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Toan chuyn nganh Quy hoach tuyn tinh
CHNG I: BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH
1 MT S VI DU DN N BAI TOAN QUY HOACH

TUYN TINH
I. Bai toan lp k hoach san xut trong iu kin tai nguyn han ch:
Vi du:
Nhn dip tt trung thu, 1 xi nghip mun san xut 3 loai banh: u xanh,
thp cm, banh deo nhn u xanh. san xut 3 loai banh nay, xi nghip
phai co ng, u, bt, trng, mt, lap xngGia s s ng co th
chun bi c la 500kg, u la 300kg, cac nguyn liu khac mun co bao
nhiu cung c. Lng ng, u va s tin lai khi ban 1 chic banh mi
loai cho trong bang:
Banh Banh u xanh Banh thp cm Banh deo
Nguyn liu
ng: 500kg 0.06kg 0.04kg 0.07kg
u: 300kg 0.08kg 0 0.04kg
Lai: 2 ngan 1.7 ngan 1.8 ngan
Cn lp k hoach san xut mi loai banh bao nhiu cai khng bi ng v
ng, u va tng s lai thu c la ln nht( nu san sut ra bao nhiu
cung ban ht)
GIAI:
Phn tich:
Goi x1; x2 ; x3 ln lt la s lng banh u xanh, thp cm, banh deo cn
san xut
1. iu kin cua n: xi 0, i 1,3 .
2. Tng s ng: 0.06 x1 0.04 x2 0.07 x3
Tng s u: 0.08 x1 0.x2 0.04 x3
Tng tin lai: 2 x1 1.7 x2 1.8 x3
Ta co m hinh toan hoc cua bai toan:
1 f x 2 x1 1.7 x2 1.8 x3 max
0.06 x1 0.04 x2 0.07 x3 500
2
0.08 x1 0.x2 0.04 x3 300
3 x j 0, j 1.3
M hinh toan hoc di dang ma trn:
Ma trn rang buc:
0.06 0.04 0.07
A
0.08 0 0.04
-1-
500
B vec t s hang t do.
300
x x1; x2 ; x3 la vec t n s.
Mt vec t x x1; x2 ; x3 thoa (2) va(3) goi la 1 phng an cua bai toan.
Mt phng an x x1; x2 ; x3 thoa (1) goi la 1 phng an ti u cua bai toan.
II. Bai toan u t vn nho nht:
Vi du:
Co 3 xi nghip may cung co th san xut ao vet va qun. Do trinh cng
nhn, tai t chc, mc trang bi ky thutkhac nhau, nn hiu qua cua ng
vn cac xi nghip cung khac nhau. Gia s u t 1000$ vao mi xi nghip
thi cui ky ta co kt qua
Xi nghip 1: 35 ao 45 qun.
Lng vai va s gi cng cn thit san xut 1 ao hoc 1 qun ( goi la sut
tiu hao nguyn liu va lao ng) c cho bang sau:
XN 1 2 3
San phm
Ao vet 3.5m 20h 4m 16h 3.8m 18h
Qun 2.8m 10h 2.6m 12h 2.5m 15h
Tng s vai va gi cng lao ng co th huy ng c cho ca 3 xi nghip
la 10.000m va 52.000 gi cng.
Theo hp ng kinh doanh thi cui ky phai co ti thiu 1500 b qun ao. Do
c im hang hoa, nu le b chi co qun la d ban.
Hay lp k hoach u t vao mi xi nghip bao nhiu vn :
- Hoan thanh k hoach san phm.
- Khng kho khn v tiu thu.
- Khng bi ng v vai va tiu thu.
- Tng s vn u t nho nht la iu ni bt cn quan tm.
Phn tich:
1)Goi x1; x2 ; x3 ln lt la s n vi vn u t ( 1000$) vao mi xi nghip.
Ta co: x j 0, j 1,3
2)Tng s ao cua 3 XN: 35 x1 40 x2 43x3 ,
3)Tng s qun cua 3 XN: 45 x1 42 x2 30 x3 ,
khng kho khn v tiu thu thi:
45 x1 42 x2 30 x3 35 x1 40 x2 43x3 10 x1 2 x2 13x3 0
4)Tng s b qun ao= Tng s ao cua 3 XN: 35 x1 40 x2 43x3 ,
-2-
5) Tng s met vai cua 3 xi nghip ( dung may ao va qun ):

3.5 35 x1 4 40 x2 3.8 43 x3
2.8 45 x1 2.6 42 x2 2.5 30 x3

248.5 x1 269.2 x2 238.4 x3
6) Tng s gi cng cua 3 xi nghip:
20 35 x1 16 40 x2 18 43x3
10 45 x1 12 42 x2 15 30 x3
1150 x1 1144 x2 1224 x3
7) Tng s vn u t( n vi: 1000$): x1 x2 x3
M hinh toan hoc
1 f x x1 x2 x3 min
10 x1 2 x2 13x3 0
35 x1 40 x2 43x3 1500
2
248.5 x1 269.2 x2 238.4 x3 10000

1150 x1 1144 x2 1224x3 52000
3 x j 0, j 1,3
M hinh toan hoc di dang ma trn:
10 2 13 0
35 40 43 1500
A , B
248.5 269.2 238.4 10000

1150 1144 1224 52000
III. Bai toan vn tai
Vi du:
Ta cn vn tai vt liu t 2 kho: K1 va K2 , n 3 cng trng xy dng: C1,
C2, C3 . Tng s vt liu co mi kho, tng s vt liu yu cu cua mi cng
trng, khoang cach t mi kho n mi cng trng c cho bang sau:
-3-
Hay lp k hoach vn chuyn th nao :

- Cac kho giai phong ht vt liu.
- Cac cng trng nhn u vt liu cn thit.
- Tng s T km phai thc hin la it nht.
GIAI
Phn tich:
1. Goi xij i 1,2; j 1,2,3 ln lt la s tn vt liu vn chuyn t kho
Ki C j xij 0
2. S tn vt liu t kho K1 n 3 cng trng:
x11 x12 x13
3. S tn vt liu t kho K2 n 3 cng trng:
x21 x22 x23
4. S tn vt liu cng trng C1 nhn c t 3 kho:
x11 x21
x12 x22
x13 x23
7. Tng s T km :
5 x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23
M hinh toan hoc:
1 f x 5 x11 7 x12 2 x13 4 x21 3x22 6 x23 min
x11 x12 x13 20
x x x 40
21 22 23
2 x11 x21 15
x x 20
12 22
x13 x23 25
3 xij 0 i 1,2; j 1,2,3
-4-
2 CAC DANG BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

I. Dang tng quat:
n
1 f x c j x j min max
j 1
n
aij x j bi
j 1
n
2 aij x j bi -
j 1
n
aij x j bi

j 1
3 x j 0 j J1 ; x j 0 j J 2 ; x j tu y y j J 3 ; J1 J 2 J 3 1;2;; n
Vector x x1; x2 ; ; xn thoa (2);(3) goi la 1 phng an cua bai toan.
- Nu phng an thoa (1) tc la ham muc tiu at cc ai( hay cc tiu)
thi goi la phng an ti u.
- Giai 1 bai toan QHTT la i tim phng an ti u hoc chi ra bai toan
khng co phng an ti u.
Vi du:
Bai toan sau y co dang tng quat:
1 f x 3x1 x2 2 x3 x4 5x5 max
2 x1 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 17
4 x1 2 x2 x3 20
2
x1 x2 2 x3 x5 18
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 100
3 x1; x4 0; x2 ; x5 0; x3 tu y y
II. Dang chinh tc:
n
j 1
n
2 aij x j bi i 1, m
j 1
3 x j 0 j 1, n
-5-
Vi du:
Bai toan sau y co dang chinh tc:
1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min
2 x1 x2 x3 3 x4 0
2 x2 x3 x4 x5 18
x 2 x x 17
3 4 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
III. Dang chun:
n
j 1
x1 a1 m 1 xm 1 a1n xn b1
x2 a2 m 1 xm 1 a2n xn b2
2
.......... .......... .......... ..........

xm am m 1 xm 1 amn xn bm

3 x j 0 j 1, n ; bi 0 i 1, m
x1 x2 xm xm 1 xn
1 0 ...... 0 a1 m 1 ... a1n

0 1 ...... 0 a2 m 1 ... a2n
A

0 0 ...... 1 am m 1 ... amn

Nhn xet:
Ta thy bai toan dang chun la bai toan dang chinh tc thm 2 iu kin:
Cac s hang t do khng m: bi 0 i 1, m .
Ma trn cac h s rang buc A cha 1 ma trn n vi cp m.
inh nghia:
1) n c ban: Cac n ng vi vec t ct n vi trong ma trn A goi la n c
ban, trn ma trn A ta co x1; x2 ; ; xm la cac n c ban.
- n c ban ng vi vec t ct n vi th i goi la n c ban th i. Cac n con
lai la khng c ban.
2) Phng an c ban: 1 phng an ma cac n khng c ban u bng 0 goi
la phng an c ban.
Nhn xet:
Vi bai toan dang chun ta lun co phng an c ban ban u :
x1; x2 ;; xm ; xm 1;; xn b1; b2 ;; bm ;0;;0 bi 0, i 1, m
Vi du: Bai toan sau co dang chun
-6-
1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min

2 x1 2 x4 x5 20
2 3x1 4 x2 4 x4 x6 0
x 2 x x 3 x 28
1 2 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,6
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
2 0 0 2 1 0

A 3 4 0 4 0 1
1 2 1 3 0 0

Ta co x5 la n c ban th nht, x6 la n c ban th hai, x3 la n c ban th ba
Phng an c ban ban u: x1, x2 , x3, x4 , x5 , x6, 0,0,28,0,20,0
-7-
3 BIN I DANG CUA BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN

TINH
I. a dang tng quat v dang chinh tc:
n
1) Nu gp rang buc dang: aij x j bi ta cng thm vao v trai 1 n phu
j 1
( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 bin v dang phng trinh:
n
aij x j xn 1 bi
j 1
n
2) Nu gp rang buc dang: aij x j bi ta cng thm vao v trai 1 n phu
j 1
( Slack variable) khng m xi 1 0 , vi h s -1 bin v dang phng
trinh:
n
aij x j xn 1 bi
j 1
Chu y: Cac n phu chi la nhng s giup ta bin bt phng trinh thanh
phng trinh, ch khng ong vai tro gi v kinh t, nn no khng anh hng
n ham muc tiu. Vi vy h s cua no trong ham muc bng 0.
3) Nu gp n x j 0 ta thay x j t j , t j 0
4) Nu gp n x j tu y y ta thay x j xj xj , xj , xj 0
Vi du:
a bai toan sau v dang chinh tc:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 2 x5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 7 x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 x5 7 a
x2 2 x3 x4 1 x2 2 x3 x4 1 b
2

