Chng 3: C S D LIU

1. Khi nim v c s d liu

2. Cc c trng ca c s d liu
3. T in d liu
4. Cc mc biu din ca mt c s d liu
5. Cc phng php truy xut d liu
1. Khi nim v c s d liu
a) C s d liu l h thng cc tp tin c cu trc. c lu tr trn b nh ngoi,
nhm tha mn nhu cu khai thc thng tin ng thi ca nhiu ngi s dng v ca
nhiu chng trnh ng dng khc nhau. C s d liu l tp hp nhiu d liu lin
quan v c lu tr vt l trong my tnh. N lin kt cc tp tin v c qun l bi
mt phn mm gi l l h thng qun l CSDL, v d phn mm Microsoft Access.
b) Cc khi nim
Kiu d liu (Data Type):
Mi thuc tnh trong bng d liu phi c gn mt kiu lu tr chng. H
thng k ton th cng quen thuc vi kiu d liu s - nh s tin, s lng v
kiu k t - nh h tn khch hng, ni dung chng t ...
- D liu trong my tnh c chia thnh cc kiu chnh l: kiu s, kiu k t,
kiu lun l. Ty vo tng c s d liu, cc kiu ny cn c chia thnh
cc kiu ph.
- D liu kiu s chia thnh: d liu kiu s nguyn, s thp phn, phn s,
kiu ngy. D liu kiu k t chia thnh: kiu chui, kiu ghi nh.
- Thm vo , mi kiu d liu con cn c thm cc quy nh v chiu di,
v cch nhn dng cu to thm nhiu cp khc qui nh v kiu d
liu. D liu kiu s nguyn c chiu di 1 byte cu thnh kiu byte, chiu di
8 bytes to thnh kiu s nguyn, 20 bytes kiu s thc...; D liu kiu ngy
c dng gn, dng y , dng ngy gi...; Kiu k t c dng: byte k t, c
dng tp tin...
Cch lu tr v kiu nhn: lu tr d liu trong mt CSDL.
H thng cp bc ca d liu c m t theo trnh t sau: Byte (h nh phn) -
character (k t) vng d liu (data field) dng d liu (record) - tp tin hay
bng d liu (file/table) Database ( c s d liu)
- D liu trong my tnh c lu tr di dng s nh phn. Mi thng tin u
chuyn sang dng ny my x l, bt chp l d liu thuc kiu no.
Cc thit b lu tr ngoi vi gm c dng bng t, phiu c l, a.
- D tn ti di hnh thc no, cc thit b ny cng phi c nh dng my
tnh c th x l d liu ghi chp trn chng, d nhin di dng nh phn.
Thit b lu tr thay i dn n vic nhn nhn d liu cng thay i.
- Con ngi khng th c trc tip cc d liu ghi trn thit b lu tr ngoi
vi, do vic a ra cc kiu nhn cho ngi s dng thy c d liu l
 nhim v ca cc phn mm. ng thi vi vic a ra cc kiu nhn, phn
mm cn m trch nhim v chuyn i thng tin, d liu do con ngi nhp
v h thng my tnh thnh dng nh phn my tnh x l, lu tr, truyn
ti...
- Khi lu tr cc mu tin trong h thng, di ca cc mu tin c th c
xc nh bng cch thm mt thuc tnh ghi gi tr ny, hoc bng cch dng
du hiu nhn bit kt thc mu tin.
T in d liu (Data Dictionary)
Trong cc h thng c xy dng chun mc. Mi thng tin ca d liu u phi
c tp hp ghi nhn trong t in d liu. Bao gm cc thng tin v bng d
liu, tn gi, ngha ca bng, cc tn trng, kiu, ln, cc nh dng mc
nhin, cc quan h ca bng vi cc bng khc, cc rng buc, cc kiu sp xp,
cc n th no s truy xut bng ny... T in d liu gip cng vic pht trin
h thng c qun l khoa hc, nht qun.

2. Cc c trng ca C s D liu
- Gim thiu s trng lp thng tin, m bo tnh nht qun v ton vn ca d liu.
- Kh nng chia s thng tin ng thi cho nhiu ngi s dng v nhiu chu trnh ng
dng khc nhau.
- m bo d liu c th truy xut theo nhiu cch khc nhau:
Phng php truy xut tun t (nhc im: truy xut chm; u im: c th
truy xut trn mt khi lng ln).
Phng php truy xut ngu nhin (u im: Nhanh, p ng nhu cu nhanh;
nhc im: tn km chi ph).

Thi gian nhp liu

VD: Ch cn nhp m khch hng ch khng cn nhp cc thng tin khc ca khch hng
khi nhp ho n bn hng

Trnh lu tr trng lp d liu:

VD: thng tin v hng ch lu tr mt tp tin duy nht khi cn c th c th truy sut ra
t m hng ho

Tng cng kh nng kim sot d liu

 VD: ch c th bn hng ho c trong danh mc hng ho nu nhp khng ng chng
trnh s bo li.

Tin li trong cc thao tc vi d liu:

VD: c th thay i, thm, xo d liu

3. T IN D LIU - CHO M HNH quan nim d liu(QNDL):

http://thuvien.brtvc.edu.vn/Documents/cntt/Phan_tich_thiet_ke_he_thong.pdf
trang 24.

Trong mi giai on thit k, chng ta phi lp t in d liu cho giai on . Mc ch

ca vic lp T in d liu l:

- Gip cho nhm thit k c ci nhn tng th v kt qu thc hin, va kim chng
li m hnh thc th - kt hp xy dng.

