NG DNG PHN MM MICROSOFT EXCEL VO GII

BI TON QUY HOCH TUYN TNH

Th.s. Trn Th Ha
Khoa K ton Ti chnh

Mc tiu ca vic gii bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh (QHTT) l tm c phng n ti
u v vn dng phng n vo thc tin. Tuy nhin, trong thc t cng vic ny li kh
phc tp, gy khng t kh khn v lng tng cho nhng i tng quan tm n n. Ti sao
chng ta khngtrt gnh nng ny cho Excel nh? Bi vit ny nhm gii thiu cch s
dng phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT v rt ra cc ngha kinh
t ca chng.
gii bi ton QHTT da trn phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel cn thc hin theo
trnh t sau:
1. Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1: Lp m hnh bi ton (nu bi ton cha lp m hnh)1;
Bc 2: Vn dng phn mm ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT da trn
m hnh bc 1;
Bc 3: Kt lun phng n ti u v gi tr ca hm mc tiu (nu c).
Tt nhin, thc hin c bc 2 bn cn phi c mt my tnh c ci t sn phn
mm ny.
2. ng dng Microsoft Excel gii bi ton QHTT
hiu r vic gii bi ton QHTT da trn phn mm ng dng Excel, chng ta hy cng
nhau xem xt v d sau:
Cng ty Hoa Lt cn trng 4 loi hoa Cc, Hng, Lan, Hu trn 3 mnh vn khc
nhau. Bit rng din tch t hin c ng vi mi mnh vn l 40 ha, 60 ha, 80 ha. Din tch
t phi trng mi loi hoa theo k hoch l: Cc: 50 ha, Hng: 70 ha, Lan: 30 ha, Hu: 30 ha.
Ngoi ra, do tnh cht ca cc loi t trng khc nhau, nn hoa Hng khng th trng c
trn mnh t th nht, v hoa Hu khng th trng c trn mnh t th ba. Bit thu hoch
(Li nhun) c tnh ca tng loi hoa trn tng loi t trng nh sau (trm ngn ng/ha):

Hoa Cc Hng Lan Hu

t (50) (70) (30) (30)
40 10 - 8 9
60 6 9 12 12
80 15 10 10 -

Yu cu: Lp k hoch trng hoa sao cho cng ty thu c li nhun nhiu nht.
Gii:
Bc 1: Lp m hnh bi ton
- Tng din tch t = 40 + 60 + 80 =180 = 50 + 70 + 30 + 30 = Tng din tch trng hoa

1
Nn a bi ton v dng chnh tc trc khi thc hin bc 2
- Gi xij l s ha mnh vn i trng loi hoa j, vi i= 1, 2, 3 v j = 1, 2, 3, 4 tng ng l Cc,
Hng, Lan, Hu.
f = 10 x11 + 8x13 + 9x14 + 6x21 + 9x22 + 12x23 + 12x24 + 15x31 + 10x32 + 10x33 -> Max
x11 + x13 + x14 = 40
x21 + x22 + x23 + x24 = 60
x31 + x32 + x33 = 80
x11 + x21 + x31 = 50
x22 + x32 = 70
x13 + x23 + x33 = 30
x14 + x24 = 30
xij 0, i, j
Bc 2: ng dng Excel gii bi ton QHTT da trn m hnh bc 1.
- Khi ng Exel
- Nhp d liu vo bng tnh:
+ Ct A l gi tr c th c ca cc bin. Trong v d ny ta c 10 bin cn tm t x11 n x33
+ Ct B l cng thc tnh biu thc v tri ca cc rng buc
+ Ct C l gi tr v phi ca cc rng buc
+ Ct D l cng thc tnh hm mc tiu
Ban u ta cho gi tr tu chn vo ct. Trong v d ny, cc s liu nh bng 1
Bng 1
A B C D
1 1 =A1+A3+A4 40 =10*A1+8*A3+9*A4+6*A5+9*A6+12*A7+12*A8
+15*A9+10*A10+10*A11
2 0 =A5+A6+A7+A8 60
3 1 =A9+A10+A11 80
4 1 =A1+A5+A9 50
5 1 =A6+A10 70
6 1 =A3+A7+A11 30
7 1 =A4+A8 30
8 1
9 1
10 1
11 1

Bng 2 (Kt qu sau khi nhp d liu)

A B C D
1 1 3 40 101
2 0 4 60
3 1 3 80
4 1 3 50
5 1 2 70
 6 1 3 30
7 1 2 30
8 1
9 1
10 1
11 1

- Dng Solver gii bi ton

+ T Menu Tool chn Solver2, xut hin hp hi thoi Solver Parameters:

Set Target Cell: $D$1 Chn a ch hm mc tiu.

Equal To: Max
By Changing Cells: $A$1:$A$11
Subject to the Constraints:
+ Hp hi thoi Add Constraints:
Chn mc tiu ti u (Max hoc Min).
Cha cc bin cn tm x =(x11, x12, x13,....,x33,)
Cn cho cc bin 1 gi tr khi ng no
Chng hn x11 = x13 =....= x33 =1; x12 = 0
Cha cc rng buc, nhn nt Add chn.

Cell Reference: $A$1:$A$11 Hp bn tay tri

Chn du >= Hp gia
Constraint: 0 Hp bn tay phi
+ Nhn nt Add chn thm cc rng buc, hp hi thoi Add Constraints:

2
Nu trong menu Tool khng c Solver th vo menu Tool, chn Add - Ins, xut hin hp hi thoi Add - Ins,
chn mc Solver Add - Ins.
Cell Reference: $B$1:$B$7 Hp bn tay tri
Chn du = Hp gia
Constraint: $C$1:$C$7 Hp bn tay phi
+ Nhn OK, tr li hp hi thoi Solver Parameters:

+ Nhn nt Solver, xut hin hp hi thoi Solver Results:

+ Chn Keep Solver Solution, nhn OK. Khi kt qu bi ton QHTT s c hin th nh
sau:

A B C D
1 10 40 40 2000
2 0 60 60
3 0 80 80
4 30 50 50
5 0 70 70
 6 30 30 30
7 30 30 30
8 0
9 40
10 40
11 0

Bc 3: Kt lun
Bi ton c phng n ti u x = (10, 0, 0, 30, 0, 30, 30, 0, 40, 40, 0, 0) v
fmax = 2000 trm ngn ng = 200 triu ng.
Vy k hoch trng cc loi hoa trn tng loi t c phn b nh sau:
n v tnh: ha
Hoa Cc Hng Lan Hu
t (50) (70) (30) (30)
40 10 0 0 30
60 0 30 30 0
80 40 40 0 0

Vi k hoch trng hoa nh trn th cng ty Hoa Lt thu c li nhun nhiu nht,
gi tr li nhun t n 200 triu ng.
Nh vy, vn dng phm mm Excel gii bi ton QHTT khng nhng lm cho bi ton
QHTT tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu m cn mang ngha kinh t su sc, bin cc con s
kh khan trong m hnh ton hc i vo thc tin cuc sng.