2 x3 x4 3 x5 10 2 x3 x4 3x5 10 c
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 20 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 20 d
3 x1; x5 0; x4 0; x2 ; x3 tu y y
GIAI
Cng vao (a) n phu x6 0 .
Cng vao (b) n phu x7 0 .
Cng vao (c) n phu x8 0 .vi h s -1
Thay x4 t 4 ; t 4 0
Thay x2 x2 x2 ; x2 0 x2 0
Thay x3 x3 x3 ; x3 0 x3 0
Bai toan a v dang chinh tc nh sau:
-8-
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x2 2 x3 x3 t4 2 x5 0.x6 0 x7 0 x8 min
x1 2 x2 x2 x3 x3 2t 4 x5 x6 7 a
x x 2 x x t x 1 b
2 2 2 3 3 4 7
chu y:
2 x3 x3 t 4 3x5 x8 10 c
x1 x2 x2 2 x3 x3 t 4 20 d
3 x1; x5 0; t4 0; x2 ; x2 ; x3 ; x3 ; x6 ; x7 ; x8 0
Nu x10,x20,x20,x30,x30,t40,x50,x60,x70,x80 la phng an ti u cua bai toan mi thi
x10,x20,x30,x40,x50with x20 x20 x20,x30 x30 x30,x40 t40

toan gc.
la phng an ti u cua bai
II. a dang chinh tc v dang chun:

1) M ta phng phap:
Gia s bai toan a co dang chinh tc: (Gia s bi 0, i 1, m )
n
j 1
a11 x1 a1n x n b1
a x a x b
2 11 1 11 1 2

a11 x1 a11 x1 bm
3 x j 0 j 1, n
Ta thm vao mi phng trinh mt n gia khng m xn i 0 vi h
s 1
Trong ham muc tiu f x min , n gia co h s M( M>0, M ln
hn s nao n so sanh)
Trong ham muc tiu f x max , n gia co h s M
Ta co bai toan mi goi la bai toan m rng cua bai toan xut phat.
-9-
n m
1 f x c j x j M xn i min max
j 1 i 1
a11 x1 a1n x n xn 1 b1
a x a x xn 2 b2
2 21 1 2n n

am1x1 amn xn xn m bm
3 x j 0 j 1, n m
a11 x1 a1n xn 1 0 0
a x a2n xn 0 1 0
A 21 1

am1x1 amn xn 0 0 1
Ta thy bai toan a co dang chun vi n c ban th i la
xn i i 1, m la cac
n gia.
Vi du:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 max
x1 5 x2 5 x4 25
2 4 x2 x3 6 x4 18
3x 8 x 28
2 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
1 5 0 5
A 0 4 1 6

0 3 0 8
Ta thy con thiu vector ct n vi th 2 va th 3 nn phai thm n gia vao
phng trinh th 2 va th 3. Bai toan a v dang chun.
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 Mx5 Mx6 max
x1 5 x2 5 x4 25
2 4 x2 x3 6 x4 x5 18
3x 8 x x 28
2 4 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 5 0 5 0 0
A 0 4 1 6 1 0

0 3 0 8 0 1
2) Quan h gia bai toan xut phat va bai toan m rng
NHN XET
a) Nu x x1, x2 , , xn la phng an cua bai toan xut phat thi
x x1 , x2 ,..., xn ,0,...,0 la phng an cua bai toan m rng.
- 10 -
b) Nu
x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat thi

x 0 x10 , x2
0
, , xn0 ,0...,0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan m rng.
T o nu bai m rng khng co phng an ti u thi bai toan xut phat
cung khng co phng an ti u.
c) Nu x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0 ,0...,0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan m rng
thi x 0 x10 , x20 , , xn0 la phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat.
d) Nu bai toan m rng co phng an ti u trong o co 1 n gia nhn
gia tri dng thi bai toan xut phat khng co phng an.
BAI TP CHNG I
Lp m hinh toan hoc
1) Cng ty bao bi dc cn san xut 3 loai hp giy ng thuc B1, Cao sao
vang va ng Quy sm ai b hoan.
san xut ra cac hp nay cng ty dung cac tm bia co kich thc
ging nhau. Mi tm bia co 5 cach ct khac nhau
Cach Hp B1 Hp cao sao Hp quy sm
vang
1 2 0 2
2 0 7 4
3 8 0 3
4 1 6 2
5 9 2 0
Theo k hoach s hp B1 phai co la 1500, s hp quy sm la 2000, s hp
cao sao vang ti thiu la 1000. Cn phng an ct sao cho tng s tm
bia phai dung la it nht. Hay lp m hinh bai toan.
2)
Xi nghip c khi An Phu cn ct 1000 oan thep dai 0.55m; 800 oan dai
0.8m va 1120 oan dai 0.45m lam chung ga. co cac oan thep nay, xi
nghip phai dung 3 loai thanh thep: loai 1 dai 1.2m; loai 2 dai 1.5m va loai 3
dai 1.8m. Cac cach ct c cho trong bang di
Loai thep Cach ct 0.55m 0.8m 0.45m Tha
I: 1.2m 1 1 0 1 0.2
2 2 0 0 0.1
3 0 0 2 0.3
II: 1.5m 1 1 1 0 0.15
2 1 0 2 0.05
3 0 1 1 0.25
4 0 0 3 0.15
- 11 -
III: 1.8m 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 1 2 0.1
3 0 2 0 0.2
4 0 0 4 0
Cn tim phng an ct sao cho tng s mu thep tha la it nht. Lp m
hinh bai toan.
Nhn dang va i dang
Trong cac bai toan t 1 n 5 di y:
1)
1 f x min
2 x1 x2 3 x3 4 x5 17
2
4 x1 2 x3 x4 5 x5 20
3 x j 0 j 1,5
2)
1 f x max
x1 x2 2 x3 x4 x5 32
2 x2 x3 2 x4 16
x x 2 x x 32
1 2 3 4
3 x1, x3 0; x2 0; x4 , x5 tu y y
3)
1 f x min
2 x1 x2 3 x3 4 x5 17
2 4 x1 2 x3 x4 5 x5 20
2x 4x x 6
1 5 6
3 x j 0 j 1,6
4)
1 f x max
x1 x2 2 x3 5
2 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 15
2 x x 3x 8
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,4
5)
- 12 -
1 f x min
x1 2 x2 2 x3 7
2 x2 2 x3 x4 15
2 x 3x x 8
1 3 4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
a) Nhng bai toan nao a co dang chinh tc.
b) Nhng bai toan nao a co dang chun? n c ban la nhng n nao?
Th t cua no th nao?Hay tim phng an c ban ban u cua no.
c) Nhng bai toan nao cha co dang chun hay a v dang chun sau
o cho bit n nao la n c ban, n c ban y la n gi?( n chinh , n
phu, n gia) th t cua no th nao? Phng an c ban ban u cua bai
toan dang chun nay th nao.
- 13 -
CHNG II: PHNG PHAP N HINH
1 THUT TOAN N HINH

I. Trng hp f x min ( gm 5 bc)
Bc 1: Lp bang ban u
n Phng c1 c2 cr cm cm 1 cv cn
H c an i
s ban x1 x2 xr xm xm 1 xv xn
c1 x1 b1 1 0 0 0 a1 m 1 a1v a1n 1
c2 x2 b2 0 1 0 0 a2 m 1 a 2v a2 n 2
cr xr br 0 0 1 0 a3 m 1 a rv arn
r
cm xm bm
0 0 0 1 am m 1 amv amn
f x f0 1 2 r m m 1 v n
m m
Trong o f0 ci bi & j ci aij cj
i 1 i 1
Bc 2: Kim tra tinh ti u
a) Nu j 0 j thi phng an ang xet la ti u va gia tri ham muc
tiu tng ng la f x f 0
b) Nu j 0 ma aij 0i 1, m thi bai toan khng co phng an ti
u
Nu ca 2 trng hp trn khng xay ra thi chuyn sang bc 3
Bc 3: Tim n a vao:
Nu v max
j
j thi xv
c chon a vao.
Bc 4: Tim n a ra:
b
i i with aiv 0
aiv
If r min i then xr out
i
Bc 5:Bin i bang(dung phng phap kh Gauss-Jordan)

1. Thay xr bng xv . Cac n c ban khac va cac h s tng ng gi
nguyn.
- 14 -
2. hang chun=hang a ra( xr )/ arv .

3. hang i(mi)= aiv hang chun+ hang i(cu).
4. hang cui (mi)= v hang chun+ hang cui(cu).
II. Trng hp f x max
t g x f x min . Vy ta a chuyn v bai toan Ham muc tiu cc tiu
va do o ta hoan toan co th ap dung kt qua cua bai toan min.
Vi du:
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 x4 x5 min
x1 6 x2 2 x4 9 x5 32

2 2 x2 x3 1 x4 3 x5 30
2 2
3 x 2 x5 36
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 x4 x5 0.x6 min
x1 6 x2 2 x4 9 x5 32

2 2 x2 x3 1 x4 3 x5 30
2 2
3 x 2 x5 x6 36
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 6 0 2 9 0
1 3
A 0 2 1 0
2 2
0 3 0 0 1 1

- 15 -
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 2 5 4 1 -5 0
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
2 x1 32 1 -6 0 -2 -9 0
4 x3 30 0 2 1 3/2 0
0 x6 36 0 3 0 0 1 1
f x 184 0 -9 0 -3 -7 0
j 0, j phng an ti u la x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 32,0,30,0,0
Vi du:
1 f x 6 x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 7 x6 7 min
x1 x2 x4 x6 15
2 2 x1 x3 2 x6 9
4 x 2 x x 3 x 2
1 4 5 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
s tan dard form
1 f x 6 x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 7 x6 7 min
x1 x2 x4 x6 15
2 2 x1 x3 2 x6 9
4 x 2 x x 3 x 2
1 4 5 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 1 0 1 0 1
A 2 0 1 0 0 2

