International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science

Vol. 4(2), pp. 276-281, September, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org.ISSN: XXXX-XXXX

IJPBCS

Research Article

Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating

System
Tsvetanka Ivanova Dintcheva
Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute, 32 Brezovsko shosee str.,Plovdiv, Bulgaria
E-mail: tdintcheva@gmail.com

The experiment was carried out with tomato seedlings, cv. Miliana, at Maritsa VCRI, Plovdiv,
Bulgaria, during period 2016-2017 years. Two types of seedling trays (plastic and foam) with five
treatments: Control - without fertilizers; Mineral fertilizers triple superphosphate - 1200 g/m3,
ammonium nitrate-500 g/m3, potassium sulphate 500 g/m3 and magnesium sulphate - 200 g/m3);
Vermicompost 25% of substrate mixture; Vermicompost 50% of substrate mixture; Vermicompost
75% of substrate mixture were used. Root length, (cm); root fresh weight, (g); stem height, (cm);
stem fresh weight, (g) and diameter, (mm); leaves number per plant; leaves fresh weight, (g); total
plant fresh weight, (g) were investigated. The experiment was laid with three repetitions. The
substrate mixture had a specific effect on the parameters of seedlings. Seedlings grown in
mixture enriched with 75% vermicompost had fresh weight from 1.70 g (plastic tray) to 1.11 g
(foam trays). The size of the cell does not significantly affect on plant growth. In a float system,
cell density is more important than cell depth. It would be more economical to use 104 cell trays
than this with 70 cells.

Key words: floating system, plastic trays, foam trays, tomatoes seedlings, fertilizers, vermicompost

INTRODUCTION

Growing seedlings of tomatoes in open field for late
production in Bulgaria depends of climatic conditions,
especially of temperature. Dry and hot weather at the end
of May and June is a precondition for death of young
plants. Thats the reason to looking for alternative methods
of growing seedlings in open field. A good perspective is
to be use floating system and some positive results were
obtained in experiments with broccoli (Dintcheva, 2012).
This system has been studied in the cultivation of tobacco
seedlings, but for vegetables there is insufficient
researches in Bulgaria (Bozukov, 2014; Bozukov and
Kochev, 2014; Bozukov and Kochev, 2015; Bozukov and
Kochev, 2016).
Important key to achieve healthy and vigorous plants is
growing media and container size. These two factors have
a huge effect on root and shoot growth (Cholakov and
Shopov, 2013; Shopov and Cholakov, 2014; Dintcheva et
al, 2016; Kurtar, 2013) and on physiological processes in
plants (Al-Menaie et al., 2012). To improve growing media
Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
some researchers, recommend vermicompost as a part of
the substrate mixture. Vermicompost affects positively on
plant growth by stimulating root and stem growth (Edwards
et al., 2004). Its stimulating effect on morphological
indicators of seedlings was observed in tomatoes in
studies by Lazcano et al. (2009), Tringovska and
Dintcheva (2012), Dintcheva and Tringovska (2012) and in
pepper by Vlahova (2013). The biological effect is
expressed by the growth of the stem, the increase number
of leaves and the fresh weight of plants. In some
researches were established that the product used alone
or in a mixture with peat is a suitable growing medium for
cucumbers and pepper seedlings (Sallaku et al., 2009;
Kaciu et al., 2011). Vermicompost has another valuable
quality to increase the immunity of tomato seedlings
against ToMV (Pasev et al., 2012).
The second important factor - cell size also had an
essential role of the quality of seedlings. Numerous studies
have shown a reduction in growth associated with small
Dintcheva TI. 277

Table 1. Chemical analyses of substrate mixtures for period 2016 2017

EC ppm
Variant pH
mS/cm N P K Ca Mg
2016
C 5.68 0.43 240.00 26.10 74.70 48.00 21.60
M 5.30 1.38 250.00 37.10 174.30 84.00 50.40
V 25% 7.08 2.34 440.00 38.60 958.70 60.00 79.20
V 50% 7.26 2.96 605.00 37.20 1438.00 168.00 93.60
V 75% 6.92 4.20 1000.00 93.10 1830.20 168.00 129.60
2017
C 5.62 0.50 60.00 56.30 37.40 72.00 14.40
M 5.33 2.76 440.00 123.80 616.30 120.00 108.00
V 25% 6.63 2.54 385.00 86.30 410.90 228.00 194.40
V 50% 7.19 5.47 1375.00 140.80 1369.50 240.00 273.60
V 75% 6.79 5.66 1430.00 155.50 1506.50 324.00 403.20

