group of Minerals
OR
a) Zeolite group
b) Feldspar group
c) Epidote group
7. Write a note about Pyroxene group of minerals.
OR
a) Apatite
b) Calcite
c) Gypsum
Section B
5x4=20
a) Polymorphism
b) Pseudomorphism
c) Isotropism
d) Anisotropism
e) Carbonates
f) Phosphates
g) Garnet
h) Cordierite
31
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
III SEMESTER
G301: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
UNIT I: Magma generation, Primary and modified magmas. Mantle Xenoliths.

Differentiation and assimilation of magmas, Magma mixing. Plate tectonics in
relation to petrology. Bowens reaction series, phase equilibrium of single, binary
and ternary silicate systems and crystallisation in the light of experimental works and
petrogenetic importance.
UNIT II: Criteria for classification of igneous rocks. Textural, mineralogical and
chemical classification. Norm (CIPW) and Niggli values. Classification using multiple
criteria, IUGS classifications. Petrographic provinces and associations. Mineralogy,
texture and patrogenesis of major igneous rock types of granites, Basalts, ultramafic
rocks, carbonotites, Lamprophyres, syenites, & Nepheline syenites.
UNIT III: Metamorphic textures and structures. Isograds, characterstics of

different grades and facies of metamorphism. Regional and contact metamorphism
of politic and impure calcareous rocks. Material transport during metamorphism.
P-T-t path in regional metamorphic terrains.
UNIT IV: Metasomatism and granitization, migmatites. plate tectonics and

metamorphism. Petrogenetic aspects of important rock suites of India, such as the
Deccan traps, layered intrusive complexes, anorthosites, carbonatites, charnockites,
khondalites, gondites and granitoids
PG 305: Igneous and Metamorphic

petrology lab
1. Megascopic and microscopic study of igneous rocks.

2. Calculation of CIPW norms. Preparation of variation diagrams.
3. Megascopic and microscopic study of metamorphic rocks.
4. Geothermobarometric calculations.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Philpots A., 1992. Igneous and metamorphic petrology.

2. Best, M.G., 1986. Igneous and metamorphic petrology.
3. Yardley, B.W., 1989. An introduction to metamorphic petrology.
4. Raymond, L.A., 1995. Petrology.
5. Middlemost Magmas and Magmatic rocks.
6. Turner & Verhoogom Igneous & Metamorphic petrology.
32
M.Sc. Geology, III Semester
G301: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write in detail about the magma generation and differenciation?

OR
2. Write an essay on bowens reaction series and single silicate system phase
equilibrium ?
3. Describe the criteria for classification of igneous rocks with an example ?

OR
4. Write an essay on Granitic rocks ?
5. Write about the structures and textures of metamorphic rocks ?

OR
6. Write an essay on regional metamorphism ?
7. Write in detail about plate tectonics and metamorphism ?

OR
8. Write an essay of charnockites ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. xenolith
b. Assimalation
c. Gneiss
d. Carbonotites
e. Anorthosites
f. Impure calcareous rocks
g. Distribution of duccan traps
h. Binary magma
33
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
III SEMESTER
G302: Geochemistry
Unit-I: Concept of Geochemistry, Cosmic abundance of elements, geochemical

evolution of the earth, Composition of meteorites, Structure and composition of the
earth, primary differentiation of elements and Geochemical classification of elements.
Unit-II: Significance of Crystal chemistry in Geochemistry, isomorphism and

diadochy camouflage, computing and admission of trace elements, Laws of
thermodynamic, Gibbs free energy, Principles of Ionic substitution in minerals, Rare
earth geochemistry and their abundance and mobility in crust.
Unit-III: Geochemical mobility under low and high P-T conditions; Geochemical
Dispersion, Primary and Secondary dispersion patterns and their classification;
Mineral/mineral assemblages as sensors of ambient environments. Geochemistry
of hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere, Geochemical cycles
Unit-IV: Mineral Stability; Water rock interaction, Migration of elements in

endogenic environment. Eh-pH diagram and natural water environment.
Radiogenic isotopes, Radioactive decay and growth; Basic ways of dating,
Applications of isotopes in Geology
PG 306: Geochemistry lab

Sampling and sample preparation
Methods of Preparation B solution (Dissolution procedures)
Determination of elemental concentration on Atomic absorption spectrometer.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Principles of Geochemistry Brian Mason & C.B. Moore Geochemistry-Gold

Schmidt.
2. Introduction to Geochemistry Kraws kopt, K.B., M.C. Graw Hill Applied
Geochemistry F.R. Siegel.
3. Stable Isotope GeochemistrySpringer verlag Principles of Isotope Geology
John willy Publication Faure, G; 1986.
34
G302: Geochemistry
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Discuss about the concept of geochemistry and geochemical evolution of earth

?
OR
2. Write an essay on Geochemical classification of elements ?
3. Discuss about the role of trace element in geochemistry ?

OR
4. Give a detail note on principles of ionic substitution in minerals ?
5. Write an essay on geochemical cycle ?

OR
6. Write an essay on geochemical mobility in low and high P-T conditions ?
7. Write in detail about migration of elements in endogenic environment ?

OR
8. Give a detail note on applications of isotopes in geology ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Composition of meteorites
b. Primary differentiation
c. Isomorphism
d. Dispersion
e. Radioactive decay
f. Mineral stability
g. Ionic substitution
h. REE
35
DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
ETCHERLA, SRIKAKULAM
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
III SEMESTER
G303: Economic Geology and Indian Mineral Deposits
UNIT I: Nature of ore bearing fluids, Principles of formation of mineral deposits

Role of pressure and temperature in ore-bearing fluids Metallogenic epochs and
provinces geological thermometers. Various Processes of Ore formation of mineral
deposits.
UNIT II: Ore microscope preparation of polished section physical properties

of ore minerals under reflecting microscope form, colour, hardness, reflectivity
reflection pleochroism, etch test etc. Structures and textures of ore minerals
Application of ore microscopic studies in ore dressing.
UNIT III: Geological setting mode of occurrence, genesis, distribution and uses of
chromite, manganese, iron, copper- lead- zinc, bauxite and placers.
UNIT IV: Geological setting mode of occurrence, genesis, distribution and uses of
coal, barites, clays, limestones, mica, phosphates, precious and semi-precious stones.
PG307: Economic geology and Indian Mineral

deposits lab
1. Megascopic identification of ore minerals.
2. Identification of ore minerals under ore microscope.
TEXT
BOOKS:
1. Economic Minerals Deposits Bateman, A.M. and Jenson, M.L.
2. Ore Deposits Park Jr. C.F. and MacDiarmid, R.A.
3. Ore Deposits in India Gokhale, K.V.G.K. and Rao, T.C.
4. Industrial Minerals and rocks in India Deb, S.
5. Ore Deposits Lindgren, W.
6. Ore Petrology Stanton, R.L.
7. Ore Microscopy Cameron, E.C.
8. Ore texture and their intergrowths Ramdohr, P.
36
G303: Economic Geology and Indian Mineral Deposits
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Discuss about the metallogenic epochs and provinces ?

OR
2. Write an essay on ore bearing fluids and principles of mineral deposits ?
3. Discuss about the physical properties of ore minerals under microscope ?

OR
4. Give a detail note on structures and textures of ore minerals ?
5. Write an essay on chromite deposits ?

OR
6. Write an essay on placer deposits ?
7. Write an essay on coal deposits ?

OR
8. Give a detail note on precious stones ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Sublimation
b. Thermometer
c. Genesis of bauxite
d. Uses of bauxite
e. Mica distribution
f. Clay varieties
g. Use of barites
h. Reflectivity
37
M.Sc. GEOLOGY, III SEMESTER
G304: Hydrogeology
UNIT-I: Occurrence and distribution of Ground Water: Origin of Water -
Hydrologic cycle - Hydrological properties of rocks, Porosity, Specific yield, Specific
Retention, Hydraulic Conductivity, Storativity, and Transmissivity - Vertical
Distribution of Ground Water - Types of Aquifers, Unconfined, Confined, Semi -
Confined & Perched Springs.
UNIT-II: Darcys law and its Application; Determination of Permeability in laboratory

and in field; Steady State, Unsteady State and Radial Flow equations; Tracer Studies;
Pumping Tests- Methods, Estimation of T & S by Theis, Jacob and Theis Recovery
Methods, Specific Capacity Method by Slithers Method. Groundwater exploration
methods
UNIT-III: Types of wells, Drilling Methods, Pumping equipment - Physical and

Chemical properties of groundwater; Quality criteria for domestic, irrigation and
industrial uses; Graphical presentation of Water quality data; Sources of pollution; Sea
water intrusion and its controls; Problems of Arsenic, Fluoride and Nitrate;
Radioisotopes for Ground Water Studies. Overexploitation and Ground Water
Mining; Rain water Harvesting and artificial recharge methods, Groundwater
provinces of India, Watershed Basin Management.
UNIT-IV: Geoenvironmental hazards, volcanoes, earthquakes, floods and coastal

hazards land desertification, degradation and management soil erosion causes
and management impact of mining activities on the environment global
warming, water contamination, waste disposal and management
PG 308: Hydrogeology Lab
1. Hydrogeological surveys in the field
2. Problems on vertical electrical sounding and interpretation of the data.
3. Well loss estimation from stop drawdown test and graphical presentation of
chemical data.
4. Water analysis.
5. Classification of suitable water for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes.
6. Presentation of chemical data and plotting chemical classification diagram.
G 309: Viva-Voce
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Ground water Hydrology by Todd. D.K. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
2. Hydrogeology by Karanth. K.R. Tata Mc Graw Hill Publ Co New Delhi.
3. Ground water assessment. Development and Management by Karanth K.R. Tata
Mc. Graw Hill Publ. Co. New Delhi.
4. Hydro Geology by Davis S.N. and Dewiest, R.J.M. John wiley & Son New York.
5. Ground Water by Raghunath. H.M. Wiley Eastern Ltd. New Delhi.
6. Ground water Resources evaluation by Walton. W.C. Mc Graw Hill Publ. Co.
New Delhi.
7. Ground water Hydrology by Bouwer H. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New Delhi.
8. Keller, E.a., 1978. Environmental Geology. Bell and Howell, USA.
9. Submanian, V., 2001. Text book in environmental Science, Narosa
Publication, New Delhi.
38
G304: Hydrogeology
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write an essay on hydrological cycle ?

OR
2. Describe the vertical distribution of ground water and types of aquifers ?
3. Define the darcys law and discuss the applications of darcys laws ?
OR
4. Write a note on various methods of groundwater exploration ?
5. Write about various types of wells and discuss methods of drilling for
groundwater development ?
OR
6. What is rainwater harvesting and discuss various methods of artificial
recharging ?
7. Write an essay floods and coastal hazards ?

OR
8. Discuss about the soil erosion, causes and controlling measures ?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Confined aquifer
b. Specific yield
c. Water table contour map
d. Tracer technique
e. Sea water intrusion
f. Arsenic problem
g. Global warming
h. Land desertification
39
M.Sc. GEOLOGY,
III SEMESTER
G 310: INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (ELECTIVE)
Preamble: This paper will introduce the subject economic geology to the student. All
the basics of ores, ore formation, occurrence and their industrial uses are emphasized.
By studying this subject the student will get overall concept of economic geology.
UNIT-I
Introduction to Geology of Industrial minerals and rocks. Strategic, Critical and
essential minerals. Mineral based Industries in India. Geology, Mode of Occurrence and
Origin of the raw materials of the following Industries: Refractory, Abrasives.
UNIT-II
Process of mineral formation - primary and secondary process: brief outline of
magmatic, sublimate, contact metasomatic, hydrothermal, metasomatic replacement,
sedimentary: evaporate, placer deposits, residual oxidation and supergene enrichment
and metamorphic deposits. Classification of mineral deposits - controls of ore
localization.
UNIT-III
Study of the following economic minerals of India such as ceramic materials,
Construction materials-cement raw materials-mineral pigments, asbestos, mica and
fullers earth- their mode of occurrence, distribution in India, and origin.
UNIT-IV
Study of the following economic minerals of India in Mineral fertilizers: Geology, Source,
Uses, Production and distribution of Potash, Nitrates, Phosphates, Gypsum, Lime,
Sulphur, and minor fertilizer minerals. Mode of occurrence, Origin and distribution of
Limestone - Gypsum Origin distribution and occurrence of Coal, Petroleum and Natural
gas. Mineral wealth of Tamilnadu and India. Introduction to Minning methods. Drilling
methods and types of drills. Mine explosives and magazines. open cast mining - Bench
parameters - haulage layouts.. Alluvial mining. Underground mine layouts- shaft, adit,
winze, raise and stope. Ventilation and illumination. Underground mining of coal.
Underground mine fire, causes, effects and prevention .
Books Recommended
1. Alan M.Bateman , 1961, Economic mineral deposits, Asia Publishing House, Mining
Geology, H.E. Mc Kinstry, Asia publishing house, 1960.
2. S.Deb, ., 1980, Industrial minerals and Rocks of India, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
3. K.V.G.K.Gkhale and T.G. Rao, 1972, Ore deposits of India, Thompson press Ltd., Delhi -
6, Indias S.Krishnaswamy , 1972, Mineral Resources, , Oxford and IBH Publishing Co.,
4. J.Coggin Brown & A.K.Dey, 1955, Indias Mineral Wealth, Oxford University Press,
5. W.Lindgren, 1933, Mineral deposits, Mc Graw Hill Book Co.,
6. N.K.N.Aiyengar, 1964, Minerals of Madras, Dept. of Industries and Commerce,
MadrasIntroduction to Geology of Industrial minerals and rocks. Strategic, Critical and
essential minerals. Mineral based Industries in India. Geology, Mode of Occurrence and
Origin of the raw materials of the following Industries: Refractory, Abrasives.
40
G 310: INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMIC GEOLOGY (ELECTIVE)

15x4=60
1. What are Mineral based Industries in India and what are its raw materials.
OR
a) Ilamanite
b) Asbestos
c) Garnet
3. Explain Process of mineral formation with examples.
OR
a) Controls of ore localization
b) Residual oxidation
c) Supergene enrichment
5. Write a note Economic minerals of India such as ceramic materials, Construction
materials.
OR
a) Pigments
b) Asbestos
c) Mica
7. Write brief note on Mode of occurrence, Origin and distribution of Limestone.
OR
a) Mine explosives and magazines
b) Adit
c) Stope
Section B
5x4=20
a) Refractory
b) Abrasives
c) Hydrothermal replacement
d) Placer deposits
e) Hematite
f) Monazite
g) Petroleum and Natural gas
h) Underground mining of coal
41
G 311: INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (ELECTIVE)
Preamble: This paper gives an opportunity to the student to learn the basics of the
subject Petroleum Geology. The concept of source reservoir and genesis of
hydrocarbons are introduced.
UNIT-I
Physical properties of petroleum - origin - organic origin - nature of organic source
material. Transformation of organic matter into Kerogen, organic maturation, thermal
cracking of kerogen, bacterial action - heat and pressure.
UNIT-II
Migration and accumulation of crude oil Characters of petroleum reservoirs - reservoir
and trap rocks and their classification - fluid properties - natural gas. Reservoirs - pore
spaces - primary and secondary porosity - total and effective porosity, permeability -
measurement of porosity, relationships between porosity and permeability - reservoir
temperature and pressure.
UNIT-III
Sedimentary basins of India - Oil producing basins of India - oil fields of Assam,
Krishna-Godavari, Cauvery, Cambay basin, Offshore oilfields - Bombay high and other
potential areas and their Stratigraphy and structure - production of petroleum in India.
Position of oil and natural gas in India, future prospects and the economic scenario.
UNIT-IV
Methods of petroleum exploration - surface and subsurface observations: Well logs and
maps. Oil well drilling methods - basic components of an oil rotary drilling - mud
circulation system and hoisting system. Well completion - zonal evaluation and
production - enhanced oil recovery methods.
Books for Reference: 1. Holson, G.D. and Tirastsoo, D.H. 1985, Introduction to
petroleum Geology, Gulf Pub. Houlston, Texas.
2. Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H. 1984, Petroleum Formation and occurrence,
SpringerVerlag.
3. R.E.Chapman, 1984, Petroleum Geology, Elsevier Publishing Co.,
4. A.L.Leverson, 1972, Geology of Petroleum, Vakils, Petter and Simon Limited,
Bombay. 5. E.S.Moore, 1980, Coal, John Wiley & Sons.
42
G 311: INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM GEOLOGY (ELECTIVE)

15x4=60
1. Write brief note on Physical properties and Origin of petroleum.
OR
a) Organic maturation
b) Thermal cracking of kerogen
c) Bacterial action in formation of Petroleum
3. Explain about reservoir and trap rocks and their classification.

OR
a) Primary Migration
b) Secondary Migration
c) Oil Sea pages
5. Write briefly about Krishna-Godavari petroleum basin.