4 0 0 2 1 3
- 16 -
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 6 1 1 3 1 -7
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
1 x2 15 -1 1 0 -1 0 (1)
1 x3 9 -2 0 1 0 0 -2
1 x5 2 4 0 0 2 1 -3
f x 26+7 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5 0 0 -2 0 (3)
-7 x6 15 -1 1 0 -1 0 1
1 x3 39 -4 2 1 -2 0 0
1 x5 47 1 3 0 -1 1 0
f x -19+7 -2 -3 0 (1) 0 0
phng an c ban ban u:
max j 6 3 x6 in
arv 1 x2 out
phng an th 2
max j 4 1but ai 4 0, 1,2,1 bai toan khng co phng an ti u.
- 17 -
Vi du:
1 f x 2 x1 6 x2 4 x3 2 x4 3 x5 max
x1 2 x2 x3 52
2 4 x2 2 x3 x4 60
3 x x 36
2 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form
1 g ( x) f x 2 x1 6 x2 4 x3 2 x4 3x5 min
x1 2 x2 4 x3 52
2 4 x2 2 x3 x4 60
3 x x 36
2 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
1 2 4 0 0
A 0 4 2 1 0

0 3 0 0 1
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 2 -6 -4 2 -3
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
2 x1 52 1 2 (4) 0 0
2 x4 60 0 4 2 1 0
-3 x5 36 0 3 0 0 1
g x 116 1 2 3 4 5
0 9 (16) 0 0
x3 13 1/4 1/2 1 0 0
x4 34 -1/2 (3) 0 1 0
x5 36 0 3 0 0 1
g x -92 -4 (1) 0 0 0
x3 22/3 1/3 0 1 -1/6 0
x2 34/3 -1/6 1 0 1/3 0
x5 2 1/2 0 0 -1 1
g x -310/3 -23/6 0 0 -1/3 0
- 18 -
max j 3 16 x3 in
52
min i 1 13
4
arv 4 x1 out
phng an th 2
max j 2 1 x2 in
34
min i 2
3
arv 3 x4 out
Phng an cui cung: j 0, j ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 0, 34 , 22 ,0,2
3 3
310
Gia tri cua phng an: f0 g0
3
- 19 -
2 THUT TOAN N HINH M RNG

I. Chu y trong thut toan n hinh m rng
Nu gp bai toan dang chinh tc cha phai dang chun ta dung n gia a
bai toan v dang chun.
1. Nu bai toan m rng khng co phng an ti u thi bai toan xut
phat cung khng co phng an ti u.
2. Nu bai toan m rng co phng an ti u ma cac n gia u bng 0,
thi bo phn n gia i ta con phng an ti u cua bai toan xut phat.
3. Nu bai toan m rng co phng an ti u ma trong o con it nht 1
n gia > 0, thi bai toan xut phat khng co phng an ti u.
Vi du:
1 f x x1 2 x2 x4 _ 5 x5 min
0 0 3 9 0
3 x3 9 x4 0

2 x2 7 x3 5 x4 2 x5 5 , A 0 1 7 5 2

1 2 4 1 2 1 2 4 1
1
5
x x x
1 3 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 3 x x
3 3 3
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form
1 f x x1 2 x2 x4 _ 5x5 Mx6 Mx7 min

3 x3 9 x4 x6 0

2 x2 7 x3 5 x4 2 x5 x7 5
1 2 4 1 2
x1 3 x2 3 x3 3 x4 3 x5 3
3 x j 0; j 1,7

0 0 3 9 0 1 0
A 0 1 7 5 2 0 1
1 2 4 1
1 3 3 3 5
0 0

- 20 -
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 1 2 0 1 -5
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
M x6 0 0 0 -3 -9 0
M x7 5 0 (1) -7 -5 -2
1 x1 2/3 1 -1/3 2/3 4/3 1/3
1 2 3 4 5
f x 5M+2/3 0 (-7/3+M) 2/3-10M 1/3-14M 16/3-2M
x6 0 0 0 -3 -9 0
x2 5 0 1 -7 -5 -2
x1 7/3 1 0 -5/3 -1/3 -1/3
f x 37/3 0 0 -47/3-3M -34/3-9M 2/3
7
max j 2 M x2 in
3
5
min i 2
1
arv 1 x7 out
phng an th 2
2 1
max j 5 0 but ai5 0,2, 0 bai toan khng co phng an ti
3 3
u
- 21 -
Vi du:
1 f x 16 x1 7 x2 9 x3 min
2 1 1 2 1
2 3 x1 3 x2 x3 3 3
3
1
5 0
5 x1 5 x2 7 5
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 f x 16 x1 7 x2 9 x3 Mx4 min
2 1 1
2 3 x1 3 x2 x3 3

5 x1 5 x2 x4 7
3 x j 0; j 1,4
2 1 0
1
A 3 3
5 5 0 1

Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng -16 7 9
ban an
x1 x2 x3
9 x3 1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1

M x4 7 -5 (5) 0
1 2 3
f x 7M+3 10-5M (-10+5M) 0
x3 12/15 -1 0 1
x2 7/5 -1 1 0
f x 17 0 0 0
max j 2 10 5M x2 in
7
min i 2
5
arv 5 x4 out
x1, x2 , x3 0, 7 , 12
5 15
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 17
Vi du:
- 22 -
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 min
x1 2 x2 x3 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 50
x x x 18
1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 0.x4 min
x1 2 x2 x3 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 50
x x x x 18
1 2 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
1 2 1 0
A 2 1 2 0

1 1 1 1
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 2 x3 0.x4 Mx5 Mx6 min
x1 2 x2 x3 x5 27
2 2 x1 x2 2 x3 x6 50
x x x x 18
1 2 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,6
1 2 1 0 1 0
A 2 1 2 0 0 1

1 1 1 1 0 0
- 23 -
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 1 2 0 1
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4
M x5 27 1 -2 1 0
M x6 50 2 1 (2) 0
0 x4 18 1 -1 -1 1
1 2 3 4
f x 77M -2+3M -4-M (2+3M) 0
x5 2 0 -5/2 0 0
x3 25 1 1/2 1 0
x4 43 2 -1/2 0 1
f x -50+2M -4 -5-5M/2 0 0
max j 3 2 3M x3 in
min i 2 25
arv 2 x6 out
phng an th 2
j 0 but x5 2 0 bai toan xut phat khng co phng an ti u.
- 24 -
BAI TP
Bai 1
1 f x 2 x1 x2 2 x3 min
x1 4 x3 7 1 0 4
2 A
x2 x3 10 0 1 1
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 2 -1 2
ban an
x1 x2 x3
2 x1 7 1 0 (4)
-1 x2 10 0 1 1
1 2 3
f x 4 0 0 (5)
x3 7/4 1/4 0 1
x2 33/4 -1/4 1 0
f x
-19/4 -5/4 0 0
x1, x2 , x3 0, 33 , 7
4 4
19
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0
4
- 25 -
Bai 2
1 f x 4 x1 x2 2 x3 max
x2 x3 8 0 1 1
2 A
x1 x2 5 1 1 0
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 g x f x 4 x1 x2 2 x3 min
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng -4 -1 2
ban an
x1 x2 x3
2 x3 8 0 (1) 1
-4 x1 5 1 -1 0
1 2 3
g x -4 0 (7) 0
x2 8 0 1 1
x1 13 1 0 1
g x -60 0 0 -7
x1, x2 , x3 13,8,0
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g 0 60
Bai 3
- 26 -
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 min
x1 2 x2 x3 12
2
2 x1 x2 x3 10
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 x4 12
2
2 x1 x2 x3 x5 10
3 x j 0; j 1,5
1 2 1 1 0
A
2 1 1 0 1
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng 1 -2 1 0 0
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
0 x4 12 1 2 1 1 0
0 x5 10 2 1 -1 0 1
1 2 3 4 5
f x 0 -1 2 -1 0 0
x2 6 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 0
x5 4 3/2 0 -3/2 -1/2 1
f x
-12 -2 0 -2 -1 0
x1, x2 , x3 0,6,0
Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 12
- 27 -
Bai 4
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 max
x1 2 x2 3x3 10
2
x1 3 x2 x3 5
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
x 2 x2 3x3 x4 10
2 1
x1 3 x2 x3 x5 5
1 2 3 1 0
3 x j 0; j 1,5, A
1 3 1 0 1
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 Mx6 min
x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 10
2
x1 3x2 x3 x5 x6 5
1 2 3 1 0 0
3 x j 0; j 1,6 A
1 3 1 0 1 1
- 28 -
Bang n hinh:
H s n c Phng -1 -2 1 0 0
ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
0 x4 10 -1 2 3 1 0
M x6 5 1 (3) 1 0 -1
1 2 3 4 5
g x 5M M+1 (3M+2) M-1 0 -M
x4 20/3 -5/3 0 7/3 1 (2/3)
x2 5/3 1/3 1 1/3 0 -1/3
g x -10/3 1/3 0 -5/3 0 (2/3)

x5 10 -5/2 0 7/2 3/2 1
x2 5 -1/2 1 3/2 1/2 0
g x -10 2 0 -4 -1 0
5 1
Phng an cui cung: 1 2 0, but ai1 2 ; 2 0 Bai toan xut phat

khng co phng an ti u.
Bai 5
1 f x 3x1 x2 3x3 max
x1 2 x2 x3 2 1 2 1

2 10 x2 5 x3 5 A 0 10 5

3x 2 x 4 0 3 2
2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 g x f x 3x1 x2 3x3 Mx4 Mx5 min
x1 2 x2 x3 2
2 10 x2 5 x3 x4 5
3x 2 x x 4
2 3 5
1 2 1 0 0

3 x j 0; j 1,5 A 0 10 5 1 0

0 3 2 0 1
Bang n hinh:
H s -3 -1 3
- 29 -
n c Phng x1 x2 x3
ban an
-3 x1 2 1 2 -1
M x4 5 0 -10 (5)
M x5 4 0 -3 2
1 2 3
g x 9M-6 0 -13M-5 (7M)
x1 3 1 0 0
x3 1 0 -2 1
x5 2 0 (1) 0
g x 2M-6 0 (M-5) 0
x1 3 1 0 0
x3 5 0 0 1
x2 2 0 1 0
g x 4 0 0 0
x1, x2 , x3 3,2,5 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g x 4
Bai 6
- 30 -
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 min
4
4 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 12 1 2 1 0
2 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x5 10 A 2 2 1 0 1
1 1
x1 2 x2 x3 23 1 2 0 0

2 2
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 Mx6 Mx7 min

4 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 x6 12
2 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x5 10
1
x1 2 x2 x3 x7 23
2
4 1 2 1 0 1 0

3 x j 0; j 1,7 A 2 2 1 0 1 0 0
1
1 2 2 0 0 0 1

Bang n hinh:
H n c Phng 2 1 -1 0 0
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
M x6 12 -4 -1 (2) -1 1
0 x5 10 -2 2 -1 0 0
M x7 23 1 -2 -1/2 0 0
1 2 3 4 5
f x 35M -3M-2 -3M-1 (3M/2 -M 0
+1)
x3 6 -2 -1/2 1 -1/2 0
x5 16 -4 3/2 0 -1/2 1
x7 26 0 -9/4 0 -1/4 0
f x 26M-6 0 (-9M/4-1/2) 0 -M/4+1/2 0