cell sizes (NeSmith and Duval, 1998; Schrader, 2000; Al-
Menaie et al., 2012, Cholakov and Shopov, 2013). But in
this case a positive note, according to Schrader (2000), is
that smaller containers or cells reduce production costs.
The cell size is important for producers. They want to
optimize production space by smaller cell sized trays
whereas consumers are interested in larger cell sized
trays, because its relates to optimum post-transplant
performance. More cells per tray (smaller cells) increases
number of produced plants (Schrader, 2000) and reduce
transplant production space (NeSmith and Duval, 1998).
Trays with fewer cells provide a greater volume of the root
system of plants and enhanced positively on the
performance of the seedlings (Oagile et al., 2016).
Moreover, a key factor for appropriate cell sizes is the
ability of the seedling to adapt successfully after
transplantation on the field.
It is therefore necessary to explore options for optimal size
of transplants tray and substrate mixture for growing
tomato seedlings in modified floating system in open field
in the conditions of Bulgaria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were carried out with tomato seedlings,
cv. Miliana, at Maritsa Vegetable Crops Research Institute,
Plovdiv, Bulgaria, during period 2016-2017 years.
Seedlings were grown in modified floating system. The
system was built in open field like a bed covered with white
polyethylene. Due to the high temperatures and high
sunshine in May-June, tunnel covered with net (45% light-
transmittance) was built. In the first 6-8 days after sowing
plants are grown under the tunnel. On the next 5-6 days
the net was used in hours of high sunshine after 2 p.m.
Until the end of the vegetation seedlings were grown
uncovered. Seeds were sown in 25-th of May and the
experiment finished after 30 days. The experiment was set
in three repetitions.
Types of trays
In the trail two types of trays plastic and foam were used.
Plastic trays were with parameters: 32 x 52 cm, with 70
cells (4.0 x 3.5 cm x 4.0 cm deep). Foam trays were with
Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
parameters: 33.0 x 53.0 cm, with 104 cells (3.4 3.4 cm x
5.0 cm deep). Both of them were filled with mixture of peat
moss and perlite 7:3 (v/v), enriched with mineral fertilizers
and vermicompost according to variants. The trays were
situated in water beds (10 L water in 2 m2 per day). The
beds were filled with water once a day.
Treatments (variants)
Control (C) - without fertilizers; Mineral fertilizers (M)
triple superphosphate - 1200 g/m3, ammonium nitrate-500
g/m3, potassium sulphate 500 g/m3 and magnesium
sulphate - 200 g/m3; Vermicompost 25% of substrate
mixture (V 25%); Vermicompost 50 % of substrate mixture
(V 50%); Vermicompost 75% of substrate mixture (V 75%).
Substrate analyses before sowing of seeds are presented
in Table 1.
Vermicompost is organic material resulting from nutrition
of California red worms (Lumbricus rubellus) with caw
manure. Vermicompost was added in mixture in the time
of preparing of substrate. Chemical analyses of
vermicompost: N 1080.00 2100.00 ppm, P 37.60-159.70
ppm, K 1568.70-1830.00 ppm, Ca 72.00 432.00 ppm,
Mg 136.80-554.40 ppm, pH 0.70-0.76, EC 0.32-0.78
mS/cm. Analyses are made by method of Sonneveld et al.
(1974).
Measurements of seedlings
Root length, (cm); fresh weight of roots, (g); stem height,
(cm); stem fresh weight, (g) and diameter, (mm); leaves
number per plant; leaves fresh weight, (g); total plant fresh
weight, (g) were measured 30 days after sowing of seeds.
Statistical analysis
Experimental data was subject of variance using two-
factor ANOVA analysis with significance 0.05 of Duncans
Multiple Range Test and Pared Sample T test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of the substrate
The substrate has a specific effect on the indicators of the
root system in both trays. Regarding to the length of the
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 278

Table 2. Parameters of roots

Plastic trays Foam trays
Variant Length, cm Weight, g Length, cm Weight, g
C 13.77 ns 0.45 b 7.81 c 0.20 b
M 12.91 ns 0.63 a 9.92 abc 0.25 b
V 25% 11.59 ns 0.53 a 9.20 bc 0.23 b
V 50% 12.69 ns 0.66 a 12.83 a 0.37 a
V 75% 12.58 ns 0.62 a 11.97 ab 0.41 a
a,b,c - p<0.05 (Duncans Multiple Range Test)
Table 3. Parameters of stem