OR
a) Stratigraphical Traps
b) Structural Traps
c) Bombay High
7. What are the Methods of petroleum exploration.

OR
a) Well logs and maps
b) Zonal evaluation
c) Enhanced oil recovery methods
Section B
5x4=20
a) Kerogen
b) Sedimentary Basin
c) Petroleum reservoirs of India
d) Primary and Secondary porosity
e) Cambay basin
f) Assam Oil field
g) Gama log
h) Electrical Induction method
43
G 312: COMMUNICATION AND SOFT SKILLS (compulsory) (ELECTIVE)
44
G 312: COMMUNICATION AND SOFT SKILLS (compulsory) (ELECTIVE)
45
DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
IV SEMESTER
G401: Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics
UNIT I: Methods of surface and subsurface exploration, prospecting for economic

minerals Reconnaissance survey Geological mapping, guides to ore search. Types of
sampling and sampling errors, drilling, sampling and assaying.
UNIT II: Geological prospecting for metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits
Bauxite, chromite, coal, copper, Lead and Zinc, Manganese, phospholites.
Geo-chemical Environment. The pattern of geo-chemical distribution. Principles of
Geochemical interpretation. Geobotanical and geochemical methods in mineral
exploration.
UNIT III: Geophysics and geology. Review of geophysics prospecting method.

Geophysical methods of prospecting of metallic and non-metallic mineral deposits:
Gravity Electrical Magnetic, seismic and radioactivity methods.
Geomorphological and remote sensing techniques. Borehole logging and surveys for
deviation.
UNIT- IV: Demand & Supply of minerals and conservation and substitution of
minerals Strategic, critical and essential minerals changing pattern on mineral
consumption and economy in India. National Mineral policy, Mineral based
industries in Andhra Pradesh. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
PG 404: Mineral exploration and mineral economics lab

1. Problems on average assay values, Problems on ore reserve estimation.
2. Grade maps and lithofacies maps and their interpretation.
3. Plotting of the assay values.
4. Anomaly maps and their interpretation.
5. Basic concepts of geophysical data interpretation for mineral exploration
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Mining Geology by MC kinstry Geochemical Mineral Bachi Viva.
2. Field Geology by latee.
3. Mineral Economics by satirical & Sharma
4. Practical manual of exploration & Prospect by S.K. Babu.
5. Geo-Chemistry in mineral exploration by Hakess / webb.
46
G401: Mineral Exploration and Mineral Economics
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Discuss about the sampling methods and sampling errors in assaying of mineral
deposits?
OR
2. Write an essay on assaying methods ?
3. Write about geological prospecting for coal deposit ?

OR
4. Give a detail note on principles of geochemical interpretation ?
5. Write an essay on application of electrical methods in mineral exploration study

?
OR
6. Give a detail note on geomorphological and remote sensing techniques in
mineral exploration?
7. Write an essay on changing pattern of mineral consumption and strategies ?

OR
8. Give a detail note on mineral based industries in AP?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20

a. Geological guides
b. Random sampling
c. Geobotany
d. Anomaly
e. Logging
f. Critical minerals
g. P and S waves
h. Qualitative interpretation
47
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
IV SEMESTER
G402: Fuel Geology
Unit-I: Surface and subsurface occurrences of petroleum, pools, fields and provinces.
Classification and Nomenclature of Reservoir rocks, fragmental and chemical. Origin
and classification of porosity and permeability. Type and nature of source rocks. Origin
of petroleum organic origin Nature of organic source. Maturation of Kerogen,
Biogenic and thermal effect.
Unit-II: Migration and accumulation of petroleum, primary and secondary, migration.

Geological factors controlling hydrocarbon migration routes and stratigraphic barriers.
Reservoir traps Classification of hydrocarbon traps, structural, stratigraphic and
combination. Reservoir fluids Water, oil and gas and their physical and chemical
characters. Petroliferous basins of India Assam, Bengal, Krishna, Godavari, Cauvery
Cambay and Bombay offshore basins.
Unit-III: Geological conditions of coal formation. Origin of peat, bitumen, lignite and
anthracite. Development of coal facies. Types of deposition, peat forming plants,
nutrient supply, bacterial activity, temperature, redox potential and diagenesis.
Classification, ranking and grading of coal.
Unit-IV: Coal petrology and evaluation, Microscopic constituents of Coal, Vitrinite, Exinite
and Intertinite group. Classification of gondwana coals, their conditions of deposition and
distribution in India. Microlithotypes. Applied coal petrology, petrography of gondwana
coals and Coal bed methane.
48
G402: Fuel Geology
Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80
15X4=60
2. Write an essay on classification of petroleum reservoir rocks.

OR
a. Surface occurrence of oil and gas
b. Porosity
c. Nature of Organic source for hydrocarbons
4. Discuss about the various geological factors controlling the hydrocarbon

migration. Explain with expels of any two sedimentary basins of India.
OR
5. Write short notes on any TWO of the following.
a. Primary migration
b. Stratigraphic traps
c. Reservoir fluids
6. Write an essay on favorable geological conditions of Coal formation.
OR
a. Development of Coal facies
b. Temperature and redox potential
c. Grade of Coal
8. Give an account on classification and distribution of Gondwana Coals in India.
OR
a. Microscopic constituents of Coal
b. Petrography of Gondwana Coals
c. Coal bed Methane
Section B
5 X 4 = 20
10. Write about any five from the following.
b. Vitrinite.
a. Transgression.
b. Stratigraphy of KG basin.
c. Salt Domes.
d. Gasification.
e. Peatification.
f. Coal bed methane.
g. Ozone depletion.
49
M.Sc. GEOLOGY
IV SEMESTER
G403: Geomorphology and Engineering Geology
Unit-I: Basic principles of geomorphology. Weathering, erosion, transportation and
deposition of Earths material; formation of soil, physiographic features and river
basins in India. - mass wasting, influence of climate on processes, concept of erosion
cycles concept of drainage basin, drainage patterns and slopes - slope analysis and
drainage basin analysis, Topographic maps
UnitII: Geomorphic processes and resulting landforms: Fluvial processes and

landforms: meandering, oxbow lakes, flood plains and deltas. Paleo-channels, buried
channels - Coastal processes and landforms: coastal erosion, coast line changes, coral
reefs and landforms Glacial processes and landforms: erosion, deposition and
landforms - Aeolian processes and landforms: weathering in deserts, sand deposits
and landforms - Landforms in relation to rock types karst landscapes geomorphic
mapping Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering,
hydrology and environmental studies - Geomorphology of India.
Unit -III: Mechanical properties of rocks and soils. Geological investigations for river
valley projects dams and reservoirs, tunnels types, methods and problems - Bridges
types and foundation problems - Shoreline engineering.
Unit IV: Landslides classification, causes, prevention and rehabilitation - Concrete

aggregates: sources, alkali-aggregate reaction - Aseismic designing, seismicity in India
and earthquake-resistant structures - Problems of groundwater in engineering
projects - Geotechnical case studies of major projects in India
PG 405: Geomorphology and Engineering Lab
Study of topographical maps

Identification of different landforms from topographical maps
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Thornbury, WS, Principles of geomorphology, wiley eastern, New Delhi
2. Garner HF, 1974: origin of landscapes, Oxford University press
3. Leoplod LB, 1964: Fluvial processes in geomorphology, Euresia publishing house.
4. Krynine: Principles of Engineering geology
PG 406: Project work Dissertation and Presentation
G 407: Viva - Voce
50
G403: Geomorphology and Engineering Geology
Section A
15 X 4 = 60
1. Write about the principles of Geomorphology ?

OR
2. Define a drainage basin and discuss about drainage patterns with neat sketches ?
3. Discuss about the fluvial processes and resulting landforms ?

OR
4. Write an essay on aeolian processes and resulting landforms ?
5. Write about types of dams and geological investigations for construction of dams
?
OR
6. What are different types of bridges and discuss about the various foundation
problems ?
7. Write in detail about concrete aggregates ?

OR
8. Define a landslide and write about various types of landslides and controlling
factors?
Section B
5 X 4 = 20
a. Mass wasting
b. Topographic map
c. Karst topography
d. Moraines
e. Shoreline
f. Tunnel types
g. Hanging valley
h. Causes of landslides
51
M.Sc. GEOLOGY, IV SEMESTER
G 408: Introduction to Remote Sensing (ELECTIVE)
Unit I
A brief history of remote sensing for earth observation: History of photography,

Digital images, Evolution of platforms, Sensor Characteristics. Remote Sensing Basics:
Remote Sensing Data Collection, Remote Sensing Process, Earth Observations,
Electromagnetic Radiation, Atmospheric-Energy-Matter Interactions.
Unit -II
Frame Captured Sensors and Line Scanners: Photographic Cameras, Digital
Cameras, Videography. Scanners: Across-track Scanners, Along-track Scanners,
Hyperspectral Scanners.
Unit III
Satellite-based Sensors in Visible and Infrared Wavelengths: Low-spatial
Resolution Sensors, Medium-spatial Resolution Sensors, High-spatial Resolution Sensors.
Active Sensors: Radar and Lidar: Active Microwave (RADAR) Remote Sensing, Radar
Interferometry, Passive Microwave Radiometers. Lidar: Lidar Principles, Lidar-derived
Vegetation Information, Lidar-derived Urban Information.
Unit -IV
Sonar: Side-scan sonar, Multibeam sonar, Global Seafloor Topography. Aerial
Imagery Visual Interpretation: Nature of Aerial Images, Ground Verification and
Processing: Control Points, Ground Truthing. Introduction to GIS. GIS Integration: Raster
to Vector Image Formats. Remote Sensing Applications in: Geology, Agriculture, Forestry,
Oceanography, Archaeology, Military, Urban Infrastructure.
Text Books: Include Standard Text Books
52
G 408: Introduction to Remote Sensing (ELECTIVE)

15x4=60
1. Write a brief history of remote sensing for earth observation.
OR
a) Remote Sensing Data Collection
b) Remote Sensing Process
c) Electromagnetic Radiation
3. Explain Frame Captured Sensors, Line Scanners, Photographic Cameras, Digital
Cameras, Videography in Remote sensing.
OR
a) Along-track Scanners
b) Hyperspectral Scanners
c) Across-track Scanners
5. Write brief notes on Satellite-based Sensors in Visible and Infrared Wavelengths.
OR
a) Radar Interferometry
b) Lidar Principles
c) High-spatial Resolution Sensors
7. Explain Global Seafloor Topography and what are the sonar systems used regularly for
the marine survey.
OR
a) Remote Sensing Applications in: Geology
b) Remote Sensing Applications in: Agriculture
c) Remote Sensing Applications in: Oceanography
Section B
5x4=20
a) Remote Sensing
b) Atmospheric-Energy-Matter Interactions
c) Scanners
d) Cameras
e) RADAR
f) LIDAR
g) Sonar
h) GIS
53
G 409: ENVIRONMENTAL AND MEDICAL GEOSCIENCE (ELECTIVE)
UNIT-I
Basic principles of environmental geology, Ecological perspective - Atmosphere,
hydrosphere, asthenosphere, biosphere and lithosphere, their interaction and related
problems. Mans influence on Earths energy balance, nonrenewable energy resources -
alternative renewable sources.
UNIT-II
Pollution and natural hazards - volcanoes, Earthquakes, landslides, floods: Natural hazards:
remedial measures. Urbanization industrialization, air pollution and public health.
Coastal environment, Engineering constructions like dams, highways and reservoirs,
deforestation.
UNIT-III
Water pollution - pollutant - point and non point source. Water quality standards. Sewage
pollution. Solid waste disposal and environment. Impact of mining, Processing and
smelting of minerals. Mining Au, FE, Cu, Pb, Zn, etc., Open cast and underground mining
- overburden: gangue waste-generation, environmental impact and pollution
management. Metallurgical operations - coal and fly ash, bauxite, red mud, furnace slag
- waste utilization.
UNIT-IV
Medical geosciences. Human use of trace elements and health. Essential, non essential,
toxic metals, and their level of exposure. Migration of elements through food chain.
Impact of toxic elements to human health. Possible effects of imbalance of some trace
elements. nEnvironmental impact assessment techniques. Functional components and
environmental matrix. Environmental laws and legislation in India.
Books Recommended
1. A.N. Strahler and A.H.Strahler, 1973, Environmental Geoscience, Wiley
International Edition, Valdiya, K.S.1987, Environmental Geology, Indian context,
Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. Edward Keller, A.Charles E, Environmental Geology, Merrill Pub. Co., A.Bell &
Howell Co., London, 4th Ed.
3. Upendra Kumar Sinha, 1986, Ganga-Pollution & Health Hazard. Inter-India publication,
New Delhi
54
G 409: ENVIRONMENTAL AND MEDICAL GEOSCIENCE (ELECTIVE)
15x4=60
1. Explain the Basic principles of environmental geology.
OR
a) Mans influence on Earths energy balance
b) Nonrenewable energy resources
c) Alternative renewable sources
3. What are the Pollution and natural hazards explain briefly with examples.
OR
a) Coastal environment
b) Engineering constructions dams, highways and reservoirs
c) Deforestation
5. Write a brief note about Water pollution and precautions for it.
OR
a) Solid waste disposal and environment
b) Waste utilization
c) Pollution management
7. What are Essential, non essential, toxic metals, and their level of exposure.
OR
a) Environmental laws and legislation in India.
b) Kidney failure
c) Migration of elements through food chain.
Section B
5x4=20
a) Ecology
b) Renewable source
c) Earthquakes
d) Landslides
e) Water pollution
f) Waste chemicals Impact on environment
g) Toxic metals
h) Trace elements
55
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM IN P.G.COURSES
M.Sc. GEOPHYSICS
Scheme of Instructions and Examination

Effective from the Academic Year 2015-2016
DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES
DR.B.R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY
56
ANNEXURE-I
DR.B.R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, SRIKAKULAM
SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION AND EXAMINATION AS PER
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
(W.E.F. 2015-16 ADMITTED BATCH)
Eligibility
Course Qualifying Examination for

Admission
M. Sc. (Geo-Physics ) B. Sc with Physics (as main
wherever
applicable), Mathematics and any
other non-biological science subject
The Programme is essentially a two year programme for the students to

graduate with M.Sc. (Geophysics) Degree, in the Department of
Geo-Sciences.
57
DR.B.R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, SRIKAKULAM
SCHEME OF INSTRUCTION AND EXAMINATION AS PER
CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS)
(W.E.F. 2015-16 ADMITTED BATCH)
M.SC. GEOPHYSICS 1ST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
GP 101 Principles of Earth 4 3 20 80 100 4

System Sciences
GP 102 Geo-Mathematics 4 3 20 80 100 4
GP 103 Geology-I 4 3 20 80 100 4
GP 104 Introduction to 4 3 20 80 100 4
Remote Sensing
and GIS
Practicals
GP 105 Geo-Mathematics 3 2 50 2
Computations
GP 106 Geology-I lab 3 2 50 2
GP 107 Remote Sensing 3 2 50 2
and GIS lab
GP 108 Viva-voce 50 2
ELECTIVES
GP 109 Principles of 20 80 100 4
Geophysics
GP 110 Seismology 20 80 100 4
Total 25 800 32
58
M.SC. GEOPHYSICS 1ST YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
GP 201 Physics of the 4 3 20 80 100 4

earth
GP 202 Gravity and 4 3 20 80 100 4
Magnetic methods
GP 203 Electrical Methods 4 3 20 80 100 4
GP 204 Geology-II 4 3 20 80 100 4
Practicals
GP 205 Gravity and 3 2 50 2
Magnetic Methods
Practical
GP 206 Electrical Methods 3 2 50 2
Practical
GP 207 Geology -II 3 2 50 2
Practical
E LECTIVES
GP 209 Solid Earth 20 80 100 4
Geophysics
GP 210 Geomagnetism 20 80 100 4
Total 25 800 32
59
M.SC. GEOPHYSICS 2nd YEAR, THIRD SEMESTER
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
GP 301 Signal processing 4 3 20 80 100 4

and Inversion
Theory
GP 302 Seismic Methods 4 3 20 80 100 4
GP 303 Electromagnetic 4 3 20 80 100 4
Methods
GP 304 Well Logging & 4 3 20 80 100 4
Reservoir Analysis
Practicals
GP 305 Seismic Methods 3 2 50 2
Practical
GP 306 Electromagnetic 3 2 50 2
Methods Practical
GP 307 Well Logging & 3 2 50 2
Reservoir Analysis
Practical
ELECTIVES
GP 309 Ground Water 20 80 100 4
Resources and
Management
GP 310 Tectonics and 20 80 100 4
Geodynamics
GP 311 Communication & 20 80 100 4
Soft Skills
(Compulsory)
Total 25 900 36
60
M.SC. GEOPHYSICS 2nd YEAR, FOURTH SEMESTER
Internal Semester
Assessment Exam
Theory CORE
GP 401 Mining, Ground 4 3 20 80 100 4