Phng an cui cung: j 0, j but x7 26 0 Bai toan gc khng co
phng an ti u.
Bai toan 7
- 31 -
1 f x x4 x5 20 max
x2 2 x4 3 x5 7 0 1 0 2 3

2 x3 x4 3x5 2 A 0 0 1 1 3

x x x 2 1 0 0 1 1
1 4 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x4 x5 20 min
x2 2 x4 3 x5 7
2 x3 x4 3x5 2
x x x 2
1 4 5
3 x j 0; j 1,5
Bang n hinh:
H n c Phng 0 0 0 -1 -1
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
0 x2 7 0 1 0 2 3
0 x3 2 0 0 1 -1 -3
0 x1 2 1 0 0 (1) 1
1 2 3 4 5
g x -20 0 0 0 (1) 1
x2 3 -2 1 0 0 1
x3 4 1 0 1 0 -2
x4 2 1 0 0 1 1
g x -22 -1 0 0 0 0
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 0,3,4,2,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 g 0 22
Bai 8
- 32 -
1 f x x1 2 x2 x3 max
4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 6 4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 x2 2 x3 6 x1 x2 2 x3 6
2x x 2x 4 2x x 2x 4
1 2 3 1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 min
4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 x4 6 4 4 2 1 0

2 x1 x2 2 x3 x5 6 A 1 1 2 0 1
2 x1 x2 2 x3 4 2 1 2 0 0

s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 x3 0 x4 0 x5 Mx6 Mx7 min
4 x1 4 x2 2 x3 x4 6 4 4 2 1 0 0 0

2 x1 x2 2 x3 x5 x6 6 A 1 1 2 0 1 1 0

2x x 2x x 4 2 1 2 0 0 0 1
1 2 3 7
3 x j 0; j 1,7
H n c Phng -1 -2 1 0 0
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
0 x4 6 -4 -4 -2 1 0
M x6 6 1 1 2 0 -1
M x7 4 2 -1 (2) 0 0
1 2 3 4 5
g x 10M 3M+1 -2 (4M-1) 0 -M
x4 10 -2 -5 0 1 0
x6 2 -1 (2) 0 0 -1
x3 2 1 -1/2 1 0 0
g x 2M+2 -M+2 (2M+3/2) 0 0 -M
x4 15 -9/2 0 0 1 -5/2
x2 1 -1/2 1 0 0 -1/2
x3 5/2 3/4 0 1 0 -1/4
g x 1/2 11/4 0 0 0 3/4
3
Phng an cui cung: 5 0, but ai5 0 Bai toan xut phat khngco
4
phng an ti u.
Bai 9
- 33 -
1 f x x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 max
x1 2 x2 3x3 15 x1 2 x2 3x3 15 1 2 3 0

2 2 x1 x2 5 x3 20 2 x1 x2 5 x3 20 2 1 5 0
x 2 x x x 10 x 2 x x x 10 1 2 1 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard form
1 g x f x x1 2 x2 3x3 x4 Mx5 Mx6 min
x1 2 x2 3 x3 x5 15 1 2 3 0 1 0

2 2 x1 x2 5 x3 x6 20 A 2 1 5 0 0 1

x 2 x x x 10
1 2 3 4 1 2 1 1 0 0
Bang n hinh:
H n c Phng -1 -2 -3 -1
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4
M x5 15 1 -2 3 0
M x6 20 2 1 (5) 0
-1 x4 10 1 2 1 1
1 2 3 4
g x 35M-10 3M -M (8M+2) 0
x5 3 -1/5 -13/5 0 0
x3 4 2/5 1/5 1 0
x4 6 3/5 9/5 0 1
g x 3M-18 -M/5-4/5 -13M/5-2/5 0 0

Phng an cui cung: j 0, j but x5 3 0 Bai toan gc khng co
phng an ti u.
- 34 -
Bai 10
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x4 min
x1 x2 x3 15
2 x1 x2 x3 x4 27
2 x x x 18
1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard form
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x4 0 x5 0 x6 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 15 1 1 1 0 1 0

2 x1 x2 x3 x4 27 1 1 1 1 0 0
2 x x x x 18 2 1 1 0 0 1
1 2 3 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
Bang n hinh:
H n c Phng -2 1 0 1 0 0
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
0 x5 15 1 1 -1 0 1 0
1 x4 27 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 x6 18 (2) -1 -1 0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6
f x 27 (3) 0 1 0 0 0
x5 6 0 3/2 -1/2 0 1 -1/2
x4 18 0 3/2 (3/2) 1 0 -1/2
x1 9 1 -1/2 -1/2 0 0 1/2
f x 0 0 3/2 (5/2) 0 0 -3/2
x5 12 0 2 0 1/3 1 -2/3
x3 12 0 1 1 2/3 0 -1/3
x1 15 1 0 0 1/3 0 1/3
f x -30 0 -1 0 -5/3 0 -2/3
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 15,0,12,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 30
Bai 11
- 35 -
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x4 max
x1 3 x2 x4 1
2 5 x2 2 x4 3
2 x 8 x 2 x 6
2 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
s tan dard form
1 g x f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x4 0 x5 0 x6 0 x7 min
x1 3 x2 x4 x5 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0

2 5 x2 2 x4 x6 3 0 5 0 2 0 1 0
2 x 8 x 2 x x 6 0 2 8 2 0 0 1
2 3 4 7
3 x j 0; j 1,7
Bang n hinh:
H n c Phng -2 -4 -1 -1 0 0 0
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7
-2 x1 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0
0 x6 3 0 -5 0 -2 0 1 0
0 x7 6 0 2 (8) 2 0 0 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
g x -2 0 -2 (1) -1 -2 0 0
x1 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0
x6 3 0 -5 0 -2 0 1 0
x3 3/4 0 1/4 1 1/4 0 0 1/8
g x -11/4 0 -9/4 0 -5/4 -2 0 -1/8
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 1,0, 3 ,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f0 g0

11
4 4
- 36 -
Bai 12
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x 18
1 3 4 5 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
s tan dard form
1 1 1 0 1 2
2 0 1 1 2 1
Bang n

4 0 6 6 3 4
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 Mx7 Mx8 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0

2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 x7 3 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0

4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x x 18 4 0 6 6 3 4 0 1
1 3 4 5 6 8
3 x j 0; j 1,8
hinh:
H n c Phng -10 -3 2 2 -2 -4
s ban an
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
-3 x2 2 1 1 -1 0 1 2
M x7 3 2 0 (1) -1 2 1
M x8 18 4 0 6 -6 3 4
1 2 3 4 5 6
g x 21M-1 6M+7 0 (7M+1) -7M-2 5M-1 5M-2
x2 5 3 1 0 -1 3 3
x3 3 2 0 1 -1 2 1
x8 0 -8 0 0 0 -9 -2
g x -4 -8M+5 0 0 -1 -9M-3 -2M-3
Phng an cui cung: j 0 , j ta co phng an ti u la:
x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 0,5,3,0,0,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f 0 4
- 37 -
Bai 13
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 x4 2 x5 4 x6 2 max
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3x 4 x 18
1 3 4 5 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
Bai 14
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x3 x4 min
x1 x2 x3 2 x4 2
2 x2 3x3 7 x4 2
2 x3 3 x4 5

3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0,2,0,0
Bai 15
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 4 x3 x4 min
3 x1 x2 2 x3 4 x4 2
2 2 x1 x3 3 x4 1
x 4x 2x 4
1 3 4
3 x j 0; j 1,4
2 1
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 0, ,0,
3 3
Bai 16
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 3x1 2 x2 x3 min
x1 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 2 x2 x3 5
3 x x 2 x 14
1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
S : x x1, x2 , x3 2,0,4
- 38 -
Bai 17
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 4 x1 3x2 2 x3 x4 min
6 x1 2 x2 3 x3 x4 57
2 x1 3x2 2 x3 16
2 x x 4 x 12
1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,4
Bai 18
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 2 x2 x3 x4 min
3 x1 2 x2 4 x3 x4 8
2 2 x1 3x2 x3 5
x1 x2 x3 12

3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : x x1, x2 , x3 , x4 0,2,1,0
Bai 19
Giai bai toan QHTT:
1 f x 2 x1 10 x2 4 x3 6 x4 max
3x1 x2 2 x4 16
2 x1 2 x2 x3 2 x4 4
x2 3 x3 x4 0

3 x j 0; j 1,4
S : no PATU
Bai 20
Giai bai toan QHTT:
x1 4 x2 2 x3 6
2 x1 x2 2 x3 6
2x x 2x 4
1 2 3
3 x j 0; j 1,3
14 12 2
S : x x1 , x2 , x3 , ,
5 5 5
- 39 -
CHNG III: BAI TOAN I NGU
1 KHAI NIM
I. Bai toan i ngu( D) cua bai toan gc ( P)dang chinh tc:
a11 a12 a13
1 f x c1x1 c2 x2 c3 x3 min A
a21 a22 a23
a11 x1 a12 x2 a13 x3 b1
(P) 2 a x a x a x b a11 a21
21 1 22 2 23 3 2
A a12 a22
T
3 x j 0 j 1,3
a13 a23
1 g y b1 y1 b2 y2 max
a11 y1 a21 y 2 c1

(D) 2 a12 y1 a22 y2 c2
a y a3 y c
13 1 2 3
3 y j j 1,2 tu y y
Nhn xet:
1. ham muc tiu Pf x min thi ham muc tiu cua Dg y max va ngc
lai.
2. s n cua bai toan nay la s rang buc cua bai toan kia va ngc lai.
3. cac h s ci & bi 2 bai toan i ngc cho nhau.
4. ma trn cac h s rang buc 2 bai toan la chuyn vi cua nhau.
II. Quy tc lp bai toan i ngu( Dual problem)
Bai toan P(D) Bai toan D(P)
n m
f x c j x j min g y bi y i max
j 1 i 1
bi 0
yi 0
n
b n th i:
Rang buc th i: aij x j i
j 1 tu y y
bi
Cung chiu Cung chiu
0 c j
xj 0
m
n th j: Rang buc th j: aij yi c j
tu y y i 1 c j

Ngc chiu Ngc chiu
Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan

- 40 -
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 x3 x4 max
2 x1 x2 x3 x4 5 1

2 x1 x2 2 x3 x4 7 2
5 x x 3x x 20 3
1 2 3 4
3 x1, x2 0, x3 0, x4 tu y y
2 1 5
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 1 1 2 1 AT
1 2 3
5 1 3 1
1 1 1
D
1 g y 5 y1 7 y2 20 y3 min
2 y1 1y 2 5 y3 2
y y y 3
2 1 2 3