Plastic trays Foam trays

Variant
Height, cm Fresh weight, g Diameter, mm Height, cm Fresh weight, g Diameter, mm
C 5.10 c 0.31 a 2.49 c 5.21 d 0.25 d 2.63 ns
M 6.33 b 0.49 b 3.29 a 5.69 c 0.32 c 2.72 ns
V 25% 6.45 b 0.52 b 2.91 b 6.17 b 0.38 b 2.76 ns
V 50% 6.56 b 0.51 b 3.27 a 6.96 a 0.47 a 2.63 ns
V 75% 7.48 a 0.78 a 3.33 a 6.75 a 0.48 a 2.82 ns
a,b,c - p<0.05 (Duncans Multiple Range Test)

root there are statistically unsubstantiated differences in
the seedlings growin in plastic trays and proved by those
from the foam trays (Table 2). Plants from variant with 50
and 75% vermicompost grown in foam trays form roots
with a length from 11.97 cm to 12.83 cm, statistically
proven in comparison with the other variants. The highest
value of fresh root weight from 0.37 to 0.41 g was also
recorded. The indicators of plants from plastic trays show
a similar effect of the same amounts of vermicompost, with
a slightly higher weight of fresh roots from 0.62 to 0.66 g
compared to the foam trays, due to the larger volume of
cells.
The roots of seedlings are with very tiny structure and they
can be easily to cut off by washing the substrate mixture.
In this case is very difficult to make a conclusion on effect
of substrate on the root system indicators.
The nutrient content of the substrate mixture influences the
stem parameters. There is a positive effect of the
vermicompost (Table 3). Increasing the amount of organic
material leads to increases the height of the plants in both
types of trays. The differences are statistically proven in
comparison with control and mineral fertilization. These
differences are more clearly differentiated in seedlings
from foam trays. Under the influence of organic fertilizer
the plant height increases from 6.45 cm to 7.48 cm (plastic
trays) and from 6.17 to 6.96 cm (foam trays). The lowest
values of this indicator were recorded in the control
variants 5.10 cm and 5.21 cm, respectively. The same
tendency is observed in the fresh stem weight. Differences
in the values of the diameter of the stem, between the
variants are small, but for the plants from the foam trays
are statistically unproven.
The amount of vermicompost of the substrate mixture
specifically affects the growths of tomato seedlings.
Organic fertilizer in the amount of 50 and 75% has a
positive effect on the plants. A similar effect has also been
observed by Tringovska and Dintcheva (2012) in the
cultivation of tomato transplants.
The substrate mixture did not significantly affect the
number of leaves in the plants of the two types of trays.
There are minor differences that are statistically unproven
(Table 4). More important is the effect on the fresh weight
of leafs. Mineral and organic fertilizers have a positive
effect on this indicator. Plants of plastic trays have a larger
fresh weight of leaves than those of foam trays. This is
probably due to the larger area of the cells of trays.
Reported values are 0.60 g and 0.31 g, respectively. The
best effect was recorded in variant with 75% vermicompost
of the substrate mixture 0.92 g and 0.63 g, respectively.
The total fresh weight of the seedlings is indicative of the
effect of substrate mixture on plant growths (Figure 1 and
Figure 2). The tape of trays also has an influence. With the
smallest weight of plants are these from control variants of
the both trays 0.53 g and 0.65 g. The substrate mixture,
enriched with mineral fertilizers and vermicompost, has a
positive effect. In plastic trays the effect is more
pronounced, the values are similar, with statistically
proven differences. The best effect is recorded in a variant
enriched with 75% vermicompost, where the fresh weight
of the plant reaches 1.70 g. In the foam trays, this indicator
has a value of 1.11 g.
a,b,c,d - p<0,05 (Duncans Multiple Range Test)
Figure 1. Total plant fresh weight, g

Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System

Dintcheva TI. 279

Table 4. Parameters of leaves

Plastic trays Foam trays
Variant
Number Weight,g Number Weight, g
C 3.00 ns 0.35 c 2.98 ns 0.27 c
M 3.36 ns 0.60 b 2.83 ns 0.31 c
V 25% 3.00 ns 0.59 b 2.44 ns 0.45 b
V 50% 3.44 ns 0.59 b 2.46 ns 0.49 b
V 75% 3.33 ns 0.92 a 2.72 ns 0.63 a
a,b - p<0.05 (Duncans Multiple Range Test)

Table 5. Effect of nutrients on plant vigor

Plastic trays Foam trays
Parameters Mineral Vermi- Mineral Vermi-
Control Control
fertilizers compost fertilizers compost
Length of root, cm 13.77 ns 12.91 ns 12.29 ns 7.81 b 9.92 ab 11.33 a
Fresh weight of root, g 0.45 b 0.63 a 0.60 a 0.20 b 0.25 ab 0.34 a
Length of steam, cm 5.10 c 6.33 b 6.83 a 5.21 c 5.69 b 6.62 a
Fresh weight of steam, g 0.31 c 0.49 b 0.60 a 0.25 c 0.32 b 0.44 a
Diameter of steam, mm 2.49 b 3.29 a 3.17 a 2.63 ns 2.72 ns 2.74 ns
Leaves number 3.00 b 3.36 a 3.26 ab 2.89 ns 2.83 ns 2.54 ns
Fresh weight of leaves, g 0.35 b 0.60 a 0.70 a 0.27 b 0.31 b 0.52 a
Total plant fresh weight, g 0.65 c 1.10 b 1.30 a 0.53 c 0.63 b 0.96 a
a,b - p<0.05 (Duncans Multiple Range Test)