Water &
Environmental
Geophysics
GP 402 Marine Geophysics 4 3 20 80 100 4
GP 403 Petroleum Geology 4 3 20 80 100 4
and
Geophysics
GP 404 Project work 150 6
Practicals
GP 405 Mining Geophysics 3 2 50 2
Practical
GP 406 Final Viva-voce 100 4
ELECTIVES
GP 407 Integrated 20 80 100 4
Geophysics
GP 408 Mineral and 20 80 100 4
Hydrocarbon
Exploration
Total 15 800 32
61
M.SC. (GEOPHYSICS)
FIRST YEAR-FIRST SEMESTER SYLLABUS

CORE - THEORY
GP 101: PRINCIPLES OF EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES

Unit I
Understanding the dynamic planet earth, Holistic approach through - Astronomy, Geology,
Geophysics, Meteorology and Oceanography. The Geological Time Scale and the Rock Record.
General characteristics and Origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets. Earth in the Solar
system-origin, size, shape, mass, density, rotational and revolution parameters and its age.
Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences- Geology, Geophysics, Geochemistry,
Meteorology and Oceanography.
Unit II
Atmospheric Circulation; weather and climate changes. Earths heat budget. Oceanic current
system and effect of Coriolis forces. Concepts of estuary, air-sea interaction. Wave erosion and
beach processes. Origin of oceans, continents, mountains and rift valleys. Earthquake and
earthquake belts. Volcanoes: types products and distribution.
Unit III
Earthquakes; History, Introduction to Seismology, Seismic waves: Body waves, Surface waves,
intensity, magnitude, frequency and energy of earthquakes. Internal structure of the earth.
Concepts of plate tectonics- sea-floor spreading and continental drift. Geodynamic elements of
Earth; Mid Oceanic Ridges, trenches, transform faults and island arcs. Introduction to the geology
and geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
Unit IV
Earths Gravity field: density distribution, shape and mass of earth, Figure of the earth, Variation
of radius with latitude, Geoid and Spheroid, International gravity formula, Gravity and
gravitational mechanics, Geomagnetism-Earths magnetic field, origin of geomagnetic field,
geomagnetic elements and anomalies, Rock and paleomagnetism, archeomagnetism,
susceptibility of rocks. Geoelectricity: Electrical properties of rocks & minerals
Unit V
Geological methods of mapping, sampling and principle of mining. Geophysical methods
-principles of gravity, magnetic, electrical & electromagnetic, seismic & well logging methods,
Applications of geophysical methods- Geological, mining & engineering investigations
Suggested Reading Books:
1. Fundamentals of geophysics by William Lowrie
2. Principles of Physical Geology, 1992 by Holmes. Chapman & Hall.
3. Planet Earth, Cosmology, Geology and the Evolution of Life and Environment.
4. Emiliani, C, 1992. Cambridge University Press. Earth(second edition), Frank Press and
Raymond Seiver, W.H.Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
62
Model Question Paper,M.Sc. Geophysics,I Semester
GP 101: Principles of Earth System Science
SECTION A
Question No.1 is compulsory
Answer any five questions
Each answer should not exceed one page or 200 words.
Write notes on the any five of the following:
5 X 4 = 20
10.
a. Astronomy
b. Oceanic current system
c. Air / sea interaction
d. Seismic waves
e. Trenches
f. Mass of the earth
g. Rock susceptibility
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions
Each answer should not exceed five pages or 1000 words. 5 X 12 = 60
UNIT-I
11. Write an essay on various theories that will explain origin of the Universe and solar system.
OR
a. Geological time scale b. Planets in the solar system. c. Various branches of earth
sciences
UNIT-II
13. Write an account on the atmospheric circulation, weather and climate changes and its
mechanisms.
OR
a. Earthquakes b. Volcanoes c. Heat budget of the earth
UNIT-III
15. Write an essay on internal structure of earth. Add a note on the composition properties and
transportations within crust, mantle and move.
OR
a. Mid-oceanic ridge. b. Island Arcs c. Geomorphology of Indian
Subcontinent
UNIT-IV
17. Write an account on the earths gravity field and resultant density distribution and gravitational
mechanics.
OR
18. Write an account on earths magnetic field? Describe in detail the origin of the geomagnetic field?
UNIT-V
a. Geological mapping methods b. Sampling c. Principles of mining
OR
20. Explain the principles of following geophysical methods:
a. Gravity b. Magnetics c. Electrical d. Seismics
63
GP 102: GEOMATHEMATICS
Unit I:
Line Integrals, Green's theorem in two-dimensions. Complex Integration, Cauchy' s Integral
theorem, Cauchys Integral formula, Types of Residues, Cauchy's Residue Theorem, Evaluation of
certain improper integrals involving trigonometric functions.
Unit II:
Matrices: Principles and definitions, Single value decomposition method. Introduction to various
generalized inversion techniques and their properties. Least square polynomial approximation:
the principle of least squares, least square approximation over discrete sets of points, Chebysev
Polynomial.
Unit III:
Numerical Analysis; finding the roots by numerical methods- bisection method, False position
method, Newton-Raphson method. Interpolation: finite difference, symbolic relations.
Interpolation by Newtons formula. Gauss's Central difference formula, Bessels formula,
Lagrangian formula and Richardson's extrapolation. Numerical differentiation and Integration:
Maximum and minimum of a tabulated function. Numerical Integration-Trapezoidal rule,
Simpson' s rule, Romberg integration, Weddle's formula.
Unit IV:
Numerical solution of differential equations- Introduction, Solution by Taylor series, Picard's
method of successive approximation, Eulers method, Runga-Kutta method. Finite element
methods: Basic concept of the finite element method. Boundary and Initial value problem,
Variational formulation of boundary value problem, Variational methods of approximation- The
Ritz method. Introduction to finite element analysis of I-D and 2-D problems.
Unit V:
Data presentation: frequency tables and bar charts, frequency polygons, measures of central
tendency; mean, mode, median, geometric mean, standard deviation, variance and coefficient of
variance. Probability: Sample Spaces and Events, Definitions of probability, Addition rules,
Conditional Probability, Multiplication and Total Probability rules, Bayes Theorem, Random
variable, Discrete Random Variable, Probability Distributions and Probability Mass functions,
Mean and Variance of a Discrete Random variable, Binomial Distribution, Poisson
Distribution.Introduction to Classical Optimisation Techniques, Introduction to Linear
Programming and Non-linear Programming, One dimensional minimization methods-
Introduction, Fibonacci method. Introduction to unconstrained optimisation techniques.
Introduction of Steepest descent method, gradient techniques and Marquardt's method
Reference Books :
1. Higher mathematics for Engineering and Science, M.K.Venkata Raman
2. Engineering mathematics, M.K.Venkata Raman
3. Complex Variables, R-C.Churchill
4. Matrix theory for scientific and engineers, Jennings
5. Generalized inverse of matrices and its application, C.K.Rao & S.R.Mitra
6. An Introduction to Finite Element Method, J.N.Reddy
7. Introduction to Numerical analysis, S.S.Sastry
8. Introduction to Numerical analysis, F.B.Hiderbrand
64
Model Question Paper, M.Sc. Geophysics, I Semester
GP 102: GEOMATHEMATICS
SECTION A
Write notes on the any five of the following: 5 X 4 = 20
i. Greens theorem
j. Least squares polynomial approximation
k. Newton-Raphson method
l. Numerical integration by trapezoidal rule
m. Picards Method
n. Ritzs method
o. Boundary and initial value problem
p. Bayes theorem
SECTION-B
Answer all questions
Each answer should not exceed five pages or 1000 words 5 X 12 = 60
UNIT-I
10. State and explain Greens theorem in two dimensions?
OR
a. Cauchy' s Integral theorem b. Types of Residues
UNIT-II
a. Single value decomposition method b. Chebysev Polynomial.
OR
13. Explain in detail about the introduction to various generalized inversion techniques and their
properties.
UNIT-III
14. Write an account on the concept of numerical analysis. Add a note on how you can find roots by
various numerical methods.
OR
a. Newtons formula b. Gausss central difference formula c. Romberg integration
UNIT-IV
16. Describe in detail about the numerical solution of differential equation by Taylor series method?
OR
17. Writes notes on the following:
a. Concept of the finite element method b. Variational formulation of boundary value problem
UNIT-V
18. Discuss in detail about the following:
a. Frequency tables and bar charts
b. Frequency polygons
c. Variance and coefficient of variance
OR
a. Addition rules, Multiplication and Total Probability rules b. Probability Distributions and
Probability Mass functions c. Poisson Distribution
65
GP 103: GEOLOGY- I
UNIT I
Introduction to Geology Branches of Geology - Scope of Geology and its relation with Geophysics.
Weathering and erosion Phenomenon Physical, chemical and Biological weathering - products
of weathering. Wind erosion and its features - Sediment transport by wind - various types of
Dunes. Geological work of Glaciers Types Movement - Erosional features. Glacial Transport
Deposition and related features.
UNIT-II
Geological work of Rivers - Initial, Young and old stages of their development - Canyon, base level
of erosion, meandering point bars, oxbow lakes, flood plains and natural levees. Erosion,
denudation, peneplains, monad nocks, deltas and types. Volcanoes Types, Products, Volcanic
eruptions, and distribution of Volcanoes.
UNIT-III
Fundamental concepts of Geomorphology. Various near shore morphological features developed
due to geological work of sea. Waves and currents and transportation by sea. Features of Marine
erosion and deposition and related features. Evolution of major geomorphic processes in India,
Field and laboratory map scales, Topographic maps Thematic maps.
UNIT-IV
Definition of Petrology Bowens reaction series Differentiation of Igneous, Sedimentary and
Metamorphic rocks. Origin and forms of Igneous rocks textures structures and classification of
Igneous rocks. Origin of sedimentary rocks, textures structures and classification of
sedimentary rocks. Types of Metamorphism - Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks.
UNIT-V
Definition of a mineral Physical properties of minerals: Mohs scale of hardness, colour, streak,
transparency, luster, tenacity, cleavage, fracture, specific gravity, - Isomorphism and
Polymorphism Structure and chemistry of Quartz, Feldspars, Mica Pyroxenes, Amphiboles,
Garnet groups of minerals. Clay minerals, Elements of Crystallography.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1) Physical Geology: G. Gorshkov, A. Yakushova.
2) Physical Geology: A.K. Datta
3) A text book of Geology: P.K. Mukherjee.
4) The Principle of petrology: G.W. Tprell.
5) Rutleys mineralogy: H. M. Read.
6) Physical Geology: Arthur Holmes.
7) Principle of Engineering Geology: K. M. Bangar.
8) A text book of Geology: G.B. Mahapatra.
9) A text book of Physical Geology: G. B. Mahapatra.
10) Engineering and general Geology: Parbinsingh.
66
GP 103: GEOLOGY-I
SECTION A
a. Branches of geology
b. Geological work of Rivers
c. Volcanoes, and their distribution
d. Features of Marine erosion and deposition
e. Bowens reaction series
f. Types of Metamorphism
g. Mohs scale of hardness
h. Basic elements of Crystallography
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe in detail various types of weathering? Explain about the various products of
weathering phenomena? OR
a. Types of Dunes b. Erosional features c. Glacial Transport

UNIT-II
a. Canyons b. Meandering point bars, oxbow lakes c. Flood plains and natural
levees
OR
5. Describe in detail about the volcanoes? What are the various types of volcanoes and discuss
their distribution?
UNIT-III
6. Discuss in detail about the various near shore morphological features developed due to
geological work of sea. (OR)
a. Field and laboratory map scales b. Topographic maps c. Thematic maps
UNIT-IV
8. Describe the origin and forms of igneous rocks? Explain about the structures and
classification of igneous rocks? (OR)
9. Describe various types of Metamorphism? Explain about the textures and structures of
metamorphic rocks?
UNIT-V
10. Describe in detail about the various physical properties of minerals? (OR)
11. Explain in detail about the structure and chemistry of quartz, feldspars and garnet groups of
minerals?
67
GP 104: INTRODUCTION TO REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Unit I: Photo geology: Introduction, Aerial Photographs: types of aerial photographs,

classification and geometry. Photogrammetry. Stereo grams, stereo scopes. Stereoscopy and scale
in aerial photographs. Aerial mosaics. Aerial mosaics vs toposheet. Principles and fundamentals
of aerial photo interpretation and Basic recognition elements in aerial photographs.
Unit II: Principles of Remote Sensing: Electromagnetic spectrum, lnteraction of EMR with
atmosphere and earth surface features. Spectral characteristics of vegetation, water and soil.
Remote sensing observation flat forms, resolutions and orbits. Global and Indian space missions
i.e. LANDSAT, METEOSAT, SEASAT, SPOT, and RADARSAT & IRS Series of satellites.
Unit III: Image interpretation: introduction to digital image processing, Fundamentals of image
interpretation. Basic recognition elements in satellite image interpretation. False colour
composite (FCC), Aerial photo vs satellite image. Application of remote sensing in geology,
geomorphology, mineral exploration and hydro geological studies.
Unit IV: Geographical Information Systems definition and scope; Geospatial data entities and
attributes; Components of a GIS; Geographic coordinate system and datum; Map projections
types of projections, Commonly used map projections
Unit V: Data representation in GIS: Graphic representation of spatial data vector and raster
formats and their relative merits and limitations; Database structures for managing attribute data
Hierarchical, Network, Relational database management systems; Topology: topological
elements points and nodes, lines and arcs, polygons;
Text Books
9. G.L. Prost and P.L. Prost, Remote Sensing for Geologists: A Guide to Image Interpretation
(2nd Edition), CRC Press, 2002.
10. R.P. Gupta, Remote Sensing Geology, Springer-Verlag, 2003.
11. N.M. Short (Sr), Remote Sensing Tutorial, NASA 2010 available at
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Front/foreword.html.
12. S. Rajendran et al., Mineral Exploration: Recent Strategies, Eastern Book Corporation,
2007.
13. A.N. Rencz and R.A. Ryerson (Eds), Remote Sensing for earth Sciences (Manual of Remote
Sensing 3rd Edition), American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1999.
14. Burrough P.A., Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources
Assessment, Oxford University Press.
15. Michael N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, John Wiley & Sons,
inc., 1997.
16. Paul R. Wolf, Elements of Photogrammetry with applications in GIS, Mc GrawHill,
International Edition 2004.
68
GP 104: Remote Sensing and GIS
SECTION A Question No.1 is compulsoryAnswer any five questions

1.
a. Aerial Photographs
b. Stereo grams
c. Electromagnetic spectrum
d. LANDSAT & METEOSAT
e. False colour composite
f. Geospatial data
g. Map projections
h. Vector and raster formats
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Write an essay on the principles of photo-geology and its applications in geosciences with
examples? OR
3. Describe in detail the principles and fundamentals of aerial photo interpretation and
basic recognition elements in aerial photographs.
UNIT-II
4. Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum of the earth will interact with atmosphere and
surface of the earth? OR
a. Remote sensing observation platforms b. Indian space programme c. IRS Series of satellites
UNIT-III
6. What is meant by image interpretation and add a note on fundamentals of image
interpretation and digital image processing? OR
a. Basic elements in satellite image interpretation b. Aerial photo vs satellite image
c.Application of remote sensing in geology and geomorphology
UNIT-IV
8. What is the principle behind GIS Tool? Add a note on various components of GIS
and its application in earth sciences? OR
a.Components of a GIS b. Map projections and types of projections, c.Commonly used map
projections?
UNIT-V
a. GIS software and hardware b.Raster ad vector formats c.Relational database
OR

a. Topology and topological elements b. Points and nodes c.Lines, arcs and poly
69
CORE - PRACTICALS
GP 105: GEOMATHEMATICS COMPUTATIONS
Practical No.I
1. One question on Newton-Raphson Method
2. One question on Newton-forward interpolation formula
3. One question on Gauss-Backward interpolation formula
4. One question on LaGranges interpolation formula
5. One question on Richardson extrapolation.
Practical No.II
1. One question on False position method
2. One question on Newton-Backward interpolation formula
3. One question on Gauss-Forward interpolation formula
4. One question on the application of Bessels formula
5. One question on solving an equation using the method of Bisection.
Practical No.III
1. Two questions on finding the maximum and Minimum values of the function y = f(x)
from the given data.
2. One question on Trapezoidal rule
3. Two questions on Simpsons 1/3rd rule
Practical No.IV
1. One question on Simpsons 3/8th rule
2. Two questions on Romberg integration
3. Two questions on Weddles rule.
Practical No.V
1. One question on Taylors series method
2. One question on Eulers method
3. One question on Runga-Kutta 2nd order method
4. One question on Runga-Kutta 3rd order method
Practical No.VI
1. One question on 4th order Runga-Kutta method
2. One question on Modified Eulers method
3. One question on Picards method of successive approximation.
Practical No. VII
1. One question to construct a frequency table to the given data
2. One question to draw a bar chart of the given data
3. One question to draw a frequency polygon for giving data.
4. One question to find Mean, Median and Mode for the given data.
Practical No.VIII
1. One question to find Geometric mean of the given data
2. One question to find Standard deviation of the given data
3. One question to find Variance of the given data.
4. One question to find Coefficient of Variation to the given data
Practical No.IX
1. One question on the application of addition theorem of probability
2. One question on the application of multiplication theorem of probability
3. One question on the application of total conditional probability.
4. One question on the application of Bayes theorem
Practical No.X
1. One question on the construction of Probability mass function from given data.
2. One question to find the Mean and Variance of the Discrete Random variable using the
given data
3. One question to find the Mean and Variance of a Binomial Distribution using the given
data
4. One question to find the Mean and Variance of a Poisson Distribution using the given
data
70
GP 106: GEOLOGY-I LAB
1. Mineralogy Lab: Megascopic and microscopic identification of important silicate and

non-silicate minerals. Identification of various minerals under microscope
2. Petrology Lab:
Megascopic and microscopic study of igneous, metamorphic rocks & Sedimentary Rocks.
3. Geomorphology Lab
Study of topographical maps & Identification of different landforms from topographical maps
GP 107: REMOTE SENSING AND GIS LAB
GP 107: Remote Sensing and GIS lab
f. Visual interpretation of aerial photos.

