Data Communication &

Computer Networks

1. Introduction

Things you need to know

Instructor:
Dr. Rehan Qureshi
Office:
CF-01
Email:
riqureshi@gmail.com
Student Consultation:
Take appointment before meeting,
RQ preferably via email 2

1
Things you need to know
Text Book:
Data Communications and Networking
Behrouz A. Forouzan
Reference Books:
Computer Networks - Andrew S. Tanenbaum
Data and Computer Communications -
William Stallings
Course Website:
TBA
RQ 3

Things you need to know

The lecture slides provide only the outline

of the lecture. These outlines are not a
substitute for class attendance and note
taking. More importantly, these outlines
are not a substitute for the text book.
In order to pass the course
YOU MUST STUDY FROM THE BOOK.

RQ 4

2
What is ?
Communication
Information transfer, according to agreed conventions
using hand signals, language, Morse code, smoke signals
etc.
Telecommunication
Communication at a distance, includes telephony,
telegraphy, television etc.
Data Communication
Transfer of data from one or more sources to one or more
destinations.
Computer Network
A network of data processing nodes that are
interconnected for the purpose of data communication.
RQ 5

Components of data
communication system

Message, Sender, Receiver, Medium, Protocol

A set of rules that
governs data The data
communication (information) to be
communicated

The physical
path by which a
message travels
RQ 6

3
Effectiveness of Data
Communication System

Depends on few characteristics, such

as
Delivery
To deliver data to correct destination
Accuracy
To deliver data accurately (unaltered)
Timeliness
To deliver data in a timely manner

RQ 7

Data representation
Text
ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Extended ASCII
Unicode
Numbers
Images
Audio
Video
RQ 8

4
Direction of data flow

Simplex

Half-duplex

Full-duplex

RQ 9

What is a network?

It is a set of devices (nodes) connected

by communication links.

A node can be a computer or printer

etc. or any other device capable of
sending and/or receiving data.
RQ 10

5
Why make a network?

Because of networks we can

Share resources ( Peripherals, files,
internet connection etc.)
Communicate and collaborate
Save data

RQ 11

Network Criteria
A network must be able to meet a certain
number of criteria e.g.
Performance
often evaluated by throughput, delay etc.
Reliability
measured by the frequency of failure, the
time it takes to recover from a failure etc.
Security
RQ 12

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Types of Connection

A link is a communications pathway

that transfers data from one device to
another
Point-to-point

Multipoint

RQ 13

Point-to-point connection

Provides a dedicated link between devices.

Entire capacity of the link is reserved for the
two devices.

RQ 14

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Multipoint connection

More than two specific devices share a

single link.
The capacity of the channel is shared.

RQ 15

Network Topology
It refers to the way in which a network is laid
out physically.
It is a geometric representation of the
relationship of all the links and linking
devices to one another.

RQ 16

8
 Mesh topology
Every device has a
dedicated point-to-point
link to every other
device.
A fully connected mesh
network has n(n-1)/2
physical channels to
connect n devices with
each device having n-1
I/O ports.
RQ 17

Star topology

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point

link to a central controller (usually a hub).
Less expensive than mesh.

RQ 18

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Bus topology

One long cable acts as a backbone to link

all devices.
Multipoint connection (shared link)

RQ 19

Ring topology

Each device has a dedicated point-to-point

connection only with two other devices.
A signal is passed along the ring in one
direction.

RQ 20

10
Hybrid topology
A network can have hybrid or a
combination of different topologies e.g.

RQ 21

Categories of networks

A Network is categorized with respect to its

size, its ownership, the distance it covers
and its physical architecture.

RQ 22

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Local Area Network (LAN)

Smaller scope
Building or small campus
Usually owned by same organization
as attached devices
Data rates much higher
Usually broadcast systems

RQ 23

LAN

RQ 24

12
Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)
Middle ground between LAN and WAN
May be owned by Private company or a service
provided by a public company
Large area

RQ 25

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Large geographical area

Crossing public rights of way
Rely in part on common carrier circuits

RQ 26

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Interconnection of Networks:
Internetwork

RQ 27

The Internet

The Internet is a global system of

interconnected computer networks.
It is a network of networks that
consists of millions networks, linked by
a broad array of electronic, wireless,
and optical networking technologies.