fertilizer. This trend has been observed on seedlings in

Figure 2. Seedlings from: A plastic trays; B- foam trays
both trays. Plants grown in plastic trays are characterized
by a stem height of 6.83 cm and a total fresh weight of 1.30
g and those grown in foam trays with stem height of 6.62
cm and a total fresh mass of 0.96 g due to the use of an
organic component in the growing media. A similar effect
was also observed by Kurtar (2013) in the cultivation of
Brassicacea seedlings in floating system. Lazcano et al.
(2009), Tringovska and Kanazirska (2003), Arouiee et al.
(2009), Tringovska and Dintcheva (2012) and Dintcheva
and Tringovska (2012) established a stimulating effect
when using a vermicompost in growing mixture for tomato
seedlings. A positive influence of the organic fertilizer is
also found for pepper by Kaciu et al. (2011). In the studies
of Edwards et al. (2004) and Lazcano et al. (2009) also
recorded a significant effect of application of the product
on the root system of nursery plants. This might be due to
physical properties of the substrate enriched with
vermicompost (Atiyeh et al., 2001; Hidalgo and Harkess,
2002), and other biological factors like microbial and
enzyme activity; presence of plant growth-promoting
substances such as hormones and humates (Atiyeh et al.,
2000; Arancon et al., 2003; Bachman and Metzger, 2008;
Yasir et al., 2009; Robledo et al., 2010).
Effect of the type of trays

Parameters of seedlings are poorly influenced by the type

Effect of origin of nutrients mineral and organic of trays (Table 6). The differences are insignificant and
unproven. However, there were small differences in plant
The origin of nutrient source has a particular impact on the size due to cell depth and size. Thus, in a float system, cell
seedlings (Table 5). Chemical fertilizers and organic density in tray is more important than cell size.
fertilizer have a positive effect on plant vigor compared to
control without nutrients in both trays. Despite the slight Obtained as a larger number of plants these results are
differences, a better effect is registered by the organic confirmed by the study of Oh et al., (2014) were the
Quality of Tomato Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System
 Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 280

Table 6. Effect of the type of trays

Type of trays D Mean SD SEM
Length of root, cm
Plastic trays 12.71 0.68 0.39
-0.21 ns
Foam trays 10.35 0.92 0.53
Fresh weight of root, g
Plastic trays 0.58 0.03 0.02
0.16 ns
Foam trays 0.29 0.03 0.01
Length of steam, cm
Plastic trays 6.38 0.06 0.04
-0.02 ns
Foam trays 6.16 0.04 0.02
Fresh weight of steam, g
Plastic trays 0.52 0.03 0.01
0.10 ns
Foam trays 0.38 0.01 0.00
Diameter of steam, mm
Plastic trays 3.06 0.09 0.05
0.13 ns
Foam trays 2.71 0.01 0.01
Leaves number
Plastic trays 3.23 0.09 0.05
0.15 ns
Foam trays 2.67 0.08 0.05
Fresh weight of leaves, g
Plastic trays 0.61 0.05 0.03
0.05 ns
Foam trays 0.43 0.01 0.01
Total plant fresh weight,g
Plastic trays 1.13 0.07 0.04
0.16 ns
Foam trays 0.81 0.01 0.00
D - Paired differences; SD Std. deviation; SEM Std. error mean, ns not significant

authors found that it would be more economical to use
trays with more cells due to total biomass of seedlings.
More cells per tray increase number of seedlings and
reduce production costs (Schrader, 2000).
CONCLUSIONS
The substrate has a specific effect on the parameters of
seedlings. The seedlings are with very good quality in
substrate enriched with 75% vermicompost where the
fresh weight of the plant from plastic tray reaches 1.70 g,
and in the foam trays this value is 1.11 g.
Chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizer have a positive
effect on plant vigor. Despite of slight differences, a better
effect is registered by the organic fertilizer.
There were small differences in plant parameters due to
tray depth. Thus, in a float system, cell density is more
important than cell size.
The float-system method produces transplants with good
quality with uniform stem lengths.
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Accepted 23 August 2017
Citation: Dintcheva TI. (2017). Quality of Tomato
Seedlings Grown in Modified Floating System.
International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science
4(2): 276-281.
Copyright: 2017 Dintcheva TI. This is an open-access
article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
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