Unit II

DEFORMATION OF A BODY
DUE TO FORCE ACTING ON IT
DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO
FORCE ACTING ON IT
Consider a body subjected to a tensile stress.

We know that,

Stress = Load / Area = P / A (1)

Strain e = Change in length / Original length = L / L (2)

From Hookes law,

Youngs modulus, E = Stress/ Strain = / e

=> E = (P/A) / e (since = P/A)
=> E=P/Ae
=> e = P / AE (3)

Eq ating equations
Equating eq ations (2) and (3),
(3)
P/A E = L / L => L = PL/AE
Change in length L = (PL / AE ) (4)
DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO
FORCE ACTING ON IT
Units

1. Stress -- N/mm2
2. Force or Pull -- N
3. Length (L) -- mm
4. Diameter (D) -- mm
5. Modulus of elasticity (E) -- N/mm2
6. Modulus of Rigidity (G) -- N/mm2
7. 1 Pascal -- 1 N/m2

1 KPa
KP = 1 * 103 Pa
P = 1 * 103 N/m
N/ 2 = 1 * 103 N/ (106 mm2) = 1 * 10-33
N/mm2

1 MPa = 1 * 106 Pa = 1 * 106 N/m2 = 1 * 106 N/ (106 mm2) = 1 N/mm2

1 GPa = 1 * 109 Pa = 1 * 109 N/m2 = 1 * 109 N/ (106 mm2) = 1 * 103 N/mm2

DEFORMATION OF A BODY DUE TO
FORCE ACTING ON IT
FORMULAE USED

1. Stress = Load / Area = P / A

2. Strain e = Change in length / Original length = L / L

3. Youngs modulus, E = Stress/ Strain = / e

4. Area of rod, A = (/4) D2

5. Area of hollow cylinder, A = (/4) [D2 d2]

Wh
Where D Outer
O di
diameter
d Inner diameter

6 Factor of safety = Ultimate stress / Working stress

6.
Stress Strain Problems
1. A mild steel rod 2 m long and 3 cm diameter is subjected to an axial pull
of 10 KN. If E for steel is 2 * 105 N/mm2. Find (a) Stress, (b) Strain, (c)
Elongation of the rod.
rod

Given: L = 2 m = 2000 mm;

D = 3 cm = 30 mm;
Axial pull P = 10 KN = 10 * 103 N;
Modulus of Elasticity E = 2 * 105 N/mm2

To find:(a) Stress, (b) Strain, (c) Elongation

Solution:
We know that,
Stress = Load /Area = P / A = (10 * 103) / ((/4)*302)
Stress = 14.14 N/mm2

Youngs modulus, E = Stress/ Strain = / e

e = /E = 14.14 / (2 * 105)
Stress Strain Problems
We know that,

Strain = Change in length / Original length

e = L / L

Elongation L = e
e*L
L = 0.141 mm
Stress Strain Problems
2. A rod of 2 m long is subjected to an axial pull of 30 KN. Find the
minimum diameter of the rod if the permissible stress is limited to 200 *
106 N/m2. Also determine the elongation. Take E = 200 KN/mm2.

Given:
L =2m = 2000 mm;
Axial pull,
pull P = 30 KN = 30 * 103 N;
Stress, = 200 * 106 N/m2
= 200*106 N/ (106 mm2) = 200 N/mm2
E = 200 KN/mm2
= 200 * 103 N/mm2 = 2 * 105 N/mm2

To find:1. Minimum diameter ((D)) and 2. Elongation

g ((L).
)

Solution:
We know that,
Stress = Load /Area = P / A
200 = (30 * 103) / ((/4)*D2)
Minimum diameter, D = 13.8 mm
Stress Strain Problems
Youngs modulus E = Stress/Strain = / e
2 * 105 = 200 / e
e = 100 * 10-5

Strain e = Change in length / Original length

= L/L

100 * 10-5 = L / 2000

Elongation,
El ti L = 2 mm
Stress Strain Problems
3. A hollow cylinder 1.5 m long has an outside diameter of 45 mm and
inside diameter or 25 mm. If the cylinder is carrying a load of 20 KN,
find the stress in the cylinder.
cylinder Also find the deformation of the cylinder.
cylinder
Take E = 100 GPa.

Given:
Length, L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm;
Outer Diameter, D = 45 mm;
Inner Diameter, d = 25 mm
Load P = 20 KN = 20 * 103 N
Modulus of Elasticity E = 100 GPa = 100 * 109 Pa
= 100 * 103 N/mm2

To find:(a) Stress () and b) Deformation (L).

Stress Strain Problems
Solution:
We know that,
A = (/4) [D2 d2] = (/4) [452 252] = 1099.5
1099 5 mm2

Stress = Load /Area = P / A = 20*103 / 1099.5 = 18.1

Stress = 18.1 N/mm2

Youngs modulus E = Stress/Strain = / e

100 * 103 = 18.1 / e

Strain e = 1.81 * 10-4

Strain e = Change in length / Original length = L / L

1.81 * 10-4 = L / 1500

Deformation, L = 0.271 mm
Stress Strain Problems
4. A hollow cylinder has an outside diameter of 25 cm carrying an axial
load of 2.2 * 103 KN. Find the internal diameter of the cylinder if safe
stress is 120 MN/m2.

Given:
D = 25 cm = 250 mm;
Load P = 2.2 * 103 KN = 2.2 * 106 N
= 120 MN/m2 = 120 N/mm2

To find: Internal diameter (d).

Solution:
We know that,
Stress = Load /Area = P / A

120 = (2.2
(2 2 * 106) / ((/4)*(250
(( /4)*(2502 d2)

Internal diameter d = 197.8 mm

Practice Problems
P1) A tensile test was conducted on a mild steel bar. The following data
was obtained from the rest:
a Diameter of the steel bar
a. = 3 cm
b. Gauge length of the bar = 20 cm
c. Load at elastic limit = 250 kN
d. Extension at a load of 150 kN = 0.21 mm
e. Maximum load = 380 kN
f. Total extension = 60 mm
g. Diameter of the rod at the failure
g = 2.25 cm

Determine
A. the Youngs modulus, = 2 x 105 N / mm2
B. the stress at elastic limit, = 353.67 N / mm2
C. the percentage elongation, = 30 %
D. the percentage decrease in area. = 43.75 %
Practice Problems
P2) The safe stress, for a hollow steel column which carries an axial load
of 2.1 * 103 kN is 125 MN/m2. If the external diameter of the column is 30
cm, determine
d t i the
th internal
i t l diameter.
di t

Ans: Internal Diameter = 26.2 cm

P3) The ultimate stress of a hollow steel column which carries an axial
load of 1.9 MN is 480 N/mm2. If the external diameter of the column is 200
mm,, determine the internal diameter corresponding
p g to the workingg limit of
the member. Take the factor of safety as 4.

Ans: Internal Diameter = 140.9 mm