g. Stereoscopic study of aerial photos
h. Visual interpretation of satellites images
i. Introduction to image processing techniques
j. Introduction to GIS techniques
k. Application of GIS for one case study.
l. Exercise on using remote sensing for case study.
71
ELECTIVES THEORY
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this paper is to introduce principles of various geophysical
methods like gravity, magnetic, electrical and seismic which plays a vital role in the exploration of
minerals, ores, ground water, oil & natural gas in the earths subsurface which are employed in the oil
& gas industries for their exploration.
GP 109 PRINCIPLES OF GEOPHYSICS
Unit I:
Interrelationship between geology and geophysics - Role of geological and geophysical
data in explaining geodynamical features of the earth. General and Exploration geophysics-
Introduction to different types of geophysical methods: Gravity, magnetic, Electrical, Seismic-their
principles and applications.
Unit II: Gravity methods: Principle of gravity prospecting, gravity anomaly, Field procedure for
data collection , Concepts and Usage of corrections. Reduction of gravity data, Noise reduction
techniques for enhancing signal strength. Qualitative analysis of gravity data and interpretation.
Unit III: Magnetic methods: Principle of magnetic prospecting, magnetic anomaly, Field
procedure for data collection, Concepts and Usage of corrections. Reduction of magnetic data,
Noise reduction techniques for enhancing signal strength. Qualitative analysis of magnetic data
and interpretation.
Unit IV: Electrical methods: Principles of electrical prospecting, Self potentials(SP) of the earth:
origin, data collection and analysis of SP data. Resistivity methods: potential due to a point
source. Definition of resistivity. Different configurations used for measuring resistance of the
earth. Profiling and vertical electrical sounding techniques. Interpretation of profiling data.
interpretation of sounding data.
Unit V: Seismic methods. Principle of seismic prospecting, Huygene`s & Fermat`s principles,
Zeopritz equations, Elastic wave velocities of rocks. Transmission of seismic waves: reflection
refraction and diffraction, Instrumentation: electromagnetic geophone and its performance, Data
acquisition, Priciples of reflection and refraction surveys, factors affecting velocity, geometry of
ray paths, horizontal and dipping layers, NMO and dip move out. Interpretation of time distance
curves. Low velocity layer, blind zone, single channel and multi channel surveys, layout, filed
procedure, qualitative and quantitative interpretation of seismic data. Integrated geophysical
approach for exploring geological structures.
WSuggested Readings
1. Outlines of Geophysical Prospecting - A manual for geologists by Ramachandra
Rao, M.B., Prasaranga, University of Mysore, Mysore, 1975.
2. Exploration Geophysics - An Outline by Bhimasarikaram V.L.S., Association of
Exploration Geophysicists, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 1990.
3. An introduction to Geophysical Prospecting by Dobrin, M.B. McGraw Hill, New
Delhi, 1984.
4. Applied Geophysics by Telford W.M. Geldart L.P., Sheriff, R.E. and Keys D.A.
Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt., Ltd. New Delhi, 1976.
5. Explration Seismology by Sheriff,R.E
6. Gravity and magnetic in oil prospecting by L.L.Nettleton
7. Gravity and magnetic methods Rao,B.S.r and Murhty,I.V.R.
8.Eelectrical methods in geophysical prospecting by George V.Keller
72
Model Question Paper (Elective), I st Year, I Semester
GP 109: PRINCIPLES OF GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A
a. Interrelationship between Geology and Geophysics

b. Drift correction in gravity
c. Principle of magnetic method
d. Magnetic Anomalies
e. Schlumberger configuration
f. Electrical Profiling
g. Seismic waves
h. Blind zone
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Discuss the different physical properties use in geophysical exploration methods.
Also mention their units of measurement. Mention the limitations of Gravity,
Magnetic, Electrical and Seismic methods?
OR
a. General and Exploration geophysics b. Passive vs. Active geophysical methods.
UNIT-II
4. Define gravity anomaly. Discuss the field procedure and data reduction in gravity method?
OR
a. Quantitative interpretation in gravity b. Regional residual separation in gravity
UNIT-III
6. Explain the principle of Magnetic method. Mention two types of magnetometers with their
working principle? OR
a. Drift corrections of magnetic data. b. Upward continuation of magnetic anomalies
UNIT-IV
8. What are the various self-potentials? Explain SP method, its field equipment and field
procedure. OR
a. Geometric factor for Schlumberger configuration b. Interpretation of
profiling & sounding data.
UNIT-V
10. What are the various factors affecting the seismic velocities? Discuss about the Zeopritzs
equations?
OR
a. NMO & dip move out b. Multi-channel seismic surveys c. Low velocity layer
73
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this paper is to provide the knowledge of the science of the
earthquakes. The earthquakes origin, types and their detection through scientific instruments is
discussed. Earthquake prediction prior to their occurrence is also understood from this study.
GP 110: SEISMOLOGY
Unit I: Introduction : History of seismology ,elasticity of rocks, stress and strain, Linear
stress-strain relationship, elastic module, Body waves(P & S waves), surface
waves(Rayleigh & love waves), dispersion
Unit II: Rays paths, Travel time curves and delay times, seismic phases and
nomenclature seismic wave energy, geometrical spreading, Reflection and
transmission coefficients attenuation.
Unit III: Seismometry: Inertial pendulum system, Introduction to Seismograph: Principle

and brief description of mechanical type seismograph. Milneshaw, wood
Andersen seismograph, electromagnetic seismograph and broadband
seismograph Selection of seismographs sites
Unit IV: Seismology and earths structure, seismic discontinuities, reflectance and
scatterers, lateral heterogeneities, global Seismicity, Seismicity of India
Unit V: Earthquakes, locating earthquakes, Seismogram interpretation, determining

focal mechanism of an earth quake, Magnitude, intensity and Moment,
Earthquakes statistics, Seismicity and plate tectonics, micro earth quakes,
Reservoir induced Seismicity, Prediction of earthquakes.
Books:
1. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie

2. Modern Global Seismology, Thorne Lay
3. The Earth, Jeffreys,S.H.
4. Elementary Seismology, Charles.F. Richter
5. Earthquakes, Bolt, B.A.,
6. Introduction to Seismology, Markus Bath
74
Model Question Paper, I Semester
GP 110: SEISMOLOGY
SECTION A
a. Stress & Strain

b. Body waves
c. Reflection & Transmission coefficients
d. Seismometer
e. Seismic discontinuities
f. Global seismicity
g. Seismogram interpretation
h. Earthquake prediction
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Discuss in detail the elastic properties of rocks. Explain about the linear
stress-strain relationship?
OR
3. Define various types of elastic moduli? Distinguish between body waves and
surfaces waves
UNIT-II
4. Explain different seismic phases and their nomenclature in detail? OR
5. Discuss in detail :-
a. Reflection and transmission of seismic waves. b.Geometrical Spreading
UNIT-III
6. Explain the working principle, construction & working of seismometer with a

neat diagram?
OR
7. Write notes on
a) Dynamic range of a seismometer b) Digital recording
UNIT-IV
8. Explain in detail the different seismic discontinuities and how they are
discovered?
OR
9. Discuss seismicity of India?
UNIT-V
10. What is reservoir induced seismicity? Mention the different theories behind it.
OR
11. Write notes on
a) Micro earthquakes b) Prediction of earthquakes
75
M.SC. (GEOPHYSICS)
FIRST YEAR- SECOND SEMESTER SYLLABUS
CORE - THEORY
GP 201: PHYSICS OF THE EARTH
Unit I:
Solar system: Earth as a member of the solar system, basic facts relating to the earths position in the
solar system, Origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets, Geochronology-age of the earth and
solar system. Geospheres: Scope of study of various Geospheres, Atmosphere, Ionosphere,
Asthenosphere, lithosphere-hydrosphere and Biosphere. Atmosphere: composition; Cloud
classification, Monsoon systems, climate changes
Unit-II:
Gravity field: Gravity field and its variations on the surface, internal and external Field, Geoid, spheroid
and Ellipsoid of the earth. Shape and size of the earth. Isostasy and different theories of isostatic
compensation, isostaic anomalies and crustal structure. Geomagnetic field, Magnetic elements and
description of the magnetic field, Origin and Reversals of the geomagnetic field. Paleomagnetism:
Natural Remnant Magnetization, Measurement of direction and intensity of NRM. Continental drift
and polar wonder curves.
Unit-III:
Petrophysics: Different physical and Engineering properties of rocks Laboratory measurements of the
physical properties of rocks namely Density, Seismic wave velocities, magnetic susceptibility, Electrical
resistivity, thermal conductivity, porosity and permeability. Geothermics: Heat sources, Geothermal
flux distribution over continents and oceans. Geochronology: Rock dating methods, U-Th, K-Ar, Rb-Sr,
C-14, Fission-Track and magnetic dating.
Unit-IV:
Seismology: Natural and Artificial seismology and its relation to other Earth System sciences.
Classification of Earth quakes, Causes and propagation of different seismic wave and fundamental
laws. Introduction to Seismograph: Principle and brief description of mechanical type seismograph.
Milneshaw, wood Andersen seismograph, electromagnetic seismograph and broadband seismograph.
Various methods for determination of focal depth and epicentral location. Interior of the Earth and
Earth quake prediction. Concepts of Geodynamics.
Unit V:
Hydrology - definition, hydrologic cycle, vertical distribution of groundwater, types of aquifers,

Darcy's law, porosity, permeability - laboratory measurement, well hydraulics - steady and
unidirectional flow, quality of groundwater, concepts of water balance, sea water intrusion in
coastal aquifers.
Recommended Books:
1. P.V. Sarma, 1976, Geophysical Methods in Geology, Elsevier.
2. Howell, 1959, Introduction to Geophysics, McGraw Hill Book Co. New York.
3. R.E. Sheriff, 1989, Geophysical Methods. Prentice Hall Engle Wood Cliffs.
New Jerssy.
4. I.K. Kaul, S. Senugupta and A.K. Bhattacharya, 1990, General and Applied Geophysics,
(An introduction), Associate of, Geophysics.
6. F.D. Stacey, 1977, Physics of the Earth, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
6. Rezhevisky and Novik, 1971, Physical properties of Rocks, Mir Publications.
7. Richter, C.F. 1969, Elementary Seismology, Eurasia Publishing house, Pvt. Ltd.
New Delhi.
8. Fundamentals of geophysics by William Lowrie
76
Model Question Paper, M.Sc. Geophysics, II Semester
GP 201: PHYSICS OF THE EARTH
SECTION A
a. Solar system
b. Monsoon systems
c. Geoid and Spheroid
d. Geomagnetic field reversals
e. Seismic wave velocities
f. Seismograph
g. Darcy's law
h. Quality of groundwater
SECTION B
Each answer should not exceed five pages or 1000 words.
5 X 12 = 60
UNIT-I
2. Describe the solar system Origin of the Universe, Solar System and its planets.
OR
3. Discuss in detail about the classification of different clouds in the earths

atmosphere?
UNIT-II
4. Explain the concept of isostacy? Describe various theories of isostatic compensation?
OR
5. Describe the various theories regarding the origin of the earths magnetic field?
UNIT-III
6. Describe the methods of measuring different physical and engineering properties of rocks in the
laboratory? OR
7. Write short notes on the following?
a. Uranium-Thorium method b. C-14 dating technique c. Fission-Track and

magnetic dating.
UNIT-IV
8. Explain briefly about the classification of earthquakes? Describe the principle &
description of mechanical type seismograph? OR
9. Describe the various methods for determination of focal depth and epicentre
location of earthquakes?
UNIT-V
a. Hydrologic cycle b. Vertical distribution of groundwater c. Types of aquifers
OR
11. Explain the concept of water balance? Describe about the sea water intrusion in coastal aquifers?
77
GP 202: GRAVITY & MAGNETIC METHODS
Unit I
Earths Gravity field, Properties of Newtonian potential, Laplaces and Poissons equations, Greens
theorem, Gauss law, spatial and temporal variations, Principles of gravity prospecting and magnetic
prospecting, concepts of gravity anomaly and magnetic anomaly. Densities & Susceptibilities of
different rocks. Natural Remanent magnetism, Bouguer density. Determinations of susceptibility and
density.
UnitII
Gravity prospecting instruments Static gravimeters, Astatization, Zero-length spring, Worden &
Lacoste Romberg Gravimeters. Different components of magnetic field, different types and kinds of
magnetometers- Astatic and Spinner Magnetometers, Proton precession magnetometer, fluxgate
magnetometer, demagnetization effects
Unit III
Plan of Gravity & Magnetic surveys Establishment of gravity bases, magnetic bases, corrections in
gravity data - drift correction, topographic correction, terrain correction, Bouguer correction, Eotvos
correction. Corrections in magnetic data- Diurnal correction, Normal correction. Definitions of Gravity
anomaly, Magnetic anomaly (vertical, total and horizontal). Dependence of magnetic anomalies on
latitude and orientation.
Unit IV
Interpretation of gravity and magnetic data Qualitative interpretation- study of contour maps over
2d & 3d bodies. Characteristic properties of gravity and magnetic anomaly profiles. Regional and
residual separation graphical, average, grid and curve fitting methods, use of filters, vertical
derivative calculations, upward and downward continuation of anomalies, Reduction to pole of
magnetic anomalies. Calculation gravity and magnetic anomalies over simple geometries (Spheres,
cylinders, disc, sheet, fault, dyke, anticlines & synclines etc.)
Unit V
Interpretation by simple thumb rules and characteristic curves. Gravity and magnetic profiles-
properties and interpretation procedures. Interpretation of magnetized dyke-Koloumzine method,
Gulatees rule for magnetic anomalies over magnetized dike. Forward modeling of gravity & magnetic
anomalies: Two dimensional and three-dimensional bodies of arbitrary shape. Inversion of gravity &
magnetic anomalies Polygon boy, sheet, fault, dykes & basement interfaces, Fourier and Hilbert
transforms in gravity & magnetics. Mass estimation in gravity. Application of gravity and magnetic
methods for regional geological mapping, Oil exploration.
Books:
1. The Earth and its gravity field, A.A.Heiskanen and F.A Vening
2. Gravity and magnetics in oil prospecting, L.L.Nettleton
3. Gravity and magnetic methods, Rao, B.S.R and Murthy, I.V.R
4. Gravity and magnetic Interpretation in Exploration Geophysics,I.V.Radhakrishna Murthy
5. Marine Gravity, Peter Denelinagar
6. Applied Geophysics, W.W.Telford et. al
7. Introduction to Geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin
8. Interpretation theory in Applied Geophysics, F.S.Grant and West
9. Special issue on Geomagnetic methods and Lithospheric structure, Proc. Of Earth
and Planetary Sciences, Indian Academy of Sciences, Vol.99 (4), 1990
78
GP 202: GRAVITY & MAGNETIC METHODS
SECTION A
a. Greens theorem
b. Astatization
c. Diurnal correction
d. Magnetic anomaly
e. Diurnal correction
f. Thumb rules for sphere and cylinder
g. Gulatees rule
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Discuss the Natural remnant magnetization and mention determination of
susceptibility and density?
OR

a. Laplaces and Poissons equations b. Gauss Law c. Bouguer density
UNIT-II
4. Explain methodology and uses of gravity prospecting instruments?
OR
a. Proton precession magnetometer b. Flux gate magnetometer
UNIT-III
6. Describe the gravity survey methods and mention precautions that are to be taken?
OR
a. Gravity Anomalies
b. Dependence of magnetic anomalies on latitude and orientation
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss the qualitative interpretation of magnetic data in deciphering concealed
salt domes?
OR
a. Vertical derivative calculations b. Calculation of gravity anomaly over a

