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SCIENCE Matter in Our Surroundings CLASS - IX

In-Text Questions (Page 3)
Q.1. Which of the following are matter? Chair, air, love, smell,
hate, almonds, thought, cold, cold-drink, smell of perfume.
Ans. Chair, air, almonds, cold-drink and smell of perfume are matter.
Q.2. Give reasons for the following:
The smell of the hot sizzling food reaches you several metres
away, but to get smell from cold food, you have to go close.
Ans. The rate of diffusion of a gas increases as its temperature
increases. Therefore, when the food is hot, diffusion of its
smell is faster and we can smell it metres away. But, in case of
cold food, diffusion is slower. Hence, we have to go close to
the cold food to inhale its smell.
Q. 3. A diver is able to cut to through water in a swimming pool.
Which property of matter does this observation show?
Ans. A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. It
shows that the attractive force between water molecules is
not very strong.
Q. 4. What are the characteristics of particles of matter?
Ans. The main characteristics of particles of matter are as following:
(a) Particles of matter have vast empty spaces between them.
(b) These particles possess kinetic energy. Therefore these are
continuously in motion.
(c) The particles of matter are held together by the attractive force
between them. The strength of these forces varies from matter
to matter.
In-Text Questions (Page 6)
Q.1. The mass per unit volume of a substance is called density
(Density = Mass/Volume). Arrange the following in the order
of increasing density: air, exhaust from chimneys, honey, water,
chalk, cotton and iron.
Ans. Air, exhaust from chimneys, cotton, water, honey and iron.
Q.2. Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of states of
matter by commenting upon the following:
Rigidity, compressibility, fluidity, filling a container, shape,
kinetic energy and density.
Ans.
Sol
ids Li
qui
ds
Rigidity Very high rigidity. Very low rigidity
Compressibility Incompressieble Very low compressibility
Do not flow at normal Flow from higher to
Fluidity
temp lower level.
Q.3 Give reasons:
(a) A gas fills completely the vessel in which it is kept.
(b) A gas exerts pressure on the walls of the container.
(c) A wooden table should be called a solid.
(d) We can easily move our hand in air, but to do the same
through a solid block of wood we need a karate expert.
Ans. (a) The intermolecular forces in gases are very weak. As a result,
gas molecules have large kinetic energy and are free to move
throughout the container. Therefore, gases fill entirely fill the
container.
(b) Gas molecules have large kinetic energy and are in random
continuous motion. Upon striking the walls of the container, these
molecules exert some force on the walls. And we know that pressure
is force per unit area. That is why gases exert pressure on the
walls of their container.
(c) A table is rigid, incompressible and has definite shape and
volume. Thus, it is solid.
(d) Gases have almost negligible intermolecular forces and large
intermolecular spaces. As a result, there is very small resistance
when we move our hand through air. But the intermolecular forces
solid are very large and the intermolecular spaces, very small. As a
result, a lot of force is required to separate the molecules of a solid.
It is for the same reasons that we need karate expert to break a block
of wood.
Q. 4. Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids.
But you must have observed that ice floats on water. Find out
why?
Ans. When water freezes (i.e. becomes ice), its volume increases. As a
result, its density decreases. Ice, being lighter than water, therefore
floats on it.
In-Text Questions (Page 9)
Q. 1. Convert the following temperatures to Celsius scale :
(a) 300 K (b) 573 K.
Ans. We know that
Temperature in C = Temperature in Kelvin 273.
Therefore,
(a) 300 K = (300 273) = 27C
Gas
es
(b) 573 K = (573 273) = 300C
Not rigid at all
Q. 2. What is the physical state of water at:
Highly compressible
(a) 250C? (b) 100C?
Flow in all directions Ans. (a) At 250 C, water is in gaseous (steam).

Filling a container Container not needed

Container filled equal to Fill the entire (b) At 100 C, water is in liquid state. But, if we continue to
volume of liquid poured container
heat it at this temperature, it starts vaporizing while temperature
Take the shape of
Shape Definite shape
container
Gases are shapeless remains at 100C.
More KE than solid
Kinetic energy Molecules have least KE Maximum KE
molecules. Q.3 For any substance, why does the temperature remain
Gases have least
Density
Solid have maximum Liquid have lesser density
Density
constant during change of state?
density than solids