- Lm phng tin trao i gia cc lp ngi tham gia trong vic xy dng h thng
thng tin

Su liu ca giai on thit lp MHQNDL bao gm:

a) M hnh QNDL;
b) Danh sch cc thuc tnh;
c) M t danh mc cc thc th;
d) M t cc mi kt hp;
e) Bng m t cc rng buc ton vn;
f) Bng tm nh hng cc rng buc ton vn (RBTV)
a) M hnh quan nim d liu
b) Danh sch cc thuc tnh

Sp xp tn thuc tnh theo th t t in sau ny d tra cu.

H thng thng tin M HNH QUAN NIM D LIU Trang: ...(1)

Hin ti : [ ]
Tng lai: [ ]
ng dng: <Tn> Danh Mc Cc Thuc Tnh Ngy lp:/../
T : .(2) Ngi lp:
STT Tn Tt Din gii Tn loi thc th hay
mi kt hp
1
2

c) M t danh mc cc thc th

H thng thng tin M HNH QUAN NIM D LIU Trang: ... (1)
.................................. Hin ti : [ ]
Tng lai: [ ]
ng dng: <Tn> M T Thc Th /Mi Kt Hp Ngy lp:/../
Tn: Ngi lp:
Kha: T : .(2)
Din gii:

Tn tt thuc Din Loi gi Kiu d Min Chiu di Ghi ch

tnh gii tr liu gi tr
(3) (4) (5)
1 (Theo s
2 k t)

Chiu di tng cng:.

Tng s th hin: Min / Avg / Max
(1) S th t trang trong t in
(2) S th t t trong mt m t
(3) Loi gi tr thuc tnh bao gm: B: Bt but; K: khng bt but; : c iu kin
(4) Kiu d liu: S: S; V: vn bn; M: m s; L: lun l; N: Ngy
(5) Chiu di ca thuc tnh: tnh theo s k t
d) M t cc mi kt hp
e) M t cc rng buc ton vn:
Mi rng buc cn th hin cc thnh phn:
- M rng buc (RB)
 - Bi cnh
- M t RB : bng vn bn, ngn ng i s quan h.
- Tm nh hng:
f) Bng tm nh hng cc RBTV
Cc RBTV c trnh by theo cc ct, cc thc th v mi kt hp (MKH) c
trnh by theo cc dng. giao in gia ct v dng ghi nhn tm nh hng ca
cc thao tc thm sa xa.
4. Cc mc biu din c s d liu
4.1.Mc quan nim: M t tng
Ni dung: Ti mc nim cn xc nh nhng thng tin g: Cn thit k bao nhiu
bng, mi bng c bao nhiu ct, kiu d liu ca tng ct, v thuc tnh ca cc
kiu d liu.
4.2.Mc lun l: ci t c th, xc nh c mi quan h ca cc bng.
4.3.Mc vt l: Coi xem c bao nhiu d liu, xem coi lu tr u, lu tr nh th
no.
5. Cc phng php truy xut d liu
Khi bn mun truy xut d liu (ly d liu) ca mt bng no , chng ta c 2 c
php:
C php 1:
SELECT * FROM name_table;
C php ny s truy xut tt c d liu ca bng c tn l name _table
Lu : Du sao (*) c ngha l chn ht cc ct ca bng.
C php 2
SELECT name_column1, name_column2 FROM name_table;
C php ny s truy xut tt c d liu ca hai ct c tn l name _column 1 v
name_colum2 trong bng c tn l name_table.
V d 1: truy xut d liu bng c php 1
Chng ta c mt bng sinh_vien nh sau:
S Full_name Gende City
T r Age
T
1 Nguyen Thanh Nhan Nam 19 Can Tho
2 Vinh
Pham Thu Huong Nu 20 Long

3 Soc
Nguyen Nhu Ngoc Nu 20 Trang

4 Soc
Bui Thanh Bao Nam 19 Trang

5 Le My Nhan Nu 22 Can Tho

6 Tan Thuc Bao Nam 35 An Giang

7 Trinh Giao Kim Nam 44 Bac Lieu

By gi, dng c php 1 truy xut tt c d liu trong bng sinh_vien.

SELECT * FROM sinh_vien;
Sau khi thc thi, MySQl tr v mt bng kt qu nh di y:
Full_name Gender Age City

Nguyen Thanh Nhan Nam 19 Can Tho

Pham Thu Huong Nu 20 Vinh Long

Nguyen Nhu Ngoc Nu 20 Soc Trang

Bui Thanh Bao Nam 19 Soc Trang

Le My Nhan Nu 22 Can Tho

Tan Thuc Bao Nam 35 An Giang

Trinh Giao Kim Nam 44 Bac Lieu

V d 2: truy xut d liu bng c php 2

By gi, chng ta dng c php 2 truy xut d liu ca ct Full_name v ct City:
SELECT Full_name, City FROM sinh_vien;
Sau khi thc thi, MySQl tr v mt bng kt qu nh di y:
Full_name City
Nguyen Thanh Nhan Can Tho

Pham Thu Huong Vinh Long

Nguyen Nhu Ngoc Soc Trang

Bui Thanh Bao Soc Trang

Bui Thanh Bao Soc Trang

Le My Nhan Can Tho

Tan Thuc Bao An Giang

Trinh Giao Kim Bac Lieu