sphere
UNIT-V
10. Express a model of gravity anomaly over a concealed dyke rock and discuss?
OR
11. Explain the principles of following geophysical methods:
a. Interpretation of magnetized dyke-Koloumzine method
b. Oil exploration using gravity data.
79
GP 203: ELECTRICAL METHODS
Unit-I:
Basic Principles of electrical methods of prospecting. Classification of methods: Electrical properties of
rocks and minerals, Influence of(1) mineral composition (2) moisture and salinity (3) Temperature on
resistivity. DC methods of laboratory determination of resistivity. Two electrode, four electrode and
bridge methods. Basics of theory of DC Propagation in resistivity methods. Flow of current through
the earth media- Description of the potential and electrical field due to simple source of current
(monopole, dipole and linear sources). Current an potential distribution. Theory of optical images and
applications in electrical methods, Solution of Laplace equation in layered media.
Unit-II:
Basics of Resistivity methods of prospecting: Concepts of True and Apparent resistivities. Two
electrode, three electrode Dipole, Schlumberger, Wenner arrays and their Geometric factors, Principle
of reciprocity. Electrical Profiling (EP): Basics of electrical resistivity profiling. Response of EP with,
two electrode, Three electrode, Dipole- Dipole, Schlumberger & Wenner arrays over a vertical contact.
The unipole, combined and Schlumberger arrays and their use in different cases of prospecting,
Double and multi separation profiling. Field procedure and illustration of results and interpretation.
Unit-III:
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES): Apparent Resistivity over a layered earth. Master curves for
Schlumberger arrays- Types of two, three and multiplayer VES curves. Principles of Equivalence and
Principle of suppression. Forward modeling and inversion problems. Construction and interpretation
of VES curves by graphical (Curve matching) and Computer technique (Resistivity transforms,
principles of linear digital filtering).Field procedures and examples of applications. Buried electrode
method : Principle of operation of charge body (buried electrode) method & its uses Resistivity
imaging: Some fundamental concepts. Methods in resistivity imaging, field survey & uses.
Unit-IV:
Electrochemical Methods: S.P. Sources, origin of self-potentials - theories, nature of electro-chemical
processes (spontaneous polarization) in the earth. Exploration of sulphide ore bodies. Typical
responses over sphere and rod like bodies. Field procedure for S.P. surveys and interpretation
techniques. Geological applications
Unit -V:
Induced Polarization (IP) Method: sources of IP, membrane and electrode polarizations, Time domain
and Frequency domain measurement of IP, chargeability, percent frequency effect and metal factors,
apparent chargeability over layered earth. Field Procedure. Simple Interpretation Techniques.
Plotting methods Pseudo section plotting. Spectral IP relaxation models in spectral IP complex
resistivity electromagnetic coupling and capacitative coupling in IP - removal of EM coupling in
spectral IP Interpretation mineral discrimination by spectral IP Magnetic Induced Polarization
(MIP) method, Applications of IP Methods.
Books Recommended:
1. E.I. Parkhomenko 1967 Electrical Properties of Rocks Plenum Press, New
York.
2. Keller and Frischkeicht, 1966, Electrical methods in Geophysical Prospecting
Pergaon.
3. Telford W.N.,Geldart, L.P.Sheriff, R.F. and Keys, D.A., 1985 Applied
Geophysics, Cambridge univ.Press.
4. Stanislav Mares et al.. 1984, Introduction to Applied Geophysics, D.Reidel
Publishing.
5. D.S.Parasnis, 1977, Introduction to Apllied Geophysics, Published by Chapman
& Hall, London.
6. Patra and Bhattacharya 1969, Direct Current Geoelectrical Sounding, Elsevier.
7. Koefeed C, 1980, Principles of Geoelectrical Soundings, Elsevier.
8. Ward S.H., 1969 Mining Geophysics, SEG.
9. Electrical Imaging surveys for environmental and engineering studies. By M.H.Loke
80
GP 203: ELECTRICAL METHODS
SECTION A
a. Dielectric constant
b. Influence of temperature on resistivity
c. True and Apparent resistivities
d. Geometric factor
e. Principle of suppression
f. Vertical electrical sounding
g. SP anomalies
h. Pseudo section plotting
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe the principles of electrical methods of prospecting?
OR
a. Two electrode, four electrode methods b. Bridge methods
UNIT-II
4. Explain variation in electrode arrangement by Wenner and Schlumbergers
methods andevaluate resistivity of rocks?
OR
a. Dipole- Dipole arrays b. Principle of reciprocity
UNIT-III
6. Describe the construction and interpretation of VES curves by graphical (Curve
matching) and Computer techniques?
OR
a. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) b. Principle of buried electrode method
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss in detail about the SP interpretation over a buried polarized rod?
OR
a. Field procedure for S.P. surveys b. SP interpretation techniques
UNIT-V
10. What are membrane and electrode polarizations? Describe the time domain and
frequency domain measurement of IP?
OR
a. Electromagnetic coupling and capacitative coupling in IP
b. Magnetic Induced Polarization (MIP) method
81
GP 204 : GEOLOGY II
UNIT-I
Stratigraphy: Introduction - principles of Correlation. Fossils - uses of fossils - their importance in

statigraphy Physiographic divisions of India - Peninsular India, Indogangitic plain and Extra peninsular
India. Geological time scale and Stratigraphic units of India.
UNIT-II
Important Indian groups and systems: Archean and Dharwar System Introduction, distribution,
classification and economic importance. Study of Cuddapah Vindhyan Gondwana group Deccan
traps Siwaliks and Quaternary formations.
UNIT-III
Structural features of rocks. Stress and strain. Primary and secondary structures dip and strike. Folds:
Introduction classification and origin. Faults: Introduction classification and recognition and causes
of faulting. Joints: Introduction classification and origin. Unconformities: Definition Origin and
types.
UNIT-IV
Economic mineral deposits: Origin of ore deposits Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. Metallic
and Non metallic types - Placer minerals. Classification of coals - Origin, migration and entrapment of
petroleum deposits with special reference to KG basin.
UNIT-V
Physiographic divisions of seas and world oceans, Seamounts and guyots Properties of sea water:
Temperature, salinity and density Hotspot mechanism turbidity currents Mid oceanic ridge
system Coral reefs and their formation Island arcs trenches Deep sea sediments: placers on the
beach and shelves - Conditions for formation of polymettallic nodules.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1) Physical and engineering geology: S.K. Garg
2) A text book of geology: G.B. Mahapatra.
3) Principles of engineering geology: K.M. Bangar.
4) Submarine geology: P.H. Kunen.
5) Submarine geology: F.P. Sheppard.
6) Stratigraphy of India: M.S. Krishnan.
7) Structural geology: M.P. Billings.
8) Economic mineral deposits: A. M. Bateman.
9) Text book of Physical geology: G.B. Mahapatra.
82
GP 204: GEOLOGY-II
SECTION A

1.
a. Fossils and their uses
b. Archean System
c. Deccan traps
d. Folds and faults
e. Unconformities
f. Seamounts and guyots
g. Turbidity currents
h. Coral reefs
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe the role and importance of fossils in stratigraphy?
OR
a. Extra peninsular India
b. Geological time scale
UNIT-II
4. Explain about Archean and Dharwar Systems?
OR
5. Describe in detail about Siwaliks and Quaternary formations?
UNIT-III
a. Stress and strain
b. Dip and strike
OR
7. Discuss in detail about the classification and recognition and causes of faulting?
UNIT-IV
8. Explain about the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic ore deposits?
OR
9. Discuss in detail about the origin, migration and entrapment of petroleum deposits with
special reference to KG basin?
UNIT-V

a. Physiographic divisions of seas
b. Hotspot mechanism
OR
11. Describe in detail about the conditions for formation of polymettallic nodules?
83
CORE PRACTICALS
GP 205: GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC METHODS PRACTICAL
1. International Gravity formula

2. Reduction of gravity data by applying corrections to any real field example
3. Preparing gravity anomaly contour map from field data
4. Regional-residual separation by a) Graphical method b) Grid Methods
5. Construction of gravity profiles on some simple simple geometrical models (Sphere,
Horizontal circular cylinder, fault and prism)
6. Mass estimation in gravity prospecting
7. Second derivative calculations
8. Reduction of magnetic data by applying corrections to any real field example
9. Preparing magnetic anomaly contour map from field data
10. Magnetic profile interpretation of any published data
11. Total magnetic field anomaly over single pole and a dipole
12. Vertical magnetic anomalies over a horizontal circular cylinder, dyke, fault, sheet.
13. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies over a dyke
14. Magnetic anomalies over a dyke using Fourier transform.
GP 206: ELECTRICAL METHODS PRACTICAL
1. Self potential field survey and interpretation

2. Computation & interpretation of S. P. anomaly over a buried polarized rod.
3. Computaion & interpretation of S.P. anomaly over a buried polarized sphere
4. Computation of geometric factors & apparent resistivity for various resistivity field
layouts.
5. Graphical construction of VES curves
6. Analytical construction of VES curves
7. Interpretation of VES resistivity data of Wenner configuration
8. Interpretation of VES resistivity data of Schlumberger configuration
9. Interpretation of VES data by curve matching techniques
10. Qualitative interpretation of resistivity data obtained with profiling technique.
GP 207: GEOLOGY -II PRACTICAL
Structural Geology Lab:
1. Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections.

2. Structural problems of Folds, faults and joints concerning to economic mineral deposits
3. Recording and plotting of field data.
84
ELECTIVES THEORY
GP 209: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this paper is to introduce the knowledge of the origin of the earth,
its constitution, and various physical fields associated with it and how to use them in sub-surface
exploration of energy resources..
Unit I Origin of the earth and solar system, primary differentiation of earth and
composition of various zones, abundance of elements in the earth, rotation of the earth,
salient concepts of plate tectonics
Unit II The earths gravity field, force of gravity and surface of the earth, figure of
the earth, geoid and spheroid, gravity potential, Isostasy-Pratt-Hayford, Airy-Heiskanen
systems
Unit III Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity: The main Magnetic field, Magnetic
observatories, Magnetic charts, Magnetic field of internal and external origin, Origin
of the earths Magnetic field, Electrical fields in
Geophysics, Electrical properties of the earth, Electrical Resistivity
surveying
Unit IV Geochronology, Radioactive decay, dating of rocks, the earths heat and
thermal properties, the measurement of terrestrial heat flow, relationship of heat flow to
the radioactivity of the earth.
Unit V Seismology: Introduction, earthquakes and plate tectonics, subduction zones,

continental earthquakes and tectonics, seismic zoning, earthquake intensity,
magnitude, frequency, concepts of epicenter determination.
Reference Books:
1. Introduction of Geophysics, Howell

2. Physics and Geology, Jacobs and Russel
3. Physics of the earth, Stacy
4. The interior of the earth, M.H.P. Bott
5. Topics in Geophysics, P.J. Smith
6. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie
7. General Climatology, HJ. Critchfield
8. Earth, Press & Siever
85
Model Question Paper (Elective)
I YEAR, II Semester
GP 209: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A
a. Abundance of elements in the earth

b. Figure of the earth
c. Magnetic Charts
d. Magnetic elements and magnetic anomalies
e. Resistivity and Dielectric constant
f. Seismograph
g. Plate Tectonics
h. Earthquake magnitude and intensity
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe the origin of the earth and solar system in detail?.
OR
3. Discuss the salient features of plate tectonics? What are plate boundaries& plate tectonics?
UNIT-II
4. Describe the gravity field of the earth? Explain the gravity potential an its properties?
OR
5. Explain the concept of isostasy? Describe various theories of isostatic compensation?
UNIT-III

a. Magnetic field of internal and external origin
b. Laboratory measurement of electrical properties
OR
7. Describe the various theories regarding the origin of the earths magnetic field?
UNIT-IV
8. What are the laws of radioactive decay? Describe the measurement of terrestrial heat flow?
OR
9. Describe the relationship of heat flow to the radioactivity of the earth? Explain
about the continental and oceanic heat flows?
UNIT-V
a. Subduction zones
b. Seismic zoning
Earthquake frequency
OR
11. Describe the various methods for determination of focal depth and epicentre location of
earthquake?
86
GP 210: GEOMAGNETISM
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this paper is to understood the magnetic field of the earth and
how it interacts with its surroundings like space, planets and sun. Also the discussion of this leads to
the understanding of the effects of geo-magnetic field to the inhabitants of the earth in various ways
scientifically
Unit I
The main magnetic field, magnetic observatories, Instruments: Declination-Inclination, proton
precession, flux gate, optical pumping & SQUID magnetometers, magnetic elements & anomalies,
vector diagram & magnetic relations, magnetic charts, the magnetic dipole, the magnetic field of an
electric current, separation of geomagnetic fields of external & internal origin, the magnetic field of the
external origin, Ionosphere, , D & L variations, magnetic storms & Aurora.
Unit II
The magnetic field of the external origin, IGRF, the dipole field, the non-dipole field, secular variation,
westward drift, magnetic fields of the Sun, Moon & Planets, theories of the origins of the earths
magnetic field the permanent magnet hypothesis, Blacketts theory, the earth as a dynamo, the disc
dynamo, dynamo of Lowes an Wilkinson
Unit III
Rock Magnetism: Magnetic properties of rocks Dia, Para, Ferro, Antiferro & Ferrimagnetism, the
ternary oxide system of magnetic minerals, the titano-magnetite series, the magneto-hematite series,
other ferromagnetic minerals, Magnetic susceptibility of rocks. NRM in rocks, measuring instruments
Astatic & Parastatic magnetometers, Spinner & Cryogenic magnetometers.
Unit IV
Paleomagnetism : Remanent magnetism in rocks - TRM, DRM, CRM, VRM etc., hysteresis curve,
Isolation of remanance, cleaning methods, AF demagnetization, thermal demagnetization, laboratory
procedures, tests for stability, concepts of archeomagnetism
Unit V
Reversals of the geomagnetic field: Polarity of the geomagnetic field & its reversals,
Magnetostratigraphy geomagnetic time scale, projective methods of presenting paleomagnetic
data, magnetic latitude and co-latitude, calculation of mean direction of VGPs, paleomagnetic
poles & reconstruction, Paleomagnetism & plate tectonics Continental drift, northward drift of
India, results from different continents
Books:
1. Debate about the Earth, by H. Takenchi, S.Uyeda & H. Kanamori

2. Fundamentals of Geophysics by William Lowrie
3. Geomagnetism by Sydney Chapman
4. Applications of Paleomagnetism by E. Erwing
5. Paleomagnetism and Continents by JDA Piper
6. Paleomagnetism and plate tectonics by MW McElhimy
7. Principles and applications of paleomagnetism by D.H.Tarling
8. History of Earths magnetic field by David W. Strangeway
87
Model Question Paper (Elective), I YEAR, II Semester
GP 210: GEOMAGNETISM
SECTION A
a. Main magnetic field of the earth

b. Magnetic Aurora
c. Secular Variation
d. Magnetic elements and magnetic anomalies
e. Natural Remanant Magnetization
f. Archeomagnetism
g. Polarity Reversals
h. Magnetostratigraphy
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. What are magnetic elements? Explain diagrammatically. How do you prepare magnetic charts?
OR
3. Discuss in detail about ionosphere, magnetosphere? What are , D & L variations
UNIT-II
4. What is IGRF? Describe the dynamo theory of geomagnetic field origin?