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Ans. When a solid is heated it becomes liquid at a temperature
called its melting point. Temperature represents the average
kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance. At the melting
point or boiling point of a substance, all the heat energy supplied
goes into increasing the inter- molecular spaces. This in turn
decreases the intermolecular forces and hence the state changes
from a solid to liquid or liquid to gas.
However the the average kinetic energy of the molecules does not
increase. Therefore, temperature remains constant during the change
of state.
Q. 4. Suggest a method to liquefy atmospheric gases.
Ans. First, the gases should be compressed to a very high pressure
and then allowed to expand suddenly through a small nozzle. The
sudden expansion will cool down the gases. When repeated
many time, this process will liquefy the atmospheric gases.
In-Text Questions (Page 10)
Q.1. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot, dry day?
Ans. The rate of evaporation depends upon the temperature of air and the
humidity. In hot and dry air, evaporation is very fast. Hence, desert
cooler is very effective on such days.
During rainy season, atmospheric moisture i.e. humidity is very
high. Thus, the rate of evaporation is very low. This makes
desert coolers ineffective during rainy season.
Q.2. How does the water kept in an earthen pot (matka) become
cool?
Ans. As the water oozes through the fine pores in the earthen pot, it
evaporates, taking away some of the heat energy from the water in
the pot. As a result, water in the earthen pot cools down.
Q.3. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone or
petrol or perfume on it?
Ans. Acetone, petrol, and perfume are highly volatile substances i.e.
these have a high evaporation rate even at room temperature. So,
when put on our palm, these take heat from the palm and quickly
evaporate making our palm cool.
Q4. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster from a saucer than
a cup ?
Ans. The rate of cooling of a liquid depends upon its surface area. A
saucer has much larger surface area than a cup. When we pour hot
tea or milk into a saucer, surface area of liquid increases, which
results in its faster cooling. Thus, we are able sip hot tea or milk
faster from a saucer than from a cup.
Q5. What type of clothes should we wear in summers?
Ans. During summer, we sweat a lot. Cotton is a good absorber of water.
So, cotton cloths absorb sweat and expose it to atmosphere for
easy evaporation which makes our body cool.
Exercises (Page 12)
Q1. Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin scale:
(a) 25C (b) 373 C.
Ans. We know that
Temp in Kelvin = Temp in C + 273
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Hence,
25 C = (25 + 273) = 298 K.
373C = (373 + 273) = 646 K.
Q 2. Give reason for the following observations:
(a) Naphthalene balls disappear without leaving any solid.
(b) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres
away.
Ans. (a) Sublimation is the direct conversion of a solid into gaseous state
without the intervening liquid state. Naphthalene balls take heat
from their surroundings, which cause their sublimation. Thus,
solid naphthalene just disappears without any trace.
(b) Perfumes are highly volatile i.e. their molecules rapidly
diffuse into air. Thus, we can smell the perfume sitting several
metres away.
Q3. Arrange the following substances in the increasing order of
forces of attraction between the particles: water, sugar and
oxygen.
Ans. Oxygen, water, sugar.
Q4. What is the physical state of water at
(a) 25C (b) 0C (c) 100C
Ans. (a)At 25C, water is in liquid state.
(b)At 0C, water can be in solid or liquid state depending upon
how much it has been cooled.
(c) At 100C, water may be in liquid or gaseous state, depending
upon how much it has been heated.
The change of state from a liquid to a gas or vapour occurs at
a constant temperature called the boiling point.
Remember, during change of state, there is no change in temperature.
Q5. Give two reasons to justify.
(a) Water at room temperature is a liquid.
(b) An iron almirah is solid at room temperature.
Ans. (a) Whether a substance will be in solid, liquid or gaseous state
depends upon the strength of the intermolecular bonds. The strength
of bonds in turn depends upon, among other things, the temperature
of the substance. As the temperature of a substance is gradually
increased, the intermolecular bonds are weakened. As a result, the
state of the substance changes from solid to liquid to gaseous. At
room temperature, the intermolecular bonds in water are
considerably weak. At room temperature, intermolecular spaces in
water and the KE of water molecules are large.
Hence, water is liquid at room temperature.
(b) In an iron almirah at room temperature, the
(i) Intermolecular forces are very large, and
(ii) Intermolecular spaces as well as kinetic energy are very
small.
Thus, the molecules are held together very tightly. Therefore,
the almirah is solid at room temperature.
Q6. Why is ice at 273 K more effective in cooling than water at
the same temperature?
Ans. We have to remove 336000 J of heat energy from 1 kg of water (at
273 K) to convert it into 1 kg of ice at 273 K. So, ice at 273 K would
extract an equal amount of energy from its surroundings in order to
melt into water at 273 K. Therefore, it is more effective in cooling.
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 During change of state, there is no change in temperature.

Q7. What produces more severe burns, boiling water or steam?

Ans. To convert 1 g of water at 100 C into steam at the same temperature,
we need to give an extra 2260 J of energy. Therefore, steam contains
much more energy than boiling water. So, steam causes more severe
burns than boiling water does.

Q8. Name A, B, C, D, E and F in the following diagram showing

change in its state.

Increase heat and

decrease pressure
E

A B
SOLID LIQUID GAS
D C

F
Decrease heat and
increase pressure

Ans. A : Solid changes into liquid state by the process of fusion.

B : Liquid changes into gaseous state by the process of boiling or
vaporisation.
C : A gas changes into liquid state by the process of liquefaction.
D : A liquid changes into solid state by the process of freezing or
solidification.
E : Solid changes into gaseous state by the process of sublimation.
F : Gas change into solid state by the process of sublimation. Lets
take some water at room temperature. As you start cooling it, its
temperature keeps dropping, till eventually it reaches 0. As soon as
you reach 0, if you stop, it will be in liquid state. Now if you keep
removing heat, the temperature remains 0, while the liquid starts
turning to solid by rejecting its latent heat fusion. As the last of the
liquid part turns to ice, you have a solid at 0 degrees Celsius.
Similarly, if you reverse the process and you heat ices and it reaches
0, it is solid at 0 degrees, and continue heating till you reach
completely liquid at 0 degrees Celsius.

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