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Linear Optimization Model for Efficient Use of Irrigation Water
Copyright 2017 Wafa Difallah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The implementation of innovative and efficient irrigation techniques is among the greatest challenges facing agriculture. In this
regard, a linear programming model is presented in order to optimize water use. The idea behind this model is to assess the
effectiveness or ineffectiveness of precipitation to determine the amount of irrigation water required to optimize water use. To
achieve this idea, the knapsack problem decisional form was used, and the combination of the linear programming and the
above-mentioned form proved satisfactory. Field experiments were conducted in Algeria. Based on calculated budgets a model
using linear programming was developed. A comparison between the model results and the field findings suggests that the model
could reduce water consumption by 28.5%.
Rainfall (mm)
This system is managed to maintain soil humidity levels and
30
cover the different watering needs. Ant Colony Algorithm
was also combined with a wireless sensor network to identify 20
areas which are relatively arid and avoid water wastage [22].
Another implementation of WSN for two kinds of soil and 10
six different crops was performed by Kumari et al. [23]. Gao
et al. [24] combined WSN with a fuzzy control system in an 0
intelligent water-saving irrigation system in their research to N D Jan F M Ap May Jun
achieve remote on-line monitoring and control. Months
To highlight the impact of WSN use in irrigation, a Figure 1: Monthly changes of rainfall in the study field.
comparison study between automated drip irrigation sys-
tem and non-automated drip irrigation systems was done
by Soorya et al. [25]. This study proved that the auto-
mated system exhibited more promising results compared irrigation needs) can be a complex process that takes into
to the other system. However, WSNs consist of battery- consideration factors such as the following.
powered nodes known for limited energy capacity [26]; as
a result, several studies about solar powered nodes in irri- 2.2.1. Climatic Conditions Prevailing in the Region. The effect
gation were proposed as a solution to the energy constraint of weather on plant water needs is given by the reference
[20, 27]. crop evapotranspiration ET0 which can be defined as
Among the various approaches presented, the linear the rate of evapotranspiration from a wide surface of 8 to
programming model is considered as the most heavily used 15 cm tall, green grass cover of identical height, actively
technology in resource management, such as the problem growing, completely shading the ground, and not short of
posed in this study. Therefore, this model has been selected water. It is expressed in mm per day [29]. ET0 is calculated
in order to ensure an integrated irrigation management. using (1), which takes into account the climatic parameters
The new feature in this proposal is to take advantage of the of temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and humidity.
knapsack optimization problem, which dates back to more This equation was estimated from the Penman-Montheith
than a hundred years to solve a contemporary problem, which formula given in (2).
is water shortage. The object of this proposal is to develop an
approach which uses the right amount of water and replace ET0
the traditional strategies of regular irrigation whether the
plants need it or not. 0.408 ( ) + (900/ ( + 273)) 2 ( ) (1)
= ,
Besides the discussion of previous works performed + (1 + 0.342 )
in water optimization, this study comprises five sections;
the first presents factors that affect plant water needs, the ( ) + (( ) / )
second deals with the model description followed by model ET = , (2)
+ (1 + / )
formulation using linear programming, next a numerical
study will be done using Matlab R2015a Software to validate
the performance of the proposed model, and the last section where ET0 is the reference evapotranspiration [mm day1 ],
concludes the work. is the net radiation at the crop surface [MJ m2 day1 ],
is the soil heat flux density [MJ m2 day1 ], is the mean of
2. Materials and Methods daily air temperature at 2 m height [ C], 2 is the wind speed
at 2 m height [m s1 ], is the saturation vapour pressure
2.1. Experimental Setting. The study of cereals was conducted [kPa], is the actual vapor pressure [kPa], is the
in the meteorological station of Ain Skhouna; municipality saturation vapor pressure deficit [kPa], is the slope vapor
of Zarma was selected; it is located 23 Km east of the city pressure curve [kPa C1 ], is the psychometric constant
of Batna in Algeria. The variety of the sample crop (winter [kPa C1 ], ET is the latent heat flux [MJ kg1 ], is the
wheat) used was sown on November 20th and harvested on
mean air density [g m3 ], is the specific heat of the air
June 10th. The climate is semiarid with an annual average
rainfall of 327 mm, insufficient for the cereals, due to a dry [MJ kg1 C1 ], is the aerodynamic resistance [s m1 ], and
period of 06 months from May to November, and thus is the bulk surface resistance [s m1 ] [30, 31].
requiring irrigation (see Figure 1). The soil is not saline and is
rich in limestone with a slightly basic pH (7.1), in a fine clay- 2.2.2. Plant Type and Stage of Growth. Different plants
loam texture [28]. require specific amounts of water at various stages of their
growth, and as mentioned in [32], the crop evapotranspira-
2.2. Determining Plant Irrigation Needs. Determining the tion ET is calculated by multiplying the reference evapo-
timing and amount of necessary water for irrigation (plant transpiration ET0 and the agricultural coefficient which
International Journal of Agronomy 3
Evapotranspiration
6 +
7 +
Start
(iii) the identification and the formulation of the con-
straints.
Table 3: Usual and estimated irrigation water from January to June (mm).
250 120
200 100
150 80
100 60
40
50
20
0
Jan F M Ap May Jun
Months 0
Jan F M Ap May Jun
Usual I (mm) Months
Estimated I (mm)
ETc + D estimated I (mm)
Figure 4: Usual and estimated irrigation water. Rainfall (mm)
60
water on the other, which means that there is a decrease in
Irrigation water (mm)
with other parameters that might be the subject of further [14] S. Hong et al., Optimization of irrigation scheduling for
investigation. complex water distribution using mixed integer quadratic pro-
gramming (MIQP), in Proceedings of the the 10th International
Conference on Hydroinformatics, Hamburg, Germany, 2012.
Conflicts of Interest [15] P. Upadhyay et al., Evaluating seed germination monitoring
system by application of wireless sensor networks: a survey,
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 411, pp. 259
266, 2016.
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