RQ 28

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 A classification of networks by
scale

RQ 29

Protocol
A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications.
It defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
1. Syntax: refers to the structure or format of the data,
meaning the order in which they are presented.
2. Semantics: refers to the meaning of each section
of bits.
3. Timing: refers to two characteristics: when data
should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
RQ 30

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Standards

Standards provide guidelines to

manufacturers, vendors, government
agencies, and other service providers
to ensure the kind of interconnectivity
necessary in today's marketplace and
in international communications.

RQ 31

Standards Organizations

International Organization for Standardization

(ISO)
International Telecommunication Union-
Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE)
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

RQ 32

16
 Internet Standards

An Internet draft is a working document (a

work in progress) with no official status and
a 6-month lifetime.
Upon recommendation from the Internet
authorities, a draft may be published as a
Request for Comment (RFC).
An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested
specification that is useful to and adhered to
by those who work with the Internet.
RQ 33

Layered Tasks

The concept of
layered tasks
is common in
our daily life,
e.g. postal
mail.

RQ 34

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 Standardized Protocol
Architectures
Required for devices to communicate
Vendors have more marketable products
Customers can insist on standards based
equipment
Two standards:
OSI Reference model
TCP/IP protocol suite
Most widely used
Also: IBM Systems Network Architecture
(SNA)

RQ 35

The OSI Model

International Standards Organization (ISO)
An organization dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
An ISO standard/model that covers all aspects
of network communications.
The OSI model is not a protocol; it is a
model for understanding and designing a
network architecture.
RQ 36

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 OSI Model

All
People
Seems
To
Need
Data
Processing

RQ 37

Organization of the Layers

The upper OSI layers are

almost always
implemented in software
The lower OSI layers are a
combination of hardware
and software, except for
the physical layer, which is
mostly hardware
RQ 38

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Interaction between layers in
OSI model

RQ 39

Encapsulation and
Decapsulation in OSI model

RQ 40

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OSI Layers

RQ 41

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do

not exactly match those in the OSI model.
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as having four layers: host-to-
network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI,
we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is
made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application.
RQ 42

21
OSI
vs.
TCP/IP

RQ 43

Internet (TCP/IP) Model

RQ 44

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 Protocol Hierarchies

The entities
comprising the
corresponding
layers on
different
machines are
called peers.

RQ 45

Protocol Hierarchies

Layer 5
(Application)

RQ 46

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 Protocol Hierarchies

RQ 47

Protocol Hierarchies

PDU
Fragmentation
Assembly

RQ 48

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 Internet Layers

RQ 49

Physical Layer
It is responsible for transmitting
individual bits from one node to the
next.
It is mainly concerned with
Characteristics of transmission medium
Signal levels
Data rates

RQ 50

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 Data Link Layer
It is responsible for transmitting frames from
one node to the next.
Its major duties are
Framing
Physical Addressing
Flow Control
Error Control
Access
Control

RQ 51

Node to node delivery

A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link.
At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in
the header. These are the only addresses needed.
The rest of the header contains other information needed at
this level.
The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error
detection

RQ 52

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Node to node delivery

RQ 53

Network Layer
Responsible for the delivery of packets from the
original source to the final destination.
Performs routing functions across multiple
networks
Implemented in end systems and routers

RQ 54

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Source to destination delivery

RQ 55

Source to destination delivery

RQ 56

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 Transport Layer
It is responsible for delivery of a message
from one process to another.
Its major functions are
Port Addressing
Connection Control
Flow Control
Error Control

RQ 57

Process to process delivery

RQ 58

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Process to process delivery

RQ 59

Application Layer

It is responsible for providing services to the

user.

RQ 60

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 Summary of Layers (TCP/IP)

RQ 61

Addresses

Four levels of addresses are used in an

internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:

RQ 62

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Addresses

RQ 63

Some Protocols in TCP/IP

Suite

RQ 64

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