Climatology for built environment

Unit IV: Natural Ventilation

Unit v: passive cooling

Prepared by : m.vijaya kumari

Faculty, jna&fau
UNIT IV

Natural ventilation

§ Air movement around the through buildings

§ Orientation for wind

§ Stack effect

§ Induced ventilation
Function of Ventilation

§ Supply of fresh air

§ Convection cooling

§ Physiological cooling
Supply of fresh air :
Supply of air is governed by the type of occupancy, activity, function of the
building, working hours..etc
§ The provision of permanent ventilator
§ Grilles or air bricks built into a wall
To ensure a satisfactory performance of wind moments into the building.

Convection cooling:
§ Mechanical ventilation, the exchange of indoor air with fresh out door air
can provide cooling
§ The moving air acts as heat carrying medium
§ Practically applicable in hot or cool climates
Provision for Ventilation stack effect:

Stack effect is the movement of air into and out of

buildings, chimneys/flues is driven by a difference
in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from
temperature and moisture differences.

The greater the thermal difference and the height of

the structure, the greater the stack effect.
The stack effect is also referred to as the "chimney
effect", and it helps drive natural ventilation and
infiltration.
Physiological Cooling:
The movement of air past the skin surface accelerates heat dissipation in 2 ways
Increasing convection heat loss
§

Accelerating evaporation
§
Air flow around and through a building
Air flow around building
§ When moving air strikes an obstacle
such as a building. This slows down the
air flow but exert air pressure on the
obstacle surface. This pressure is
proportionate to the air velocity.
§ This slowing down process effects a
roughly wedge shaped mass of air on the Air flow around a building

windward side of the building, which is

turn diverts rest of the air flow upwards
and sideways.
§ And non obstacle air pass through
straight away
Air flow through a building
The factors effecting the indoor air flows

§ Orientation

§ External features

§ Cross ventilation

§ Position of openings

§ Size of openings

§ Control of openings
 The greater pressure on the windward side of a
building is generated when the elevation is at
right angle to the wind direction, so obvious
that the greater indoor air velocity will be
archived
Wind incidence of 45 degree would reduce the
pressure by 50%

Orientation: If often happens, that the optimum solar

radiation and the orientation for wind do not coincide.
§ In equatorial regions a north south orientation would
be preferable for sun exclusion
§ but most often the wind is predominantly easterly.

Effect of direction on the

width of wind shadow
External features:

§ The wind velocity gradient is made steeper by an uneven surface, such as

scatter buildings, wall fences, trees or shrubs

Cross ventilation

Lack of cross ventilation

Effect of opening position

Position of openings

Pressure build up at inlet Air flow in a two storey building

Size of openings

§ Air pressure is depends on the size of openings

§ Greater the size, higher the pressure and smaller the size of opening, lower

the pressure
Control of openings

Effect of sashes (casement or reversible pivot sash)

Effect of canopies

Effect of Louvers
 Air stream separation at the face of building

Reverse flow behind a tall block

UNIT VI
Passive Cooling
§ Passive methods of cooling
§ Roof pond
§ Desiccant cooling
§ Evaporative cooling
§ Earth sheltered building
§ Site planning (including landscape) and building planning
§ Design considering climate factor
Passive cooling techniques
(solar chimneys, thermal mass, ventilation, roof ponds, ...).
Its efficient active cooling techniques

Passive Cooling Tools are-

§ Shading

§ Reflective Roofs (and Walls)

§ Cooling Towers & Solar Chimneys

§ Reflectors
Roof pond
Desiccant cooling
§ Desiccants remove moisture to improve comfort, air
quality, and energy efficiency
§ Desiccant materials, which absorb moisture, can be
dried, or regenerated, by adding heat supplied by
natural gas, waste heat, or the sun.
Evaporative cooling
Evaporative cooling is a process which occurs naturally whenever water and hot
air come into contact. Natural evaporation takes place which absorbs the heat
and cools the hot air by several degrees.
Evaporative Cooling Works
An evaporative cooler is essentially a
large fan with water-moistened pads
in front of it. The fan draws warm
outside air through the pads and
blows the now-cooled air throughout
the house.
Earth sheltered building
Earth sheltering is the architectural practice of using earth against building walls for
external thermal mass, to reduce heat loss, and to easily maintain a steady indoor air
temperature. Earth sheltering is popular in modern times among advocates of passive
solar and sustainable architecture
Site planning (including landscape) and building planning

§ Site planning generally begins by assessing a potential site for development

through site analysis.
§ Information about slope, soils, hydrology, vegetation, parcel ownership,
orientation, etc. are assessed and mapped.
§ By determining areas that are poor for development (such as floodplain or
steep slopes) and
§ Better for development, the planner or architect can assess optimal location
and design a structure that works within this space.
Site plan building blocks
A site plan is a top view, bird’s eye view of a property that is drawn to scale.

A site plan can show:

§ Property lines
§ Outline of existing and proposed buildings and structures
§ Distance between buildings
§ Distance between buildings and property lines (setbacks)
§ Parking lots, indicating parking spaces
§ Driveways
§ Surrounding streets
§ Landscaped areas
§ Easement