OR
5. Explain the magnetic fields of sun, moon and planets?
UNIT-III
a. Titanomagetite and titanohematite series
b. Ferro and ferrimagnetism in rocks
OR
7. Describe the construction and working of Spinner magnetometer?
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss TRM, CRM and VRM?
OR
9. Explain thermal demagnetization and laboratory procedure?
UNIT-V
a. Geomagnetic time scale
b. Polarity reversals of the geomagnetic field
OR
11. How do you calculate the mean direction of virtual geomagnetic poles?
88
DR.B.R.AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY,ETCHERLA, SRIKAKULAM
M.SC. (GEOPHYSICS)
SECOND YEAR-THIRD SEMESTER SYLLABUS
CORE - THEORY
GP 301: SIGNAL PROCESSING AND INVERSION THEORY

Unit I
Introduction, Definition of signal and noise, various signal classes such as continuous, piece wise
continuous, absolute integrable, singularity, unit impulse, unit step, etc. Fourier series and
Fourier Transforms: Time and frequency domain, relations between various operations in both
the domain, Fourier Transform and its properties, Fourier Transforms of some important
functions: Rectangular, exponential functions, singularity functions and periodic functions.
Unit II
Time-series analysis: Discrete time signals, Correlation and convolution functions, impulse
response and Transfer function spectrum of observational data: Discrete Fourier Transform
(DFT), FFT, Laplace transforms, Z-Transforms, Delay properties of wavelets.
Unit III
Band limited signals: Properties, Sampling Theorem, Nyquist frequency, Aliasing, Sampling of band
and time limited signals; Effect of sampling on spectrum and vice-versa; reproduction of continuous
function from sampled data. Importance and effects of Windowing, Gibbs phenomenon, spectral
leakage, various types of windows; power spectrum; Estimation of power spectrum, Wiener Khinchin
theorem, use of various windows in power spectrum computation, spectrum computation via
Auto-correlation and Periodogram.
Unit IV
Digital filtering: Design of digital filters, amplitude and phase response of various filters; one-sided
and two sided filters, low-pass, high pass and band-pass, optimum filters, Butter worth filter,
Recursive and non-recursive filters, optimal and Weiner filters, Deconvolution and predictive
deconvolution.
Unit-V
Inversion Theory: Introduction, Fundamentals of Inversion, Linear Inversion, Non-Linear
Inversion, Incorporating prior information, Parametric Inversion, Assessing the uncertainty in
inverted models.
Reference Books:
1. Spectral analysis in Geophysics, Markus Bath
2. Theory and application of digital signal processing, Rabiner,L.R and Gold, B.
3. Digital signal processing and time series analysis, Enders A.Robinson
4. Statistical theory of communication, Y.W.Lee
5. Analysis of Geophysical Potential Fields, P.S.Naidu&M.P.Mathew
6. Seismic Filtering, Nathan Rothenburg, SEG publication
7. Time sequence analysis in Geophysics, E.R.Kanasewich
8. Signal Analysis, B.P.Lathy
9. Inverse problem theory, Tarantola.A,1987
10.Solutions of ill-posed problems, Tikhonov.A.V, and Arsenin.V.Y, 1977
11.Computational methods for Inverse problems, Vogel.C.R, 2001
12.Optimisation theory and application, S.S.Rao, Frank Press and Raymond Seiver,
W.H.Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
89
Model Question Paper, M.Sc. Geophysics, III Semester
GP 301: SIGNAL PROCESSING AND INVERSION THEORY
SECTION A

1.
a. Signal and noise
b. Periodic functions
c. Convolution
d. Fast Fourier transform
e. Nyquist frequency
f. Windowing
g. Band-pass filters
h. Linear Inversion
SECTION B
UNIT-I
a. Continuous, piece wise continuous
b. Properties of Fourier Transforms
OR
3. Describe the Fourier Transforms for (a) Rectangular function (b) Exponential functions (c)
Singularity function
UNIT-II
a. Discrete time signals
b. Correlation and auto-correlation functions
OR
5. Discuss in detail about the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)?
UNIT-III
6. State and explain the sampling theorem? What is Aliasing?
OR
a. Gibbs phenomenon
b. Wiener Khinchin theorem
UNIT-IV
8. What id digital filtering and discuss the theory of filter design?
OR
a. Butter worth filter
b. Predictive deconvolution.
UNIT-V
10. Discuss in detail about Linear Inversion and Non-Linear Inversion?
OR
11. Explain about the assessing the uncertainty in inverted models?
90
GP 302 : SEISMIC METHODS
Unit I:
Principles of elasticity: stress and strain, Hooks law, Elastic moduli, wave equations, Huygens &
Fermats Principles, Zoeppritz equations, refraction, reflection, critical refraction, diffraction,
attenuation & absorption of seismic waves, acoustic impedance, surface waves, dispersion multiples,
reflection and transmission coefficients. Elastic wave velocities of rocks, P and S-wave velocities,
anisotropy, attenuation, factors affecting velocity, different types of velocities
Unit- II:
Electromagnetic geophone and its performance, damping coefficient, hydrophones, different arrays,
streamer, analog data acquisition, amplifiers, filters, gain control and recording types. Seismic energy
sources for land and marine surveys Dynamite thumper, deposes, vibroseis, land air gun, pinger,
boomer, sparker, airgun, water gun, vaporchoc etc. Controlled explosions, shot control, source arrays,
energy content, frequency. Geometry of ray paths, refraction and reflection, horizontal layers and
dipping layers, NMO and dip move out, velocity inversion, low velocity layer, blind zone, hidden layer
problem.
Unit-III:
Digital data acquisition, digital field system, Telemetry systems, wire line and radio telemetry, telemetry
system configuration and specifications. Dynamic range of signals, noise. Ambient and electrical
noises and their nature and attenuation requirements. Single channel and multi channel surveys, field
layouts and shooting procedures for land and marine 2D surveys, split spread and end-on spreads,
CDP procedures for land and marine surveys, stacking chart. 3D surveys, 3D layouts.
Unit-IV:
Refraction data processing: Reduction of refraction data & corrections, Long refraction profiles,
reversed and un-reversed profiles, interpretation of refraction data, analysis of refraction records,
plus-minus, delay time & reciprocal methods, forward modeling, masked layers and hidden layers,
reduction and interpretation of sonobuoy data.
Reflection data processing: static and dynamic corrections, seismic velocities, velocity determination.
Velocity analysis Velocity spectra & scans, Semblance, whitening, Digital filtering - time variant
frequency filtering, inverse filtering (Deconvolution), apparent velocity filtering. AVO analysis,
different methods of migration finite difference, wave equation, Kirchoffs migration, continuation
etc., Pre-stack & Post-stack migration, automatic migration, wavelet processing, Vertical seismic
profiling (VSP).
Unit V:
Preparation of seismic sections, analysis of analog records, automatic processing of digital seismic
data, Seismic section plotting, display types, picking of events, marking- isochron & isopach of maps,
Concepts of seismic stratigraphy depositional patterns, seismic sequence, seismic facies, reflection
character, synthetic seismogram, modeling concepts, 4C,4D recording, seismic tomography, reservoir
applications of petrophysics concepts, geological interpretation, application of reflection method-
exploration for oil and gas, groundwater, coal, mineral deposits, gas hydrates, etc., engineering
applications, crustal studies, structural and stratigraphic traps, identification of geological structures
like anticlines, faults, salt domes etc,
Books:
1. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, M.B.Dobrin.
2. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al.
3. Exploration seismology, Sheriff. R.E.
4. Seismic exploration fundamentals, J.A.Coffeen.
5. A hand book for seismic data acquisition, Brain J Evans
6. Designing seismic surveys in two and three dimensions, Dale G Stone
7. An introduction to seismic interpretation, R. Mcquillin et.al.
8. Seismic stratigraphy-application to hydrocarbon exploration Ed. By Charles Payton.
9. Fundamentals of seismic tomography, Lo and Inderweisen
10. Reservoir studies, SEG publication.
91
GP 302: SEISMIC METHODS
SECTION A
a. Elastic modulli
b. Huygens Principle
c. Airgun
d. Velocity inversion
e. Telemetry
f. CDP procedures
g. AVO analysis
h. Identification of saltdome
SECTION B
UNIT-I
a. Zoeppritz equations
b. Reflection and transmission coefficients
OR
3. What are the different types of seismic velocities? Discuss the factors affecting the
velocity of rocks?
UNIT-II
4. Explain the construction and working of electromagnetic geophone? Discuss its performance and
damping charectiristics?
OR
a. Analog seismc data acquisition
b. Blind zone and hidden layer problems
UNIT-III
6. Describe radio-telemetry system configuration, specification and mention its application in

channel surveys?
OR
a. 3D surveys and 3D layouts
b. Digital data acquisition and application
UNIT-IV
8. Briefly mention a specific model you have prepared from refraction profile analysis?
OR
a. Dynamic corrections
b. Migration of seismic data
UNIT-V
10. Discuss in detail about the preparation of seismic sections and seismic section plotting?
OR
a. Seismic exploration of coal deposits
b. Seismic data- fault identification
92
GP 303: ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
Unit-I:
Principles of Electromagnetic Prospecting: Primary field, Secondary field, Total field, Anomaly field,
amplitude, phase, real and imaginary components, Description of elliptic polarization, relation between the
major and minor axis of ellipse of polarization with real and imaginary components of secondary field. EM
wave propagation in conductive medium-skin depth. Classification of Electromagnetic methods: Methods
using artificial sources (consisting of two groups) (1)Harmonically varying field, (2) transient fields, of
which the first can be sub-divided into (a) Low frequency and (b) Radio frequency method and Natural
field methods (Magneto telluric group of methods and AFMAC). Sub-classification based on application
(ore prospecting, oil and gas investigations) and source employed. Different variants (surface, sub surface
and airborne).
Unit-II:
Methods using Man-made fields:
A. Surface low frequency methods: Effect of the change in the Frequency on the primary field,
conductivity and magnetic permeability on the secondary field , discussion using the response of a
conducting permeable sphere in uniform E.M. field. Effect of over burden and ore bearing rocks on the
response of local conductor (only discussion)
(a) Description of dipole induction profiling (horizontal loop or Slingram Method). Principles of the
equipment, field procedure, quantitative Interpretation of anomalies for plate shape bodies.
(b) Tilt Angle Technique Schematic representation of results over conductive bodies (as given in Mining
Geophysics by Parasnis.)
(c)Turam Method principles of equipment, field procedures, some qualitative interpretation techniques
(as given in the book Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting by Keller and Frischnet).
Unit-III:
B. Surface Transient Methods: Comparison with harmonic methods, description of different
configurations, principles of equipment, general field procedures, simple, interpretation techniques.
C. Surface High Frequency Methods: General principles, equipment, field procedure and
interpretation of (a) Radiowave mapping, (b) Radiowave absorption (c) Ground-penetrating radar
D. Airborne EM Methods Principles, advantages and disadvantages, General description of
INPUT, VLF & Resolved component measuring system.
E. General Principles of Borehole EM Methods: Advantages and Capabilities
F. Principles of EM Sounding by using (a) Harmonic field (b) Transient field, Principles of
equipment, field procedure, description (without mathematical treatment) of theoretical curves and
interpretation.
Unit-IV:
Methods using Natural Fields: a) AFMAG Method-Surface and Airborne versions (as given in the book
Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting by Keller & Frinchnell b) Magnetotelluric method: Sources
of MT signal, , impedance tensor ..Theory of electromagnetic wave propagation in horizontally layered earth
and response over multi layered earth. Principles of Equipment & Field procedure. Data processing and
analysis auto and cross spectra. Processing & interpretation of MT data over a two /multi layered earth,
strike, rotation, polar diagram, tipper, skew, ellipticity, TE and TM modes .Application of MT methods.
Remote Reference & Magneto-Telluric Profiling and their applications:(c) Telluric Current Method Basic
equations governing telluric field, field procedure, principles of equipment, processing of records by
method of ellipses and interpretation of telluric parameters and maps.
Applications of EM prospecting in geological mapping, mineral and Groundwater exploration.
Unit- V:
Geomagnetic depth soundings: Origin and classification of long period geomagnetic Variations,
separation of magnetic field of internal and external origin, normal and anomalous fields.
Interpretation of Geomagnetic depth sounding data, Magnetometer array studies, principles of Ocean
Bottom Electromagnetic methods.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Parasnis, D.S., 1973, Mining Geophysics Elsevier.
2. Keller, G.V. Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting Frischnett, Pergamon.
3. Patra, H.P. &Mallick, K., Principles of Geoelectric SoundingsVol. II Elsevier.
4. Telford, W.K., Geldart, L.P., Sheriff, R.F. and Keys, D.A. Applied Geophysics Cambridge Univ. Press
93
GP 303: ELECTTROMAGNETIC METHODS
SECTION A
Each answer should not exceed one page or 200 words. 5 X 4 = 20
Write notes on the any five of the following:

a. Primary and secondary fields-Vector diagram
b. AFMAG technique
c. Slingram method
d. Ground-penetrating radar
e. VLF Method
f. Impedence tensor
g. Telluric currents
h. Geomagnetic depth sounding
SECTION B
Answer ALL questionsEach answer should not exceed five pages or 1000 words. 5 X 12 = 60
UNIT-I
2. Discuss elliptic polarization? What is the relation between the major and minor axis of
ellipse of polarization with real and imaginary components of secondary field?
OR
3. Briefly mention the basic methods of electromagnetic induction application in
exploration?
UNIT-II
4. Discuss the response of a conducting permeable sphere in uniform E.M. field ? Explain the
effect of frequency and magnetic permeability?
OR
5. Describe the principle of Turam Method? Explain the equipment, field procedures and qualitative
interpretation in Turam Method?
UNIT-III
6. Describe the description of different configurations, principles of equipment, general field

procedures for surface transient methods?
OR
a. INPUT Method
b. Borehole EM method
UNIT-IV
8. What is the principle of Magnetotelluric method? Explain the Processing & interpretation of
MT data over a two and multi layered earth?
OR
9. Explain the method of processing of MT records by method of ellipses and interpretation of

telluric parameters and maps?
UNIT-V
10. Explain about the separation of magnetic field of internal and external origin
OR
11. Discuss the principles of Ocean Bottom Electromagnetic methods?
94
GP 304: WELL LOGGING AND RESERVOIR ANALYSIS
Unit-I: Reservoirs characteristics and objectives of well logging. Reservoir Rocks: Clastic and
carbonate rocks. Reservoir Properties: Porosity, permeability, fluid saturation, need of drilling
fluids & their properties. Borehole environment- invasion process and various profiles.
Classification of well logging methods, Spontaneous Potential ( SP ) logging : Spontaneous
potentials in boreholes and its sources. SSP and its measurements. SP curves and its
interpretation, factors affecting the shape and amplitude of SP curve.. Determination of
formation water resistivity from SP logs.
Unit-II: Principles of Non focussed resistivity logging: Single Point Resistance (SPR)log,
Conventional(normal, lateral) resistivity logs and their response across a layer of anomalous
resistivity Principles of operations of Focused current logs : Laterolog 3, Laterolog-7 and Dual
Laterolog.-Pseudo geometrical factor, environmental corrections. Interpretation of Later logs.
Principles of Micro Resistivity (Wall) logging. micro- normal, micro-lateral and focused micro
logs. Applications. The Induction log principles, Geometric theory, Dual Induction Focussed
Logs and its uses.
Unit-III: Radioactivity and Nuclear Logging Methods: Principle of natural gamma logging - Causes
of natural radioactivity in rocks and use of gamma logs for litho logical & shaliness
identification. Spectral Gamma Ray log & uses. Principle of gamma-gamma (density)
logging,-Litho Density tool (LDT)-Compensated Density tool (CDL) and their uses.
Principles of Neutron .Neutron logs and their uses. Acoustic (sonic) logging - Principles
and uses. Thermal, Caliper logging and their applications
Unit-IV: Field Instrumentation for Geophysical Logging and Field Procedures. Well log
interpretation - Quick look techniques, Hingle, Pickett & M-N cross plots, saturation
estimation, lithology, porosity (primary and secondary) determination, Log interpretation
case studies. Sub-surface correlation and mapping from log data. Application of Well logging
for (a) Groundwater, (b) Ore Minerals, (c)Petroleum & Gas.
Unit V: Reservoir Properties: Porosity, Permeability, Thickness, Temperature, Flow Types, Flow rates,
Wire line sampling pressures, thief zones, Perforations, Leaks, Cement Repairs, Yield &
sustainability, Water Hold up, Slippage Velocity, Repeat Formation Tester, Modular
Dynamic Tester. Production Logs: Thermal Decay Time Log, Temperature Log, Continuous
Flow Meter, Backer Flow meter, Spinner Flow meter, Manometer, Gradio-manometer, Radio
Active Tracers, Multi finger Caliper-Casing Inspection tool.
Recommended Books:
1 Serra, 1984, Fundamentals of well log interpretation-1.The acquisition of Logging data., Elsevier
Science Publishers ,B.V
2 Serra, 1986, fundamentals of well log interpretation-2.The acquisition of Logging data., Elsevier
Science Publishers ,B.V
3. Vaish, J.P.1997, Geophysical Well logging: Principles and practices, Asian Books PVT.Ltd.,NewDelhi
4. John T.Dewan, 1983, Essential of Modern open hole log interpretation, Pennwell Books
Pennwell Publ.Co.,Tusla, Oklahoma
5. Brock, James .G. 1986. Applied open hole log analysis, Gulf Publ. Co.,Houston,Texas
6. Itenberg,S.S. 1971, Study of oil and gas series from Well logs, Mir. Pub.Moscow
7. Schlumberger, 1972 ,Essential of log interpretation Practice . Schlumberger ., France
8. Schlumberger, 1969 ,Log interpretation Principles and charts, Schlumberger. Ltd.,USA.
9. Ed.J.Lynch .,1964, Formation and evaluation, Harper and Row , Japan and US
10. Syllvin, J,Pirson,1963., Hand Book of Well log Analysis, Prentice ., Hall , Inc.
11. Bore hole Geophysics Applied to Ground water investigations by W.Scott Keys.US
Geological Survey Open File Report, 87-539
12. Dresser Atlas, 1982 Well Logging and Interpretation techniques - Dresser Industries Inc
13. The Geological Interpretation Of Well Logs. By M.H.Rider-1986.
95
GP 304: WELL LOGGING AND RESERVOIR ANALYSIS
SECTION A
a. Drilling fluids
b. SP logs
c. Dual Laterolog
d. Induction log principle
e. Litho Density tool
f. Acoustic logging uses
g. Cross plots,
h. Slippage Velocity
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe the principle of well logging? Explain borehole environment and invasion process
in detail?
OR
a. Sources of spontaneous potentials in boreholes
b. Determination of formation water resistivity from SP logs
UNIT-II
4. Discuss about the conventional resistivity logs and their response across a layer of anomalous
resistivity?
OR
a. Laterolog 3 and Laterolog-7
b. Focused micro logs
UNIT-III
6. Mention the basic principles of radioactivity with examples?