1 y 2 y 2 3 y 3 1

y1 y 2 y3 1
3 y1 0, y2 tu y y , y3 0
- 41 -
Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan

1 f x 5 x1 x2 2 x3 3x4 6 x 5 min
3 x1 x2 2 x3 3 x4 4 x 5 80
x x x x x 10
2 1 2 3 4 5
3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 x4 x 5 30

x1 x3 6
3 x1 0, x2 , x3 0, x4 , x5 tu y y
3 1 1
3
3 1 2 3 4 1
1 1 1 2 0
1 1 1
A AT 2 1 2 1
3 2 2 1 1
3 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
4 1 1 0
D
1 g y 80 y1 10 y 2 30 y3 6 y 4 max
3 y1 y 2 3 y3 y 4 5
y y 2 y 1
1 2 3
2 2 y1 y2 2 y3 y4 3
3 y1 y 2 y3 3

4 y1 y 2 y3 6
3 y1 tu y y , y 2 0 y3 , y 4 0
- 42 -
2 QUAN H GIA BAI TOAN GC VA BAI TOAN I

NGU
I. inh ly i ngu:
1) inh ly 1: i vi cp bai toan i ngu P&D chi xay ra 1 trong cac
trng hp sau:
1. ca 2 u khng co phng an.
2. ca 2 u co phng an, luc o ca 2 co cung phng an ti u va gia tri
2 ham muc tiu i vi phng an ti u bng nhau.
3. iu kin cn va u 2 phng an x 0 of P & y 0 of D Ti u la:

f x0 g y0
2) inh ly 2: ( lch bu yu):
iu kin cn va u 2 phng an x 0 of P & y 0 of D Ti u la:
0 m
0
x j aij yi c j 0 j 1, n
i 1
n
y0 a x0 b 0
i ij j j i 1, m
j 1
II. Tim nghim cua bai toan gc qua nghim cua bai toan i ngu
Gia s bai toan i ngu co phng an ti u:

y 0 y10 , y20 , , y m
0

yi0 0 aij x j bi
Th 1: nu co j
vao cac biu thc aij yi0 c j j 1, n

m
Th 2: Thay y 0 y10 , y20 , , y m
0
i 1
nu vi chi s j nao o biu thc nay khac 0 thi xj 0
vi du:
cho bai toan gc:
1 f x 2 x1 5 x2 4 x3 x 4 5 x5 min
x1 6 x2 2 x 4 9 x5 32

2 2 x2 x3 1 x 4 3 x5 30
2 2
3 x2 x5 36
3 x j 0 j 1,5
- 43 -
Bai toan i ngu la:

1 g y 32 y1 30 y2 36 y3 max
y1 2
6 y 2 y 3y 5
1 2 3
y2 4
2 1
2 y1 y2 1
2
3
9 y y y 5
1
2
2 3
3 y1, y2 tu y y, y3 0
Ta a bit kt qua bai toan gc:
phng an ti u: x 0 32,0,30,0,0 with
f x 0 184 By gi ta tim phng
an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:
th 1:
x10 32 y1 2
x30 30 y 2 4
Th 2: thay x 0 32,0,30,0,0 vao biu thc 3x2 x5 36 0 y3 0

Vy phng an ti u la y 0 2,4,0 & g y 0 184
Vi du:
Cho bai toan gc:
1 f x 52 x1 60 x2 36 x3 min
x1 2
2 x 4 x 3 x 6
1 2 3
2 4 x1 2 x2 4
x 2 2

x3 3
3 x j tu y
y j 1,3
1 0 0
2 3

4
1 2 4 0 0
A 4 2 0 A 0
T
4 2 1 0

0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1
0 0
1
- 44 -
Bai toan i ngu la:

1 g y 2 y1 6 y2 4 y3 2 y4 3 y5 max
y1 2 y 2 4 y3 52
2 4 y 2 2 y3 y4 60
3 y y 36
2 5
3 yi 0i 1,5
Kt qua cua bai toan i ngu:
34 22
y 0 0, , ,0,2 , g y 0
3 3

310
3
By gi ta tim kt qua cua bai toan gc:
Th 1:
34
y 20 0 2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 6
3
11
x1
2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 6 6
22 5
y30 0 4 x1 2 x2 4 4 x1 2 x2 4 x2
3 3
x3 3 x 3
3

y50 2 0 x3 3
11 5
Vy phng an ti u cua bai toan gc: x 0 x1 , x2 , x3 , ,3
6 3
BAI TP:
1)
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x 4 5x5 max
x1 3 x2 x 4 1
2 5 x2 2 x 4 3
x 4x x 3
2 3 4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
a) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
b) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
- 45 -
2)
1 f x 27 x1 50 x2 18x3 max
x1 2 x2 x 3 2
2 2 x1 x2 x3 4
x 2 x x 2
1 2 3
3 x1, x2 tu y y , x3 0
c) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
d) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho BT gc.
3)
1 f x 2 x1 x2 x 4 min
x1 x2 x 3 15
2 x1 x2 x 3 x 4 27
2 x x x 18
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,4
e) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
f) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
4)
1 f x 2 x1 3x2 3x3 max
x1 x2 x 3 12
2 x1 x2 2 x 3 15
x 2 x 2 x 20
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
g) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
h) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
BAI TP CO LI GIAI
- 46 -
1)
1 f x 2 x1 4 x2 x3 x 4 max
x1 3x2 x 4 1 1
2 5x2 2 x 4 3 2
2 x 8 x 2 x 6 3
2 3 4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
i) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
j) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 0 0
1 3 0 1 3 5 2
A 0 5 0 2 AT
0 0 8
0 2 8 2
1 2 2
1 g y y1 3 y2 6 y3 min
y1 2
3 y 5 y 2 y 4
1 2 3
2 8y 3 1

y1 2 y2 2 y3 1
3 y j 0, j 1,3
phng an ti u:

3
x 0 x1, x2 , x3 , x4 1,0, ,0 with
4

f x0
11
4
By gi ta tim
phng an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:
th 1:
x10 1 y1 2
3 1
x30 y3
4 8
0 3
Th 2: thay x 1,0, ,0 vao biu thc(2) 5 x2 2 x4 3 3 0 y2 0
4
Vy phng an ti u la
1

y 0 2,0, & g y 0
3
11
4
2)
- 47 -
1 f x 10 x1 3x2 2 x3 2 x4 2 x5 4 x6 5 min
x1 x2 x3 x5 2 x6 2
2 2 x1 x3 x4 2 x5 x6 3
4 x 6 x 6 x 3 x 4 x 18
1 3 4 5 6
3 x j 0; j 1,6
k) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
l) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 2 4
1 0 0
1 1 1 0 1 2
1 1 6
A 2 0 1 1 2 T
1 A

4 0 6 6 3 4 0 1 6
1 2 3

2 1 4
1 g y 2 y1 3 y2 18 y3 max
y1 2 y 2 4 y3 10
y1 3

y y 6 y3 2
2 1 2
y 2 6 y3 2
y1 2 y 2 3 y3 2

2 y1 y2 4 y3 4
3 y j tu y
y j 1,3
phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 , x6 0,5,3,0,0,0 with
f x0
11
4
By gi
ta tim phng an ti u cua bai toan i ngu:
th 1:
x20 5 0 y1 3
x30 3 0 y 2 6 y3 1
y1 3

y3 a
y 6a 1
2

Vy phng an ti u la y 0 y1, y2 , y3 3, a,6a 1 , a R & g y 0 4
3)
- 48 -
1 f x x1 3x2 3x3 min

x1 2 x2 2 1
2 3x1 x2 x 3 4 2
1
x3 3
4

3 x j 0 j 1,3
m) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
n) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 2 0
3 1 3 0 1
1 1
A A 2
T
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 1
1 g y 2 y1 4 y2 1 y3 y4 max
4
y1 3 y 2 1
2 2 y1 y2 3
y y 3
2 3
3 y j 0, j 1,3
Ta bit kt qua bai toan N:
11
phng an ti u: y 0 y1, y2 , y3 , y4 1,0,3,0 with g y 0 By gi ta tim
4
phng an ti u cua bai toan gc:
th 1:
y10 1 0 x1 2 x2 2
1
y30 3 0 x3
4
Th 2: thay y 0 1,0,3,0 vao biu thc(2) 2 y1 y2 3 1 0 x2 0
Vy phng an ti u la
1

x 0 2,0, & f x 0
4
11
4
4)
1 f x 3x1 7 x2 x3 2 x 4 max
2 x1 3 x2 x3 2 x 4 15 1
2 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 30 2
2 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 16 3
1 2 3 4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
- 49 -
o) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

p) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 1 1
1 3 1 2 3 2 2
A 1 2 3 0 AT
1 3 3
1 2 3 4
2 0 4
1 g y 15 y1 30 y 2 16 y3 min
2 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 3
3 y 2 y 2 y 7
1 2 3
2 y1 3 y2 3 y3 1

2 y1 4 y3 2
3 y1, y2 0, y3 tu y y
phng an ti u:

1
x 0 x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 7,0,0, with
2

f x 0 20 By gi ta tim
th 1:
x10 7 0 2 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 3
1
x40 0 2 y1 4 y3 2
2
0 1
Th 2: thay x 7,0,0, vao biu thc(2) 2 x1 2 x2 3x3 30 16 0 y2 0
2
Vy phng an ti u la
5

y 0 4,0, & g y 0 20
2
5)
1 f x 12 x1 9 x2 7 x3 8 x 4 min
3x1 2 x2 x3 x 4 15 1
2 x1 2 x2 2 x3 3x4 10 2
2 x x 2 x x 12 3
1 2 3 4
3 x j 0 j 1,4
q) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
r) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
- 50 -
3 1 1
3 2 1 1 2 2 1
A 1 2 2 3 AT
1 2 2
1 1 2 1
1 3 1
1 g y 15 y1 10 y2 12 y3 max
3 y1 y 2 2 y3 12
2y 2y y 9
1 2 3
2 y1 2 y2 2 y3 7

y1 3 y 2 y3 8
3 y1 0, y2 tu y y , y3 0

phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 , x4 2,0,4,0 with f x 0 52 By gi ta tim
th 1:
x10 2 0 3 y1 y 2 2 y3 12
x30 4 0 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 7
Th 2: thay x 0 2,0,4,0 vao biu thc(1) 3x1 2 x2 x3 x4 15 5 0 y1 0

Vy phng an ti u la
17

y 0 0,5, & g y 0 52
2
- 51 -
6)
1 f x 4 x1 3x2 3x3 max
x1 2 x2 x3 40 1
2 x1 x2 2 x3 60 2
x1 20 3