OR
a. Sonic Velocities
b. Cased hole Logs- CBL and VDL
UNIT-IV
8. Briefly mention the log data interpretation of lithology/porosity/permeability

etc.? OR
a. Hydrocarbon zone identification
b. Coal bearing zone identification
UNIT-V
10. Describe the physical properties of the reservoirs?
OR
a. Thief zones
b. Spinner Flow meter c. Radio Active Tracers
96
CORE - PRACTICALS
GP 305: SEISMIC METHODS PRACTICAL

1. Attenuation and absorption characteristics of seismic waves
2. Calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients for different geological interfaces
3. Response of the geophone array
4. Computation of travel-times for direct, reflected and refracted waves
5. Construction of refraction travel time curves for three layer case
6. Analysis of travel times
7. Velocity inversion process
8. Construction of travel times for 3-layer medium when middle layer is thin
9. Interpretation of refraction data (Dipping layers)
10. Calculation of average and interval velocities using well data
11. Preparation of stacking chart
12. Preparation of depth section from intercept times
GP 306: ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS PRACTICAL

1. Calculation of longitudinal conductance from MT data
2. Attenuation of Electromagnetic wave
3. Skin depth calculations
4. Bostick depth inversion
5. Karous - Hjelt filter for computing VLF current density at a depth
6. Computation of forward response & AMT response of two layer earth
7. Interpretation of quadrature system Air-borne E.M. data over a half-plane.
8. Interpretation of airborne double-dipole system data over a vertical sheet
9. Double dipole AEM response of spherical conductor
10. Interpretation of conductivity and depth for a vertical sheet using nomograms
11. Vertical sheet data interpretation using coaxial coil airborne E.M. nomogram.
12. Interpretation of thin vertical dyke over a maximum coupled airborne system
13. Nomogram interpretation of conductivity, air-craft height for a conductive half-space.
14. Estimating telluric parameter from triangle method
15. Estimating dip & amplitude correction of a given half-plane
97
GP 307: WELL LOGGING & RESERVOIR ANALYSIS PRACTICAL
1. Variation of resistivity of water with temperature and salinity
2. Determination of cementation factor using Archies equation
3. Determination of formation water resistivity using Arps empirical formula
4. Estimation of shale content through SP-curve
5. Determination of water saturation through empirical resistivity ratio method
6. Computation of the formation water resistivity from SP-log
7. Determination of water saturation through nomogram method
8. Determination of formation water resistivity from SSP-charts
9. Estimation of shale content through shale indicator (or) gamma-ray log
10. Estimation of porosity from sonic log
11. Estimation of porosity from density log
12. Computation of following reservoir properties from well logging data
a) Formation water
b) Porosity from resistivity, density, neutron & acoustic logs
c) Water saturation
d) Hydrocarbon saturation
98
ELECTIVE THEORY
GP 309: GROUND WATER RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this study includes the origin of ground water, its occurrence &
development, its role in the progress of human civilization. Also, it provides the knowledge of how to
recharge and store ground water, preventive measures to avoid uncontamination of ground water &
water resources management
UNIT I Concept of Hydrology - Hydrology as a science - Historical development of Hydrology
The significance of water in different fields of anthropogenic human activities and its
role in the development of civilization water resources of the Earth Global water
budget Interrelation between hydrological processes and atmosphere, hydrosphere
and Lithosphere Surface water bodies Hydrologic cycle
UNIT II Elements of Hydrometeorology: Water Vapor Atmospheric Humidity Formation

and Types of Clouds India Weather systems and Monsoons Precipitation
formation processes Measurement of Precipitation Evaporation and
Evapotranspiration processes Measurement of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
UNIT III Elements of Groundwater Hydrology: Occurrence & Distribution of groundwater

Darcys law porosity, specific yield, specific retention - permeability, hydraulic
conductivity, Transmissivity Aquifers Aquiclude, Aquifuge and Aquitard - Confined
and Unconfined aquifers - Artificial recharge Methods: Basin method, stream channel
method, ditch and furrow method, flooding method, irrigation method, pit method
and recharge well method - Rainwater Harvesting - Dug and tube wells. Ground
water & Well hydraulics
UNIT IV Water quality & Environmental Hydrology: Chemical dissolved constituents major,
minor and traces in groundwaters sampling of waters from different water bodies
measurement of major ions pH and conductivity Representation of Water quality
data Suitability of water for drinking , agriculture, industry and recreational use
Drinking water standards, BIS,WHO
UNIT V Watershed Management concept: Land use pattern of a Watershed Contour

Demarcation, leveling and shaping, Bunding, Check dams, Gulley control Different
types of irrigation systems Socio Economical planning of watershed management
Sustainable Development and Management of Water Resources An integrated
approach
Books:
1. Groundwater Resources Evaluation, W.C.Walton
2. Physical principles of water percolation and seepage, J. Bear et al
3. Groundwater Hydrology, D.K.Todd
4. Theory of Groundwater, A.Varrujt
5. Advances in Hydro-sciences, Ven Te Chow
6. Computer simulation Techniques in Hydrology, George Fleming
7. Hydrology, H.M.Raghunath
8. Introduction to Hydrology, W. Viessman
9. Groundwater, H.M.Raghunath
10. Applied Hydrogeology , E.W.Fetter
11. Watershed Management, J.V.S.Murthy
12. Facets of Hydrology, John C Rodda
13. Watershed Development, V.V.J.Sarma, C.Subba Rao and N.V.B.S.S.Prasad
14. Hydrology &Watershed Management, B.Venkateswara Rao
15. A Text book of Hydrology P.Jayarami Reddi
99
Model Question Paper (Elective), II Year III Semester
GP 309: Ground Water Resources an Management
SECTION A
a. Global water budget

b. Hydrological cycle
c. Atmospheric Humidity
d. Evapotranspiration
e. Types of aquifers
f. Darcy's law
g. Quality of groundwater
h. Check Dams
SECTION B
Each answer should not exceed five pages or 1000 words.
5 X 12 = 60
UNIT-I
1. Describe the significance of water in different fields of anthropogenic human
activities and its role in the development of civilizations?
OR
2. Explain the interrelation between hydrological processes and atmosphere, hydrosphere and
Lithosphere?
UNIT-II
3. Explain the formation of clouds? Describe Indian weather systems and monsoons?
OR
4. Describe the processes of evaporation and evapo-transpiration processes? How
can you measure evaporation and evapo-transpiration ?
UNIT-III
5. Describe the occurrence & distribution of groundwater? What are confined and unconfined
aquifers?
OR
6. Discuss in detail about the various artificial recharge methods?
UNIT-IV
7. Discuss in detail about the quality of ground water? What are the major, minor and traces in
groundwaters ?
OR
8. Explain in detail the measurement of major ions , pH and conductivity in ground water?
UNIT-V
a. Contour Demarcation,
b. Gulley control & Different types of irrigation systems
OR
10. Explain in detail sustainable development and management of water

resources-An integrated approach?
100
GP 310 : TECTONICS AND GEODYNAMICS
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this study includes the understanding of earths surface features
and their relation to the sub-surface physical processes. The various physical & dynamic mechanisms
are discussed which leads to the formation of various surface geological features like mountains,
oceans, earthquakes etc.
Unit I:
When the earth moves: An introduction to vertical and horizontal tectonics through history of
geologic thought. Continental drift: Super continents, Pangea,Gondwana land and its break up,
Geophysical Evidences for continental drift and drift of India, Indian Ocean floor its evolution
and active lithospheric processes.
Unit II:
The lithosphere, Distribution of Plates, Major and Minor plates, Kinds of Plate Margins-
Constructive, destructive and conservative plates, Characteristics and processes at accreting and
consuming plate boundaries, Stability and stress distribution with in plates, active and passive
continental margins, marginal basins, transform faults.
Unit III:
Differences between plate tectonics and continental Drift, magnetostratigraphy, paleomagnetism, Plate
tectonics and mountain building, relative motion of the plates, Methods of measuring plate motions,
Causes of plate motions, Eulers pole of rotation, Forces acting on the lithospheric plates, the Wilson
cycle, Continental collisions, seismicity and Intraplate earthquakes.
Unit IV:
Eustatic movements, Evidences of sea level changes, Global sea level changes, sea level
changes during the Quaternary period, Pre-quaternary sea level changes, Mechanism of sea
level change, Impact of sea level changes. Brief description of structure and composition of the
oceanic and continental crusts, upper and lower mantle and core (inner and outer), Rheological
effects of lithosphere, Brittle and ductile deformation, creep mechanism in the earth, Rigidity
of Lithosphere, flexure of plates and compensation models in lithospheric studies. Stresses in
the Lithosphere and their sources.
Unit V:
Convection: Mantle viscosity, Concepts of mantle convection Models, Coupling between plates
and mantle convection, Hot spots and Mantle plumes, Plume generation Mechanism, Evidence
for mantle plumes from seismology and Geoid, Deep Continental structure of India-Sources of
data, Suggested crustal column, seismic velocity structure, Heat flow and seismicity structure,
evaluation of tectonic stress, Plate tectonics and evolution of Himalayas, models based on
gravity, DSS data and seismicity (Brief description only).
Reference Books:
1. Plate tectonics and geomagnetic Reversals, Allan Cox, Free Man and Company,1973.
2. Developments in Geotectonics, Xavier Le Pichon, Jean Francheteau and Jean Bonnin, Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company, 1973.
3. The earths Dybnamic Suirface, K Siddhartha, Kisalaya Pub Pvt. Ltd. 1999
4. Fundamentals of Geophysics, William Lowrie, Cambridge Low Price Edition, 1997.
5. Geodynamics by Turcotte
6. Interior of Earth by M.H.P. Bott
7. The Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics by David E. James
8. Plate Tectonics and Crustal Evolution by Kent C. Condie
9. Deep Continental structure of India: A review, T.M.Mahadevan, Memoir 28, Geological Society of
India, 1994.
10.Geodynamics of the Indian Peninsula and the Indian Plate Margin, R.K.Verma, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, 1991.
11.Gravity field, seismicity and tectonics of Indian peninsula and the Himalayas by R.K. Verma
101
Model Question Paper (Elective)
II Year III Semester
GP 310: TECTONICS AND GEODYNAMICS

SECTION A
a. Super continent
b. Paleomagnetism
c. Plate boundaries
d. Transform faults
e. Intraplate earthquakes
f. Global sea level changes
g. Brittle & ductile deformation
h. Hot spots
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Describe the evolution of Indian Ocean floor in detail?
OR
a. Continental drift
b. Breakup of Gondwana land
UNIT-II
4. Distinguish between active and passive continental margins. Also discuss stability an stress
distribution within plates?
OR
a. Types of plate margins
b. Process of accretion an plate consumption
UNIT-III
6. Distinguish between plate tectonics and sea floor spreading. Also explain mountain building
with reference to plate tectonics?
OR
a. Magnetistratigraphy
b. Methods of measuring plate motions
. UNIT-IV
8. What are eustatic sea level changes? Discuss the quaternary and pre-quaternary sea level
changes?
OR
a. Structure and composition of crust an mantle
b. Stress sources in the lithosphere
UNIT-V
10. Discuss about mantle plumes and hot spots? Briefly explain the deep continental structure of
India from the various sources of data?
OR
a. Heat flow in India b. Mechanism of plume generation
102
M.SC. (GEOPHYSICS)
SECOND YEAR-FOURTH SEMESTER SYLLABUS
CORE - THEORY
GP 401: MINING, GROUND WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICS
Unit I
Crustal layers-upper and lower, Different elements in the crust, Precious and other useful
substances in the upper crustal layers, Metallogenic provinces and periods. Classification of
mineral deposits Metallic and non metallic, Classification of metallic deposits-Ferrous and non
ferrous, Base and noble metals, Sulphides, Oxides, Silicates and Carbonates, Processes of
formation of mineral deposits Igneous activity, Sedimentation, Metamorphism, Weathering
and Erosion, Hydrothermal processes.
Unit II
Mineral deposits of India -Base metals and Ferrous metals, Geological mapping-Geophysical methods,
Sulphide ores-Massive and disseminated ores-Prospecting strategies-examples, Iron ores-Strong and
weak magnetic iron ores, genesis-prospecting.
Unit III
Manganese, Chromium, Placers-Prospecting strategies, Diamonds, Genesis of coal deposits of India -
Geophysical prospecting, Logging in mineral exploration, Synergic interpretation.
Unit IV
Ground water occurrence Igneous-Metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, Types of aquifers and their
hydrological significance, Vertical distribution of water, surface investigations of
groundwater-Geological method-Remote sensing-Hydrobotanical, Review of electrical resistivity and
seismic refraction methods Groundwater exploration, Buried channels, Sea water intrusion.
Unit V
Geophysics and earths environment, Environmental problems amenable to solution by geophysical
means, Engineering Geophysical problems, Survey procedures-modifications only for Environmental
and Engineering Geophysics-Gravity, Magnetic, Seismic, Electrical and E.M, Radioactive and
Geothermal surveys, Examples.
Reference Books:
1. Mining Geophysics, SEG, Volume-I
2. Ground water Hydrology, D.K.Todd
3. Geophysical practice in mineral exploration and Mapping, T.S.Rama Krishna
103
Model Question Paper, M.Sc. Geophysics, IV Semester
GP 401: MINING, GROUND WATER AND ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A

1.
a. Metallogenic provinces
b. Base and noble metals
c. Sulphide ores
d. Placer Deposits
e. Iron ores
f. Diamonds and Kimberlite pipes
g. Aquifers
h. Buried channels
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Explain briefly about different elements in the crust and other useful
substances in the
upper crustal layers ?
OR
a. Ferrous and non ferrous deposits
b. Hydrothermal processes
UNIT-II
4. Explain methodology of Geological mapping and Geophysical methods for mineral and ore
exploration? OR
5. Write the prospecting strategies for Sulphide ores with suitable examples?
UNIT-III
6. Describe in detail about the genesis of coal deposits of India?
OR
7. Describe in detail about the role of logging in mineral exploration?
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss in detail about Ground water occurrence and vertical distribution of water?
OR
a. Investigations of groundwater -Remote sensing
b. Sea water intrusion.
UNIT-V
10. Discuss how environmental problems amenable to solution by geophysical means?
OR
11. Explain the environmental survey procedures by following methods:
a. Gravity and Magnetics
b. Radioactive and Geothermal surveys
104
GP 402: MARINE GEOPHYSICS
Unit I:
Physiography and divisions of the sea floor, continental shelves, slopes and aprons, submarine
canyons and deep sea channels, sea mounts and abyssal plains, turbidity currents and
submarine sedimentation, the mid oceanic ridge systems and its structure, aseismic ridges,
various types of ridges in the Indian ocean region, the continental fracture system and island
arcs, occurrence of offshore mineral deposits and hydrocarbons, hotspots, mineral resources of
the sea: surficial deposits of the shelf and deep sea, heavy mineral placers, calcareous shells,
pearl oysters, phosphorites, glauconite, barium sulfate carcretions, sand and gravel, extensions
of ore deposits, hydrocarbon potential of the shelf and offshore sedimentary basins.
Unit II:
Geophysical instrumentation and surveys: Adaptation of geophysical instruments for marine
surveys, Measurements at the sea surface and under water, geophysical equipment currently in
use and board research vessels, complement of equipment on board the survey ship and layout
of equipment, towing logistics, survey procedures and planning of survey lines, marine
magnetometers, marine gravimeters, surface and under water gravimeters, Graf Askanian,
Lacoste Romberg and vibrating string gravimeters, calculation of gravity anomalies.
Unit III:
Map projections: Different kinds of map projections, Position fixing at sea: long range
and short range systems, integrated satellite navigation, Global
Positioning System (GPS), Bathymetry: echosounding, bathymetric charts, bathymetry as an
adjunct to geophysical surveys, submersibles, seabed mapping by side scan sonar,
multibeam, lider and other surveys, seabed sampling, dredging and coring, marine geophysical
surveys for sealed resources, site selection for production platforms, tunneling, waste disposal
etc.
Unit IV:
Oceanic magnetic anomalies, sea floor spreading, Vine-Mathews hypothesis, geomagnetic
time scale and dating the ocean floor, linear magnetic anomalies. Heat flow: Earth's internal
sources of heat, transfer of heat within the earth, measurements at the ocean bottom, heat
flow probes and measurements, factors affecting the Heat flow measurements in sea,
oceanic heat flow, ocean ridges and ocean basins, marginal basins, rift valleys.
Unit V:
Objectives of marine geophysical surveys, marine geophysical surveys for sea bed
resources, engineering investigations, deep sea geological mapping, delineation of
continent-oceanic boundary, geological mapping in the coastal zone. Results of some rare
studies. Geophysical anomalies of trenches, active and passive margins, ridges, island arcs,
Large scale and small-scale structural features of the oceanic crust from seismic surveys
(velocity structure)
Reference Books:
1. Marine geophysics, EJW Jones
2. Physics and geology, Jacobs, Russel and Wilson
3. Introduction to geophysical prospecting, MB Dobrin
4. Fundamentals of geophysics, William Lowrie
5. Applied geophysics, WM Telford, et. Al.
7. Geodynamic, Turcuttoe
7. The interior of the Earth, MHP Bott.
105
Model Question Paper, M.Sc. Geophysics,IV Semester
GP 402: MARINE GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A