3 x j 0 j 1,3
s) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
t) Giai BT gc va suy ra kt qua cho BTN.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 2 1 1 1 1
A 1 1 2 A 2
T
1 0

1 0 0 1 2 0
1 g y 40 y1 60 y2 20 y3 min
y1 y 2 y3 4
2 2 y1 y2 3
y 2y 3
1 2
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u: x 0 x1, x2 , x3 20,0,20 with f x 0 140 By gi ta tim
th 1:
x10 20 0 y1 y 2 y3 4
x30 20 0 y1 2 y2 3
Th 2: thay x 0 20,0,20 vao cac biu thc(1)(2)(3) u nhn kt qua =0

y1 5 2a

Vi y j 0, j 1,3 y 2 1 a, a 0, a R
y a
3
Vy phng an ti u la y 0 5 2a,1 a, a & g y 0 140
- 52 -
7)
1 f x 6 x1 8 x2 x3 min
3x1 5 x2 3 x3 20 1

2 x1 3x2 2 x 3 9 2
6 x 2 x 5 x 30 3
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
u) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
v) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
3 5 3 3 1 6
A 1 3 2 A 5
T
3 2

6 2 5 3 2 5
1 g y 20 y1 9 y2 30 y3 max
3 y1 y 2 6 y3 6
2 5 y1 3 y2 2 y3 8
3 y 2 y 5 y 1
1 2 3
3 y j 0, j 1,3
phng an ti u:
1
3

y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3 ,0,0 with

g y0
20
3
By gi ta tim
th 1:
1
y10 0 3 x1 5 x2 3 x3 20
3
0 1
Th 2: thay y 3 ,0,0 vao biu thc(1)&(2)

19
5 y1 3 y 2 2 y3 8 0 x2 0
3
3 y1 y 2 6 y3 6 5 0 x1 0
Vy phng an ti u la

20
3

x 0 0,0, & f x 0
20
3
8)
- 53 -
x1 3x2 4 x3 12 1

2 3x1 x2 2 x 3 10 2
x x x 8 3
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
w) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
x) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 3 4 1 3 1
A 3 1 2 A 3
T
1 1

1 1 1 4 2 1
1 g y 12 y1 10 y2 8 y3 max
y1 3 y 2 y3 1
2 3 y1 y2 y3 2
4y 2y y 1
1 2 3
3 y j 0, j 1,3
phng an ti u:
1 3
y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3 , ,0 with
10 10

g y0
21
5
By gi ta tim
th 1:
1
y10 0 x1 3 x2 4 x3 12
10
3
y 20 0 3 x1 x2 2 x3 10
10
0 1 3
Th 2: thay y 10 , 10 ,0 vao biu thc(2)

x 4 x3 12
3 y1 y2 y3 2 2 0 x2 0 1
3x1 2 x3 10
Vy phng an ti u la
8 13
x 0 ,0, & f x 0
5 5 5

21
- 54 -
9)
1 f x x1 2 x2 4 x3 min
x1 x2 3x3 4 1

2 2 x1 2 x2 3x 3 6 2
x 2 x 3 x 2 3
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
y) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
z) Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
1 1 3 1 2 1

A 2 2 3 A 1
T
2 2

1 2 3 3 3 3
1 g y 4 y1 6 y2 2 y3 max
y1 2 y 2 y3 1
2 y1 2 y 2 2 y3 2
3y 3y 3y 4
1 2 3
3 y j 0, j 1,3
phng an ti u:
10 31 17
y 0 y1 , y 2 , y3 , , with
11 33 33

g y0
349
33
By gi ta
tim phng an ti u cua bai toan gc:
th 1:
10
y10 0 x1 x2 3 x3 4
11
31
y 20 0 2 x1 2 x2 3 x3 6
33
17
y 20 0 x1 2 x2 3 x3 2
33
32
x1
11
14 32 14 26
x2 PATU x 0 , ,
11 11 11 33
x3 26
33
10)
- 55 -
1 f x 16 x1 8 x2 4 x3 min
3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 16 1

2 4 x1 3x2 x 3 14 2
5 x 3x x 12 3
1 2 3
3 x j 0 j 1,3
aa)Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.
bb)Giai BTN va suy ra kt qua cho gc.
GIAI:
Bai toan i ngu la:
3 2 2 3 4 5
A 4 3 1 A 2
T
3 3

5 3 1 2 1 1
1 g y 16 y1 14 y212 y3 max
3 y1 4 y 2 5 y3 16
2 2 y1 3 y2 3 y3 8
2y y y 4
1 2 3
3 y j 0, j 1,3

phng an ti u: y 0 y1, y2 , y3 1,2,0 with g y 0 44 By gi ta tim
th 1:
y10 1 0 3 x1 2 x2 2 x3 16
y 20 2 0 4 x1 3 x2 x3 14
Th 2: thay y 0 1,2,0 vao biu thc(1)
2 x 2 x3 16
3 y1 4 y 2 5 y3 16 5 0 x1 0 2
3x2 2 x3 14

Vy phng an ti u la x 0,3,5 & f x 0 44
0
- 56 -
CHNG IV: BAI TOAN VN TAI
1 BAI TOAN VN TAI DANG TNG QUAT

I. Thit lp bai toan
Gia s co m ni A1 , A2 ,..., Am cung cp 1 mt hang nao o co khi lng
tng ng la a1 , a2 ,..., am . Cung luc o co n ni B1, B2 ,..., Bn tiu thu loai
hang o vi khi lng yu cu tng ng la b1 , b2 ,..., bn .
Goi Ai i 1, m la im phat hang th i., B j j 1, n la im thu hang th j.
iu kin cn bng thu phat
ai b j
i j
Ma trn cc phi C cij mn trong o cij la chi phi vn chuyn 1 tn hang t
Ai n B j
Hay lp k hoach vn chuyn t mi im phat n mi im thu bao nhiu
tn hang :
cac im phat u phat ht hang.
Cac im thu nhn u s hang yu cu.
Tng cc phi phai tra la it nht
II. M hinh toan hoc:
Goi xij la s tn hang vn chuyn t Ai n B j
Ta co m hinh toan hoc:
1 f x cij xij min
i j
n

xij ai i 1, m
2 jm1

x b j 1, n
ij j
i 1
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
III Bai toan di dang bang
- 57 -
B1 B2 Bj Bn
Thu b1 b2 bj bn
Cc
Phat
c11 c12 c1 j c1n
A1 : a1 x11 x12 x1 j x1n
c21 c22 c2 j c2n

A2 : a2 x21 x22 x2 j x2n

ci1 ci 2 cij cin
Ai : ai xi1 xi 2 xij xin

cm1 cm2 cmj cmn
Am : am xm1 xm 2 xmj xmn
1) Dy chuyn:
a. 1 day cac cua bang ma 2 lin tip cung hang hay ct goi la dy
chuyn.
b. 1 dy chuyn khep kin goi la 1 vong.
c. Nhng ng vi xij 0 trong 1 phng an nao o goi la chon.
Nhng con lai la loai.
d. 1 phng an co u m+n-1 chon goi la phng an khng suy bin.
- 58 -
2 TINH CHT CUA BAI TOAN VN TAI

I.Tinh cht 1:
Bai toan vn tai cn bng thu phat lun co phng an ti u.
II. Tinh cht 2:
Gia s ta co bang m hang, n ct va E la tp hp gm m+n-1 cua bang

khng cha vong. Gia s i, j la cua bang khng thuc E. Nu ta b sung
i, j vao E c E1 thi E1 se cha 1 vong duy nht V. Cui cung ta loai
khoi E1 1 tuy y cua vong V c E2, thi E2 lai gm m +n-1 cua bang
khng cha vong.
hinh trn: m=4,n=4, tp E gm m+n-1=7 anh du X khng cha vong.
Khi b sung thm (4,4) tao thanh vong V duy nht. Khi mt i 1 cua V thi
mt vong.
III. Lp phng an c ban ban u
Dung phng phap phn phi ti a vao co cc phi nho nht
Vi du
Thu B1 B2 B3
Cc phi 20 40 30
Phat
1 3 5
A1 : 30
20 10
5 4 2
A2 : 25
25
8 5 4
A3 : 35
30 5
Phng an c ban ban u co 5 chon ung bng m+n-1=5, nn Phng an

ban u khng suy bin.
- 59 -
Vi du
Thu B1 B2 B3
Cc phi 25 25 10
Phat
5 3 1
A1 : 10
10
7 6 8
A2 : 30
25 5
3 2 2
A3 : 20
20
Phng an c ban ban u co 4 chon < m+n-1=5, nn Phng an ban u

suy bin do o ta phai b sung chon khng (2,3) ma khng tao thanh
vong.
IV. Thut toan Quy 0 chon
1.inh ly: Nu ta cng vao hang i cua ma trn cc C cij m n s
ri tu y y i 1, m va cng vao ct j s s j tu y y j 1, n ta se co bai
toan vn tai mi vi ma trn cc phi C cij mn with cij cij ri s j tng
ng vi bai toan ban u
( nghia la phng an ti u cua bai toan nay cung la phng an ti u cua
bai toan kia va ngc lai)
2. Thut toan:
Bc 1: quy 0 cc phi cac chon:
Gia s ta co 1 phng an c ban ban u vi m+n-1 chon . Ta cng vao
hang i cua ma trn cc phi s ri i 1, m va cng vao ct j s
sj j 1, n . Ta chon ri , s j th nao cc phi mi cij cij ri s j 0
Bc 2: Kim tra tinh ti u:
1) Nu sau khi quy 0 cc phi cac chon, ma cac loai u co cc phi
0 thi phng an ang xet la ti u.
2) Nu sau khi quy 0 cc phi cac chon, ma co it nht 1 loai co cc
phi <0 thi phng an ang xet khng phai ti u, ta chuyn sang bc
3
Bc 3: Xy dng phng an mi tt hn
1) Tim a vao: i , j co cc phi m nho nht la a vao.
2) Tim vong iu chinh: b sung i , j vao m+n-1 chon ban u
c vong iu chinh
- 60 -
3) Phn chn le cua vong V: ta anh s th t cac cua vong V bt u

t i , j , khi o V phn thanh 2 lp:
V C : Cac co th t chn
V L : Cac co th t le.
4) Tim a ra va lng iu chinh:
min x x
a ra la i, j V C ij i 0 j 0
5)Lp phng an mi: X xij m n
xij x 0 0 if i, j V C
i j

xij xij x 0 0 if
i j
i, j V L
i, j V
x
ij if
Nghia la:
Cac le ta cng thm vao 1 lng iu chinh xi 0 j 0 .
Cac chn ta tr 1 lng iu chinh xi 0 j 0 .
Gi nguyn cac khng nm trong vong iu chinh.
Vi du: Giai bai toan vn tai sau:
B1 B2 B3
Thu 80 20 60
Cc phi
Phat
5 4 1
r1 =
A1 : 50
50 6
3 2 6 r2 =0
A2 : 40
20 20
7 9 11 r3 =-4
A3 : 70
60 10
s1 =-3 s2 =-2 s3 =-7