a. Submarine canyons
b. Island arcs
c. Marine magnetometers
d. Global Positioning System (GPS)
e. Seabed sampling
f. Vine-Mathews hypothesis
g. Heat flow in sea
h. Coastal zone-geological mapping
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Discuss Mid-oceanic ridge systems and mention their origin?
OR
a. Seabed Hydrocarbons
b. Continental Shelf-Slope-Aprons
UNIT-II
4. Mention Geophysical instruments for use in Marine surveys and explain their methodology in
data acquisition?
OR
a. Gravity Anomalies
b. Towing Logistics
UNIT-III
6. Explain the Global Positioning System (GPS) and mention integrated navigation using satellite
data?
OR
a. Seabed dredging-Sampling
b. Sea bed coring
UNIT-IV
8. Explain seafloor spreading? Add a note on seafloor time scale and dating?
OR
a. Oceanic Ridges Origin
b. Origin of rift valleys
UNIT-V
10. Discuss the methods involved in sea-bed geophysical surveys for resource
assessment? OR
a. Published field examples of marine resources
b. Deep sea geological mapping
106
GP 403: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
Unit I
Petroleum occurrence distribution- chemical and physical properties Origin- various

theories, source rock, organic matter Maturation into petroleum P&T conditions, Migration
primary and secondary.
Unit II
Reservoir rocks properties Fluids, water oil- Natural gas- properties, Traps- structural
stratigraphic combination, seals, sedimentary basins cratonic convergent and divergent margin
basins classification, Category-1 basins of India
Unit III
Gravity and Magnetic methods in petroleum exploration surveys Land and ocean areas
differences data processing operations, Gravity anomalies salt domes stratigraphic traps.
Magnetic methods basement mapping, computer oriented methods.
Unit IV
Seismic data processing outlines, preparation of seismic section, Reflection character- structure,
pitfalls migration 2D & 3D significance velocity pull up, structure identification.
Unit V
Seismic stratigraphy Unconformities seismic sequences reflection pattern depositional
environment basin history construction, Modelling concepts Reservoir parameters forward
and inverse, direct detection Bright spots flat spots Gas hydrates, Coal bed methane.
Reference Books:
1. Geology of Petroleum, A.I.Levorson
2. Basic concepts of Petroleum Geology, R.C.Selly& David C.Morri
3. Simple seismics, N.A.Austey
4. Applied Geophysics, W.M.Telford et. al
5. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, Dobrin, M.B
6. Seismic Stratigraphy, Robert Sheriff
107
Model Question Paper M.Sc. Geophysics IV Semester
GP 403: PETROLEUM GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A
a. Occurrence of petroleum
b. Structural traps
c. Sedimentary basins
d. Magnetic anomaly over a salt dome
e. Basement mapping
f. Seismic sections
g. Seismic stratigraphy
h. Coal bed methane
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Explain about the various theories regarding the origin of petroleum?
OR
a. Maturation of petroleum
b. Migration
UNIT-II
4. Discuss in detail about the structural and stratigrphic traps?
OR
5. Write an essay on the classifications of sedimentary basins?
UNIT-III
6. Describe the role of gravity and magnetic methods in petroleum exploration?
OR
a. Salt Domes
b. Computer oriented methods
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss about the preparation of seismic section and various reflection characters?
OR
a. Migration
b. Velocity Pull up
UNIT-V
10. Discuss in detail about the forward and inverse modeling?
OR
a. Reservoir Parameters
b. Bright spots and flat spots
108
CORE PRACTICALS
GP 405: MINING GEOPHYSICS PRACTICAL

1. Location of mineralized zone from the apparant resistivity values obtained from
an IP survey
2. Pseudodepth section plotting of metal factor and apparant resistivity values to
locate the copper mineralization
3. IP survey over a massive sulphide zone
4. Bouguer anomaly contour map over Los Angles basin
5. Regional- Residual separation of gravity
6. Radiometric methods for uranium exploration from given scintillation readings
7. Mass estimation of iron ore
8. Gravity interpretation of a salt dome
9. Seismic refraction survey for coal exploration
10. Estimation of anomalous, actual masses and depth of chromite ore deposit
109
ELECTIVES THEORY
PREAMBLE: The main objective of this paper is to provide a detailed knowledge of geophysics
integrated with other disciplines of earth sciences in order to explore the earths resources like
ores, minerals, ground water, oil & natural gas.
GP 407: INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICS
Unit I:
Interrelationship between geology and geophysics - Role of geological and geophysical data in the
exploration of natural energy resources in the earths subsurface exploration. General and Exploration
geophysics-Introduction to different types of geophysical methods: Gravity, magnetic, Electrical &
Electromagnetic, Seismic, Well logging tools - their principles and applications.
Unit-II
Present status of surface, subsurface , marine and airborne geophysical methods. Role of integrated
approach in geophysical prospecting for solve certain geological problems. Exploration planning and
procedural sequence. Economic factors in planning integrated approach, integrated geophysics in
reduction of non -uniqueness of interpretation. Concept of integration of geophysical methods.
Unit III
Factors controlling the choice of an effective assemblage of geophysical methods, stages of
investigations, net work of observations, accuracy of data, effect of noises etc. Data evaluation:
graphical presentation of results of measured physical fields, detection of weak geophysical anomalies.
Synergetic interpretation of multisensor data. Use of integrated geophysics for geological mapping,
(regional and detailed), and identification of various type of subsurface structures, stratigraphic trap
determination.
Unit -IV
Exploration of for oil and gas structures. Stages of geophysical investigation to solve different
problems
in locating oil and gas structures. Place of direct methods in oil exploration .case studies. Integrated
geophysics in groundwater exploration, combination of seismic, resistivity and electromagnetic
methods in soft/hard rock areas. Integrated approach in Gravity and magnetic methods
Unit-V
Exploration for economic minerals. Exploration strategies in mineral exploration. Integration of
different geophysical methods for : -
i) Ferrous (Iron, manganese, chromium)
ii) Non-Ferrous (copper ,lead, zinc etc.)
Precious (gold, diamonds ) and radioactive mineral
iii) Non- metallic deposits ( graphite, asbestos, barites)
Coal, along with case histories.
iv) Geophysical exploration in the solution of engineering geological problems.( Investigation
of foundation and leakage, GEOTECHNICAL SURVEYS.
Recommended books:
1.Mining Geophysics, Vol.I Ed Ward SM.1967, SEG.publ.
2. Mining Geophysics. DS.Parasnis. 1973. Elesvier Publ.
3. Introduction to geophysical Prospecting for ore Deposits. Taakhov. AG.1965 CEG.publ.
4.Applied Geophysics. Telford.WH.1976. Cambridge Univ. press.
110
Model Question Paper (Elective), IV Semester
GP 407: INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICS
SECTION A
a. General & Exploration Geophysics
b. Airborne and marine geophysical methods
c. Concept of anomaly
d. Stratigrphic traps
e. Location of oil and gas structures
f. Geological mapping by integrated geophysics
g. Engineering geophysics
h. Geotechnical surveys
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Explain the role of geological and geophysical data in the exploration of natural energy
resources in detail?
OR
a. Interrelationship between geology and geophysics

b. Electrical and electromagnetic methods
UNIT-II
4. Describe the present status of surface, sub-surface , marine and airborne
geophysical methods.
OR
5. Write an essay on the concept of integration of geophysical methods?
UNIT-III
6. What are the factors controlling the choice of an effective assemblage of geophysical methods?
Explain in detail?
OR
a. Detection of weak geophysical anomalies
b. Use of integrated geophysics for geological mapping
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss in detail the stages of geophysical investigation to solve different problems
in locating oil and gas structures?
OR
a. Integrated geophysics in groundwater exploration
b. Integrated approach in Gravity and magnetic methods
UNIT-V
10. Discuss in detail about the exploration strategies in mineral exploration?
OR
a. Integration of different geophysical methods for coal exploration
b. Geophysical exploration in the investigation of foundation and leak
111
GP 408: MINERAL AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION
PREAMBLE: The objective of this paper is to provide the knowledge of various geophysical
techniques for the exploration of minerals and hydrocarbons. The roles of gravity, magnetic,
electrical and seismic methods are discussed.
Unit-I
Different types of mineral deposits and associated ore minerals, Stratigraphic, Lithologic and structural
controls of mineralization and their significance in geophysical prospecting. Problems in exploration
geophysics, location, depth, dimension and extension of ore bodies.
Gravity, Magnetic, Electrical and Radiometric surveys in sub-surface exploration for mineral deposits.
Field Equipment & procedures, Some case histories and interpretation concepts.
Unit -II.
Electrical and electromagnetic methods ,well-logging in mineral exploration. Special techniques and
analysis of data . The importance of seismic, thermal and other methods in mineral prospecting.
Suitable case histories with their data processing and interpretation .Special techniques and
procedures used in subsurface geophysical exploration by geophysical methods.
Unit III
Integrated approach in geophysical exploration for mineral deposits. Optimization of exploration
strategy. Computer applications in processing and interpretation of geophysical data. Application of
GIS in mapping reserves and estimation.( Base metals, ferrous, precious and non metallic ore deposits,
placer deposits, Uranium deposits etc.)
Unit IV
Different types of Trace gathers, CMP gathers, Concepts of CDP, Spherical divergence correction and
Normal movement (NMO) in a horizontally stratified earth, DMO, Types of seismic velocities, Velocity
Analysis -The velocity spectrum & scans, Semblence & power spectra. Reflection statics - Surface
consistent residual statics corrections. Filtering of seismic data, Deconvolution - predictive and spiking
deconvolution, Velocity filtering.
Unit V
Refraction statics: Field statics corrections, the plus-minus, delay time & reciprocal methods,
Migration Principles and practice: Kirchhoff migration, finite difference migration, wave equation
migration, downward continuation migration. Pre Stack Time migration (dip moveout),
Interpretation of 3-D seismic data: Time slice, interactive interpretation session. AVO analysis, bright
and flat spots, direct detection of hydrocarbons. Outlines of seismic stratigraphy. Application of
seismic methods in Hydrocarbon, Mining Exploration.
BOOKS RECOMMENDED:
1. Ozdogan Yilmaz,1987.Seismic Data Processing, SEG,USA.
2. E.A,Robinson,T.S,Durrani,L.P.Peardon,1986,Geophysical Signal Processing, Prentice Hall
International ,UK,Ltd.
3. RE Sherif and H Savit Exploration Geophysics.
4. Introduction to mineral exploration, Author M.EVANS
5, Mining Geophysics, DS .Parasnis.
6.Introduction to Mineral Exploration by Charles J,Moon,MKG Whatel
112
Model Question Paper (Elective), IV Semester
GP 408: MINERAL AND HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION
SECTION A
a. Types of mineral deposits
b. Radiometric surveys
c. Well-logging in mineral exploration
d. Thermal methods
e. Role of GIS in mineral exploration
f. CMP gathers
g. Velocity scans
h. Hydrocarbon zones
SECTION B
UNIT-I
2. Explain the stratigraphic, lithologic and structural controls of mineralization and their
significance in geophysical prospecting?
OR
a. Gravity and magnetic exploration of mineral deposits
b. Location and depth determination of ore bodies
UNIT-II
4. Discuss the role of electrical and electromagnetic methods in mineral exploration?
OR
5. Write an essay on special techniques and procedures used in subsurface geophysical
exploration by geophysical methods?
UNIT-III
6. Describe the role of computer applications in processing and interpretation of geophysical
data?
OR
a. Optimization of exploration strategy
b. Uranium exploration by using GIS
UNIT-IV
8. Discuss the spherical divergence correction and normal movement in a horizontally
stratified earth? What is DMO?
OR
a. Semblance plot
b. Velocity filtering
UNIT-V
10. Discuss in detail about the various migration techniques in the seismic data processing for
hydrocarbon exploration?
OR
11. Write a short notes on the following:
a. Amplitude variation with offsets
b. Direct detection of hydrocarbons
c. Bright spots and flat spots
113

Pgmodalpaperfile 147029360857a2e668b77be

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pgmodalpaperfile 147029360857a2e668b77be

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr. B.R.

Ambedkar University, Srikakulam

Revised Syllabus for P.G. Courses with

The above procedure shall be followed for all the semesters

S. No Range of Marks Grade Grade Points

d) The Classification of successful candidates is based on CGPA as follows:

Course Qualifying Examination for Admission

G 101 Principles of Earth 4 3 20 80 100 4

G 201 Mineralogy and 4 3 20 80 100 4

G 301 Igneous and

DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, ETCHERLA, SRIKAKULAM

Suggested Reading Books:

1. Principles of Physical Geology, 1992 by Holmes. Chapman & Hall.

5. Write an essay on internal structure of earth. Add a note on the composition

Unit-I: Concepts and principles. Natural hazards - preventive/precautionary measures -

Unit-III: Concept and definition of Environmental Geology. Soil degradation and

Unit-IV: Remote-sensing and GIS applications in real time disaster monitoring,

1.Bell, F.G., 1999. Geological Hazards, Routledge, London.

Time: 3Hrs Max. Marks: 80

5. Write an account on the application of graphical representations in statistics.

7. Discuss the concept of probability. Give certain examples to explain probability in

9. Write notes on the any five of the following:

G103: INTRODUCTION TO GEOPHYSICS

1. Reduction of gravity and magnetic data.

1. Gravity and magnetic methods of prospecting, B. S. R. Rao and I. V. R. Murthy,

Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 80

v. Explain various forms of conduction of electricity through rocks and various

vii. Derive apparent resistivity equations for Wenner, Schlumberger and

ix. Write about any five from the following.

Unit I: Photo geology: Introduction, Aerial Photographs: types of aerial photographs,

9. Write about any five from the following:

Unit-I: Crystallography: Morphological relations of crystals, symmetry elements, normal

Unit-iI: Introduction to Minerals. Classification of silicate minerals. Structure, chemistry,

Unit-III: Isomorphism, Polymorphism. Structure, chemistry, physical and optical

Unit-IV: Chemistry and paragenesis of Carbonates, phosphates, Halides and Sulphate

PG 205: Mineralogy Lab:

9. Answer any five of the following

UNIT II: Magneto stratigraphy, Cyclostratigraphy and Event stratigraphy.

UNIT III: Geological time-scale. Precambrian stratigraphy of India. Stratigraphy of

PG 206: Stratigraphy and Paleontology Lab

Time: 3Hrs Max. Marks: 80

1. Discuss about the principles of Stratigraphy ?

3. Discuss about the magneto and cyclo-stratigraphy ?

5. Write an essay on Geology and tectonics of Cuddapah Basin ?

7. Write in detail about ostrocoda fossils ?

9. Answer any five of the following

UNIT I: Mechanical principles and properties of rocks and their controlling

PG207:Structural Geology Lab

Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections.

1. Structural Geology by M.P. Billings.

1. Define stress and stain and discuss strain ellipsoids ?

3. Discuss about the folds and different types ?

5. Write about the concepts of petrofabrics ?

7. Write in detail about tectonics of orogenic belts of India ?

9. Answer any five of the following

UNIT I: History and development of sedimentology. Liberation and flows of

UNIT- IV: Definition, measurement and interpretation of grain size: Wentworth

PG 208: Sedimentology Lab

Study of primary, secondary and biogenic sedimentary structures in hand

1. Write about the history and development of sedimentology ?

3. Discuss about the sedimentary textures ?

5. Write an essay on clastic sediments ?

7. Write in detail about grain size analysis and its interpretations ?