Bc 1: lp phng an c ban ban u: co 5 chon ung bng
m+n-1=5, do o PAB la 0 suy bin.
Bc 2: quy 0 chon
s1 3 r3 4
Chon r2 0 s2 2
s3 7 r1 6
Cc phi mi cac 0 chon: cij cij ri s j
(1,1):10-7+5=8.
(1,2): 6-2+4=8.
- 61 -
(2,2): 6-7+1=0
(3,2): -4+9-2=2.
(2,3): 0+6-7=-1
8 8 0 r 1

50
0 0 1 r 0

20 20
0 2 0 r 0

60 10
S=0 S=0 S=1
Bc 3: Kim tra tinh ti u: Phng an cha ti u vi loai (2,3) co
cc phi m
Bc 4: lp phng an mi tt hn:
Chon vong iu chinh V 2,3 , 2,1 , 3,1 , 3,3 ,
Lng iu chinh: min 20,10 10
2 chn-10
2 le +10
- 62 -
Ta co phng an mi va cc phi mi theo bang sau:

7 7 0

50
0 0 0

10 20 10
0 3 1

70 0
Ta co cc phi mi cac khng chon 0 , nn phng an cui cung la ti
u.
Kt qua cua bai toan:
PATU:
0 0 50
X 10 20 10

70 0 0
Chi phi vn chuyn: f x 1 50 3 20 2 20 7 60 11 10 680
- 63 -
3 BAI TOAN VN TAI KHNG CN BNG THU PHAT

I. Trng hp tng lng hang phat > tng lng hang thu
ai b j
M hinh toan hoc co dang:
1 f x cij xij min
i j
n

xij ai i 1, m
2 jm1

x b j 1, n
ij j
i 1
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
II. I. Trng hp tng lng hang phat < tng lng hang thu
ai b j
M hinh toan hoc co dang:
1 f x cij xij min
i j
n

xij ai i 1, m
2 jm1

x b j 1, n
ij j
i 1
3 xij 0i 1, m; j 1, n
Phng phap:
Trng hp 1: lp thm tram thu gia Bn 1 vi nhu cu bn 1 ai b j 0
cac trn ct nay co cc phi =0
Trng hp 2: lp thm tram phat gia Am 1 vi nhu cu am 1 b j ai 0
cac trn hang nay co cc phi =0
Chu y: khi tim phng an c ban ban u, ta phn phi vao cac chinh
trc, cac trn hang hay ct ng vi cac tam phat hay thu gia khi nao con
tha mi phn vao.
Vi du:
Giai bai toan vn tai di y:
- 64 -
Thu 20 40 60
Cc phi
phat
80 3 4 1
30 4 2 3
50 1 5 6
Tng s phat=160>tng s thu=120

Ta lp thm tram thu gia( ct th t) ta c bang sau:
20 40 60 (40)
Thu Tram
Thu
Cc phi gia
phat
80 3 4 4 0 1 0 0 0 R=0
10 60 10
30 4 7 2 0 3 4 0 2 R=2
30
50 1 0 5 1 6 5 0 0 R=0
20 30
S=1 S=-4 S=-1 S=0
Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:
0 10 60 10
X 0 30 0 0

20 0 0 30
Tng chi phi vn chuyn: f x 180
- 65 -
BAI TP:
1) Giai bai toan vn tai sau:
80 20 60
50 5 4 1
40 3 2 6
70 7 9 11
GIAI:
80 20 60
50 5 8 4 8 1 0 R=6
50
40 3 0 2 0 6 -1 R=0
20(-10) 20 (+10)
70 7 0 9 11 0 R=-4
60(+10) 10(-10)
S=-3 S=-2 S=-7
Chon vong iu chinh

V 2,3 , 2,1 , 3,1 , 3,3 ,
- 66 -
Phng an va cc phi mi c cho bang sau:

5 7 4 7 1 0 R=-1
50
3 0 2 0 6 0 R=0
10 20 10
7 0 9 3 11 1 R=0
70 0
S=0 S=0 S=1

0 0 50
X 10 20 10

70 0 0
60 70 40 30
100 2 1 4 3
80 5 3 2 6
20 6 2 1 5
GIAI:
60 70 40 30
100 2 0 1 0 4 5 3 0 R=3
30(+30) 70(-30)
80 5 0 3 -1 2 0 6 0 R=0
30(-30) (+30) 20 30
20 6 2 2 -1 1 0 5 0 R=1
- 67 -
20
S=-5 S=-4 S=-2 S=-6
Chon vong iu chinh

V 2,2 , 1,2 , 1,1 , 2,1 ,
2 0 1 0 4 4 3 -1 R=-1
60 40(-30) (+30)
5 1 3 0 2 0 6 0 R=0
0 30(+30) 20 30 (-30)
6 3 2 0 1 0 5 0 R=0
20
S=1 S=1 S=0 S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
V 1,4 , 1,2 , 2,2 , 2,4 ,
2 0 1 0 4 4 3 0 R=0
60 10 30
5 1 3 0 2 0 6 1 R=0
0 60 20 0
6 3 2 0 1 0 5 1 R=0
20
S=0 S=0 S=0 S=1
60 10 0 30
X 0 60 20 0

0 0 20 0
- 68 -

20 100 145 30 150
120 6 3 1 4 5
150 1 2 5 4 3
150 2 4 3 1 6
25 3 1 4 2 7
GIAI:
20 100 145 30 150
120 6 4 3 0 1 0 4 5 5 1 R=2
120
150 1 0 2 0 5 5 4 6 3 0 R=3
20(-20) 75 55(+20)
150 2 -2 4 -1 3 0 1 0 6 0 R=0
(+20) 25 30 95(-20)
25 3 3 1 0 4 5 2 5 7 5 R=4
25
S=-4 S=-5 S=-3 S=-1 S=-6 S=-4
Chon vong iu chinh
V 3,1 , 3,5 , 2,5 , 2,1 ,
- 69 -

6 6 3 0 1 0 4 5 5 1 R=0
120
1 2 2 0 5 5 4 6 3 0 R=0
0 75(-75) 75(+75)
2 0 4 -1 3 0 1 0 6 0 R=0
20 (+75) 25 30 75(-75)
3 5 1 0 4 5 2 5 7 5 R=0
25
S=2 S=0 S=0 S=0 S=0
Chon vong iu chinh

V 3,2 , 3,5 , 2,5 , 2,2 ,
Lng iu chinh: min 75,75 75 , luc nay phng an mi co 7 chon<8 .
Nn PA suy bin ta b sung thm chon 0: (3,5) ma 0 tao thanh vong vi
cac a chon cua PA mi.
6 6 3 1 1 0 4 5 5 1 R=0
120
1 2 2 1 5 5 4 6 3 0 R=0
0 0 150
2 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 6 0 R=0
20 75 25 30 0
3 4 1 0 4 4 2 4 7 4 R=-1
25
S=0 S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0

0 0 120 0 0
0 0 0 0 150
X
20 75 25 30 0

0 25 0 0 0
- 70 -

10 10 10 20 20
5 5 1 4 6 7
15 3 4 2 7 8
20 4 3 1 7 9
30 6 5 4 9 11
GIAI:
10 10 10 20 20
5 5 4 1 0 4 5 6 1 7 0 R=4
5
15 3 0 4 1 2 1 7 0 8 -1 R=2
10 5(-5) (+5)
20 4 1 3 0 1 0 7 0 9 0 R=2
10 10
30 6 1 5 0 4 1 9 0 11 0 R=0
5 5(+5) 20(-5)
S=-5 S=-5 S=-3 S=-9 S=-11
Chon vong iu chinh

V 2,5 , 2,4 , 4,4 , 4,5 ,
- 71 -

5 3 1 0 4 5 6 1 7 0 R=0
5
3 0 4 2 2 2 7 0 8 0 R=1
10 0 5
4 0 3 0 1 0 7 0 9 0 R=0
10 10
6 0 5 0 4 1 9 0 11 0 R=0
5 10 15
S=-1 S=0 S=0 S=0 S=0

0 5 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 5
X
0 0 10 10 0

0 5 0 10 15
5 Giai bai toan vn tai sau:
30 15 2 15
25 3 4 2 6
15 5 1 6 2
40 2 1 5 3
GIAI:
- 72 -
30 15 2 15
25 3 0 4 2 2 0 6 2 R=-1
5 20
15 5 3 1 0 6 5 2 -1 R=0
a vao
15(-15) (+15)
40 2 0 1 0 5 4 3 0 R=0
B sung
25 0(+15) 15(-15)
S=-2 S=-1 S=-1 S=-3
bang trn: PACB ban u co 5 <m+n-1=6. PA suy bin, do o ta b sung

(3,2) 0 tao vong vi cac a chon.
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,4 , 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,4 ,
Lng iu chinh: min15,15 15
3 0 4 2 2 0 6 3 R=0
5 20
5 3 1 0 6 5 2 0 R=0
B sung
0 15
2 0 1 0 5 4 3 0 R=0
25 15 0
S=0 S=0 S=0 S=1
PA nay s chon: 5<6, nn PA suy bin ta b sung (2,2) 0 tao vong vi
cac a chon.
5 0 20 0

X 0 0 0 15

25 15 0 0
- 73 -
6)Giai bai toan vn tai sau:

180 200 230 280
280 8 6 14 7
320 2 4 6 7
290 5 3 4 9
GIAI:
180 200 230 280
280 8 5 6 0 14 7 7 0 R=-3
B sung
0 280
320 2 0 4 -1 6 0 7 1 R=-2
a vao
180 140
290 5 5 3 0 4 0 9 5 R=0
200 90
S=0 S=-3 S=-4 S=-4
bang trn: PACB ban u co 5 <m+n-1=6. PA suy bin, do o ta b sung
(1,) 0 tao vong vi cac a chon.
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 , 2,3 ,
8 4 6 0 14 7 7 0 R=0
B sung
0 280
2 0 4 0 6 1 7 2 R=1
a vao
180 140 0
5 4 3 0 4 0 9 5 R=0
60 230
S=-1 S=0 S=0 S=0
- 74 -
PA nay s chon: 5<6, nn PA suy bin ta b sung (1,) 0 tao vong vi

cac a chon.
0 0 0 280

X 180 140 0 0

0 60 230 0
Bai toan khng cn bng thu phat
7 Giai bai toan vn tai sau:
8 7 12 15
10 8 9 12 5
19 4 8 5 9
11 5 9 7 1
9 1 2 6 3
GIAI:
8 7 12 15 Tram
thu gia
10 8 1 9 1 12 7 5 0 0 0 R=0
4 6
19 4 -3 8 0 5 0 9 4 0 0 R=0
a vao
(+6) 6(-6) 12 1
11 5 2 9 5 7 6 1 0 0 4 R=4
11
9 1 0 2 0 6 7 3 4 0 6 R=6
8(-6) 1(+6)
S=-7 S=-8 S=-5 S=-5 S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
- 75 -
V 2,1 , 4,1 , 4,2 , 2,2 ,

- 76 -
8 4 9 4 12 7 5 0 0 0 R=0
4 6
4 0 8 3 5 0 9 4 0 0 R=0
a vao
6 0 12 1
5 5 9 8 7 6 1 0 0 4 R=0
11
1 0 2 0 6 4 3 1 0 3 R==-3
2 7
S=3 S=3 S=0 S=0 S=0

0 0 0 4 6
6 0 12 0 1
X
0 0 0 11 0

2 7 8 0 0
20 50 60 30
50 4 5 1 0
40 2 3 6 0
70 9 7 11 0
GIAI:
- 77 -
20 50 60 30
Tram
thu gia
50 4 8 5 8 1 0 0 10 R=10
50
40 2 0 3 0 6 -1 0 4 R=4
20 20(-10) (+10)
70 9 3 7 0 11 0 0 0 R=0
30(+10) 10(-10) 30
S=-6 S=-7 S=-11 S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,3 , 2,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 ,
4 7 5 7 1 0 0 9 R=-1
50
2 0 3 0 6 0 0 4 R=0
a vao
20 10 10
9 3 7 0 11 1 0 0 R=0
40 0 30
S=0 S=0 S=1 S=0

Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi . Ta co PATU:
0
0 0 50 0
X 20 10 10 0

0 40 0 30
- 78 -

30 40 60 70
100 4 5 3 2
80 7 3 6 4
20 6 2 7 3
GIAI:
30 40 60 70
100 4 0 5 5 3 0 2 0 R=3
30(+30) 70(-30)
80 7 0 3 0 6 0 4 -1 R=0
a vao
30 20 30(-30) (+30)
20 6 0 2 0 7 2 3 -1 R=1
20
S=-7 S=-3 S=-6 S=-5
Chon vong iu chinh
V 2,4 , 1,4 , 1,3 , 2,3 ,
4 -1 5 4 3 0 2 0 R=-1
(+30) 60 40(-30)
7 0 3 0 6 1 4 0 R=0
30(-30) 20 0 30(+30)
6 0 2 0 7 3 3 0 R=0
20
S=0 S=0 S=1 S=1
Chon vong iu chinh
V 1,1 , 2,1 , 2,4 , 1,4 ,
- 79 -
- 80 -

4 0 5 4 3 0 2 0 R=0
30 60 10
7 1 3 0 6 1 4 0 R=0
0 20 0 60
6 1 2 0 7 3 3 0 R=0
20
S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0
30 0 60 10
X 0 20 0 60

0 20 0 0
150 120 80 50
100 3 5 7 11
130 1 4 6 3
170 5 8 12 7
GIAI:
150 120 80 50
100 3 0 5 0 7 -2 11 7 R=3
20(-20) 80(+20)
130 1 0 4 1 6 -1 3 1 R=5
130
170 5 -1 8 0 12 0 7 0 R=0
a vao
(+20) 40(-20) 80 50
S=-6 S=-8 S=-12 S=-7
- 81 -
Chon vong iu chinh

V 3,1 , 3,2 , 1,2 , 1,1 ,
3 1 5 0 7 -2 11 7 R=0
0 100(-80) (+80)
1 0 4 0 6 -2 3 0 R=-1
130
5 0 8 0 12 0 7 0 R=0
20 20(+80) 80(-80) 50
S=1 S=0 S=0 S=0
Chon vong iu chinh
V 1,3 , 1,2 , 3,2 , 3,3 ,
3 1 5 0 7 0 11 7 R=0
0 20 80
1 0 4 0 6 0 3 0 R=0
130
5 0 8 0 12 2 7 0 R=0
20 100 0 50
S=0 S=0 S=2 S=0
0 20 80 0

X 130 0 0 0

20 100 0 50
- 82 -
BAI TP T GIAI
Giai cac bai toan vn tai cho bi bang sau:
1)
25 40 20 10
40 4 3 7 8
20 6 2 3 4
35 5 3 8 6
AP S
25 15 0 0
X 0 0 20 0

0 25 0 10
2)
220 310 200 250
300 8 5 4 6
500 12 11 9 13
180 10 15 18 14
AP S
0 50 0 250
X 40 260 200 0

180 0 0 0
- 83 -
3)
76 62 88 45 40
79 10 19 9 6 8
102 13 11 8 7 4
70 12 17 10 5 3
60 12 18 18 7 9
AP S
31 0 48 0 0
0 62 40 0 0
X
0 0 0 30 40

45 0 0 15 0
4)
85 75 60 50
105 4 16 10 14
65 10 18 12 20
55 6 4 14 18
45 8 6 8 12
85 0 0 20
0 0 60 5
AP S X 0 55 0 0

0 20 0 25
- 84 -
5)
120 280 130 270
100 6 8 3 7
300 9 10 11 4
150 5 7 9 10
250 12 13 8 9
AP S
0 0 100 0
0 30 0 270
X
120 30 0 0

0 220 30 0
- 85 -
TAI LIU THAM KHAO
[1] GS. ng Hn. Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Trng ai hoc Kinh T TP. H
Chi Minh.
[2] Ng Thanh Phong. ai s tuyn tinh va Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Nha xut
ban ai hoc quc gia TP. H Chi Minh-2003.
[3] Nguyn Canh. Quy hoach tuyn tinh. Nha xut ban ai hoc quc gia TP.
H Chi Minh-2004.
[4] Bui Minh Tri. Toan Kinh T. Nha xut ban ai hoc Bach khoa Ha Ni-
2007.
- 86 -
MUC LUC
Trang
Chng 1: Bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh 1
1 : 1 s vi du dn n bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh 1
2 : Cac dang bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh 6
3 : Bin i dang cua bai toan quy hoach tuyn tinh 9
Chng 2: Phng phap n hinh 15

1 : Thut toan n hinh 15
2 : Thut toan n hinh m rng 20

Bai tp co li giai 26
Chng 3: Bai toan i ngu 41
1 : Khai nim 41
2 : Quan h gia bai toan gc va bai toan io ngu 44

Chng 4: Bai toan vn tai 59
1 : Bai toan vn tai dang tng quat 59
2 : Tinh cht cua bai toan vn tai 61
3 : Bai toan vn tai khng cn bng thu phat 66
Tai liu tham khao 86
Muc luc 87
- 87 -

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Toan chuyn nganh Quy hoach tuyn tinh

CHNG I: BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

1 MT S VI DU DN N BAI TOAN QUY HOACH

5) Tng s met vai cua 3 xi nghip ( dung may ao va qun ):

2.8 45 x1 2.6 42 x2 2.5 30 x3

Hay lp k hoach vn chuyn th nao :

2 CAC DANG BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN TINH

1 f x 3x1 x2 x3 3x4 x5 min

3 BIN I DANG CUA BAI TOAN QUY HOACH TUYN

Nu x10,x20,x20,x30,x30,t40,x50,x60,x70,x80 la phng an ti u cua bai toan mi thi

x10,x20,x30,x40,x50with x20 x20 x20,x30 x30 x30,x40 t40

II. a dang chinh tc v dang chun:

CHNG II: PHNG PHAP N HINH

1 THUT TOAN N HINH

Bc 5:Bin i bang(dung phng phap kh Gauss-Jordan)

2. hang chun=hang a ra( xr )/ arv .

phng an c ban ban u:

2 THUT TOAN N HINH M RNG

9 x3 1/3 -2/3 -1/3 1

g x -10/3 1/3 0 -5/3 0 (2/3)

x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 1,0, 3 ,0 , Gia tri cua phng an: f0 g0

CHNG III: BAI TOAN I NGU

Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan

Vi du: Tim bai toan i ngu cua bai toan

2 QUAN H GIA BAI TOAN GC VA BAI TOAN I

vao cac biu thc aij yi0 c j j 1, n

Bai toan i ngu la:

Th 2: thay x 0 32,0,30,0,0 vao biu thc 3x2 x5 36 0 y3 0

Bai toan i ngu la:

1 f x x1 3x2 3x3 min

o) Tim BTN cua bai toan trn.

Th 2: thay x 0 2,0,4,0 vao biu thc(1) 3x1 2 x2 x3 x4 15 5 0 y1 0

Th 2: thay x 0 20,0,20 vao cac biu thc(1)(2)(3) u nhn kt qua =0

CHNG IV: BAI TOAN VN TAI

1 BAI TOAN VN TAI DANG TNG QUAT

c21 c22 c2 j c2n

2 TINH CHT CUA BAI TOAN VN TAI

Gia s ta co bang m hang, n ct va E la tp hp gm m+n-1 cua bang

Phng an c ban ban u co 5 chon ung bng m+n-1=5, nn Phng an

Phng an c ban ban u co 4 chon < m+n-1=5, nn Phng an ban u

3) Phn chn le cua vong V: ta anh s th t cac cua vong V bt u

s1 =-3 s2 =-2 s3 =-7

Ta co phng an mi va cc phi mi theo bang sau:

3 BAI TOAN VN TAI KHNG CN BNG THU PHAT

Tng s phat=160>tng s thu=120

Chon vong iu chinh

Phng an va cc phi mi c cho bang sau:

Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:

Chon vong iu chinh

3) Giai bai toan vn tai sau:

Phng an va cc phi mi c cho bang sau:

Chon vong iu chinh

Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:

Tng chi phi vn chuyn: f x 1040

Chon vong iu chinh

Phng an va cc phi mi c cho bang sau:

Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:

bang trn: PACB ban u co 5 <m+n-1=6. PA suy bin, do o ta b sung

6)Giai bai toan vn tai sau:

PA nay s chon: 5<6, nn PA suy bin ta b sung (1,) 0 tao vong vi

V 2,1 , 4,1 , 4,2 , 2,2 ,

Ta co cac 0 chon co cc phi 0 . Ta co PATU:

9) Giai bai toan vn tai sau: